semran1/fw_valid-tokenized · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 282 520k	input_ids sequencelengths 67 124k	attention_mask sequencelengths 67 124k	length int64 67 124k
Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. The bladder is the part of the urinary tract that collects the urine from the kidneys. The Urinary Tract Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. The urinary tract normally contains no microorganisms. However, sometimes bacteria or yeast from the lower gastrointestinal tract or rectal area enter the urinary tract. This usually happens through the urethra (tube that allows urine to pass out from the bladder). When bacteria or yeast cling to the urethra, they can multiply and infect the urethra. They can then travel up and infect the bladder. Most cases of cystitis are caused by bacteria from the rectal area. In women, the rectum and urethra are fairly close to each other. This makes it relatively easy for bacteria to make their way into the urethra. Some women develop cystitis after a period of frequent sexual intercourse. This happens because bacteria enter the urethra during sex and cause infection. A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors include: Symptoms of cystitis vary from person-to-person and can range from mild to severe. They include: The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. A sample of your urine will be tested for blood, pus, and bacteria. If bacteria are present in the urine, you will likely be diagnosed with cystitis. Children and men who develop cystitis may require additional testing. The doctor will use a cystoscope to check for structural differences in the urinary system that increase the likelihood of infection. Bacterial cystitis is treated with antibiotic drugs. Antibiotics (usually trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, or fluoroquinolones) will be prescribed for at least 2-3 days and perhaps for as long as several weeks. The length of the treatment depends on the severity of the infection and your personal history. You will probably start to feel better after a day or two. However, it is important that you complete the entire course of medication. Otherwise, the infection is likely to return. You may have your urine checked after you finish taking the antibiotic. This is to make sure that the infection is gone. If you experience more infections, your doctor may prescribe stronger antibiotics or have you take them for a longer period of time. He or she may also recommend that you take low-dose antibiotics as a preventive measure, either daily or after sexual intercourse. If you still experience recurrent infections, you may be referred to a specialist. (Pyridium) is a medicine that decreases pain and bladder spasms. Taking phenazopyridine will turn your urine and sometimes your sweat an orange color. This medication is generally available without a prescription. It can usually relieve symptoms effectively while waiting for medical treatment to work. Here are some steps you can take to keep bacteria out of your urinary tract: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)http://www.niddk.nih.gov/ National Kidney Foundationhttp://www.kidney.org/ American Urological Association Foundationhttp://www.urologyhealth.org/ The Kidney Foundation of Canadahttp://www.kidney.ca/ Cranberry. EBSCO Natural and Alternative Treatments website. Available at: . Updated September 17, 2012. Accessed October 17, 2012. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: Published September 2011. Updated June 29, 2012. Accessed October 17, 2012. Kahn BS, Stanford EJ, Mishell DR Jr, Rosenberg MT, Wysocki S. Management of patients with interstitial cystitis or chronic pelvic pain of bladder origin: a consensus report. Curr Med Res Opin. Katchman EA, Milo G, Paul M, et al. Three-day vs longer duration of antibiotic treatment for cystitis in women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. Parsons M, Toozs-Hobson P. The investigation and management of interstitial cystitis. J Br Menopause Soc. Phatak S, Foster HE Jr. The management of interstitial cystitis: an update. Nat Cin Pract Urol. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: . Updated August 31, 2012. Accessed October 17, 2012. 5/6/2011 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance : Barbosa-Cesnik C, Brown MB, Buxton M, Zhang L, DeBusscher J, Foxman B. Cranberry juice fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. The #1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! Your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human! Explore your destiny as you discover what's written in your stars. The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding. Yoga for Back Pain Pets HelpYour Heart Are YouMoney Smart?	[ 20418, 301, 11815, 318, 281, 10280, 286, 262, 34918, 13, 383, 34918, 318, 262, 636, 286, 262, 38628, 14998, 326, 26609, 262, 18922, 422, 262, 41395, 13, 198, 464, 8799, 3219, 309, 974, 198, 15269, 10673, 399, 14913, 385, 8366, 6343, 11, 3457, 13, 198, 464, 38628, 14998, 7685, 4909, 645, 4580, 45165, 13, 2102, 11, 3360, 11492, 393, 20146, 422, 262, 2793, 40887, 14998, 393, 13621, 282, 1989, 3802, 262, 38628, 14998, 13, 770, 3221, 4325, 832, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 357, 29302, 326, 3578, 18922, 284, 1208, 503, 422, 262, 34918, 737, 1649, 11492, 393, 20146, 36331, 284, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 11, 484, 460, 29162, 290, 7580, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 13, 1119, 460, 788, 3067, 510, 290, 7580, 262, 34918, 13, 198, 6943, 2663, 286, 3075, 301, 11815, 389, 4073, 416, 11492, 422, 262, 13621, 282, 1989, 13, 554, 1466, 11, 262, 13621, 388, 290, 334, 40978, 430, 389, 6547, 1969, 284, 1123, 584, 13, 770, 1838, 340, 5365, 2562, 329, 11492, 284, 787, 511, 835, 656, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 13, 2773, 1466, 1205, 3075, 301, 11815, 706, 257, 2278, 286, 10792, 3206, 22409, 13, 770, 4325, 780, 11492, 3802, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 1141, 1714, 290, 2728, 10280, 13, 198, 32, 2526, 5766, 318, 1223, 326, 5732, 534, 2863, 286, 1972, 257, 4369, 393, 4006, 13, 198, 49, 1984, 5087, 2291, 25, 198, 43094, 35533, 286, 3075, 301, 11815, 7565, 422, 1048, 12, 1462, 12, 6259, 290, 460, 2837, 422, 11607, 284, 6049, 13, 1119, 2291, 25, 198, 464, 6253, 481, 1265, 546, 534, 7460, 290, 3315, 2106, 13, 317, 3518, 2814, 481, 307, 1760, 13, 317, 6291, 286, 534, 18922, 481, 307, 6789, 329, 2910, 11, 4192, 11, 290, 11492, 13, 1002, 11492, 389, 1944, 287, 262, 18922, 11, 345, 481, 1884, 307, 14641, 351, 3075, 301, 11815, 13, 198, 26829, 290, 1450, 508, 1205, 3075, 301, 11815, 743, 2421, 3224, 4856, 13, 383, 6253, 481, 779, 257, 3075, 301, 40326, 284, 2198, 329, 13204, 5400, 287, 262, 38628, 1080, 326, 2620, 262, 14955, 286, 10280, 13, 198, 33, 44965, 3075, 301, 11815, 318, 5716, 351, 29883, 5010, 13, 3738, 571, 18296, 357, 23073, 15797, 2788, 404, 3036, 14, 82, 4754, 321, 2788, 1140, 1031, 2305, 11, 13759, 305, 38916, 14723, 259, 11, 393, 6562, 16522, 21915, 349, 1952, 8, 481, 307, 14798, 329, 379, 1551, 362, 12, 18, 1528, 290, 3737, 329, 355, 890, 355, 1811, 2745, 13, 383, 4129, 286, 262, 3513, 8338, 319, 262, 19440, 286, 262, 10280, 290, 534, 2614, 2106, 13, 921, 481, 2192, 923, 284, 1254, 1365, 706, 257, 1110, 393, 734, 13, 2102, 11, 340, 318, 1593, 326, 345, 1844, 262, 2104, 1781, 286, 14103, 13, 15323, 11, 262, 10280, 318, 1884, 284, 1441, 13, 921, 743, 423, 534, 18922, 10667, 706, 345, 5461, 2263, 262, 29883, 13, 770, 318, 284, 787, 1654, 326, 262, 10280, 318, 3750, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 1998, 517, 16079, 11, 534, 6253, 743, 32651, 7387, 22392, 393, 423, 345, 1011, 606, 329, 257, 2392, 2278, 286, 640, 13, 679, 393, 673, 743, 635, 4313, 326, 345, 1011, 1877, 12, 34436, 22392, 355, 257, 37197, 3953, 11, 2035, 4445, 393, 706, 3206, 22409, 13, 1002, 345, 991, 1998, 42465, 16079, 11, 345, 743, 307, 6412, 284, 257, 15670, 13, 198, 7, 47, 2417, 43523, 8, 318, 257, 9007, 326, 20638, 2356, 290, 34918, 599, 34432, 13, 20879, 6566, 1031, 404, 2417, 39422, 481, 1210, 534, 18922, 290, 3360, 534, 15488, 281, 10912, 3124, 13, 770, 14103, 318, 4143, 1695, 1231, 257, 15077, 13, 632, 460, 3221, 26958, 7460, 6840, 981, 4953, 329, 3315, 3513, 284, 670, 13, 198, 4342, 389, 617, 4831, 345, 460, 1011, 284, 1394, 11492, 503, 286, 534, 38628, 14998, 25, 198, 16186, 5136, 286, 39569, 290, 44255, 425, 290, 16828, 1681, 39988, 357, 45, 2389, 48510, 8, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 77, 1638, 74, 13, 37373, 13, 9567, 14, 198, 16186, 16828, 1681, 5693, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 38439, 1681, 13, 2398, 14, 198, 7437, 471, 3225, 30766, 5396, 5693, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 1434, 6404, 88, 13948, 13, 2398, 14, 198, 464, 16828, 1681, 5693, 286, 2294, 993, 29281, 1378, 2503, 13, 38439, 1681, 13, 6888, 14, 198, 34, 2596, 8396, 13, 412, 4462, 8220, 12068, 290, 27182, 11217, 902, 3052, 13, 14898, 379, 25, 198, 13, 19433, 2693, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 48547, 3267, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 198, 29447, 3075, 301, 11815, 14, 35436, 913, 34918, 14027, 13, 198, 16186, 5136, 286, 39569, 290, 44255, 425, 290, 16828, 1681, 39988, 3052, 13, 14898, 379, 25, 198, 24492, 2693, 2813, 13, 19433, 2795, 2808, 11, 2321, 13, 48547, 3267, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 198, 42, 15386, 24218, 11, 13863, 412, 41, 11, 14136, 12758, 10560, 7504, 11, 40827, 19308, 11, 370, 893, 735, 72, 311, 13, 8549, 286, 3871, 351, 987, 18167, 3075, 301, 11815, 393, 10726, 43510, 2356, 286, 34918, 8159, 25, 257, 11529, 989, 13, 198, 26628, 81, 2019, 1874, 8670, 259, 13, 198, 42, 963, 805, 19814, 11, 32662, 402, 11, 3362, 337, 11, 2123, 435, 13, 7683, 12, 820, 3691, 2392, 9478, 286, 29883, 3513, 329, 3075, 301, 11815, 287, 1466, 25, 17895, 2423, 290, 13634, 12, 20930, 13, 198, 5840, 449, 2019, 13, 198, 47, 945, 684, 337, 11, 1675, 8590, 82, 12, 39, 672, 1559, 350, 13, 383, 3645, 290, 4542, 286, 987, 18167, 3075, 301, 11815, 13, 198, 41, 1709, 6065, 404, 682, 3345, 13, 198, 2725, 265, 461, 311, 11, 18489, 11179, 7504, 13, 383, 4542, 286, 987, 18167, 3075, 301, 11815, 25, 281, 4296, 13, 198, 47849, 327, 259, 13672, 471, 3225, 13, 198, 16692, 3219, 14998, 10280, 357, 3843, 40, 8, 287, 6490, 13, 412, 4462, 8220, 39530, 64, 9921, 3052, 13, 14898, 379, 25, 198, 13, 19433, 2932, 3261, 11, 2321, 13, 48547, 3267, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 198, 20, 14, 21, 14, 9804, 39530, 64, 9921, 338, 4482, 1512, 33818, 34818, 198, 35, 46434, 9921, 338, 4482, 1512, 33818, 34818, 198, 25, 10593, 8546, 12, 34, 274, 17187, 327, 11, 4373, 10771, 11, 9842, 22874, 337, 11, 19439, 406, 11, 1024, 33, 1046, 2044, 449, 11, 5426, 805, 347, 13, 198, 34, 2596, 8396, 13135, 10143, 284, 2948, 42465, 38628, 14998, 10280, 25, 2482, 422, 257, 23925, 17651, 12, 14401, 4473, 13, 198, 2601, 259, 26065, 3167, 13, 198, 464, 1303, 16, 4445, 8271, 329, 1535, 290, 12263, 1705, 0, 198, 7120, 4445, 8271, 329, 6078, 3463, 290, 10589, 4197, 13, 198, 1135, 714, 477, 779, 617, 27529, 783, 290, 788, 532, 356, 821, 1692, 0, 198, 35433, 534, 22701, 355, 345, 7073, 644, 338, 3194, 287, 534, 5788, 13, 198, 464, 3452, 1705, 11, 9040, 290, 14296, 329, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 198, 18081, 88, 2057, 326, 18221, 12625, 1165, 30, 1400, 26471, 13, 198, 56, 10949, 329, 5157, 15627, 198, 47, 1039, 10478, 7120, 8894, 198, 8491, 921, 26788, 10880, 30, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,151
Commerce is the exchange of goods, services, currency, or any other service or product that holds economic value. Commerce can take place between to companies in the same town or city, or on a wide-scale between different cites, provinces, or countries. States, cities, and towns usually have a voluntary group of people who select projects and business services that will improve the economic in a specific location. The These groups are referred to as a "Chamber of Commerce." Chambers of commerce may also work with corporations and groups in order to stimulate commercial growth. For example, they may work with tourism departments in order to draw visitors to their location in order to bring more income to their location. Chambers of commerce from different locations may also work together in different states, regions, or nations to improve international commerce.	[ 47662, 318, 262, 5163, 286, 7017, 11, 2594, 11, 7395, 11, 393, 597, 584, 2139, 393, 1720, 326, 6622, 3034, 1988, 13, 16127, 460, 1011, 1295, 1022, 284, 2706, 287, 262, 976, 3240, 393, 1748, 11, 393, 319, 257, 3094, 12, 9888, 1022, 1180, 23474, 11, 17812, 11, 393, 2678, 13, 1829, 11, 4736, 11, 290, 11684, 3221, 423, 257, 16171, 1448, 286, 661, 508, 2922, 4493, 290, 1597, 2594, 326, 481, 2987, 262, 3034, 287, 257, 2176, 4067, 13, 383, 2312, 2628, 389, 6412, 284, 355, 257, 366, 1925, 7789, 286, 16127, 526, 30717, 286, 19497, 743, 635, 670, 351, 10225, 290, 2628, 287, 1502, 284, 26020, 5068, 3349, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 484, 743, 670, 351, 19277, 13346, 287, 1502, 284, 3197, 9692, 284, 511, 4067, 287, 1502, 284, 2222, 517, 3739, 284, 511, 4067, 13, 30717, 286, 19497, 422, 1180, 7064, 743, 635, 670, 1978, 287, 1180, 2585, 11, 7652, 11, 393, 7027, 284, 2987, 3230, 19497, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	162
A legal entity formed that has a different legal indentity from its members is called a company. Companies are usually formed for small business, public investment, or non-profit reasons. Small businesses are mostly comprised of sole traders who are limited in liability, but still controlled by the founders of the company. Public Investment companies are created so that the pubic may invest in the business without administration. Public investment companies are usually amdinistrated by a board of directors. Non-Profit companies are formed for social, charitable, or virtually charitable reasons so that the sponsors are not complete liability.	[ 32, 2742, 9312, 7042, 326, 468, 257, 1180, 2742, 773, 26858, 422, 663, 1866, 318, 1444, 257, 1664, 13, 24382, 389, 3221, 7042, 329, 1402, 1597, 11, 1171, 4896, 11, 393, 1729, 12, 9183, 3840, 13, 10452, 5692, 389, 4632, 19869, 286, 6195, 21703, 508, 389, 3614, 287, 12247, 11, 475, 991, 6856, 416, 262, 22202, 286, 262, 1664, 13, 5094, 20877, 2706, 389, 2727, 523, 326, 262, 2240, 291, 743, 1325, 287, 262, 1597, 1231, 3662, 13, 5094, 4896, 2706, 389, 3221, 716, 25194, 396, 4111, 416, 257, 3096, 286, 13445, 13, 8504, 12, 2964, 11147, 2706, 389, 7042, 329, 1919, 11, 21803, 11, 393, 9826, 21803, 3840, 523, 326, 262, 18073, 389, 407, 1844, 12247, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	119
Preparing a Patient For... Preparing a Patient For Cancer Treatment How can patients prepare for treatment? As a patient, you play an important role in preparing for your cancer treatment. The following are some of the most important things to consider before treatment begins: Find an oncologist and treatment center. This step is important to everyone with cancer--you want to be sure you get the best care possible. Ask your general or primary care doctor for a referral to an oncologist (a doctor who specializes in treating cancer). You can also contact government and professional medical organizations, such as your state's health department, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), or the American Medical Association (AMA) for information on cancer specialists and treatment centers in your area. Get a second opinion. It is common for people diagnosed with cancer to ask another cancer specialist for their opinion. A second opinion can help you to be sure your diagnosis and treatment plans are most appropriate for your individual medical history and profile. In fact, many health insurance companies require people to get a second opinion before treatment begins. Asking for a second opinion also provides more information to consider when making choices about your treatment. Often, your oncologist can help you locate another cancer specialist for a second opinion. Many hospitals and cancer centers have "tumor boards" where patient cases are presented to all of the disciplines involved in cancer care: medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, and others. The tumor board will discuss your case and offer suggestions or recommendations to your doctors. you can ask your doctor to present your case for a tumor board review. Find out about your cancer treatment. Your cancer care team will help you understand your treatment and answer questions. It also helps to learn about the type of cancer you have, as well as your treatment options. Ask your doctor where you can find more information about cancer. This website contains information on many cancer topics. Also, the NCI, the American Cancer Society (ACS), and other cancer- and health-related organizations provide helpful information. Find support when you need it. Cancer treatment can be a long and tiring experience. Many people with cancer need help throughout the process. Getting help from others can make your experience more successful. Support groups for people with cancer and their families are available in many communities. Managing your emotional health, your diet, and your finances are all things you can do to reduce the stress involved in the treatment process. Oncology nurses and social workers are excellent resources for locating appropriate support groups.	[ 37534, 1723, 257, 35550, 1114, 986, 198, 37534, 1723, 257, 35550, 1114, 15523, 21415, 198, 2437, 460, 3871, 8335, 329, 3513, 30, 198, 1722, 257, 5827, 11, 345, 711, 281, 1593, 2597, 287, 10629, 329, 534, 4890, 3513, 13, 383, 1708, 389, 617, 286, 262, 749, 1593, 1243, 284, 2074, 878, 3513, 6140, 25, 198, 16742, 281, 319, 66, 7451, 290, 3513, 3641, 13, 770, 2239, 318, 1593, 284, 2506, 351, 4890, 438, 5832, 765, 284, 307, 1654, 345, 651, 262, 1266, 1337, 1744, 13, 16981, 534, 2276, 393, 4165, 1337, 6253, 329, 257, 31413, 284, 281, 319, 66, 7451, 357, 64, 6253, 508, 29786, 287, 13622, 4890, 737, 921, 460, 635, 2800, 1230, 290, 4708, 3315, 5745, 11, 884, 355, 534, 1181, 338, 1535, 5011, 11, 262, 2351, 15523, 5136, 357, 7792, 40, 828, 393, 262, 1605, 8366, 5396, 357, 25087, 8, 329, 1321, 319, 4890, 22447, 290, 3513, 10399, 287, 534, 1989, 13, 198, 3855, 257, 1218, 4459, 13, 632, 318, 2219, 329, 661, 14641, 351, 4890, 284, 1265, 1194, 4890, 15670, 329, 511, 4459, 13, 317, 1218, 4459, 460, 1037, 345, 284, 307, 1654, 534, 13669, 290, 3513, 3352, 389, 749, 5035, 329, 534, 1981, 3315, 2106, 290, 7034, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 867, 1535, 5096, 2706, 2421, 661, 284, 651, 257, 1218, 4459, 878, 3513, 6140, 13, 1081, 3364, 329, 257, 1218, 4459, 635, 3769, 517, 1321, 284, 2074, 618, 1642, 7747, 546, 534, 3513, 13, 18023, 11, 534, 319, 66, 7451, 460, 1037, 345, 17276, 1194, 4890, 15670, 329, 257, 1218, 4459, 13, 4650, 11301, 290, 4890, 10399, 423, 366, 83, 388, 273, 11490, 1, 810, 5827, 2663, 389, 5545, 284, 477, 286, 262, 29861, 2950, 287, 4890, 1337, 25, 3315, 319, 66, 9251, 11, 11881, 319, 66, 9251, 11, 38479, 11, 3108, 9251, 11, 19772, 9251, 11, 290, 1854, 13, 383, 22359, 3096, 481, 2112, 534, 1339, 290, 2897, 11776, 393, 10763, 284, 534, 7519, 13, 345, 460, 1265, 534, 6253, 284, 1944, 534, 1339, 329, 257, 22359, 3096, 2423, 13, 198, 16742, 503, 546, 534, 4890, 3513, 13, 3406, 4890, 1337, 1074, 481, 1037, 345, 1833, 534, 3513, 290, 3280, 2683, 13, 632, 635, 5419, 284, 2193, 546, 262, 2099, 286, 4890, 345, 423, 11, 355, 880, 355, 534, 3513, 3689, 13, 16981, 534, 6253, 810, 345, 460, 1064, 517, 1321, 546, 4890, 13, 770, 3052, 4909, 1321, 319, 867, 4890, 10233, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 8823, 40, 11, 262, 1605, 15523, 7023, 357, 2246, 50, 828, 290, 584, 4890, 12, 290, 1535, 12, 5363, 5745, 2148, 7613, 1321, 13, 198, 16742, 1104, 618, 345, 761, 340, 13, 15523, 3513, 460, 307, 257, 890, 290, 256, 3428, 1998, 13, 4650, 661, 351, 4890, 761, 1037, 3690, 262, 1429, 13, 18067, 1037, 422, 1854, 460, 787, 534, 1998, 517, 4388, 13, 7929, 2628, 329, 661, 351, 4890, 290, 511, 4172, 389, 1695, 287, 867, 5348, 13, 37108, 534, 7016, 1535, 11, 534, 5496, 11, 290, 534, 20903, 389, 477, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 284, 4646, 262, 5503, 2950, 287, 262, 3513, 1429, 13, 1550, 66, 1435, 20669, 290, 1919, 3259, 389, 6275, 4133, 329, 42139, 5035, 1104, 2628, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	526
archaeological dig at Scotts Landing, Eggemoggin Reach Fri, 06 March 2009 14:28 Archaeologists unearth paleo-Indian artifacts at Island Heritage Trust site in the summer of 2006 Ancient Materials Come to Light in Scott's Landing Archaeological Dig Holding artifacts that not seen the light of day for over 2,000 years, a group of amateur and professional archaeologists unearthed ancient materials from a shell midden illustrating life in the Early Archaic and Ceramic periods of Deer Isle's paleo-Indian ancestors at Scott's Landing this summer. Blessed with good weather, over 20 amateur archaeologists and islanders dug and meticulously screened a small patch of the island's newest preserve in late June and early July. After a lecture and welcoming meal at Ann and Roger Hooke's the night before, Cox led his own archaeological team and the community participants through an enthralling but exhausting sun- up to sun-down field school on the shores of Eggemoggin Reach. Cox's team has worked with him on many other digs so they were paired up with community members to learn proper archaeological field techniques and how to recognize materials such as stone tools, pottery, food remains, and cultural features such as hearths and tent floors. Cox and others taught the more inexperienced participants how to record and interpret results and protect fragile artifacts for future study. From the photo of the materials, one can see how crucial it is when excavating a site that everything be carefully removed from a site and its location recorded with precision. Many community members remarked on the effort expended and time needed to protect the detailed history and important information that is available in a professionally supervised dig. IHT President and anthropologist Bill Haviland says in his book, Deer Isle's Original People, that "Once taken out of context, objects by themselves tell us next to nothing. Thus to dig around in archaeological sites looking for relics destroys them and the information they contain as effectively as if they were bulldozed into oblivion." He goes to say that Paleo-indian sites are generally "very small briefly but repeatedly by small groups of people; perhaps 1 or 2 families together." Often the sites were used for seasonal camping, fishing and harvesting for a highly mobile people who worked closely in clans and small units. Steve Cox will be providing an in-depth public lecture about the findings of the Scott's Landing sometime in the fall of 2007. Many thanks to Ken and Marnie Reed Crowell for their key role in creating this great opportunity for Deer Isle and the IHT and to the Bar Harbor Bank and Trust and the Island Education Foundation and other donors who underwrote the cost of the field school. Dr. Steve Cox has over three decades of field school experience and has led excavations for the Maine State Museum and the Abbe Museum. He is currently an Adjunct Curator for the Maine State Museum. Cox's team included Betsy Webster, Diane Kopec, Donna Madonna, Jacob Freedman, Laurie Labar, Robert and Sandy Lewis, Robin Marion, Stephanie Wagner, and Susan Blaisdell. Community members were 18 year-old islanders Greta Avis and Brittany Pottle, Joanie Banks, teachers Pam Cohen and Stephanie Lee, Tom and Marilyn Mehalic, Cathy Hart, Wilson Museum Director Patty Hutchins, Ken Schweikert, and Marion Foss.	[ 998, 3609, 2770, 3100, 379, 7130, 912, 29689, 11, 14562, 368, 519, 1655, 25146, 198, 30214, 11, 9130, 2805, 3717, 1478, 25, 2078, 198, 19895, 3609, 9251, 555, 16442, 14005, 78, 12, 30821, 20316, 379, 5451, 18518, 9870, 2524, 287, 262, 3931, 286, 4793, 198, 44974, 24310, 7911, 284, 4401, 287, 4746, 338, 29689, 32187, 2770, 7367, 198, 26807, 278, 20316, 326, 407, 1775, 262, 1657, 286, 1110, 329, 625, 362, 11, 830, 812, 11, 257, 1448, 286, 18585, 290, 4708, 38967, 41562, 6156, 5696, 422, 257, 7582, 285, 4651, 44000, 1204, 287, 262, 12556, 5579, 18452, 290, 17419, 18127, 9574, 286, 34022, 26378, 338, 14005, 78, 12, 30821, 18668, 379, 4746, 338, 29689, 428, 3931, 13, 198, 33, 1203, 276, 351, 922, 6193, 11, 625, 1160, 18585, 38967, 290, 7022, 364, 18735, 290, 46553, 32862, 257, 1402, 8529, 286, 262, 7022, 338, 15530, 12201, 287, 2739, 2795, 290, 1903, 2901, 13, 2293, 257, 19143, 290, 22516, 9799, 379, 5506, 290, 13637, 9544, 2088, 338, 262, 1755, 878, 11, 18014, 2957, 465, 898, 30971, 1074, 290, 262, 2055, 6809, 832, 281, 920, 11840, 9221, 475, 39663, 4252, 12, 510, 284, 4252, 12, 2902, 2214, 1524, 319, 262, 29963, 286, 14562, 368, 519, 1655, 25146, 13, 198, 34, 1140, 338, 1074, 468, 3111, 351, 683, 319, 867, 584, 46561, 523, 484, 547, 20312, 510, 351, 2055, 1866, 284, 2193, 1774, 30971, 2214, 7605, 290, 703, 284, 7564, 5696, 884, 355, 7815, 4899, 11, 1787, 11471, 11, 2057, 3793, 11, 290, 6467, 3033, 884, 355, 3285, 9998, 290, 11105, 18570, 13, 18014, 290, 1854, 7817, 262, 517, 38003, 6809, 703, 284, 1700, 290, 6179, 2482, 290, 1805, 21049, 20316, 329, 2003, 2050, 13, 198, 4863, 262, 4590, 286, 262, 5696, 11, 530, 460, 766, 703, 8780, 340, 318, 618, 22659, 803, 257, 2524, 326, 2279, 307, 7773, 4615, 422, 257, 2524, 290, 663, 4067, 6264, 351, 15440, 13, 198, 7085, 2055, 1866, 24998, 319, 262, 3626, 37328, 290, 640, 2622, 284, 1805, 262, 6496, 2106, 290, 1593, 1321, 326, 318, 1695, 287, 257, 28049, 28679, 3100, 13, 198, 40, 6535, 1992, 290, 17911, 7451, 3941, 23284, 40855, 1139, 287, 465, 1492, 11, 34022, 26378, 338, 13745, 4380, 11, 326, 366, 7454, 2077, 503, 286, 4732, 11, 5563, 416, 2405, 1560, 514, 1306, 284, 2147, 13, 6660, 284, 3100, 1088, 287, 30971, 5043, 2045, 329, 40970, 27838, 606, 290, 262, 1321, 484, 3994, 355, 6840, 355, 611, 484, 547, 44767, 8863, 656, 909, 26018, 526, 198, 1544, 2925, 284, 910, 326, 46840, 12, 521, 666, 5043, 389, 4143, 366, 548, 1402, 11589, 475, 7830, 416, 1402, 2628, 286, 661, 26, 3737, 352, 393, 362, 4172, 1978, 526, 198, 37288, 262, 5043, 547, 973, 329, 21819, 22498, 11, 12478, 290, 34102, 329, 257, 4047, 5175, 661, 508, 3111, 7173, 287, 38501, 290, 1402, 4991, 13, 198, 19206, 18014, 481, 307, 4955, 281, 287, 12, 18053, 1171, 19143, 546, 262, 6373, 286, 262, 4746, 338, 29689, 17291, 287, 262, 2121, 286, 4343, 13, 198, 7085, 5176, 284, 7148, 290, 337, 1501, 494, 16105, 15502, 695, 329, 511, 1994, 2597, 287, 4441, 428, 1049, 3663, 329, 34022, 26378, 290, 262, 314, 6535, 290, 284, 262, 2409, 21146, 5018, 290, 9870, 290, 262, 5451, 7868, 5693, 290, 584, 13334, 508, 739, 42910, 262, 1575, 286, 262, 2214, 1524, 13, 198, 6187, 13, 6542, 18014, 468, 625, 1115, 4647, 286, 2214, 1524, 1998, 290, 468, 2957, 22659, 602, 329, 262, 15080, 1812, 9594, 290, 262, 2275, 1350, 9594, 13, 679, 318, 3058, 281, 1215, 73, 16260, 4424, 1352, 329, 262, 15080, 1812, 9594, 13, 198, 34, 1140, 338, 1074, 3017, 45775, 31890, 11, 26542, 40500, 721, 11, 29216, 42345, 11, 12806, 38728, 805, 11, 40811, 3498, 283, 11, 5199, 290, 17581, 10174, 11, 12325, 32473, 11, 26085, 26451, 11, 290, 14919, 1086, 64, 9409, 695, 13, 198, 20012, 1866, 547, 1248, 614, 12, 727, 7022, 364, 35877, 64, 317, 4703, 290, 48773, 350, 1252, 293, 11, 26640, 494, 19566, 11, 7799, 24497, 17154, 290, 26085, 5741, 11, 4186, 290, 40769, 2185, 14201, 291, 11, 40636, 11345, 11, 8127, 9594, 5890, 42417, 30492, 1040, 11, 7148, 40430, 1134, 861, 11, 290, 32473, 40515, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	696
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - News Room > Special Reports > Archive Mid Learning Years Preliminary Recommendations of the Middle Learning Years Task Force National and state testing data reveal a disturbing trend of stagnating middle school performance. Maryland School Performance Assessment Program data illustrates the lack of growth in eighth-grade student performance as compared to third- and fifth-grade student performance. Results from the Third International Math and Science Study (TIMMS) show that while U.S. fourth-grade students scored above the international average for five of the six topics measured, eighth-graders scored below average. Co-author of the TIMMS report William Schmidt alludes to middle schools as an educational “wasteland.” State Superintendent of Schools Nancy S. Grasmick charged the Middle Learning Years Task Force with the investigation and elimination of this declining performance phenomena. The task force members comprise an impressive body of extensive practical experience and education theory relevant to the issue of middle school performance. Members represent school systems, educational organizations, and community and business leaders. While their work is not yet complete, the Middle Learning Years Task Force has made preliminary recommendations in three areas for improving education in the middle years. Upgrade instruction for all children, emphasizing academics and achievement. - Increase academic expectations and course rigor, emphasizing the application of content knowledge to real-world problems. - Ensure that curriculum, instruction, and assessment complement each other and are in alignment with Maryland's learning outcomes, content standards, and essential core learning goals. - Provide specific reading instruction for all middle grades students. - Integrate reading and writing in the content areas. - Strengthen the engagement of middle school students in academic learning. - Adopt strategies to foster achievement for all students, preventing both grade retention and social promotion. - Provide accelerated academic intervention to students achieving below standards. - Identify advanced learners and struggling learners and provide them with appropriately challenging programs. Revamp programs to enhance teacher quality, preparing teachers specifically for middle school classrooms. - Require middle grade administrators and teachers to undergo middle grade-specific training and to be licensed by the Maryland State Department of Education to teach their content area in the middle grades. - Require Maryland's institutions of higher education to develop middle level education programs that correspond to state licensing requirements. - Ensure that at-risk, under-performing, and minority populations receive challenging instruction that is delivered by teachers experienced with diverse populations. - Provide ongoing staff development of high quality and rigor that meets National Staff Development Council standards. - Provide all teachers and students with access to and training in technology. Restructure middle schools to reflect the most current research on adolescent development and learning. - Create a culture and climate conducive to school-based reform and academic success. - Provide an organization that creates a small, personalized learning environment. - Eliminate ability grouping practices that hinder students' access to more rigorous academic preparation. - Adopt flexible scheduling as needed, viewing time as a resource to provide additional learning opportunities. - Develop meaningful school-family connections that keep parents informed and involved in their child's education. - Provide opportunities for character education and service-learning experiences. The Middle Learning Years Task Force School System Representatives \|Fred Jenkins \|\|Principal, Central MS \|\|Anne Arundel Co\| \|Dr. Craig Spilman \|\|Prinicpal, Canton MS \|\|Baltimore City\| \|Elaine Gorman \|\|Director, Secondary Education \|\|Baltimore Co\| \|Deborah Pulley \|\|Principal, Calvert Middle School \|\|Calvert Co\| \|Richard DeLong \|\|Principal, North Carroll MS \|\|Carroll Co\| \|John Perry \|\|Supervisor of Instruction \|\|Caroline Co\| \|Carol Brannock \|\|Learning Resource Teacher, Elkton MS \|\|Cecil Co\| \|William G. Wise \|\|Principal, Mattawoman MS \|\|Charles Co\| \|Elizabeth Martz \|\|Science Teacher, Mace's Lane MS \|\|Dorchester Co\| \|Bruce Brown \|\|Director of Middle Schools for Frederick County \|\|Frederick Co\| \|Marianne Green \|\|Language Arts Teacher, Southern MS \|\|Garrett Co\| \|Alice Haskins \|\|Task Force Co-Chair, \| Administrative Coordinator K-12, Middle School Director \|Jill Eisner \|\|Special Education, Patapsco MS \|\|Howard Co\| \|Charles Cooper \|\|Middle School Teacher, Galena MS – Math & SS \|\|Kent Co\| \|Dr. Eileen M. Oickle \|\|Chief, Middle and High School Learning, & Cross Department Programs \|\|MSDE\| \|Margaret Donnellon \|\|Director, Middle School Instruction \|\|Montgomery Co\| \|Joan Brown \|\|Chief Educational Administrator \|\|Prince George's Co\| \|Glen Ennis \|\|Tech Ed Teacher, Woodson MS \|\|Somerset Co\| \|Mary Blakely \|\|Principal, Leonardtown MS \|\|St. Mary's Co\| \|Gail Phillips \|\|Teacher, Easton MS – Phys. Ed. \|\|Talbot Co\| \|Sherry Purkey \|\|Supervisor, K-8 Reading/Language Arts \|\|Washington Co\| \|Beverly Elze \|\|Teacher, Wicomico MS, CARE Room \|\|Wicomico Co\| \|Teresa Hammerbacher \|\|Principal, Pocomoke MS \|\|Worcester Co\| \|Dr. Douglas MacIver \|\|Task Force Co-Chair, Assoc. Dir & Research Scientist \|\|Johns Hopkins University\| \|Ella Hamilton \|\|Baltimore Teacher's Union, Northeast MS \|\|Baltimore Teacher's Union\| \|Glenn Jensen \|\|Assistant Principal, Southampton MS \|\|MABE\| \|Gary L. Llewellyn \|\|Middle School Principal, Westmar \|\|MAESP\| \|Don Barron \|\|Montgomery Village MS \|\|MASSP\| \|Dr. Margaret Spicer \|\|Principal, Sparrows Point High School \|\|MASSP\| \|Dr. Clarence Miller \|\|Johns Hopkins University \|\|Maryland Association of Teacher Educators\| \|Brian Stringfield \|\|Catonsville MS \|\|MD/National Association of Black School Educators\| \|Mark Herwig \|\|NationsBank \|\|MD Business Roundtable for Education & MD Business\| \|Debbie Montgomery \|\|Maryland Middle School Association \|\|MSSA\| \|Elizabeth Crosby \|\|Middle School Experience \|\|Maryland PTA\| \|Clara Floyd \|\|President, MD State Teachers' Union, T.W. Pyle MS \|\|MSTA\| \|Dr. Bernard Sadusky \|\|Superintendent, Queen Anne's Co Pub Sch \|\|PSSAM\| \|Dr. Stuart Bounds \|\|President, Chesapeake College \|\|Southern MD Tri-County Community Action Committee, Inc.\| \|Marcellina Brooks \|\|Director, Ctr for Excellence in Urban Education, Coppin State College \|\|University of MD System Administration\| \|Maryland State Department of Education \|200 West Baltimore Street \|Maryland State Department of Education \|200 West Baltimore Street	[ 12, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 198, 9980, 10096, 1875, 6093, 17905, 1875, 20816, 198, 22622, 18252, 13212, 198, 47, 2411, 38429, 30361, 602, 286, 262, 198, 34621, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 198, 16186, 290, 1181, 4856, 1366, 7766, 257, 14851, 5182, 286, 23196, 803, 3504, 1524, 2854, 13, 10769, 3961, 15193, 25809, 6118, 1366, 21290, 262, 3092, 286, 3349, 287, 16974, 12, 9526, 3710, 2854, 355, 3688, 284, 2368, 12, 290, 8150, 12, 9526, 3710, 2854, 13, 15691, 422, 262, 10467, 4037, 16320, 290, 5800, 12481, 357, 51, 3955, 5653, 8, 905, 326, 981, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5544, 12, 9526, 2444, 7781, 2029, 262, 3230, 2811, 329, 1936, 286, 262, 2237, 10233, 8630, 11, 16974, 12, 9744, 364, 7781, 2174, 2811, 13, 1766, 12, 9800, 286, 262, 31742, 5653, 989, 3977, 24740, 477, 8401, 284, 3504, 4266, 355, 281, 9856, 564, 250, 86, 459, 8822, 13, 447, 251, 198, 9012, 34058, 286, 20357, 18496, 311, 13, 1902, 8597, 624, 5047, 262, 6046, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 351, 262, 3645, 290, 21472, 286, 428, 18080, 2854, 19428, 13, 383, 4876, 2700, 1866, 28889, 281, 8036, 1767, 286, 7667, 8472, 1998, 290, 3707, 4583, 5981, 284, 262, 2071, 286, 3504, 1524, 2854, 13, 12688, 2380, 1524, 3341, 11, 9856, 5745, 11, 290, 2055, 290, 1597, 2766, 13, 2893, 511, 670, 318, 407, 1865, 1844, 11, 262, 6046, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 468, 925, 15223, 10763, 287, 1115, 3006, 329, 10068, 3707, 287, 262, 3504, 812, 13, 198, 44948, 12064, 329, 477, 1751, 11, 36360, 22321, 290, 13293, 13, 198, 12, 25285, 8233, 9027, 290, 1781, 7805, 273, 11, 36360, 262, 3586, 286, 2695, 3725, 284, 1103, 12, 6894, 2761, 13, 198, 12, 48987, 326, 20583, 11, 12064, 11, 290, 8922, 16829, 1123, 584, 290, 389, 287, 19114, 351, 10769, 338, 4673, 10906, 11, 2695, 5423, 11, 290, 6393, 4755, 4673, 4661, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 2176, 3555, 12064, 329, 477, 3504, 19051, 2444, 13, 198, 12, 15995, 4873, 3555, 290, 3597, 287, 262, 2695, 3006, 13, 198, 12, 9737, 782, 8524, 262, 12352, 286, 3504, 1524, 2444, 287, 8233, 4673, 13, 198, 12, 1215, 8738, 10064, 284, 17016, 13293, 329, 477, 2444, 11, 12174, 1111, 9559, 21545, 290, 1919, 12148, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 23312, 8233, 9572, 284, 2444, 16937, 2174, 5423, 13, 198, 12, 11440, 1958, 6190, 46184, 290, 9648, 46184, 290, 2148, 606, 351, 20431, 9389, 4056, 13, 198, 18009, 696, 4056, 284, 9494, 4701, 3081, 11, 10629, 7799, 5734, 329, 3504, 1524, 32579, 13, 198, 12, 9394, 557, 3504, 9559, 18618, 290, 7799, 284, 17777, 3504, 9559, 12, 11423, 3047, 290, 284, 307, 11971, 416, 262, 10769, 1812, 2732, 286, 7868, 284, 4545, 511, 2695, 1989, 287, 262, 3504, 19051, 13, 198, 12, 9394, 557, 10769, 338, 6712, 286, 2440, 3707, 284, 1205, 3504, 1241, 3707, 4056, 326, 6053, 284, 1181, 15665, 5359, 13, 198, 12, 48987, 326, 379, 12, 19121, 11, 739, 12, 37440, 11, 290, 9137, 9684, 3328, 9389, 12064, 326, 318, 6793, 416, 7799, 5924, 351, 10084, 9684, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 7044, 3085, 2478, 286, 1029, 3081, 290, 7805, 273, 326, 11185, 2351, 9983, 7712, 4281, 5423, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 477, 7799, 290, 2444, 351, 1895, 284, 290, 3047, 287, 3037, 13, 198, 19452, 5620, 3504, 4266, 284, 4079, 262, 749, 1459, 2267, 319, 28680, 2478, 290, 4673, 13, 198, 12, 13610, 257, 3968, 290, 4258, 45645, 284, 1524, 12, 3106, 4975, 290, 8233, 1943, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 281, 4009, 326, 8075, 257, 1402, 11, 28949, 4673, 2858, 13, 198, 12, 27405, 4559, 2694, 36115, 6593, 326, 34541, 2444, 6, 1895, 284, 517, 22888, 8233, 11824, 13, 198, 12, 1215, 8738, 12846, 26925, 355, 2622, 11, 11681, 640, 355, 257, 8271, 284, 2148, 3224, 4673, 6443, 13, 198, 12, 6013, 11570, 1524, 12, 17989, 8787, 326, 1394, 3397, 7981, 290, 2950, 287, 511, 1200, 338, 3707, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 6443, 329, 2095, 3707, 290, 2139, 12, 40684, 6461, 13, 198, 464, 6046, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 198, 26130, 4482, 17132, 198, 91, 30847, 21835, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 5694, 6579, 8614, 43227, 317, 622, 358, 417, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 13854, 1338, 346, 805, 8614, 47231, 291, 18596, 11, 16821, 261, 6579, 8614, 46139, 2254, 91, 198, 91, 9527, 5718, 402, 26183, 8614, 28702, 11, 29521, 7868, 8614, 46139, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 16587, 40844, 21624, 1636, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 2199, 1851, 6046, 3961, 8614, 9771, 1851, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 22245, 1024, 14617, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 2258, 21298, 6579, 8614, 9914, 2487, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 7554, 14105, 8614, 12442, 13131, 286, 46486, 8614, 9914, 14453, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 9914, 349, 1709, 1236, 735, 8614, 41730, 20857, 32019, 11, 40151, 1122, 6579, 8614, 34, 721, 346, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 17121, 402, 13, 28908, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 4705, 707, 5185, 6579, 8614, 28711, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 43568, 3981, 89, 8614, 26959, 32019, 11, 48925, 338, 15016, 6579, 8614, 35, 273, 35983, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 38509, 4373, 8614, 28702, 286, 6046, 20357, 329, 26113, 3418, 8614, 30847, 41556, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 44, 3699, 710, 3469, 8614, 32065, 11536, 32019, 11, 8050, 6579, 8614, 38, 34878, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 44484, 367, 2093, 1040, 8614, 25714, 5221, 1766, 12, 43189, 11, 930, 198, 41862, 13260, 36831, 509, 12, 1065, 11, 6046, 3961, 5890, 198, 91, 41, 359, 412, 49861, 8614, 13409, 7868, 11, 3208, 1686, 1073, 6579, 8614, 32434, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 28711, 10382, 8614, 34621, 3961, 32019, 11, 5027, 8107, 6579, 784, 16320, 1222, 6723, 8614, 42265, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 412, 42236, 337, 13, 440, 39423, 8614, 23675, 11, 6046, 290, 3334, 3961, 18252, 11, 1222, 6372, 2732, 26179, 8614, 5653, 7206, 91, 198, 91, 24428, 8984, 2094, 10076, 261, 8614, 28702, 11, 6046, 3961, 46486, 8614, 26031, 20142, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 9908, 272, 4373, 8614, 23675, 30038, 22998, 8614, 35784, 4502, 338, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 9861, 268, 2039, 21361, 8614, 17760, 1717, 32019, 11, 5326, 1559, 6579, 8614, 50, 21499, 316, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 24119, 13307, 306, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 20131, 12735, 6579, 8614, 1273, 13, 5335, 338, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 38, 603, 17630, 8614, 6767, 3493, 11, 3687, 261, 6579, 784, 8687, 13, 1717, 13, 8614, 31466, 13645, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 50, 13372, 9330, 2539, 8614, 12442, 13131, 11, 509, 12, 23, 11725, 14, 32065, 11536, 8614, 17402, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 33, 964, 306, 2574, 2736, 8614, 6767, 3493, 11, 370, 291, 296, 3713, 6579, 11, 47342, 10096, 8614, 54, 291, 296, 3713, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6767, 14625, 18278, 65, 3493, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 39375, 296, 2088, 6579, 8614, 54, 273, 33187, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 15796, 4100, 40, 332, 8614, 25714, 5221, 1766, 12, 43189, 11, 2195, 420, 13, 36202, 1222, 4992, 33374, 8614, 7554, 82, 21183, 2059, 91, 198, 91, 36, 8466, 11582, 8614, 46139, 32019, 338, 4479, 11, 26315, 6579, 8614, 46139, 32019, 338, 4479, 91, 198, 91, 9861, 1697, 32623, 8614, 48902, 32641, 11, 30035, 6579, 8614, 5673, 12473, 91, 198, 91, 33820, 406, 13, 406, 293, 4053, 2047, 8614, 34621, 3961, 32641, 11, 2688, 3876, 8614, 5673, 1546, 47, 91, 198, 91, 3987, 47412, 8614, 26031, 20142, 14812, 6579, 8614, 31180, 4303, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 19579, 26242, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 49745, 82, 6252, 3334, 3961, 8614, 31180, 4303, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 42602, 7920, 8614, 7554, 82, 21183, 2059, 8614, 24119, 1044, 5396, 286, 32019, 7005, 2024, 91, 198, 91, 24761, 10903, 3245, 8614, 21979, 684, 4244, 6579, 8614, 12740, 14, 16186, 5396, 286, 2619, 3961, 7005, 2024, 91, 198, 91, 9704, 2332, 28033, 8614, 45, 602, 28650, 8614, 12740, 7320, 10485, 11487, 329, 7868, 1222, 10670, 7320, 91, 198, 91, 16587, 12590, 21532, 8614, 24119, 1044, 6046, 3961, 5396, 8614, 5653, 4090, 91, 198, 91, 43568, 33098, 8614, 34621, 3961, 16386, 8614, 24119, 1044, 350, 5603, 91, 198, 91, 2601, 3301, 21150, 8614, 10364, 11, 10670, 1812, 32426, 6, 4479, 11, 309, 13, 54, 13, 350, 2349, 6579, 8614, 44, 2257, 32, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 16197, 14668, 42431, 8614, 12442, 21075, 11, 7542, 15397, 338, 1766, 8525, 3059, 8614, 3705, 49302, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 22559, 347, 3733, 8614, 10364, 11, 28250, 49528, 5535, 8614, 44993, 10670, 7563, 12, 12332, 88, 8108, 7561, 4606, 11, 3457, 13, 91, 198, 91, 7676, 3846, 1437, 17704, 8614, 28702, 11, 327, 2213, 329, 42525, 287, 14665, 7868, 11, 1766, 381, 259, 1812, 5535, 8614, 21009, 286, 10670, 4482, 8694, 91, 198, 91, 24119, 1044, 1812, 2732, 286, 7868, 198, 91, 2167, 2688, 10346, 3530, 198, 91, 24119, 1044, 1812, 2732, 286, 7868, 198, 91, 2167, 2688, 10346, 3530, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,471
When Springfield was carved out of the wilderness 375 years ago it began as a business venture and ever since then what people do for work has defined the community. In the beginning the little settlement was about fur trading with the Native Americans and subsistence farming on the fertile meadows along the Connecticut River. The Puritan settlers had strict rules for conducting commerce in 1636. They set out regulations for “workmen and labourers” that specified wages, adjusted by the season. How long the workday would be and also capped how much “carpenters, joyners, sawers, wheelwrights, or such like artificers,” could earn. It was specified that a teamsters and his four cattle could not earn above six shillings for an eight-hour day. Borders where set up where “candlewood” could not be gathered for the making of “Tarr, Pitch or Coale” for sale, but inhabitants could gather candlewood for their own family “where he pleaseth.” Within two years of his founding of Springfield, William Pynchon was involved in a court case in Hartford. He was charged with dominating the Indian corn trade by an influential resident of Connecticut, Capt. John Mason. This dispute, which Pynchon lost in 1638, led to Springfield forever siding with Massachusetts and cutting its ties with Connecticut. Early histories of Springfield take special note of a January, 1646, town meeting at which Miles Morgan and George Colton were commissioned to “get a Smith for ye towne.” By September of that year Francis Ball was set up in his 12 by 16 foot blacksmith shop and the settlement of 42 men, and an undisclosed number of women and children who were not counted in the assessment census, had their first metal worker who would be the pioneer of an industry that made the region famous. By the late 1600’s the brooks and rivers in Springfield were strung with sawmills and grist mills and in 1697, John Pynchon was granted permission to set up an “iron works upon the Mill River below the present corn mill. The industrial age had modestly begun. Soon there was jobs for ore gatherers, charcoal makers, and iron workers. The wide slow waters of the Connecticut River became the principal highway where raw materials were brought upstream and lumber and furs traders came downstream. The Westfield River and the Chicopee River created a water-fed crossroads that intersected at Springfield. In January of 1673, the first post rider from New York to Boston passed through Springfield on the new Post Road. This confluence of land and water routes would help Springfield businesses thrive for the next three centuries. The early metal workers, either blacksmiths or foundry men, made a niche for themselves in the Pioneer Valley and soon the area was noted for its craftsmen, particularly gunsmiths. That was a fact not lost on a young Continental Army Colonel named Henry Knox who passed through Springfield in the winter of 1775 headed for Boston with a load of cannon captured at Fort Ticonderoga. He became a close confidant of Gen. George Washington and had a lot to do with suggesting the Springfield area as the site for the first colonial arsenal in 1787 and eventually the world famous Springfield Armory. Soon other manufacturers set up shop to work with the armory or were attracted by the skilled labor force. In the first half of the 19th century the armory became a training grounds for the future giants of industry that would call Springfield home. Daniel B. Wesson would found his pistol factory with partner Horace Smith. Thomas Blanchard in 1819 patented his “Blanchard Lathe” that cut out irregular shapes, musket stocks in this case, and paved the way for mass production and the industrial revolution. Blanchard, in 1826, built the first automobile in America, a 2,000-pound steam powered giant that he drove through the streets of Springfield. Within a few years he was manufacturing steamboats from a shop on the Connecticut River that were making trips both north and south. The steamboats supplanted the barges that had been bringing goods and passengers up and down the river for more than a century. By 1839, the railroad had reached Springfield. Water, rail and stagecoach lines now linked the community in all directions. In 1845, just a few years after the railroad arrived, Thomas Wason began making cars for the new trains. His business would grow into Wason Manufacturing Co., the largest maker of railroad cars and locomotives in the country. A town had to have a population of at least 10,000 to become a city, a point Springfield reached in the 1840 census with 10,985. By 1845 it had 14,703 inhabitants, but in 1848, Chicopee broke off and formed its own town, dropping Springfield under the limit. By 1852, Springfield had more than 20,000 people and became a city on May 25. The year before, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co. had been founded. Its president, Caleb Rice became the first mayor of Springfield. The 1853 City Directory contains 50 pages on businesses and manufacturing firms doing business in the city. There were chemical companies, drug wholesalers, dye houses, millinery shops, and a number of large machine shops that made castings and forgings for steam engines and locomotives. There was the Bemis & Call Co. where the monkey wrench was invented and six ads for blacksmith operations. There were boot manufactures, pump manufacturers, soap and candle makers, coffin makers, bakers, grist mills, cabinet makers, planing mills, stove shops and carriage makers and confectioners. The diversity of Springfield businesses have kept it from being a company town, although the huge influence of the armory, especially during time of war was an economic engine of enormous proportions. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Springfield became a boom town. The fall of Harpers’ Ferry in Virginia left the Springfield Armory as the sole federal arsenal. Workers poured into the city and soon every boarding house and spare room in town was rented. Production was doubled and tripled within the first months of the war. During the early stages of the war it was announced that Harpers’ Ferry production would be replaced by the construction of an armory at Rock Island, Ill. It never approached Springfield’s magnitude during the Civil War, but in 1965, when the unthinkable happened, and the Armory was closed, its operations were moved to Rock Island. Over the years Springfield has seen companies come and go. The city that was the birthplace of the automobile in America with the Duryea in 1895 and became home to Knox, Duryea, Stevens-Duryea, Atlas, Rolls Royce and Indian Motocycles, eventually they all closed. There were also thousands of jobs at American Bosch, Van Norman, Westinghouse, U.S. Envelope, Barney & Berry Skates, Monarch Life Insurance, Meekins, Packard and Wheat, Forbers & Wallace and Steigers, to name a few. Some have been replaced by new industries and technologies, others have just disappeared. But the city is still the hub of Western Massachusetts and has weathered disappointments and recessions before. During the depths of The Depression, the Damour brothers in Chicopee started a small grocery store. The business, now named Big Y and headquartered in Springfield, is celebrating its 75th year. The year before the Damour venture, another set of brothers, S. Prestley and Curtis Blake, opened an ice cream shop on 161 Boston Road in the Pine Point neighborhood of Springfield. It grew into Friendly Ice Cream. Each generation has its success stories, waiting to be written into the history of Springfield.	[ 2215, 27874, 373, 23470, 503, 286, 262, 22775, 29414, 812, 2084, 340, 2540, 355, 257, 1597, 13189, 290, 1683, 1201, 788, 644, 661, 466, 329, 670, 468, 5447, 262, 2055, 13, 198, 818, 262, 3726, 262, 1310, 9443, 373, 546, 9230, 7313, 351, 262, 12547, 3399, 290, 48042, 16035, 319, 262, 31192, 502, 9797, 1863, 262, 14493, 5866, 13, 383, 9330, 18642, 25371, 550, 7646, 3173, 329, 14523, 19497, 287, 1467, 2623, 13, 198, 2990, 900, 503, 6647, 329, 564, 250, 1818, 3653, 290, 45161, 27736, 447, 251, 326, 7368, 9400, 11, 12328, 416, 262, 1622, 13, 1374, 890, 262, 670, 820, 561, 307, 290, 635, 28490, 703, 881, 564, 250, 66, 5117, 298, 364, 11, 8716, 2741, 11, 2497, 364, 11, 7825, 18351, 2337, 11, 393, 884, 588, 29829, 364, 11, 447, 251, 714, 5160, 13, 632, 373, 7368, 326, 257, 1074, 5937, 290, 465, 1440, 17025, 714, 407, 5160, 2029, 2237, 427, 359, 654, 329, 281, 3624, 12, 9769, 1110, 13, 198, 33, 6361, 810, 900, 510, 810, 564, 250, 46188, 293, 3822, 447, 251, 714, 407, 307, 9272, 329, 262, 1642, 286, 564, 250, 51, 3258, 11, 33517, 393, 1766, 1000, 447, 251, 329, 5466, 11, 475, 17622, 714, 6431, 26839, 3822, 329, 511, 898, 1641, 564, 250, 3003, 339, 21289, 2788, 13, 447, 251, 198, 22005, 734, 812, 286, 465, 16636, 286, 27874, 11, 3977, 350, 2047, 354, 261, 373, 2950, 287, 257, 2184, 1339, 287, 37118, 13, 679, 373, 5047, 351, 30651, 262, 3942, 11676, 3292, 416, 281, 14212, 6623, 286, 14493, 11, 6790, 13, 1757, 14737, 13, 770, 11047, 11, 543, 350, 2047, 354, 261, 2626, 287, 1467, 2548, 11, 2957, 284, 27874, 8097, 264, 2530, 351, 10140, 290, 7720, 663, 8470, 351, 14493, 13, 198, 20457, 25985, 286, 27874, 1011, 2041, 3465, 286, 257, 3269, 11, 1467, 3510, 11, 3240, 3249, 379, 543, 20404, 10805, 290, 4502, 1623, 1122, 547, 20462, 284, 564, 250, 1136, 257, 4176, 329, 9838, 3240, 68, 13, 447, 251, 2750, 2693, 286, 326, 614, 12155, 6932, 373, 900, 510, 287, 465, 1105, 416, 1467, 2366, 2042, 21453, 6128, 290, 262, 9443, 286, 5433, 1450, 11, 290, 281, 33457, 1271, 286, 1466, 290, 1751, 508, 547, 407, 14789, 287, 262, 8922, 21649, 11, 550, 511, 717, 6147, 8383, 508, 561, 307, 262, 29570, 286, 281, 2831, 326, 925, 262, 3814, 5863, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 2739, 26143, 447, 247, 82, 262, 1379, 28194, 290, 18180, 287, 27874, 547, 965, 2150, 351, 2497, 76, 2171, 290, 1036, 396, 41999, 290, 287, 1467, 5607, 11, 1757, 350, 2047, 354, 261, 373, 7520, 7170, 284, 900, 510, 281, 564, 250, 1934, 2499, 2402, 262, 9212, 5866, 2174, 262, 1944, 11676, 3939, 13, 383, 7593, 2479, 550, 12949, 306, 9258, 13, 15894, 612, 373, 3946, 329, 23751, 308, 265, 1456, 3808, 11, 33512, 14429, 11, 290, 6953, 3259, 13, 198, 464, 3094, 3105, 10150, 286, 262, 14493, 5866, 2627, 262, 10033, 12763, 810, 8246, 5696, 547, 3181, 28717, 290, 34840, 290, 277, 1834, 21703, 1625, 33218, 13, 383, 2688, 3245, 5866, 290, 262, 48854, 404, 1453, 5866, 2727, 257, 1660, 12, 19082, 3272, 21372, 326, 36177, 276, 379, 27874, 13, 554, 3269, 286, 1467, 4790, 11, 262, 717, 1281, 17876, 422, 968, 1971, 284, 6182, 3804, 832, 27874, 319, 262, 649, 2947, 5567, 13, 770, 1013, 23079, 286, 1956, 290, 1660, 11926, 561, 1037, 27874, 5692, 22191, 329, 262, 1306, 1115, 10675, 13, 198, 464, 1903, 6147, 3259, 11, 2035, 2042, 21453, 82, 393, 1043, 563, 1450, 11, 925, 257, 21404, 329, 2405, 287, 262, 31437, 6916, 290, 2582, 262, 1989, 373, 4367, 329, 663, 28229, 3653, 11, 3573, 2485, 21453, 82, 13, 1320, 373, 257, 1109, 407, 2626, 319, 257, 1862, 30462, 5407, 21636, 3706, 8616, 27633, 508, 3804, 832, 27874, 287, 262, 7374, 286, 1596, 2425, 9153, 329, 6182, 351, 257, 3440, 286, 21202, 7907, 379, 6401, 309, 291, 8623, 10949, 13, 198, 1544, 2627, 257, 1969, 47830, 415, 286, 5215, 13, 4502, 2669, 290, 550, 257, 1256, 284, 466, 351, 9524, 262, 27874, 1989, 355, 262, 2524, 329, 262, 717, 17091, 24375, 287, 1596, 5774, 290, 4191, 262, 995, 5863, 27874, 45388, 13, 15894, 584, 11372, 900, 510, 6128, 284, 670, 351, 262, 3211, 652, 393, 547, 12725, 416, 262, 14297, 4827, 2700, 13, 198, 818, 262, 717, 2063, 286, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 262, 3211, 652, 2627, 257, 3047, 9384, 329, 262, 2003, 20178, 286, 2831, 326, 561, 869, 27874, 1363, 13, 7806, 347, 13, 370, 39670, 561, 1043, 465, 16790, 8860, 351, 5212, 6075, 558, 4176, 13, 5658, 1086, 3702, 446, 287, 1248, 1129, 34824, 465, 564, 250, 3629, 3702, 446, 5476, 258, 447, 251, 326, 2005, 503, 21388, 15268, 11, 1928, 7126, 14420, 287, 428, 1339, 11, 290, 31285, 262, 835, 329, 2347, 3227, 290, 262, 7593, 5854, 13, 198, 3629, 3702, 446, 11, 287, 1248, 2075, 11, 3170, 262, 717, 27930, 287, 2253, 11, 257, 362, 11, 830, 12, 19568, 13324, 13232, 6175, 326, 339, 10357, 832, 262, 6483, 286, 27874, 13, 12511, 257, 1178, 812, 339, 373, 9138, 13324, 46058, 422, 257, 6128, 319, 262, 14493, 5866, 326, 547, 1642, 13229, 1111, 5093, 290, 5366, 13, 198, 464, 13324, 46058, 6019, 4126, 262, 12828, 274, 326, 550, 587, 6079, 7017, 290, 10405, 510, 290, 866, 262, 7850, 329, 517, 621, 257, 4289, 13, 2750, 1248, 2670, 11, 262, 24337, 550, 4251, 27874, 13, 5638, 11, 6787, 290, 3800, 1073, 620, 3951, 783, 6692, 262, 2055, 287, 477, 11678, 13, 198, 818, 1248, 2231, 11, 655, 257, 1178, 812, 706, 262, 24337, 5284, 11, 5658, 370, 888, 2540, 1642, 5006, 329, 262, 649, 13404, 13, 2399, 1597, 561, 1663, 656, 370, 888, 32760, 1766, 1539, 262, 4387, 16009, 286, 24337, 5006, 290, 33334, 313, 1083, 287, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 32, 3240, 550, 284, 423, 257, 3265, 286, 379, 1551, 838, 11, 830, 284, 1716, 257, 1748, 11, 257, 966, 27874, 4251, 287, 262, 47784, 21649, 351, 838, 11, 42250, 13, 2750, 1248, 2231, 340, 550, 1478, 11, 36809, 17622, 11, 475, 287, 1248, 2780, 11, 48854, 404, 1453, 6265, 572, 290, 7042, 663, 898, 3240, 11, 12047, 27874, 739, 262, 4179, 13, 2750, 1248, 4309, 11, 27874, 550, 517, 621, 1160, 11, 830, 661, 290, 2627, 257, 1748, 319, 1737, 1679, 13, 198, 464, 614, 878, 11, 10140, 48807, 5155, 17541, 1766, 13, 550, 587, 9393, 13, 6363, 1893, 11, 40777, 13823, 2627, 262, 717, 9591, 286, 27874, 13, 383, 1248, 4310, 2254, 27387, 4909, 2026, 5468, 319, 5692, 290, 9138, 9611, 1804, 1597, 287, 262, 1748, 13, 198, 1858, 547, 5931, 2706, 11, 2563, 17950, 282, 364, 11, 30121, 7777, 11, 3939, 15451, 12437, 11, 290, 257, 1271, 286, 1588, 4572, 12437, 326, 925, 3350, 654, 290, 5784, 654, 329, 13324, 11874, 290, 33334, 313, 1083, 13, 1318, 373, 262, 347, 30561, 1222, 4889, 1766, 13, 810, 262, 21657, 34561, 373, 15646, 290, 2237, 9011, 329, 2042, 21453, 4560, 13, 198, 1858, 547, 6297, 46306, 11, 8901, 11372, 11, 19533, 290, 26839, 14429, 11, 30834, 14429, 11, 275, 3979, 11, 1036, 396, 41999, 11, 13447, 14429, 11, 1410, 278, 41999, 11, 27635, 12437, 290, 25739, 14429, 290, 1013, 3213, 364, 13, 198, 464, 9573, 286, 27874, 5692, 423, 4030, 340, 422, 852, 257, 1664, 3240, 11, 3584, 262, 3236, 4588, 286, 262, 3211, 652, 11, 2592, 1141, 640, 286, 1175, 373, 281, 3034, 3113, 286, 9812, 23250, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 7511, 1810, 6265, 503, 287, 45278, 11, 27874, 2627, 257, 14166, 3240, 13, 383, 2121, 286, 2113, 19276, 447, 247, 42609, 287, 6025, 1364, 262, 27874, 45388, 355, 262, 6195, 2717, 24375, 13, 16847, 19036, 656, 262, 1748, 290, 2582, 790, 25523, 2156, 290, 13952, 2119, 287, 3240, 373, 26399, 13, 19174, 373, 15229, 290, 43761, 1626, 262, 717, 1933, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 1903, 9539, 286, 262, 1175, 340, 373, 3414, 326, 2113, 19276, 447, 247, 42609, 3227, 561, 307, 6928, 416, 262, 5103, 286, 281, 3211, 652, 379, 4631, 5451, 11, 5821, 13, 632, 1239, 10448, 27874, 447, 247, 82, 14735, 1141, 262, 7511, 1810, 11, 475, 287, 17672, 11, 618, 262, 39593, 3022, 11, 290, 262, 45388, 373, 4838, 11, 663, 4560, 547, 3888, 284, 4631, 5451, 13, 198, 5886, 262, 812, 27874, 468, 1775, 2706, 1282, 290, 467, 13, 383, 1748, 326, 373, 262, 48145, 286, 262, 27930, 287, 2253, 351, 262, 360, 1601, 18213, 287, 46425, 290, 2627, 1363, 284, 27633, 11, 360, 1601, 18213, 11, 20019, 12, 35, 1601, 18213, 11, 22494, 11, 40074, 9817, 344, 290, 3942, 6543, 13733, 5427, 11, 4191, 484, 477, 4838, 13, 1318, 547, 635, 4138, 286, 3946, 379, 1605, 14548, 354, 11, 6656, 19636, 11, 2688, 278, 4803, 11, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2039, 1091, 68, 11, 41921, 1222, 20165, 3661, 689, 11, 41768, 5155, 17541, 11, 2185, 988, 1040, 11, 6400, 446, 290, 34744, 11, 1114, 1213, 1222, 17161, 290, 2441, 34984, 11, 284, 1438, 257, 1178, 13, 198, 4366, 423, 587, 6928, 416, 649, 11798, 290, 8514, 11, 1854, 423, 655, 12120, 13, 887, 262, 1748, 318, 991, 262, 12575, 286, 4885, 10140, 290, 468, 356, 8638, 6703, 902, 290, 664, 6202, 878, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 21593, 286, 383, 22483, 11, 262, 5245, 454, 9397, 287, 48854, 404, 1453, 2067, 257, 1402, 16918, 3650, 13, 383, 1597, 11, 783, 3706, 4403, 575, 290, 48583, 287, 27874, 11, 318, 17499, 663, 5441, 400, 614, 13, 383, 614, 878, 262, 5245, 454, 13189, 11, 1194, 900, 286, 9397, 11, 311, 13, 24158, 1636, 290, 25157, 13307, 11, 4721, 281, 4771, 8566, 6128, 319, 27829, 6182, 5567, 287, 262, 23076, 6252, 6232, 286, 27874, 13, 632, 6348, 656, 38683, 6663, 19979, 13, 198, 10871, 5270, 468, 663, 1943, 3923, 11, 4953, 284, 307, 3194, 656, 262, 2106, 286, 27874, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,633
The amount of data in our world has been exploding, and analyzing large data sets—so-called big data—will become a key basis of competition, underpinning new waves of productivity growth, innovation, and consumer surplus, according to research by MGI and McKinsey's Business Technology Office. Leaders in every sector will have to grapple with the implications of big data, not just a few data-oriented managers. The increasing volume and detail of information captured by enterprises, the rise of multimedia, social media, and the Internet of Things will fuel exponential growth in data for the foreseeable future. Research by MGI and McKinsey's Business Technology Office examines the state of digital data and documents the significant value that can potentially be unlocked. MGI studied big data in five domains—healthcare in the United States, the public sector in Europe, retail in the United States, and manufacturing and personal-location data globally. Big data can generate value in each. For example, a retailer using big data to the full could increase its operating margin by more than 60 percent. Harnessing big data in the public sector has enormous potential, too. If US healthcare were to use big data creatively and effectively to drive efficiency and quality, the sector could create more than $300 billion in value every year. Two-thirds of that would be in the form of reducing US healthcare expenditure by about 8 percent. In the developed economies of Europe, government administrators could save more than €100 billion ($149 billion) in operational efficiency improvements alone by using big data, not including using big data to reduce fraud and errors and boost the collection of tax revenues. And users of services enabled by personal-location data could capture $600 billion in consumer surplus. The research offers seven key insights. 1. Data have swept into every industry and business function and are now an important factor of production, alongside labor and capital. We estimate that, by 2009, nearly all sectors in the US economy had at least an average of 200 terabytes of stored data (twice the size of US retailer Wal-Mart's data warehouse in 1999) per company with more than 1,000 employees. 2. There are five broad ways in which using big data can create value. First, big data can unlock significant value by making information transparent and usable at much higher frequency. Second, as organizations create and store more transactional data in digital form, they can collect more accurate and detailed performance information on everything from product inventories to sick days, and therefore expose variability and boost performance. Leading companies are using data collection and analysis to conduct controlled experiments to make better management decisions; others are using data for basic low-frequency forecasting to high-frequency nowcasting to adjust their business levers just in time. Third, big data allows ever-narrower segmentation of customers and therefore much more precisely tailored products or services. Fourth, sophisticated analytics can substantially improve decision-making. Finally, big data can be used to improve the development of the next generation of products and services. For instance, manufacturers are using data obtained from sensors embedded in products to create innovative after-sales service offerings such as proactive maintenance (preventive measures that take place before a failure occurs or is even noticed). Distilling value and driving productivity from mountains of data Michael Chui discusses how the scale and scope of companies' access to data is changing the way they do business. 3. The use of big data will become a key basis of competition and growth for individual firms. From the standpoint of competitiveness and the potential capture of value, all companies need to take big data seriously. In most industries, established competitors and new entrants alike will leverage data-driven strategies to innovate, compete, and capture value from deep and up-to-real-time information. Indeed, we found early examples of such use of data in every sector we examined. 4. The use of big data will underpin new waves of productivity growth and consumer surplus. For example, we estimate that a retailer using big data to the full has the potential to increase its operating margin by more than 60 percent. Big data offers considerable benefits to consumers as well as to companies and organizations. For instance, services enabled by personal-location data can allow consumers to capture $600 billion in economic surplus. 5. While the use of big data will matter across sectors, some sectors are set for greater gains. We compared the historical productivity of sectors in the United States with the potential of these sectors to capture value from big data (using an index that combines several quantitative metrics), and found that the opportunities and challenges vary from sector to sector. The computer and electronic products and information sectors, as well as finance and insurance, and government are poised to gain substantially from the use of big data. 6. There will be a shortage of talent necessary for organizations to take advantage of big data. By 2018, the United States alone could face a shortage of 140,000 to 190,000 people with deep analytical skills as well as 1.5 million managers and analysts with the know-how to use the analysis of big data to make effective decisions. 7. Several issues will have to be addressed to capture the full potential of big data. Policies related to privacy, security, intellectual property, and even liability will need to be addressed in a big data world. Organizations need not only to put the right talent and technology in place but also structure workflows and incentives to optimize the use of big data. Access to data is critical—companies will increasingly need to integrate information from multiple data sources, often from third parties, and the incentives have to be in place to enable this.	[ 464, 2033, 286, 1366, 287, 674, 995, 468, 587, 30990, 11, 290, 22712, 1588, 1366, 5621, 960, 568, 12, 7174, 1263, 1366, 960, 10594, 1716, 257, 1994, 4308, 286, 5449, 11, 42185, 768, 649, 9813, 286, 13714, 3349, 11, 11044, 11, 290, 7172, 18201, 11, 1864, 284, 2267, 416, 337, 18878, 290, 31946, 4397, 338, 7320, 8987, 4452, 13, 19658, 287, 790, 6567, 481, 423, 284, 42146, 351, 262, 10939, 286, 1263, 1366, 11, 407, 655, 257, 1178, 1366, 12, 17107, 11663, 13, 383, 3649, 6115, 290, 3703, 286, 1321, 7907, 416, 23941, 11, 262, 4485, 286, 40162, 11, 1919, 2056, 11, 290, 262, 4455, 286, 11597, 481, 5252, 39682, 3349, 287, 1366, 329, 262, 34922, 2003, 13, 198, 25104, 416, 337, 18878, 290, 31946, 4397, 338, 7320, 8987, 4452, 28025, 262, 1181, 286, 4875, 1366, 290, 4963, 262, 2383, 1988, 326, 460, 6196, 307, 14838, 13, 198, 44, 18878, 9713, 1263, 1366, 287, 1936, 18209, 960, 13948, 6651, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 262, 1171, 6567, 287, 2031, 11, 6308, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 290, 9138, 290, 2614, 12, 24886, 1366, 18309, 13, 4403, 1366, 460, 7716, 1988, 287, 1123, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 21538, 1262, 1263, 1366, 284, 262, 1336, 714, 2620, 663, 5361, 10330, 416, 517, 621, 3126, 1411, 13, 2113, 1108, 278, 1263, 1366, 287, 262, 1171, 6567, 468, 9812, 2785, 11, 1165, 13, 1002, 1294, 11409, 547, 284, 779, 1263, 1366, 48707, 290, 6840, 284, 3708, 9332, 290, 3081, 11, 262, 6567, 714, 2251, 517, 621, 720, 6200, 2997, 287, 1988, 790, 614, 13, 4930, 12, 17936, 286, 326, 561, 307, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 8868, 1294, 11409, 20705, 416, 546, 807, 1411, 13, 554, 262, 4166, 16533, 286, 2031, 11, 1230, 18618, 714, 3613, 517, 621, 10432, 3064, 2997, 7198, 19442, 2997, 8, 287, 13919, 9332, 8561, 3436, 416, 1262, 1263, 1366, 11, 407, 1390, 1262, 1263, 1366, 284, 4646, 7394, 290, 8563, 290, 5750, 262, 4947, 286, 1687, 13089, 13, 843, 2985, 286, 2594, 9343, 416, 2614, 12, 24886, 1366, 714, 8006, 720, 8054, 2997, 287, 7172, 18201, 13, 383, 2267, 4394, 3598, 1994, 17218, 13, 198, 16, 13, 6060, 423, 17676, 656, 790, 2831, 290, 1597, 2163, 290, 389, 783, 281, 1593, 5766, 286, 3227, 11, 7848, 4827, 290, 3139, 13, 775, 8636, 326, 11, 416, 3717, 11, 3016, 477, 16020, 287, 262, 1294, 3773, 550, 379, 1551, 281, 2811, 286, 939, 1059, 38346, 286, 8574, 1366, 357, 4246, 501, 262, 2546, 286, 1294, 21538, 6445, 12, 13143, 338, 1366, 20933, 287, 7358, 8, 583, 1664, 351, 517, 621, 352, 11, 830, 4409, 13, 198, 17, 13, 1318, 389, 1936, 3154, 2842, 287, 543, 1262, 1263, 1366, 460, 2251, 1988, 13, 3274, 11, 1263, 1366, 460, 12116, 2383, 1988, 416, 1642, 1321, 13245, 290, 24284, 379, 881, 2440, 8373, 13, 5498, 11, 355, 5745, 2251, 290, 3650, 517, 48878, 1538, 1366, 287, 4875, 1296, 11, 484, 460, 2824, 517, 7187, 290, 6496, 2854, 1321, 319, 2279, 422, 1720, 8067, 1749, 284, 6639, 1528, 11, 290, 4361, 15651, 25364, 290, 5750, 2854, 13, 43225, 2706, 389, 1262, 1366, 4947, 290, 3781, 284, 3189, 6856, 10256, 284, 787, 1365, 4542, 5370, 26, 1854, 389, 1262, 1366, 329, 4096, 1877, 12, 35324, 41164, 284, 1029, 12, 35324, 783, 19913, 284, 4532, 511, 1597, 48872, 655, 287, 640, 13, 10467, 11, 1263, 1366, 3578, 1683, 12, 77, 6018, 263, 10618, 341, 286, 4297, 290, 4361, 881, 517, 10582, 27571, 3186, 393, 2594, 13, 15692, 11, 13767, 23696, 460, 13788, 2987, 2551, 12, 8601, 13, 9461, 11, 1263, 1366, 460, 307, 973, 284, 2987, 262, 2478, 286, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 3186, 290, 2594, 13, 1114, 4554, 11, 11372, 389, 1262, 1366, 6492, 422, 15736, 14553, 287, 3186, 284, 2251, 13097, 706, 12, 82, 2040, 2139, 18369, 884, 355, 33943, 9262, 357, 3866, 1151, 425, 5260, 326, 1011, 1295, 878, 257, 5287, 8833, 393, 318, 772, 6810, 737, 198, 20344, 4509, 1988, 290, 5059, 13714, 422, 12269, 286, 1366, 198, 13256, 609, 9019, 19451, 703, 262, 5046, 290, 8354, 286, 2706, 6, 1895, 284, 1366, 318, 5609, 262, 835, 484, 466, 1597, 13, 198, 18, 13, 383, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 481, 1716, 257, 1994, 4308, 286, 5449, 290, 3349, 329, 1981, 9611, 13, 3574, 262, 22116, 286, 36812, 290, 262, 2785, 8006, 286, 1988, 11, 477, 2706, 761, 284, 1011, 1263, 1366, 6411, 13, 554, 749, 11798, 11, 4920, 13861, 290, 649, 49117, 12936, 481, 16094, 1366, 12, 15808, 10064, 284, 47916, 11, 9320, 11, 290, 8006, 1988, 422, 2769, 290, 510, 12, 1462, 12, 5305, 12, 2435, 1321, 13, 9676, 11, 356, 1043, 1903, 6096, 286, 884, 779, 286, 1366, 287, 790, 6567, 356, 11068, 13, 198, 19, 13, 383, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 481, 42185, 649, 9813, 286, 13714, 3349, 290, 7172, 18201, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 356, 8636, 326, 257, 21538, 1262, 1263, 1366, 284, 262, 1336, 468, 262, 2785, 284, 2620, 663, 5361, 10330, 416, 517, 621, 3126, 1411, 13, 4403, 1366, 4394, 11091, 4034, 284, 7008, 355, 880, 355, 284, 2706, 290, 5745, 13, 1114, 4554, 11, 2594, 9343, 416, 2614, 12, 24886, 1366, 460, 1249, 7008, 284, 8006, 720, 8054, 2997, 287, 3034, 18201, 13, 198, 20, 13, 2893, 262, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 481, 2300, 1973, 16020, 11, 617, 16020, 389, 900, 329, 3744, 8810, 13, 775, 3688, 262, 6754, 13714, 286, 16020, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 351, 262, 2785, 286, 777, 16020, 284, 8006, 1988, 422, 1263, 1366, 357, 3500, 281, 6376, 326, 21001, 1811, 26610, 20731, 828, 290, 1043, 326, 262, 6443, 290, 6459, 7565, 422, 6567, 284, 6567, 13, 383, 3644, 290, 7914, 3186, 290, 1321, 16020, 11, 355, 880, 355, 9604, 290, 5096, 11, 290, 1230, 389, 24357, 284, 4461, 13788, 422, 262, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 198, 21, 13, 1318, 481, 307, 257, 18772, 286, 7401, 3306, 329, 5745, 284, 1011, 4621, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 2750, 2864, 11, 262, 1578, 1829, 3436, 714, 1986, 257, 18772, 286, 12713, 11, 830, 284, 19884, 11, 830, 661, 351, 2769, 30063, 4678, 355, 880, 355, 352, 13, 20, 1510, 11663, 290, 13440, 351, 262, 760, 12, 4919, 284, 779, 262, 3781, 286, 1263, 1366, 284, 787, 4050, 5370, 13, 198, 22, 13, 12168, 2428, 481, 423, 284, 307, 9469, 284, 8006, 262, 1336, 2785, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 42283, 3519, 284, 6782, 11, 2324, 11, 9028, 3119, 11, 290, 772, 12247, 481, 761, 284, 307, 9469, 287, 257, 1263, 1366, 995, 13, 41846, 761, 407, 691, 284, 1234, 262, 826, 7401, 290, 3037, 287, 1295, 475, 635, 4645, 670, 44041, 290, 16538, 284, 27183, 262, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 8798, 284, 1366, 318, 4688, 960, 34390, 444, 481, 6481, 761, 284, 19386, 1321, 422, 3294, 1366, 4237, 11, 1690, 422, 2368, 4671, 11, 290, 262, 16538, 423, 284, 307, 287, 1295, 284, 7139, 428, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,144
A bill that has to do with water-related issues is going through the Kansas legislature. Numbered SB 43, it is being introduced by the joint committee on energy and environmental policy. It has to do with bank stabilizations and sediment issues. The bill states "the Kansas water office shall prepare a comprehensive plan to increase water storage in Kansas reservoirs through dredging that will begin with John Redmond reservoir." It will employ stream bank stabilization and other methods to reduce sedimentation in watersheds above water supply reservoirs and also assure future water storage in Kansas reservoirs; and finance each improvement project. "John Redmond has lost nearly 40 percent of its original capacity to sedimentation and today, only 43 percent of the remaining capacity contains water," Susan Metzge of the Kansas Water Office testified during committee hearings. "As a result, we currently have access to only 25 percent of the reservoir’s storage potential. While John Redmond is our current highest priority for storage restoration, it only serves as an example of the condition of many of our state’s water supply reservoirs. The Kansas Water Office, in partnership with other local, state and federal stakeholders, is actively developing plans and implementing measures to address this issue." With the amount of rainfall we have been getting the last couple years this would be something you might want to take advantage of if you are thinking about digging the sediment out of your dry pond. The Kansas water office will submit the plan to the Kansas legislature on or before Dec. 1, 2013. Full text of the bill, and Metzger's testimony, is online at http://www.kwo.org/news_government/News_Government.htm. There is a list of bills at that website pertaining to water issues. — Ryan Flaming is a Kansas State Research and Extension Agent for Harvey County. Agriculture is his specialty.	[ 32, 2855, 326, 468, 284, 466, 351, 1660, 12, 5363, 2428, 318, 1016, 832, 262, 9470, 15928, 13, 399, 26584, 18056, 5946, 11, 340, 318, 852, 5495, 416, 262, 6466, 5583, 319, 2568, 290, 6142, 2450, 13, 632, 468, 284, 466, 351, 3331, 14349, 4582, 290, 33408, 2428, 13, 198, 464, 2855, 2585, 366, 1169, 9470, 1660, 2607, 2236, 8335, 257, 9815, 1410, 284, 2620, 1660, 6143, 287, 9470, 46637, 832, 47478, 2667, 326, 481, 2221, 351, 1757, 49420, 22115, 526, 198, 1026, 481, 1873, 4269, 3331, 43200, 290, 584, 5050, 284, 4646, 33408, 341, 287, 42640, 82, 2029, 1660, 5127, 46637, 290, 635, 19832, 2003, 1660, 6143, 287, 9470, 46637, 26, 290, 9604, 1123, 9025, 1628, 13, 198, 1, 7554, 49420, 468, 2626, 3016, 2319, 1411, 286, 663, 2656, 5339, 284, 33408, 341, 290, 1909, 11, 691, 5946, 1411, 286, 262, 5637, 5339, 4909, 1660, 553, 14919, 3395, 89, 469, 286, 262, 9470, 5638, 4452, 15463, 1141, 5583, 18921, 13, 366, 1722, 257, 1255, 11, 356, 3058, 423, 1895, 284, 691, 1679, 1411, 286, 262, 22115, 447, 247, 82, 6143, 2785, 13, 2893, 1757, 49420, 318, 674, 1459, 4511, 8475, 329, 6143, 19414, 11, 340, 691, 9179, 355, 281, 1672, 286, 262, 4006, 286, 867, 286, 674, 1181, 447, 247, 82, 1660, 5127, 46637, 13, 383, 9470, 5638, 4452, 11, 287, 10413, 351, 584, 1957, 11, 1181, 290, 2717, 26138, 11, 318, 10630, 5922, 3352, 290, 15427, 5260, 284, 2209, 428, 2071, 526, 198, 3152, 262, 2033, 286, 25807, 356, 423, 587, 1972, 262, 938, 3155, 812, 428, 561, 307, 1223, 345, 1244, 765, 284, 1011, 4621, 286, 611, 345, 389, 3612, 546, 18894, 262, 33408, 503, 286, 534, 5894, 16723, 13, 198, 464, 9470, 1660, 2607, 481, 9199, 262, 1410, 284, 262, 9470, 15928, 319, 393, 878, 4280, 13, 352, 11, 2211, 13, 198, 13295, 2420, 286, 262, 2855, 11, 290, 3395, 89, 1362, 338, 9709, 11, 318, 2691, 379, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 74, 21638, 13, 2398, 14, 10827, 62, 14480, 14, 9980, 62, 28848, 13, 19211, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 1351, 286, 9024, 379, 326, 3052, 27113, 284, 1660, 2428, 13, 198, 960, 6047, 1610, 3723, 318, 257, 9470, 1812, 4992, 290, 27995, 15906, 329, 14943, 3418, 13, 19717, 318, 465, 22847, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	378
J.S. Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany, in 1685 and died in 1750. He came from a long family history of professional musicians including church organists and composers. Like his father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, J.S. (Johann Sebastian) would learn and surpass him in this art of classical music composing. Bach's childhood wasn't that great as his father passed away when he was 9 and his mother also died when he was a young boy. Although he spent much time with his musically inclined uncles, he also spent time studying and learning from his older brother, Johann Christoph Bach. Growing up, Bach learned much about organ building. Back in those days, the church organ was a highly complex instrument with many mechanical and moving parts/pedals and pipes. His early experience with repairing and talking with organ builders & performers would prove valuable as he mastered the musical craft.	[ 41, 13, 50, 13, 25332, 373, 4642, 287, 22633, 620, 11, 4486, 11, 287, 1467, 5332, 290, 3724, 287, 1596, 1120, 13, 679, 1625, 422, 257, 890, 1641, 2106, 286, 4708, 17245, 1390, 4928, 1618, 1023, 290, 18882, 364, 13, 4525, 465, 2988, 11, 28056, 12457, 4951, 3754, 25332, 11, 449, 13, 50, 13, 357, 41, 1219, 1236, 26190, 8, 561, 2193, 290, 17341, 683, 287, 428, 1242, 286, 15993, 2647, 49760, 13, 198, 33, 620, 338, 9963, 2492, 470, 326, 1049, 355, 465, 2988, 3804, 1497, 618, 339, 373, 860, 290, 465, 2802, 635, 3724, 618, 339, 373, 257, 1862, 2933, 13, 4900, 339, 3377, 881, 640, 351, 465, 1928, 1146, 19514, 555, 5427, 11, 339, 635, 3377, 640, 11065, 290, 4673, 422, 465, 4697, 3956, 11, 28056, 1951, 2522, 25332, 13, 198, 43964, 510, 11, 25332, 4499, 881, 546, 1618, 2615, 13, 5157, 287, 883, 1528, 11, 262, 4928, 1618, 373, 257, 4047, 3716, 8875, 351, 867, 12370, 290, 3867, 3354, 14, 9124, 874, 290, 19860, 13, 2399, 1903, 1998, 351, 39005, 290, 3375, 351, 1618, 31606, 1222, 23827, 561, 5879, 8119, 355, 339, 33626, 262, 10530, 5977, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	192
Liver Disease (cont.) Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Bhupinder Anand, MD In this Article When to seek medical care for liver disease Often, the onset of a liver disease is gradual and there is no specific symptom that brings the affected individual to seek medical care. Fatigue, weakness and weight loss that cannot be explained should prompt a visit for medical evaluation. Jaundice or yellow skin is never normal and should prompt an evaluation by a medical professional. Persisting fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain should also prompt medical evaluation as soon as possible. Acetaminophen or Tylenol overdose, whether accidental or intentional, can cause acute liver failure. Emergent evaluation and treatment is required. Antidotes to protect the liver can be provided, but are effective only when used within a few hours. Without this intervention, acetaminophen overdose can lead to liver failure and the need for liver transplant. How is liver disease diagnosed? The precise diagnosis of liver disease involves a history and physical examination performed by the health care professional. Understanding the symptoms and the patient's risk factors for liver disease will help guide any diagnostic tests that may be considered. Sometimes history is difficult, especially in patients who abuse alcohol. These patients tend to minimize their consumption, and it is often family members who are able to provide the correct information. Liver disease can have physical findings that affect almost all body systems including the heart, lungs, abdomen, skin, brain and cognitive function, and other parts of the nervous system. The physical examination often requires evaluation of the entire body. Blood tests are helpful in assessing liver inflammation and function. Specific liver function blood tests include: Other blood tests may be considered, including the following: Imaging studies may be used to visualize, not only the liver, but other nearby organs that may be diseased. Examples of imaging studies include: Liver biopsy may be considered to confirm a specific diagnosis of liver disease. Under local anesthetic, a long thin needle is inserted through the chest wall into the liver, where a small sample of liver tissue is obtained for examination under a microscope. Reviewed by Bhupinder Anand, MD on 6/22/2012 Viewers share their comments Liver Disease - Experience Question: Please share your personal experience with liver disease. Liver Disease - Causes Question: If known, please discuss the possible cause(s) of your liver disease. Liver Disease - Treatment Question: What kinds of treatment, surgery, or medication did you receive for your liver disease? Liver Disease - Complications Question: Please describe the complications of liver disease experienced by you, a relative, or friend. Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!	[ 43, 1428, 17344, 357, 3642, 2014, 198, 11696, 13337, 3300, 305, 11, 10670, 11, 44216, 8905, 11, 26228, 3620, 198, 11696, 13337, 3300, 305, 11, 10670, 11, 44216, 8905, 11, 26228, 3620, 198, 6187, 13, 3932, 3300, 305, 6593, 6334, 9007, 379, 23323, 46516, 26690, 11, 257, 7915, 14649, 3641, 287, 4689, 26942, 325, 11, 9279, 13, 2399, 4469, 3407, 22952, 290, 3315, 3640, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 15555, 11, 257, 7884, 19939, 42329, 379, 7542, 338, 2059, 287, 34612, 11, 10553, 290, 27308, 3047, 287, 18154, 11558, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 10433, 3893, 13473, 3337, 13, 198, 33, 71, 929, 5540, 1052, 392, 11, 10670, 198, 818, 428, 10172, 198, 2215, 284, 5380, 3315, 1337, 329, 14383, 4369, 198, 37288, 11, 262, 21228, 286, 257, 14383, 4369, 318, 24972, 290, 612, 318, 645, 2176, 25993, 326, 6774, 262, 5676, 1981, 284, 5380, 3315, 1337, 13, 12301, 15212, 11, 10453, 290, 3463, 2994, 326, 2314, 307, 4893, 815, 6152, 257, 3187, 329, 3315, 12660, 13, 198, 41, 14677, 501, 393, 7872, 4168, 318, 1239, 3487, 290, 815, 6152, 281, 12660, 416, 257, 3315, 4708, 13, 198, 30946, 9665, 17372, 11, 30874, 11, 290, 32692, 2356, 815, 635, 6152, 3315, 12660, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 13, 198, 12832, 316, 5669, 47806, 393, 309, 2645, 268, 349, 27357, 11, 1771, 23221, 393, 21391, 11, 460, 2728, 14352, 14383, 5287, 13, 10320, 6783, 12660, 290, 3513, 318, 2672, 13, 3738, 312, 6421, 284, 1805, 262, 14383, 460, 307, 2810, 11, 475, 389, 4050, 691, 618, 973, 1626, 257, 1178, 2250, 13, 9170, 428, 9572, 11, 25174, 5669, 47806, 27357, 460, 1085, 284, 14383, 5287, 290, 262, 761, 329, 14383, 23319, 13, 198, 2437, 318, 14383, 4369, 14641, 30, 198, 464, 7141, 13669, 286, 14383, 4369, 9018, 257, 2106, 290, 3518, 12452, 6157, 416, 262, 1535, 1337, 4708, 13, 28491, 262, 7460, 290, 262, 5827, 338, 2526, 5087, 329, 14383, 4369, 481, 1037, 5698, 597, 23584, 5254, 326, 743, 307, 3177, 13, 198, 15468, 2106, 318, 2408, 11, 2592, 287, 3871, 508, 5076, 5548, 13, 2312, 3871, 4327, 284, 17775, 511, 7327, 11, 290, 340, 318, 1690, 1641, 1866, 508, 389, 1498, 284, 2148, 262, 3376, 1321, 13, 198, 43, 1428, 4369, 460, 423, 3518, 6373, 326, 2689, 2048, 477, 1767, 3341, 1390, 262, 2612, 11, 21726, 11, 32956, 11, 4168, 11, 3632, 290, 10870, 2163, 11, 290, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 10927, 1080, 13, 383, 3518, 12452, 1690, 4433, 12660, 286, 262, 2104, 1767, 13, 198, 21659, 5254, 389, 7613, 287, 24171, 14383, 20881, 290, 2163, 13, 198, 32419, 14383, 2163, 2910, 5254, 2291, 25, 198, 6395, 2910, 5254, 743, 307, 3177, 11, 1390, 262, 1708, 25, 198, 3546, 3039, 3640, 743, 307, 973, 284, 38350, 11, 407, 691, 262, 14383, 11, 475, 584, 6716, 16613, 326, 743, 307, 3591, 839, 13, 21066, 286, 19560, 3640, 2291, 25, 198, 43, 1428, 3182, 44522, 743, 307, 3177, 284, 6216, 257, 2176, 13669, 286, 14383, 4369, 13, 4698, 1957, 281, 37531, 11, 257, 890, 7888, 17598, 318, 18846, 832, 262, 7721, 3355, 656, 262, 14383, 11, 810, 257, 1402, 6291, 286, 14383, 10712, 318, 6492, 329, 12452, 739, 257, 36396, 13, 198, 40266, 416, 16581, 929, 5540, 1052, 392, 11, 10670, 319, 718, 14, 1828, 14, 6999, 198, 7680, 364, 2648, 511, 3651, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 16386, 18233, 25, 4222, 2648, 534, 2614, 1998, 351, 14383, 4369, 13, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 46865, 18233, 25, 1002, 1900, 11, 3387, 2112, 262, 1744, 2728, 7, 82, 8, 286, 534, 14383, 4369, 13, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 21415, 18233, 25, 1867, 6982, 286, 3513, 11, 8185, 11, 393, 14103, 750, 345, 3328, 329, 534, 14383, 4369, 30, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 20011, 3736, 18233, 25, 4222, 6901, 262, 19481, 286, 14383, 4369, 5924, 416, 345, 11, 257, 3585, 11, 393, 1545, 13, 198, 3855, 262, 3452, 1535, 290, 3315, 1321, 6793, 1277, 284, 534, 13734, 17189, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	656
1. A newborn baby's brain grows almost 3 times during the course of its first year. 2. The left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body. 3. A New born baby loses about half of their nerve cells before they are born. 4. As we get older, the brain loses almost one gram per year. 5. There are about 13, 500,00 neurons in the human spinal cord. 6. The total surface area of the human brain is about 25, 000 square cm. 7. The base of the spinal cord has a cluster of nerves, which are most sensitive. 8. An average adult male brain weighs about 1375 grams. 9. An average adult female brain is about 1275 grams. 10. Only four percent of the brain's cells work while the remaining cells are kept in reserve.	[ 16, 13, 317, 23856, 5156, 338, 3632, 13676, 2048, 513, 1661, 1141, 262, 1781, 286, 663, 717, 614, 13, 198, 17, 13, 383, 1364, 1735, 286, 1692, 3632, 6973, 262, 826, 1735, 286, 262, 1767, 290, 262, 826, 1735, 286, 262, 3632, 6973, 262, 1364, 1735, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 198, 18, 13, 317, 968, 4642, 5156, 14754, 546, 2063, 286, 511, 16384, 4778, 878, 484, 389, 4642, 13, 198, 19, 13, 1081, 356, 651, 4697, 11, 262, 3632, 14754, 2048, 530, 14599, 583, 614, 13, 198, 20, 13, 1318, 389, 546, 1511, 11, 5323, 11, 405, 16890, 287, 262, 1692, 26234, 15050, 13, 198, 21, 13, 383, 2472, 4417, 1989, 286, 262, 1692, 3632, 318, 546, 1679, 11, 12877, 6616, 12067, 13, 198, 22, 13, 383, 2779, 286, 262, 26234, 15050, 468, 257, 13946, 286, 25377, 11, 543, 389, 749, 8564, 13, 198, 23, 13, 1052, 2811, 4044, 4257, 3632, 24034, 546, 1511, 2425, 16379, 13, 198, 24, 13, 1052, 2811, 4044, 4048, 3632, 318, 546, 1105, 2425, 16379, 13, 198, 940, 13, 5514, 1440, 1411, 286, 262, 3632, 338, 4778, 670, 981, 262, 5637, 4778, 389, 4030, 287, 11515, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	193
Why Do Tomatoes Change Color as They Ripen? Tomatoes contain two pigments for photosynthesis—chlorophyll, which is green, and lycopene, which is red. When tomatoes start to grow, they contain much less lycopene than chlorophyll, which gives them their green color. But when harvest season arrives, the days shorten and temperatures drop, causing chlorophyll to dissolve and lycopene to take over the shade of the fruit. During this time, sugar levels rise, acid levels drop, and the tomato softens. It becomes ready to eat. The trick is that this final stage of a tomato’s life takes place in a relatively short period of time—and that poses a big problem for farmers trying to get ripe produce to grocery stores before it rots. Most farmers begin picking tomatoes while they’re still green on the vine, and then they treat them with a ripening agent called ethylene gas to induce the red color. Far from being a synthetic compound, ethylene gas is produced naturally by other fruits and vegetables as they ripen. In fact, bananas release ethylene gas directly into the air. If you place a ripe banana next to a green tomato, the tomato will ripen, too.	[ 5195, 2141, 4186, 15048, 9794, 5315, 355, 1119, 29496, 268, 30, 198, 13787, 15048, 3994, 734, 12967, 902, 329, 5205, 44411, 960, 36813, 16982, 297, 11, 543, 318, 4077, 11, 290, 22404, 22163, 1734, 11, 543, 318, 2266, 13, 1649, 23972, 923, 284, 1663, 11, 484, 3994, 881, 1342, 22404, 22163, 1734, 621, 20207, 16982, 297, 11, 543, 3607, 606, 511, 4077, 3124, 13, 887, 618, 13222, 1622, 14443, 11, 262, 1528, 45381, 290, 10101, 4268, 11, 6666, 20207, 16982, 297, 284, 33862, 290, 22404, 22163, 1734, 284, 1011, 625, 262, 17979, 286, 262, 8234, 13, 5856, 428, 640, 11, 7543, 2974, 4485, 11, 7408, 2974, 4268, 11, 290, 262, 24240, 2705, 641, 13, 632, 4329, 3492, 284, 4483, 13, 198, 464, 6908, 318, 326, 428, 2457, 3800, 286, 257, 24240, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 2753, 1295, 287, 257, 5365, 1790, 2278, 286, 640, 960, 392, 326, 17313, 257, 1263, 1917, 329, 9818, 2111, 284, 651, 29036, 4439, 284, 16918, 7000, 878, 340, 686, 912, 13, 4042, 9818, 2221, 10868, 23972, 981, 484, 447, 247, 260, 991, 4077, 319, 262, 17793, 11, 290, 788, 484, 2190, 606, 351, 257, 18344, 3101, 5797, 1444, 4555, 37880, 3623, 284, 21155, 262, 2266, 3124, 13, 6755, 422, 852, 257, 18512, 13061, 11, 4555, 37880, 3623, 318, 4635, 8752, 416, 584, 15921, 290, 13701, 355, 484, 18344, 268, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 35484, 2650, 4555, 37880, 3623, 3264, 656, 262, 1633, 13, 1002, 345, 1295, 257, 29036, 25996, 1306, 284, 257, 4077, 24240, 11, 262, 24240, 481, 18344, 268, 11, 1165, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	259
Address complex natural resource and climate change adaptation issues, with a focus on increasing resiliency in the face of drought and other external shocks. Poverty is widespread. Frequent drought, unpredictable harvests and sporadic conflicts put families and rural traditions at risk. Millions are still in urgent need of assistance after the worst drought the region has seen for 60 years. - Emergency response: Treating malnourished children with mobile health units, distributing water, vaccinating livestock, and providing work rebuilding community assets - Agriculture & Food: Improving crop yields and income generation of pastoral and farming households - Water: Building reservoirs and improving wells in drought-prone communities - Women & Gender: Providing scholarships for girls to continue in secondary school and vocational training to their mothers to generate more income - Conflict & Governance: Increasing good governance and mitigating inter-ethnic conflict in three volatile regions All stories about Ethiopia Ethiopia: Meeting drought-stricken families' urgent needs in Ethiopia July 13, 2011 Even before the current Horn of Africa drought reached its acute stage over the last several days, Mercy Corps was already hard at work on drought response activities throughout the region. So far, the majority of our drought-related activities have been in Ethiopia. Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya: Food crisis hits Horn of Africa July 6, 2011 Ethiopia: Tackling water poverty June 29, 2011 The lack of water accounts for enormous challenges for impoverished villages and families in Ethiopia. Mercy Corps is working with communities to ensure sustainable clean water for thousands of people. Ethiopia: Ethiopia: And the beat goes on February 25, 2011 Ethiopia: Learning how to run a business January 25, 2011 Thirty-year-old Felekech Indriss lives far out in the countryside in a village called Fuchucha, within the Konso region of Ethiopia, too far from any school where she can be educated. Ethiopia: Saving and succeeding January 23, 2011 Within Mercy Corps' PROSPER program, the Savings and Credit Cooperative project brings much confidence to women in the Konso district of Ethiopia. Once a woman has saved a small amount of money, she is able to join the savings co-op and become eligible to apply for small business loans. Ethiopia: Reading, finally January 22, 2011 They sit in the shade and practice writing for one hour each day, for five days a week. This is usually done in the morning, well before their daily chores begin. While they do this, their older children take care of the younger ones in order to support their mother's education. Ethiopia: Helping Ethiopian mothers protect their children January 21, 2011 It is astonishing to know that very simple solutions exist that will protect our youngest citizens against diseases, yet so few children have access to this basic health care in countries where it is most needed. Ethiopia: Improving health and education in Ethiopia January 20, 2011 Editor's note: Freelance photographer and Mercy Corps supporter Joni Kabana is traveling in Ethiopia and will be visiting our Empowering Ethiopian Girls for Peaceful Change initiative in the eastern part of the country. Ethiopia: Girls in eastern Ethiopia access literacy and vocational training for the first time November 30, 2010 In the city of Gode in eastern Ethiopia's Somali Regional State, Mercy Corps worked with a local vocational training center to set up a computer lab for local girls, in order to provide them with computer skills and literacy training.	[ 20231, 3716, 3288, 8271, 290, 4258, 1487, 16711, 2428, 11, 351, 257, 2962, 319, 3649, 581, 2403, 1387, 287, 262, 1986, 286, 18393, 290, 584, 7097, 32392, 13, 198, 47, 24085, 318, 10095, 13, 22192, 298, 18393, 11, 22900, 3971, 85, 3558, 290, 48172, 12333, 1234, 4172, 290, 10016, 15421, 379, 2526, 13, 39830, 389, 991, 287, 18039, 761, 286, 6829, 706, 262, 5290, 18393, 262, 3814, 468, 1775, 329, 3126, 812, 13, 198, 12, 18154, 2882, 25, 11217, 278, 6428, 77, 454, 1348, 1751, 351, 5175, 1535, 4991, 11, 25950, 1660, 11, 7041, 6010, 24424, 11, 290, 4955, 670, 25448, 2055, 6798, 198, 12, 19717, 1222, 7318, 25, 12205, 1075, 13833, 19299, 290, 3739, 5270, 286, 45950, 290, 16035, 12503, 198, 12, 5638, 25, 11819, 46637, 290, 10068, 22571, 287, 18393, 12, 46330, 5348, 198, 12, 6926, 1222, 20247, 25, 7518, 2530, 32055, 329, 4813, 284, 2555, 287, 9233, 1524, 290, 48368, 3047, 284, 511, 12289, 284, 7716, 517, 3739, 198, 12, 27863, 1222, 3948, 590, 25, 38921, 922, 18848, 290, 47165, 987, 12, 38546, 5358, 287, 1115, 22750, 7652, 198, 3237, 3923, 546, 31592, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 22244, 18393, 12, 2536, 5973, 4172, 6, 18039, 2476, 287, 31592, 2901, 1511, 11, 2813, 198, 6104, 878, 262, 1459, 13549, 286, 5478, 18393, 4251, 663, 14352, 3800, 625, 262, 938, 1811, 1528, 11, 30759, 12778, 373, 1541, 1327, 379, 670, 319, 18393, 2882, 4568, 3690, 262, 3814, 13, 1406, 1290, 11, 262, 3741, 286, 674, 18393, 12, 5363, 4568, 423, 587, 287, 31592, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 11, 23918, 11, 21506, 25, 7318, 4902, 7127, 13549, 286, 5478, 2901, 718, 11, 2813, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 309, 441, 1359, 1660, 8098, 2795, 2808, 11, 2813, 198, 464, 3092, 286, 1660, 5504, 329, 9812, 6459, 329, 35014, 15425, 290, 4172, 287, 31592, 13, 30759, 12778, 318, 1762, 351, 5348, 284, 4155, 13347, 3424, 1660, 329, 4138, 286, 661, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 31592, 25, 843, 262, 4405, 2925, 319, 3945, 1679, 11, 2813, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 18252, 703, 284, 1057, 257, 1597, 3269, 1679, 11, 2813, 198, 38856, 12, 1941, 12, 727, 5452, 293, 365, 354, 1423, 81, 747, 3160, 1290, 503, 287, 262, 25708, 287, 257, 7404, 1444, 376, 794, 48022, 11, 1626, 262, 17431, 568, 3814, 286, 31592, 11, 1165, 1290, 422, 597, 1524, 810, 673, 460, 307, 15657, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 34689, 290, 34195, 3269, 2242, 11, 2813, 198, 22005, 30759, 12778, 6, 4810, 2640, 18973, 1430, 11, 262, 40947, 290, 10504, 43457, 1628, 6774, 881, 6628, 284, 1466, 287, 262, 17431, 568, 4783, 286, 31592, 13, 4874, 257, 2415, 468, 7448, 257, 1402, 2033, 286, 1637, 11, 673, 318, 1498, 284, 4654, 262, 10653, 763, 12, 404, 290, 1716, 8867, 284, 4174, 329, 1402, 1597, 10021, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 11725, 11, 3443, 3269, 2534, 11, 2813, 198, 2990, 1650, 287, 262, 17979, 290, 3357, 3597, 329, 530, 1711, 1123, 1110, 11, 329, 1936, 1528, 257, 1285, 13, 770, 318, 3221, 1760, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 880, 878, 511, 4445, 46173, 2221, 13, 2893, 484, 466, 428, 11, 511, 4697, 1751, 1011, 1337, 286, 262, 7099, 3392, 287, 1502, 284, 1104, 511, 2802, 338, 3707, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 10478, 278, 47689, 12289, 1805, 511, 1751, 3269, 2310, 11, 2813, 198, 1026, 318, 21994, 284, 760, 326, 845, 2829, 8136, 2152, 326, 481, 1805, 674, 18887, 4290, 1028, 10040, 11, 1865, 523, 1178, 1751, 423, 1895, 284, 428, 4096, 1535, 1337, 287, 2678, 810, 340, 318, 749, 2622, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 12205, 1075, 1535, 290, 3707, 287, 31592, 3269, 1160, 11, 2813, 198, 17171, 338, 3465, 25, 4848, 417, 590, 16413, 290, 30759, 12778, 15525, 5966, 72, 28793, 2271, 318, 11300, 287, 31592, 290, 481, 307, 10013, 674, 2295, 6477, 278, 47689, 12002, 329, 12689, 913, 9794, 10219, 287, 262, 10183, 636, 286, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 12002, 287, 10183, 31592, 1895, 31231, 290, 48368, 3047, 329, 262, 717, 640, 3389, 1542, 11, 3050, 198, 818, 262, 1748, 286, 402, 1098, 287, 10183, 31592, 338, 30886, 15994, 1812, 11, 30759, 12778, 3111, 351, 257, 1957, 48368, 3047, 3641, 284, 900, 510, 257, 3644, 2248, 329, 1957, 4813, 11, 287, 1502, 284, 2148, 606, 351, 3644, 4678, 290, 31231, 3047, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	726
In the Roman Catholic church, the assembly of cardinals gathered to elect a new pope and the system of strict seclusion to which they submit. From 1059 the election became the responsibility of the cardinals. When, after the death of Clement IV (1268), the cardinals dithered for more than two years, the local magistrate locked them in the episcopal palace and fed them only bread and water until they elected Gregory X. The system of meeting in closed conclave was codified in 1904 by Pius X. Voting is by secret ballot; one ballot is held on the first afternoon of the conclave and four on each subsequent day, two in the morning and two in the afternoon, until a new pope is chosen. In 1996 John Paul II declared that, after 30 ballots, the traditional requirement of a two-thirds majority plus one for the election of a pope could be superseded, at the discretion of the cardinals, by election by a simple majority. Ballots are burned in a stove after each vote, and the smoke produced by their burning, which issues from a special pipe through a window, indicates to the crowd assembled in St. Peter's Square whether a new pope has been elected: if there is a new pope, the smoke will be white; if no majority has yet been reached, the smoke will be black. In addition, bells will be rung to confirm the signal. Additives are mixed with the ballots to ensure the proper colour of the smoke.	[ 818, 262, 7993, 7835, 4928, 11, 262, 10474, 286, 2657, 6897, 9272, 284, 1742, 257, 649, 26850, 290, 262, 1080, 286, 7646, 384, 4717, 284, 543, 484, 9199, 13, 3574, 838, 3270, 262, 3071, 2627, 262, 5798, 286, 262, 2657, 6897, 13, 1649, 11, 706, 262, 1918, 286, 27311, 8363, 357, 1065, 3104, 828, 262, 2657, 6897, 288, 270, 6083, 329, 517, 621, 734, 812, 11, 262, 1957, 38620, 8970, 606, 287, 262, 2462, 42522, 20562, 290, 11672, 606, 691, 8509, 290, 1660, 1566, 484, 7018, 20653, 1395, 13, 383, 1080, 286, 3249, 287, 4838, 369, 44281, 373, 14873, 1431, 287, 43785, 416, 350, 3754, 1395, 13, 30061, 318, 416, 3200, 11100, 26, 530, 11100, 318, 2714, 319, 262, 717, 6672, 286, 262, 369, 44281, 290, 1440, 319, 1123, 8840, 1110, 11, 734, 287, 262, 3329, 290, 734, 287, 262, 6672, 11, 1566, 257, 649, 26850, 318, 7147, 13, 554, 8235, 1757, 3362, 2873, 6875, 326, 11, 706, 1542, 20103, 11, 262, 4569, 9079, 286, 257, 734, 12, 17936, 3741, 5556, 530, 329, 262, 3071, 286, 257, 26850, 714, 307, 22754, 15395, 11, 379, 262, 14130, 286, 262, 2657, 6897, 11, 416, 3071, 416, 257, 2829, 3741, 13, 6932, 1747, 389, 11544, 287, 257, 27635, 706, 1123, 3015, 11, 290, 262, 7523, 4635, 416, 511, 9482, 11, 543, 2428, 422, 257, 2041, 12656, 832, 257, 4324, 11, 9217, 284, 262, 4315, 16030, 287, 520, 13, 5613, 338, 9276, 1771, 257, 649, 26850, 468, 587, 7018, 25, 611, 612, 318, 257, 649, 26850, 11, 262, 7523, 481, 307, 2330, 26, 611, 645, 3741, 468, 1865, 587, 4251, 11, 262, 7523, 481, 307, 2042, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 30987, 481, 307, 1057, 70, 284, 6216, 262, 6737, 13, 3060, 20288, 389, 7668, 351, 262, 20103, 284, 4155, 262, 1774, 9568, 286, 262, 7523, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	303
Metaphysics - The Study of the True Nature of Reality. Metaphysics has evolved over the centuries as human consciousness has developed to include science and spiritual awareness as tools to explore and observe the true nature of reality. Reality, or physical reality, includes everything we experience. Thoughts, ideas, emotions, perceptions, even what we call dreams and hallucinations, life and death; all are included in this experience that we call "reality". Science attempts to separate, categorize, quantify, and objectify physical experience, labeling certain aspects as "real" and others as "not real". Metaphysics includes science, and goes beyond it to encompass all aspects and dimensions of life experience as "real". Religion attempts to separate the physical from the non-physical, or spiritual, aspects of life experience, rejecting the physical and calling it "bad" or "evil" while embracing the spiritual and calling that "good" or even "God". Metaphysics goes beyond religions, recognizing that the physical and non-physical are one and not separate, neither good nor bad, and that everything is in fact what we might call "God". At this point in our conscious evolution, metaphysics has taken its place as the most comprehensive and most effective means of gaining knowledge and understanding or who we really are, why we are here, and the true nature of the physical Universe that we can perceive from our present point of view. While science helps us perceive and understand the qualities of various aspects of physical existence, and religion and spirituality can help us integrate what we call non-physical experience into our lives, it is only through metaphysical studies that the "big picture" can be seen and applied. The impact of gaining knowledge of the big picture and learning how to manipulate and affect our world at that level will lead to unimaginable developments in our technologies, social systems, health and well being, and our relationships to our planet and the Universe. To ignore metaphysics is to ignore the potential of our future; To embrace it is to embrace everything that life has to offer. So how can you study metaphysics? I have found the only reliable method is to access Truth from the Heart. By the Heart I mean that zero point in the Heart that connects us to Source, All That Is, God, or whatever you want to call it. Once you access this point, you will find your level of awareness expands in a way that permits your conscious mind to perceive physical reality more accurately and effectively. You will then find that the words you read, hear and experience coming from "others" are in fact mirrors reflecting back to you the Truth you perceived from the Heart. This is true Knowledge and it will replace belief as your main mode of conscious functioning. Learn how to access the Heart and continue your studies by exploring the links below. ~~ Spirituality: How Everything Is Connected. Many aspects of the physical world were once beyond the range of human perception. Spirituality is the exploration of those aspects of human experience that are still considered "non-physical" only because our technology cannot as yet measure or detect them. Ultimately, as science continues to explore spirituality, it discovers that everything is in fact connected. ~~ Famous Scientists and Philosophers. These famous scientists and thinkers have devoted a great deal of their lives and energy to the advancement of metaphysical knowledge and ideas. Most have made valuable contributions and advancements in areas that contribute directly to the quality of everyday human life. ~~ Cosmology and The Mayan Calendar - 2012. Today, scientists know that there are powerful electromagnetic fields emanating from the Earth, the Sun, the center of the Galaxy, and even our own Hearts. These electromagnetic fields affect and interact with each other. But what is most relevant to the Mayan Calendar and 2012 is the impact that these cycles, both large and small, have upon life on Earth. Featured Video: Metaphysics for Life Lesson 102 - How It Really Works.	[ 9171, 6570, 23154, 532, 383, 12481, 286, 262, 6407, 10362, 286, 22520, 13, 198, 9171, 6570, 23154, 468, 12572, 625, 262, 10675, 355, 1692, 10510, 468, 4166, 284, 2291, 3783, 290, 8557, 9359, 355, 4899, 284, 7301, 290, 12414, 262, 2081, 3450, 286, 3950, 13, 198, 3041, 1483, 11, 393, 3518, 3950, 11, 3407, 2279, 356, 1998, 13, 33058, 11, 4213, 11, 10825, 11, 23574, 11, 772, 644, 356, 869, 10625, 290, 40371, 11, 1204, 290, 1918, 26, 477, 389, 3017, 287, 428, 1998, 326, 356, 869, 366, 46290, 1911, 198, 26959, 6370, 284, 4553, 11, 17851, 1096, 11, 36336, 11, 290, 2134, 1958, 3518, 1998, 11, 27393, 1728, 7612, 355, 366, 5305, 1, 290, 1854, 355, 366, 1662, 1103, 1911, 3395, 6570, 23154, 3407, 3783, 11, 290, 2925, 3675, 340, 284, 44006, 477, 7612, 290, 15225, 286, 1204, 1998, 355, 366, 5305, 1911, 198, 6892, 17035, 6370, 284, 4553, 262, 3518, 422, 262, 1729, 12, 42854, 11, 393, 8557, 11, 7612, 286, 1204, 1998, 11, 26734, 262, 3518, 290, 4585, 340, 366, 14774, 1, 393, 366, 23542, 1, 981, 26005, 262, 8557, 290, 4585, 326, 366, 11274, 1, 393, 772, 366, 13482, 1911, 3395, 6570, 23154, 2925, 3675, 18879, 11, 22650, 326, 262, 3518, 290, 1729, 12, 42854, 389, 530, 290, 407, 4553, 11, 6159, 922, 4249, 2089, 11, 290, 326, 2279, 318, 287, 1109, 644, 356, 1244, 869, 366, 13482, 1911, 198, 2953, 428, 966, 287, 674, 6921, 6954, 11, 13738, 23154, 468, 2077, 663, 1295, 355, 262, 749, 9815, 290, 749, 4050, 1724, 286, 13977, 3725, 290, 4547, 393, 508, 356, 1107, 389, 11, 1521, 356, 389, 994, 11, 290, 262, 2081, 3450, 286, 262, 3518, 11950, 326, 356, 460, 19973, 422, 674, 1944, 966, 286, 1570, 13, 198, 3633, 3783, 5419, 514, 19973, 290, 1833, 262, 14482, 286, 2972, 7612, 286, 3518, 6224, 11, 290, 5737, 290, 39409, 460, 1037, 514, 19386, 644, 356, 869, 1729, 12, 42854, 1998, 656, 674, 3160, 11, 340, 318, 691, 832, 42031, 3640, 326, 262, 366, 14261, 4286, 1, 460, 307, 1775, 290, 5625, 13, 198, 464, 2928, 286, 13977, 3725, 286, 262, 1263, 4286, 290, 4673, 703, 284, 18510, 290, 2689, 674, 995, 379, 326, 1241, 481, 1085, 284, 44446, 13312, 287, 674, 8514, 11, 1919, 3341, 11, 1535, 290, 880, 852, 11, 290, 674, 6958, 284, 674, 5440, 290, 262, 11950, 13, 1675, 8856, 13738, 23154, 318, 284, 8856, 262, 2785, 286, 674, 2003, 26, 1675, 12553, 340, 318, 284, 12553, 2279, 326, 1204, 468, 284, 2897, 13, 198, 2396, 703, 460, 345, 2050, 13738, 23154, 30, 198, 40, 423, 1043, 262, 691, 9314, 2446, 318, 284, 1895, 14056, 422, 262, 8894, 13, 2750, 262, 8894, 314, 1612, 326, 6632, 966, 287, 262, 8894, 326, 20417, 514, 284, 8090, 11, 1439, 1320, 1148, 11, 1793, 11, 393, 4232, 345, 765, 284, 869, 340, 13, 4874, 345, 1895, 428, 966, 11, 345, 481, 1064, 534, 1241, 286, 9359, 27513, 287, 257, 835, 326, 13892, 534, 6921, 2000, 284, 19973, 3518, 3950, 517, 14351, 290, 6840, 13, 921, 481, 788, 1064, 326, 262, 2456, 345, 1100, 11, 3285, 290, 1998, 2406, 422, 366, 847, 82, 1, 389, 287, 1109, 22353, 20252, 736, 284, 345, 262, 14056, 345, 11067, 422, 262, 8894, 13, 770, 318, 2081, 20414, 290, 340, 481, 6330, 4901, 355, 534, 1388, 4235, 286, 6921, 15025, 13, 198, 20238, 703, 284, 1895, 262, 8894, 290, 2555, 534, 3640, 416, 13504, 262, 6117, 2174, 13, 198, 4907, 7710, 25775, 25, 1374, 11391, 1148, 8113, 276, 13, 198, 7085, 7612, 286, 262, 3518, 995, 547, 1752, 3675, 262, 2837, 286, 1692, 11202, 13, 7710, 25775, 318, 262, 13936, 286, 883, 7612, 286, 1692, 1998, 326, 389, 991, 3177, 366, 13159, 12, 42854, 1, 691, 780, 674, 3037, 2314, 355, 1865, 3953, 393, 4886, 606, 13, 24199, 11, 355, 3783, 4477, 284, 7301, 39409, 11, 340, 27472, 326, 2279, 318, 287, 1109, 5884, 13, 198, 4907, 43261, 23782, 290, 18880, 20856, 13, 198, 4711, 5863, 5519, 290, 30504, 423, 13378, 257, 1049, 1730, 286, 511, 3160, 290, 2568, 284, 262, 27647, 286, 42031, 3725, 290, 4213, 13, 4042, 423, 925, 8119, 9284, 290, 47220, 287, 3006, 326, 8676, 3264, 284, 262, 3081, 286, 10908, 1692, 1204, 13, 198, 4907, 10437, 29126, 290, 383, 1737, 272, 26506, 532, 2321, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 5519, 760, 326, 612, 389, 3665, 31094, 7032, 49085, 422, 262, 3668, 11, 262, 3825, 11, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 9252, 11, 290, 772, 674, 898, 20592, 13, 2312, 31094, 7032, 2689, 290, 9427, 351, 1123, 584, 13, 887, 644, 318, 749, 5981, 284, 262, 1737, 272, 26506, 290, 2321, 318, 262, 2928, 326, 777, 16006, 11, 1111, 1588, 290, 1402, 11, 423, 2402, 1204, 319, 3668, 13, 198, 37948, 7623, 25, 3395, 6570, 23154, 329, 5155, 12892, 261, 15143, 532, 1374, 632, 16123, 10933, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	808
James McNeill Whistler (American, 1834–1903) Charcoal and pastel on dark brown wove paper 11 3/4 x 7 1/4 in. (29.8 x 18.4 cm) Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1917 (17.97.5) Whistler went to Venice in the fall of 1879 with a commission to make etchings for the Fine Art Society of London and, thereby, to help repair his finances, which had been damaged by the lawsuit he had brought—and won—in 1878 against the English critic John Ruskin. During his sojourn, he also created about 100 pastels that feature the expanse of the city and its lagoon and vignettes of narrow alleyways and picturesquely worn buildings. Here, dark brown paper and sketchy black lines form an armature against which Whistler drew color patches that pertain to doorways, bits of drapery, and a few women and children. Seeing Whistler's Venice pastels on view in London in January 1881, a critic for The Times observed sympathetically: "These 'pastels' of Mr. Whistler are his perfect works—suggestive little pictures which, if he had tried to make them more than this, would have been deformed into elaborate failures. So it is that . . . Mr. Whistler, with his slightest sketch, sets the imagination going and makes us conjure up a picture of some well-remembered beauty."	[ 14731, 1982, 26538, 854, 396, 1754, 357, 7437, 11, 1248, 2682, 1906, 1129, 3070, 8, 198, 12441, 25140, 290, 1613, 417, 319, 3223, 7586, 266, 659, 3348, 198, 1157, 513, 14, 19, 2124, 767, 352, 14, 19, 287, 13, 357, 1959, 13, 23, 2124, 1248, 13, 19, 12067, 8, 198, 41589, 26914, 11740, 7557, 11, 24168, 357, 1558, 13, 5607, 13, 20, 8, 198, 1199, 396, 1754, 1816, 284, 29702, 287, 262, 2121, 286, 1248, 3720, 351, 257, 5810, 284, 787, 2123, 354, 654, 329, 262, 17867, 3683, 7023, 286, 3576, 290, 11, 12839, 11, 284, 1037, 9185, 465, 20903, 11, 543, 550, 587, 9694, 416, 262, 8087, 339, 550, 3181, 960, 392, 1839, 960, 259, 1248, 3695, 1028, 262, 3594, 4014, 1757, 9223, 5116, 13, 5856, 465, 523, 73, 1798, 11, 339, 635, 2727, 546, 1802, 1613, 1424, 326, 3895, 262, 1033, 40054, 286, 262, 1748, 290, 663, 19470, 2049, 290, 410, 570, 23014, 286, 7135, 23978, 1322, 290, 5986, 4188, 306, 12666, 6832, 13, 3423, 11, 3223, 7586, 3348, 290, 17548, 88, 2042, 3951, 1296, 281, 3211, 1300, 1028, 543, 854, 396, 1754, 9859, 3124, 16082, 326, 583, 3153, 284, 3420, 1322, 11, 10340, 286, 28841, 525, 88, 11, 290, 257, 1178, 1466, 290, 1751, 13, 25913, 854, 396, 1754, 338, 29702, 1613, 1424, 319, 1570, 287, 3576, 287, 3269, 1248, 6659, 11, 257, 4014, 329, 383, 3782, 6515, 10558, 265, 31786, 25, 366, 4711, 705, 30119, 1424, 6, 286, 1770, 13, 854, 396, 1754, 389, 465, 2818, 2499, 960, 47811, 425, 1310, 5986, 543, 11, 611, 339, 550, 3088, 284, 787, 606, 517, 621, 428, 11, 561, 423, 587, 390, 12214, 656, 15962, 15536, 13, 1406, 340, 318, 326, 764, 764, 764, 1770, 13, 854, 396, 1754, 11, 351, 465, 24917, 17548, 11, 5621, 262, 13843, 1016, 290, 1838, 514, 11644, 495, 510, 257, 4286, 286, 617, 880, 12, 2787, 368, 9451, 8737, 526, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	318
Chicago recently unrolled its pedestrian safety plan, joining the ranks of cities such as Portland and New York, which have their own plans for preventing serious pedestrian accidents. The Chicago plan has 250 recommendations to prevent injuries and fatalities. Could Fort Lauderdale benefit from a similar plan? Some of the recommendations in the Chicago policy could help prevent Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents as well: 1) Chicanes. Chicanes are extra turns added to a roadway to slow traffic down. Since in many cases Fort Lauderdale traffic accidents are caused by speeding, reducing traffic speed can be a good way to slash the risk of accidents. 2) Pedestrian islands. In some cases, Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents occur because a car enters a pedestrian area. Pedestrian islands keep pedestrians separated from cars and discourage pedestrians from entering traffic. 3) Midblock curb bumpouts. These narrow portions of a street to slow traffic, usually by extending the curb. This is yet another way to reduce speed in order to help prevent Fort Lauderdale car accidents. 4) A system for repairing two high-collision areas and four dangerous intersections each year. The Chicago plan calls for authorities to find and address dangerous intersections and corridors annually. Fort Lauderdale also has high collision areas and areas that are considered especially dangerous. Identifying and rectifying these problems can help prevent traffic accidents. 5) Speed humps. Reducing speed with speed bumps is effective, according to experts, because speed bumps work whether there is enforcement or not. Most cars will slow down rather than taking speed bumps at a high speed, making them more effective than simply lowering the speed limits. 6) Pedestrian scrambles. A pedestrian scramble stops all vehicle traffic at an intersection and allows pedestrians to walk in every direction at the same time. Pedestrians can even walk diagonally. Pedestrian scrambles work because they prevent pedestrians and cars from sharing an intersection at the same time. It helps prevent Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents caused by cars turning into a pedestrian area. 7) Road diets. Road diets reduce the number of lanes on some roads, reducing traffic and therefore crashes. Former Florida Bicycle and Pedestrian Coordinator Dan Burden is a fan of road diets, noting that they improve road safety and may help prevent Fort Lauderdale bicycle accidents and Florida traffic accidents. Roundabouts. These round intersections separate pedestrians from traffic entirely, by having pedestrians stay one car length outside of the intersection. When crossing this type of intersection, pedestrians only face oncoming traffic from one area and traffic is slowed down significantly in roundabouts, which could also reduce the risk of Fort Lauderdale traffic accidents. 9) An improved pedestrian network, including wayfinding systems and better walking access points to public transit. In some cases, Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents occur simply because pedestrians do not have safe areas to walk. For example, some neighborhoods do not have adequate sidewalks.	[ 25705, 2904, 555, 8375, 663, 22382, 3747, 1410, 11, 9679, 262, 9803, 286, 4736, 884, 355, 10727, 290, 968, 1971, 11, 543, 423, 511, 898, 3352, 329, 12174, 2726, 22382, 17390, 13, 383, 4842, 1410, 468, 8646, 10763, 284, 2948, 6821, 290, 30091, 13, 10347, 6401, 45577, 4414, 422, 257, 2092, 1410, 30, 2773, 286, 262, 10763, 287, 262, 4842, 2450, 714, 1037, 2948, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 355, 880, 25, 198, 16, 8, 48854, 7305, 13, 48854, 7305, 389, 3131, 4962, 2087, 284, 257, 35852, 284, 3105, 4979, 866, 13, 4619, 287, 867, 2663, 6401, 45577, 4979, 17390, 389, 4073, 416, 26347, 11, 8868, 4979, 2866, 460, 307, 257, 922, 835, 284, 24632, 262, 2526, 286, 17390, 13, 198, 17, 8, 13457, 395, 4484, 14807, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 3051, 780, 257, 1097, 14170, 257, 22382, 1989, 13, 13457, 395, 4484, 14807, 1394, 26735, 11266, 422, 5006, 290, 27518, 26735, 422, 8218, 4979, 13, 198, 18, 8, 7215, 9967, 20799, 13852, 5269, 13, 2312, 7135, 16690, 286, 257, 4675, 284, 3105, 4979, 11, 3221, 416, 16610, 262, 20799, 13, 770, 318, 1865, 1194, 835, 284, 4646, 2866, 287, 1502, 284, 1037, 2948, 6401, 45577, 1097, 17390, 13, 198, 19, 8, 317, 1080, 329, 39005, 734, 1029, 12, 26000, 1166, 3006, 290, 1440, 4923, 42085, 1123, 614, 13, 383, 4842, 1410, 3848, 329, 4773, 284, 1064, 290, 2209, 4923, 42085, 290, 32807, 13844, 13, 6401, 45577, 635, 468, 1029, 17661, 3006, 290, 3006, 326, 389, 3177, 2592, 4923, 13, 11440, 4035, 290, 13621, 4035, 777, 2761, 460, 1037, 2948, 4979, 17390, 13, 198, 20, 8, 8729, 1311, 862, 13, 2297, 25648, 2866, 351, 2866, 34029, 318, 4050, 11, 1864, 284, 6154, 11, 780, 2866, 34029, 670, 1771, 612, 318, 5394, 393, 407, 13, 4042, 5006, 481, 3105, 866, 2138, 621, 2263, 2866, 34029, 379, 257, 1029, 2866, 11, 1642, 606, 517, 4050, 621, 2391, 21683, 262, 2866, 7095, 13, 198, 21, 8, 13457, 395, 4484, 16701, 7689, 13, 317, 22382, 36755, 9911, 477, 4038, 4979, 379, 281, 16246, 290, 3578, 26735, 284, 2513, 287, 790, 4571, 379, 262, 976, 640, 13, 13457, 395, 19151, 460, 772, 2513, 2566, 1840, 453, 13, 13457, 395, 4484, 16701, 7689, 670, 780, 484, 2948, 26735, 290, 5006, 422, 7373, 281, 16246, 379, 262, 976, 640, 13, 632, 5419, 2948, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 4073, 416, 5006, 6225, 656, 257, 22382, 1989, 13, 198, 22, 8, 5567, 18977, 13, 5567, 18977, 4646, 262, 1271, 286, 15296, 319, 617, 9725, 11, 8868, 4979, 290, 4361, 17616, 13, 14466, 4744, 48444, 290, 13457, 395, 4484, 36831, 6035, 347, 42568, 318, 257, 4336, 286, 2975, 18977, 11, 10820, 326, 484, 2987, 2975, 3747, 290, 743, 1037, 2948, 6401, 45577, 17026, 17390, 290, 4744, 4979, 17390, 13, 198, 22685, 27880, 13, 2312, 2835, 42085, 4553, 26735, 422, 4979, 5000, 11, 416, 1719, 26735, 2652, 530, 1097, 4129, 2354, 286, 262, 16246, 13, 1649, 12538, 428, 2099, 286, 16246, 11, 26735, 691, 1986, 319, 4976, 4979, 422, 530, 1989, 290, 4979, 318, 20955, 866, 5566, 287, 2835, 27880, 11, 543, 714, 635, 4646, 262, 2526, 286, 6401, 45577, 4979, 17390, 13, 198, 24, 8, 1052, 6596, 22382, 3127, 11, 1390, 835, 41070, 3341, 290, 1365, 6155, 1895, 2173, 284, 1171, 11168, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 3051, 2391, 780, 26735, 466, 407, 423, 3338, 3006, 284, 2513, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 617, 14287, 466, 407, 423, 12872, 38282, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	579
curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) del_curterm, mvcur, putp, restartterm, set_curterm, setterm, setupterm, tigetflag, tigetnum, tigetstr, tparm, tputs, vid_attr, vid_puts, vidattr, vidputs - curses interfaces to terminfo database #include <curses.h> #include <term.h> int setupterm(char term, int fildes, int errret); int setterm(char term); TERMINAL set_curterm(TERMINAL nterm); int del_curterm(TERMINAL oterm); int restartterm(const char term, int fildes, int errret); char tparm(char str, ...); int tputs(const char str, int affcnt, int (putc)(int)); int putp(const char str); int vidputs(chtype attrs, int (putc)(int)); int vidattr(chtype attrs); int vid_puts(attr_t attrs, short pair, void opts, int (putc)(char)); int vid_attr(attr_t attrs, short pair, void opts); int mvcur(int oldrow, int oldcol, int newrow, int newcol); int tigetflag(char capname); int tigetnum(char capname); char tigetstr(char capname); These low-level routines must be called by programs that have to deal directly with the terminfo database to handle certain terminal capabilities, such as programming function keys. For all other functionality, curses routines are more suitable and their use is recommended. Initially, setupterm should be called. Note that setupterm is automatically called by initscr and newterm. This de- fines the set of terminal-dependent variables [listed in terminfo(5)]. The terminfo variables lines and columns are initialized by setupterm as follows: If use_env(FALSE) has been called, values for lines and columns specified in ter- minfo are used. Otherwise, if the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS exist, their values are used. If these environment variables do not exist and the program is run- ning in a window, the current window size is used. Other- wise, if the environment variables do not exist, the values for lines and columns specified in the terminfo database are used. The header files curses.h and term.h should be included (in this order) to get the definitions for these strings, numbers, and flags. Parameterized strings should be passed through tparm to instantiate them. All terminfo strings [in- MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 1 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) cluding the output of tparm] should be printed with tputs or putp. Call the reset_shell_mode to restore the tty modes before exiting [see curs_kernel(3)]. Programs which use cursor addressing should output enter_ca_mode upon startup and should output exit_ca_mode before exiting. Programs desiring shell escapes should call reset_shell_mode and output exit_ca_mode before the shell is called and should output enter_ca_mode and call reset_prog_mode after returning from the shell. The setupterm routine reads in the terminfo database, ini- tializing the terminfo structures, but does not set up the output virtualization structures used by curses. The termi- nal type is the character string term; if term is null, the environment variable TERM is used. All output is to file descriptor fildes which is initialized for output. If errret is not null, then setupterm returns OK or ERR and stores a status value in the integer pointed to by errret. A return value of OK combined with status of 1 in errret is normal. If ERR is returned, examine errret: 1 means that the terminal is hardcopy, cannot be used for curses applications. 0 means that the terminal could not be found, or that it is a generic type, having too little in- formation for curses applications to run. -1 means that the terminfo database could not be found. If errret is null, setupterm prints an error message upon finding an error and exits. Thus, the simplest call is: setupterm((char )0, 1, (int )0);, which uses all the defaults and sends the output to stdout. The setterm routine is being replaced by setupterm. The call: setupterm(term, 1, (int )0) provides the same functionality as setterm(term). The set- term routine is included here for BSD compatibility, and is not recommended for new programs. The set_curterm routine sets the variable cur_term to nterm, and makes all of the terminfo boolean, numeric, and string variables use the values from nterm. It returns the old value of cur_term. MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 2 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) The del_curterm routine frees the space pointed to by oterm and makes it available for further use. If oterm is the same as cur_term, references to any of the terminfo boolean, numeric, and string variables thereafter may refer to in- valid memory locations until another setupterm has been called. The restartterm routine is similar to setupterm and initscr, except that it is called after restoring memory to a previ- ous state (for example, when reloading a game saved as a core image dump). It assumes that the windows and the input and output options are the same as when memory was saved, but the terminal type and baud rate may be different. Ac- cordingly, it saves various tty state bits, does a setup- term, and then restores the bits. The tparm routine instantiates the string str with parame- ters pi. A pointer is returned to the result of str with the parameters applied. The tputs routine applies padding information to the string str and outputs it. The str must be a terminfo string vari- able or the return value from tparm, tgetstr, or tgoto. affcnt is the number of lines affected, or 1 if not applica- ble. putc is a putchar-like routine to which the characters are passed, one at a time. The putp routine calls tputs(str, 1, putchar). Note that the output of putp always goes to stdout, not to the fildes specified in setupterm. The vidputs routine displays the string on the terminal in the video attribute mode attrs, which is any combination of the attributes listed in curses(3). The characters are passed to the putchar-like routine putc. The vidattr routine is like the vidputs routine, except that it outputs through putchar. The vid_attr and vid_puts routines correspond to vidattr and vidputs, respectively. They use a set of arguments for representing the video attributes plus color, i.e., one of type attr_t for the attributes and one of short for the color_pair number. The vid_attr and vid_puts routines are designed to use the attribute constants with the WA_ prefix. The opts argument is reserved for future use. Currently, ap- plications must provide a null pointer for that argument. The mvcur routine provides low-level cursor motion. It takes effect immediately (rather than at the next refresh). MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 3 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) The tigetflag, tigetnum and tigetstr routines return the value of the capability corresponding to the terminfo cap- name passed to them, such as xenl. The tigetflag routine returns the value -1 if capname is not a boolean capability, or 0 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. The tigetnum routine returns the value -2 if capname is not a numeric capability, or -1 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. The tigetstr routine returns the value (char )-1 if capname is not a string capability, or 0 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. The capname for each capability is given in the table column entitled capname code in the capabilities section of termin- fo(5). char boolnames, boolcodes, boolfnames char numnames, numcodes, numfnames char strnames, strcodes, strfnames These null-terminated arrays contain the capnames, the termcap codes, and the full C names, for each of the termin- fo variables. Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and OK (SVr4 only specifies "an integer value other than ERR") upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descriptions. Routines that return pointers always return NULL on error. X/Open defines no error conditions. In this implementation del_curterm returns an error if its terminal parameter is null. restartterm returns an error if the associated call to setup- term returns an error. setupterm returns an error if it cannot allocate enough memory, or create the initial windows (stdscr, curscr, newscr). Other error conditions are docu- MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 4 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) mented above. The setupterm routine should be used in place of setterm. It may be useful when you want to test for terminal capabili- ties without committing to the allocation of storage in- volved in initscr. Note that vidattr and vidputs may be macros. The function setterm is not described in the XSI Curses standard and must be considered non-portable. All other functions are as described in the XSI curses standard. In System V Release 4, set_curterm has an int return type and returns OK or ERR. We have chosen to implement the XSI Curses semantics. In System V Release 4, the third argument of tputs has the type int (*putc)(char). The XSI Curses standard prototypes tparm with a fixed number of parameters, rather than a variable argument list. This implementation uses a variable argument list. Portable ap- plications should provide 9 parameters after the format; zeroes are fine for this purpose. XSI notes that after calling mvcur, the curses state may not match the actual terminal state, and that an application should touch and refresh the window before resuming normal curses calls. Both ncurses and System V Release 4 curses im- plement mvcur using the SCREEN data allocated in either in- itscr or newterm. So though it is documented as a terminfo function, mvcur is really a curses function which is not well specified. curses(3), curs_initscr(3), curs_kernel(3), curs_termcap(3), putc(3), terminfo(5) MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 5 Generated on 2013-04-27 00:20:00 by $MirOS: src/scripts/roff2htm,v 1.77 2013/01/01 20:49:09 tg Exp $ These manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers; their source is available at our CVSweb, AnonCVS, and other mirrors. The rest is Copyright © 2002‒2013 The MirOS Project, Germany. This product includes material provided by Thorsten Glaser. This manual page’s HTML representation is supposed to be valid XHTML/1.1; if not, please send a bug report – diffs preferred.	[ 66, 1834, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 198, 12381, 62, 22019, 4354, 11, 285, 85, 22019, 11, 1234, 79, 11, 15765, 4354, 11, 900, 62, 22019, 4354, 11, 900, 4354, 11, 9058, 4354, 11, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 11, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 11, 256, 328, 316, 2536, 11, 256, 79, 1670, 11, 256, 1996, 82, 11, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 11, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 11, 410, 312, 35226, 11, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 532, 43878, 20314, 284, 5651, 6513, 6831, 198, 2, 17256, 1279, 66, 46998, 13, 71, 29, 1303, 17256, 1279, 4354, 13, 71, 29, 493, 9058, 4354, 7, 10641, 1635, 4354, 11, 493, 277, 688, 274, 11, 493, 1635, 8056, 1186, 1776, 493, 900, 4354, 7, 10641, 1635, 4354, 1776, 28994, 44, 17961, 1635, 2617, 62, 22019, 4354, 7, 5781, 44, 17961, 1635, 77, 4354, 1776, 493, 1619, 62, 22019, 4354, 7, 5781, 44, 17961, 1635, 313, 7780, 1776, 493, 15765, 4354, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 4354, 11, 493, 277, 688, 274, 11, 493, 1635, 8056, 1186, 1776, 1149, 1635, 34788, 1670, 7, 10641, 1635, 2536, 11, 2644, 1776, 493, 256, 1996, 82, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 2536, 11, 493, 1527, 66, 429, 11, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 600, 18125, 493, 1234, 79, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 2536, 1776, 493, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 7, 354, 4906, 708, 3808, 11, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 600, 18125, 493, 410, 312, 35226, 7, 354, 4906, 708, 3808, 1776, 493, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 7, 35226, 62, 83, 708, 3808, 11, 1790, 5166, 11, 7951, 1635, 404, 912, 11, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 10641, 18125, 493, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 7, 35226, 62, 83, 708, 3808, 11, 1790, 5166, 11, 7951, 1635, 404, 912, 1776, 493, 285, 85, 22019, 7, 600, 1468, 808, 11, 493, 1468, 4033, 11, 493, 649, 808, 11, 493, 649, 4033, 1776, 493, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 7, 10641, 1635, 11128, 3672, 1776, 493, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 7, 10641, 1635, 11128, 3672, 1776, 1149, 1635, 83, 328, 316, 2536, 7, 10641, 1635, 11128, 3672, 1776, 198, 4711, 1877, 12, 5715, 31878, 1276, 307, 1444, 416, 4056, 326, 423, 284, 1730, 3264, 351, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 284, 5412, 1728, 12094, 9889, 11, 884, 355, 8300, 2163, 8251, 13, 1114, 477, 584, 11244, 11, 43878, 31878, 389, 517, 11080, 290, 511, 779, 318, 7151, 13, 30900, 11, 9058, 4354, 815, 307, 1444, 13, 5740, 326, 9058, 4354, 318, 6338, 1444, 416, 287, 896, 6098, 290, 649, 4354, 13, 770, 390, 12, 17176, 262, 900, 286, 12094, 12, 21186, 9633, 685, 17935, 287, 5651, 6513, 7, 20, 25295, 383, 5651, 6513, 9633, 3951, 290, 15180, 389, 23224, 416, 9058, 4354, 355, 5679, 25, 1002, 779, 62, 24330, 7, 37, 23719, 8, 468, 587, 1444, 11, 3815, 329, 3951, 290, 15180, 7368, 287, 1059, 12, 949, 6513, 389, 973, 13, 15323, 11, 611, 262, 2858, 9633, 43277, 1546, 290, 20444, 5883, 8035, 2152, 11, 511, 3815, 389, 973, 13, 1002, 777, 2858, 9633, 466, 407, 2152, 290, 262, 1430, 318, 1057, 12, 299, 278, 287, 257, 4324, 11, 262, 1459, 4324, 2546, 318, 973, 13, 3819, 12, 10787, 11, 611, 262, 2858, 9633, 466, 407, 2152, 11, 262, 3815, 329, 3951, 290, 15180, 7368, 287, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 389, 973, 13, 383, 13639, 3696, 43878, 13, 71, 290, 3381, 13, 71, 815, 307, 3017, 357, 259, 428, 1502, 8, 284, 651, 262, 17336, 329, 777, 13042, 11, 3146, 11, 290, 9701, 13, 25139, 2357, 1143, 13042, 815, 307, 3804, 832, 256, 79, 1670, 284, 9113, 9386, 606, 13, 1439, 5651, 6513, 13042, 685, 259, 12, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 352, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 537, 26570, 262, 5072, 286, 256, 79, 1670, 60, 815, 307, 10398, 351, 256, 1996, 82, 393, 1234, 79, 13, 4889, 262, 13259, 62, 29149, 62, 14171, 284, 11169, 262, 256, 774, 12881, 878, 33895, 685, 3826, 13882, 62, 33885, 7, 18, 25295, 26179, 543, 779, 23493, 13593, 815, 5072, 3802, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 2402, 13693, 290, 815, 5072, 8420, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 878, 33895, 13, 26179, 748, 3428, 7582, 32695, 815, 869, 13259, 62, 29149, 62, 14171, 290, 5072, 8420, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 878, 262, 7582, 318, 1444, 290, 815, 5072, 3802, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 290, 869, 13259, 62, 1676, 70, 62, 14171, 706, 8024, 422, 262, 7582, 13, 383, 9058, 4354, 8027, 9743, 287, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 11, 287, 72, 12, 256, 498, 2890, 262, 5651, 6513, 8573, 11, 475, 857, 407, 900, 510, 262, 5072, 7166, 1634, 8573, 973, 416, 43878, 13, 383, 3381, 72, 12, 299, 282, 2099, 318, 262, 2095, 4731, 3381, 26, 611, 3381, 318, 9242, 11, 262, 2858, 7885, 28994, 44, 318, 973, 13, 1439, 5072, 318, 284, 2393, 43087, 277, 688, 274, 543, 318, 23224, 329, 5072, 13, 1002, 11454, 1186, 318, 407, 9242, 11, 788, 9058, 4354, 5860, 7477, 393, 13793, 49, 290, 7000, 257, 3722, 1988, 287, 262, 18253, 6235, 284, 416, 11454, 1186, 13, 317, 1441, 1988, 286, 7477, 5929, 351, 3722, 286, 352, 287, 11454, 1186, 318, 3487, 13, 1002, 13793, 49, 318, 4504, 11, 10716, 11454, 1186, 25, 352, 1724, 326, 262, 12094, 318, 1327, 30073, 11, 2314, 307, 973, 329, 43878, 5479, 13, 657, 1724, 326, 262, 12094, 714, 407, 307, 1043, 11, 393, 326, 340, 318, 257, 14276, 2099, 11, 1719, 1165, 1310, 287, 12, 9978, 329, 43878, 5479, 284, 1057, 13, 532, 16, 1724, 326, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 714, 407, 307, 1043, 13, 1002, 11454, 1186, 318, 9242, 11, 9058, 4354, 20842, 281, 4049, 3275, 2402, 4917, 281, 4049, 290, 30151, 13, 6660, 11, 262, 24043, 869, 318, 25, 9058, 4354, 19510, 10641, 31936, 15, 11, 352, 11, 357, 600, 31936, 15, 1776, 11, 543, 3544, 477, 262, 26235, 290, 12800, 262, 5072, 284, 14367, 448, 13, 383, 900, 4354, 8027, 318, 852, 6928, 416, 9058, 4354, 13, 383, 869, 25, 9058, 4354, 7, 4354, 11, 352, 11, 357, 600, 31936, 15, 8, 3769, 262, 976, 11244, 355, 900, 4354, 7, 4354, 737, 383, 900, 12, 3381, 8027, 318, 3017, 994, 329, 347, 10305, 17764, 11, 290, 318, 407, 7151, 329, 649, 4056, 13, 383, 900, 62, 22019, 4354, 8027, 5621, 262, 7885, 1090, 62, 4354, 284, 299, 4354, 11, 290, 1838, 477, 286, 262, 5651, 6513, 25131, 11, 35575, 11, 290, 4731, 9633, 779, 262, 3815, 422, 299, 4354, 13, 632, 5860, 262, 1468, 1988, 286, 1090, 62, 4354, 13, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 362, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 383, 1619, 62, 22019, 4354, 8027, 2030, 274, 262, 2272, 6235, 284, 416, 267, 4354, 290, 1838, 340, 1695, 329, 2252, 779, 13, 1002, 267, 4354, 318, 262, 976, 355, 1090, 62, 4354, 11, 10288, 284, 597, 286, 262, 5651, 6513, 25131, 11, 35575, 11, 290, 4731, 9633, 19547, 743, 3522, 284, 287, 12, 4938, 4088, 7064, 1566, 1194, 9058, 4354, 468, 587, 1444, 13, 383, 15765, 4354, 8027, 318, 2092, 284, 9058, 4354, 290, 287, 896, 6098, 11, 2845, 326, 340, 318, 1444, 706, 25646, 4088, 284, 257, 8654, 72, 12, 267, 385, 1181, 357, 1640, 1672, 11, 618, 18126, 278, 257, 983, 7448, 355, 257, 4755, 2939, 10285, 737, 632, 18533, 326, 262, 9168, 290, 262, 5128, 290, 5072, 3689, 389, 262, 976, 355, 618, 4088, 373, 7448, 11, 475, 262, 12094, 2099, 290, 275, 3885, 2494, 743, 307, 1180, 13, 4013, 12, 269, 1284, 306, 11, 340, 16031, 2972, 256, 774, 1181, 10340, 11, 857, 257, 9058, 12, 3381, 11, 290, 788, 45815, 262, 10340, 13, 383, 256, 79, 1670, 8027, 9113, 32820, 262, 4731, 965, 351, 1582, 480, 12, 256, 364, 31028, 13, 317, 17562, 318, 4504, 284, 262, 1255, 286, 965, 351, 262, 10007, 5625, 13, 383, 256, 1996, 82, 8027, 8991, 24511, 1321, 284, 262, 4731, 965, 290, 23862, 340, 13, 383, 965, 1276, 307, 257, 5651, 6513, 4731, 5553, 12, 1498, 393, 262, 1441, 1988, 422, 256, 79, 1670, 11, 256, 1136, 2536, 11, 393, 256, 70, 2069, 13, 1527, 66, 429, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 3951, 5676, 11, 393, 352, 611, 407, 2161, 64, 12, 7245, 13, 1234, 66, 318, 257, 1234, 10641, 12, 2339, 8027, 284, 543, 262, 3435, 389, 3804, 11, 530, 379, 257, 640, 13, 383, 1234, 79, 8027, 3848, 256, 1996, 82, 7, 2536, 11, 352, 11, 1234, 10641, 737, 5740, 326, 262, 5072, 286, 1234, 79, 1464, 2925, 284, 14367, 448, 11, 407, 284, 262, 277, 688, 274, 7368, 287, 9058, 4354, 13, 383, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 8027, 11298, 262, 4731, 319, 262, 12094, 287, 262, 2008, 11688, 4235, 708, 3808, 11, 543, 318, 597, 6087, 286, 262, 12608, 5610, 287, 43878, 7, 18, 737, 383, 3435, 389, 3804, 284, 262, 1234, 10641, 12, 2339, 8027, 1234, 66, 13, 383, 410, 312, 35226, 8027, 318, 588, 262, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 8027, 11, 2845, 326, 340, 23862, 832, 1234, 10641, 13, 383, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 31878, 6053, 284, 410, 312, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 11, 8148, 13, 1119, 779, 257, 900, 286, 7159, 329, 10200, 262, 2008, 12608, 5556, 3124, 11, 1312, 13, 68, 1539, 530, 286, 2099, 708, 81, 62, 83, 329, 262, 12608, 290, 530, 286, 1790, 329, 262, 3124, 62, 24874, 1271, 13, 383, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 31878, 389, 3562, 284, 779, 262, 11688, 38491, 351, 262, 16400, 62, 21231, 13, 383, 2172, 82, 4578, 318, 10395, 329, 2003, 779, 13, 16888, 11, 2471, 12, 458, 3736, 1276, 2148, 257, 9242, 17562, 329, 326, 4578, 13, 383, 285, 85, 22019, 8027, 3769, 1877, 12, 5715, 23493, 6268, 13, 632, 2753, 1245, 3393, 357, 34330, 621, 379, 262, 1306, 14976, 737, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 513, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 383, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 11, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 290, 256, 328, 316, 2536, 31878, 1441, 262, 1988, 286, 262, 12971, 11188, 284, 262, 5651, 6513, 1451, 12, 1438, 3804, 284, 606, 11, 884, 355, 27132, 75, 13, 383, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 8027, 5860, 262, 1988, 532, 16, 611, 1451, 3672, 318, 407, 257, 25131, 12971, 11, 393, 657, 611, 340, 318, 19994, 393, 13717, 422, 262, 12094, 6764, 13, 383, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 8027, 5860, 262, 1988, 532, 17, 611, 1451, 3672, 318, 407, 257, 35575, 12971, 11, 393, 532, 16, 611, 340, 318, 19994, 393, 13717, 422, 262, 12094, 6764, 13, 383, 256, 328, 316, 2536, 8027, 5860, 262, 1988, 357, 10641, 1635, 13219, 16, 611, 1451, 3672, 318, 407, 257, 4731, 12971, 11, 393, 657, 611, 340, 318, 19994, 393, 13717, 422, 262, 12094, 6764, 13, 383, 1451, 3672, 329, 1123, 12971, 318, 1813, 287, 262, 3084, 5721, 9080, 1451, 3672, 2438, 287, 262, 9889, 2665, 286, 5651, 12, 11511, 7, 20, 737, 1149, 1635, 30388, 14933, 11, 1635, 30388, 40148, 11, 1635, 30388, 69, 14933, 1149, 1635, 77, 4182, 1047, 11, 1635, 22510, 40148, 11, 1635, 22510, 69, 14933, 1149, 1635, 2536, 14933, 11, 1635, 2536, 40148, 11, 1635, 2536, 69, 14933, 2312, 9242, 12, 23705, 515, 26515, 3994, 262, 1451, 14933, 11, 262, 3381, 11128, 12416, 11, 290, 262, 1336, 327, 3891, 11, 329, 1123, 286, 262, 5651, 12, 11511, 9633, 13, 198, 49, 448, 1127, 326, 1441, 281, 18253, 1441, 13793, 49, 2402, 5287, 290, 7477, 357, 50, 53, 81, 19, 691, 26052, 366, 272, 18253, 1988, 584, 621, 13793, 49, 4943, 2402, 4388, 11939, 11, 4556, 4306, 4367, 287, 262, 18148, 8027, 16969, 13, 39602, 1127, 326, 1441, 32007, 1464, 1441, 15697, 319, 4049, 13, 1395, 14, 11505, 15738, 645, 4049, 3403, 13, 554, 428, 7822, 1619, 62, 22019, 4354, 5860, 281, 4049, 611, 663, 12094, 11507, 318, 9242, 13, 15765, 4354, 5860, 281, 4049, 611, 262, 3917, 869, 284, 9058, 12, 3381, 5860, 281, 4049, 13, 9058, 4354, 5860, 281, 4049, 611, 340, 2314, 31935, 1576, 4088, 11, 393, 2251, 262, 4238, 9168, 357, 19282, 1416, 81, 11, 1090, 1416, 81, 11, 649, 1416, 81, 737, 3819, 4049, 3403, 389, 2205, 84, 12, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 604, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 285, 4714, 2029, 13, 198, 464, 9058, 4354, 8027, 815, 307, 973, 287, 1295, 286, 900, 4354, 13, 632, 743, 307, 4465, 618, 345, 765, 284, 1332, 329, 12094, 1451, 397, 2403, 12, 8470, 1231, 17222, 284, 262, 20157, 286, 6143, 287, 12, 2322, 1079, 287, 287, 896, 6098, 13, 5740, 326, 410, 312, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 743, 307, 34749, 13, 198, 464, 2163, 900, 4354, 318, 407, 3417, 287, 262, 1395, 11584, 327, 46998, 3210, 290, 1276, 307, 3177, 1729, 12, 634, 540, 13, 1439, 584, 5499, 389, 355, 3417, 287, 262, 1395, 11584, 43878, 3210, 13, 554, 4482, 569, 13868, 604, 11, 900, 62, 22019, 4354, 468, 281, 493, 1441, 2099, 290, 5860, 7477, 393, 13793, 49, 13, 775, 423, 7147, 284, 3494, 262, 1395, 11584, 327, 46998, 33815, 13, 554, 4482, 569, 13868, 604, 11, 262, 2368, 4578, 286, 256, 1996, 82, 468, 262, 2099, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 10641, 737, 383, 1395, 11584, 327, 46998, 3210, 32338, 256, 79, 1670, 351, 257, 5969, 1271, 286, 10007, 11, 2138, 621, 257, 7885, 4578, 1351, 13, 770, 7822, 3544, 257, 7885, 4578, 1351, 13, 44685, 2471, 12, 458, 3736, 815, 2148, 860, 10007, 706, 262, 5794, 26, 1976, 263, 3028, 389, 3734, 329, 428, 4007, 13, 1395, 11584, 4710, 326, 706, 4585, 285, 85, 22019, 11, 262, 43878, 1181, 743, 407, 2872, 262, 4036, 12094, 1181, 11, 290, 326, 281, 3586, 815, 3638, 290, 14976, 262, 4324, 878, 581, 12595, 3487, 43878, 3848, 13, 5747, 299, 66, 46998, 290, 4482, 569, 13868, 604, 43878, 545, 12, 279, 1732, 285, 85, 22019, 1262, 262, 6374, 2200, 1677, 1366, 19171, 287, 2035, 287, 12, 663, 6098, 393, 649, 4354, 13, 1406, 996, 340, 318, 12395, 355, 257, 5651, 6513, 2163, 11, 285, 85, 22019, 318, 1107, 257, 43878, 2163, 543, 318, 407, 880, 7368, 13, 198, 66, 46998, 7, 18, 828, 13882, 62, 259, 896, 6098, 7, 18, 828, 13882, 62, 33885, 7, 18, 828, 13882, 62, 4354, 11128, 7, 18, 828, 1234, 66, 7, 18, 828, 5651, 6513, 7, 20, 8, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 642, 198, 8645, 515, 319, 2211, 12, 3023, 12, 1983, 3571, 25, 1238, 25, 405, 416, 720, 27453, 2640, 25, 12351, 14, 46521, 14, 305, 487, 17, 19211, 11, 85, 352, 13, 3324, 2211, 14, 486, 14, 486, 1160, 25, 2920, 25, 2931, 256, 70, 5518, 720, 198, 4711, 10107, 5468, 290, 584, 10314, 389, 33696, 416, 511, 11756, 8786, 26, 198, 24571, 2723, 318, 1695, 379, 674, 327, 20304, 12384, 11, 198, 2025, 261, 34, 20304, 11, 290, 584, 22353, 13, 383, 1334, 318, 15069, 10673, 6244, 447, 240, 6390, 383, 7381, 2640, 4935, 11, 4486, 13, 198, 1212, 1720, 3407, 2587, 2810, 416, 13002, 26400, 2671, 6005, 13, 198, 1212, 10107, 2443, 447, 247, 82, 11532, 10552, 318, 4385, 284, 307, 4938, 1395, 28656, 14, 16, 13, 16, 26, 611, 407, 11, 3387, 3758, 257, 5434, 989, 784, 814, 82, 9871, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,633
The right hook, when a right-turning vehicle collides with a bicycle traveling straight-through, can be prevented with assertive lane position and never passing on the right. Another common bike-car collision is the left hook, when an oncoming car turns left into the path of a bicyclist going straight through an intersection. The reason for this is the same as for most car-bike collisions: the motorist doesn’t see the bicycle. That may come as a surprise, because in the left hook situation, the motorist is facing the cyclist. The failure of a motorist to see a bicycle right in front of him can be explained by the “Moonwalking bear test”, a short video which challenges the viewer to count the number of times a ball is passed between players in white. The viewer is so focused on counting passes that he never sees the prominent moonwalking bear. Motorists and bicyclists alike don’t see what we aren’t looking for. A motorist making a left turn may be looking for oncoming cars, cars coming from the right or left, and cars that may be already in the target lane. In places like Kirksville where there aren’t a lot of bicycles, motorists don’t expect to see them, and aren’t looking for them. As a motorist, you can prevent a left hook by avoiding distractions while driving (such as talking or texting) and by watching for bicycles. As a cyclist, you can prevent a left hook using again the Third Layer of Crash Prevention, “Discourage drivers’ mistakes” with an assertive lane position. Allow at least an arm’s length from the edge of the road, but when approaching an intersection, especially if an oncoming motorist is waiting to turn left, move more toward the center of the lane. (Always check behind before changing your lane or your lane position). This assertive lane position makes you more visible. Finally, keep an eye on the oncoming traffic, whether or not you see a turn signal. Being aware that a motorist might make that left turn even though you have the right of way can give you that extra bit of reaction time you need to avoid a collision.	[ 464, 826, 8011, 11, 618, 257, 826, 12, 15344, 278, 4038, 2927, 1460, 351, 257, 17026, 11300, 3892, 12, 9579, 11, 460, 307, 13351, 351, 6818, 425, 11193, 2292, 290, 1239, 6427, 319, 262, 826, 13, 6023, 2219, 7161, 12, 7718, 17661, 318, 262, 1364, 8011, 11, 618, 281, 319, 4976, 1097, 4962, 1364, 656, 262, 3108, 286, 257, 48094, 396, 1016, 3892, 832, 281, 16246, 13, 198, 464, 1738, 329, 428, 318, 262, 976, 355, 329, 749, 1097, 12, 32256, 31998, 25, 262, 5584, 396, 1595, 447, 247, 83, 766, 262, 17026, 13, 1320, 743, 1282, 355, 257, 5975, 11, 780, 287, 262, 1364, 8011, 3074, 11, 262, 5584, 396, 318, 6476, 262, 34632, 13, 383, 5287, 286, 257, 5584, 396, 284, 766, 257, 17026, 826, 287, 2166, 286, 683, 460, 307, 4893, 416, 262, 564, 250, 31640, 44065, 6842, 1332, 447, 251, 11, 257, 1790, 2008, 543, 6459, 262, 19091, 284, 954, 262, 1271, 286, 1661, 257, 2613, 318, 3804, 1022, 1938, 287, 2330, 13, 383, 19091, 318, 523, 5670, 319, 14143, 8318, 326, 339, 1239, 7224, 262, 9208, 8824, 44065, 6842, 13, 198, 34919, 1023, 290, 48094, 1023, 12936, 836, 447, 247, 83, 766, 644, 356, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 2045, 329, 13, 317, 5584, 396, 1642, 257, 1364, 1210, 743, 307, 2045, 329, 319, 4976, 5006, 11, 5006, 2406, 422, 262, 826, 393, 1364, 11, 290, 5006, 326, 743, 307, 1541, 287, 262, 2496, 11193, 13, 554, 4113, 588, 7385, 591, 4244, 810, 612, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 257, 1256, 286, 35426, 11, 32688, 836, 447, 247, 83, 1607, 284, 766, 606, 11, 290, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 2045, 329, 606, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 5584, 396, 11, 345, 460, 2948, 257, 1364, 8011, 416, 14928, 38085, 981, 5059, 357, 10508, 355, 3375, 393, 36634, 8, 290, 416, 4964, 329, 35426, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 34632, 11, 345, 460, 2948, 257, 1364, 8011, 1262, 757, 262, 10467, 34398, 286, 23653, 18313, 11, 564, 250, 15642, 32885, 6643, 447, 247, 10135, 447, 251, 351, 281, 6818, 425, 11193, 2292, 13, 22507, 379, 1551, 281, 3211, 447, 247, 82, 4129, 422, 262, 5743, 286, 262, 2975, 11, 475, 618, 13885, 281, 16246, 11, 2592, 611, 281, 319, 4976, 5584, 396, 318, 4953, 284, 1210, 1364, 11, 1445, 517, 3812, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 11193, 13, 357, 30374, 2198, 2157, 878, 5609, 534, 11193, 393, 534, 11193, 2292, 737, 770, 6818, 425, 11193, 2292, 1838, 345, 517, 7424, 13, 9461, 11, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 262, 319, 4976, 4979, 11, 1771, 393, 407, 345, 766, 257, 1210, 6737, 13, 11204, 3910, 326, 257, 5584, 396, 1244, 787, 326, 1364, 1210, 772, 996, 345, 423, 262, 826, 286, 835, 460, 1577, 345, 326, 3131, 1643, 286, 6317, 640, 345, 761, 284, 3368, 257, 17661, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	466
February 14, 1876 Bell vs Gray After years of independent research, two men each filed for a patent (or caveat) on February 14, 1876. One was Alexander Graham Bell; the other was Elisha Gray. Bell received patent #174,465 in March for what was later described as "the most valuable patent in history." Gray legally challenged the decision, but after a two year court battle, Bell went down in history as the inventor of the telephone.	[ 21816, 1478, 11, 1248, 4304, 198, 36488, 3691, 12723, 198, 3260, 812, 286, 4795, 2267, 11, 734, 1450, 1123, 5717, 329, 257, 12701, 357, 273, 36531, 8, 319, 3945, 1478, 11, 1248, 4304, 13, 1881, 373, 10009, 11520, 7459, 26, 262, 584, 373, 412, 1836, 64, 12723, 13, 7459, 2722, 12701, 1303, 22985, 11, 42018, 287, 2805, 329, 644, 373, 1568, 3417, 355, 366, 1169, 749, 8119, 12701, 287, 2106, 526, 12723, 11119, 12827, 262, 2551, 11, 475, 706, 257, 734, 614, 2184, 3344, 11, 7459, 1816, 866, 287, 2106, 355, 262, 33475, 286, 262, 11426, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	98
We recently received this intruiging article from Dave Horvath and invite you to read it and then join in the discussion. A substantial number of unexplained crashes of radio control model airplanes on 2.4GHz frequency prompted me to write this article on the so-called “interference free” radio control systems on the 2.4GHz band. The electromagnetic wave spectrum is subject to the immutable laws of physics. The propagation characteristics of the 2.4GHz wavelength and the environmental effects of this frequency are more complex than on the 72MHz band. To better understand this, we have to look at the electromagnetic wave spectrum where 72MHz band is in the broadcasting region and the 2.4GHz band is in the microwave region. It is easier to see the huge difference between 72MHz and 2.4GHz frequencies when we convert 2.4 gigahertz to megahertz. Now it is 2400MHz versus 72MHz. When frequency increases, wavelength decreases. Therefore, the 2.4GHz wavelength is shorter and closer to visible light on the electromagnetic wave spectrum. Since visible light is also an electromagnetic wave, 2.4GHz wavelength behaves more like visible light and travels in straight lines until it is reflected, deflected, diffracted or absorbed. Reflection and diffraction will create interference. When parallel rays of light are reflected by a concave mirror, it greatly increases the intensity of light at the focal point. A parabolic dish antenna works the same way for a 2.4GHz electromagnetic wave. Since we cannot focus a high gain directional parabolic dish antenna between our constantly moving model airplane and our transmitter, we have to use an omnidirectional vertical antenna system which has much lower signal intensity. The FHSS (frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum) and the DSSS (direct-sequence-spread-spectrum) techniques can share the same band. However, they interfere with each other causing a degradation of performance. Range decreases as the number of clear channels decreases. Bandwidth drops each time FHSS encounters a blocked frequency on a crowded spectrum. The crowded spectrum on the 2.4GHz band reduces the bandwidth, increases the ever present background noise, increases the adjacent channel leakage ratio, reduces the range, and causes overlapping. Overlapping is a direct interference. Unlike the 72MHz wavelength which penetrates most objects, the 2.4GHz wavelength behaves more like visible light. Signal absorption from objects on a model airplane like the engines, electric motors, batteries, servos, pushrods, landing gears, switches, wires, etc., may cause path interference. Signal reflection from objects in the terrain, like fences, walls, buildings, trees, hills, power lines cause line of sight interference. High speed data transfer reduces the receiver’s sensitivity on 2.4GHz band. There is a trade-off between speed versus range. The signal strength decreases quadratically as distance increases at constant radiation levels. This is called path loss. When frequency increases, path loss also increases. This is one of the reasons why 72MHz radios have a better range than the 2.4GHz radios. We can see this clearly when we look at the Wireless Range Calculator: Frequency Distance Loss 100MHz 0.2 mile 62 decibel 2400MHz 0.2 mile 90 decibel These calculations are under non-existing ideal conditions, less Fresnel (pronounced Frehnel) effect. When we fly our model airplane on 2.4GHz, the area around us is known as the Fresnel zone. Since we have to use an omnidirectional antenna system, the electromagnetic waves will scatter and diffract from objects and from the terrain around us. When the diffracted wave reaches the receiver antenna, it is slightly lags behind the signal which traveled to the receiver antenna in a straight line that creates interference due to the phase canceling effect. The Fresnel effect also deals with the behavior of electromagnetic waves over a water surface. As mentioned before, the 2.4GHz radiation behaves more like visible light, so we have to think of reflections and shadows. Flying a 2.4GHz radio control model over a reflective surface like water, snow, ice or wet terrain negatively affects the radio link. Occasionally a 3D aerobatic model plunges into water while hovering. When the rudder is near the water surface, the prop wash creates a chaotic wave pattern which generates a myriad of false-signals. The Fresnel effect and the described interference on the 2.4GHz band work pretty well. We successfully tested this at different locations. Unfortunately, the “unbreakable Tx-Rx link” broke when our model was over 0.2 miles away at 45 degree angle. Despite the fact that a 90 decibel signal loss over a thousand feet (0.2 miles) is rather significant, we should have had control at this distance. There are too many factors that can determine the overall range on 2.4GHz. 2.4GHz receivers are not immune to ignition and electrical noise as advertised. Occasional arc from high tension insulators could break the bind. Latency is the time between stimulation and the beginning of response caused by propagation delays. There is a huge time difference in latency claims by different radio manufacturers. Some latency claims are in milliseconds, others are in microseconds! This is confusing since one millisecond is one thousandth of a second and one microsecond is one millionth of a second. Velocity of electromagnetic waves is 186,283 miles per second. The velocity of the electric signal through conductors is nearly at the speed of light. With an adequate power output, our radio signal will travel one microsecond which is one millionth of a second to reach our model airplane one thousand feet away. This applies to all brands of radios on 72MHz or on 2.4GHz. As we know, nothing travels faster than the electromagnetic waves. Therefore, I don’t see how latency could be improved “50 %” over the leading competitors regardless of different processing. A seven millisecond latency or a fourteen millisecond latency claim is irrelevant since the human being, the RC pilot, has a painfully slow 200 millisecond latency and can not differentiate between seven or fourteen milliseconds. At huge events, like Nationals, the 2.4GHz pin-free radio system makes life easier for competitors and organizers. However, there is a huge difference between flying on 2.4GHz band in the beautiful country side near Muncie where chances are good that there won’t be any noticeable interference and flying on 2.4GHz band in the middle of one of the largest concentration of population and industries in Los Angeles or other urban areas. 2.4GHz radios under harsh conditions work most of the time, however most of the time is unacceptable. Illegal signal boosting, ham radio, and rolling hills further aggravate the situation. 2.4GHz wavelength has higher incurred losses than 72MHz wavelength. In any case, we should hold on to our assigned frequencies on 27MHz, 50MHz, and 72MHz bands. Despite glowing reviews, the so-called “bulletproof 2.4GHz technology” has had range and reliability problems since day one. A bench test inside a building in a controlled environment where the receiver is a few inches away from the transmitter is meaningless. 2.4GHz wavelength is not the best choice to control model airplanes. Furthermore, we have ended up with complex radio systems on an overcrowded band on the electromagnetic wave spectrum. The bottom line is that glitch-free software, error-free computers, and an interference-free radio link is only an illusion. www.google.com electromagnetic spectrum Images for electromagnetic spectrum Videos for electromagnetic spectrum www.google.com Frequency-hopping spread spectrum DSSS and FHSS-Spread Spectrum tutorials www.google.com 2.4 GHz interference Interference in the 2.4GHz ISM Band: Challenges and Solutions by N Golmie 20 Myths of Wi-Fi Interference (RF Solutions) www.google.com path loss in the 2.4GHz Speed vs. Distance ISA 900 MHz versus 2.4GHz – Learning Center www.google.com polarization of light Images for polarization of light Videos for polarization of light MIT Physics Demo-Microwave Polarization	[ 1135, 2904, 2722, 428, 493, 622, 328, 278, 2708, 422, 9935, 6075, 85, 776, 290, 14037, 345, 284, 1100, 340, 290, 788, 4654, 287, 262, 5114, 13, 198, 32, 8904, 1271, 286, 43286, 17616, 286, 5243, 1630, 2746, 32808, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 8373, 12053, 502, 284, 3551, 428, 2708, 319, 262, 523, 12, 7174, 564, 250, 3849, 4288, 1479, 447, 251, 5243, 1630, 3341, 319, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 13, 198, 464, 31094, 6769, 10958, 318, 2426, 284, 262, 40139, 3657, 286, 11887, 13, 198, 464, 43594, 9695, 286, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 290, 262, 6142, 3048, 286, 428, 8373, 389, 517, 3716, 621, 319, 262, 7724, 25983, 4097, 13, 1675, 1365, 1833, 428, 11, 356, 423, 284, 804, 379, 262, 31094, 6769, 10958, 810, 7724, 25983, 4097, 318, 287, 262, 22978, 3814, 290, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 318, 287, 262, 27000, 3814, 13, 632, 318, 4577, 284, 766, 262, 3236, 3580, 1022, 7724, 25983, 290, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 19998, 618, 356, 10385, 362, 13, 19, 12526, 64, 372, 22877, 284, 23465, 372, 22877, 13, 2735, 340, 318, 48548, 25983, 9051, 7724, 25983, 13, 1649, 8373, 5732, 11, 28400, 20638, 13, 8447, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 318, 12238, 290, 5699, 284, 7424, 1657, 319, 262, 31094, 6769, 10958, 13, 4619, 7424, 1657, 318, 635, 281, 31094, 6769, 11, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 39341, 517, 588, 7424, 1657, 290, 17781, 287, 3892, 3951, 1566, 340, 318, 12548, 11, 825, 12609, 11, 814, 20216, 393, 19233, 13, 6524, 1564, 290, 814, 7861, 481, 2251, 14517, 13, 1649, 10730, 24823, 286, 1657, 389, 12548, 416, 257, 1673, 1015, 10162, 11, 340, 9257, 5732, 262, 12245, 286, 1657, 379, 262, 25397, 966, 13, 317, 1582, 29304, 9433, 20509, 2499, 262, 976, 835, 329, 257, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 31094, 6769, 13, 4619, 356, 2314, 2962, 257, 1029, 4461, 47424, 1582, 29304, 9433, 20509, 1022, 674, 7558, 3867, 2746, 19401, 290, 674, 35099, 11, 356, 423, 284, 779, 281, 22284, 312, 4154, 282, 11723, 20509, 1080, 543, 468, 881, 2793, 6737, 12245, 13, 198, 464, 376, 39, 5432, 357, 35324, 12, 8873, 2105, 12, 43639, 12, 4443, 6582, 8, 290, 262, 360, 5432, 50, 357, 12942, 12, 43167, 12, 43639, 12, 4443, 6582, 8, 7605, 460, 2648, 262, 976, 4097, 13, 2102, 11, 484, 18135, 351, 1123, 584, 6666, 257, 27486, 286, 2854, 13, 13667, 20638, 355, 262, 1271, 286, 1598, 9619, 20638, 13, 10243, 10394, 10532, 1123, 640, 376, 39, 5432, 16925, 257, 10226, 8373, 319, 257, 18012, 10958, 13, 198, 464, 18012, 10958, 319, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 12850, 262, 19484, 11, 5732, 262, 1683, 1944, 4469, 7838, 11, 5732, 262, 15909, 6518, 47988, 8064, 11, 12850, 262, 2837, 11, 290, 5640, 32997, 13, 3827, 75, 5912, 318, 257, 1277, 14517, 13, 198, 18521, 262, 7724, 25983, 28400, 543, 11958, 9700, 749, 5563, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 39341, 517, 588, 7424, 1657, 13, 26484, 24774, 422, 5563, 319, 257, 2746, 19401, 588, 262, 11874, 11, 5186, 24699, 11, 13591, 11, 1113, 418, 11, 4574, 305, 9310, 11, 9581, 28713, 11, 18225, 11, 19474, 11, 3503, 1539, 743, 2728, 3108, 14517, 13, 198, 11712, 282, 14580, 422, 5563, 287, 262, 15510, 11, 588, 35771, 11, 7714, 11, 6832, 11, 7150, 11, 18639, 11, 1176, 3951, 2728, 1627, 286, 6504, 14517, 13, 3334, 2866, 1366, 4351, 12850, 262, 9733, 447, 247, 82, 14233, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 3292, 12, 2364, 1022, 2866, 9051, 2837, 13, 198, 464, 6737, 4202, 20638, 15094, 81, 4142, 355, 5253, 5732, 379, 6937, 11881, 2974, 13, 770, 318, 1444, 3108, 2994, 13, 1649, 8373, 5732, 11, 3108, 2994, 635, 5732, 13, 770, 318, 530, 286, 262, 3840, 1521, 7724, 25983, 40023, 423, 257, 1365, 2837, 621, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 40023, 13, 775, 460, 766, 428, 4084, 618, 356, 804, 379, 262, 24365, 13667, 43597, 25, 198, 37, 28707, 34600, 22014, 198, 3064, 25983, 657, 13, 17, 10591, 8190, 875, 43837, 198, 1731, 405, 25983, 657, 13, 17, 10591, 4101, 875, 43837, 198, 4711, 16765, 389, 739, 1729, 12, 25687, 7306, 3403, 11, 1342, 32732, 4954, 357, 31186, 8918, 4848, 71, 4954, 8, 1245, 13, 1649, 356, 6129, 674, 2746, 19401, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 11, 262, 1989, 1088, 514, 318, 1900, 355, 262, 32732, 4954, 6516, 13, 4619, 356, 423, 284, 779, 281, 22284, 312, 4154, 282, 20509, 1080, 11, 262, 31094, 9813, 481, 41058, 290, 814, 974, 422, 5563, 290, 422, 262, 15510, 1088, 514, 13, 1649, 262, 814, 20216, 6769, 12229, 262, 9733, 20509, 11, 340, 318, 4622, 300, 3775, 2157, 262, 6737, 543, 14113, 284, 262, 9733, 20509, 287, 257, 3892, 1627, 326, 8075, 14517, 2233, 284, 262, 7108, 10450, 1359, 1245, 13, 198, 464, 32732, 4954, 1245, 635, 7529, 351, 262, 4069, 286, 31094, 9813, 625, 257, 1660, 4417, 13, 1081, 4750, 878, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 11881, 39341, 517, 588, 7424, 1657, 11, 523, 356, 423, 284, 892, 286, 35066, 290, 16187, 13, 19903, 257, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 5243, 1630, 2746, 625, 257, 28962, 4417, 588, 1660, 11, 6729, 11, 4771, 393, 9583, 15510, 22533, 10975, 262, 5243, 2792, 13, 40659, 257, 513, 35, 9551, 672, 1512, 2746, 41904, 274, 656, 1660, 981, 33627, 13, 1649, 262, 28906, 1082, 318, 1474, 262, 1660, 4417, 11, 262, 2632, 13502, 8075, 257, 23458, 6769, 3912, 543, 18616, 257, 24862, 286, 3991, 12, 12683, 874, 13, 198, 464, 32732, 4954, 1245, 290, 262, 3417, 14517, 319, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 670, 2495, 880, 13, 775, 7675, 6789, 428, 379, 1180, 7064, 13, 8989, 11, 262, 564, 250, 403, 9032, 540, 309, 87, 12, 49, 87, 2792, 447, 251, 6265, 618, 674, 2746, 373, 625, 657, 13, 17, 4608, 1497, 379, 4153, 4922, 9848, 13, 7945, 262, 1109, 326, 257, 4101, 875, 43837, 6737, 2994, 625, 257, 7319, 3625, 357, 15, 13, 17, 4608, 8, 318, 2138, 2383, 11, 356, 815, 423, 550, 1630, 379, 428, 5253, 13, 1318, 389, 1165, 867, 5087, 326, 460, 5004, 262, 4045, 2837, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 13, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 19137, 389, 407, 10900, 284, 37594, 290, 12278, 7838, 355, 23944, 13, 10775, 292, 1538, 10389, 422, 1029, 12097, 1035, 24325, 714, 2270, 262, 11007, 13, 198, 24220, 1387, 318, 262, 640, 1022, 20087, 290, 262, 3726, 286, 2882, 4073, 416, 43594, 16119, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 3236, 640, 3580, 287, 24812, 3667, 416, 1180, 5243, 11372, 13, 2773, 24812, 3667, 389, 287, 38694, 11, 1854, 389, 287, 4580, 43012, 0, 770, 318, 15337, 1201, 530, 33606, 623, 318, 530, 7319, 400, 286, 257, 1218, 290, 530, 4580, 12227, 318, 530, 1510, 400, 286, 257, 1218, 13, 198, 46261, 11683, 286, 31094, 9813, 318, 28481, 11, 30290, 4608, 583, 1218, 13, 383, 15432, 286, 262, 5186, 6737, 832, 3189, 669, 318, 3016, 379, 262, 2866, 286, 1657, 13, 2080, 281, 12872, 1176, 5072, 11, 674, 5243, 6737, 481, 3067, 530, 4580, 12227, 543, 318, 530, 1510, 400, 286, 257, 1218, 284, 3151, 674, 2746, 19401, 530, 7319, 3625, 1497, 13, 770, 8991, 284, 477, 11394, 286, 40023, 319, 7724, 25983, 393, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 13, 1081, 356, 760, 11, 2147, 17781, 5443, 621, 262, 31094, 9813, 13, 8447, 11, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 766, 703, 24812, 714, 307, 6596, 564, 250, 1120, 4064, 447, 251, 625, 262, 3756, 13861, 7692, 286, 1180, 7587, 13, 198, 32, 3598, 33606, 623, 24812, 393, 257, 29167, 33606, 623, 24812, 1624, 318, 18046, 1201, 262, 1692, 852, 11, 262, 13987, 8022, 11, 468, 257, 32258, 3105, 939, 33606, 623, 24812, 290, 460, 407, 28754, 1022, 3598, 393, 29167, 38694, 13, 198, 2953, 3236, 2995, 11, 588, 26291, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 6757, 12, 5787, 5243, 1080, 1838, 1204, 4577, 329, 13861, 290, 19043, 13, 2102, 11, 612, 318, 257, 3236, 3580, 1022, 7348, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 287, 262, 4950, 1499, 1735, 1474, 12107, 66, 494, 810, 8395, 389, 922, 326, 612, 1839, 447, 247, 83, 307, 597, 19787, 14517, 290, 7348, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 287, 262, 3504, 286, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 10368, 286, 3265, 290, 11798, 287, 5401, 5652, 393, 584, 7876, 3006, 13, 198, 17, 13, 19, 23741, 40023, 739, 11859, 3403, 670, 749, 286, 262, 640, 11, 2158, 749, 286, 262, 640, 318, 18010, 13, 42272, 6737, 27611, 11, 8891, 5243, 11, 290, 10708, 18639, 2252, 20072, 378, 262, 3074, 13, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 468, 2440, 23436, 9089, 621, 7724, 25983, 28400, 13, 554, 597, 1339, 11, 356, 815, 1745, 319, 284, 674, 8686, 19998, 319, 2681, 25983, 11, 2026, 25983, 11, 290, 7724, 25983, 11760, 13, 198, 8332, 21377, 8088, 11, 262, 523, 12, 7174, 564, 250, 15065, 1616, 13288, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 3037, 447, 251, 468, 550, 2837, 290, 17843, 2761, 1201, 1110, 530, 13, 317, 7624, 1332, 2641, 257, 2615, 287, 257, 6856, 2858, 810, 262, 9733, 318, 257, 1178, 8331, 1497, 422, 262, 35099, 318, 24513, 13, 198, 17, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 318, 407, 262, 1266, 3572, 284, 1630, 2746, 32808, 13, 11399, 11, 356, 423, 4444, 510, 351, 3716, 5243, 3341, 319, 281, 38080, 276, 4097, 319, 262, 31094, 6769, 10958, 13, 198, 464, 4220, 1627, 318, 326, 29204, 12, 5787, 3788, 11, 4049, 12, 5787, 9061, 11, 290, 281, 14517, 12, 5787, 5243, 2792, 318, 691, 281, 17878, 13, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 31094, 10958, 5382, 329, 31094, 10958, 18637, 329, 31094, 10958, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 31902, 12, 8873, 2105, 4104, 10958, 360, 5432, 50, 290, 376, 39, 5432, 12, 44458, 27217, 27992, 7324, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 362, 13, 19, 26499, 14517, 4225, 4288, 287, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 3180, 44, 10243, 25, 44495, 290, 23555, 416, 399, 26849, 44871, 1160, 2011, 9998, 286, 11759, 12, 10547, 4225, 4288, 357, 32754, 23555, 8, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 3108, 2994, 287, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 8729, 3691, 13, 34600, 3180, 32, 15897, 19805, 9051, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 784, 18252, 3337, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 42704, 286, 1657, 5382, 329, 42704, 286, 1657, 18637, 329, 42704, 286, 1657, 17168, 23123, 34588, 12, 25437, 808, 1015, 32909, 1634, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,721
I’m struggling a bit to teach my children to pack for themselves. I want them to learn how to be self-reliant, but I also want to make sure they have everything they need for the day. If I don’t triple check every detail, they’re likely to be fully prepared for snack time but missing important papers or sports equipment. What’s the right thing to do? Your desire to raise self-reliant children is fantastic. But there’s no doubt that passing the baton can be tough. The first question has to be: how old are your children? A good general rule of thumb is, if they’re old enough to read, they’re old enough to pack their own bags. Assuming your little ones are old enough, the most effective thing to do is give them some time frame to take complete responsibility for getting themselves ready, ask questions to help prompt them if you think they aren’t paying attention to something crucial, and most importantly, when things aren’t crucial (e.g. do they have the right uniform packed), letting them fail. Nothing teaches quite like experience. As you let go of the reigns a bit, here are some more ideas to guide you. • Planning Starts the Night Before. Mornings are not the right time to teach your children how to pack themselves. You’re rushed, and they’re often bleary-eyed and grumpy. The ideal time to sit down with them, explain what you are trying to accomplish, and get them to start preparing for the next day is after homework but before TV time. That way you have time to ask them questions and offer un-stressed help in the initial stages. This is a process that will take time and spending time in the evenings helping them learn how to become responsible for themselves is time well spent. • Explain as You Go. You need to develop a checklist with them and then go through the items. Don’t criticize or watch over the task being done. Accept that the task will not be done exactly the way you would do it but recognize that as long as it is accomplished and done on time, that it is okay. In the beginning, be prepared to patiently ask and answer a lot of questions! Why do emergency numbers need to be in the backpacks? Because you might need to call someone. Why does lunch have to be prepared? So that mom knows they are eating healthy and, besides, too much sugar will make them feel bad, Why do you keep asking about permission slips or projects that need to go with them? Because it’s important they do not miss out on something the rest of the class is doing. This is just a primer but you get the idea. • Provide Feedback. Once the task has been completed, give constructive feedback to the person. As a guideline, tell your son or daughter five great things about the job for every one criticism. If after some time you notice they are consistently sloppy or forgetful, be patient but firm and make sure there are consequences for actions.	[ 40, 447, 247, 76, 9648, 257, 1643, 284, 4545, 616, 1751, 284, 2353, 329, 2405, 13, 314, 765, 606, 284, 2193, 703, 284, 307, 2116, 12, 2411, 3014, 11, 475, 314, 635, 765, 284, 787, 1654, 484, 423, 2279, 484, 761, 329, 262, 1110, 13, 1002, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 15055, 2198, 790, 3703, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1884, 284, 307, 3938, 5597, 329, 26906, 640, 475, 4814, 1593, 9473, 393, 5701, 5112, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 262, 826, 1517, 284, 466, 30, 198, 7120, 6227, 284, 5298, 2116, 12, 2411, 3014, 1751, 318, 9623, 13, 887, 612, 447, 247, 82, 645, 4719, 326, 6427, 262, 7365, 261, 460, 307, 5802, 13, 383, 717, 1808, 468, 284, 307, 25, 703, 1468, 389, 534, 1751, 30, 317, 922, 2276, 3896, 286, 15683, 318, 11, 611, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1468, 1576, 284, 1100, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1468, 1576, 284, 2353, 511, 898, 11668, 13, 33238, 534, 1310, 3392, 389, 1468, 1576, 11, 262, 749, 4050, 1517, 284, 466, 318, 1577, 606, 617, 640, 5739, 284, 1011, 1844, 5798, 329, 1972, 2405, 3492, 11, 1265, 2683, 284, 1037, 6152, 606, 611, 345, 892, 484, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 5989, 3241, 284, 1223, 8780, 11, 290, 749, 11003, 11, 618, 1243, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 8780, 357, 68, 13, 70, 13, 466, 484, 423, 262, 826, 8187, 11856, 828, 9616, 606, 2038, 13, 10528, 17324, 2407, 588, 1998, 13, 1081, 345, 1309, 467, 286, 262, 13580, 82, 257, 1643, 11, 994, 389, 617, 517, 4213, 284, 5698, 345, 13, 198, 3581, 21913, 50181, 262, 5265, 7413, 13, 337, 28863, 389, 407, 262, 826, 640, 284, 4545, 534, 1751, 703, 284, 2353, 2405, 13, 921, 447, 247, 260, 13999, 11, 290, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1690, 7245, 560, 12, 18834, 290, 1036, 32152, 13, 383, 7306, 640, 284, 1650, 866, 351, 606, 11, 4727, 644, 345, 389, 2111, 284, 9989, 11, 290, 651, 606, 284, 923, 10629, 329, 262, 1306, 1110, 318, 706, 26131, 475, 878, 3195, 640, 13, 1320, 835, 345, 423, 640, 284, 1265, 606, 2683, 290, 2897, 555, 12, 301, 2790, 1037, 287, 262, 4238, 9539, 13, 770, 318, 257, 1429, 326, 481, 1011, 640, 290, 4581, 640, 287, 262, 37119, 5742, 606, 2193, 703, 284, 1716, 4497, 329, 2405, 318, 640, 880, 3377, 13, 198, 3581, 48605, 355, 921, 1514, 13, 921, 761, 284, 1205, 257, 41859, 351, 606, 290, 788, 467, 832, 262, 3709, 13, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 24628, 393, 2342, 625, 262, 4876, 852, 1760, 13, 21699, 326, 262, 4876, 481, 407, 307, 1760, 3446, 262, 835, 345, 561, 466, 340, 475, 7564, 326, 355, 890, 355, 340, 318, 13013, 290, 1760, 319, 640, 11, 326, 340, 318, 8788, 13, 554, 262, 3726, 11, 307, 5597, 284, 37220, 1265, 290, 3280, 257, 1256, 286, 2683, 0, 4162, 466, 6334, 3146, 761, 284, 307, 287, 262, 736, 32377, 30, 4362, 345, 1244, 761, 284, 869, 2130, 13, 4162, 857, 9965, 423, 284, 307, 5597, 30, 1406, 326, 1995, 4206, 484, 389, 6600, 5448, 290, 11, 13769, 11, 1165, 881, 7543, 481, 787, 606, 1254, 2089, 11, 4162, 466, 345, 1394, 4737, 546, 7170, 33841, 393, 4493, 326, 761, 284, 467, 351, 606, 30, 4362, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1593, 484, 466, 407, 2051, 503, 319, 1223, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1398, 318, 1804, 13, 770, 318, 655, 257, 33270, 475, 345, 651, 262, 2126, 13, 198, 3581, 44290, 37774, 13, 4874, 262, 4876, 468, 587, 5668, 11, 1577, 26938, 7538, 284, 262, 1048, 13, 1081, 257, 40888, 11, 1560, 534, 3367, 393, 4957, 1936, 1049, 1243, 546, 262, 1693, 329, 790, 530, 7734, 13, 1002, 706, 617, 640, 345, 4003, 484, 389, 9835, 35862, 393, 6044, 913, 11, 307, 5827, 475, 4081, 290, 787, 1654, 612, 389, 6948, 329, 4028, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	639
About County Government Montgomery County is proud of the services it offers. These include some of the best in the nation, which we strive to deliver in keeping with our Vision Statement and Guiding Principles. An organization chart is provided to show you the various levels of the County government. Approved by the voters in 1968 and implemented in 1970, the Montgomery County Charter provides for a Council/Executive form of government. The County is composed of the Executive and Legislative branches. The Judicial system consists of the County's Circuit Court, the state District Court, the Court of Special Appeals and Court of Appeals. The Executive Branch implements and enforces Montgomery County's laws and provides executive direction to the government. Its chief executive officer is the County Executive. There are over 30 executive branch departments and agenciesthat help to deliver services to county residents. Libraries,Transportation and Police are just a few. The Legislative Branch consists of the County Council and five related agencies. The Charter defines the Council's powers in three major areas: legislation, land use, and the budget. The other agencies of the Legislative Branch are: - Office of Inspector General - The Office of Legislative Oversight - Office of Zoning and Administrative Hearings - Board of Appeals - Merit System Protection Board The Judicial System is responsible for the resolution of all matters involving civil and criminal law in the County. The Circuit Court for Montgomery County is the trial Court of general jurisdiction that has full common law equity powers in all civil and criminal cases, along with additional powers and jurisdiction conferred by the Constitution. It is the only Court in the County having the authority to conduct jury trials. Its jurisdiction is very broad and it handles major civil cases and more serious criminal cases. Additionally, there is the District Court of Maryland, the Court of Special Appeals, and the Court of Appeals. Montgomery County Public Schools operate under the authority of the Board of Education, which is an eight-member body - seven elected by county voters and one student representative, elected by county students. The Superintendent of Schools, appointed by the Board, provides daily administration of the schools. The school's overall operating and capital budgets are determined by the County Executive and County Council. However, the line-item distribution of the funds within the school system is set by the Superintendent and the Board of Education. Montgomery College - the County's two-year college - operates under the authority of its Board of Trustees. The College's overall budget is determined by the County Executive and the County Council and is managed by the trustees. There are four other agencies who's budgets are determined by the County government but have certain autonomy over their operation. These four agencies are:	[ 8585, 3418, 5070, 198, 26031, 20142, 3418, 318, 6613, 286, 262, 2594, 340, 4394, 13, 2312, 2291, 617, 286, 262, 1266, 287, 262, 3277, 11, 543, 356, 22076, 284, 5203, 287, 5291, 351, 674, 19009, 21983, 290, 1962, 2530, 34200, 13, 1052, 4009, 8262, 318, 2810, 284, 905, 345, 262, 2972, 2974, 286, 262, 3418, 1230, 13, 198, 4677, 305, 1079, 416, 262, 4446, 287, 15963, 290, 9177, 287, 8069, 11, 262, 21532, 3418, 23006, 3769, 329, 257, 4281, 14, 43885, 1296, 286, 1230, 13, 198, 464, 3418, 318, 13160, 286, 262, 10390, 290, 30356, 13737, 13, 383, 31411, 1080, 10874, 286, 262, 3418, 338, 13588, 3078, 11, 262, 1181, 5665, 3078, 11, 262, 3078, 286, 6093, 20172, 290, 3078, 286, 20172, 13, 198, 464, 10390, 20551, 23986, 290, 551, 27087, 21532, 3418, 338, 3657, 290, 3769, 4640, 4571, 284, 262, 1230, 13, 6363, 4039, 4640, 3818, 318, 262, 3418, 10390, 13, 1318, 389, 625, 1542, 4640, 8478, 13346, 290, 556, 268, 979, 395, 5183, 1037, 284, 5203, 2594, 284, 7968, 5085, 13, 46267, 11, 8291, 10189, 290, 4287, 389, 655, 257, 1178, 13, 198, 464, 30356, 20551, 10874, 286, 262, 3418, 4281, 290, 1936, 3519, 5942, 13, 383, 23006, 15738, 262, 4281, 338, 5635, 287, 1115, 1688, 3006, 25, 5520, 11, 1956, 779, 11, 290, 262, 4466, 13, 383, 584, 5942, 286, 262, 30356, 20551, 389, 25, 198, 12, 4452, 286, 24625, 3611, 198, 12, 383, 4452, 286, 30356, 35968, 198, 12, 4452, 286, 1168, 12484, 290, 30048, 26319, 654, 198, 12, 5926, 286, 20172, 198, 12, 4638, 270, 4482, 9985, 5926, 198, 464, 31411, 4482, 318, 4497, 329, 262, 6323, 286, 477, 6067, 7411, 3026, 290, 4301, 1099, 287, 262, 3418, 13, 383, 13588, 3078, 329, 21532, 3418, 318, 262, 4473, 3078, 286, 2276, 12934, 326, 468, 1336, 2219, 1099, 13598, 5635, 287, 477, 3026, 290, 4301, 2663, 11, 1863, 351, 3224, 5635, 290, 12934, 39376, 416, 262, 7965, 13, 632, 318, 262, 691, 3078, 287, 262, 3418, 1719, 262, 4934, 284, 3189, 9002, 9867, 13, 6363, 12934, 318, 845, 3154, 290, 340, 17105, 1688, 3026, 2663, 290, 517, 2726, 4301, 2663, 13, 198, 23216, 11, 612, 318, 262, 5665, 3078, 286, 10769, 11, 262, 3078, 286, 6093, 20172, 11, 290, 262, 3078, 286, 20172, 13, 198, 26031, 20142, 3418, 5094, 20357, 8076, 739, 262, 4934, 286, 262, 5926, 286, 7868, 11, 543, 318, 281, 3624, 12, 19522, 1767, 532, 3598, 7018, 416, 7968, 4446, 290, 530, 3710, 8852, 11, 7018, 416, 7968, 2444, 13, 198, 464, 34058, 286, 20357, 11, 9899, 416, 262, 5926, 11, 3769, 4445, 3662, 286, 262, 4266, 13, 383, 1524, 338, 4045, 5361, 290, 3139, 21011, 389, 5295, 416, 262, 3418, 10390, 290, 3418, 4281, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 1627, 12, 9186, 6082, 286, 262, 5153, 1626, 262, 1524, 1080, 318, 900, 416, 262, 34058, 290, 262, 5926, 286, 7868, 13, 198, 26031, 20142, 5535, 532, 262, 3418, 338, 734, 12, 1941, 4152, 532, 14051, 739, 262, 4934, 286, 663, 5926, 286, 9870, 2841, 13, 383, 5535, 338, 4045, 4466, 318, 5295, 416, 262, 3418, 10390, 290, 262, 3418, 4281, 290, 318, 5257, 416, 262, 36636, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1440, 584, 5942, 508, 338, 21011, 389, 5295, 416, 262, 3418, 1230, 475, 423, 1728, 21851, 625, 511, 4905, 13, 2312, 1440, 5942, 389, 25, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	553
The anthocyanidins of bilberry have considerable pharmacologic activity. They are especially used as anti-aging substances. These bitter compounds inhibit collagen destruction, scavenger free radicals, reduce capillary permeability, increase bloods circulation to peripheral blood vessels and the brain, reduce inflammation and pain and relieve muscle spasms. It is one of the most popular over-the-counter drugs in Europe. It is so effective that a single dose it said to improve one’s night vision within hours. It has traditionally been used to treat poor night vision, bruising, capillary fragility, varicose veins, poor circulation, Raynaud’s disease, circulation complications due to diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and periodontal disease. This herb is becoming more important to the aging populations of the world. This fruit and its extracts have marvelous anti-aging properties. Bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. Indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. Bilberry may be useful in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma since it strengthens connective tissue and prevents free radical damage. In the control of diabetes short term, one’s blood sugar is lowered and long term, one’s circulatory system is preserved. Connective tissue is not destroyed and capillaries function more normally. In other chronic degenerative diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, the inflammation and pain are reduced while damage to connective tissue is kept to a minimum. Uses: Bilberry leaf is something you'll want to use often in teas and tincture blends. We add it to many food recipes as we would spices (any meat dishes, salads, vegetable dishes, stir-fry, etc.). It can be used to benefit men, women (including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing) and children. It can be used as often as you would like. Voice of Experience: When a more plump and juicy dried berry is desired, we soak (reconstitute) these Bilberries in water over night. Of course, any liquid of choice could be used in place of water. Storage: Bilberry leaf should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. Questions?: Check out Frequently Asked Questions.	[ 464, 26794, 420, 4121, 312, 1040, 286, 47027, 8396, 423, 11091, 25702, 20781, 3842, 13, 1119, 389, 2592, 973, 355, 3098, 12, 3039, 15938, 13, 2312, 12922, 16439, 26776, 45452, 8166, 11, 35998, 1362, 1479, 32842, 11, 4646, 1451, 15856, 29298, 1799, 11, 2620, 2910, 82, 19133, 284, 25514, 2910, 14891, 290, 262, 3632, 11, 4646, 20881, 290, 2356, 290, 26958, 8280, 599, 34432, 13, 632, 318, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2968, 625, 12, 1169, 12, 24588, 5010, 287, 2031, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 523, 4050, 326, 257, 2060, 10742, 340, 531, 284, 2987, 530, 447, 247, 82, 1755, 5761, 1626, 2250, 13, 198, 1026, 468, 16083, 587, 973, 284, 2190, 3595, 1755, 5761, 11, 45468, 11, 1451, 15856, 7956, 879, 11, 1401, 291, 577, 32375, 11, 3595, 19133, 11, 7760, 2616, 463, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 11, 19133, 19481, 2233, 284, 12593, 11, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 11, 308, 448, 290, 2278, 756, 282, 4369, 13, 198, 1212, 21047, 318, 5033, 517, 1593, 284, 262, 14736, 9684, 286, 262, 995, 13, 770, 8234, 290, 663, 32139, 423, 43937, 3098, 12, 3039, 6608, 13, 24207, 8396, 373, 717, 9713, 329, 663, 3048, 319, 3595, 1755, 5761, 13, 9676, 11, 3218, 779, 286, 262, 8234, 2482, 287, 20061, 15068, 284, 11854, 290, 36785, 290, 6596, 5874, 936, 14834, 1111, 379, 1755, 290, 287, 6016, 1657, 1141, 262, 1110, 13, 24207, 8396, 743, 307, 4465, 287, 262, 14196, 290, 3513, 286, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 1201, 340, 49286, 2018, 425, 10712, 290, 15174, 1479, 7702, 2465, 13, 198, 818, 262, 1630, 286, 12593, 1790, 3381, 11, 530, 447, 247, 82, 2910, 7543, 318, 17788, 290, 890, 3381, 11, 530, 447, 247, 82, 2498, 21386, 1080, 318, 17232, 13, 8113, 425, 10712, 318, 407, 6572, 290, 1451, 359, 3166, 2163, 517, 7685, 13, 198, 818, 584, 10726, 25419, 876, 10040, 11, 588, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 11, 262, 20881, 290, 2356, 389, 5322, 981, 2465, 284, 2018, 425, 10712, 318, 4030, 284, 257, 5288, 13, 198, 5842, 274, 25, 24207, 8396, 12835, 318, 1223, 345, 1183, 765, 284, 779, 1690, 287, 573, 292, 290, 256, 4612, 495, 32067, 13, 775, 751, 340, 284, 867, 2057, 14296, 355, 356, 561, 27952, 357, 1092, 6174, 16759, 11, 47668, 11, 20236, 16759, 11, 11240, 12, 69, 563, 11, 3503, 15729, 632, 460, 307, 973, 284, 4414, 1450, 11, 1466, 357, 8201, 878, 11, 1141, 393, 706, 10241, 11, 290, 19167, 8, 290, 1751, 13, 632, 460, 307, 973, 355, 1690, 355, 345, 561, 588, 13, 198, 35708, 286, 16386, 25, 1649, 257, 517, 458, 931, 290, 35075, 16577, 275, 6996, 318, 10348, 11, 356, 33182, 357, 260, 9979, 3678, 8, 777, 24207, 20853, 287, 1660, 625, 1755, 13, 3226, 1781, 11, 597, 8122, 286, 3572, 714, 307, 973, 287, 1295, 286, 1660, 13, 198, 31425, 25, 24207, 8396, 12835, 815, 307, 4030, 287, 281, 1633, 33464, 9290, 290, 8574, 287, 257, 3223, 11, 5894, 11, 290, 3608, 1295, 13, 198, 35741, 27514, 6822, 503, 22192, 1473, 26220, 20396, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	506
The cashew nut, a popular treat found on grocery and health food store shelves across the world, is jam-packed with nutritional content and can readily be found year round. It has a delicate flavor, and makes wonderful nut butter or special addition to salads and stir-fry dishes. Cashew nuts are actually the kidney-shaped seeds that adhere to the bottom of the cashew apple, the fruit of the cashew tree, which is native to the coastal areas of northeastern Brazil. It packs 5 grams of protein per ounce and high levels of the essential minerals iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese, all of which are necessary for a healthy body. Not only do cashews have a lower fat content than most other nuts, approximately 75% of that fat is unsaturated fatty acids, with 75% of this unsaturated fatty acid content being oleic acid, the same heart-healthy monounsaturated fat found in olive oil. Studies show that oleic acid promotes good cardiovascular health, even in individuals with diabetes. To lower your risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, enjoy a handful of cashews or other nuts, or a tablespoon of nut butter, at least 4 times a week. Topping your morning cereal with a quarter-cup of cashews will supply you with 38% of the daily value for copper. An essential component of many enzymes, copper plays a role in a wide range of physiological processes including iron utilization, elimination of free radicals, development of bone and connective tissue, and the production of the skin and hair pigment called melanin. A quarter-cup of cashews also provides you with 22.3% of the daily value for magnesium. Everyone knows that calcium is necessary for strong bones, but magnesium is also vital for healthy bones. About two-thirds of the magnesium in the human body is found in our bones. Some help give bones their physical structure, while the rest is found on the surface of the bone where it is stored for the body to draw upon as needed. Cashews do have a relatively high fat content (12 grams per ounce, 2 grams saturated fat), but it is considered "good fat." This is due to the agreeable fat ratio in the nut, 1:2:1 for saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated, respectively, which scientists say is the ideal ratio for optimal health. Even with the relatively high fat content, cashew nuts are considered to be a "low-fat" nut. In fact, cashew nuts contain less fat per serving than many other popular nuts commonly found in grocery and health food stores, including almonds, walnuts, peanuts and pecans. Because cashews are high in protein, monounsaturated fats and fiber, they're both filling and satisfying. But, although nuts are shown to provide such a wide variety of benefits, many avoid them for fear of weight gain. Studies show such fears are groundless. People who eat nuts on a daily basis are less likely to gain weight and have a tendency to be thinner, on average, than those who don't. It may be that eating nuts like cashews is so filling that it reduces overall calorie consumption.	[ 464, 6124, 6391, 6701, 11, 257, 2968, 2190, 1043, 319, 16918, 290, 1535, 2057, 3650, 20726, 1973, 262, 995, 11, 318, 16853, 12, 34860, 351, 24000, 2695, 290, 460, 14704, 307, 1043, 614, 2835, 13, 632, 468, 257, 19217, 9565, 11, 290, 1838, 7932, 6701, 9215, 393, 2041, 3090, 284, 47668, 290, 11240, 12, 69, 563, 16759, 13, 11294, 6391, 14380, 389, 1682, 262, 21919, 12, 16760, 11904, 326, 26325, 284, 262, 4220, 286, 262, 6124, 6391, 17180, 11, 262, 8234, 286, 262, 6124, 6391, 5509, 11, 543, 318, 6868, 284, 262, 17475, 3006, 286, 38131, 7595, 13, 632, 15186, 642, 16379, 286, 7532, 583, 25799, 290, 1029, 2974, 286, 262, 6393, 21622, 6953, 11, 33525, 11, 48980, 11, 31861, 11, 15317, 290, 582, 1030, 2771, 11, 477, 286, 543, 389, 3306, 329, 257, 5448, 1767, 13, 198, 3673, 691, 466, 6124, 40645, 423, 257, 2793, 3735, 2695, 621, 749, 584, 14380, 11, 6702, 5441, 4, 286, 326, 3735, 318, 5576, 30192, 19251, 17045, 11, 351, 5441, 4, 286, 428, 5576, 30192, 19251, 7408, 2695, 852, 267, 293, 291, 7408, 11, 262, 976, 2612, 12, 22796, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 3735, 1043, 287, 19450, 3056, 13, 10422, 905, 326, 267, 293, 291, 7408, 21068, 922, 21134, 1535, 11, 772, 287, 3925, 351, 12593, 13, 1675, 2793, 534, 2526, 286, 21134, 290, 37151, 2612, 4369, 11, 2883, 257, 10089, 286, 6124, 40645, 393, 584, 14380, 11, 393, 257, 33107, 286, 6701, 9215, 11, 379, 1551, 604, 1661, 257, 1285, 13, 198, 2514, 2105, 534, 3329, 33158, 351, 257, 3860, 12, 25244, 286, 6124, 40645, 481, 5127, 345, 351, 4353, 4, 286, 262, 4445, 1988, 329, 15317, 13, 1052, 6393, 7515, 286, 867, 29120, 11, 15317, 5341, 257, 2597, 287, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 25033, 7767, 1390, 6953, 32121, 11, 21472, 286, 1479, 32842, 11, 2478, 286, 9970, 290, 2018, 425, 10712, 11, 290, 262, 3227, 286, 262, 4168, 290, 4190, 43385, 1444, 34963, 259, 13, 198, 32, 3860, 12, 25244, 286, 6124, 40645, 635, 3769, 345, 351, 2534, 13, 18, 4, 286, 262, 4445, 1988, 329, 33525, 13, 11075, 4206, 326, 19700, 318, 3306, 329, 1913, 11945, 11, 475, 33525, 318, 635, 9204, 329, 5448, 11945, 13, 7994, 734, 12, 17936, 286, 262, 33525, 287, 262, 1692, 1767, 318, 1043, 287, 674, 11945, 13, 2773, 1037, 1577, 11945, 511, 3518, 4645, 11, 981, 262, 1334, 318, 1043, 319, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 9970, 810, 340, 318, 8574, 329, 262, 1767, 284, 3197, 2402, 355, 2622, 13, 198, 35155, 40645, 466, 423, 257, 5365, 1029, 3735, 2695, 357, 1065, 16379, 583, 25799, 11, 362, 16379, 24725, 3735, 828, 475, 340, 318, 3177, 366, 11274, 3735, 526, 770, 318, 2233, 284, 262, 49534, 3735, 8064, 287, 262, 6701, 11, 352, 25, 17, 25, 16, 329, 24725, 11, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 11, 290, 7514, 13271, 30192, 11, 8148, 11, 543, 5519, 910, 318, 262, 7306, 8064, 329, 16586, 1535, 13, 3412, 351, 262, 5365, 1029, 3735, 2695, 11, 6124, 6391, 14380, 389, 3177, 284, 307, 257, 366, 9319, 12, 17359, 1, 6701, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 6124, 6391, 14380, 3994, 1342, 3735, 583, 7351, 621, 867, 584, 2968, 14380, 8811, 1043, 287, 16918, 290, 1535, 2057, 7000, 11, 1390, 48793, 11, 6514, 31381, 11, 45612, 290, 613, 66, 504, 13, 198, 8128, 6124, 40645, 389, 1029, 287, 7532, 11, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 27997, 290, 13608, 11, 484, 821, 1111, 12591, 290, 19201, 13, 887, 11, 3584, 14380, 389, 3402, 284, 2148, 884, 257, 3094, 4996, 286, 4034, 11, 867, 3368, 606, 329, 3252, 286, 3463, 4461, 13, 10422, 905, 884, 10251, 389, 2323, 1203, 13, 4380, 508, 4483, 14380, 319, 257, 4445, 4308, 389, 1342, 1884, 284, 4461, 3463, 290, 423, 257, 13542, 284, 307, 30125, 11, 319, 2811, 11, 621, 883, 508, 836, 470, 13, 632, 743, 307, 326, 6600, 14380, 588, 6124, 40645, 318, 523, 12591, 326, 340, 12850, 4045, 28740, 7327, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	654
Definitions of why adv. - For what cause, reason, or purpose; on what account; wherefore; -- used interrogatively. See the Note under What, pron., 1. 2 adv. - For which; on account of which; -- used relatively. 2 adv. - The reason or cause for which; that on account of which; on what account; as, I know not why he left town so suddenly; -- used as a compound relative. 2 n. - A young heifer. 2 The word "why" uses 3 letters: H W Y. No direct anagrams for why found in this word list. All words formed from why by changing one letter Browse words starting with why by next letter	[ 7469, 50101, 286, 1521, 198, 32225, 13, 532, 1114, 644, 2728, 11, 1738, 11, 393, 4007, 26, 319, 644, 1848, 26, 810, 754, 26, 1377, 973, 15054, 9404, 13, 4091, 262, 5740, 739, 1867, 11, 9668, 1539, 352, 13, 362, 198, 32225, 13, 532, 1114, 543, 26, 319, 1848, 286, 543, 26, 1377, 973, 5365, 13, 362, 198, 32225, 13, 532, 383, 1738, 393, 2728, 329, 543, 26, 326, 319, 1848, 286, 543, 26, 319, 644, 1848, 26, 355, 11, 314, 760, 407, 1521, 339, 1364, 3240, 523, 6451, 26, 1377, 973, 355, 257, 13061, 3585, 13, 362, 198, 77, 13, 532, 317, 1862, 339, 7087, 13, 362, 198, 464, 1573, 366, 22850, 1, 3544, 513, 7475, 25, 367, 370, 575, 13, 198, 2949, 1277, 281, 6713, 82, 329, 1521, 1043, 287, 428, 1573, 1351, 13, 198, 3237, 2456, 7042, 422, 1521, 416, 5609, 530, 3850, 198, 32635, 325, 2456, 3599, 351, 1521, 416, 1306, 3850, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	157
Science of the Quake Developments in the wake of Japan's triple disasters: earthquake, tsunami, nuclear. The US Geological Survey upgraded Japan's 11 March earthquake today to 9.0 from 8.9. Based on Japan's huge network of 1,200 GPS monitoring stations, the quake shifted the country's coastline some 4 meters / 13 feet to the east, and knocked Earth of its axis by 16.5 centimeters / 6.5 inches, shortening Earth's days by about 1.8 millionths of a second. The BBC reports that geographical shift will require that GPS-based driving maps be updated, and nautical charts, too, since water depths have been changed. Furthermore, much of the flooded coastline appears to have subsided permanently—or as permanently as anything ever is on this restless planet—and will not be dry land again anytime in the near future. Here are before and after images of the the city of Ishinomaki in Miyagi Prefecture near the quake's epicenter. The "after" shot, above, was taken three days after the quake. Water still inundated the city. The "before" shot was from August 2008. Both are false color images: water is dark blue; vegetated land is red; dirt is tan; buildings are silver. You can see how much of the vegetation in the agricultural fields has been stripped away. This is sure to have an impact on Japan's food production, perhaps for a while, since saltwater inundation is tough on farmlands. If people in the area depend on aquifers for fresh water, those could be affected by saltwater flooding too. You can also see the extensive flooding around the Matsushima Air Base in the lower left corner of the image. It's not at all clear, at this point, just what pollution or toxins may have been unleashed from the air base and nearby industries. Meanwhile much of Japan's chemical industry is still nonoperational due to power shortages. More worrisome is that fate of chemical plants in the tsunami zone. According to Chemical & Engineering News, there aren't many chemical manufacturing plants in this hardest hit region of northeastern Japan. But there are some. The effects on them of fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and continued flooding remains largely unknown and/or undisclosed: A raging fire at the Cosmo Energy refinery in Chiba that began March 11 touched off an overnight fire at the neighboring Chisso polyethylene and polypropylene plant. Chisso says that none of its workers were injured and that damage to the facility is relatively light. Polysilicon producer Tokuyama has a subsidiary... located in [an area] devastated by the tsunami. Tokuyama says it is assessing damage to the subsidiary and to its facilities elsewhere in Japan. Chemical manufacturer Tosoh says its staff in the Tohoku area is safe, including the staff of a plant in the town of Ishinomaki, which was largely destroyed by the tsunami. This facility was flooded and Tosoh says the extent of the damage is unclear. In the images above you can see fires at several oil refineries and industrial complexes, including facilities in the Port of Sendai and a petrochemical facility in Shiogama, where a large explosion was reported. On the left is a natural-color image showing a large brown smoke plume extending about 85 kilometers / 53 miles southeast from the coastline. The image on the right was used to confirm that the brown plume was actually something in the air and not something on the ground/water. Here's an explanation of the technology used to ascertain that information from far away: [T]he right-hand image is a stereoscopic "anaglyph" created from data in MISR’s [Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer aboard NASA’s Terra spacecraft] red spectral band, and generated by displaying the 46-degree backward view in red and 60-degree backward view in cyan. The separation between the red and cyan images is known as stereo parallax, and is related to the height of the observed features above the surface. Viewing the anaglyph with red-cyan glasses (red filter over the left eye) gives a perception of height. No separation is visible for the coastline, which is at sea level, but the clouds and plume are distinctly elevated. The height of the plume is estimated to be about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles), at a similar altitude as the nearby clouds. As for efforts to avert disaster at Japan's imperiled nuclear power plants, the New York Times reports near chaos among those running the show: "They're basically in a full-scale panic" among Japanese power industry managers, said a senior nuclear industry executive. "They're in total disarray, they don't know what to do." Most alarming of all is what's happening at the Fukushima Daiichi's reactor number 3 that exploded yesterday. In the current catalogue of bad possibilities, this one is the Mother of all Bad Possibilities, since the reactor uses a mixed oxide fuel, known as MOX, made with reprocessed plutonium and uranium oxides. If any of that gets out, the situation gets much worse faster, since inhaling plutonium is lethal, even tiny bits of it.	[ 26959, 286, 262, 42901, 198, 19246, 902, 287, 262, 7765, 286, 2869, 338, 15055, 24193, 25, 16295, 11, 31019, 11, 4523, 13, 198, 464, 1294, 34246, 13084, 17955, 2869, 338, 1367, 2805, 16295, 1909, 284, 860, 13, 15, 422, 807, 13, 24, 13, 198, 15001, 319, 2869, 338, 3236, 3127, 286, 352, 11, 2167, 15472, 9904, 8985, 11, 262, 36606, 14869, 262, 1499, 338, 43415, 617, 604, 10700, 1220, 1511, 3625, 284, 262, 7627, 11, 290, 13642, 3668, 286, 663, 16488, 416, 1467, 13, 20, 48829, 1220, 718, 13, 20, 8331, 11, 1790, 3101, 3668, 338, 1528, 416, 546, 352, 13, 23, 1510, 9998, 286, 257, 1218, 13, 198, 464, 7823, 3136, 326, 27465, 6482, 481, 2421, 326, 15472, 12, 3106, 5059, 8739, 307, 6153, 11, 290, 299, 37073, 15907, 11, 1165, 11, 1201, 1660, 21593, 423, 587, 3421, 13, 11399, 11, 881, 286, 262, 21050, 43415, 3568, 284, 423, 6352, 1384, 15043, 960, 273, 355, 15043, 355, 1997, 1683, 318, 319, 428, 42537, 5440, 960, 392, 481, 407, 307, 5894, 1956, 757, 17949, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 198, 4342, 389, 878, 290, 706, 4263, 286, 262, 262, 1748, 286, 1148, 20079, 296, 8182, 287, 29464, 18013, 3771, 36637, 1474, 262, 36606, 338, 12191, 9255, 13, 383, 366, 8499, 1, 2823, 11, 2029, 11, 373, 2077, 1115, 1528, 706, 262, 36606, 13, 5638, 991, 43431, 515, 262, 1748, 13, 383, 366, 19052, 1, 2823, 373, 422, 2932, 3648, 13, 5747, 389, 3991, 3124, 4263, 25, 1660, 318, 3223, 4171, 26, 7494, 515, 1956, 318, 2266, 26, 13647, 318, 25706, 26, 6832, 389, 8465, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 766, 703, 881, 286, 262, 28459, 287, 262, 14240, 7032, 468, 587, 18818, 1497, 13, 770, 318, 1654, 284, 423, 281, 2928, 319, 2869, 338, 2057, 3227, 11, 3737, 329, 257, 981, 11, 1201, 8268, 7050, 43431, 341, 318, 5802, 319, 5318, 4447, 13, 1002, 661, 287, 262, 1989, 4745, 319, 14839, 361, 364, 329, 4713, 1660, 11, 883, 714, 307, 5676, 416, 8268, 7050, 17448, 1165, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 635, 766, 262, 7667, 17448, 1088, 262, 30107, 30474, 3701, 7308, 287, 262, 2793, 1364, 5228, 286, 262, 2939, 13, 632, 338, 407, 379, 477, 1598, 11, 379, 428, 966, 11, 655, 644, 12231, 393, 31930, 743, 423, 587, 28136, 422, 262, 1633, 2779, 290, 6716, 11798, 13, 198, 10294, 881, 286, 2869, 338, 5931, 2831, 318, 991, 1729, 3575, 864, 2233, 284, 1176, 28791, 13, 3125, 48367, 318, 326, 10030, 286, 5931, 6134, 287, 262, 31019, 6516, 13, 4784, 284, 24872, 1222, 14044, 3000, 11, 612, 3588, 470, 867, 5931, 9138, 6134, 287, 428, 17612, 2277, 3814, 286, 38131, 2869, 13, 887, 612, 389, 617, 13, 383, 3048, 319, 606, 286, 12252, 11, 29781, 11, 28798, 321, 271, 11, 290, 3767, 17448, 3793, 5688, 6439, 290, 14, 273, 33457, 25, 198, 32, 30082, 2046, 379, 262, 10437, 5908, 6682, 44133, 287, 609, 23718, 326, 2540, 2805, 1367, 12615, 572, 281, 13417, 2046, 379, 262, 19651, 609, 271, 568, 7514, 21610, 1734, 290, 7514, 22930, 37880, 4618, 13, 609, 271, 568, 1139, 326, 4844, 286, 663, 3259, 547, 6686, 290, 326, 2465, 284, 262, 6841, 318, 5365, 1657, 13, 12280, 18217, 4749, 9920, 9453, 4669, 1689, 468, 257, 22347, 986, 5140, 287, 685, 272, 1989, 60, 25074, 416, 262, 31019, 13, 9453, 4669, 1689, 1139, 340, 318, 24171, 2465, 284, 262, 22347, 290, 284, 663, 7291, 8057, 287, 2869, 13, 24872, 11554, 40195, 1219, 1139, 663, 3085, 287, 262, 309, 1219, 11601, 1989, 318, 3338, 11, 1390, 262, 3085, 286, 257, 4618, 287, 262, 3240, 286, 1148, 20079, 296, 8182, 11, 543, 373, 5688, 6572, 416, 262, 31019, 13, 770, 6841, 373, 21050, 290, 40195, 1219, 1139, 262, 6287, 286, 262, 2465, 318, 10061, 13, 198, 818, 262, 4263, 2029, 345, 460, 766, 12252, 379, 1811, 3056, 1006, 48858, 290, 7593, 42665, 11, 1390, 7291, 287, 262, 4347, 286, 16290, 1872, 290, 257, 4273, 305, 31379, 6841, 287, 16380, 519, 1689, 11, 810, 257, 1588, 11278, 373, 2098, 13, 1550, 262, 1364, 318, 257, 3288, 12, 8043, 2939, 4478, 257, 1588, 7586, 7523, 458, 2454, 16610, 546, 7600, 18212, 1220, 7192, 4608, 26015, 422, 262, 43415, 13, 383, 2939, 319, 262, 826, 373, 973, 284, 6216, 326, 262, 7586, 458, 2454, 373, 1682, 1223, 287, 262, 1633, 290, 407, 1223, 319, 262, 2323, 14, 7050, 13, 3423, 338, 281, 7468, 286, 262, 3037, 973, 284, 35520, 326, 1321, 422, 1290, 1497, 25, 198, 58, 51, 60, 258, 826, 12, 4993, 2939, 318, 257, 10268, 48228, 366, 272, 363, 306, 746, 1, 2727, 422, 1366, 287, 50029, 49, 447, 247, 82, 685, 29800, 12, 9248, 48656, 13058, 305, 49, 9189, 15635, 15500, 8884, 447, 247, 82, 24118, 16807, 60, 2266, 37410, 4097, 11, 290, 7560, 416, 19407, 262, 6337, 12, 16863, 19528, 1570, 287, 2266, 290, 3126, 12, 16863, 19528, 1570, 287, 36818, 13, 383, 14139, 1022, 262, 2266, 290, 36818, 4263, 318, 1900, 355, 24820, 1582, 439, 897, 11, 290, 318, 3519, 284, 262, 6001, 286, 262, 6515, 3033, 2029, 262, 4417, 13, 3582, 278, 262, 281, 363, 306, 746, 351, 2266, 12, 948, 272, 15232, 357, 445, 8106, 625, 262, 1364, 4151, 8, 3607, 257, 11202, 286, 6001, 13, 1400, 14139, 318, 7424, 329, 262, 43415, 11, 543, 318, 379, 5417, 1241, 11, 475, 262, 15114, 290, 458, 2454, 389, 30911, 15321, 13, 383, 6001, 286, 262, 458, 2454, 318, 6108, 284, 307, 546, 362, 18212, 357, 16, 13, 17, 4608, 828, 379, 257, 2092, 20334, 355, 262, 6716, 15114, 13, 198, 1722, 329, 4040, 284, 45347, 9336, 379, 2869, 338, 11071, 3902, 4523, 1176, 6134, 11, 262, 968, 1971, 3782, 3136, 1474, 11918, 1871, 883, 2491, 262, 905, 25, 198, 1, 2990, 821, 6209, 287, 257, 1336, 12, 9888, 13619, 1, 1871, 4960, 1176, 2831, 11663, 11, 531, 257, 4664, 4523, 2831, 4640, 13, 366, 2990, 821, 287, 2472, 595, 18747, 11, 484, 836, 470, 760, 644, 284, 466, 526, 198, 6943, 24128, 286, 477, 318, 644, 338, 5836, 379, 262, 34170, 39604, 16590, 338, 21905, 1271, 513, 326, 18750, 7415, 13, 554, 262, 1459, 34614, 286, 2089, 12779, 11, 428, 530, 318, 262, 10584, 286, 477, 7772, 29265, 7992, 11, 1201, 262, 21905, 3544, 257, 7668, 30788, 5252, 11, 1900, 355, 13070, 55, 11, 925, 351, 43969, 919, 276, 47901, 290, 22010, 12018, 1460, 13, 1002, 597, 286, 326, 3011, 503, 11, 262, 3074, 3011, 881, 4785, 5443, 11, 1201, 25783, 4272, 47901, 318, 17769, 11, 772, 7009, 10340, 286, 340, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,085
MOUNT VERNON — Keeping up with the health and safety of one’s pets is a top priority for many. Diligence is key for many pet owners in keeping their companions safe from sickness and disease. One disease that can be a threat at any given time is rabies.Rabies is a viral disease which is spread through the saliva of an infected animal, usually bats, raccoons, skunks, fox and coyotes. Animals contract the rabies virus by exposure with another infected animal through blood or saliva. Incubation periods can vary, and it usually takes from 10 to 14 days for symptoms to appear. It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from an animal to a human. Although it has been more than 30 years since a domestic animal has tested positive for rabies in Knox County, the threat remains real without proper vaccination. Bats were the only animal to test positive for rabies during this period, according to the Ohio Department of Health. Incidences of rabies in Ohio have occurred in dogs and horses. Dr. Jessica Krueger, DVM, of the Mount Vernon Animal Hospital, told the News that there are two types of rabies. First is what is called the “dumb” form where the animal is not respondent and is basically “out of it.” Second is the aggressive form where animals will act rather peculiar and may even be aggressive or combative. Any mammal can contract the rabies virus, but it is more common in small animals, particularly raccoons and bats. Death is the real threat once rabies has been contracted. Early treatment of rabies through vaccination can kill the virus, but once it reaches the nervous system it is almost always fatal. Most animals die once they have the virus, and deaths have also occurred in humans.	[ 44, 28270, 569, 28778, 1340, 851, 33311, 510, 351, 262, 1535, 290, 3747, 286, 530, 447, 247, 82, 17252, 318, 257, 1353, 8475, 329, 867, 13, 29328, 328, 594, 318, 1994, 329, 867, 4273, 4393, 287, 5291, 511, 19429, 3338, 422, 26359, 290, 4369, 13, 1881, 4369, 326, 460, 307, 257, 2372, 379, 597, 1813, 640, 318, 27998, 444, 13, 49, 43256, 318, 257, 14416, 4369, 543, 318, 4104, 832, 262, 40333, 286, 281, 14112, 5044, 11, 3221, 19553, 11, 3444, 1073, 684, 11, 1341, 14125, 11, 21831, 290, 34003, 6421, 13, 25390, 2775, 262, 27998, 444, 9471, 416, 7111, 351, 1194, 14112, 5044, 832, 2910, 393, 40333, 13, 3457, 549, 341, 9574, 460, 7565, 11, 290, 340, 3221, 2753, 422, 838, 284, 1478, 1528, 329, 7460, 284, 1656, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1976, 2049, 6210, 4369, 11, 3616, 340, 460, 307, 18307, 422, 281, 5044, 284, 257, 1692, 13, 4900, 340, 468, 587, 517, 621, 1542, 812, 1201, 257, 5928, 5044, 468, 6789, 3967, 329, 27998, 444, 287, 27633, 3418, 11, 262, 2372, 3793, 1103, 1231, 1774, 22827, 13, 347, 1381, 547, 262, 691, 5044, 284, 1332, 3967, 329, 27998, 444, 1141, 428, 2278, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 6835, 2732, 286, 3893, 13, 3457, 44845, 286, 27998, 444, 287, 6835, 423, 5091, 287, 6844, 290, 14260, 13, 1583, 13, 17352, 13685, 518, 1362, 11, 360, 15996, 11, 286, 262, 5628, 27820, 13792, 9256, 11, 1297, 262, 3000, 326, 612, 389, 734, 3858, 286, 27998, 444, 13, 3274, 318, 644, 318, 1444, 262, 564, 250, 67, 2178, 447, 251, 1296, 810, 262, 5044, 318, 407, 31282, 290, 318, 6209, 564, 250, 448, 286, 340, 13, 447, 251, 5498, 318, 262, 8361, 1296, 810, 4695, 481, 719, 2138, 19501, 290, 743, 772, 307, 8361, 393, 1974, 876, 13, 4377, 46103, 460, 2775, 262, 27998, 444, 9471, 11, 475, 340, 318, 517, 2219, 287, 1402, 4695, 11, 3573, 3444, 1073, 684, 290, 19553, 13, 5830, 318, 262, 1103, 2372, 1752, 27998, 444, 468, 587, 23407, 13, 12556, 3513, 286, 27998, 444, 832, 22827, 460, 1494, 262, 9471, 11, 475, 1752, 340, 12229, 262, 10927, 1080, 340, 318, 2048, 1464, 10800, 13, 4042, 4695, 4656, 1752, 484, 423, 262, 9471, 11, 290, 7040, 423, 635, 5091, 287, 5384, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	377
Description of the genus Dioecious trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, compound, imparipinnate, (1-)3-13-foliolate; tertiary nerves generally collected into an oblique nerve directed towards the angle between midrib and lateral nerves (not in S. madagascariensis); leaflets petiolulate. Inflorescences of axillary or terminal panicles, sometimes borne on the old wood. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Male flowers: calyx cup-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed or -toothed; petals valvate, longer than the calyx; stamens 10-20; disk minutely crenate. Female flowers: perianth similar to the male flowers; staminodes usually 5; ovary ovoid, 1-locular; style 1 with a 3-lobed stigma, persistent on the fruit. Fruit a 1-seeded, ellipsoid or asymmetrically ovoid, drupe. Worldwide: 50 species in tropical and subtropical Africa and Madagascar Other sources of information about Sorindeia:ePIC (electronic Plant Information Center): SorindeiaFlora Zambesiaca web site: SorindeiaGoogle (Germplasm Resources Information Network) taxonomy for plants report for SorindeiaIPNI (International Plant Names Index): SorindeiaKew Herbarium catalogue Copyright: Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings and Stefaan Dondeyne 2007-13 Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Dondeyne, S. . Flora of Mozambique: Genus page: Sorindeia. http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=2234, retrieved 18 May 2013	[ 11828, 286, 262, 34306, 198, 35, 952, 721, 699, 7150, 393, 10157, 23161, 13, 46597, 13527, 11, 13061, 11, 848, 283, 541, 3732, 378, 11, 357, 16, 25106, 18, 12, 1485, 12, 9062, 1669, 378, 26, 48358, 8042, 25377, 4143, 7723, 656, 281, 909, 41522, 16384, 7924, 3371, 262, 9848, 1022, 3095, 822, 290, 25653, 25377, 357, 1662, 287, 311, 13, 8805, 363, 3372, 2743, 37834, 1776, 48409, 4273, 1669, 5039, 13, 554, 2704, 45166, 3007, 286, 7877, 15856, 393, 12094, 3425, 2983, 11, 3360, 28068, 319, 262, 1468, 4898, 13, 30036, 642, 12, 647, 516, 11, 555, 20863, 13, 12674, 12734, 25, 2386, 28391, 6508, 12, 16760, 11, 19337, 306, 642, 12, 75, 672, 276, 393, 532, 83, 1025, 704, 26, 4273, 874, 1188, 85, 378, 11, 2392, 621, 262, 2386, 28391, 26, 336, 321, 641, 838, 12, 1238, 26, 11898, 5664, 306, 269, 918, 378, 13, 15396, 12734, 25, 583, 666, 400, 2092, 284, 262, 4257, 12734, 26, 336, 5669, 4147, 3221, 642, 26, 19643, 560, 267, 19382, 11, 352, 12, 17946, 934, 26, 3918, 352, 351, 257, 513, 12, 75, 672, 276, 26695, 11, 16218, 319, 262, 8234, 13, 22826, 257, 352, 12, 325, 15395, 11, 30004, 541, 568, 312, 393, 30372, 21879, 1146, 267, 19382, 11, 37215, 431, 13, 198, 10603, 4421, 25, 2026, 4693, 287, 19690, 290, 13284, 1773, 605, 5478, 290, 46694, 198, 6395, 4237, 286, 1321, 546, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 25, 68, 47, 2149, 198, 7, 9509, 4565, 16561, 6188, 3337, 2599, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 26953, 64, 44418, 274, 9607, 64, 198, 12384, 2524, 25, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 11708, 198, 7, 38, 7780, 489, 8597, 13864, 6188, 7311, 8, 1687, 30565, 329, 6134, 989, 329, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 4061, 22125, 198, 7, 24274, 16561, 28531, 12901, 2599, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 42, 413, 2332, 5657, 1505, 34614, 198, 15269, 25, 2940, 30785, 11, 13167, 370, 24962, 268, 11, 37285, 6932, 654, 290, 22350, 28340, 360, 623, 2959, 710, 4343, 12, 1485, 198, 21217, 2934, 11, 337, 13, 32, 1539, 370, 24962, 268, 11, 347, 13, 51, 1539, 6932, 654, 11, 350, 13, 1222, 360, 623, 2959, 710, 11, 311, 13, 198, 13, 4432, 64, 286, 28036, 4131, 2350, 25, 5215, 385, 2443, 25, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 13, 198, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 5908, 89, 4131, 1557, 891, 4685, 64, 13, 785, 14, 35448, 7890, 14, 5235, 385, 13, 10121, 30, 5235, 385, 62, 312, 28, 1828, 2682, 11, 29517, 1248, 1737, 2211, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	415
Traditional Christmas Greeting: Merry Christmas (imported from the west). Also, Christmas Omedet and Merii Kurisumasu The majority of Japan's population is Buddhist, and Christmas is not a commonly celebrated holiday. However, younger generations do exchange gifts at Christmas. Shogatsu, New Year's Day, is Japan's primary winter holiday. On New Year's Eve, many Japanese visit their shrine or temple to pray for a healthy and prosperous new year. Joya-no-Kane is the midnight Buddhist chiming of the bells - 108 chimes signifying the 108 Earthly sins. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Sikukuu njema ya Krismasi (Swahili) Bus stations are very crowded in Kenya during the holiday season. Those who live and work in the city travel to the towns and countryside to spend time with family. Throughout the country, shops, homes and mango trees are decorated with colorful ornaments, bells and candles. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Jeulguwoon sungtan bonaesaeyo; Meli kliseumaseu saehae pog manhi pateuseyo; Sol tan ul chuka hamnidah; Sung Tan Chuk Ha Approximately half of Korea's citizens are Christian. Christmas is not a major celebration as it is in the West, but it is a time for sharing and making donations to those less fortunate. Children believe in Santa Haraboji (Father Santa) and many youngsters participate in a Christmas Eve pageant at their church and go caroling after Christmas services. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Priecigus Ziemassvetkus The Latvian holiday season is filled with food and folklore! Dishes include lentils with bacon, pork roast, piragi (rolls with bacon-onion filling), fresh butter and honey, homemade cheeses and gingerbread. On New Year's Eve, Latvian families may drag a large log thoughout the house, then set it ablaze. The effort recalls the hard labor of farming, and burning the log symbolizes removal of hardship and a return to warmth and light. The ashes, said to have healing properties, are sprinkled inside and outside the home. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Joyeux Noel (French), Idah Saidan Wa Sanah Jadidah (Arabic) Lebanon is the only Middle East country that celebrates Christmas as an official holiday. On Christmas Eve, the families attend Midnight Mass where children sing special musical Christmas programs for the Church. After returning home from mass, children all over the country are thrilled to find Papa Noel (Santa Claus) has left presents near the manger or under the Christmas Tree. During this happy time, children also receive candy and new clothes. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Linksmu Kaledu Before Christmas Eve, Lithuanian homes are cleaned from top to bottom, including fresh bed linens and baths for everyone. Kucios (or the Christmas Eve feast) includes a generous nine to 12 meatless courses. Straw is placed beneath the tablecloth to symbolize the manger where Christ was born. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Schéi Chrëschtdeeg Children leave out plates on the evening of December 5. St. Nicholas (known as Kleeschen in Luxembourg), accompanied by his servant Black Peter (Houseker) leaves fruits, nuts and sweets for good children. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Feliz Navidad During Las Posadas, a nine-day candelight procession that culminates on Christmas Eve, a girl dresses as the Virgin Mary and a boy dresses as Joseph. They are followed throughout their town by children dressed as angels and saints. Each night, a different home welcomes them. On Christmas Eve, their arrival is marked with the breaking of piñatas and merry celebration. Dia de los Reyes (King's Day) also is celebrated throughout Mexico on January 6. Children receive gifts left by the Magi. Traditional Christmas Greeting: (no single customary greeting) Many Native American tribes became Christianized when Europeans arrived in America, so some traditions are similar to European-American customs. Several tribes create handmade nativity scenes with ornately crafted cribs to hold the baby Jesus. Instead of Middle Eastern camels and donkeys, these nativity scenes feature American wolves, foxes and bears. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Vrolijk Kerstfeest On the evening of December 5, Sinterklaas (St. Nicholas) sets sail from Spain. Dutch children set out wooden shoes filled with sugar and hay for Sinterklaas' horse. If they are good, they receive shoes full of sweets! Kerstkrans, the traditional Holland ring cake, is enjoyed during the holiday season. - Happening Now A stunning look inside the animal kingdom from the creators of BODY WORLDS. A visually stunning exploration of our planet's perilous ring of orbiting debris. - Coming Soon Join us for hands-on projects, student discussions, live science experiences and more! Cathy Maloney discusses the gardens of the World's Fairs and tours the Wooded Isle. Trees and Traditions Podcast Hear about the international holiday traditions on display in Christmas Around the World and Holidays of Light. Get the "Christmas Around the World" and "Holidays of Light" exhibit guide, including the events, hours, a map and activities. (PDF file)	[ 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 39001, 6786, 357, 320, 9213, 422, 262, 7421, 737, 4418, 11, 6786, 440, 1150, 316, 290, 4638, 4178, 18132, 271, 388, 27345, 198, 464, 3741, 286, 2869, 338, 3265, 318, 20838, 11, 290, 6786, 318, 407, 257, 8811, 13943, 9912, 13, 2102, 11, 7099, 10439, 466, 5163, 13201, 379, 6786, 13, 911, 519, 19231, 11, 968, 6280, 338, 3596, 11, 318, 2869, 338, 4165, 7374, 9912, 13, 1550, 968, 6280, 338, 12882, 11, 867, 4960, 3187, 511, 29981, 393, 12505, 284, 12472, 329, 257, 5448, 290, 32757, 649, 614, 13, 14087, 64, 12, 3919, 12, 42, 1531, 318, 262, 15896, 20838, 18205, 278, 286, 262, 30987, 532, 15495, 442, 999, 1051, 4035, 262, 15495, 3668, 306, 18377, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 32615, 2724, 12303, 299, 73, 19687, 21349, 13685, 1042, 17053, 357, 10462, 993, 2403, 8, 198, 16286, 8985, 389, 845, 18012, 287, 21506, 1141, 262, 9912, 1622, 13, 5845, 508, 2107, 290, 670, 287, 262, 1748, 3067, 284, 262, 11684, 290, 25708, 284, 4341, 640, 351, 1641, 13, 24581, 262, 1499, 11, 12437, 11, 5682, 290, 49364, 7150, 389, 24789, 351, 20239, 393, 7402, 658, 11, 30987, 290, 32268, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 3852, 377, 5162, 86, 2049, 23568, 38006, 41602, 49183, 2959, 78, 26, 5616, 72, 479, 75, 38277, 589, 84, 473, 68, 3099, 68, 279, 519, 582, 5303, 279, 378, 1904, 8226, 26, 4294, 25706, 14856, 442, 14852, 8891, 77, 312, 993, 26, 29802, 11818, 609, 2724, 9398, 198, 4677, 24378, 2063, 286, 4969, 338, 4290, 389, 4302, 13, 6786, 318, 407, 257, 1688, 14395, 355, 340, 318, 287, 262, 2688, 11, 475, 340, 318, 257, 640, 329, 7373, 290, 1642, 10976, 284, 883, 1342, 20200, 13, 8990, 1975, 287, 8909, 2113, 397, 31370, 357, 34823, 8909, 8, 290, 867, 33167, 8277, 287, 257, 6786, 12882, 47894, 379, 511, 4928, 290, 467, 1097, 40949, 706, 6786, 2594, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 4389, 721, 328, 385, 1168, 26597, 562, 16809, 45614, 198, 464, 5476, 85, 666, 9912, 1622, 318, 5901, 351, 2057, 290, 46623, 0, 3167, 956, 2291, 26269, 4487, 351, 21385, 11, 18128, 32595, 11, 12276, 18013, 357, 2487, 82, 351, 21385, 12, 261, 295, 12591, 828, 4713, 9215, 290, 12498, 11, 24584, 27384, 274, 290, 25072, 29573, 13, 1550, 968, 6280, 338, 12882, 11, 5476, 85, 666, 4172, 743, 6715, 257, 1588, 2604, 996, 448, 262, 2156, 11, 788, 900, 340, 46624, 6201, 13, 383, 3626, 16865, 262, 1327, 4827, 286, 16035, 11, 290, 9482, 262, 2604, 6194, 4340, 9934, 286, 30699, 290, 257, 1441, 284, 23125, 290, 1657, 13, 383, 29914, 11, 531, 284, 423, 11516, 6608, 11, 389, 49692, 2641, 290, 2354, 262, 1363, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 14087, 68, 2821, 33905, 357, 24111, 828, 5121, 993, 23885, 272, 15329, 2986, 993, 449, 324, 312, 993, 357, 31602, 291, 8, 198, 43, 1765, 36902, 318, 262, 691, 6046, 3687, 1499, 326, 24538, 6786, 355, 281, 1743, 9912, 13, 1550, 6786, 12882, 11, 262, 4172, 5262, 27960, 5674, 810, 1751, 1702, 2041, 10530, 6786, 4056, 329, 262, 4564, 13, 2293, 8024, 1363, 422, 2347, 11, 1751, 477, 625, 262, 1499, 389, 20536, 284, 1064, 42328, 33905, 357, 42694, 33989, 8, 468, 1364, 10969, 1474, 262, 582, 1362, 393, 739, 262, 6786, 12200, 13, 5856, 428, 3772, 640, 11, 1751, 635, 3328, 18550, 290, 649, 8242, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 21691, 30300, 509, 3021, 84, 198, 8421, 6786, 12882, 11, 49033, 666, 5682, 389, 20750, 422, 1353, 284, 4220, 11, 1390, 4713, 3996, 9493, 641, 290, 49076, 329, 2506, 13, 12554, 979, 418, 357, 273, 262, 6786, 12882, 26951, 8, 3407, 257, 14431, 5193, 284, 1105, 6174, 1203, 10902, 13, 27279, 318, 4624, 11061, 262, 3084, 44905, 284, 6194, 1096, 262, 582, 1362, 810, 1951, 373, 4642, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 3059, 2634, 72, 49369, 26689, 20601, 8671, 1453, 70, 198, 26829, 2666, 503, 13375, 319, 262, 6180, 286, 3426, 642, 13, 520, 13, 20320, 357, 4002, 355, 15983, 3798, 831, 287, 31864, 828, 11791, 416, 465, 18807, 2619, 5613, 357, 18102, 6122, 8, 5667, 15921, 11, 14380, 290, 42402, 329, 922, 1751, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 13937, 528, 399, 8490, 324, 198, 7191, 10123, 18574, 38768, 11, 257, 5193, 12, 820, 2658, 49984, 37968, 326, 24642, 689, 319, 6786, 12882, 11, 257, 2576, 27309, 355, 262, 5283, 5335, 290, 257, 2933, 27309, 355, 7212, 13, 1119, 389, 3940, 3690, 511, 3240, 416, 1751, 12049, 355, 21981, 290, 31728, 13, 5501, 1755, 11, 257, 1180, 1363, 35481, 606, 13, 1550, 6786, 12882, 11, 511, 10325, 318, 7498, 351, 262, 7163, 286, 31028, 12654, 265, 292, 290, 44570, 14395, 13, 49838, 390, 22346, 40599, 357, 15708, 338, 3596, 8, 635, 318, 13943, 3690, 5828, 319, 3269, 718, 13, 8990, 3328, 13201, 1364, 416, 262, 2944, 72, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 357, 3919, 2060, 33093, 31933, 8, 198, 7085, 12547, 1605, 15663, 2627, 4302, 1143, 618, 20006, 5284, 287, 2253, 11, 523, 617, 15421, 389, 2092, 284, 3427, 12, 7437, 17112, 13, 12168, 15663, 2251, 40973, 299, 22055, 8188, 351, 25322, 1286, 18025, 48083, 82, 284, 1745, 262, 5156, 5803, 13, 5455, 286, 6046, 8345, 12172, 1424, 290, 836, 13083, 11, 777, 299, 22055, 8188, 3895, 1605, 23214, 11, 21831, 274, 290, 13062, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 569, 3225, 45961, 17337, 301, 5036, 395, 198, 2202, 262, 6180, 286, 3426, 642, 11, 311, 3849, 74, 5031, 292, 357, 1273, 13, 20320, 8, 5621, 14936, 422, 8602, 13, 10914, 1751, 900, 503, 13510, 10012, 5901, 351, 7543, 290, 27678, 329, 311, 3849, 74, 5031, 292, 6, 8223, 13, 1002, 484, 389, 922, 11, 484, 3328, 10012, 1336, 286, 42402, 0, 17337, 301, 74, 26084, 11, 262, 4569, 16070, 5858, 12187, 11, 318, 8359, 1141, 262, 9912, 1622, 13, 198, 12, 18321, 3101, 2735, 198, 32, 13393, 804, 2641, 262, 5044, 13239, 422, 262, 16294, 286, 347, 33076, 21881, 43, 5258, 13, 198, 32, 22632, 13393, 13936, 286, 674, 5440, 338, 48325, 5858, 286, 40462, 16468, 13, 198, 12, 21808, 15894, 198, 18234, 514, 329, 2832, 12, 261, 4493, 11, 3710, 9984, 11, 2107, 3783, 6461, 290, 517, 0, 198, 34, 10036, 4434, 1419, 19451, 262, 25476, 286, 262, 2159, 338, 376, 3468, 290, 21284, 262, 5326, 276, 26378, 13, 198, 51, 6037, 290, 8397, 1756, 16036, 198, 39, 451, 546, 262, 3230, 9912, 15421, 319, 3359, 287, 6786, 16824, 262, 2159, 290, 6479, 13842, 286, 4401, 13, 198, 3855, 262, 366, 44614, 16824, 262, 2159, 1, 290, 366, 39, 10180, 592, 286, 4401, 1, 15866, 5698, 11, 1390, 262, 2995, 11, 2250, 11, 257, 3975, 290, 4568, 13, 357, 20456, 2393, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,136
French women will now need to be 18 years or older to consent to marry, three years older than previously required by law. The French parliament passed the law as a method of preventing forced marriages, reports Ireland Online, and the French standard is now aligned with other states that belong to the European Union. Ireland Online also reports that the new law marks the first change to the legal age for marriage age since 1804, when Napoleon enacted his Napoleonic Code. For 200 years, women’s age of consent has been 15, while men’s has been 18. In addition to the marriage age, the law addresses marital rape and abuse. According to BBC, the French parliament is also passing laws to combat child pornography, female genital mutilation, and sex tourism. Media Resources: Assemblée Nationale Texte Adopté n. 558; BBC 3/23/06; Ireland Online 3/23/06	[ 24111, 1466, 481, 783, 761, 284, 307, 1248, 812, 393, 4697, 284, 8281, 284, 12479, 11, 1115, 812, 4697, 621, 4271, 2672, 416, 1099, 13, 383, 4141, 8540, 3804, 262, 1099, 355, 257, 2446, 286, 12174, 4137, 20102, 11, 3136, 7517, 7467, 11, 290, 262, 4141, 3210, 318, 783, 19874, 351, 584, 2585, 326, 5594, 284, 262, 3427, 4479, 13, 198, 49752, 7467, 635, 3136, 326, 262, 649, 1099, 8849, 262, 717, 1487, 284, 262, 2742, 2479, 329, 4845, 2479, 1201, 1248, 3023, 11, 618, 28283, 17814, 465, 14332, 2305, 9229, 6127, 13, 1114, 939, 812, 11, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2479, 286, 8281, 468, 587, 1315, 11, 981, 1450, 447, 247, 82, 468, 587, 1248, 13, 554, 3090, 284, 262, 4845, 2479, 11, 262, 1099, 9405, 29555, 7262, 290, 5076, 13, 4784, 284, 7823, 11, 262, 4141, 8540, 318, 635, 6427, 3657, 284, 5249, 1200, 18384, 11, 4048, 24678, 4517, 10520, 11, 290, 1714, 19277, 13, 198, 13152, 13864, 25, 1081, 4428, 75, 22161, 2351, 68, 3567, 660, 1215, 8738, 2634, 299, 13, 642, 3365, 26, 7823, 513, 14, 1954, 14, 3312, 26, 7517, 7467, 513, 14, 1954, 14, 3312, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	192
Prisoner with a cause Artist and suffragette Olive Wharry became active in the Women's Social and Political Union in 1910. In March 1913, at the age of 27, she was sent to Holloway Prison for setting fire to the tea pavilion at Kew Gardens. In prison she went on hunger strike for 32 days. This photograph was taken on her release, when she weighed just over five and a half stone (36 kg). Olive Wharry in prison Wharry was arrested eight times between 1910 and 1914. Her militant acts were in support of the suffragette movement which fought for women's rights. Her sentences were characterised by a cycle of hunger strikes, force-feeding and release under what became known as the 'Cat and Mouse Act'. Women at Holloway Holloway prison opened in 1852 as the City House of Correction for men and women sentenced to short terms of imprisonment. From 1902, the prison was reserved for female prisoners. Between 1906 and 1914 hundreds of militant suffragettes were imprisoned there, many enduring hunger strikes and the torture of being force-fed. In 1970 the original Gothic-style building was demolished and replaced by a new, modern prison. Museum number 50.82/1300	[ 6836, 1653, 263, 351, 257, 2728, 198, 43020, 290, 3027, 22562, 5857, 30012, 854, 6532, 2627, 4075, 287, 262, 6926, 338, 5483, 290, 14611, 4479, 287, 31953, 13, 554, 2805, 35145, 11, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 2681, 11, 673, 373, 1908, 284, 18710, 323, 16999, 329, 4634, 2046, 284, 262, 8887, 45549, 29935, 379, 509, 413, 29330, 13, 554, 3770, 673, 1816, 319, 16460, 5587, 329, 3933, 1528, 13, 770, 8408, 373, 2077, 319, 607, 2650, 11, 618, 673, 20261, 655, 625, 1936, 290, 257, 2063, 7815, 357, 2623, 14211, 737, 198, 46, 12583, 854, 6532, 287, 3770, 198, 1199, 6532, 373, 5169, 3624, 1661, 1022, 31953, 290, 26833, 13, 2332, 18614, 6529, 547, 287, 1104, 286, 262, 3027, 22562, 5857, 3356, 543, 8350, 329, 1466, 338, 2489, 13, 2332, 13439, 547, 2095, 1417, 416, 257, 6772, 286, 16460, 8956, 11, 2700, 12, 22824, 290, 2650, 739, 644, 2627, 1900, 355, 262, 705, 21979, 290, 21839, 2191, 4458, 198, 18495, 379, 18710, 323, 198, 39, 950, 323, 3770, 4721, 287, 1248, 4309, 355, 262, 2254, 2097, 286, 35074, 329, 1450, 290, 1466, 11897, 284, 1790, 2846, 286, 16510, 13, 3574, 45611, 11, 262, 3770, 373, 10395, 329, 4048, 10577, 13, 14307, 40538, 290, 26833, 5179, 286, 18614, 3027, 22562, 23014, 547, 21125, 612, 11, 867, 24056, 16460, 8956, 290, 262, 11543, 286, 852, 2700, 12, 19082, 13, 554, 8069, 262, 2656, 38845, 12, 7635, 2615, 373, 33359, 290, 6928, 416, 257, 649, 11, 3660, 3770, 13, 198, 44, 6744, 1271, 2026, 13, 6469, 14, 1485, 405, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	257
Heart-Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate It’s no secret that fruits, vegetables and grains provide many health benefits - we've been told that for years. But did you know that eating chocolate, specifically dark chocolate, could benefit your heart? It’s all about the flavonoids in the chocolate. What are flavonoids? Flavonoids are naturally-occurring compounds found in plant-based foods. They can be found in a wide array of foods and beverages such as cranberries, apples, peanuts, chocolate, onions, tea and red wine. There are more than 4,000 combinations of flavonoids. Have you had your flavonoids today? Flavonoids provide important protective benefits to plants, such as repairing damage and shielding from environmental toxins. When we consume plant-based foods rich in flavonoids – like dark chocolate – it appears that we also benefit from this “antioxidant” power. Antioxidants are believed to help the body's cells resist damage caused by free radicals, which are formed by normal bodily processes such as breathing or environmental contaminants like cigarette smoke and chemicals. When the body lacks adequate levels of antioxidants, free radical damage occurs, leading to high cholesterol and plaque build up on the walls of the arteries. In addition to their antioxidant capabilities, flavonoids may also: • Help reduce platelet activation • Allow blood vessels to move blood more freely • Positively affect the balance of certain hormone-like compounds, which are thought to play a role in cardiovascular health. Forms of chocolate Before you grab a chocolate candy bar or slice of chocolate cake, let’s look at what forms of chocolate would be ideal: • When cocoa is processed into your favorite chocolate products, it goes through several steps to reduce its naturally bitter taste. Flavonoids provide this strong taste. The more chocolate is processed (such as fermentation, alkalizing, roasting), the more flavonoids are lost. Most commercial chocolates fit this category. • Dark chocolate appears to retain the highest level of flavonoids. So your best bet is to choose dark chocolate over milk chocolate. • Some chocolate manufacturers are studying ways to retain the highest level of flavonoids while still providing acceptable taste. Stay tuned for more information in this area. What about all of the fat in chocolate? You may be surprised to find out that chocolate isn’t as bad as once perceived. The fat in chocolate, from cocoa butter, is comprised of equal amounts of oleic acid (a heart-healthy monounsaturated fat also found in olive oil), stearic and palmitic acids. Stearic and palmitic acids are forms of saturated fat. Saturated fats are linked to increases in LDL-cholesterol and risk for heart disease. Some points to consider include: • Be cautious as to the type of dark chocolate you choose: chewy caramel-marshmallow-nut-covered dark chocolate is by no means a heart-healthy food option. What wreaks havoc on most chocolate products are the fat and calories that accompany other ingredients. • There is currently no established serving size of chocolate to reap these cardiovascular benefits. However, what we do know is you no longer need to feel guilty if you enjoy a small 1-ounce piece of dark chocolate once in awhile. More research in this area is needed to determine just how much chocolate-lovers can eat in order to acquire cardio-protective benefits. Until that time, enjoy chocolate in moderate portions a few times per week. Don’t forget to eat other flavonoid-rich foods like apples, red wine, tea, onions and cranberries. Here’s to your heart-health! Gayle Baingo, R.D., is a registered dietitian at Flagstaff Medical Center	[ 28541, 12, 18081, 30582, 286, 3801, 24777, 198, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 645, 3200, 326, 15921, 11, 13701, 290, 21824, 2148, 867, 1535, 4034, 532, 356, 1053, 587, 1297, 326, 329, 812, 13, 887, 750, 345, 760, 326, 6600, 11311, 11, 5734, 3223, 11311, 11, 714, 4414, 534, 2612, 30, 632, 447, 247, 82, 477, 546, 262, 10525, 261, 10994, 287, 262, 11311, 13, 198, 2061, 389, 10525, 261, 10994, 30, 198, 7414, 615, 261, 10994, 389, 8752, 12, 13966, 14924, 16439, 1043, 287, 4618, 12, 3106, 9013, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 1043, 287, 257, 3094, 7177, 286, 9013, 290, 24173, 884, 355, 41286, 20853, 11, 22514, 11, 45612, 11, 11311, 11, 24681, 11, 8887, 290, 2266, 8237, 13, 1318, 389, 517, 621, 604, 11, 830, 17790, 286, 10525, 261, 10994, 13, 198, 11980, 345, 550, 534, 10525, 261, 10994, 1909, 30, 198, 7414, 615, 261, 10994, 2148, 1593, 14153, 4034, 284, 6134, 11, 884, 355, 39005, 2465, 290, 43539, 422, 6142, 31930, 13, 1649, 356, 15000, 4618, 12, 3106, 9013, 5527, 287, 10525, 261, 10994, 784, 588, 3223, 11311, 784, 340, 3568, 326, 356, 635, 4414, 422, 428, 564, 250, 415, 26294, 415, 447, 251, 1176, 13, 3738, 26294, 1187, 389, 4762, 284, 1037, 262, 1767, 338, 4778, 4180, 2465, 4073, 416, 1479, 32842, 11, 543, 389, 7042, 416, 3487, 20734, 7767, 884, 355, 12704, 393, 6142, 46983, 588, 17779, 7523, 290, 12910, 13, 1649, 262, 1767, 16523, 12872, 2974, 286, 49148, 11, 1479, 7702, 2465, 8833, 11, 3756, 284, 1029, 18759, 290, 35127, 1382, 510, 319, 262, 7714, 286, 262, 45894, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 284, 511, 39766, 9889, 11, 10525, 261, 10994, 743, 635, 25, 198, 3581, 10478, 4646, 7480, 1616, 14916, 198, 3581, 22507, 2910, 14891, 284, 1445, 2910, 517, 12748, 198, 3581, 33733, 306, 2689, 262, 5236, 286, 1728, 17770, 12, 2339, 16439, 11, 543, 389, 1807, 284, 711, 257, 2597, 287, 21134, 1535, 13, 198, 8479, 82, 286, 11311, 198, 8421, 345, 5552, 257, 11311, 18550, 2318, 393, 16416, 286, 11311, 12187, 11, 1309, 447, 247, 82, 804, 379, 644, 5107, 286, 11311, 561, 307, 7306, 25, 198, 3581, 1649, 35845, 318, 13686, 656, 534, 4004, 11311, 3186, 11, 340, 2925, 832, 1811, 4831, 284, 4646, 663, 8752, 12922, 6938, 13, 33026, 261, 10994, 2148, 428, 1913, 6938, 13, 383, 517, 11311, 318, 13686, 357, 10508, 355, 35115, 11, 32915, 282, 2890, 11, 686, 9222, 828, 262, 517, 10525, 261, 10994, 389, 2626, 13, 4042, 5068, 442, 4668, 689, 4197, 428, 6536, 13, 198, 3581, 3801, 11311, 3568, 284, 12377, 262, 4511, 1241, 286, 10525, 261, 10994, 13, 1406, 534, 1266, 731, 318, 284, 3853, 3223, 11311, 625, 7545, 11311, 13, 198, 3581, 2773, 11311, 11372, 389, 11065, 2842, 284, 12377, 262, 4511, 1241, 286, 10525, 261, 10994, 981, 991, 4955, 10909, 6938, 13, 16160, 16524, 329, 517, 1321, 287, 428, 1989, 13, 198, 2061, 546, 477, 286, 262, 3735, 287, 11311, 30, 198, 1639, 743, 307, 6655, 284, 1064, 503, 326, 11311, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 355, 2089, 355, 1752, 11067, 13, 383, 3735, 287, 11311, 11, 422, 35845, 9215, 11, 318, 19869, 286, 4961, 6867, 286, 267, 293, 291, 7408, 357, 64, 2612, 12, 22796, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 3735, 635, 1043, 287, 19450, 3056, 828, 336, 451, 291, 290, 6340, 2781, 291, 17045, 13, 520, 451, 291, 290, 6340, 2781, 291, 17045, 389, 5107, 286, 24725, 3735, 13, 311, 30192, 27997, 389, 6692, 284, 5732, 287, 37654, 12, 354, 16743, 290, 2526, 329, 2612, 4369, 13, 2773, 2173, 284, 2074, 2291, 25, 198, 3581, 1355, 21205, 355, 284, 262, 2099, 286, 3223, 11311, 345, 3853, 25, 1125, 21768, 32913, 12, 76, 5406, 42725, 12, 14930, 12, 32111, 3223, 11311, 318, 416, 645, 1724, 257, 2612, 12, 22796, 2057, 3038, 13, 1867, 30154, 4730, 29860, 319, 749, 11311, 3186, 389, 262, 3735, 290, 14653, 326, 13873, 584, 9391, 13, 198, 3581, 1318, 318, 3058, 645, 4920, 7351, 2546, 286, 11311, 284, 35860, 777, 21134, 4034, 13, 2102, 11, 644, 356, 466, 760, 318, 345, 645, 2392, 761, 284, 1254, 6717, 611, 345, 2883, 257, 1402, 352, 12, 8652, 3704, 286, 3223, 11311, 1752, 287, 27416, 13, 198, 5167, 2267, 287, 428, 1989, 318, 2622, 284, 5004, 655, 703, 881, 11311, 12, 5439, 690, 460, 4483, 287, 1502, 284, 12831, 47926, 12, 11235, 13967, 4034, 13, 14303, 326, 640, 11, 2883, 11311, 287, 10768, 16690, 257, 1178, 1661, 583, 1285, 13, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 6044, 284, 4483, 584, 10525, 261, 1868, 12, 7527, 9013, 588, 22514, 11, 2266, 8237, 11, 8887, 11, 24681, 290, 41286, 20853, 13, 3423, 447, 247, 82, 284, 534, 2612, 12, 13948, 0, 198, 41787, 293, 8999, 32735, 11, 371, 13, 35, 1539, 318, 257, 6823, 5496, 270, 666, 379, 19762, 28120, 8366, 3337, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	797
Joined: 16 Mar 2004 \|Posted: Thu Aug 06, 2009 11:24 am Post subject: Nanotubes Could Aid Understanding of Retrovirus Transmission \|Recent findings by medical researchers indicate that naturally occurring nanotubes may serve as tunnels that protect retroviruses and bacteria in transit from diseased to healthy cells — a fact that may explain why vaccines fare poorly against some invaders. To better study the missions of these intercellular nanotubes, scientists have sought the means to form them quickly and easily in test tubes. Sandia National Laboratories researchers have now learned serendipitously to form nanotubes with surprising ease. “Our work is the first to show that the formation of nanotubes is not complicated, but can be a general effect of protein-membrane interactions alone,” says Darryl Sasaki of Sandia's Bioscience and Energy Center . The tunnel-like structures have been recognized only recently as tiny but important bodily channels for the good, the bad, and the informational. In addition to providing protected transport to certain diseases, the nanotubes also seem to help trundle bacteria to their doom in the tentacles of microphages. Lastly, the nanotubes may provide avenues to send and receive information (in the form of chemical molecules) from cell to cell far faster than their random dispersal into the bloodstream would permit. Given the discovery of this radically different transportation system operating within human tissues, it was natural for researchers to attempt to duplicate the formation of the nanotubes. In their labs, they experimented with giant lipid vesicles that appeared to mimic key aspects of the cellular membrane . Giant lipid vesicles resemble micron-sized spherical soap bubbles that exist in water. They are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane only five nanometers thick. The object for experimenters was to create conditions in which the spheres would morph into cylinders of nanometer radii. But researchers had difficulties, says Sasaki, perhaps because they used a composite lipid called egg PC that requires unnecessarily high energies to bend into a tubular shape. Egg PC is inexpensive, readily available, and offers good, stable membrane properties. It is the usual lipid of choice in forming nanocylinders via mechanical stretching techniques. But Sandia postdoctoral researcher Haiqing Lui instead used POPC — a single pure lipid requiring half the bending energy of egg PC. She was trying to generate nanotubes by a completely different approach that involved the use of motor proteins to stretch naturally occurring membranes into tubes. Working with Sandia researcher George Bachand, she serendipitously found that interaction of the POPC membrane with a high affinity protein called streptavidin alone was enough to form the nanotubes. “Perhaps this information — linking membrane bending energy with nanotube formation — may provide some clue about the membrane structure and the cell's ability to form such intercellular connections,” Sasaki says. The formation was confirmed by Sandia researcher Carl Hayden, who characterized the nanotube formation through a confocal imaging microscope. The custom instrument allows pixel-by-pixel examination of the protein interaction with the membranes comprising the nanotubes by detecting the spectrum and lifetimes of fluorescent labels on the proteins. Nanotube formation had been noticed previously by cell biologists, but they had dismissed the tiny outgrowths as “junk — an aberration of cells growing in culture,” says Sasaki. “The reason they were only noticed recently as trafficking routes is because of labeling studies that marked organelles and proteins. This allowed a focused look at what these nanostructures might be used for.” It became clear, says Sasaki, that the organelles were being transported with “specific directionality” on the backs of motor proteins within the tubes, rather than randomly. Three-dimensional networks of nanotubes also are found to be created by macrophages — part of the police force of the body — grown in culture, says George. The tubes in appearance and function resemble a kind of spider web, capturing bacterium and transporting them to the macrophages, which eat them. Other paper authors include postdoc Hahkjoon Kim and summer intern Elsa Abate. The lipid work is supported by Sandia's Laboratory Directed Research and Development office. Motor protein work is supported by DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Results were published in the American Chemical Society's Langmuir Journal in mid-March. Source: Sandia.gov /...	[ 24363, 25, 1467, 1526, 5472, 198, 91, 14231, 25, 26223, 2447, 9130, 11, 3717, 1367, 25, 1731, 716, 2947, 2426, 25, 18008, 313, 29080, 10347, 22225, 28491, 286, 4990, 18657, 19397, 41653, 198, 91, 26446, 6373, 416, 3315, 4837, 7603, 326, 8752, 14963, 15709, 313, 29080, 743, 4691, 355, 22642, 326, 1805, 12175, 37040, 2664, 290, 11492, 287, 11168, 422, 3591, 839, 284, 5448, 4778, 851, 257, 1109, 326, 743, 4727, 1521, 18336, 14505, 13455, 1028, 617, 39417, 13, 198, 2514, 1365, 2050, 262, 10566, 286, 777, 987, 3846, 934, 15709, 313, 29080, 11, 5519, 423, 7194, 262, 1724, 284, 1296, 606, 2952, 290, 3538, 287, 1332, 21103, 13, 198, 18471, 544, 2351, 46779, 4837, 423, 783, 4499, 384, 10920, 541, 270, 3481, 284, 1296, 15709, 313, 29080, 351, 6452, 10152, 13, 198, 447, 250, 5122, 670, 318, 262, 717, 284, 905, 326, 262, 9978, 286, 15709, 313, 29080, 318, 407, 8253, 11, 475, 460, 307, 257, 2276, 1245, 286, 7532, 12, 11883, 1671, 1531, 12213, 3436, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 360, 6532, 75, 23771, 8182, 286, 3837, 544, 338, 347, 4267, 4234, 290, 6682, 3337, 764, 198, 464, 13275, 12, 2339, 8573, 423, 587, 8018, 691, 2904, 355, 7009, 475, 1593, 20734, 9619, 329, 262, 922, 11, 262, 2089, 11, 290, 262, 21524, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 284, 4955, 6861, 4839, 284, 1728, 10040, 11, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 635, 1283, 284, 1037, 491, 31249, 11492, 284, 511, 27666, 287, 262, 41192, 286, 4580, 746, 1095, 13, 36778, 11, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 743, 2148, 34265, 284, 3758, 290, 3328, 1321, 357, 259, 262, 1296, 286, 5931, 17745, 8, 422, 2685, 284, 2685, 1290, 5443, 621, 511, 4738, 39895, 282, 656, 262, 46005, 561, 8749, 13, 198, 15056, 262, 9412, 286, 428, 25330, 1180, 9358, 1080, 5361, 1626, 1692, 21379, 11, 340, 373, 3288, 329, 4837, 284, 2230, 284, 23418, 262, 9978, 286, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 13, 554, 511, 27887, 11, 484, 42107, 351, 6175, 34073, 410, 274, 2983, 326, 4120, 284, 26332, 1994, 7612, 286, 262, 19824, 25019, 764, 198, 38, 3014, 34073, 410, 274, 2983, 22464, 12314, 1313, 12, 13982, 43180, 19533, 25037, 326, 2152, 287, 1660, 13, 1119, 389, 13160, 286, 257, 34073, 47027, 2794, 25019, 691, 1936, 15709, 40077, 6546, 13, 198, 464, 2134, 329, 6306, 364, 373, 284, 2251, 3403, 287, 543, 262, 34126, 561, 17488, 656, 43386, 286, 15709, 15635, 2511, 4178, 13, 198, 1537, 4837, 550, 13156, 11, 1139, 23771, 8182, 11, 3737, 780, 484, 973, 257, 24185, 34073, 1444, 5935, 4217, 326, 4433, 38347, 1029, 27598, 284, 19396, 656, 257, 12202, 934, 5485, 13, 198, 36, 1130, 4217, 318, 24475, 11, 14704, 1695, 11, 290, 4394, 922, 11, 8245, 25019, 6608, 13, 632, 318, 262, 6678, 34073, 286, 3572, 287, 14583, 15709, 420, 2645, 29700, 2884, 12370, 20880, 7605, 13, 198, 1537, 3837, 544, 1281, 44064, 13453, 36876, 80, 278, 6026, 72, 2427, 973, 37586, 34, 851, 257, 2060, 5899, 34073, 10616, 2063, 262, 30808, 2568, 286, 5935, 4217, 13, 198, 3347, 373, 2111, 284, 7716, 15709, 313, 29080, 416, 257, 3190, 1180, 3164, 326, 2950, 262, 779, 286, 5584, 15568, 284, 7539, 8752, 14963, 43447, 656, 21103, 13, 198, 28516, 351, 3837, 544, 13453, 4502, 25332, 392, 11, 673, 384, 10920, 541, 270, 3481, 1043, 326, 10375, 286, 262, 37586, 34, 25019, 351, 257, 1029, 28430, 7532, 1444, 1937, 457, 8490, 259, 3436, 373, 1576, 284, 1296, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 13, 198, 447, 250, 13710, 428, 1321, 851, 17795, 25019, 30808, 2568, 351, 15709, 313, 3266, 9978, 851, 743, 2148, 617, 18437, 546, 262, 25019, 4645, 290, 262, 2685, 338, 2694, 284, 1296, 884, 987, 3846, 934, 8787, 11, 447, 251, 23771, 8182, 1139, 13, 198, 464, 9978, 373, 4999, 416, 3837, 544, 13453, 8124, 35805, 11, 508, 16264, 262, 15709, 313, 3266, 9978, 832, 257, 1013, 4374, 19560, 36396, 13, 383, 2183, 8875, 3578, 17465, 12, 1525, 12, 32515, 12452, 286, 262, 7532, 10375, 351, 262, 43447, 27918, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 416, 31521, 262, 10958, 290, 3868, 46874, 286, 42309, 14722, 319, 262, 15568, 13, 198, 45, 272, 313, 3266, 9978, 550, 587, 6810, 4271, 416, 2685, 43149, 11, 475, 484, 550, 11126, 262, 7009, 503, 45921, 9998, 355, 564, 250, 73, 2954, 851, 281, 42499, 1358, 286, 4778, 3957, 287, 3968, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 23771, 8182, 13, 564, 250, 464, 1738, 484, 547, 691, 6810, 2904, 355, 14616, 11926, 318, 780, 286, 27393, 3640, 326, 7498, 1618, 695, 274, 290, 15568, 13, 770, 3142, 257, 5670, 804, 379, 644, 777, 15709, 455, 1356, 942, 1244, 307, 973, 329, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1026, 2627, 1598, 11, 1139, 23771, 8182, 11, 326, 262, 1618, 695, 274, 547, 852, 18665, 351, 564, 250, 11423, 4571, 1483, 447, 251, 319, 262, 12983, 286, 5584, 15568, 1626, 262, 21103, 11, 2138, 621, 15456, 13, 198, 12510, 12, 19577, 7686, 286, 15709, 313, 29080, 635, 389, 1043, 284, 307, 2727, 416, 8352, 10051, 1095, 851, 636, 286, 262, 1644, 2700, 286, 262, 1767, 851, 7334, 287, 3968, 11, 1139, 4502, 13, 383, 21103, 287, 5585, 290, 2163, 22464, 257, 1611, 286, 19230, 3992, 11, 21430, 19241, 1505, 290, 32331, 606, 284, 262, 8352, 10051, 1095, 11, 543, 4483, 606, 13, 198, 6395, 3348, 7035, 2291, 1281, 15390, 367, 993, 42421, 2049, 6502, 290, 3931, 1788, 19226, 2275, 378, 13, 198, 464, 34073, 670, 318, 4855, 416, 3837, 544, 338, 18643, 4128, 276, 4992, 290, 7712, 2607, 13, 12533, 7532, 670, 318, 4855, 416, 46984, 338, 4452, 286, 14392, 6682, 13473, 13, 198, 25468, 547, 3199, 287, 262, 1605, 24872, 7023, 338, 16332, 30300, 343, 4913, 287, 3095, 12, 16192, 13, 198, 7416, 25, 3837, 544, 13, 9567, 1220, 986, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	951
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 107 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE Improving Quality Through the Concept of Learning Curves W. DALE COMPTON, MICHELLE D. DUNLAP, and JOSEPH A. HEIM Quality is the hallmark of competitive products. Consumers reject products that are of inferior quality, and they shun companies who are perceived to provide products or services with less than competitive quality. A company cannot survive in the current world marketplace without providing a product or service that is of high quality. It would be hard to find a U.S.-based manufacturing enterprise that does not place quality near the top of a list of strategic or operating objectives that would also include cost, innovation, and customer focus. This sensitivity to the customer demand for quality has not always been a dominant force in the operating strategies of U.S. companies. Having realized its importance, companies find that they must now direct their energies in ways that focus on this objective. A broad range of operating procedures must be modified or, in some cases, created: quality must be designed into products; a productive interaction must be stimulated among the design, manufacturing, and marketing activities; input from the customers must be obtained and used; and active participation by their employees in creating “quality” products and services must be encouraged. With this new awareness of the importance of quality have come two specific needs. First, there is a need to measure the performance of the organization against that of its competitors and, second, there is the need to assess the trends in one's performance in order to take appropriate actions to ensure continuous improvement. In the first case, an absolute measure of OCR for page 108 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE performance is needed. This is sometimes referred to as “benchmarking,” or measuring oneself against the world leader—the “best-of-the-best”—in a product or process arena (Compton, in this volume). In the second, progress over time is the prime concern, that is, how well the organization is achieving continuous improvement in performance. A proper combination of these two measures is critical. Without them an organization cannot properly evaluate its absolute competitive status, nor can it be assured of its ability to remain competitive over a long period of time. With “high quality” as a prerequisite for being competitive in the marketplace, achieving and maintaining high quality in all aspects of an operation is a critical component of the foundations of all manufacturing systems. ORIENTATION This article focuses on the second of the two needs identified above, assessing how an organization improves over time. We will be concerned, therefore, with assessing trends in quality. We will conclude with some observations about the need for continuous and careful collection of the type of data that are critical to a proper assessment of progress. “Quality” is not a universal descriptor that has a unique definition under all circumstances. Garvin (1984) has described five approaches to defining quality. The appropriate metric for measuring the quality of a product or process will depend on the definition or circumstance that is of immediate interest. It can, for example, refer to defects arising from a production process, defective parts shipped to customers, or reliability of the product in service. Although we will not discuss the various measures of quality in this paper, we have obtained examples of each of the above measures. We offer examples of the first two in this paper. Measures of the quality of the outputs of a system can be obtained in many ways. In the day-to-day operation of a manufacturing enterprise, the collection and use of process data to support statistical process control (SPC) is important to achieving high-quality manufacturing. SPC requires that measures of one or more attributes of the quality of a production system be regularly employed, and it provides a paradigm for the efficient use of those measures to control the process. There is ample evidence of the importance of this real-time control in improving the quality of the processes and the products that result from these processes. In every sense, the effective use of SPC and total quality control (TQC) have become important elements of the foundations of effective manufacturing systems. The measures of quality that are implicit in the application of SPC necessarily concern shorter time periods; that is, they reflect the current status of the process or system that is producing the product. Although the importance of this near-term collection of data—and appropriate analysis to OCR for page 109 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE accomplish SPC—is not questioned, it is also clear that an understanding and quantification of the longer-term trends in quality are also critical to achieving continuous improvement in quality. THE LEARNING CURVE RELATED TO COSTS A traditional approach to measuring the long-term cost performance in a manufacturing operation is to use the “experience” or “learning” curve concept (Henderson and Levy, 1965). This asserts that the fractional reduction in the average cumulative cost (in constant units of measure) of producing a product is proportional to the fractional increase in the quantity of the product that is produced and yields a power law representation that is similar to that first described by Wright (1936). A common formulation of this law relates the cost of production of the nth unit, Xn to the total production volume N Xn = KN−b (1) for large N. Equation 1 has been used many times and has been shown to be valid for a wide variety of products in many different industries (see Argote and Epple, 1990, for a discussion of this form of the learning curve in manufacturing). The literature contains numerous discussions of circumstances in which an exponential law is the appropriate formulation for the learning curve (Buck et al., 1976; Pegals, 1969). A simpler formulation for a learning curve, seldom used in the literature and applicable only under limited circumstances, is the linear representation. Determination of the form that is most appropriate depends on many factors, including the nature of the data sampling protocol. In general, however, if it is not possible to determine which form is most appropriate, either because of an absence of a priori knowledge or because of a lack of sufficient high-quality data, the simplest formulation is probably best. Selecting the simplest formulation entails testing to determine whether the data are best fitted by a linear, an exponential, or a power law representation. Irrespective of the formulation chosen, learning curves are not to be viewed as merely descriptive. They can be, and frequently have been, used as an aid in making predictions, in that early experience in the production of a product can be used to predict future manufacturing costs. Assuming that one has confidence in the form of the equation that is chosen—whether power, exponential, or linear—and that one can make a reasonable estimate of the constants that appear in them, one can readily predict the costs to produce a unit after some future cumulative production volume has been achieved. Even in the absence of detailed data on a given product, the experience of many manufacturers with many products is that manufacturing costs can be expected to decrease by 10 to 20 percent for each doubling OCR for page 110 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE of production volume. Abernathy and Wayne (1974) have explored the limits of validity of the learning curve concept. The improvement depicted by the experience curve is a result of conscious effort and attention on the part of the management and employees of the enterprise. It cannot be expected to continue without the attention and focus that accompanies a clearly accepted operating objective, in this case an objective of continuously reducing the costs to manufacture the product or to offer the service. A variety of actions combine to produce the desired cost reductions (Allan, 1975): Improved efficiency in the use of labor through training and incentives. Introduction of new and improved processes that reduce manufacturing costs. Redesign of the product to reduce manufacturing costs. Standardization of the product to reduce the variety of tasks demanded of the workers. Scale effects resulting from large volume production. Substitution of lower-cost materials while retaining product features. THE LEARNING CURVE RELATED TO QUALITY Just as competitive pressures have forced the management of U.S. companies to pay special attention to costs, so also is management being forced to pay special attention to improvement in quality. Although many approaches are taken to improve quality, these efforts have a few key actions in common: Simplification of product design to enhance manufacturability. Involvement of the employees in designing the manufacturing system. Enhanced training of the employees. Substitution of automated machinery in areas that are not conducive to human operation. Collection of extensive data on each operation, and analysis to identify problems and trends in those operations. Introduction of new or improved processes that are less sensitive to variation. Although the specific actions taken to improve quality differ from those taken to reduce unit costs, a striking similarity exists between the two lists. In particular, both result from conscious actions taken by management and employees to accomplish a common strategic objective for the enterprise. OCR for page 111 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE Both combine human commitment and training with technical improvements. Both require extensive knowledge of the processes being employed and the products being produced. Therefore, quality and costs might be expected to share a common representation. One might then speculate that quality should follow an experience curve similar to that of cost. By analogy, therefore, a quality learning curve might take one of three forms such that the quality index (QI) for the nth item is defined as follows: (2) (3) (4) In the above equations, (QI)n* is the asymptotic value of the quality index, (QI)o is related to (QI)l, the quality of the first unit produced and to (QI)n, (QI)a and (QI)b are constants, and N is the cumulative volume of the products produced. In Equations 2, 3, and 4, the sign can be positive or negative—positive if the quality index is improving as cumulative production volume increases, for example, yield from a process; negative if the quality index reflects defects or defective parts, which will decrease as the cumulative production volume increases. While the particular attribute of the product or process being considered will most likely be different for each product and process, the above formulations are independent of the specific attribute that can be related to the quality index. One should not expect, however, the numerical values of the constants to lie within a specific range or to have any particular relationship from one product to another, because the quality indices can differ depending on the attribute chosen for examination. OBSERVATIONS Schneiderman (1988) appears to be one of the first to treat production yields or the quality of products shipped according to a learning curve. Schneiderman offers a number of examples of quality learning curves that are presented as exponential formulations in which a measure of quality is plotted as a function of time from the start of production. It should be noted that this formulation is consistent with Equation 3 only in the case that production rates are constant over time—a circumstance that seldom occurs. A test of the hypothesis that a quality index is describable by Equations 2, 3, or 4 can, in principle, be made by examining the quality of products or processes at various levels of production. For some dozen products—for which measures of quality and production volumes could be obtained—we have generally found that two of the three formulations are virtually indis- OCR for page 112 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE tinguishable in their ability to represent the data. In some cases, the linear and exponential laws were indistinguishable—meaning that the coefficient of correlation for the two laws was nearly the same —while in others, the power and exponential laws were indistinguishable. We found no case in which all three representations were equally good. Data are presented in Figure 1 Figure 2 through Figure 3 relating an index of quality to the cumulative volumes of production for three different products—light bulbs, a small electric motor, and grey iron castings. General Electric Company and The Dalton Foundries, Inc., graciously supplied the data contained in these figures. A description of the quality index for each of the products is given in the figure captions. Having no a priori basis on which to choose the preferred formulation for representing the quality index, we examined each of the products using Equations 2, 3, and 4. Following an observation by Buck et al. (1976) that the exponential form of the learning curve is some- FIGURE 1 A normalized measure of defects in light bulbs for the period between 1970 and 1989 as a function of normalized volumes. Quality is measured in defects per million light bulbs. These data represent the cumulative production from a single plant. Correlation coefficient r = .82 (for the linear representation, r = .86). Courtesy of General Electric Co. OCR for page 113 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE FIGURE 2 Normalized defects as a function of cumulative volumes, in arbitrary units, for small electric motors for the period 1981 through 1989. Defects due to production errors are in the range of a few tens per millions of motors. Correlation coefficient r = .89 (for the exponential representation, r = .70). Courtesy of General Electric Co. what to be preferred for batch, or average, sampling of the metric in question, we have chosen to present three of these sets of data in terms of the exponential relationship of the quality index to the cumulative volumes of the product produced. In none of these cases was saturation apparent, implying either that (QI)n was effectively zero or that the observed values are so far from the saturation value that the present representation is not adequate to display a saturation. It is of particular interest that the correlation coefficients for a linear plot of the data shown in Figure 1 and Figure 3 are essentially the same as shown for the curves as plotted. The correlation coefficients for the curves shown in the graphs are given in the captions, along with the correlation for the best alternative formulation. Each of the data points in these three figures represents an average of the quality metric for a period of one year. Thus, for Figure 1, the quality data are for 20 years of production, Figure 2 for 9 years, and Figure 3 for 12 years. In some cases the index is defined as defects in production; in others, the shipping of a faulty product to a customer. OCR for page 114 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE FIGURE 3 Normalized scrap rate as a function of cumulative volumes for the period 1979 through 1989 for a grey iron casting. Correlation coefficient r = .96 (for the linear representation r = .94). Courtesy of The Dalton Foundries, Inc. CONCLUSION In each of the cases examined, there is clear evidence that the quality index, although defined differently for each group of products, is related to cumulative volume of production. With the diversity in product type and processes represented here, the hypothesis that one or more forms of the learning curve exists for quality is supported by these data. Although the present data do not appear capable of distinguishing among the various forms for a learning curve for quality, it appears that one or more forms can easily be found to permit a reasonable extension for setting new goals or examining the impact of past actions on performance. Because the time frame in which these products were in production is long, it is reasonably certain that the actions suggested earlier as being important for management and employees in achieving a continuous improvement in quality were taken throughout the life of these products. Each of the companies that provided these data has indicated that the quality trends demonstrated in these figures are the result of constant and consistent OCR for page 115 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE attention to the importance of continuous improvement. Although this dependence of a quality index on cumulative production has been demonstrated for only this select group of products, we believe that this phenomenon is generally true. A collection of additional examples from other industries would help support this conclusion. We have been surprised to find that few companies keep data in the form or with a consistency that allows the following of trends as described in the types of curves shown here. In our view, this is a shortcoming that should be addressed by all concerned with continuous improvement. The systematic collection of data on quality and the representation of these data in the form described by Equations 2, 3, or 4, offer a means of tracking progress on the “continuous improvement ” of quality and a means by which realistic expectations can be established for future goals. Above all, the existence of a learning curve for quality should be viewed as one more example of the need for careful collection of systematic data. Without good data, this important foundation cannot be used. Creating high-quality products through high-quality manufacturing processes and systems is a critical element in the foundations of manufacturing. The learning curve for quality should therefore be viewed as an important element in the foundations of manufacturing. We believe that the learning curves can be an important contributor to achieving improved quality. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported in part by a grant from the Ford Motor Company Fund. Representative terms from entire chapter:	[ 21106, 389, 262, 717, 838, 290, 938, 838, 5468, 286, 4591, 47315, 276, 4572, 12, 961, 2420, 357, 12518, 1695, 8, 286, 428, 6843, 11, 3940, 416, 262, 1353, 1542, 11862, 1146, 21242, 1994, 20144, 422, 262, 6843, 355, 257, 2187, 13, 198, 5317, 1631, 284, 2148, 674, 898, 2989, 11874, 290, 7097, 11874, 351, 4047, 5527, 11, 6843, 12, 15603, 876, 2989, 540, 2420, 319, 262, 4756, 5468, 286, 1123, 6843, 13, 4362, 340, 318, 39151, 1581, 23988, 1961, 2587, 11, 3387, 2074, 262, 1708, 2420, 355, 257, 4465, 475, 19022, 15741, 329, 262, 32042, 1492, 5468, 13, 198, 5211, 407, 779, 329, 20728, 11, 23345, 11, 1613, 278, 11, 393, 3555, 26, 11541, 329, 2989, 11874, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 16226, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 12205, 1075, 14156, 9561, 262, 26097, 286, 18252, 4424, 1158, 370, 13, 360, 21358, 24301, 11357, 11, 337, 20739, 3698, 2538, 360, 13, 360, 4944, 43, 2969, 11, 290, 449, 2640, 8905, 39, 317, 13, 11179, 3955, 14156, 318, 262, 44995, 286, 7606, 3186, 13, 45103, 4968, 3186, 326, 389, 286, 18536, 3081, 11, 290, 484, 32814, 2706, 508, 389, 11067, 284, 2148, 3186, 393, 2594, 351, 1342, 621, 7606, 3081, 13, 317, 1664, 2314, 7866, 287, 262, 1459, 995, 17432, 1231, 4955, 257, 1720, 393, 2139, 326, 318, 286, 1029, 3081, 13, 632, 561, 307, 1327, 284, 1064, 257, 471, 13, 50, 7874, 3106, 9138, 13953, 326, 857, 407, 1295, 3081, 1474, 262, 1353, 286, 257, 1351, 286, 10039, 393, 5361, 15221, 326, 561, 635, 2291, 1575, 11, 11044, 11, 290, 6491, 2962, 13, 770, 14233, 284, 262, 6491, 3512, 329, 3081, 468, 407, 1464, 587, 257, 11410, 2700, 287, 262, 5361, 10064, 286, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2706, 13, 11136, 6939, 663, 6817, 11, 2706, 1064, 326, 484, 1276, 783, 1277, 511, 27598, 287, 2842, 326, 2962, 319, 428, 9432, 13, 317, 3154, 2837, 286, 5361, 9021, 1276, 307, 9518, 393, 11, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 2727, 25, 3081, 1276, 307, 3562, 656, 3186, 26, 257, 12973, 10375, 1276, 307, 40216, 1871, 262, 1486, 11, 9138, 11, 290, 7124, 4568, 26, 5128, 422, 262, 4297, 1276, 307, 6492, 290, 973, 26, 290, 4075, 10270, 416, 511, 4409, 287, 4441, 564, 250, 13237, 447, 251, 3186, 290, 2594, 1276, 307, 10085, 13, 2080, 428, 649, 9359, 286, 262, 6817, 286, 3081, 423, 1282, 734, 2176, 2476, 13, 3274, 11, 612, 318, 257, 761, 284, 3953, 262, 2854, 286, 262, 4009, 1028, 326, 286, 663, 13861, 290, 11, 1218, 11, 612, 318, 262, 761, 284, 4659, 262, 11257, 287, 530, 338, 2854, 287, 1502, 284, 1011, 5035, 4028, 284, 4155, 12948, 9025, 13, 554, 262, 717, 1339, 11, 281, 4112, 3953, 286, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 15495, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 2854, 318, 2622, 13, 770, 318, 3360, 6412, 284, 355, 564, 250, 26968, 4102, 278, 11, 447, 251, 393, 15964, 27186, 1028, 262, 995, 3554, 960, 1169, 564, 250, 13466, 12, 1659, 12, 1169, 12, 13466, 447, 251, 960, 259, 257, 1720, 393, 1429, 13478, 357, 5377, 10972, 11, 287, 428, 6115, 737, 554, 262, 1218, 11, 4371, 625, 640, 318, 262, 6994, 2328, 11, 326, 318, 11, 703, 880, 262, 4009, 318, 16937, 12948, 9025, 287, 2854, 13, 317, 1774, 6087, 286, 777, 734, 5260, 318, 4688, 13, 9170, 606, 281, 4009, 2314, 6105, 13446, 663, 4112, 7606, 3722, 11, 4249, 460, 340, 307, 13933, 286, 663, 2694, 284, 3520, 7606, 625, 257, 890, 2278, 286, 640, 13, 2080, 564, 250, 8929, 3081, 447, 251, 355, 257, 43119, 329, 852, 7606, 287, 262, 17432, 11, 16937, 290, 10941, 1029, 3081, 287, 477, 7612, 286, 281, 4905, 318, 257, 4688, 7515, 286, 262, 19369, 286, 477, 9138, 3341, 13, 6375, 28495, 6234, 770, 2708, 13692, 319, 262, 1218, 286, 262, 734, 2476, 5174, 2029, 11, 24171, 703, 281, 4009, 19575, 625, 640, 13, 775, 481, 307, 5213, 11, 4361, 11, 351, 24171, 11257, 287, 3081, 13, 775, 481, 13796, 351, 617, 13050, 546, 262, 761, 329, 12948, 290, 8161, 4947, 286, 262, 2099, 286, 1366, 326, 389, 4688, 284, 257, 1774, 8922, 286, 4371, 13, 564, 250, 35013, 447, 251, 318, 407, 257, 10112, 43087, 326, 468, 257, 3748, 6770, 739, 477, 5917, 13, 7164, 7114, 357, 28296, 8, 468, 3417, 1936, 10581, 284, 16215, 3081, 13, 383, 5035, 18663, 329, 15964, 262, 3081, 286, 257, 1720, 393, 1429, 481, 4745, 319, 262, 6770, 393, 25179, 326, 318, 286, 7103, 1393, 13, 632, 460, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 3522, 284, 22448, 21539, 422, 257, 3227, 1429, 11, 32129, 3354, 14338, 284, 4297, 11, 393, 17843, 286, 262, 1720, 287, 2139, 13, 4900, 356, 481, 407, 2112, 262, 2972, 5260, 286, 3081, 287, 428, 3348, 11, 356, 423, 6492, 6096, 286, 1123, 286, 262, 2029, 5260, 13, 775, 2897, 6096, 286, 262, 717, 734, 287, 428, 3348, 13, 45040, 286, 262, 3081, 286, 262, 23862, 286, 257, 1080, 460, 307, 6492, 287, 867, 2842, 13, 554, 262, 1110, 12, 1462, 12, 820, 4905, 286, 257, 9138, 13953, 11, 262, 4947, 290, 779, 286, 1429, 1366, 284, 1104, 13905, 1429, 1630, 357, 4303, 34, 8, 318, 1593, 284, 16937, 1029, 12, 13237, 9138, 13, 311, 5662, 4433, 326, 5260, 286, 530, 393, 517, 12608, 286, 262, 3081, 286, 257, 3227, 1080, 307, 7987, 9322, 11, 290, 340, 3769, 257, 23457, 329, 262, 6942, 779, 286, 883, 5260, 284, 1630, 262, 1429, 13, 1318, 318, 23933, 2370, 286, 262, 6817, 286, 428, 1103, 12, 2435, 1630, 287, 10068, 262, 3081, 286, 262, 7767, 290, 262, 3186, 326, 1255, 422, 777, 7767, 13, 554, 790, 2565, 11, 262, 4050, 779, 286, 311, 5662, 290, 2472, 3081, 1630, 357, 51, 48, 34, 8, 423, 1716, 1593, 4847, 286, 262, 19369, 286, 4050, 9138, 3341, 13, 383, 5260, 286, 3081, 326, 389, 16992, 287, 262, 3586, 286, 311, 5662, 6646, 2328, 12238, 640, 9574, 26, 326, 318, 11, 484, 4079, 262, 1459, 3722, 286, 262, 1429, 393, 1080, 326, 318, 9194, 262, 1720, 13, 4900, 262, 6817, 286, 428, 1474, 12, 4354, 4947, 286, 1366, 960, 392, 5035, 3781, 284, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 16003, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 9989, 311, 5662, 960, 271, 407, 11434, 11, 340, 318, 635, 1598, 326, 281, 4547, 290, 5554, 2649, 286, 262, 2392, 12, 4354, 11257, 287, 3081, 389, 635, 4688, 284, 16937, 12948, 9025, 287, 3081, 13, 3336, 12509, 1503, 15871, 327, 4261, 6089, 29749, 11617, 5390, 7375, 2257, 50, 317, 4569, 3164, 284, 15964, 262, 890, 12, 4354, 1575, 2854, 287, 257, 9138, 4905, 318, 284, 779, 262, 564, 250, 23100, 1240, 447, 251, 393, 564, 250, 40684, 447, 251, 12133, 3721, 357, 39, 437, 882, 290, 32036, 11, 17672, 737, 770, 29348, 326, 262, 13390, 282, 7741, 287, 262, 2811, 23818, 1575, 357, 259, 6937, 4991, 286, 3953, 8, 286, 9194, 257, 1720, 318, 27111, 284, 262, 13390, 282, 2620, 287, 262, 12040, 286, 262, 1720, 326, 318, 4635, 290, 19299, 257, 1176, 1099, 10552, 326, 318, 2092, 284, 326, 717, 3417, 416, 12206, 357, 1129, 2623, 737, 317, 2219, 31760, 286, 428, 1099, 18436, 262, 1575, 286, 3227, 286, 262, 299, 400, 4326, 11, 1395, 77, 284, 262, 2472, 3227, 6115, 399, 1395, 77, 796, 22466, 14095, 65, 357, 16, 8, 329, 1588, 399, 13, 7889, 341, 352, 468, 587, 973, 867, 1661, 290, 468, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 4938, 329, 257, 3094, 4996, 286, 3186, 287, 867, 1180, 11798, 357, 3826, 20559, 1258, 290, 412, 381, 293, 11, 6303, 11, 329, 257, 5114, 286, 428, 1296, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 287, 9138, 737, 383, 9285, 4909, 6409, 9984, 286, 5917, 287, 543, 281, 39682, 1099, 318, 262, 5035, 31760, 329, 262, 4673, 12133, 357, 33, 1347, 2123, 435, 1539, 15408, 26, 31084, 874, 11, 16450, 737, 317, 18599, 31760, 329, 257, 4673, 12133, 11, 25129, 973, 287, 262, 9285, 290, 9723, 691, 739, 3614, 5917, 11, 318, 262, 14174, 10552, 13, 360, 29610, 286, 262, 1296, 326, 318, 749, 5035, 8338, 319, 867, 5087, 11, 1390, 262, 3450, 286, 262, 1366, 19232, 8435, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 2158, 11, 611, 340, 318, 407, 1744, 284, 5004, 543, 1296, 318, 749, 5035, 11, 2035, 780, 286, 281, 8889, 286, 257, 3161, 72, 3725, 393, 780, 286, 257, 3092, 286, 6751, 1029, 12, 13237, 1366, 11, 262, 24043, 31760, 318, 2192, 1266, 13, 9683, 278, 262, 24043, 31760, 35445, 4856, 284, 5004, 1771, 262, 1366, 389, 1266, 18235, 416, 257, 14174, 11, 281, 39682, 11, 393, 257, 1176, 1099, 10552, 13, 5686, 36990, 286, 262, 31760, 7147, 11, 4673, 23759, 389, 407, 284, 307, 9569, 355, 6974, 35644, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 11, 290, 6777, 423, 587, 11, 973, 355, 281, 6133, 287, 1642, 16277, 11, 287, 326, 1903, 1998, 287, 262, 3227, 286, 257, 1720, 460, 307, 973, 284, 4331, 2003, 9138, 3484, 13, 33238, 326, 530, 468, 6628, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 262, 16022, 326, 318, 7147, 960, 25356, 1176, 11, 39682, 11, 393, 14174, 960, 392, 326, 530, 460, 787, 257, 6397, 8636, 286, 262, 38491, 326, 1656, 287, 606, 11, 530, 460, 14704, 4331, 262, 3484, 284, 4439, 257, 4326, 706, 617, 2003, 23818, 3227, 6115, 468, 587, 8793, 13, 3412, 287, 262, 8889, 286, 6496, 1366, 319, 257, 1813, 1720, 11, 262, 1998, 286, 867, 11372, 351, 867, 3186, 318, 326, 9138, 3484, 460, 307, 2938, 284, 10070, 416, 838, 284, 1160, 1411, 329, 1123, 26862, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 9796, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 286, 3227, 6115, 13, 27700, 77, 10036, 290, 13329, 357, 40828, 8, 423, 18782, 262, 7095, 286, 19648, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 3721, 13, 383, 9025, 18904, 416, 262, 1998, 12133, 318, 257, 1255, 286, 6921, 3626, 290, 3241, 319, 262, 636, 286, 262, 4542, 290, 4409, 286, 262, 13953, 13, 632, 2314, 307, 2938, 284, 2555, 1231, 262, 3241, 290, 2962, 326, 48159, 257, 4084, 6292, 5361, 9432, 11, 287, 428, 1339, 281, 9432, 286, 17282, 8868, 262, 3484, 284, 6161, 262, 1720, 393, 284, 2897, 262, 2139, 13, 317, 4996, 286, 4028, 12082, 284, 4439, 262, 10348, 1575, 20691, 357, 3237, 272, 11, 15231, 2599, 24125, 9332, 287, 262, 779, 286, 4827, 832, 3047, 290, 16538, 13, 22395, 286, 649, 290, 6596, 7767, 326, 4646, 9138, 3484, 13, 2297, 274, 570, 286, 262, 1720, 284, 4646, 9138, 3484, 13, 8997, 1634, 286, 262, 1720, 284, 4646, 262, 4996, 286, 8861, 12284, 286, 262, 3259, 13, 21589, 3048, 7186, 422, 1588, 6115, 3227, 13, 24944, 2738, 286, 2793, 12, 15805, 5696, 981, 26645, 1720, 3033, 13, 3336, 12509, 1503, 15871, 327, 4261, 6089, 29749, 11617, 5390, 19604, 1847, 9050, 2329, 355, 7606, 18895, 423, 4137, 262, 4542, 286, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2706, 284, 1414, 2041, 3241, 284, 3484, 11, 523, 635, 318, 4542, 852, 4137, 284, 1414, 2041, 3241, 284, 9025, 287, 3081, 13, 4900, 867, 10581, 389, 2077, 284, 2987, 3081, 11, 777, 4040, 423, 257, 1178, 1994, 4028, 287, 2219, 25, 45157, 2649, 286, 1720, 1486, 284, 9494, 4011, 333, 1799, 13, 10001, 6442, 434, 286, 262, 4409, 287, 18492, 262, 9138, 1080, 13, 22104, 3047, 286, 262, 4409, 13, 24944, 2738, 286, 16359, 20230, 287, 3006, 326, 389, 407, 45645, 284, 1692, 4905, 13, 12251, 286, 7667, 1366, 319, 1123, 4905, 11, 290, 3781, 284, 5911, 2761, 290, 11257, 287, 883, 4560, 13, 22395, 286, 649, 393, 6596, 7767, 326, 389, 1342, 8564, 284, 12291, 13, 4900, 262, 2176, 4028, 2077, 284, 2987, 3081, 13238, 422, 883, 2077, 284, 4646, 4326, 3484, 11, 257, 8871, 26789, 7160, 1022, 262, 734, 8341, 13, 554, 1948, 11, 1111, 1255, 422, 6921, 4028, 2077, 416, 4542, 290, 4409, 284, 9989, 257, 2219, 10039, 9432, 329, 262, 13953, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 13374, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 5747, 12082, 1692, 7901, 290, 3047, 351, 6276, 8561, 13, 5747, 2421, 7667, 3725, 286, 262, 7767, 852, 9322, 290, 262, 3186, 852, 4635, 13, 8447, 11, 3081, 290, 3484, 1244, 307, 2938, 284, 2648, 257, 2219, 10552, 13, 1881, 1244, 788, 26256, 326, 3081, 815, 1061, 281, 1998, 12133, 2092, 284, 326, 286, 1575, 13, 2750, 23970, 11, 4361, 11, 257, 3081, 4673, 12133, 1244, 1011, 530, 286, 1115, 5107, 884, 326, 262, 3081, 6376, 357, 48, 40, 8, 329, 262, 299, 400, 2378, 318, 5447, 355, 5679, 25, 357, 17, 8, 357, 18, 8, 357, 19, 8, 554, 262, 2029, 27490, 11, 357, 48, 40, 8, 77, 9, 318, 262, 355, 4948, 457, 6210, 1988, 286, 262, 3081, 6376, 11, 357, 48, 40, 8, 78, 318, 3519, 284, 357, 48, 40, 8, 75, 11, 262, 3081, 286, 262, 717, 4326, 4635, 290, 284, 357, 48, 40, 8, 77, 25666, 357, 48, 40, 8, 64, 290, 357, 48, 40, 8, 65, 389, 38491, 11, 290, 399, 318, 262, 23818, 6115, 286, 262, 3186, 4635, 13, 554, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 290, 604, 11, 262, 1051, 460, 307, 3967, 393, 4633, 960, 24561, 611, 262, 3081, 6376, 318, 10068, 355, 23818, 3227, 6115, 5732, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 7800, 422, 257, 1429, 26, 4633, 611, 262, 3081, 6376, 12497, 22448, 393, 32129, 3354, 11, 543, 481, 10070, 355, 262, 23818, 3227, 6115, 5732, 13, 2893, 262, 1948, 11688, 286, 262, 1720, 393, 1429, 852, 3177, 481, 749, 1884, 307, 1180, 329, 1123, 1720, 290, 1429, 11, 262, 2029, 49971, 389, 4795, 286, 262, 2176, 11688, 326, 460, 307, 3519, 284, 262, 3081, 6376, 13, 1881, 815, 407, 1607, 11, 2158, 11, 262, 29052, 3815, 286, 262, 38491, 284, 6486, 1626, 257, 2176, 2837, 393, 284, 423, 597, 1948, 2776, 422, 530, 1720, 284, 1194, 11, 780, 262, 3081, 36525, 460, 13238, 6906, 319, 262, 11688, 7147, 329, 12452, 13, 440, 4462, 1137, 53, 18421, 26039, 805, 357, 26709, 8, 3568, 284, 307, 530, 286, 262, 717, 284, 2190, 3227, 19299, 393, 262, 3081, 286, 3186, 14338, 1864, 284, 257, 4673, 12133, 13, 26039, 805, 4394, 257, 1271, 286, 6096, 286, 3081, 4673, 23759, 326, 389, 5545, 355, 39682, 49971, 287, 543, 257, 3953, 286, 3081, 318, 37515, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 640, 422, 262, 923, 286, 3227, 13, 632, 815, 307, 4367, 326, 428, 31760, 318, 6414, 351, 7889, 341, 513, 691, 287, 262, 1339, 326, 3227, 3965, 389, 6937, 625, 640, 960, 64, 25179, 326, 25129, 8833, 13, 317, 1332, 286, 262, 14078, 326, 257, 3081, 6376, 318, 2225, 540, 416, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 393, 604, 460, 11, 287, 7989, 11, 307, 925, 416, 17247, 262, 3081, 286, 3186, 393, 7767, 379, 2972, 2974, 286, 3227, 13, 1114, 617, 8667, 3186, 960, 1640, 543, 5260, 286, 3081, 290, 3227, 15343, 714, 307, 6492, 960, 732, 423, 4143, 1043, 326, 734, 286, 262, 1115, 49971, 389, 9826, 49919, 12, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 13539, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 256, 41726, 287, 511, 2694, 284, 2380, 262, 1366, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 262, 14174, 290, 39682, 3657, 547, 43649, 960, 24815, 326, 262, 35381, 286, 16096, 329, 262, 734, 3657, 373, 3016, 262, 976, 851, 4514, 287, 1854, 11, 262, 1176, 290, 39682, 3657, 547, 43649, 13, 775, 1043, 645, 1339, 287, 543, 477, 1115, 24612, 547, 8603, 922, 13, 6060, 389, 5545, 287, 11291, 352, 11291, 362, 832, 11291, 513, 11270, 281, 6376, 286, 3081, 284, 262, 23818, 15343, 286, 3227, 329, 1115, 1180, 3186, 960, 2971, 34122, 11, 257, 1402, 5186, 5584, 11, 290, 13791, 6953, 3350, 654, 13, 3611, 13944, 5834, 290, 383, 33261, 4062, 1678, 11, 3457, 1539, 1036, 45289, 14275, 262, 1366, 7763, 287, 777, 5538, 13, 317, 6764, 286, 262, 3081, 6376, 329, 1123, 286, 262, 3186, 318, 1813, 287, 262, 3785, 3144, 507, 13, 11136, 645, 257, 3161, 72, 4308, 319, 543, 284, 3853, 262, 9871, 31760, 329, 10200, 262, 3081, 6376, 11, 356, 11068, 1123, 286, 262, 3186, 1262, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 290, 604, 13, 14207, 281, 13432, 416, 13452, 2123, 435, 13, 357, 38108, 8, 326, 262, 39682, 1296, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 318, 617, 12, 19697, 11335, 352, 317, 39279, 3953, 286, 22448, 287, 1657, 34122, 329, 262, 2278, 1022, 8069, 290, 11104, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 39279, 15343, 13, 14156, 318, 8630, 287, 22448, 583, 1510, 1657, 34122, 13, 2312, 1366, 2380, 262, 23818, 3227, 422, 257, 2060, 4618, 13, 2744, 49501, 35381, 374, 796, 764, 6469, 357, 1640, 262, 14174, 10552, 11, 374, 796, 764, 4521, 737, 22984, 286, 3611, 13944, 1766, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 17318, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 19697, 11335, 362, 14435, 1143, 22448, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 23818, 15343, 11, 287, 14977, 4991, 11, 329, 1402, 5186, 24699, 329, 262, 2278, 14745, 832, 11104, 13, 2896, 478, 82, 2233, 284, 3227, 8563, 389, 287, 262, 2837, 286, 257, 1178, 11192, 583, 5242, 286, 24699, 13, 2744, 49501, 35381, 374, 796, 764, 4531, 357, 1640, 262, 39682, 10552, 11, 374, 796, 764, 2154, 737, 22984, 286, 3611, 13944, 1766, 13, 644, 284, 307, 9871, 329, 15458, 11, 393, 2811, 11, 19232, 286, 262, 18663, 287, 1808, 11, 356, 423, 7147, 284, 1944, 1115, 286, 777, 5621, 286, 1366, 287, 2846, 286, 262, 39682, 2776, 286, 262, 3081, 6376, 284, 262, 23818, 15343, 286, 262, 1720, 4635, 13, 554, 4844, 286, 777, 2663, 373, 36275, 4156, 11, 30253, 2035, 326, 357, 48, 40, 8, 77, 9, 373, 6840, 6632, 393, 326, 262, 6515, 3815, 389, 523, 1290, 422, 262, 36275, 1988, 326, 262, 1944, 10552, 318, 407, 12872, 284, 3359, 257, 36275, 13, 632, 318, 286, 1948, 1393, 326, 262, 16096, 44036, 329, 257, 14174, 7110, 286, 262, 1366, 3402, 287, 11291, 352, 290, 11291, 513, 389, 6986, 262, 976, 355, 3402, 329, 262, 23759, 355, 37515, 13, 383, 16096, 44036, 329, 262, 23759, 3402, 287, 262, 28770, 389, 1813, 287, 262, 3144, 507, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 16096, 329, 262, 1266, 5559, 31760, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 1366, 2173, 287, 777, 1115, 5538, 6870, 281, 2811, 286, 262, 3081, 18663, 329, 257, 2278, 286, 530, 614, 13, 6660, 11, 329, 11291, 352, 11, 262, 3081, 1366, 389, 329, 1160, 812, 286, 3227, 11, 11291, 362, 329, 860, 812, 11, 290, 11291, 513, 329, 1105, 812, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 262, 6376, 318, 5447, 355, 22448, 287, 3227, 26, 287, 1854, 11, 262, 8440, 286, 257, 30954, 1720, 284, 257, 6491, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 17342, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 19697, 11335, 513, 14435, 1143, 15881, 2494, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 23818, 15343, 329, 262, 2278, 13521, 832, 11104, 329, 257, 13791, 6953, 13092, 13, 2744, 49501, 35381, 374, 796, 764, 4846, 357, 1640, 262, 14174, 10552, 374, 796, 764, 5824, 737, 22984, 286, 383, 33261, 4062, 1678, 11, 3457, 13, 7102, 28332, 2849, 554, 1123, 286, 262, 2663, 11068, 11, 612, 318, 1598, 2370, 326, 262, 3081, 6376, 11, 3584, 5447, 10338, 329, 1123, 1448, 286, 3186, 11, 318, 3519, 284, 23818, 6115, 286, 3227, 13, 2080, 262, 9573, 287, 1720, 2099, 290, 7767, 7997, 994, 11, 262, 14078, 326, 530, 393, 517, 5107, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 7160, 329, 3081, 318, 4855, 416, 777, 1366, 13, 4900, 262, 1944, 1366, 466, 407, 1656, 6007, 286, 38607, 1871, 262, 2972, 5107, 329, 257, 4673, 12133, 329, 3081, 11, 340, 3568, 326, 530, 393, 517, 5107, 460, 3538, 307, 1043, 284, 8749, 257, 6397, 7552, 329, 4634, 649, 4661, 393, 17247, 262, 2928, 286, 1613, 4028, 319, 2854, 13, 4362, 262, 640, 5739, 287, 543, 777, 3186, 547, 287, 3227, 318, 890, 11, 340, 318, 13025, 1728, 326, 262, 4028, 5220, 2961, 355, 852, 1593, 329, 4542, 290, 4409, 287, 16937, 257, 12948, 9025, 287, 3081, 547, 2077, 3690, 262, 1204, 286, 777, 3186, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 2706, 326, 2810, 777, 1366, 468, 8203, 326, 262, 3081, 11257, 9555, 287, 777, 5538, 389, 262, 1255, 286, 6937, 290, 6414, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 12279, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 3241, 284, 262, 6817, 286, 12948, 9025, 13, 4900, 428, 21403, 286, 257, 3081, 6376, 319, 23818, 3227, 468, 587, 9555, 329, 691, 428, 2922, 1448, 286, 3186, 11, 356, 1975, 326, 428, 10733, 318, 4143, 2081, 13, 317, 4947, 286, 3224, 6096, 422, 584, 11798, 561, 1037, 1104, 428, 7664, 13, 775, 423, 587, 6655, 284, 1064, 326, 1178, 2706, 1394, 1366, 287, 262, 1296, 393, 351, 257, 15794, 326, 3578, 262, 1708, 286, 11257, 355, 3417, 287, 262, 3858, 286, 23759, 3402, 994, 13, 554, 674, 1570, 11, 428, 318, 257, 1790, 4976, 326, 815, 307, 9469, 416, 477, 5213, 351, 12948, 9025, 13, 383, 17895, 4947, 286, 1366, 319, 3081, 290, 262, 10552, 286, 777, 1366, 287, 262, 1296, 3417, 416, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 393, 604, 11, 2897, 257, 1724, 286, 9646, 4371, 319, 262, 564, 250, 18487, 5623, 9025, 564, 251, 286, 3081, 290, 257, 1724, 416, 543, 12653, 9027, 460, 307, 4920, 329, 2003, 4661, 13, 23302, 477, 11, 262, 6224, 286, 257, 4673, 12133, 329, 3081, 815, 307, 9569, 355, 530, 517, 1672, 286, 262, 761, 329, 8161, 4947, 286, 17895, 1366, 13, 9170, 922, 1366, 11, 428, 1593, 8489, 2314, 307, 973, 13, 30481, 1029, 12, 13237, 3186, 832, 1029, 12, 13237, 9138, 7767, 290, 3341, 318, 257, 4688, 5002, 287, 262, 19369, 286, 9138, 13, 383, 4673, 12133, 329, 3081, 815, 4361, 307, 9569, 355, 281, 1593, 5002, 287, 262, 19369, 286, 9138, 13, 775, 1975, 326, 262, 4673, 23759, 460, 307, 281, 1593, 18920, 284, 16937, 6596, 3081, 13, 7125, 29132, 3913, 30465, 38, 10979, 770, 670, 373, 4855, 287, 636, 416, 257, 7264, 422, 262, 8092, 12533, 5834, 7557, 13, 198, 40171, 876, 2846, 422, 2104, 6843, 25, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	3,731
Emerging Explorer, National Geographic Blackstone Innovation Challenge Grantee Photograph by Dino Martins Photograph by C. Lewis Do you like chocolate? Coffee? Pollinating insects make these and hundreds of other foods possible. The threatened habitats that support those insects may often be out of sight and out of mind, but Dino Martins brings their importance home. “Pollinators are one of the strongest connections between conservation and something everyone needs—food.” With his infectious enthusiasm and practical solutions, Martins acts as a pollinator himself, carrying crucial information to Kenya’s isolated farmers, schoolchildren, and a larger world of travelers and scientists. “Insects are the invisible, behind-the-scenes workers that keep the planet going,” Martins observes. “They do incredibly complicated things but are never recognized for it. I’m privileged to be their messenger.” Growing up in rural Kenya, Martins saw the most basic interface between farms, food, and nature every day. “In the developing world, subsistence farmers are on the front lines of poverty, hunger, and either saving or destroying forests. Africa is especially vulnerable since so many of the crops that provide nutrition are 100 percent dependent on wild insects.” Examples abound. In a shrinking fragment of forest, some of the last remaining African violets cling to a hillside and fight to survive. Long-tongued bees grasp the fragile flowers in their teeth, fold back their wings, and vibrate with unimaginable intensity to buzz-pollinate the blossoms. Energized, the same bees then travel to pollinate crops in nearby farm fields. But for how long? If the violets vanish, so could the bees, and ultimately acres of crops. Elsewhere, a community of farms struggles on land degraded by deforestation, charcoal burning, and high pesticide use. Yet when passion fruit trees produce poor yields, what is blamed? Bees. “Farmers look at the big scary carpenter bees swarming around their trees and rush to kill them,” says Martins. “In fact, they need more bees, not fewer. Passion fruit nectar lies concealed below a lid in the plant. It takes a big hefty bee to lift the lid, extract the nectar, and pollinate the flower. A little honeybee could never do it.” Martins helps create a nesting habitat that will attract the big bees and allow pollinators and crops to flourish again. Down the road, hawk moths flit from male to female papaya trees, their brief evening commute entirely responsible for the trees’ pollination and survival. “Papaya is such an important crop for many rural communities because it’s incredibly rich in vitamins, can be used medicinally, and survives drought,” Martins notes. “We help farmers recognize and protect its major pollinators.” All across East Africa, Martins works to identify the most useful plants and pollinators, return them to their habitats, and help both ecosystems and local communities thrive. He stresses that “farmers need to understand why leaving a little space for nature isn’t a luxury, but a necessity for productive, sustainable agriculture. Farmers everywhere are conservative and skeptical. So I make one or two of them my champions in the community, demonstrating the success of our techniques. When others see the proof, they all want to try it.” If you can’t find Martins with farmers in the field, try looking in an outdoor classroom. One school he’s involved with meets under a tree that’s buzzing with 400 species of bees. “The biodiversity is overwhelming,” Martins exclaims. He works with schoolchildren to start pollinator gardens; collect bugs; examine hairy, eight-eyed wonders under magnifying glasses; and identify the most relevant crops and pollinators in their community. “In largely illiterate areas, these kids are often the first in their families to go to school. They may be resource-poor, but they’re nature-rich. You couldn’t ask for better, more enthusiastic young scientists.” Technology is transforming his efforts. “Now that rural Kenya has Internet and mobile phone connections, I can email the farmers and field scientists I work with. Eventually I want farmers to be able to take pictures with phones and send them to bee taxonomists on the other side of the world. I want Kenyan school kids to talk with U.S. kids about pollinators and crops where they live.” Martins’s blog links him with scientists across the globe. One recent entry about mango pollination prompted responses from the U.S., Italy, Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Ghana within just one day. His magazine articles, illustrations, and guidebooks are widely published. “Sharing information opens our eyes to the fact that the problems of the world are not unique to any one place.” Martins stresses that everyone can make a difference. “Look at your next plate of food and ask where it came from, how it got to you. Every time you eat you can choose to support farming that’s shown to be good, rather than abusive, to nature and people. You vote with your wallet, your feet, and your mouth.” Follow @NatGeoExplorers on Twitter My name is Dino J. Martins, I am a Kenyan entomologist and I love insects. The Kiswahili word for insect is dudu and if you didn't know already, insects rule the world! In Their Words “Every single person on our planet has a diet that includes food made possible by pollinating insects. When this connection is threatened, all of humanity is threatened.” Martins discusses the age old relationship between honeybees and humans—and its importance in the future. Traditionally, it's the birds and the bees that get all the attention-unless you're an entomologist. Then it's the bees and the bees, not to mention the flies and the wasps and the moths. Our Explorers in Action Meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more.	[ 32779, 2667, 19142, 11, 2351, 33636, 2619, 6440, 27724, 13879, 12181, 1453, 198, 27248, 2384, 416, 39430, 3981, 1040, 198, 27248, 2384, 416, 327, 13, 10174, 198, 5211, 345, 588, 11311, 30, 19443, 30, 12868, 6010, 19435, 787, 777, 290, 5179, 286, 584, 9013, 1744, 13, 383, 8556, 35308, 326, 1104, 883, 19435, 743, 1690, 307, 503, 286, 6504, 290, 503, 286, 2000, 11, 475, 39430, 3981, 1040, 6774, 511, 6817, 1363, 13, 564, 250, 39176, 47721, 389, 530, 286, 262, 12841, 8787, 1022, 14903, 290, 1223, 2506, 2476, 960, 19425, 13, 447, 251, 2080, 465, 25246, 17131, 290, 8472, 8136, 11, 3981, 1040, 6529, 355, 257, 3278, 20900, 2241, 11, 6872, 8780, 1321, 284, 21506, 447, 247, 82, 11557, 9818, 11, 1524, 17197, 11, 290, 257, 4025, 995, 286, 23325, 290, 5519, 13, 198, 447, 250, 818, 8831, 82, 389, 262, 14836, 11, 2157, 12, 1169, 12, 28123, 3259, 326, 1394, 262, 5440, 1016, 11, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 34526, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 466, 8131, 8253, 1243, 475, 389, 1239, 8018, 329, 340, 13, 314, 447, 247, 76, 21929, 284, 307, 511, 31228, 13, 447, 251, 37487, 510, 287, 10016, 21506, 11, 3981, 1040, 2497, 262, 749, 4096, 7071, 1022, 15893, 11, 2057, 11, 290, 3450, 790, 1110, 13, 564, 250, 818, 262, 5922, 995, 11, 48042, 9818, 389, 319, 262, 2166, 3951, 286, 8098, 11, 16460, 11, 290, 2035, 8914, 393, 13897, 17039, 13, 5478, 318, 2592, 8826, 1201, 523, 867, 286, 262, 14450, 326, 2148, 16633, 389, 1802, 1411, 10795, 319, 4295, 19435, 13, 447, 251, 198, 27730, 41413, 13, 554, 257, 27382, 24225, 286, 8222, 11, 617, 286, 262, 938, 5637, 5510, 410, 952, 5289, 36331, 284, 257, 12788, 1589, 290, 1907, 284, 7866, 13, 5882, 12, 83, 506, 1739, 17002, 13180, 262, 21049, 12734, 287, 511, 9941, 11, 5591, 736, 511, 12098, 11, 290, 12611, 378, 351, 44446, 12245, 284, 14713, 12, 30393, 4559, 262, 35107, 3150, 13, 412, 25649, 1143, 11, 262, 976, 17002, 788, 3067, 284, 3278, 4559, 14450, 287, 6716, 5318, 7032, 13, 887, 329, 703, 890, 30, 1002, 262, 410, 952, 5289, 39572, 11, 523, 714, 262, 17002, 11, 290, 6165, 16051, 286, 14450, 13, 198, 49374, 11, 257, 2055, 286, 15893, 12766, 319, 1956, 41604, 416, 48152, 11, 33512, 9482, 11, 290, 1029, 36466, 779, 13, 6430, 618, 7506, 8234, 7150, 4439, 3595, 19299, 11, 644, 318, 13772, 30, 46698, 13, 564, 250, 48412, 364, 804, 379, 262, 1263, 14343, 1097, 26419, 17002, 1509, 18052, 1088, 511, 7150, 290, 10484, 284, 1494, 606, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 3981, 1040, 13, 564, 250, 818, 1109, 11, 484, 761, 517, 17002, 11, 407, 7380, 13, 37580, 8234, 299, 44504, 7363, 18176, 2174, 257, 19789, 287, 262, 4618, 13, 632, 2753, 257, 1263, 29784, 20697, 284, 10303, 262, 19789, 11, 7925, 262, 299, 44504, 11, 290, 3278, 4559, 262, 15061, 13, 317, 1310, 12498, 20963, 714, 1239, 466, 340, 13, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 5419, 2251, 257, 46282, 20018, 326, 481, 4729, 262, 1263, 17002, 290, 1249, 3278, 47721, 290, 14450, 284, 31147, 757, 13, 198, 8048, 262, 2975, 11, 48710, 285, 27118, 781, 270, 422, 4257, 284, 4048, 20461, 11729, 7150, 11, 511, 4506, 6180, 31099, 5000, 4497, 329, 262, 7150, 447, 247, 3278, 1883, 290, 9441, 13, 564, 250, 47, 499, 11729, 318, 884, 281, 1593, 13833, 329, 867, 10016, 5348, 780, 340, 447, 247, 82, 8131, 5527, 287, 29091, 11, 460, 307, 973, 6924, 3289, 11, 290, 36417, 18393, 11, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 4710, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 1037, 9818, 7564, 290, 1805, 663, 1688, 3278, 47721, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3237, 1973, 3687, 5478, 11, 3981, 1040, 2499, 284, 5911, 262, 749, 4465, 6134, 290, 3278, 47721, 11, 1441, 606, 284, 511, 35308, 11, 290, 1037, 1111, 30020, 290, 1957, 5348, 22191, 13, 679, 29787, 326, 564, 250, 43323, 364, 761, 284, 1833, 1521, 4305, 257, 1310, 2272, 329, 3450, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 257, 13064, 11, 475, 257, 14564, 329, 12973, 11, 13347, 14510, 13, 34982, 8347, 389, 5940, 290, 17988, 13, 1406, 314, 787, 530, 393, 734, 286, 606, 616, 7827, 287, 262, 2055, 11, 21135, 262, 1943, 286, 674, 7605, 13, 1649, 1854, 766, 262, 6617, 11, 484, 477, 765, 284, 1949, 340, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1532, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 1064, 3981, 1040, 351, 9818, 287, 262, 2214, 11, 1949, 2045, 287, 281, 15162, 15806, 13, 1881, 1524, 339, 447, 247, 82, 2950, 351, 11185, 739, 257, 5509, 326, 447, 247, 82, 41719, 351, 7337, 4693, 286, 17002, 13, 564, 250, 464, 37589, 318, 9721, 11, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 48775, 82, 13, 679, 2499, 351, 1524, 17197, 284, 923, 3278, 20900, 25476, 26, 2824, 11316, 26, 10716, 43873, 11, 3624, 12, 18834, 19294, 739, 7842, 4035, 15232, 26, 290, 5911, 262, 749, 5981, 14450, 290, 3278, 47721, 287, 511, 2055, 13, 564, 250, 818, 5688, 45029, 378, 3006, 11, 777, 3988, 389, 1690, 262, 717, 287, 511, 4172, 284, 467, 284, 1524, 13, 1119, 743, 307, 8271, 12, 36672, 11, 475, 484, 447, 247, 260, 3450, 12, 7527, 13, 921, 3521, 447, 247, 83, 1265, 329, 1365, 11, 517, 21848, 1862, 5519, 13, 447, 251, 198, 44893, 318, 25449, 465, 4040, 13, 564, 250, 3844, 326, 10016, 21506, 468, 4455, 290, 5175, 3072, 8787, 11, 314, 460, 3053, 262, 9818, 290, 2214, 5519, 314, 670, 351, 13, 16178, 314, 765, 9818, 284, 307, 1498, 284, 1011, 5986, 351, 9512, 290, 3758, 606, 284, 20697, 1687, 6326, 1023, 319, 262, 584, 1735, 286, 262, 995, 13, 314, 765, 47214, 1524, 3988, 284, 1561, 351, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3988, 546, 3278, 47721, 290, 14450, 810, 484, 2107, 13, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 447, 247, 82, 4130, 6117, 683, 351, 5519, 1973, 262, 13342, 13, 1881, 2274, 5726, 546, 49364, 3278, 1883, 12053, 9109, 422, 262, 471, 13, 50, 1539, 8031, 11, 27026, 11, 7648, 11, 3794, 11, 290, 32825, 1626, 655, 530, 1110, 13, 2399, 7093, 6685, 11, 27128, 11, 290, 5698, 12106, 389, 6768, 3199, 13, 564, 250, 2484, 1723, 1321, 9808, 674, 2951, 284, 262, 1109, 326, 262, 2761, 286, 262, 995, 389, 407, 3748, 284, 597, 530, 1295, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13143, 1040, 29787, 326, 2506, 460, 787, 257, 3580, 13, 564, 250, 8567, 379, 534, 1306, 7480, 286, 2057, 290, 1265, 810, 340, 1625, 422, 11, 703, 340, 1392, 284, 345, 13, 3887, 640, 345, 4483, 345, 460, 3853, 284, 1104, 16035, 326, 447, 247, 82, 3402, 284, 307, 922, 11, 2138, 621, 19546, 11, 284, 3450, 290, 661, 13, 921, 3015, 351, 534, 13008, 11, 534, 3625, 11, 290, 534, 5422, 13, 447, 251, 198, 7155, 2488, 47849, 10082, 78, 18438, 28089, 319, 3009, 198, 3666, 1438, 318, 39430, 449, 13, 3981, 1040, 11, 314, 716, 257, 47214, 920, 296, 7451, 290, 314, 1842, 19435, 13, 383, 30519, 86, 993, 2403, 1573, 329, 12833, 318, 288, 463, 84, 290, 611, 345, 1422, 470, 760, 1541, 11, 19435, 3896, 262, 995, 0, 198, 818, 5334, 23087, 198, 447, 250, 6109, 2060, 1048, 319, 674, 5440, 468, 257, 5496, 326, 3407, 2057, 925, 1744, 416, 3278, 6010, 19435, 13, 1649, 428, 4637, 318, 8556, 11, 477, 286, 9265, 318, 8556, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13143, 1040, 19451, 262, 2479, 1468, 2776, 1022, 12498, 41712, 290, 5384, 960, 392, 663, 6817, 287, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 2898, 324, 8736, 11, 340, 338, 262, 10087, 290, 262, 17002, 326, 651, 477, 262, 3241, 12, 25252, 345, 821, 281, 920, 296, 7451, 13, 3244, 340, 338, 262, 17002, 290, 262, 17002, 11, 407, 284, 3068, 262, 17607, 290, 262, 373, 862, 290, 262, 285, 27118, 13, 198, 5122, 5905, 28089, 287, 7561, 198, 29318, 4048, 45531, 508, 423, 7121, 262, 7095, 287, 8855, 11, 3783, 11, 290, 517, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,300
Grading and Reporting for All Students Instructor: Stephanie Wertkins, Instructor; Thomas Guskey and Lee Ann Jung, Presenter Spring, Summer & Fall (Ongoing) Instruction Mode: Internet-Asynchronous (Online Class) Academic Level: K-12 Professional Development Partner Course Fee: $145 Partner Class Offered Through Knowledge Delivery Systems This expansive course on the topic of reporting and grading, focuses on the meaning of grades for parents and students. It explores whether teachers are consistent In giving grades and reviews common methods in grading students. Presenters Guskey and Jung challenge traditional practices and propose options that show how grading methods can be modified and combined to benefit students and their parents. Also included is a section on the challenges of grading struggling learners and special needs students. Jung and Guskey lay out a five-step inclusive grading modelresulting in a system that showcases best practices for standards-based grading. After completing this course, educators will know: - Aspects of the history of grading in the US to date. - The purpose(s) of grading. - Recommended grading methods. - The drawbacks of averaging, assigning zeros, and grading on the curve. - The distinctions between the learning criteria of product, process, and progress. - The Inclusive Grading Model as a method for grading struggling and other exceptional learners. - Methods for effective communication with parents and other audiences. Student Learning Outcomes: After completing this course, educators will apply the following skills: - Articulate a clear purpose for grades. - Utilize a standards-based grading system. - Distinguish product from process from progress on report cards. - Make modifications and accommodations for students as necessary. - Adopt the Inclusive Grading Model to ensure they are grading all students, including those who struggle, accurately and fairly. - Improve communications with parents and other audiences. Register for this class through KDSi. NOTE: Upon registration, you have 2 months for course completion. Although many of our courses are approved for both 1 and 3 graduate professional development credits, participants can only receive credit for one version of each course.	[ 8642, 4980, 290, 29595, 329, 1439, 14882, 198, 43993, 273, 25, 26085, 370, 861, 5331, 11, 47839, 26, 5658, 37307, 2539, 290, 5741, 5506, 27134, 11, 1763, 9255, 198, 30387, 11, 10216, 1222, 7218, 357, 46, 782, 40519, 8, 198, 6310, 2762, 10363, 25, 4455, 12, 1722, 31301, 357, 14439, 5016, 8, 198, 12832, 49113, 5684, 25, 509, 12, 1065, 18612, 7712, 198, 7841, 1008, 20537, 28522, 25, 720, 18781, 198, 7841, 1008, 5016, 3242, 1068, 9561, 20414, 28682, 11998, 198, 1212, 31316, 1781, 319, 262, 7243, 286, 6447, 290, 43165, 11, 13692, 319, 262, 3616, 286, 19051, 329, 3397, 290, 2444, 13, 632, 25409, 1771, 7799, 389, 6414, 554, 3501, 19051, 290, 8088, 2219, 5050, 287, 43165, 2444, 13, 21662, 364, 37307, 2539, 290, 27134, 4427, 4569, 6593, 290, 18077, 3689, 326, 905, 703, 43165, 5050, 460, 307, 9518, 290, 5929, 284, 4414, 2444, 290, 511, 3397, 13, 4418, 3017, 318, 257, 2665, 319, 262, 6459, 286, 43165, 9648, 46184, 290, 2041, 2476, 2444, 13, 27134, 290, 37307, 2539, 3830, 503, 257, 1936, 12, 9662, 19889, 43165, 2746, 20274, 278, 287, 257, 1080, 326, 45064, 1266, 6593, 329, 5423, 12, 3106, 43165, 13, 198, 3260, 14339, 428, 1781, 11, 30770, 481, 760, 25, 198, 12, 1081, 38046, 286, 262, 2106, 286, 43165, 287, 262, 1294, 284, 3128, 13, 198, 12, 383, 4007, 7, 82, 8, 286, 43165, 13, 198, 12, 31117, 43165, 5050, 13, 198, 12, 383, 42763, 286, 20430, 11, 38875, 1976, 27498, 11, 290, 43165, 319, 262, 12133, 13, 198, 12, 383, 36640, 1022, 262, 4673, 9987, 286, 1720, 11, 1429, 11, 290, 4371, 13, 198, 12, 383, 554, 5731, 1902, 4980, 9104, 355, 257, 2446, 329, 43165, 9648, 290, 584, 15313, 46184, 13, 198, 12, 25458, 329, 4050, 6946, 351, 3397, 290, 584, 15579, 13, 198, 38778, 18252, 3806, 8988, 25, 198, 3260, 14339, 428, 1781, 11, 30770, 481, 4174, 262, 1708, 4678, 25, 198, 12, 3683, 291, 5039, 257, 1598, 4007, 329, 19051, 13, 198, 12, 7273, 346, 1096, 257, 5423, 12, 3106, 43165, 1080, 13, 198, 12, 4307, 6680, 680, 1720, 422, 1429, 422, 4371, 319, 989, 4116, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 19008, 290, 33839, 329, 2444, 355, 3306, 13, 198, 12, 1215, 8738, 262, 554, 5731, 1902, 4980, 9104, 284, 4155, 484, 389, 43165, 477, 2444, 11, 1390, 883, 508, 6531, 11, 14351, 290, 6547, 13, 198, 12, 20580, 8062, 351, 3397, 290, 584, 15579, 13, 198, 38804, 329, 428, 1398, 832, 509, 5258, 72, 13, 24550, 25, 14438, 9352, 11, 345, 423, 362, 1933, 329, 1781, 11939, 13, 4900, 867, 286, 674, 10902, 389, 6325, 329, 1111, 352, 290, 513, 10428, 4708, 2478, 10824, 11, 6809, 460, 691, 3328, 3884, 329, 530, 2196, 286, 1123, 1781, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	456
Worries about Pennsylvania facing a severe drought seem to have faded with recent rainstorms, but the question of how to care for your lawn during this summer’s heat is still important. When it comes to maintaining your lawn, according to an expert in Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences, doing less really may be doing more. “Most years, you don’t need to water if your lawn is in decent shape going into the summer season,” said Peter Landschoot, professor of turfgrass management. “The spring recipe for lawn care is to fertilize, mow up to twice a week and treat for weeds. But homeowners should back off on all those practices during the summer.” During the hottest, driest months of the year, it is common for cool-season grasses to go into a semidormant state and turn brown and dry. This especially may occur during a drought. Fortunately, he explains, lawns generally recover when cool temperatures and moisture return in autumn. He also encourages homeowners to question whether the benefits of watering their lawns are worth the cost of using valuable water resources, particularly during a drought, and advises homeowners to check local watering restrictions that may be in place to limit residential water usage. If you choose to continue watering throughout the summer months, Landschoot suggests doing so in the morning, when cooler temperatures and still conditions reduce water-loss due to evaporation. When it comes to watering, he explains that a good rule of thumb is to water deeply and infrequently. “Aim to moisten the ground as deep as the roots extend into the soil.” In the case of pest control, he cautions that treatments should be applied during the summer only if there is a significant problem. “Grubs are active from mid-August to early October and really can damage some lawns,” Landschoot said, noting that most lawns don’t need annual grub treatments. “Grubs are easy to recognize because they eat roots. If you can roll back small areas of turf like a rug, it is likely caused by grubs.” Landschoot explained that when mowing your lawn this summer, grass heights should be left a bit higher, between 3 to 3-1/2 inches. He also suggested that when possible, mowing should be done in the cool of the evening or morning. “Late August through mid-October is an optimal time to perform turfgrass maintenance and renovation, so long as your lawn gets a break during the summer months,” he said. “When cooler temperatures return in the fall, grasses once again will be able to green and to grow.”	[ 54, 273, 1678, 546, 9589, 6476, 257, 6049, 18393, 1283, 284, 423, 24887, 351, 2274, 6290, 38563, 11, 475, 262, 1808, 286, 703, 284, 1337, 329, 534, 21133, 1141, 428, 3931, 447, 247, 82, 4894, 318, 991, 1593, 13, 198, 2215, 340, 2058, 284, 10941, 534, 21133, 11, 1864, 284, 281, 5887, 287, 6595, 1812, 447, 247, 82, 5535, 286, 36694, 13473, 11, 1804, 1342, 1107, 743, 307, 1804, 517, 13, 198, 447, 250, 6943, 812, 11, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 1660, 611, 534, 21133, 318, 287, 7709, 5485, 1016, 656, 262, 3931, 1622, 11, 447, 251, 531, 5613, 24182, 354, 1025, 11, 6240, 286, 29553, 29815, 4542, 13, 564, 250, 464, 6076, 8364, 329, 21133, 1337, 318, 284, 19078, 1096, 11, 285, 322, 510, 284, 5403, 257, 1285, 290, 2190, 329, 36708, 13, 887, 24692, 815, 736, 572, 319, 477, 883, 6593, 1141, 262, 3931, 13, 447, 251, 198, 7191, 262, 26896, 11, 1454, 395, 1933, 286, 262, 614, 11, 340, 318, 2219, 329, 3608, 12, 6230, 8701, 274, 284, 467, 656, 257, 5026, 312, 579, 415, 1181, 290, 1210, 7586, 290, 5894, 13, 770, 2592, 743, 3051, 1141, 257, 18393, 13, 198, 31276, 11, 339, 6688, 11, 21133, 82, 4143, 8551, 618, 3608, 10101, 290, 20160, 1441, 287, 23608, 13, 198, 1544, 635, 18656, 24692, 284, 1808, 1771, 262, 4034, 286, 41737, 511, 21133, 82, 389, 2861, 262, 1575, 286, 1262, 8119, 1660, 4133, 11, 3573, 1141, 257, 18393, 11, 290, 34138, 24692, 284, 2198, 1957, 41737, 8733, 326, 743, 307, 287, 1295, 284, 4179, 12420, 1660, 8748, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 3853, 284, 2555, 41737, 3690, 262, 3931, 1933, 11, 24182, 354, 1025, 5644, 1804, 523, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 618, 19346, 10101, 290, 991, 3403, 4646, 1660, 12, 22462, 2233, 284, 819, 499, 6944, 13, 1649, 340, 2058, 284, 41737, 11, 339, 6688, 326, 257, 922, 3896, 286, 15683, 318, 284, 1660, 7744, 290, 1167, 37971, 13, 198, 447, 250, 49945, 284, 13394, 268, 262, 2323, 355, 2769, 355, 262, 11135, 9117, 656, 262, 9260, 13, 447, 251, 198, 818, 262, 1339, 286, 28064, 1630, 11, 339, 1275, 3508, 326, 13820, 815, 307, 5625, 1141, 262, 3931, 691, 611, 612, 318, 257, 2383, 1917, 13, 198, 447, 250, 8642, 23161, 389, 4075, 422, 3095, 12, 17908, 284, 1903, 3267, 290, 1107, 460, 2465, 617, 21133, 82, 11, 447, 251, 24182, 354, 1025, 531, 11, 10820, 326, 749, 21133, 82, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 5079, 1036, 549, 13820, 13, 198, 447, 250, 8642, 23161, 389, 2562, 284, 7564, 780, 484, 4483, 11135, 13, 1002, 345, 460, 4836, 736, 1402, 3006, 286, 29553, 588, 257, 14477, 11, 340, 318, 1884, 4073, 416, 1036, 23161, 13, 447, 251, 198, 43, 1746, 354, 1025, 4893, 326, 618, 285, 7855, 534, 21133, 428, 3931, 11, 8701, 23245, 815, 307, 1364, 257, 1643, 2440, 11, 1022, 513, 284, 513, 12, 16, 14, 17, 8331, 13, 679, 635, 5220, 326, 618, 1744, 11, 285, 7855, 815, 307, 1760, 287, 262, 3608, 286, 262, 6180, 393, 3329, 13, 198, 447, 250, 26302, 2932, 832, 3095, 12, 18517, 318, 281, 16586, 640, 284, 1620, 29553, 29815, 9262, 290, 36011, 11, 523, 890, 355, 534, 21133, 3011, 257, 2270, 1141, 262, 3931, 1933, 11, 447, 251, 339, 531, 13, 564, 250, 2215, 19346, 10101, 1441, 287, 262, 2121, 11, 8701, 274, 1752, 757, 481, 307, 1498, 284, 4077, 290, 284, 1663, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	573
According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), human health and human disease result from three interactive elements -- environmental factors, individual susceptibility, and age. Environmental medicine is the health care specialty concerned with human illnesses or dysfunctions that result from environmental factors. Environmental medicine specialists participate in a wide range of activities in their quest for answers regarding how the environment affects our health. For example, among many other topics, the NIEHS is currently studying breast and testicular cancer; lead poisoning; birth and developmental defects; agricultural pollution; neurologic disorders; sterility; and ways to replace animals as subjects in research. Environmental medicine departments or programs are found in large medical centers throughout the U.S. Some of the many services they offer include local, state, or national disease-prevention programs; epidemiological studies and research; distribution of standards, guidelines, and recommendations. In addition, they partner with other organizations, such as health departments and environmental agencies, to help prevent environmental disease.	[ 4821, 284, 262, 2351, 5136, 286, 13272, 3893, 13473, 357, 45, 10008, 7998, 828, 1692, 1535, 290, 1692, 4369, 1255, 422, 1115, 14333, 4847, 1377, 6142, 5087, 11, 1981, 43304, 11, 290, 2479, 13, 198, 47213, 9007, 318, 262, 1535, 1337, 22847, 5213, 351, 1692, 24024, 393, 13147, 12543, 2733, 326, 1255, 422, 6142, 5087, 13, 13272, 9007, 22447, 8277, 287, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 4568, 287, 511, 1235, 329, 7429, 5115, 703, 262, 2858, 10975, 674, 1535, 13, 198, 1890, 1672, 11, 1871, 867, 584, 10233, 11, 262, 399, 10008, 7998, 318, 3058, 11065, 9296, 290, 1332, 13174, 4890, 26, 1085, 22475, 26, 4082, 290, 23456, 22448, 26, 14240, 12231, 26, 22356, 291, 11916, 26, 12504, 879, 26, 290, 2842, 284, 6330, 4695, 355, 7481, 287, 2267, 13, 198, 47213, 9007, 13346, 393, 4056, 389, 1043, 287, 1588, 3315, 10399, 3690, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 867, 2594, 484, 2897, 2291, 1957, 11, 1181, 11, 393, 2260, 4369, 12, 3866, 4018, 4056, 26, 24574, 15071, 3640, 290, 2267, 26, 6082, 286, 5423, 11, 9949, 11, 290, 10763, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 484, 5212, 351, 584, 5745, 11, 884, 355, 1535, 13346, 290, 6142, 5942, 11, 284, 1037, 2948, 6142, 4369, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	206
Jamestown, it was thought, had simply disappeared. As the first permanent English settlement in North America, Jamestown served as the capital of the Jamestown Colony throughout most of the 17th century. It was there, along Virginia’s James River, that Captain John Smith forged his famous bond with Pocahontas that kept the Jamestown colonists from starving. And it was there that the newly introduced crop of tobacco first flourished in the American colonies. But when the colony’s capital was relocated in 1699 to what is now modern-day Williamsburg, the Jamestown site was largely abandoned and gradually succumbed to erosion. Though many believed that the original fortified town had been washed away, NEH-funded archaeological excavations conducted by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1996 uncovered the original seventeenth-century fort, revealing it to be intact on three sides. The digs also uncovered hundreds of early colonial artifacts, including glass and copper works, giving glimpses of daily life in the first American colony. Learn more about the Jamestown 1607 settlement at another NEH-supported project, Virtual Jamestown. Created by researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, this online resource lets users peruse early colonial legal suits, see John Smith’s 1608 map of Virginia, and visit an interactive 3D recreation of an Indian village.	[ 30380, 395, 593, 11, 340, 373, 1807, 11, 550, 2391, 12120, 13, 198, 1722, 262, 717, 7748, 3594, 9443, 287, 2258, 2253, 11, 9986, 395, 593, 4983, 355, 262, 3139, 286, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 34480, 3690, 749, 286, 262, 1596, 400, 4289, 13, 632, 373, 612, 11, 1863, 6025, 447, 247, 82, 3700, 5866, 11, 326, 8599, 1757, 4176, 24918, 465, 5863, 6314, 351, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 326, 4030, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 43430, 422, 34253, 13, 843, 340, 373, 612, 326, 262, 8308, 5495, 13833, 286, 11219, 717, 45671, 287, 262, 1605, 20848, 13, 198, 1537, 618, 262, 18815, 447, 247, 82, 3139, 373, 34233, 287, 1467, 2079, 284, 644, 318, 783, 3660, 12, 820, 6484, 7423, 11, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 2524, 373, 5688, 9958, 290, 11835, 47290, 284, 29337, 13, 198, 10915, 867, 4762, 326, 262, 2656, 40479, 3240, 550, 587, 18989, 1497, 11, 10635, 39, 12, 18246, 30971, 22659, 602, 5952, 416, 262, 5396, 329, 262, 47805, 286, 6025, 47789, 871, 287, 8235, 18838, 262, 2656, 10037, 28117, 12, 14792, 6285, 11, 13477, 340, 284, 307, 16572, 319, 1115, 5389, 13, 383, 46561, 635, 18838, 5179, 286, 1903, 17091, 20316, 11, 1390, 5405, 290, 15317, 2499, 11, 3501, 41226, 274, 286, 4445, 1204, 287, 262, 717, 1605, 18815, 13, 198, 20238, 517, 546, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 1467, 2998, 9443, 379, 1194, 10635, 39, 12, 15999, 1628, 11, 15595, 9986, 395, 593, 13, 15622, 416, 4837, 379, 6025, 12280, 23873, 291, 5136, 290, 1812, 2059, 11, 428, 2691, 8271, 8781, 2985, 583, 1904, 1903, 17091, 2742, 14803, 11, 766, 1757, 4176, 447, 247, 82, 1467, 2919, 3975, 286, 6025, 11, 290, 3187, 281, 14333, 513, 35, 27702, 286, 281, 3942, 7404, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	289
January 12, 1773 America's First Museum A museum is a building, place, or institution devoted to the acquisition, conservation, study, exhibition, and educational interpretation of objects having scientific, historical, or artistic value. South Carolina was still a British colony when the Charleston Museum was founded in 1773 and is regarded as America's first museum. A fire destroyed many of the original collections in 1778, and operations were suspended during the Revolutionary War and again during the War Between the States.	[ 21339, 1105, 11, 1596, 4790, 198, 18165, 338, 3274, 9594, 198, 32, 13257, 318, 257, 2615, 11, 1295, 11, 393, 9901, 13378, 284, 262, 12673, 11, 14903, 11, 2050, 11, 17127, 11, 290, 9856, 10794, 286, 5563, 1719, 5654, 11, 6754, 11, 393, 17290, 1988, 13, 198, 14942, 5913, 373, 991, 257, 3517, 18815, 618, 262, 26070, 9594, 373, 9393, 287, 1596, 4790, 290, 318, 11987, 355, 2253, 338, 717, 13257, 13, 317, 2046, 6572, 867, 286, 262, 2656, 17268, 287, 1596, 3695, 11, 290, 4560, 547, 9951, 1141, 262, 28105, 1810, 290, 757, 1141, 262, 1810, 14307, 262, 1829, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	102
The canons of Priscillian, prefixed to the Epistles of St. Paul in many (chiefly Spanish) manuscripts, are preceded by an introduction headed "Proœmium sancti Peregrini episcopi in epistolas Pauli Apostoli", in which it is explained that the canons were not written by St. Jerome but by Priscillian, and that they are given in an expurgated edition. The prologue of Priscillian himself to his canons follows; it shows none of the characteristics of style found in the tractates of Priscillian; it has presumably been rewritten by Peregrinus, if the tractates are genuine. The Codex Gothicus of the cathedral of Leon contains a prayer, and the words "et Peregrini f. o karissimi memento". The preface of St. Jerome to his lost translation of the Books of Solomon from the Septuagint occurs in some Manuscripts after his preface to his translation of those books from the Hebrew; in most of these Manuscripts (Spanish, or under Spanish influence) a note is appended explaining that both prefaces are given because, to the Vulgate text which follows, there have been added in the margin the additions found in the Septuagint; then come the words "et idcirco qui legis semper Peregrini memento". The Stowe codex of St. John also has a subscription, in which the writer describes himself as "Sonid Peregrinus". Sonid is said to be Celtic for a warrior; it reminds us of "Vincentius", and St. Vincent of Lérins in fact wrote his Commonitorium under the pseudonym of Peregrinus. But he cannot be identified with the Spanish Peregrinus, as he was not a bishop. The latter has been identified by Schepss, Berger, Fritsche, and Künstle with Bachiarius, a Spaniards who left his country, and is fond of speaking of his peregrinatio; he was accused of Priscillianism, and defended his own orthodoxy; but he was a monk, and we do not know that he ever became a bishop. It is however most probable that the Spanish Peregrinus lived at the beginning of the fifth century, and he cannot be later than the eighth. Künstle is wrong in attributing to him the Pseudo-Jerome's prologue to the Catholic Epistles. SCHEPSS, Priscilliani quæ supersunt, C. S. E. L., XVIII (Vienna, 1889), 179; BERGER, Histoire de la Vulgate (Paris, 1893); FRITSCHE in Zeitschr. für Kirchengesch., XVII (1897), 212; KÜNSTLE, Das Comma Johanneum (Freiburg im Br., 1905); CHAPMAN, Early history of the Vulgate Gospels (Oxford, 1908). APA citation. (1911). Peregrinus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11664b.htm MLA citation. "Peregrinus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11664b.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.	[ 464, 460, 684, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 11, 7694, 2966, 284, 262, 4551, 396, 829, 286, 520, 13, 3362, 287, 867, 357, 17351, 306, 7897, 8, 36578, 11, 389, 27165, 416, 281, 9793, 9153, 366, 2964, 129, 241, 76, 1505, 25417, 72, 17229, 2164, 5362, 2462, 2304, 404, 72, 287, 34795, 12456, 3362, 72, 19295, 11106, 1600, 287, 543, 340, 318, 4893, 326, 262, 460, 684, 547, 407, 3194, 416, 520, 13, 33617, 475, 416, 1736, 2304, 37896, 11, 290, 326, 484, 389, 1813, 287, 281, 1033, 3686, 515, 8313, 13, 383, 13286, 5119, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 2241, 284, 465, 460, 684, 5679, 26, 340, 2523, 4844, 286, 262, 9695, 286, 3918, 1043, 287, 262, 14998, 689, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 26, 340, 468, 14572, 587, 30101, 416, 17229, 2164, 35237, 11, 611, 262, 14998, 689, 389, 8768, 13, 198, 464, 41982, 18827, 24552, 286, 262, 41756, 286, 10592, 4909, 257, 11443, 11, 290, 262, 2456, 366, 316, 17229, 2164, 5362, 277, 13, 267, 479, 283, 747, 25236, 285, 972, 78, 1911, 383, 662, 2550, 286, 520, 13, 33617, 284, 465, 2626, 11059, 286, 262, 13661, 286, 22912, 422, 262, 2362, 84, 363, 600, 8833, 287, 617, 1869, 15817, 82, 706, 465, 662, 2550, 284, 465, 11059, 286, 883, 3835, 422, 262, 16505, 26, 287, 749, 286, 777, 1869, 15817, 82, 357, 43584, 11, 393, 739, 7897, 4588, 8, 257, 3465, 318, 598, 1631, 11170, 326, 1111, 7694, 2114, 389, 1813, 780, 11, 284, 262, 25442, 10494, 2420, 543, 5679, 11, 612, 423, 587, 2087, 287, 262, 10330, 262, 19885, 1043, 287, 262, 2362, 84, 363, 600, 26, 788, 1282, 262, 2456, 366, 316, 4686, 66, 343, 1073, 45567, 1232, 271, 5026, 525, 17229, 2164, 5362, 285, 972, 78, 1911, 383, 520, 47097, 14873, 1069, 286, 520, 13, 1757, 635, 468, 257, 14569, 11, 287, 543, 262, 6260, 8477, 2241, 355, 366, 31056, 312, 17229, 2164, 35237, 1911, 6295, 312, 318, 531, 284, 307, 27986, 329, 257, 16491, 26, 340, 17603, 514, 286, 366, 53, 42816, 3754, 1600, 290, 520, 13, 18653, 286, 406, 42445, 1040, 287, 1109, 2630, 465, 8070, 2072, 1505, 739, 262, 48129, 286, 17229, 2164, 35237, 13, 887, 339, 2314, 307, 5174, 351, 262, 7897, 17229, 2164, 35237, 11, 355, 339, 373, 407, 257, 24233, 13, 383, 6846, 468, 587, 5174, 416, 10011, 79, 824, 11, 33337, 11, 376, 799, 15952, 11, 290, 509, 9116, 77, 301, 293, 351, 347, 14299, 19897, 11, 257, 37506, 1371, 508, 1364, 465, 1499, 11, 290, 318, 16245, 286, 5486, 286, 465, 279, 567, 2164, 259, 39485, 26, 339, 373, 5371, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 1042, 11, 290, 13768, 465, 898, 49371, 26, 475, 339, 373, 257, 27266, 11, 290, 356, 466, 407, 760, 326, 339, 1683, 2627, 257, 24233, 13, 632, 318, 2158, 749, 17939, 326, 262, 7897, 17229, 2164, 35237, 5615, 379, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 8150, 4289, 11, 290, 339, 2314, 307, 1568, 621, 262, 16974, 13, 509, 9116, 77, 301, 293, 318, 2642, 287, 24548, 278, 284, 683, 262, 49693, 12003, 12, 36134, 462, 338, 13286, 5119, 284, 262, 7835, 4551, 396, 829, 13, 198, 50, 3398, 36, 3705, 50, 11, 1736, 2304, 359, 25111, 627, 21241, 22754, 2797, 11, 327, 13, 311, 13, 412, 13, 406, 1539, 29922, 10855, 357, 38432, 13713, 11, 49545, 828, 27228, 26, 347, 1137, 30373, 11, 5590, 32177, 390, 8591, 25442, 10494, 357, 40313, 11, 48889, 1776, 8782, 29722, 3398, 36, 287, 9033, 48279, 81, 13, 277, 25151, 509, 1980, 31753, 274, 354, 1539, 29922, 3978, 357, 1507, 5607, 828, 23679, 26, 509, 127, 250, 45, 2257, 2538, 11, 29533, 1520, 64, 16053, 21952, 388, 357, 20366, 571, 3686, 545, 1709, 1539, 37166, 1776, 5870, 2969, 10725, 11, 12556, 2106, 286, 262, 25442, 10494, 402, 41908, 357, 38208, 3841, 11, 40417, 737, 198, 2969, 32, 27860, 13, 357, 1129, 1157, 737, 17229, 2164, 35237, 13, 554, 383, 7835, 36732, 13, 968, 1971, 25, 5199, 4196, 1122, 5834, 13, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 3605, 324, 1151, 13, 2398, 14, 9246, 831, 14, 18298, 2414, 65, 13, 19211, 198, 5805, 32, 27860, 13, 366, 47, 567, 2164, 35237, 526, 383, 7835, 36732, 13, 4709, 13, 1367, 13, 968, 1971, 25, 5199, 4196, 1122, 5834, 11, 32216, 13, 1279, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 3605, 324, 1151, 13, 2398, 14, 9246, 831, 14, 18298, 2414, 65, 13, 19211, 28401, 198, 8291, 6820, 13, 770, 2708, 373, 23589, 8725, 329, 968, 33732, 416, 15796, 449, 13, 14179, 13, 35023, 3474, 284, 262, 17380, 8894, 286, 5803, 1951, 13, 198, 36, 535, 46360, 1331, 65, 341, 13, 399, 20898, 1835, 14269, 13, 3945, 352, 11, 32216, 13, 32912, 406, 24515, 11, 311, 13, 51, 13, 35, 1539, 327, 22854, 13, 1846, 19795, 2541, 13, 1343, 7554, 25564, 6755, 1636, 11, 36746, 286, 968, 1971, 13, 198, 17829, 1321, 13, 383, 5464, 286, 968, 33732, 318, 7939, 6700, 13, 2011, 3053, 2209, 318, 7538, 22, 2624, 379, 649, 324, 1151, 13, 2398, 13, 357, 2514, 1037, 1907, 18084, 11, 428, 2209, 1244, 1487, 10491, 2014, 3310, 11489, 1346, 11, 314, 460, 470, 10971, 284, 790, 3850, 11, 475, 314, 9257, 9144, 534, 7538, 851, 2592, 19605, 546, 2170, 17046, 8563, 290, 15679, 9011, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	869
Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg. If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message. Table of contents Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless data transfer. Bluetooth connectivity is often found in high-end keyboards and mice. Bluetooth generally provide an operating range of up to 30 feet and is less prone to interference in comparison to RF technology. DPI and FPS DPI (dots per inch) and FPS (frames per second) are the number of counts in an inch of movement and the number of times the sensor reads the surface in a second respectively. These figures are measures of the amount of information recorded by the mouse's sensor. The greater the amount of information that is gathered, the more accurately and precisely the surface can be tracked. To detect movement, optical and laser mice use sensors to read beams of light as they are reflected from the tracking surface. Currently 400 and 800 DPI optical mice as well as 800 DPI laser mice are very popular, but some high-end models are capable of 1000, 1600 or even 2000 DPI tracking speeds. The Personal System/2 or PS/2 was the designation for IBM's second generation of personal computers. The PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports were introduced with it. PS/2 ports connect the keyboard and mouse to a computer and are usually color-coded on today's systems - purple for keyboards and green for mice. Most desktop motherboards still provide PS/2 ports, but an increasing number of keyboards and mice are using USB ports. Radio Frequency (RF) is a wireless communication technology. Using RF technology allows keyboards and mice to computers without annoying cables. The USB (Universal Serial Bus) port is a popular I/O interface used for connecting computers and peripherals or other devices. It is capable of supporting up to 127 daisy-chained peripheral devices simultaneously. The latest USB 2.0 specification can deliver 480Mbps data transfer bandwidth. In addition, USB provides plug-and-play capabilities to allow device changes while the computer is powered on. Today, many keyboard and mice use the USB interface.	[ 3791, 33856, 13, 785, 532, 317, 1049, 1295, 284, 2822, 9061, 11, 3644, 3354, 11, 17075, 11, 3788, 11, 18199, 11, 290, 35962, 2691, 13, 2080, 1049, 4536, 11, 3049, 8440, 11, 290, 1353, 12, 4111, 6491, 2139, 532, 1752, 345, 760, 11, 345, 968, 33856, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 3555, 428, 3275, 11, 4222, 3904, 428, 2792, 284, 18126, 428, 2443, 12195, 5211, 407, 779, 534, 6444, 338, 366, 8134, 3447, 1, 4936, 737, 4222, 3053, 514, 611, 345, 821, 2491, 262, 3452, 2196, 286, 534, 6444, 290, 345, 991, 766, 428, 3275, 13, 198, 10962, 286, 10154, 198, 38676, 16271, 318, 281, 7593, 20855, 329, 12521, 1366, 4351, 13, 19263, 19843, 318, 1690, 1043, 287, 1029, 12, 437, 34512, 290, 10693, 13, 19263, 4143, 2148, 281, 5361, 2837, 286, 510, 284, 1542, 3625, 290, 318, 1342, 17592, 284, 14517, 287, 7208, 284, 20445, 3037, 13, 198, 6322, 40, 290, 22082, 198, 6322, 40, 357, 67, 1747, 583, 11111, 8, 290, 22082, 357, 37805, 583, 1218, 8, 389, 262, 1271, 286, 9853, 287, 281, 11111, 286, 3356, 290, 262, 1271, 286, 1661, 262, 12694, 9743, 262, 4417, 287, 257, 1218, 8148, 13, 2312, 5538, 389, 5260, 286, 262, 2033, 286, 1321, 6264, 416, 262, 10211, 338, 12694, 13, 383, 3744, 262, 2033, 286, 1321, 326, 318, 9272, 11, 262, 517, 14351, 290, 10582, 262, 4417, 460, 307, 18283, 13, 1675, 4886, 3356, 11, 18480, 290, 12855, 10693, 779, 15736, 284, 1100, 26741, 286, 1657, 355, 484, 389, 12548, 422, 262, 9646, 4417, 13, 198, 21327, 7337, 290, 10460, 360, 11901, 18480, 10693, 355, 880, 355, 10460, 360, 11901, 12855, 10693, 389, 845, 2968, 11, 475, 617, 1029, 12, 437, 4981, 389, 6007, 286, 8576, 11, 26143, 393, 772, 4751, 360, 11901, 9646, 12055, 13, 198, 464, 15644, 4482, 14, 17, 393, 6599, 14, 17, 373, 262, 22566, 329, 19764, 338, 1218, 5270, 286, 2614, 9061, 13, 383, 6599, 14, 17, 10586, 290, 10211, 14090, 547, 5495, 351, 340, 13, 6599, 14, 17, 14090, 2018, 262, 10586, 290, 10211, 284, 257, 3644, 290, 389, 3221, 3124, 12, 40976, 319, 1909, 338, 3341, 532, 14032, 329, 34512, 290, 4077, 329, 10693, 13, 4042, 11364, 2802, 12821, 991, 2148, 6599, 14, 17, 14090, 11, 475, 281, 3649, 1271, 286, 34512, 290, 10693, 389, 1262, 8450, 14090, 13, 198, 26093, 31902, 357, 32754, 8, 318, 257, 12521, 6946, 3037, 13, 8554, 20445, 3037, 3578, 34512, 290, 10693, 284, 9061, 1231, 15774, 18018, 13, 198, 464, 8450, 357, 38747, 23283, 5869, 8, 2493, 318, 257, 2968, 314, 14, 46, 7071, 973, 329, 14320, 9061, 290, 18375, 874, 393, 584, 4410, 13, 632, 318, 6007, 286, 6493, 510, 284, 18112, 12379, 13560, 12, 354, 1328, 25514, 4410, 11640, 13, 383, 3452, 8450, 362, 13, 15, 20855, 460, 5203, 23487, 47842, 1366, 4351, 19484, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 8450, 3769, 6107, 12, 392, 12, 1759, 9889, 284, 1249, 3335, 2458, 981, 262, 3644, 318, 13232, 319, 13, 6288, 11, 867, 10586, 290, 10693, 779, 262, 8450, 7071, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	504
New Oakland Child-Adolescent and Family Center "Psychoses" are defined as abnormal conditions of the mind, a psychiatric term for a mental state involving a loss of contact with reality. Psychotic disorders cause distorted thinking and awareness and can vary greatly in their severity. The term "psychosis" is very broad and can mean anything from an aberrant experience to a more chronic illness such as schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are: - Delusions: False beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary - Hallucinations: Experiencing images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorders. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities. There are several different types of psychosis but an initial episode won't necessarily determine which type it is. Duration and severity of symptoms along with a comprehensive assessment is more likely to lead to a proper diagnosis. Information from the individual, family history and physical examinations will create a clearer picture. Some of the types of psychosis: - Brief Reactive Psychosis: Psychotic symptoms arise in response to a major stress. A quick recovery is likely - Delusional Disorder: Evidences itself when a person acts on strong beliefs that don't fit conventional reality. - Psychotic Depression: A severe depression with psychotic symptoms happening at the same time - Bipolar Disorder: Extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression) Psychosis can appear during either phase - Schizophrenia: Delusions, hallucinations last six months or more. Contrary to popular belief, a schizophrenic does not have multiple personalities New Oakland Child-Adolescent and Family Center assesses and treats the mental health issues and crises faced by children and adolescents. Immediate action can return well-being to your family. See the "Contact" tab for the nearest New Oakland facility or call the 24 Hour Crisis Stabilization Hot Line: (800) 395-3223	[ 3791, 12369, 5932, 12, 2782, 23406, 290, 7884, 3337, 198, 1, 31923, 4629, 1, 389, 5447, 355, 18801, 3403, 286, 262, 2000, 11, 257, 19906, 3381, 329, 257, 5110, 1181, 7411, 257, 2994, 286, 2800, 351, 3950, 13, 7562, 6210, 11916, 2728, 26987, 3612, 290, 9359, 290, 460, 7565, 9257, 287, 511, 19440, 13, 383, 3381, 366, 23947, 5958, 1, 318, 845, 3154, 290, 460, 1612, 1997, 422, 281, 42499, 5250, 1998, 284, 257, 517, 10726, 8526, 884, 355, 22794, 13, 198, 464, 749, 2219, 7460, 286, 37162, 11916, 389, 25, 198, 12, 4216, 15880, 25, 10352, 9056, 326, 262, 2801, 1048, 18178, 355, 2081, 11, 3805, 2370, 284, 262, 10388, 198, 12, 4789, 1229, 7352, 25, 8170, 2013, 2259, 4263, 393, 5238, 326, 389, 407, 1103, 11, 884, 355, 4854, 10839, 198, 8061, 13456, 37926, 743, 15866, 8806, 2458, 290, 1807, 11916, 13, 23591, 319, 663, 19440, 11, 428, 743, 307, 11791, 416, 8468, 393, 13699, 4069, 11, 355, 880, 355, 8722, 351, 1919, 10375, 290, 23992, 287, 6872, 503, 4445, 1204, 4568, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1811, 1180, 3858, 286, 37926, 475, 281, 4238, 4471, 1839, 470, 6646, 5004, 543, 2099, 340, 318, 13, 22920, 290, 19440, 286, 7460, 1863, 351, 257, 9815, 8922, 318, 517, 1884, 284, 1085, 284, 257, 1774, 13669, 13, 6188, 422, 262, 1981, 11, 1641, 2106, 290, 3518, 37305, 481, 2251, 257, 22363, 4286, 13, 198, 4366, 286, 262, 3858, 286, 37926, 25, 198, 12, 22821, 797, 5275, 7562, 5958, 25, 7562, 6210, 7460, 15058, 287, 2882, 284, 257, 1688, 5503, 13, 317, 2068, 7628, 318, 1884, 198, 12, 4216, 41780, 31162, 25, 4319, 44845, 2346, 618, 257, 1048, 6529, 319, 1913, 9056, 326, 836, 470, 4197, 10224, 3950, 13, 198, 12, 7562, 6210, 22483, 25, 317, 6049, 8862, 351, 37162, 7460, 5836, 379, 262, 976, 640, 198, 12, 347, 49133, 31162, 25, 18111, 28227, 357, 45733, 8, 290, 34119, 357, 10378, 2234, 8, 7562, 5958, 460, 1656, 1141, 2035, 7108, 198, 12, 3059, 18337, 544, 25, 4216, 15880, 11, 40371, 938, 2237, 1933, 393, 517, 13, 43607, 284, 2968, 4901, 11, 257, 19991, 291, 857, 407, 423, 3294, 20929, 198, 3791, 12369, 5932, 12, 2782, 23406, 290, 7884, 3337, 4659, 274, 290, 18432, 262, 5110, 1535, 2428, 290, 25712, 7452, 416, 1751, 290, 25447, 13, 1846, 13857, 2223, 460, 1441, 880, 12, 11873, 284, 534, 1641, 13, 4091, 262, 366, 17829, 1, 7400, 329, 262, 16936, 968, 12369, 6841, 393, 869, 262, 1987, 19123, 18660, 520, 14991, 1634, 6964, 6910, 25, 357, 7410, 8, 42321, 12, 18, 22047, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	427
The Business of America is Business—President Calvin Coolidge, 1925 Do you know the definitions of “commerce,” “entrepreneurship” and/or “free-enterprise?” August, which is National Black Business Month, is a good time for Black Americans to start productive business activities. African-Americans across the U.S. are urged to join the National Black Business Month movement to encourage Blacks to patronize Black-owned businesses. The movement could spark discussions and initiatives that educate Blacks in American capitalism and at the same time revive the country’s Black business districts. For some, the National Black Business Month concept will set off debate about the continued usefulness and fairness of a month and initiative dedicated to one race. What African-Americans need now is a race-based initiative and culture to support Black-owned businesses. Contemporary Blacks’ participation in the American capitalistic system is highly suspect. Blacks show high levels of economic dysfunction and are unique in our lack of internal commerce. Studies show that nowadays, a dollar goes into and out of the Black community in 15 minutes. A poor understanding of capitalism and internal circulation of funds plague Black communities. Money circulates zero to one time within the Black community, compared to a dollar circulation rate of six times among Latino communities, nine times among Asian communities and an unlimited number of times within White and Jewish communities, according to the University of Georgia’s Selig Center for Economic Growth. The National Black Business Month movement will raise the visibility of African-American entrepreneurs as the most promising solutions for the growth of American cities and commerce. National Black Business Month is an ideal time to define: “commerce,” “entrepreneurship” and “free-enterprise” to your friends and family. It can build a pillar for business in Black American culture. The basic concept behind National Black Business Month is for African-Americans to make a commitment to visit a Black-owned business on each of the 31 days of August. The movement has at its base educating the masses of Blacks and other Americans on the advantages of developing and supporting Black business enterprises. NBBM had inaugural events in San Jose in June and in Washington, D.C. and San Francisco in August. Executives at BlackMoney.com are the movement’s primary advocates. Their objective is to motivate “commerce toward, between and among the nation’s Black businesses;” and to urge a show of solidarity to help Black-owned businesses increase their consumer traffic and revenue. “Each one tells one” could be a “force multiplier” for Black businesses and economics. The NBBM needs to grow legs, and you can help. To effectively participate in the NBBM initiative African-Americans are requested: 1.) Visit some of the small businesses in your city or community. 2.) Go inside the business and introduce yourself. 3.) Even if you don’t buy anything, look around to see if there are items, services or products that you may have better use for on another day. John William Templeton is a co-founder of National Black Business Month. A business journalist, Templeton is a nationally recognized author, historian, demographer and financial expert. A graduate of Howard University’s School of Communications, Templeton and his associates tout Black-and Minority-owned businesses as “increasingly important” to America's economy. A business [also known as an enterprise or firm] is an organization engaged in the trade of goods and/ or services to consumers. There are 1.9 million Black-owned businesses in the U.S. Black-owned firms annually employ 921,032 people, and generate $137.5 billion in receipts. These days, minority business operations need ongoing support from their neighbors, local legislatures and corporate brethren. Black-owned businesses are prominent in health care and social assistance (19 percent), repair and maintenance and personal and laundry services (19 percent). Administrative and support services, waste management and remediation services industries account for 11 percent. (William Reed is available for speaking/seminar projects via the Bailey Group.org) Digital Daily Signup Sign up now for the New Pittsburgh Courier Digital Daily newsletter! - Courier, Urban League and Pitt CTSI sponsor community health forum (1) - The end of America’s dominance (1) - Black community not to blame for August Wilson Center crisis (13) - More visits by artists like Beyonce, Jay-Z, needed, says Afro-Cuban filmmaker (2) - Can the Black community change the face of the music industry? (3)	[ 464, 7320, 286, 2253, 318, 7320, 960, 10364, 25017, 15226, 3130, 11, 36864, 198, 5211, 345, 760, 262, 17336, 286, 564, 250, 27061, 11, 447, 251, 564, 250, 298, 10406, 1834, 1056, 447, 251, 290, 14, 273, 564, 250, 5787, 12, 9255, 7919, 30, 447, 251, 198, 17908, 11, 543, 318, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 11, 318, 257, 922, 640, 329, 2619, 3399, 284, 923, 12973, 1597, 4568, 13, 5510, 12, 17636, 1973, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 389, 11643, 284, 4654, 262, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 3356, 284, 7898, 27875, 284, 19686, 1096, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 13, 383, 3356, 714, 9009, 9984, 290, 15446, 326, 20771, 27875, 287, 1605, 12129, 290, 379, 262, 976, 640, 26046, 262, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 2619, 1597, 12815, 13, 198, 1890, 617, 11, 262, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 3721, 481, 900, 572, 4384, 546, 262, 3767, 37496, 290, 22692, 286, 257, 1227, 290, 10219, 7256, 284, 530, 3234, 13, 1867, 5510, 12, 17636, 761, 783, 318, 257, 3234, 12, 3106, 10219, 290, 3968, 284, 1104, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 13, 38698, 27875, 447, 247, 10270, 287, 262, 1605, 3139, 2569, 1080, 318, 4047, 4099, 13, 27875, 905, 1029, 2974, 286, 3034, 19327, 290, 389, 3748, 287, 674, 3092, 286, 5387, 19497, 13, 198, 45833, 905, 326, 26760, 11, 257, 8872, 2925, 656, 290, 503, 286, 262, 2619, 2055, 287, 1315, 2431, 13, 317, 3595, 4547, 286, 12129, 290, 5387, 19133, 286, 5153, 23684, 2619, 5348, 13, 12911, 2498, 15968, 6632, 284, 530, 640, 1626, 262, 2619, 2055, 11, 3688, 284, 257, 8872, 19133, 2494, 286, 2237, 1661, 1871, 20496, 5348, 11, 5193, 1661, 1871, 7740, 5348, 290, 281, 15822, 1271, 286, 1661, 1626, 2635, 290, 5582, 5348, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 2059, 286, 7859, 447, 247, 82, 15300, 328, 3337, 329, 11279, 19045, 13, 198, 464, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 3356, 481, 5298, 262, 20742, 286, 5510, 12, 7437, 17038, 355, 262, 749, 11781, 8136, 329, 262, 3349, 286, 1605, 4736, 290, 19497, 13, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 318, 281, 7306, 640, 284, 8160, 25, 564, 250, 27061, 11, 447, 251, 564, 250, 298, 10406, 1834, 1056, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 5787, 12, 9255, 7919, 447, 251, 284, 534, 2460, 290, 1641, 13, 632, 460, 1382, 257, 30042, 329, 1597, 287, 2619, 1605, 3968, 13, 383, 4096, 3721, 2157, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 318, 329, 5510, 12, 17636, 284, 787, 257, 7901, 284, 3187, 257, 2619, 12, 11990, 1597, 319, 1123, 286, 262, 3261, 1528, 286, 2932, 13, 383, 3356, 468, 379, 663, 2779, 36267, 262, 14568, 286, 27875, 290, 584, 3399, 319, 262, 13391, 286, 5922, 290, 6493, 2619, 1597, 23941, 13, 41354, 12261, 550, 26851, 2995, 287, 2986, 5264, 287, 2795, 290, 287, 2669, 11, 360, 13, 34, 13, 290, 2986, 6033, 287, 2932, 13, 198, 23002, 315, 1083, 379, 2619, 26788, 13, 785, 389, 262, 3356, 447, 247, 82, 4165, 11009, 13, 5334, 9432, 318, 284, 35065, 564, 250, 27061, 3812, 11, 1022, 290, 1871, 262, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 2619, 5692, 26, 447, 251, 290, 284, 14960, 257, 905, 286, 17803, 284, 1037, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 2620, 511, 7172, 4979, 290, 6426, 13, 564, 250, 10871, 530, 4952, 530, 447, 251, 714, 307, 257, 564, 250, 3174, 33090, 447, 251, 329, 2619, 5692, 290, 12446, 13, 383, 41354, 12261, 2476, 284, 1663, 7405, 11, 290, 345, 460, 1037, 13, 1675, 6840, 8277, 287, 262, 41354, 12261, 10219, 5510, 12, 17636, 389, 9167, 25, 352, 2014, 16440, 617, 286, 262, 1402, 5692, 287, 534, 1748, 393, 2055, 13, 362, 2014, 1514, 2641, 262, 1597, 290, 10400, 3511, 13, 513, 2014, 3412, 611, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2822, 1997, 11, 804, 1088, 284, 766, 611, 612, 389, 3709, 11, 2594, 393, 3186, 326, 345, 743, 423, 1365, 779, 329, 319, 1194, 1110, 13, 198, 7554, 3977, 10857, 1122, 318, 257, 763, 12, 15454, 286, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 13, 317, 1597, 10099, 11, 10857, 1122, 318, 257, 18845, 8018, 1772, 11, 18026, 11, 1357, 18539, 290, 3176, 5887, 13, 317, 10428, 286, 8442, 2059, 447, 247, 82, 3961, 286, 14620, 11, 10857, 1122, 290, 465, 20093, 256, 448, 2619, 12, 392, 29980, 12, 11990, 5692, 355, 564, 250, 42647, 306, 1593, 447, 251, 284, 2253, 338, 3773, 13, 198, 32, 1597, 685, 14508, 1900, 355, 281, 13953, 393, 4081, 60, 318, 281, 4009, 7953, 287, 262, 3292, 286, 7017, 290, 14, 393, 2594, 284, 7008, 13, 1318, 389, 352, 13, 24, 1510, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2619, 12, 11990, 9611, 13844, 1873, 860, 2481, 11, 49959, 661, 11, 290, 7716, 720, 19708, 13, 20, 2997, 287, 29946, 13, 2312, 1528, 11, 9137, 1597, 4560, 761, 7044, 1104, 422, 511, 12020, 11, 1957, 38081, 290, 6355, 29644, 13, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 389, 9208, 287, 1535, 1337, 290, 1919, 6829, 357, 1129, 1411, 828, 9185, 290, 9262, 290, 2614, 290, 25724, 2594, 357, 1129, 1411, 737, 30048, 290, 1104, 2594, 11, 7030, 4542, 290, 20100, 3920, 2594, 11798, 1848, 329, 1367, 1411, 13, 198, 7, 17121, 16105, 318, 1695, 329, 5486, 14, 325, 1084, 283, 4493, 2884, 262, 20330, 4912, 13, 2398, 8, 198, 27640, 6714, 5865, 929, 198, 11712, 510, 783, 329, 262, 968, 12767, 34268, 10231, 6714, 13129, 0, 198, 12, 34268, 11, 14665, 4041, 290, 10276, 327, 4694, 40, 17487, 2055, 1535, 10041, 357, 16, 8, 198, 12, 383, 886, 286, 2253, 447, 247, 82, 18648, 357, 16, 8, 198, 12, 2619, 2055, 407, 284, 8138, 329, 2932, 8127, 3337, 4902, 357, 1485, 8, 198, 12, 3125, 11864, 416, 7912, 588, 37361, 344, 11, 9180, 12, 57, 11, 2622, 11, 1139, 2483, 305, 12, 43632, 272, 26479, 357, 17, 8, 198, 12, 1680, 262, 2619, 2055, 1487, 262, 1986, 286, 262, 2647, 2831, 30, 357, 18, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	969
Fri Mar 21 18:02:28 GMT 2008 by Gordon Why is it that gamma rays cannot penerate the earth's atmosphere when they will happily travel though thick lead. Fri Mar 21 18:59:29 GMT 2008 by Radek Air in atmosphere corresponds to ... One meter of lead! Fri Mar 21 19:24:17 GMT 2008 by Tony Byron "The atmosphere shields us from cosmic rays about as effectively as a 13-foot layer of concrete,..." "The Earth's atmosphere would soak up most of the gamma rays, Melott says, but their energy would rip apart nitrogen and oxygen molecules, creating a witch's brew of nitrogen oxides, especially the toxic brown gas nitrogen dioxide that colours photochemical smog (see graphic)." (long URL - click here) All comments should respect the New Scientist House Rules. If you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the "Report" link in that comment to report it to us. If you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.	[ 30214, 1526, 2310, 1248, 25, 2999, 25, 2078, 16987, 3648, 416, 11646, 198, 5195, 318, 340, 326, 34236, 24823, 2314, 279, 877, 378, 262, 4534, 338, 8137, 618, 484, 481, 18177, 3067, 996, 6546, 1085, 13, 198, 30214, 1526, 2310, 1248, 25, 3270, 25, 1959, 16987, 3648, 416, 371, 671, 74, 198, 16170, 287, 8137, 24866, 284, 2644, 1881, 16430, 286, 1085, 0, 198, 30214, 1526, 2310, 678, 25, 1731, 25, 1558, 16987, 3648, 416, 8832, 36719, 198, 1, 464, 8137, 21132, 514, 422, 23464, 24823, 546, 355, 6840, 355, 257, 1511, 12, 5898, 7679, 286, 10017, 11, 9313, 198, 1, 464, 3668, 338, 8137, 561, 33182, 510, 749, 286, 262, 34236, 24823, 11, 5616, 1252, 1139, 11, 475, 511, 2568, 561, 18344, 5475, 23417, 290, 11863, 17745, 11, 4441, 257, 16365, 338, 9059, 286, 23417, 12018, 1460, 11, 2592, 262, 11422, 7586, 3623, 23417, 17556, 326, 18915, 2825, 32864, 895, 519, 357, 3826, 13028, 21387, 198, 7, 6511, 10289, 532, 3904, 994, 8, 198, 3237, 3651, 815, 2461, 262, 968, 33374, 2097, 14252, 13, 1002, 345, 892, 257, 1948, 2912, 9457, 777, 3173, 788, 3387, 779, 262, 366, 19100, 1, 2792, 287, 326, 2912, 284, 989, 340, 284, 514, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 1719, 257, 6276, 1917, 10754, 257, 2912, 11, 3387, 2800, 6276, 1104, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	219
Falling Objects and Bouncing Location: Outside U.S. Date: April 2008 I am looking to compare different masses, objects, shapes and compare these to dents made in a specific plate (e.g. polystyrene). For this experiment I would need not only to be able to work out the velocity of the object but also how much air resistance is effecting the object plus the amount of air is jammed between the object and the plate. If possible, I would also be looking for a way to measure how much, for instance, an object would bounce back, or how much weight and height will get me the best results, but I also need to find a formula to see wether any of my results make any sense. I was thinking of letting an object dimensions around 5 x 5 (base) by 5-10 (height) depending on object otherwise for sphere a 3 cm radius object drop from around 3 meters object mass around 250g to 1kg. I do not know if pressure, humidity or temperature matters. It sounds like you're asking for someone to 1. validate your methodology, and 2. suggest any other factors you need to consider. Is that right? (if not, reply and let me know what else). First, the methodology. It sounds like you have an ambitious approach, but I think some organization up front will really help you get good value from your efforts. There is a method known as 'design of experiments' that might help. I am going to walk you through some basic steps, and hopefully it will Step one is to have a hypothesis. What are you trying to prove? It sounds like you are testing something about elastic collisions (such as the relationship between objects and the mark they leave on a plate), but I am not clear what. Step two is to organize and categorize your variables. You have two kinds of variables: independent and dependent. An independent variable is something you can set yourself (such as how high to drop the object, which object with which properties, etc.). A dependent variable, often called a response variable, is one that is determined by independent variables. The mark left on the plate or the height the object bounces might be response variables. A third type of "variable" is a factor that you do not intentionally change (I put "variable" in quotes because sometimes they change and sometimes they do not). There are lots of these factors, some of which you can control and some you cannot. You might always choose to use the same target plate -- that is a factor that you hold constant. You might work outside, and have to deal with wind or temperature changes -- these affect your results, but you cannot control them. It is a good idea to record variables and factors that affect your results -- they may be helpful later in interpreting your Step three is to revisit your hypothesis -- restate your idea in terms of the variables that you can measure. Saying "I want to see what happens....". is not as powerful as saying something like "A change of independent variable A will lead to a change in dependent variable B in this way C." Step four is to set up your equipment to actually test your hypothesis. Keep it simple -- pick materials and equipment that fit what you are trying to test. Remove things that will introduce uncontrollable variables. The more variables you try to change, the harder the experiment will be to run and the harder the results will be to analyze. Sometimes you have to have a lot of variables, but it is often a good idea to start simple first, and then work your way up to more complicated experiments. I strongly recommend you read about 'design of experiments' to help you understand the approach I am suggesting here. The Internet has a ton of information, as would a library too. Now for your specific situation. It sounds like you are trying to do experiments involving colliding objects. Have you studied 'kinetic energy' in physics yet? I would start there. You can get all the equations you need. I would specifically study elastic and inelastic collisions. Usually collisions are not purely one or the other. With a rubber ball, the ball deforms as it strikes a hard object. Some energy is dissipated in the deformation, and some is returned elastically. If you are hitting an expanded Polystyrene ('Styrofoam') target, the energy of the falling object will be partially/mostly absorbed by the Styrofoam. For your objects and distances (~1kg, ~10m), I think you can safely neglect air/wind effects. If you consider objects of different shapes, now you have a very difficult-to-control factor as now the orientation of the object affects how it bounces (I would avoid this variable, to be honest -- stick with spheres). As for weights and masses, it probably does not matter that much unless you use very light, low-density objects (they will be affected by air). Ball bearings, rocks, and other similar 'heavy' objects should all Hope this helps, That is a massively difficult and computationally intensive endeavor you want to undertake! I am afraid that the best answer I can give, is to say that with without a supercomputer running extremely complex Finite Element Analysis software, and a lot of very expensive computer time, there is no way to do what you are suggesting. It is amazing how complex it is to accurately describe something as seemingly simple as dropping a block though air! Further, before you can even think of attempting to see how far an object would bounce off your polystyrene plate, you would need to mathematically characterize the detailed physical characteristics of both the plate and the falling object. So, I am sorry, but to do what you want to do is simply impossible with the resources available to someone like you or even me. You have a pretty complicated project. For a "dropping" distance of ~ 3 meters, air pressure, humidity and temperature will probably be negligible. For a sphere, Stokes' Law says that the shear viscosity is F=6 x pi x a x nu x v (for Reynolds numbers 1 (true for air)). For heavy objects of radius 'a' the velocity 'v' falling through air with a viscosity 'nu' will not be significant I don't think. How bodies of different shape fall is a complicated problem because they tend to tumble, so you should probably stick to spheres. Relating the indentation of the base to the mechanical parameters may be very tricky too. Not all polystyrene, for example, has the same elasticity, which determines how much of the energy of the falling object is absorbed compared to how much is retained by the falling object. Click here to return to the Engineering Archives Update: June 2012	[ 37, 9221, 35832, 290, 347, 18155, 198, 14749, 25, 22151, 471, 13, 50, 13, 198, 10430, 25, 3035, 3648, 198, 40, 716, 2045, 284, 8996, 1180, 14568, 11, 5563, 11, 15268, 198, 392, 8996, 777, 284, 288, 658, 925, 287, 257, 2176, 7480, 357, 68, 13, 70, 13, 198, 35428, 34365, 25924, 737, 1114, 428, 6306, 314, 561, 761, 407, 691, 284, 307, 1498, 198, 1462, 670, 503, 262, 15432, 286, 262, 2134, 475, 635, 703, 881, 1633, 198, 411, 9311, 318, 1245, 278, 262, 2134, 5556, 262, 2033, 286, 1633, 318, 45479, 198, 23395, 262, 2134, 290, 262, 7480, 13, 198, 1532, 1744, 11, 314, 561, 635, 307, 198, 11534, 329, 257, 835, 284, 3953, 703, 881, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 281, 2134, 561, 198, 65, 8652, 736, 11, 393, 703, 881, 3463, 290, 6001, 481, 651, 502, 262, 1266, 198, 43420, 11, 475, 314, 635, 761, 284, 1064, 257, 10451, 284, 766, 266, 6750, 597, 286, 616, 198, 43420, 787, 597, 2565, 13, 314, 373, 3612, 286, 9616, 281, 2134, 198, 27740, 5736, 1088, 642, 2124, 642, 357, 8692, 8, 416, 642, 12, 940, 357, 17015, 8, 6906, 319, 2134, 198, 847, 3083, 329, 16558, 257, 513, 12067, 16874, 2134, 4268, 422, 1088, 513, 10700, 198, 15252, 2347, 1088, 8646, 70, 284, 352, 10025, 13, 314, 466, 407, 760, 611, 3833, 11, 27716, 198, 273, 5951, 6067, 13, 198, 1026, 5238, 588, 345, 821, 4737, 329, 2130, 284, 352, 13, 26571, 534, 20411, 11, 198, 392, 362, 13, 1950, 597, 584, 5087, 345, 761, 284, 2074, 13, 1148, 326, 826, 30, 357, 361, 198, 1662, 11, 10971, 290, 1309, 502, 760, 644, 2073, 737, 198, 5962, 11, 262, 20411, 13, 632, 5238, 588, 345, 423, 281, 14742, 3164, 11, 475, 314, 198, 14925, 617, 4009, 510, 2166, 481, 1107, 1037, 345, 651, 922, 1988, 422, 198, 14108, 4040, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 2446, 1900, 355, 705, 26124, 286, 10256, 6, 326, 1244, 198, 16794, 13, 314, 716, 1016, 284, 2513, 345, 832, 617, 4096, 4831, 11, 290, 11481, 340, 481, 198, 8600, 530, 318, 284, 423, 257, 14078, 13, 1867, 389, 345, 2111, 284, 5879, 30, 632, 5238, 198, 2339, 345, 389, 4856, 1223, 546, 27468, 31998, 357, 10508, 355, 262, 198, 39468, 1056, 1022, 5563, 290, 262, 1317, 484, 2666, 319, 257, 7480, 828, 475, 314, 716, 198, 1662, 1598, 644, 13, 198, 8600, 734, 318, 284, 16481, 290, 17851, 1096, 534, 9633, 13, 921, 423, 734, 6982, 286, 198, 25641, 2977, 25, 4795, 290, 10795, 13, 1052, 4795, 7885, 318, 1223, 198, 5832, 460, 900, 3511, 357, 10508, 355, 703, 1029, 284, 4268, 262, 2134, 11, 543, 2134, 351, 198, 4758, 6608, 11, 3503, 15729, 317, 10795, 7885, 11, 1690, 1444, 257, 2882, 198, 45286, 11, 318, 530, 326, 318, 5295, 416, 4795, 9633, 13, 383, 1317, 1364, 198, 261, 262, 7480, 393, 262, 6001, 262, 2134, 49623, 1244, 307, 2882, 9633, 13, 317, 198, 17089, 2099, 286, 366, 45286, 1, 318, 257, 5766, 326, 345, 466, 407, 16464, 1487, 357, 40, 198, 1996, 366, 45286, 1, 287, 13386, 780, 3360, 484, 1487, 290, 3360, 484, 198, 4598, 407, 737, 1318, 389, 6041, 286, 777, 5087, 11, 617, 286, 543, 345, 460, 1630, 290, 198, 11246, 345, 2314, 13, 921, 1244, 1464, 3853, 284, 779, 262, 976, 2496, 7480, 1377, 198, 5562, 318, 257, 5766, 326, 345, 1745, 6937, 13, 921, 1244, 670, 2354, 11, 290, 423, 284, 198, 31769, 351, 2344, 393, 5951, 2458, 1377, 777, 2689, 534, 2482, 11, 475, 345, 198, 66, 34574, 1630, 606, 13, 632, 318, 257, 922, 2126, 284, 1700, 9633, 290, 5087, 326, 198, 2001, 478, 534, 2482, 1377, 484, 743, 307, 7613, 1568, 287, 35391, 534, 198, 8600, 1115, 318, 284, 32302, 534, 14078, 1377, 1334, 378, 534, 2126, 287, 2846, 286, 198, 1169, 9633, 326, 345, 460, 3953, 13, 49642, 366, 40, 765, 284, 766, 644, 4325, 1106, 1911, 198, 271, 407, 355, 3665, 355, 2282, 1223, 588, 366, 32, 1487, 286, 4795, 198, 45286, 317, 481, 1085, 284, 257, 1487, 287, 10795, 7885, 347, 287, 428, 835, 327, 526, 198, 8600, 1440, 318, 284, 900, 510, 534, 5112, 284, 1682, 1332, 534, 14078, 13, 9175, 198, 270, 2829, 1377, 2298, 5696, 290, 5112, 326, 4197, 644, 345, 389, 2111, 284, 198, 9288, 13, 17220, 1243, 326, 481, 10400, 39483, 540, 9633, 13, 383, 517, 198, 25641, 2977, 345, 1949, 284, 1487, 11, 262, 7069, 262, 6306, 481, 307, 284, 1057, 290, 198, 1169, 7069, 262, 2482, 481, 307, 284, 16602, 13, 8975, 345, 423, 284, 423, 257, 1256, 198, 1659, 9633, 11, 475, 340, 318, 1690, 257, 922, 2126, 284, 923, 2829, 717, 11, 290, 788, 198, 1818, 534, 835, 510, 284, 517, 8253, 10256, 13, 198, 40, 7634, 4313, 345, 1100, 546, 705, 26124, 286, 10256, 6, 284, 1037, 345, 198, 4625, 1481, 262, 3164, 314, 716, 9524, 994, 13, 383, 4455, 468, 257, 5680, 286, 1321, 11, 198, 292, 561, 257, 5888, 1165, 13, 198, 3844, 329, 534, 2176, 3074, 13, 198, 1026, 5238, 588, 345, 389, 2111, 284, 466, 10256, 7411, 2927, 2530, 5563, 13, 198, 11980, 345, 9713, 705, 5116, 5139, 2568, 6, 287, 11887, 1865, 30, 314, 561, 923, 612, 13, 921, 198, 5171, 651, 477, 262, 27490, 345, 761, 13, 314, 561, 5734, 2050, 27468, 290, 198, 20538, 3477, 31998, 13, 19672, 31998, 389, 407, 14177, 530, 393, 262, 584, 13, 198, 3152, 257, 14239, 2613, 11, 262, 2613, 390, 23914, 355, 340, 8956, 257, 1327, 2134, 13, 2773, 198, 22554, 318, 32008, 515, 287, 262, 390, 1161, 11, 290, 617, 318, 4504, 1288, 16607, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 9008, 281, 9902, 12280, 34365, 25924, 19203, 18716, 305, 6513, 321, 11537, 2496, 11, 262, 2568, 286, 262, 198, 7207, 278, 2134, 481, 307, 12387, 14, 29471, 19233, 416, 262, 42378, 305, 6513, 321, 13, 1114, 534, 198, 48205, 290, 18868, 31034, 16, 10025, 11, 5299, 940, 76, 828, 314, 892, 345, 460, 11512, 17985, 1633, 14, 7972, 198, 34435, 13, 1002, 345, 2074, 5563, 286, 1180, 15268, 11, 783, 345, 423, 257, 845, 198, 26069, 2249, 12, 1462, 12, 13716, 5766, 355, 783, 262, 12852, 286, 262, 2134, 10975, 703, 198, 270, 49623, 357, 40, 561, 3368, 428, 7885, 11, 284, 307, 5508, 1377, 4859, 351, 198, 2777, 19079, 737, 1081, 329, 19590, 290, 14568, 11, 340, 2192, 857, 407, 2300, 326, 881, 198, 25252, 345, 779, 845, 1657, 11, 1877, 12, 43337, 5563, 357, 9930, 481, 307, 5676, 416, 198, 958, 737, 6932, 39872, 11, 12586, 11, 290, 584, 2092, 705, 23701, 6, 5563, 815, 477, 198, 34456, 428, 5419, 11, 198, 2504, 318, 257, 28161, 2408, 290, 2653, 15208, 18590, 28251, 198, 5832, 765, 284, 25340, 0, 314, 716, 7787, 326, 262, 1266, 3280, 314, 460, 1577, 11, 318, 198, 1462, 910, 326, 351, 1231, 257, 2208, 33215, 2491, 4457, 3716, 198, 37, 9504, 11703, 14691, 3788, 11, 290, 257, 1256, 286, 845, 5789, 3644, 198, 2435, 11, 612, 318, 645, 835, 284, 466, 644, 345, 389, 9524, 13, 632, 318, 4998, 703, 198, 41887, 340, 318, 284, 14351, 6901, 1223, 355, 9775, 2829, 355, 198, 37554, 257, 2512, 996, 1633, 0, 7735, 11, 878, 345, 460, 772, 892, 286, 198, 1078, 1791, 278, 284, 766, 703, 1290, 281, 2134, 561, 20110, 572, 534, 7514, 34365, 25924, 198, 6816, 11, 345, 561, 761, 284, 2603, 46558, 34404, 262, 6496, 198, 42854, 9695, 286, 1111, 262, 7480, 290, 262, 7463, 2134, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 314, 716, 7926, 11, 475, 284, 466, 644, 345, 765, 284, 466, 318, 2391, 5340, 351, 198, 1169, 4133, 1695, 284, 2130, 588, 345, 393, 772, 502, 13, 198, 1639, 423, 257, 2495, 8253, 1628, 13, 1114, 257, 366, 37554, 1, 5253, 286, 5299, 513, 198, 4164, 364, 11, 1633, 3833, 11, 27716, 290, 5951, 481, 2192, 307, 36480, 13, 198, 1890, 257, 16558, 11, 520, 3369, 6, 3854, 1139, 326, 262, 673, 283, 1490, 6966, 414, 318, 376, 28, 21, 2124, 31028, 2124, 257, 2124, 14364, 198, 87, 410, 357, 1640, 21995, 3146, 352, 357, 7942, 329, 1633, 29720, 1114, 4334, 5563, 286, 16874, 198, 6, 64, 6, 262, 15432, 705, 85, 6, 7463, 832, 1633, 351, 257, 1490, 6966, 414, 705, 28803, 6, 481, 407, 307, 198, 36591, 314, 836, 470, 892, 13, 1374, 5920, 286, 1180, 5485, 2121, 318, 257, 8253, 198, 45573, 780, 484, 4327, 284, 47978, 11, 523, 345, 815, 2192, 4859, 284, 34126, 13, 198, 6892, 803, 262, 33793, 341, 286, 262, 2779, 284, 262, 12370, 10007, 743, 307, 845, 198, 2213, 17479, 1165, 13, 1892, 477, 7514, 34365, 25924, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 468, 262, 976, 27468, 414, 11, 543, 198, 67, 13221, 274, 703, 881, 286, 262, 2568, 286, 262, 7463, 2134, 318, 19233, 3688, 198, 1462, 703, 881, 318, 17383, 416, 262, 7463, 2134, 13, 198, 8164, 994, 284, 1441, 284, 262, 14044, 22275, 198, 10260, 25, 2795, 2321, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,486
This artist developed Florentine Mannerism, influenced by Michelangelo. Figures are muscular and in inventive poses, compressed into a space which has little depth. The painting may contain several stories. Moses is the central pivot for this turbulent composition but also appears in the red drapery rushing to save his future bride. He defends the seven daughters of Jethro from men who have deprived them of water for their flocks.	[ 1212, 6802, 4166, 23347, 429, 500, 1869, 1008, 1042, 11, 12824, 416, 12386, 46525, 13, 36574, 389, 27014, 290, 287, 47602, 17313, 11, 25388, 656, 257, 2272, 543, 468, 1310, 6795, 13, 383, 12036, 743, 3994, 1811, 3923, 13, 19010, 318, 262, 4318, 30355, 329, 428, 42291, 11742, 475, 635, 3568, 287, 262, 2266, 28841, 525, 88, 15795, 284, 3613, 465, 2003, 26619, 13, 679, 33446, 262, 3598, 14850, 286, 449, 2788, 305, 422, 1450, 508, 423, 26215, 606, 286, 1660, 329, 511, 781, 3320, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	87
National air quality has improved since the early 1990's, but many challenges remain in protecting public health and the environment from air quality problems. Since the 1950s, air quality has been a major public health and environmental concern. Local, state, and national programs have helped us learn more about the problems and how to solve them. NH EPHT Program works closely with NH Department of Environmental Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to track air quality data and to better understand how air pollution affects our health. Air Pollution and Your Health Air pollution in the United States poses a public health threat affecting potentially millions of people throughout the country. It is associated with health problems that include increased emergency department visits and hospitals stays for breathing and heart problems, asthma, and increases in illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis, and adverse reproductive outcomes such as low birth weight. Air pollution comes from two main origins: point-sources (factories, construction, houses, businesses, agriculture) and non-point sources (automobiles, trains, buses, vegetation). The EPA lists the most common air pollutants as ground-level ozone, particle pollution (often referred to as particulate matter), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead. Ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are the primary pollutants of concern in New Hampshire as they regularly occur at concentrations which can cause harmful health effects. Other contaminants, such as nitrogen-oxides and sulfur-dioxide, occasionally occur at significant concentrations. Ground level ozone Ozone is created indirectly when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in the presence of heat and sunlight. Your exposure to ozone depends mainly on where you live and work and how much time you spend outside. Everyone can have health problems from ozone. Symptoms might be very mild or more serious. People with lung disease, children, older adults, and people who are active outdoors are at the highest risk of having problems when ozone levels are unhealthy. Many scientific studies have linked ground-level ozone contact to varied problems, such as - lung and throat irritation, - wheezing and breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities, - coughing and pain when taking a deep breath, - aggravation of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and - higher chance of getting respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis. Particle pollution, or particulate matter, consists of particles that are in the air, including dust, dirt, soot and smoke, and little drops of liquid. Fine particulates occur from being directly emitted (e.g., from a smokestack or tailpipe) or from secondary reactions in the air (e.g., when water vapor condenses on sulfate ions, which is also a secondary product of combustion). Some particles, such as soot or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen. Other particles are so small that you cannot see them. Small particles are the most concerning because they are most likely to cause health problems. Their small size allows these particles to get into the deep part of your lungs. Being exposed to any kind of particulate matter may cause: - increased emergency department visits and hospital stays for breathing and heart problems, - breathing problems, - asthma symptoms to get worse, - adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, - decreased lung growth in children, - lung cancer, and - early deaths. Sensitive people, including older adults, people with diseases such as asthma or congestive heart disease, and children, are more likely to be affected by contact with PM2.5. Reduce Your Risk EPA's Air Quality Index, or AQI, is a tool to help you quickly learn when air pollution is likely to reach unhealthy levels. Local TV stations, radio programs, and newspapers carry these air quality forecasts to tell you when particle levels are likely to be unhealthy. You can use the AQI to plan your daily activities to reduce exposure to particle pollution. When particle pollution levels are high, you can: - reduce the amount of time you spend outside; - do easier outdoor activities, such as walking instead of running or using a riding lawn mower instead of a push mower; and - exercise away from roads and highways. Particle pollution is usually worse near these areas. If you have one of the following diseases, you may experience some effects from particle pollution: - Lung disease - You may not be able to breathe as deeply or strongly as you usually do. - You may cough more, have chest pain, wheeze, feel like you can’t catch your breath, or be tired more than usual. - Heart disease - Coming in contact with particle pollution can cause serious problems in a short period of time, such as a heart attack without any warning signs. - Symptoms, including chest pain or tightness, fast heartbeat, feeling out of breath, and feeling tired more than usual, may be signs of a serious problem. If you have any of these signs, follow your doctor's advice and contact your doctor if the symptoms last longer than usual or worsen. - Follow your asthma management plan when particle levels are high. Tracking Air Pollution Tracking air pollution can help people understand how often they are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution. Having these data can also help public health professionals or policymakers understand which areas may be most in need of prevention and control activities. NH EPHT is tracking the following indicators about ozone and PM2.5: - Ozone--Days Above Regulatory Standard The number of days in which the daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration exceeds a standard provides an indication of short-term spikes in ozone concentrations. This may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of ozone. - PM2.5--Days Above Regulatory Standard These data help summarize short-term trends in particle pollution concentrations. This may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of particulate matter. - Annual PM2.5 Level These data help summarize long-term trends in particle pollution concentrations. This will give you an idea of what the yearly level of PM2.5 is in an area. For information about specific health risks associated with ozone and particulate matter: To read more about air contaminants: To read more about air pollution and health:	[ 16186, 1633, 3081, 468, 6596, 1201, 262, 1903, 6303, 338, 11, 475, 867, 6459, 3520, 287, 10192, 1171, 1535, 290, 262, 2858, 422, 1633, 3081, 2761, 13, 4619, 262, 11445, 82, 11, 1633, 3081, 468, 587, 257, 1688, 1171, 1535, 290, 6142, 2328, 13, 10714, 11, 1181, 11, 290, 2260, 4056, 423, 4193, 514, 2193, 517, 546, 262, 2761, 290, 703, 284, 8494, 606, 13, 24451, 14724, 6535, 6118, 2499, 7173, 351, 24451, 2732, 286, 13272, 6168, 11, 262, 22223, 329, 17344, 6779, 290, 18313, 357, 47667, 828, 290, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 13272, 9985, 7732, 357, 40906, 8, 284, 2610, 1633, 3081, 1366, 290, 284, 1365, 1833, 703, 1633, 12231, 10975, 674, 1535, 13, 198, 16170, 12868, 1009, 290, 3406, 3893, 198, 16170, 12231, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 17313, 257, 1171, 1535, 2372, 13891, 6196, 5242, 286, 661, 3690, 262, 1499, 13, 632, 318, 3917, 351, 1535, 2761, 326, 2291, 3220, 6334, 5011, 11864, 290, 11301, 14768, 329, 12704, 290, 2612, 2761, 11, 28438, 11, 290, 5732, 287, 24024, 884, 355, 35647, 290, 18443, 354, 11815, 11, 290, 12681, 18391, 10906, 884, 355, 1877, 4082, 3463, 13, 198, 16170, 12231, 2058, 422, 734, 1388, 15587, 25, 966, 12, 82, 2203, 357, 22584, 1749, 11, 5103, 11, 7777, 11, 5692, 11, 14510, 8, 290, 1729, 12, 4122, 4237, 357, 2306, 296, 36329, 11, 13404, 11, 16893, 11, 28459, 737, 383, 10193, 8341, 262, 749, 2219, 1633, 41824, 355, 2323, 12, 5715, 37170, 11, 18758, 12231, 357, 28950, 6412, 284, 355, 1344, 5039, 2300, 828, 23417, 12018, 1460, 11, 37402, 12018, 1460, 11, 6588, 937, 28885, 11, 290, 1085, 13, 198, 46, 11340, 357, 46, 18, 8, 290, 3734, 1344, 5039, 2300, 357, 5868, 17, 13, 20, 8, 389, 262, 4165, 41824, 286, 2328, 287, 968, 13910, 355, 484, 7987, 3051, 379, 14587, 543, 460, 2728, 13568, 1535, 3048, 13, 3819, 46983, 11, 884, 355, 23417, 12, 1140, 1460, 290, 37402, 12, 67, 16671, 11, 10491, 3051, 379, 2383, 14587, 13, 198, 35539, 1241, 37170, 198, 46, 11340, 318, 2727, 20762, 618, 23417, 12018, 1460, 290, 22750, 10469, 16439, 5022, 287, 262, 4931, 286, 4894, 290, 19606, 13, 3406, 7111, 284, 37170, 8338, 8384, 319, 810, 345, 2107, 290, 670, 290, 703, 881, 640, 345, 4341, 2354, 13, 11075, 460, 423, 1535, 2761, 422, 37170, 13, 49559, 1244, 307, 845, 11607, 393, 517, 2726, 13, 4380, 351, 12317, 4369, 11, 1751, 11, 4697, 6490, 11, 290, 661, 508, 389, 4075, 24349, 389, 379, 262, 4511, 2526, 286, 1719, 2761, 618, 37170, 2974, 389, 27942, 13, 198, 7085, 5654, 3640, 423, 6692, 2323, 12, 5715, 37170, 2800, 284, 15641, 2761, 11, 884, 355, 198, 12, 12317, 290, 13589, 35164, 11, 198, 12, 483, 8471, 278, 290, 12704, 13156, 1141, 5517, 393, 15162, 4568, 11, 198, 12, 48308, 290, 2356, 618, 2263, 257, 2769, 8033, 11, 198, 12, 20072, 341, 286, 28438, 11, 18443, 354, 11815, 11, 290, 795, 6883, 325, 2611, 11, 290, 198, 12, 2440, 2863, 286, 1972, 22949, 8526, 884, 355, 35647, 393, 18443, 354, 11815, 13, 198, 7841, 1548, 12231, 11, 393, 1344, 5039, 2300, 11, 10874, 286, 13166, 326, 389, 287, 262, 1633, 11, 1390, 8977, 11, 13647, 11, 523, 313, 290, 7523, 11, 290, 1310, 10532, 286, 8122, 13, 17867, 1344, 15968, 3051, 422, 852, 3264, 31234, 357, 68, 13, 70, 1539, 422, 257, 895, 482, 395, 441, 393, 7894, 34360, 8, 393, 422, 9233, 12737, 287, 262, 1633, 357, 68, 13, 70, 1539, 618, 1660, 20199, 1779, 4541, 319, 22443, 378, 39270, 11, 543, 318, 635, 257, 9233, 1720, 286, 33607, 737, 2773, 13166, 11, 884, 355, 523, 313, 393, 7523, 11, 389, 1588, 393, 3223, 1576, 284, 307, 1775, 13, 3819, 13166, 389, 523, 1402, 326, 345, 2314, 766, 606, 13, 10452, 13166, 389, 262, 749, 9305, 780, 484, 389, 749, 1884, 284, 2728, 1535, 2761, 13, 5334, 1402, 2546, 3578, 777, 13166, 284, 651, 656, 262, 2769, 636, 286, 534, 21726, 13, 11204, 7362, 284, 597, 1611, 286, 1344, 5039, 2300, 743, 2728, 25, 198, 12, 3220, 6334, 5011, 11864, 290, 4436, 14768, 329, 12704, 290, 2612, 2761, 11, 198, 12, 12704, 2761, 11, 198, 12, 28438, 7460, 284, 651, 4785, 11, 198, 12, 12681, 4082, 10906, 11, 884, 355, 1877, 4082, 3463, 11, 198, 12, 11832, 12317, 3349, 287, 1751, 11, 198, 12, 12317, 4890, 11, 290, 198, 12, 1903, 7040, 13, 198, 50, 18464, 661, 11, 1390, 4697, 6490, 11, 661, 351, 10040, 884, 355, 28438, 393, 22791, 425, 2612, 4369, 11, 290, 1751, 11, 389, 517, 1884, 284, 307, 5676, 416, 2800, 351, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 13, 198, 7738, 7234, 3406, 19602, 198, 40906, 338, 3701, 14156, 12901, 11, 393, 39514, 40, 11, 318, 257, 2891, 284, 1037, 345, 2952, 2193, 618, 1633, 12231, 318, 1884, 284, 3151, 27942, 2974, 13, 10714, 3195, 8985, 11, 5243, 4056, 11, 290, 14741, 3283, 777, 1633, 3081, 26119, 284, 1560, 345, 618, 18758, 2974, 389, 1884, 284, 307, 27942, 13, 921, 460, 779, 262, 39514, 40, 284, 1410, 534, 4445, 4568, 284, 4646, 7111, 284, 18758, 12231, 13, 198, 2215, 18758, 12231, 2974, 389, 1029, 11, 345, 460, 25, 198, 12, 4646, 262, 2033, 286, 640, 345, 4341, 2354, 26, 198, 12, 466, 4577, 15162, 4568, 11, 884, 355, 6155, 2427, 286, 2491, 393, 1262, 257, 10311, 21133, 285, 789, 2427, 286, 257, 4574, 285, 789, 26, 290, 198, 12, 5517, 1497, 422, 9725, 290, 27239, 13, 2142, 1548, 12231, 318, 3221, 4785, 1474, 777, 3006, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 530, 286, 262, 1708, 10040, 11, 345, 743, 1998, 617, 3048, 422, 18758, 12231, 25, 198, 12, 39337, 4369, 198, 12, 921, 743, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 18044, 355, 7744, 393, 7634, 355, 345, 3221, 466, 13, 198, 12, 921, 743, 22094, 517, 11, 423, 7721, 2356, 11, 483, 68, 2736, 11, 1254, 588, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 4929, 534, 8033, 11, 393, 307, 10032, 517, 621, 6678, 13, 198, 12, 8894, 4369, 198, 12, 21808, 287, 2800, 351, 18758, 12231, 460, 2728, 2726, 2761, 287, 257, 1790, 2278, 286, 640, 11, 884, 355, 257, 2612, 1368, 1231, 597, 6509, 5895, 13, 198, 12, 49559, 11, 1390, 7721, 2356, 393, 5381, 1108, 11, 3049, 36051, 11, 4203, 503, 286, 8033, 11, 290, 4203, 10032, 517, 621, 6678, 11, 743, 307, 5895, 286, 257, 2726, 1917, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 597, 286, 777, 5895, 11, 1061, 534, 6253, 338, 5608, 290, 2800, 534, 6253, 611, 262, 7460, 938, 2392, 621, 6678, 393, 47058, 13, 198, 12, 7281, 534, 28438, 4542, 1410, 618, 18758, 2974, 389, 1029, 13, 198, 2898, 5430, 3701, 12868, 1009, 198, 2898, 5430, 1633, 12231, 460, 1037, 661, 1833, 703, 1690, 484, 389, 7362, 284, 27942, 2974, 286, 1633, 12231, 13, 11136, 777, 1366, 460, 635, 1037, 1171, 1535, 11153, 393, 29484, 1833, 543, 3006, 743, 307, 749, 287, 761, 286, 14196, 290, 1630, 4568, 13, 198, 33863, 14724, 6535, 318, 9646, 262, 1708, 21337, 546, 37170, 290, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 25, 198, 12, 440, 11340, 438, 38770, 23302, 38018, 8997, 198, 464, 1271, 286, 1528, 287, 543, 262, 4445, 5415, 807, 12, 9769, 2811, 37170, 10368, 21695, 257, 3210, 3769, 281, 12955, 286, 1790, 12, 4354, 27198, 287, 37170, 14587, 13, 770, 743, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 703, 867, 1528, 583, 614, 345, 743, 307, 7362, 284, 27942, 2974, 286, 37170, 13, 198, 12, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 438, 38770, 23302, 38018, 8997, 198, 4711, 1366, 1037, 35743, 1790, 12, 4354, 11257, 287, 18758, 12231, 14587, 13, 770, 743, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 703, 867, 1528, 583, 614, 345, 743, 307, 7362, 284, 27942, 2974, 286, 1344, 5039, 2300, 13, 198, 12, 16328, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 5684, 198, 4711, 1366, 1037, 35743, 890, 12, 4354, 11257, 287, 18758, 12231, 14587, 13, 770, 481, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 644, 262, 24169, 1241, 286, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 318, 287, 281, 1989, 13, 198, 1890, 1321, 546, 2176, 1535, 7476, 3917, 351, 37170, 290, 1344, 5039, 2300, 25, 198, 2514, 1100, 517, 546, 1633, 46983, 25, 198, 2514, 1100, 517, 546, 1633, 12231, 290, 1535, 25, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,353
Time and Frequency from A to Z: D to Do A number or series of numbers used to identify a given day with the least possible ambiguity. The date is usually expressed as the month, day of month, and year. However, integer numbers such as the Julian Date are also used to express the date. Daylight Saving Time The part of the year when clocks are advanced by one hour, effectively moving an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening. In 2007, the rules for Daylight Saving Time (DST) have changed for the first time since 1986. The new changes were enacted by the The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which extended the length of DST by about one month in the interest of reducing energy consumption. DST will now be in effect for 238 days, or about 65% of the year, although Congress retained the right to revert to the prior law should the change prove unpopular or if energy savings are not significant. Under the current rules, DST in the U.S. begins at 2:00 a.m. on the second Sunday of March and ends at 2:00 a.m. on the first Sunday of November. Daylight Saving Time is not observed in Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the state of Arizona (not including the Navajo Indian Reservation, which does observe). The time that elapses between the end of one measurement and the start of the next measurement. This time interval is generally called dead time only if information is lost. For example, when making measurements with a time interval counter, the minimum amount of dead time is the elapsed time from when a stop pulse is received to the arrival of the next start pulse. If a counter is fast enough to measure every pulse (if it can sample at a rate of 1 kHz, for instance, and the input signals are at 100 Hz), we can say there is no dead time between measurements. Disciplined Oscillator (DO) An oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered (often through the use of a phase locked loop) to agree with an external reference. For example, a GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) usually consists of a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered to agree with signals broadcast by the GPS satellites. The apparent change of frequency caused by the motion of the frequency source (transmitter) relative to the destination (receiver). If the distance between the transmitter and receiver is increasing the frequency apparently decreases. If the distance between the transmitter and receiver is decreasing, the frequency apparently increases. To illustrate this, listen to the sound of a train whistle as a train comes closer to you (the pitch gets higher), or as it moves further away (the pitch gets lower). As you do so, keep in mind that the frequency of the sound produced at the source has not changed.	[ 7575, 290, 31902, 422, 317, 284, 1168, 25, 360, 284, 2141, 198, 32, 1271, 393, 2168, 286, 3146, 973, 284, 5911, 257, 1813, 1110, 351, 262, 1551, 1744, 33985, 13, 383, 3128, 318, 3221, 6241, 355, 262, 1227, 11, 1110, 286, 1227, 11, 290, 614, 13, 2102, 11, 18253, 3146, 884, 355, 262, 18322, 7536, 389, 635, 973, 284, 4911, 262, 3128, 13, 198, 12393, 2971, 34689, 3862, 198, 464, 636, 286, 262, 614, 618, 29906, 389, 6190, 416, 530, 1711, 11, 6840, 3867, 281, 1711, 286, 26010, 422, 262, 3329, 284, 262, 6180, 13, 554, 4343, 11, 262, 3173, 329, 47743, 34689, 3862, 357, 35, 2257, 8, 423, 3421, 329, 262, 717, 640, 1201, 12113, 13, 383, 649, 2458, 547, 17814, 416, 262, 383, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 11, 543, 7083, 262, 4129, 286, 360, 2257, 416, 546, 530, 1227, 287, 262, 1393, 286, 8868, 2568, 7327, 13, 360, 2257, 481, 783, 307, 287, 1245, 329, 32544, 1528, 11, 393, 546, 6135, 4, 286, 262, 614, 11, 3584, 3162, 17383, 262, 826, 284, 34052, 284, 262, 3161, 1099, 815, 262, 1487, 5879, 24166, 393, 611, 2568, 10653, 389, 407, 2383, 13, 4698, 262, 1459, 3173, 11, 360, 2257, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 6140, 379, 362, 25, 405, 257, 13, 76, 13, 319, 262, 1218, 3502, 286, 2805, 290, 5645, 379, 362, 25, 405, 257, 13, 76, 13, 319, 262, 717, 3502, 286, 3389, 13, 198, 12393, 2971, 34689, 3862, 318, 407, 6515, 287, 13708, 11, 1605, 43663, 11, 39282, 11, 15295, 16707, 11, 262, 5283, 12010, 11, 290, 262, 1181, 286, 7943, 357, 1662, 1390, 262, 47380, 3942, 1874, 13208, 11, 543, 857, 12414, 737, 198, 464, 640, 326, 1288, 45903, 1022, 262, 886, 286, 530, 15558, 290, 262, 923, 286, 262, 1306, 15558, 13, 770, 640, 16654, 318, 4143, 1444, 2636, 640, 691, 611, 1321, 318, 2626, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 618, 1642, 13871, 351, 257, 640, 16654, 3753, 11, 262, 5288, 2033, 286, 2636, 640, 318, 262, 42118, 640, 422, 618, 257, 2245, 19445, 318, 2722, 284, 262, 10325, 286, 262, 1306, 923, 19445, 13, 1002, 257, 3753, 318, 3049, 1576, 284, 3953, 790, 19445, 357, 361, 340, 460, 6291, 379, 257, 2494, 286, 352, 37597, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 290, 262, 5128, 10425, 389, 379, 1802, 26109, 828, 356, 460, 910, 612, 318, 645, 2636, 640, 1022, 13871, 13, 198, 7279, 6671, 1389, 440, 22360, 1352, 357, 18227, 8, 198, 2025, 24969, 1352, 3025, 5072, 8373, 318, 17282, 49300, 357, 28950, 832, 262, 779, 286, 257, 7108, 8970, 9052, 8, 284, 4236, 351, 281, 7097, 4941, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 15472, 30654, 24969, 1352, 357, 38, 3705, 18227, 8, 3221, 10874, 286, 257, 47969, 393, 6437, 43523, 24969, 1352, 3025, 5072, 8373, 318, 17282, 49300, 284, 4236, 351, 10425, 7025, 416, 262, 15472, 20372, 13, 198, 464, 4156, 1487, 286, 8373, 4073, 416, 262, 6268, 286, 262, 8373, 2723, 357, 7645, 37974, 8, 3585, 284, 262, 10965, 357, 260, 39729, 737, 1002, 262, 5253, 1022, 262, 35099, 290, 9733, 318, 3649, 262, 8373, 5729, 20638, 13, 1002, 262, 5253, 1022, 262, 35099, 290, 9733, 318, 24030, 11, 262, 8373, 5729, 5732, 13, 1675, 19418, 428, 11, 6004, 284, 262, 2128, 286, 257, 4512, 16121, 355, 257, 4512, 2058, 5699, 284, 345, 357, 1169, 7078, 3011, 2440, 828, 393, 355, 340, 6100, 2252, 1497, 357, 1169, 7078, 3011, 2793, 737, 1081, 345, 466, 523, 11, 1394, 287, 2000, 326, 262, 8373, 286, 262, 2128, 4635, 379, 262, 2723, 468, 407, 3421, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	590
NOAA: December Global Ocean Temperature Second Warmest on Record For the year, 2009 Annual Temperature Tied for Fifth-Warmest January 21, 2010 The global ocean surface temperature was the second warmest on record for December, according to scientists at NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. Based on records going back to 1880, the monthly NCDC analysis is part of the suite of climate services NOAA provides. Scientists also reported the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record for December. For 2009, global temperatures tied with 2006 as the fifth-warmest on record. Also, the earth’s land surface for 2009 was seventh-warmest (tied with 2003) and the ocean surface was fourth-warmest (tied with 2002 and 2004.) Highlights for December 2009 - The global ocean temperature was the second warmest on record, behind 1997. The temperature anomaly was 0.97 degree F above the 20th century average of 60.4 degrees F. - The combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record, at 0.88 degree F above the 20th century average of 54.0 degrees F. - The global land surface temperature was 0.63 degree F above the 20th century average of 38.7 degrees F - the coolest December anomaly since 2002. Global Temperature Highlights for 2009 - For the calendar year 2009, the global combined land and ocean surface temperature of 58.0 degrees F tied with 2006 as the fifth-warmest on record. This value is 1.01 degree F above the 20th century average. - NCDC scientists also noted the average temperature for the decade (2000-09), 57.9 degrees F, was the warmest on record surpassing the 1990-99 average of 57.7 degrees F. value. - Arctic sea ice covered an average of 4.8 million square miles during December. This is 6.6 percent below the 1979-2000 average extent and the fourth lowest December extent since records began in 1979. - Antarctic sea ice extent in December was 2.1 percent above the 1979-2000 average, resulting in the 14th largest December extent on record. December Arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 3.3 percent per decade since 1979, while December Antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 0.6 percent per decade over the same period. - Northern Hemisphere snow cover during December 2009 was the second largest extent, behind 1985, on record. North American snow cover for December 2009 was the largest extent since satellite records began in 1967. NCDC’s preliminary reports, which assess the current state of the climate, are released soon after the end of each month. These analyses are based on preliminary data, which are subject to revision. Additional quality control is applied to the data when late reports are received several weeks after the end of the month and as increased scientific methods improve NCDC’s processing algorithms. Scientists, researchers and leaders in government and industry use NCDC’s monthly reports to help track trends and other changes in the world’s climate. The data have a wide range of practical uses, from helping farmers know what to plant, to guiding resources managers with critical decisions about water, energy and other vital assets. NOAA understands and predicts changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and conserves and manages our coastal and marine resources.	[ 15285, 3838, 25, 3426, 8060, 10692, 34467, 5498, 25692, 395, 319, 13266, 198, 1890, 262, 614, 11, 3717, 16328, 34467, 309, 798, 329, 19383, 12, 54, 1670, 395, 198, 21339, 2310, 11, 3050, 198, 464, 3298, 9151, 4417, 5951, 373, 262, 1218, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 329, 3426, 11, 1864, 284, 5519, 379, 36184, 447, 247, 82, 2351, 28573, 1512, 6060, 3337, 287, 49362, 11, 399, 13, 34, 13, 13403, 319, 4406, 1016, 736, 284, 34865, 11, 262, 9651, 399, 47667, 3781, 318, 636, 286, 262, 18389, 286, 4258, 2594, 36184, 3769, 13, 23782, 635, 2098, 262, 5929, 3298, 1956, 290, 9151, 4417, 5951, 373, 262, 16974, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 329, 3426, 13, 198, 1890, 3717, 11, 3298, 10101, 8165, 351, 4793, 355, 262, 8150, 12, 31975, 395, 319, 1700, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 4534, 447, 247, 82, 1956, 4417, 329, 3717, 373, 14024, 12, 31975, 395, 357, 83, 798, 351, 5816, 8, 290, 262, 9151, 4417, 373, 5544, 12, 31975, 395, 357, 83, 798, 351, 6244, 290, 5472, 2014, 198, 11922, 8091, 329, 3426, 3717, 198, 12, 383, 3298, 9151, 5951, 373, 262, 1218, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 11, 2157, 8309, 13, 383, 5951, 32172, 373, 657, 13, 5607, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 286, 3126, 13, 19, 7370, 376, 13, 198, 12, 383, 5929, 3298, 1956, 290, 9151, 4417, 5951, 373, 262, 16974, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 11, 379, 657, 13, 3459, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 286, 7175, 13, 15, 7370, 376, 13, 198, 12, 383, 3298, 1956, 4417, 5951, 373, 657, 13, 5066, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 286, 4353, 13, 22, 7370, 376, 532, 262, 38889, 3426, 32172, 1201, 6244, 13, 198, 22289, 34467, 30776, 329, 3717, 198, 12, 1114, 262, 11845, 614, 3717, 11, 262, 3298, 5929, 1956, 290, 9151, 4417, 5951, 286, 7618, 13, 15, 7370, 376, 8165, 351, 4793, 355, 262, 8150, 12, 31975, 395, 319, 1700, 13, 770, 1988, 318, 352, 13, 486, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 13, 198, 12, 399, 47667, 5519, 635, 4367, 262, 2811, 5951, 329, 262, 5707, 357, 11024, 12, 2931, 828, 7632, 13, 24, 7370, 376, 11, 373, 262, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 17341, 278, 262, 6303, 12, 2079, 2811, 286, 7632, 13, 22, 7370, 376, 13, 1988, 13, 198, 12, 15723, 5417, 4771, 5017, 281, 2811, 286, 604, 13, 23, 1510, 6616, 4608, 1141, 3426, 13, 770, 318, 718, 13, 21, 1411, 2174, 262, 13521, 12, 11024, 2811, 6287, 290, 262, 5544, 9016, 3426, 6287, 1201, 4406, 2540, 287, 13521, 13, 198, 12, 33149, 5417, 4771, 6287, 287, 3426, 373, 362, 13, 16, 1411, 2029, 262, 13521, 12, 11024, 2811, 11, 7186, 287, 262, 1478, 400, 4387, 3426, 6287, 319, 1700, 13, 3426, 15723, 5417, 4771, 6287, 468, 11832, 416, 513, 13, 18, 1411, 583, 5707, 1201, 13521, 11, 981, 3426, 33149, 5417, 4771, 6287, 468, 3220, 416, 657, 13, 21, 1411, 583, 5707, 625, 262, 976, 2278, 13, 198, 12, 8342, 42811, 6729, 3002, 1141, 3426, 3717, 373, 262, 1218, 4387, 6287, 11, 2157, 12863, 11, 319, 1700, 13, 2258, 1605, 6729, 3002, 329, 3426, 3717, 373, 262, 4387, 6287, 1201, 11210, 4406, 2540, 287, 15904, 13, 198, 7792, 9697, 447, 247, 82, 15223, 3136, 11, 543, 4659, 262, 1459, 1181, 286, 262, 4258, 11, 389, 2716, 2582, 706, 262, 886, 286, 1123, 1227, 13, 2312, 13523, 389, 1912, 319, 15223, 1366, 11, 543, 389, 2426, 284, 18440, 13, 15891, 3081, 1630, 318, 5625, 284, 262, 1366, 618, 2739, 3136, 389, 2722, 1811, 2745, 706, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1227, 290, 355, 3220, 5654, 5050, 2987, 399, 47667, 447, 247, 82, 7587, 16113, 13, 198, 29193, 11, 4837, 290, 2766, 287, 1230, 290, 2831, 779, 399, 47667, 447, 247, 82, 9651, 3136, 284, 1037, 2610, 11257, 290, 584, 2458, 287, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 4258, 13, 383, 1366, 423, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 8472, 3544, 11, 422, 5742, 9818, 760, 644, 284, 4618, 11, 284, 26727, 4133, 11663, 351, 4688, 5370, 546, 1660, 11, 2568, 290, 584, 9204, 6798, 13, 198, 15285, 3838, 14759, 290, 26334, 2458, 287, 262, 3668, 338, 2858, 11, 422, 262, 21593, 286, 262, 9151, 284, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 4252, 11, 290, 4055, 274, 290, 15314, 674, 17475, 290, 16050, 4133, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	719
Description not set Skeletal System 6 from the course General Human Anatomy General Human Anatomy - Fall 2006. The functional anatomy of the human body as revealed by gross and microscopic examination. Independence or Dependency 1 from the course World Regions, Peoples, and States This course will provide a framework for recognizing and analyzing the major distinctive regions of the world in comparative context. The most important interrelations between environment, economy, ethnicity, and the national identity and viability of states will be explored. See a Reversal View a computer model simulation from NOVA Online that illustrates what happens during a magnetic field reversal, an infrequent occurrence that may be currently underway. Quarks: Inside the Atom This video segment adapted from NOVA shows how the particle accelerator helped physicists find parts of the atom even smaller than protons and neutrons. When Did the First Americans Arrive? In this video segment adapted from NOVA, recent archaeological evidence leads scientists to revise existing theories about human migrations into the Americas around the time of the last ice age. Good Neighbors and Bad: Religious Differences on the Plains in the Early 20th century The harmony of rural life is often romanticized, but differences among neighbors, whether ethnic, religious or political, could often lead to tension, especially as new groups emigrated west. Ezra and Dan Miller were born in a sod house in North Dakota but migrated with a group of Amish Mennonites to Montana. In this 1981 interview, conducted by Laurie Mercier for the Montana Historical Society, they described how local cowboys reacted to the influx of Amish farmers. "Speak, Garvey, Speak!"A Follower Recalls a Garvey Rally The Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, a brilliant orator and black nationalist leader, turned his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) into the most important black organization in the United States in the early 1920s. Garvey's speeches often drew huge audiences, and stories of Garvey's stubborn resistance in the face of white hostility proliferated among his supporters. In an oral history interview, devotee Audley Moore remembered the Jamaican's defiant behavior at a rally in New Orleans c No Way Out: Two New York City Firemen Testify about the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire One of the greatest industrial tragedies in U.S. history occurred on March 26, 1911, when 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died in a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York City. In this brief excerpt from their testimony before the Factory Investigation Commission, New York City Fire Chief Edward F. Croker and Fire Marshall William Beers commented on the safety lapses--the locking of an exit door, the inadequate fire escapes, and the overcrowded factory floor--that led to Engineering Design Challenges This site presents challenges faced by NASA engineers who are developing the next generation of aerospace vehicles. The challenges: thermal protection systems, spacecraft structures, electrodynamic propulsion systems, propellers, and personal satellite assistants. Students design, build, test, re-design, and re-build models that meet specified design criteria, using the same analytical skills as engineers. Determination of DNA Bases Chemistry: A Discovery-Based Experiment The paper contains details of an electrochemistry lab where students are given the time to explore and design an experiment to identify the different DNA bases. The paper has a very useful compendium of literature relating to electrochemical techniques. School-Home Links Reading Kit Offers 400 activities for strengthening children's reading and writing skills (one kit for each grade level, kindergarten through 3rd grade). These kits, part of the Compact for Reading, not only help improve children's reading skills, but also provide guidance on creating and maintaining school-family partnerships. Helping Your Preschool Child This guide offers fun activities for parents to use during everyday routines to help babies, toddlers, and preschoolers develop skills needed for success in school and life. The booklet also describes behaviors and changes parents can expect to see during these three developmental stages. Kennet Avon Canal Devizes to Bradford on Avon Images on the Kennet & Avon Canal between Devizes and Bradford on Avpm Tonto National Monument: Saving a National Treasure tells the story of the Salado people, who thrived in the Arizona valley where Tonto Creek joins the Salt River (1050-1450 AD). The Salado culture combined customs of several American Indian groups. They channeled the river to create farmland in the desert. They built Pueblo-style buildings. They left no written records. This monument, established in December 1907, was among the first sites protected under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The aim of this lesson is to enable students to be aware of how to manage their approach to studying to reduce stress. It is the fifth lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. The lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. They can be delivered sequentially or used in The aim of this lesson is to enable students to recognize the importance of organizational skills in achieving study goals. It is the second lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. The lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. They can be delivered sequentially or u Show Me a Picture and I'll Tell You a Story: Web Photo Journals Students analyze and evaluate "photo journal" web sites, then create their own Web-based photo journal. Origins of American Animation This site offers 21 animated films and 2 fragments, which span the years 1900 to 1921. The films include clay, puppet, and cut-out animation, as well as pen drawings. They point to a connection between newspaper comic strips and early animated films, as represented by Keeping Up With the Joneses, Krazy Kat, and The Katzenjammer Kids. KS2 Numeracy SATs revision 1 The presentation (introduction) revises some of the different aspects of place value: column headings; multiplying and dividing by powers of 10; adding decimals. The levels test these aspects of place value and also writing words as numbers and ordering decimals. The final level tests all of the skills. Each question is either multiple choice or true/false. The order of questions is randomised. Progress is tracked and numerous awards given for achievement at each level.	[ 11828, 407, 900, 198, 50, 365, 47293, 4482, 718, 422, 262, 1781, 3611, 5524, 28880, 9145, 198, 12218, 5524, 28880, 9145, 532, 7218, 4793, 13, 383, 10345, 33449, 286, 262, 1692, 1767, 355, 4602, 416, 10319, 290, 41858, 12452, 13, 198, 5497, 15091, 393, 37947, 1387, 352, 422, 262, 1781, 2159, 47089, 11, 41770, 11, 290, 1829, 198, 1212, 1781, 481, 2148, 257, 9355, 329, 22650, 290, 22712, 262, 1688, 18778, 7652, 286, 262, 995, 287, 29270, 4732, 13, 383, 749, 1593, 987, 39468, 1022, 2858, 11, 3773, 11, 26289, 11, 290, 262, 2260, 5369, 290, 32141, 286, 2585, 481, 307, 18782, 13, 198, 6214, 257, 797, 690, 282, 198, 7680, 257, 3644, 2746, 18640, 422, 8005, 11731, 7467, 326, 21290, 644, 4325, 1141, 257, 14091, 2214, 27138, 11, 281, 1167, 46018, 19810, 326, 743, 307, 3058, 17715, 13, 198, 4507, 5558, 25, 14384, 262, 33102, 198, 1212, 2008, 10618, 16573, 422, 8005, 11731, 2523, 703, 262, 18758, 44219, 4193, 37898, 1064, 3354, 286, 262, 22037, 772, 4833, 621, 1237, 684, 290, 22190, 12212, 13, 198, 2215, 7731, 262, 3274, 3399, 943, 11590, 30, 198, 818, 428, 2008, 10618, 16573, 422, 8005, 11731, 11, 2274, 30971, 2370, 5983, 5519, 284, 32548, 4683, 10946, 546, 1692, 15720, 602, 656, 262, 25733, 1088, 262, 640, 286, 262, 938, 4771, 2479, 13, 198, 10248, 22505, 32289, 290, 7772, 25, 23945, 41937, 319, 262, 31981, 287, 262, 12556, 1160, 400, 4289, 198, 464, 22471, 286, 10016, 1204, 318, 1690, 14348, 1143, 11, 475, 5400, 1871, 12020, 11, 1771, 9450, 11, 4158, 393, 1964, 11, 714, 1690, 1085, 284, 12097, 11, 2592, 355, 649, 2628, 795, 38769, 7421, 13, 36999, 290, 6035, 7920, 547, 4642, 287, 257, 32581, 2156, 287, 2258, 13336, 475, 40227, 351, 257, 1448, 286, 1703, 680, 337, 1697, 261, 2737, 284, 18311, 13, 554, 428, 14745, 2720, 11, 5952, 416, 40811, 12185, 959, 329, 262, 18311, 23121, 7023, 11, 484, 3417, 703, 1957, 9875, 13202, 22798, 284, 262, 25065, 286, 1703, 680, 9818, 13, 198, 1, 5248, 461, 11, 7164, 3304, 11, 40802, 2474, 32, 376, 47030, 3311, 5691, 257, 7164, 3304, 27752, 198, 464, 21661, 7490, 12, 6286, 17068, 7164, 3304, 11, 257, 10457, 393, 1352, 290, 2042, 19848, 3554, 11, 2900, 465, 14499, 27115, 33764, 5396, 357, 4944, 3539, 8, 656, 262, 749, 1593, 2042, 4009, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 287, 262, 1903, 14062, 82, 13, 7164, 3304, 338, 18138, 1690, 9859, 3236, 15579, 11, 290, 3923, 286, 7164, 3304, 338, 24444, 6625, 287, 262, 1986, 286, 2330, 23594, 19873, 515, 1871, 465, 5941, 13, 554, 281, 12886, 2106, 2720, 11, 24103, 68, 7591, 1636, 8877, 12086, 262, 21661, 7490, 338, 36219, 4069, 379, 257, 7903, 287, 968, 12255, 269, 198, 2949, 6378, 3806, 25, 4930, 968, 1971, 2254, 3764, 3653, 6208, 1958, 546, 262, 32216, 33233, 45180, 10247, 396, 3764, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 6000, 7593, 42546, 287, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2106, 5091, 319, 2805, 2608, 11, 32216, 11, 618, 22986, 3259, 11, 4632, 1862, 15773, 1466, 11, 3724, 287, 257, 2046, 379, 262, 33233, 45180, 10247, 396, 1664, 287, 968, 1971, 2254, 13, 554, 428, 4506, 20911, 422, 511, 9709, 878, 262, 19239, 21505, 4513, 11, 968, 1971, 2254, 3764, 5953, 10443, 376, 13, 9325, 6122, 290, 3764, 13606, 3977, 1355, 364, 16476, 319, 262, 3747, 24590, 274, 438, 1169, 22656, 286, 281, 8420, 3420, 11, 262, 20577, 2046, 32695, 11, 290, 262, 38080, 276, 8860, 4314, 438, 5562, 2957, 284, 198, 13798, 1586, 8495, 44495, 198, 1212, 2524, 10969, 6459, 7452, 416, 8884, 12037, 508, 389, 5922, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 40439, 5672, 13, 383, 6459, 25, 18411, 4800, 3341, 11, 16807, 8573, 11, 1742, 14892, 28995, 38873, 3341, 11, 44408, 13802, 11, 290, 2614, 11210, 29488, 13, 14882, 1486, 11, 1382, 11, 1332, 11, 302, 12, 26124, 11, 290, 302, 12, 11249, 4981, 326, 1826, 7368, 1486, 9987, 11, 1262, 262, 976, 30063, 4678, 355, 12037, 13, 198, 35, 29610, 286, 7446, 347, 1386, 27867, 25, 317, 23455, 12, 15001, 29544, 198, 464, 3348, 4909, 3307, 286, 281, 15206, 15245, 4592, 2248, 810, 2444, 389, 1813, 262, 640, 284, 7301, 290, 1486, 281, 6306, 284, 5911, 262, 1180, 7446, 12536, 13, 383, 3348, 468, 257, 845, 4465, 552, 49811, 286, 9285, 11270, 284, 15206, 31379, 7605, 13, 198, 26130, 12, 16060, 21691, 11725, 10897, 198, 9362, 364, 7337, 4568, 329, 24175, 1751, 338, 3555, 290, 3597, 4678, 357, 505, 6220, 329, 1123, 9559, 1241, 11, 38717, 832, 513, 4372, 9559, 737, 2312, 19183, 11, 636, 286, 262, 37904, 329, 11725, 11, 407, 691, 1037, 2987, 1751, 338, 3555, 4678, 11, 475, 635, 2148, 11154, 319, 4441, 290, 10941, 1524, 12, 17989, 22867, 13, 198, 12621, 13886, 3406, 1763, 1251, 5932, 198, 1212, 5698, 4394, 1257, 4568, 329, 3397, 284, 779, 1141, 10908, 31878, 284, 1037, 11903, 11, 50142, 11, 290, 38725, 364, 1205, 4678, 2622, 329, 1943, 287, 1524, 290, 1204, 13, 383, 42702, 635, 8477, 14301, 290, 2458, 3397, 460, 1607, 284, 766, 1141, 777, 1115, 23456, 9539, 13, 198, 39324, 316, 5184, 261, 31314, 6245, 4340, 284, 28199, 319, 5184, 261, 198, 29398, 319, 262, 7158, 316, 1222, 5184, 261, 31314, 1022, 6245, 4340, 290, 28199, 319, 5184, 4426, 198, 51, 5957, 2351, 33075, 25, 34689, 257, 2351, 20215, 198, 33331, 82, 262, 1621, 286, 262, 4849, 4533, 661, 11, 508, 19531, 1079, 287, 262, 7943, 19272, 810, 309, 5957, 13509, 15449, 262, 13754, 5866, 357, 940, 1120, 12, 1415, 1120, 5984, 737, 383, 4849, 4533, 3968, 5929, 17112, 286, 1811, 1605, 3942, 2628, 13, 1119, 6518, 276, 262, 7850, 284, 2251, 45723, 287, 262, 10326, 13, 1119, 3170, 350, 45749, 78, 12, 7635, 6832, 13, 1119, 1364, 645, 3194, 4406, 13, 770, 17757, 11, 4920, 287, 3426, 41435, 11, 373, 1871, 262, 717, 5043, 6861, 739, 262, 47789, 871, 2191, 286, 40538, 13, 198, 464, 4031, 286, 428, 11483, 318, 284, 7139, 2444, 284, 307, 3910, 286, 703, 284, 6687, 511, 3164, 284, 11065, 284, 4646, 5503, 13, 632, 318, 262, 8150, 11483, 287, 262, 2050, 4678, 2168, 290, 318, 5292, 284, 1104, 4044, 46184, 508, 389, 21030, 278, 319, 257, 1781, 286, 2050, 290, 761, 284, 12831, 4678, 543, 481, 1037, 606, 284, 307, 4388, 13, 383, 11658, 389, 3562, 355, 257, 5301, 351, 1994, 4678, 23738, 287, 1123, 8840, 11483, 523, 326, 257, 2050, 3968, 318, 4166, 625, 640, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 6793, 4726, 3746, 393, 973, 287, 198, 464, 4031, 286, 428, 11483, 318, 284, 7139, 2444, 284, 7564, 262, 6817, 286, 26564, 4678, 287, 16937, 2050, 4661, 13, 632, 318, 262, 1218, 11483, 287, 262, 2050, 4678, 2168, 290, 318, 5292, 284, 1104, 4044, 46184, 508, 389, 21030, 278, 319, 257, 1781, 286, 2050, 290, 761, 284, 12831, 4678, 543, 481, 1037, 606, 284, 307, 4388, 13, 383, 11658, 389, 3562, 355, 257, 5301, 351, 1994, 4678, 23738, 287, 1123, 8840, 11483, 523, 326, 257, 2050, 3968, 318, 4166, 625, 640, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 6793, 4726, 3746, 393, 334, 198, 15307, 2185, 257, 17741, 290, 314, 1183, 14026, 921, 257, 8362, 25, 5313, 5555, 48608, 198, 28239, 16602, 290, 13446, 366, 23074, 3989, 1, 3992, 5043, 11, 788, 2251, 511, 898, 5313, 12, 3106, 4590, 3989, 13, 198, 11610, 1040, 286, 1605, 23535, 198, 1212, 2524, 4394, 2310, 15108, 7328, 290, 362, 21441, 11, 543, 11506, 262, 812, 21489, 284, 35369, 13, 383, 7328, 2291, 21558, 11, 30095, 11, 290, 2005, 12, 448, 11034, 11, 355, 880, 355, 3112, 23388, 13, 1119, 966, 284, 257, 4637, 1022, 7533, 9048, 22670, 290, 1903, 15108, 7328, 11, 355, 7997, 416, 33311, 3205, 2080, 262, 5437, 274, 11, 509, 5918, 8595, 11, 290, 383, 8595, 4801, 39159, 647, 17476, 13, 198, 27015, 17, 399, 6975, 1590, 29020, 82, 18440, 352, 198, 464, 10470, 357, 27427, 596, 8, 2710, 2696, 617, 286, 262, 1180, 7612, 286, 1295, 1988, 25, 5721, 1182, 654, 26, 48816, 290, 27241, 416, 5635, 286, 838, 26, 4375, 875, 320, 874, 13, 383, 2974, 1332, 777, 7612, 286, 1295, 1988, 290, 635, 3597, 2456, 355, 3146, 290, 16216, 875, 320, 874, 13, 383, 2457, 1241, 5254, 477, 286, 262, 4678, 13, 5501, 1808, 318, 2035, 3294, 3572, 393, 2081, 14, 9562, 13, 383, 1502, 286, 2683, 318, 4738, 1417, 13, 18387, 318, 18283, 290, 6409, 13304, 1813, 329, 13293, 379, 1123, 1241, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,389
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (NUREG/BR-0466) On this page: Download complete document This page includes links to files in non-HTML format. See Plugins, Viewers, and Other Tools for more information. Date Published: February 2010 Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provided the framework for the widespread use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The 1954 Act created the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to both regulate nuclear power and to encourage the use of nuclear energy. In 1974, the Energy Reorganization Act split the two functions of the Atomic Energy Commission. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was created to regulate the safe operation of commercial nuclear power and began operation on January 19, 1975. Initially, the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was created to manage energy research and development, nuclear weapons, and naval reactors programs. In 1977, ERDA was combined with the Federal Energy Administration to form the U.S. Department of Energy.	[ 27743, 286, 19229, 38018, 4992, 357, 45, 11335, 38, 14, 11473, 12, 3023, 2791, 8, 198, 2202, 428, 2443, 25, 198, 10002, 1844, 3188, 198, 1212, 2443, 3407, 6117, 284, 3696, 287, 1729, 12, 28656, 5794, 13, 4091, 22689, 1040, 11, 3582, 364, 11, 290, 3819, 20003, 329, 517, 1321, 13, 198, 10430, 26372, 25, 3945, 3050, 198, 27743, 286, 19229, 38018, 4992, 198, 52, 13, 311, 13, 19229, 38018, 4513, 198, 17402, 11, 6257, 1160, 31046, 12, 18005, 198, 464, 28976, 6682, 2191, 286, 24718, 2810, 262, 9355, 329, 262, 10095, 779, 286, 4523, 2568, 329, 12309, 4959, 13, 383, 24718, 2191, 2727, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 28976, 6682, 4513, 284, 1111, 16697, 4523, 1176, 290, 284, 7898, 262, 779, 286, 4523, 2568, 13, 198, 818, 16489, 11, 262, 6682, 797, 9971, 1634, 2191, 6626, 262, 734, 5499, 286, 262, 28976, 6682, 4513, 13, 383, 471, 13, 50, 13, 19229, 38018, 4513, 357, 45, 7397, 8, 373, 2727, 284, 16697, 262, 3338, 4905, 286, 5068, 4523, 1176, 290, 2540, 4905, 319, 3269, 678, 11, 15231, 13, 30900, 11, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 6682, 4992, 290, 7712, 8694, 357, 1137, 5631, 8, 373, 2727, 284, 6687, 2568, 2267, 290, 2478, 11, 4523, 3777, 11, 290, 19014, 28502, 4056, 13, 554, 15589, 11, 13793, 5631, 373, 5929, 351, 262, 5618, 6682, 8694, 284, 1296, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 6682, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	235
ECE435 Music, Movement, Drama, Dance Lead Faculty: Dr. Judy Mantle Focus on enriching and enhancing young children’s learning through the creative arts. Emphasis on integrating creative experiences within core subjects to create developmentally appropriate experiences. - Demonstrate, in writing and discussion, supportive historical background and developmental perspectives for the use of creative arts in the growth and development of young children. - Demonstrate, in writing and discussion, the effectiveness of music, movement, drama, and dance as teaching-learning strategies with young children. - Demonstrate, in writing and discussion, blending of subject matter in music, movement, drama and dance and integration into an age appropriate dynamic learning curriculum units for young children. - Compile a variety of music, movement, drama and dance resources for use in curriculum unit planning for young children. - Develop skills in improvisation of activities to accompany play activities. - Exhibit personal and social behavior while presenting culturally diverse performing arts – dance and music. - Implement the use of environmental materials to create musical instruments. - Demonstrate core standards for the performing arts as a means of fitness and health promotion. - Demonstrate undergraduate-level written communication. - Demonstrate undergraduate-level oral communication and presentation skills. - Demonstrate undergraduate application of analytical and critical thinking skills. - Demonstrate an awareness and understanding of potential legal and ethical issues in course content.	[ 2943, 36, 40064, 7849, 11, 15477, 11, 30647, 11, 17349, 198, 20451, 35262, 25, 1583, 13, 26395, 337, 16941, 198, 34888, 319, 22465, 278, 290, 27496, 1862, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 4673, 832, 262, 7325, 10848, 13, 2295, 28432, 319, 32029, 7325, 6461, 1626, 4755, 7481, 284, 2251, 2478, 453, 5035, 6461, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 11, 287, 3597, 290, 5114, 11, 16443, 6754, 4469, 290, 23456, 22582, 329, 262, 779, 286, 7325, 10848, 287, 262, 3349, 290, 2478, 286, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 11, 287, 3597, 290, 5114, 11, 262, 13530, 286, 2647, 11, 3356, 11, 10512, 11, 290, 9280, 355, 7743, 12, 40684, 10064, 351, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 11, 287, 3597, 290, 5114, 11, 34863, 286, 2426, 2300, 287, 2647, 11, 3356, 11, 10512, 290, 9280, 290, 11812, 656, 281, 2479, 5035, 8925, 4673, 20583, 4991, 329, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 3082, 576, 257, 4996, 286, 2647, 11, 3356, 11, 10512, 290, 9280, 4133, 329, 779, 287, 20583, 4326, 5410, 329, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 6013, 4678, 287, 47833, 341, 286, 4568, 284, 13873, 711, 4568, 13, 198, 12, 35880, 2614, 290, 1919, 4069, 981, 17728, 30573, 10084, 9489, 10848, 784, 9280, 290, 2647, 13, 198, 12, 48282, 262, 779, 286, 6142, 5696, 284, 2251, 10530, 12834, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 4755, 5423, 329, 262, 9489, 10848, 355, 257, 1724, 286, 13547, 290, 1535, 12148, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 22952, 12, 5715, 3194, 6946, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 22952, 12, 5715, 12886, 6946, 290, 10470, 4678, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 22952, 3586, 286, 30063, 290, 4688, 3612, 4678, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 281, 9359, 290, 4547, 286, 2785, 2742, 290, 15028, 2428, 287, 1781, 2695, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	294
III. More Women Arrive In August of 1609, about twenty women arrived on ships sent by the Virginia Company of London. One hundred more women arrived a few months later. Many of the female passengers on the first ships were traveling with their husbands and families. All were recruited by the Virginia Company, a land-development, stock-issuing corporation based in London. For the most part these women’s names are lost, but a few survive in the records. Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley, wife of Captain George Yeardley, landed in 1609 and survived the ensuing “starving time.” The Yeardleys returned to England in 1618 at which time King James I knighted George Yeardley. In 1619 they returned to Virginia, where Sir George was appointed Colonial Governor of Virginia. The Yeardleys became one of the most prominent families in Virginia, owning a large plantation named Flowerdew Hundred, which was Temperance’s surname prior to marriage. Joan Pierce sailed with her husband William and daughter Jane. By all accounts, Joan was a dauntless woman and enjoyed the challenges of living in Virginia. During a visit to England in 1629, she was described as “an honest and industrious woman [who] hath been [in Virginia] nearly 20 years.” She apparently considered the new colony rich in resources; she was quoted as saying that “she can keep a better house in Virginia . . . than in London.”(1) Her daughter, Jane Pierce, married John Rolfe, the widower of Pocahontas. Pocahontas had been the favored daughter of Chief Powhatan, and her marriage to Rolfe in 1614 brought over eight years of peace between the settlers and Native Americans, during which the colony was able to produce profitable tobacco. Pocahontas died in England in 1617, and Rolfe returned to Jamestown. He became active in colonial politics and married Jane Pierce later that year. They had one daughter, Elizabeth, also named for the powerful Virgin Queen.(2) Thomasine Causey sailed to Virginia in 1609 to be with her husband who had made the trip a year before. The specifics of her family and voyage are not known, but many women were in the same situation: while their men took off for the New World, women supported their families and managed the finances. Before leaving England to join their husbands, these women made the decisions about selling property and planning for the long voyage.	[ 10855, 13, 3125, 6926, 943, 11590, 198, 818, 2932, 286, 1467, 2931, 11, 546, 8208, 1466, 5284, 319, 7937, 1908, 416, 262, 6025, 5834, 286, 3576, 13, 1881, 3470, 517, 1466, 5284, 257, 1178, 1933, 1568, 13, 4650, 286, 262, 4048, 10405, 319, 262, 717, 7937, 547, 11300, 351, 511, 27742, 290, 4172, 13, 1439, 547, 18774, 416, 262, 6025, 5834, 11, 257, 1956, 12, 31267, 11, 4283, 12, 747, 4250, 12017, 1912, 287, 3576, 13, 198, 1890, 262, 749, 636, 777, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 3891, 389, 2626, 11, 475, 257, 1178, 7866, 287, 262, 4406, 13, 48125, 590, 20025, 67, 413, 11609, 446, 1636, 11, 3656, 286, 8599, 4502, 11609, 446, 1636, 11, 11406, 287, 1467, 2931, 290, 11803, 262, 29543, 564, 250, 7364, 1075, 640, 13, 447, 251, 383, 11609, 446, 21325, 4504, 284, 4492, 287, 1467, 1507, 379, 543, 640, 2677, 3700, 314, 22062, 276, 4502, 11609, 446, 1636, 13, 554, 1467, 1129, 484, 4504, 284, 6025, 11, 810, 7361, 4502, 373, 9899, 37726, 10807, 286, 6025, 13, 383, 11609, 446, 21325, 2627, 530, 286, 262, 749, 9208, 4172, 287, 6025, 11, 23107, 257, 1588, 43206, 3706, 20025, 67, 413, 40531, 11, 543, 373, 48125, 590, 447, 247, 82, 40358, 3161, 284, 4845, 13, 198, 9908, 272, 23023, 33835, 351, 607, 5229, 3977, 290, 4957, 12091, 13, 2750, 477, 5504, 11, 26640, 373, 257, 288, 12968, 1203, 2415, 290, 8359, 262, 6459, 286, 2877, 287, 6025, 13, 5856, 257, 3187, 284, 4492, 287, 1467, 1959, 11, 673, 373, 3417, 355, 564, 250, 272, 5508, 290, 2226, 32527, 2415, 685, 8727, 60, 22027, 587, 685, 259, 6025, 60, 3016, 1160, 812, 13, 447, 251, 1375, 5729, 3177, 262, 649, 18815, 5527, 287, 4133, 26, 673, 373, 10947, 355, 2282, 326, 564, 250, 7091, 460, 1394, 257, 1365, 2156, 287, 6025, 764, 764, 764, 621, 287, 3576, 13, 447, 251, 7, 16, 8, 198, 9360, 4957, 11, 12091, 23023, 11, 6405, 1757, 371, 4024, 68, 11, 262, 9214, 789, 286, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 13, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 550, 587, 262, 19344, 4957, 286, 5953, 14120, 5183, 272, 11, 290, 607, 4845, 284, 371, 4024, 68, 287, 1467, 1415, 3181, 625, 3624, 812, 286, 4167, 1022, 262, 25371, 290, 12547, 3399, 11, 1141, 543, 262, 18815, 373, 1498, 284, 4439, 17967, 11219, 13, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 3724, 287, 4492, 287, 1467, 1558, 11, 290, 371, 4024, 68, 4504, 284, 9986, 395, 593, 13, 679, 2627, 4075, 287, 17091, 4819, 290, 6405, 12091, 23023, 1568, 326, 614, 13, 1119, 550, 530, 4957, 11, 10674, 11, 635, 3706, 329, 262, 3665, 5283, 7542, 12195, 17, 8, 198, 22405, 500, 24228, 88, 33835, 284, 6025, 287, 1467, 2931, 284, 307, 351, 607, 5229, 508, 550, 925, 262, 5296, 257, 614, 878, 13, 383, 23514, 286, 607, 1641, 290, 31505, 389, 407, 1900, 11, 475, 867, 1466, 547, 287, 262, 976, 3074, 25, 981, 511, 1450, 1718, 572, 329, 262, 968, 2159, 11, 1466, 4855, 511, 4172, 290, 5257, 262, 20903, 13, 7413, 4305, 4492, 284, 4654, 511, 27742, 11, 777, 1466, 925, 262, 5370, 546, 6301, 3119, 290, 5410, 329, 262, 890, 31505, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	526
The Duel in European History: Honour and the Reign of Aristocracy by V.G. Kiernan Oxford University Press, 348 pp., $14.95 (paper) Victor Kiernan is one of the most versatile of British historians. He has written learned monographs on British Diplomacy in China, 1880–1885, on Metcalfe’s Mission to Lahore, 1808–1809, on The Revolution of 1854 in Spanish History, on American imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, on imperialism generally, and on state and society in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He has also written about Wordsworth, nineteenth-century England, central Asia, Africa, India and Pakistan, and about relations between Portugal and Britain. He has translated volumes of Urdu poetry. The story goes that he was once asked by a journal for an article on British imperialism in China. He replied that he had rather lost interest in that subject, but he could let them have a piece on the Jesuits in Paraguay. The article they finally got was on English Evangelicism and the French Revolution. What we are all waiting for is his big book on Shakespeare. The Duel in European History ranges through recorded history, from Gilgamesh, Homer, and Beowulf to the present century. “What has been remembered of the duel,” Kiernan begins, “has been mostly of an anecdotal kind”; and at first sight his seems an anecdotal book. It is stuffed with excellent anecdotes, but there is a steady and consistent theme running through it, implicit rather than explicit. In trying to draw this theme from the material I have quoted freely, since I cannot match Kiernan’s incisive prose. The duel for Kiernan is a conflict between two men, usually accompanied by an “elaborate etiquette…upheld by ‘seconds.’ ” It was, he writes, amidst the chronic warfare of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the modern duel took shape. During that time of transition from medieval to modern, State power and the reign of law were being established by absolutist monarchy; but aristocracy, its half-brother, survived in altered guise, a permanent anachronism, and often canker, in the life of Europe. Private warfare between baronial families or factions was suppressed with difficulty; in France in the second half of the sixteenth century, with religious combustibles added, it flared up into civil war. Madrid in the next century was still disturbed by brawling among noblemen and their retinues…. Compared with these manifestations of the unruly aristocratic temper, the duel can be viewed as an advance towards a more limited trespass on law and order. It can be viewed too as a more decent reprisal than assassination, the poisoning of opponents for instance so much a matter of use and wont in the Italy of the Borgias. By comparison with the blood feud and gang warfare, or with judicial trial by combat, “a well-conducted duel might be deemed part of a civilizing process.” But the emphasis here is on “well-conducted”: a certain level of political organization and enforcement of order is an essential preliminary. So for Kiernan the duel assumed the ascendancy of aristocratic classes, military by vocation or “at least never forgetful of a sword-bearing ancestry.” Liability …	[ 464, 23958, 287, 3427, 7443, 25, 45129, 290, 262, 29297, 286, 23203, 17818, 198, 1525, 569, 13, 38, 13, 39717, 12647, 198, 38208, 3841, 2059, 4332, 11, 44084, 9788, 1539, 720, 1415, 13, 3865, 357, 20189, 8, 198, 21944, 273, 39717, 12647, 318, 530, 286, 262, 749, 21362, 286, 3517, 21262, 13, 679, 468, 3194, 4499, 937, 33492, 319, 3517, 34905, 1590, 287, 2807, 11, 34865, 1906, 1507, 5332, 11, 319, 3395, 66, 1604, 68, 447, 247, 82, 12633, 284, 30693, 382, 11, 1248, 2919, 1906, 1507, 2931, 11, 319, 383, 9303, 286, 1248, 4051, 287, 7897, 7443, 11, 319, 1605, 30988, 287, 262, 29666, 290, 29112, 10675, 11, 319, 30988, 4143, 11, 290, 319, 1181, 290, 3592, 287, 2031, 287, 262, 2237, 20283, 290, 10037, 28117, 10675, 13, 679, 468, 635, 3194, 546, 9678, 30567, 11, 29666, 12, 14792, 4492, 11, 4318, 7229, 11, 5478, 11, 3794, 290, 7648, 11, 290, 546, 2316, 1022, 19101, 290, 5491, 13, 679, 468, 14251, 15343, 286, 8799, 646, 19518, 13, 198, 464, 1621, 2925, 326, 339, 373, 1752, 1965, 416, 257, 3989, 329, 281, 2708, 319, 3517, 30988, 287, 2807, 13, 679, 8712, 326, 339, 550, 2138, 2626, 1393, 287, 326, 2426, 11, 475, 339, 714, 1309, 606, 423, 257, 3704, 319, 262, 4804, 15379, 287, 47268, 323, 13, 383, 2708, 484, 3443, 1392, 373, 319, 3594, 27834, 11965, 290, 262, 4141, 9303, 13, 1867, 356, 389, 477, 4953, 329, 318, 465, 1263, 1492, 319, 22197, 13, 198, 464, 23958, 287, 3427, 7443, 16069, 832, 6264, 2106, 11, 422, 10689, 19966, 71, 11, 28440, 11, 290, 1355, 322, 4754, 284, 262, 1944, 4289, 13, 564, 250, 2061, 468, 587, 12086, 286, 262, 24662, 11, 447, 251, 39717, 12647, 6140, 11, 564, 250, 10134, 587, 4632, 286, 281, 41666, 1611, 447, 251, 26, 290, 379, 717, 6504, 465, 2331, 281, 41666, 1492, 13, 632, 318, 22259, 351, 6275, 44662, 11, 475, 612, 318, 257, 11831, 290, 6414, 7505, 2491, 832, 340, 11, 16992, 2138, 621, 7952, 13, 554, 2111, 284, 3197, 428, 7505, 422, 262, 2587, 314, 423, 10947, 12748, 11, 1201, 314, 2314, 2872, 39717, 12647, 447, 247, 82, 753, 13911, 27149, 13, 383, 24662, 329, 39717, 12647, 318, 257, 5358, 1022, 734, 1450, 11, 3221, 11791, 416, 281, 564, 250, 417, 4820, 378, 49455, 1399, 929, 10217, 416, 564, 246, 43012, 13, 447, 247, 564, 251, 632, 373, 11, 339, 6797, 11, 198, 321, 312, 301, 262, 10726, 15611, 286, 262, 2237, 20283, 290, 10037, 28117, 10675, 326, 262, 3660, 24662, 1718, 5485, 13, 5856, 326, 640, 286, 6801, 422, 19955, 284, 3660, 11, 1812, 1176, 290, 262, 13580, 286, 1099, 547, 852, 4920, 416, 2352, 349, 315, 396, 35184, 26, 475, 50025, 11, 663, 2063, 12, 37343, 11, 11803, 287, 14294, 34731, 11, 257, 7748, 281, 620, 1313, 1042, 11, 290, 1690, 460, 6122, 11, 287, 262, 1204, 286, 2031, 13, 15348, 15611, 1022, 2318, 30752, 4172, 393, 18783, 373, 25822, 351, 8722, 26, 287, 4881, 287, 262, 1218, 2063, 286, 262, 2237, 20283, 4289, 11, 351, 4158, 27500, 18764, 2087, 11, 340, 50017, 510, 656, 3026, 1175, 13, 14708, 287, 262, 1306, 4289, 373, 991, 24069, 416, 275, 18771, 1871, 15581, 3653, 290, 511, 1005, 259, 947, 11580, 27492, 351, 777, 38538, 286, 262, 555, 34715, 28631, 15405, 4124, 11, 262, 24662, 460, 307, 9569, 355, 281, 5963, 3371, 257, 517, 3614, 49192, 319, 1099, 290, 1502, 13, 632, 460, 307, 9569, 1165, 355, 257, 517, 7709, 41575, 28456, 621, 18898, 11, 262, 22475, 286, 7691, 329, 4554, 523, 881, 257, 2300, 286, 779, 290, 28329, 287, 262, 8031, 286, 262, 29004, 4448, 13, 198, 3886, 7208, 351, 262, 2910, 21419, 290, 7706, 15611, 11, 393, 351, 13657, 4473, 416, 5249, 11, 564, 250, 64, 880, 12, 36495, 276, 24662, 1244, 307, 10762, 636, 286, 257, 3026, 2890, 1429, 13, 447, 251, 887, 262, 12476, 994, 318, 319, 564, 250, 4053, 12, 36495, 276, 447, 251, 25, 257, 1728, 1241, 286, 1964, 4009, 290, 5394, 286, 1502, 318, 281, 6393, 15223, 13, 198, 2396, 329, 39717, 12647, 262, 24662, 9672, 262, 34800, 3883, 286, 28631, 15405, 6097, 11, 2422, 416, 410, 5040, 393, 564, 250, 265, 1551, 1239, 6044, 913, 286, 257, 8429, 12, 28655, 29171, 13, 447, 251, 7455, 1799, 3926, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	714
Witnessing a hawk snatch a songbird off your birdfeeder can be quite a shock. Although most of us understand the food chain, backyard birders would prefer these sharks of the sky get their meals elsewhere. Sharp-shinned and Cooper's Hawks are the two most common birds of prey that visit birdfeeders in urban Orange County, says Biologist Scott Thomas, who runs raptor research for the local Sea & Sage Audubon Society. Cooper's Hawks' numbers have grown significantly in California as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas. BRUCE CHAMBERS, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER "Sharp-shinned Hawks are migrants and visit our area from October through March or April, while Cooper's Hawks are here year-round," Thomas said. Both are fast, agile fliers that can maneuver around buildings and trees in a surprise attack. Both species prey chiefly on small birds, while the Cooper's Hawk includes some small mammals in its diet. "About 25 years ago, Cooper's Hawks were on California's special concern list," he said. "At that time they were not very common in neighborhoods." But their numbers have grown significantly as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas, he said. "We've tracked them and found the hawks actually fly a circuit every day, going from feeder to feeder," Thomas said. That means once a raptor finds a meal at a feeder, it will likely return. While you can't always protect your backyard birds from an aerial attack, you can give your songbirds an edge by taking a few precautions. "Hang your feeders in a tree so the birds have a better chance of escape," Thomas said. "And don't put feeders up against a window where the small birds may become panicked and fly into it." Add a baffle or an umbrella-type cover over the feeder so the birds will be less visible from aerial predators. And remove dead branches from the trees on your property where hawks may perch for hunting. If a hawk has become a real menace to your backyard birds, take the feeder down for a few weeks. The hawk will move on, but it may also return when the feeder birds return. Keep in mind that this cycle of life will go on whether you have a backyard feeder or not. And to help protect the health of all birds in your yard, Thomas recommends cleaning feeders and birdbaths regularly with 10 percent bleach solution. Hawks are susceptible to certain diseases typically transmitted at birdfeeders. Jennifer J. Meyer is a freelance writer from Mission Viejo. Write to her at [email protected] or visit her blog at jjthebackyardbirder.blogspot.com.	[ 38670, 278, 257, 48710, 43388, 257, 3496, 16944, 572, 534, 6512, 12363, 263, 460, 307, 2407, 257, 6380, 13, 4900, 749, 286, 514, 1833, 262, 2057, 6333, 11, 24296, 6512, 364, 561, 4702, 777, 27476, 286, 262, 6766, 651, 511, 13840, 8057, 13, 198, 44336, 12, 1477, 259, 2817, 290, 10382, 338, 23445, 389, 262, 734, 749, 2219, 10087, 286, 15974, 326, 3187, 6512, 12363, 364, 287, 7876, 11942, 3418, 11, 1139, 8436, 7451, 4746, 5658, 11, 508, 4539, 38404, 273, 2267, 329, 262, 1957, 6896, 1222, 28733, 7591, 549, 261, 7023, 13, 198, 7222, 3575, 338, 23445, 6, 3146, 423, 7334, 5566, 287, 3442, 355, 484, 16573, 284, 4917, 15974, 379, 6512, 12363, 364, 290, 46282, 287, 7876, 3006, 13, 198, 11473, 52, 5222, 5870, 2390, 33, 4877, 11, 3336, 6375, 27746, 41012, 23337, 41517, 198, 1, 44336, 12, 1477, 259, 2817, 23445, 389, 12783, 290, 3187, 674, 1989, 422, 3267, 832, 2805, 393, 3035, 11, 981, 10382, 338, 23445, 389, 994, 614, 12, 744, 553, 5658, 531, 13, 198, 10265, 389, 3049, 11, 36710, 781, 3183, 326, 460, 20186, 1088, 6832, 290, 7150, 287, 257, 5975, 1368, 13, 5747, 4693, 15974, 36305, 319, 1402, 10087, 11, 981, 262, 10382, 338, 26698, 3407, 617, 1402, 23426, 287, 663, 5496, 13, 198, 1, 8585, 1679, 812, 2084, 11, 10382, 338, 23445, 547, 319, 3442, 338, 2041, 2328, 1351, 553, 339, 531, 13, 366, 2953, 326, 640, 484, 547, 407, 845, 2219, 287, 14287, 526, 198, 1537, 511, 3146, 423, 7334, 5566, 355, 484, 16573, 284, 4917, 15974, 379, 6512, 12363, 364, 290, 46282, 287, 7876, 3006, 11, 339, 531, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 1053, 18283, 606, 290, 1043, 262, 23185, 591, 1682, 6129, 257, 10349, 790, 1110, 11, 1016, 422, 3745, 263, 284, 3745, 263, 553, 5658, 531, 13, 1320, 1724, 1752, 257, 38404, 273, 7228, 257, 9799, 379, 257, 3745, 263, 11, 340, 481, 1884, 1441, 13, 198, 3633, 345, 460, 470, 1464, 1805, 534, 24296, 10087, 422, 281, 17789, 1368, 11, 345, 460, 1577, 534, 3496, 32002, 281, 5743, 416, 2263, 257, 1178, 31320, 13, 198, 1, 39, 648, 534, 3745, 364, 287, 257, 5509, 523, 262, 10087, 423, 257, 1365, 2863, 286, 6654, 553, 5658, 531, 13, 366, 1870, 836, 470, 1234, 3745, 364, 510, 1028, 257, 4324, 810, 262, 1402, 10087, 743, 1716, 38225, 290, 6129, 656, 340, 526, 198, 4550, 257, 25989, 293, 393, 281, 25510, 12, 4906, 3002, 625, 262, 3745, 263, 523, 262, 10087, 481, 307, 1342, 7424, 422, 17789, 23311, 13, 843, 4781, 2636, 13737, 422, 262, 7150, 319, 534, 3119, 810, 23185, 591, 743, 583, 354, 329, 10988, 13, 198, 1532, 257, 48710, 468, 1716, 257, 1103, 36292, 284, 534, 24296, 10087, 11, 1011, 262, 3745, 263, 866, 329, 257, 1178, 2745, 13, 383, 48710, 481, 1445, 319, 11, 475, 340, 743, 635, 1441, 618, 262, 3745, 263, 10087, 1441, 13, 9175, 287, 2000, 326, 428, 6772, 286, 1204, 481, 467, 319, 1771, 345, 423, 257, 24296, 3745, 263, 393, 407, 13, 198, 1870, 284, 1037, 1805, 262, 1535, 286, 477, 10087, 287, 534, 12699, 11, 5658, 20829, 12724, 3745, 364, 290, 6512, 65, 33148, 7987, 351, 838, 1411, 49024, 4610, 13, 23445, 389, 22084, 284, 1728, 10040, 6032, 18307, 379, 6512, 12363, 364, 13, 198, 43187, 449, 13, 23975, 318, 257, 27449, 6260, 422, 12633, 47154, 7639, 13, 19430, 284, 607, 379, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 393, 3187, 607, 4130, 379, 474, 73, 1169, 1891, 9413, 65, 343, 1082, 13, 35217, 13, 785, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	590
Classification of Nouns Nouns are categorized by vowels and consonants they include. For the consonants they include nouns are categorized in two groups: 15 Nouns and 16 Nouns. For the vowels they include nouns are categorized in 5 groups: a, ä; å, ø; o, ö; u, y; i, e. 15 Nouns: the first consonant of these nouns are h, j, m, n, r, s, s' 16 Nouns: the first consonant of there nouns are c, d, l, p, t, v, l' Categorizing by vowels depends on how many syllable noun has and what is the vowel in the syllable we have to use. If a noun has 2 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable If a noun has 3 syllable we use the vowel of the third syllable If a noun has 4 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable ıf a noun has 5 or more syllable we use the vowel of the syllable before the last syllable. Vowel in a syllable can be a single vowel or a diphthong. If the syllable contains a diphthong, we choose the vowel we will use according to following rules: If there is "u" or "y" we use them, If there is a back vowel and "i" we use the back vowel, If there is a front vowel and "i" we use "i", In other diphthongs we use the first vowel.Definite Articles Vi Söllidäävin has10 definite articles. All definite articles are 2 letters. First is a consonant, second a vowel. If a noun is a 15 noun, the first letter of the article is "v" If a noun is a 16 noun, the first letter of the article is "s" we add the vowel according to the rules above to these consonants and make the article. E.g.: tyycciön has 2 syllable. we will use the second syllable and the vowels in it are i and ö. "ö" is a front vowel this means we will use "i". And it is a 16 noun. With these knowledges the article is "si". Si Tyycciön. More examples: vo riol, su vuun, va raceslain, ve hiynnen. We have to use the root word to decide the article of the noun. In a sentence if a noun takes a prefix, that noun does not take article. We use definite article when the noun does not take prefixes and indefinite article.Indefinite Article Vi Söllidäävin has 1 indefinite article and it is a suffix. We add "-me" to the noun. And if a noun takes this suffix, it does not take definite article. E.g.: noidame → a love	[ 9487, 2649, 286, 399, 977, 82, 198, 45, 977, 82, 389, 37661, 416, 23268, 1424, 290, 44278, 1187, 484, 2291, 13, 1114, 262, 44278, 1187, 484, 2291, 23227, 82, 389, 37661, 287, 734, 2628, 25, 1315, 399, 977, 82, 290, 1467, 399, 977, 82, 13, 1114, 262, 23268, 1424, 484, 2291, 23227, 82, 389, 37661, 287, 642, 2628, 25, 257, 11, 6184, 97, 26, 6184, 98, 11, 6184, 116, 26, 267, 11, 6184, 114, 26, 334, 11, 331, 26, 1312, 11, 304, 13, 198, 1314, 399, 977, 82, 25, 262, 717, 44278, 415, 286, 777, 23227, 82, 389, 289, 11, 474, 11, 285, 11, 299, 11, 374, 11, 264, 11, 264, 6, 198, 1433, 399, 977, 82, 25, 262, 717, 44278, 415, 286, 612, 23227, 82, 389, 269, 11, 288, 11, 300, 11, 279, 11, 256, 11, 410, 11, 300, 6, 198, 34, 47467, 2890, 416, 23268, 1424, 8338, 319, 703, 867, 27226, 540, 23227, 468, 290, 644, 318, 262, 48617, 287, 262, 27226, 540, 356, 423, 284, 779, 13, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 468, 362, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 1218, 27226, 540, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 468, 513, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 2368, 27226, 540, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 468, 604, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 1218, 27226, 540, 198, 30102, 69, 257, 23227, 468, 642, 393, 517, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 27226, 540, 878, 262, 938, 27226, 540, 13, 198, 53, 322, 417, 287, 257, 27226, 540, 460, 307, 257, 2060, 48617, 393, 257, 288, 13323, 400, 506, 13, 1002, 262, 27226, 540, 4909, 257, 288, 13323, 400, 506, 11, 356, 3853, 262, 48617, 356, 481, 779, 1864, 284, 1708, 3173, 25, 198, 1532, 612, 318, 366, 84, 1, 393, 366, 88, 1, 356, 779, 606, 11, 198, 1532, 612, 318, 257, 736, 48617, 290, 366, 72, 1, 356, 779, 262, 736, 48617, 11, 198, 1532, 612, 318, 257, 2166, 48617, 290, 366, 72, 1, 356, 779, 366, 72, 1600, 198, 818, 584, 288, 13323, 400, 28079, 356, 779, 262, 717, 48617, 13, 7469, 9504, 22698, 198, 38432, 311, 9101, 297, 312, 11033, 11033, 7114, 468, 940, 21892, 6685, 13, 1439, 21892, 6685, 389, 362, 7475, 13, 3274, 318, 257, 44278, 415, 11, 1218, 257, 48617, 13, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 318, 257, 1315, 23227, 11, 262, 717, 3850, 286, 262, 2708, 318, 366, 85, 1, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 318, 257, 1467, 23227, 11, 262, 717, 3850, 286, 262, 2708, 318, 366, 82, 1, 198, 732, 751, 262, 48617, 1864, 284, 262, 3173, 2029, 284, 777, 44278, 1187, 290, 787, 262, 2708, 13, 198, 36, 13, 70, 11207, 1259, 88, 35764, 48863, 468, 362, 27226, 540, 13, 356, 481, 779, 262, 1218, 27226, 540, 290, 262, 23268, 1424, 287, 340, 389, 1312, 290, 6184, 114, 13, 366, 9101, 1, 318, 257, 2166, 48617, 428, 1724, 356, 481, 779, 366, 72, 1911, 843, 340, 318, 257, 1467, 23227, 13, 2080, 777, 760, 992, 3212, 262, 2708, 318, 366, 13396, 1911, 15638, 7039, 88, 35764, 48863, 13, 198, 5167, 6096, 25, 7608, 374, 1669, 11, 424, 410, 84, 403, 11, 46935, 9558, 34277, 11, 1569, 23105, 2047, 38572, 13, 198, 1135, 423, 284, 779, 262, 6808, 1573, 284, 5409, 262, 2708, 286, 262, 23227, 13, 554, 257, 6827, 611, 257, 23227, 2753, 257, 21231, 11, 326, 23227, 857, 407, 1011, 2708, 13, 775, 779, 21892, 2708, 618, 262, 23227, 857, 407, 1011, 21231, 274, 290, 35639, 2708, 13, 5497, 891, 9504, 10172, 198, 38432, 311, 9101, 297, 312, 11033, 11033, 7114, 468, 352, 35639, 2708, 290, 340, 318, 257, 35488, 13, 775, 751, 27444, 1326, 1, 284, 262, 23227, 13, 843, 611, 257, 23227, 2753, 428, 35488, 11, 340, 857, 407, 1011, 21892, 2708, 13, 198, 36, 13, 70, 11207, 645, 312, 480, 15168, 257, 1842, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	643
The War of Independence The violent confrontations between Jews and Arabs in the land of Israel started in the early 1920s. For the most part, the Jews defended themselves against attacks by the Arabs. The Hagana was responsible for defense of the Jewish community, and sometimes British armed forces intervened to end the violence. The Hagana was established in 1920 primarily as a regional organization; in each settlement its members were responsible for its own defense. Every Jewish resident of the land of Israel was eligible to join, the main condition being the person's ability to keep the organization's activities secret. At first the Hagana's limited mobility hindered its capability to carry out attacks. After the 1921 uprisings the Hagana expanded by drafting new members, conducting courses for commanders and accelerating weapons' acquisition. Armaments were purchased abroad or manufactured in factories located primarily in kibbutzim. The Hagana was under the authority of the elected governing institutions of the yishuv (Jewish community in the land of Israel.) In 1936 there was an Arab uprising which called for liberation from British rule. They attacked British forces and Jews as well. In the course of the revolt the British recommended a solution: To divide the land into two states — Arab and Jewish (the Peel Commission Report). The Arab leadership rejected the proposal of partition. The yishuv leadership accepted the principle of partition but opposed the borders suggested by the commission. At the end of World War II, in spite of revelations about the scope of the Jewish Holocaust in Europe and the murder of millions of Jews, Britain refused to permit the establishment of a Jewish state. In postwar Europe there were over 100,000 Jewish refugees who could not return to their homes, but the British refused to allow them to immigrate to the land of Israel. The yishuv fought the decision. Britain, whose resources had been drained by the war, turned the issue of the land of Israel over to the United Nations; the organization appointed a special committee which once more recommended partition as a solution to the problem. On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly, by a large majority, approved the resolution calling for two independent states to be established alongside each other in the land of Israel (Resolution 181). Members of the Jewish community danced in the streets to celebrate but shortly afterward Palestinian Arabs and volunteers from Arab countries that rejected the partition plan attacked, and the war began. The Civil War: December 1947-May 1948 The war that began on November 29, 1947 is known as the War of Independence because it resulted in independence for the Jewish community in the land of Israel, in spite of the fact that at the beginning local Arabs, and then armies from Arab countries tried to prevent it. Local Arab troops and volunteers attacked isolated Jewish communities, Jews in cities with mixed populations and the roads. They also employed terror tactics — all Jewish people, settlements and property were considered to be legitimate targets. The most serious terror attacks were against the Haifa oil refineries, where 39 Jews were murdered in December 1947. At the time Hagana tactics were primarily defensive or focused on specific objectives. Because of Arab attacks, various areas of the yishuv were cut off from the center and became isolated. The Hagana tried to supply besieged areas by means of clandestine convoys. These convoys became the foci of armed confrontations between Jews and Arabs, but in spite of everything, no Jewish settlement was abandoned. Dozens of fighters were killed in attempts to relieve isolated communities. The main efforts were dedicated to bringing supplies to the besieged city of Jerusalem, and this resulted in many victims. In memory of these martyrs, Haim Gouri wrote the poem Bab El-Wad which is the Arabic name for Sha'ar Ha-Gai [gate to the valley] —; a strategic point where convoys began the climb from the coastal plains to the hills of Jerusalem. The Catastrophe [An-Nakbeh] 1948 On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 181, which calls for the partition of Palestine into two states, Arab and Jewish. This was the start of the countdown for the establishment of the state of Israel on May 15, 1948 and the 1948 Catastrophe, which uprooted and dispersed the Palestinian people. The Catastrophe was: 1) the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1948 Palestine War; 2) their acceptance of the truce; 3) the displacement of most of the Palestinian people from their cities and villages; and 4) the emergence of the refugee problem and the Palestinian Diaspora. First and foremost, Britain bears responsibility for the defeat of the Palestinian Arab people in 1948. It received the mandate for Palestine from the League of Nations in 1917, and from the beginning of its occupation of Palestine until it relinquished the territory on May 15, 1948, Britain did all it could to suppress the Palestinian people and to arrest and deport their leaders. The British did not allow Palestinians to exercise their right to defend themselves and their land against the Zionist movement. It suppressed the popular uprisings (intifadas) which followed one after another beginning in 1920 (including those of 1921, 1929, 1930, 1935 and 1936). The rulers considered all forms of Palestinian resistance to be illegal acts of terrorism, extremism and fanaticism, and issued unjust laws against every Palestinian who carried arms or ammunition. Punishments included: "Six years in prison for possessing a revolver, twelve years for a grenade, five years of hard labor for possessing twelve bullets and eighteen months for giving false information to a group of soldiers asking for directions." However, Britain did allow Zionist immigration to Palestine, which led to an economic crisis because of the increasing number of Jews in the land. Britain permitted the Zionist movement to form military forces, such as the Haganah and Etzel and others. Members carried out bombings in Jerusalem, fired on British soldiers and smuggled arms, immigrants, and more. But that wasn't the end of the story. The British allowed the Zionist movement to have its own armed brigade attached to the British Army. It took part in battles of World War II, thereby acquiring training and experience in the techniques of war. In 1939 ten detachments of Zionist settlement police were formed, each led by a British officer — altogether 14,411 men. There were 700 policemen in Tel Aviv and 100 in Haifa, all of whom were members of the Haganah. By 1948 most Jews over the age of 14 had already undergone military training. For these reasons they were militarily superior to the Palestinians during the '48 war. In 1946 one British commander in Palestine told an American journalist that: "If we withdraw British forces, the Haganah will control all of Palestine tomorrow." The journalist asked him if the Haganah could maintain its control of Palestine under such circumstances. He replied: "Certainly, they could do so even if they had to confront the entire Arab world." Before the war broke out and just before they withdrew, the British either turned a blind eye, or actually conspired with the Zionists who seized British arms and equipment. This strengthened the Zionist movement's superiority over the Palestinians. It is worth mentioning that when Britain relinquished its Palestinian Mandate to the UN, it was a very influential member of the international organization. The partition resolution 181 was a revival of the partition plan proposed by Britain in the aftermath of the 1936 Revolution. After Britain, the Arabs and their leaders had the lion's share of responsibility for the defeat. Their war was like a heroic drama, whose hero was a British military officer — Glubb Pasha — who commanded the Transjordanian Arab troops in the war. The Arab armies did not take up their roles in the theater of war until the strength of the Palestinian people was virtually exhausted.	[ 464, 1810, 286, 20153, 198, 464, 6590, 7239, 602, 1022, 6771, 290, 22457, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 2067, 287, 262, 1903, 14062, 82, 13, 1114, 262, 749, 636, 11, 262, 6771, 13768, 2405, 1028, 3434, 416, 262, 22457, 13, 383, 21375, 2271, 373, 4497, 329, 3761, 286, 262, 5582, 2055, 11, 290, 3360, 3517, 6936, 3386, 35018, 284, 886, 262, 3685, 13, 198, 464, 21375, 2271, 373, 4920, 287, 14062, 7525, 355, 257, 7915, 4009, 26, 287, 1123, 9443, 663, 1866, 547, 4497, 329, 663, 898, 3761, 13, 3887, 5582, 6623, 286, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 373, 8867, 284, 4654, 11, 262, 1388, 4006, 852, 262, 1048, 338, 2694, 284, 1394, 262, 4009, 338, 4568, 3200, 13, 1629, 717, 262, 21375, 2271, 338, 3614, 15873, 49186, 663, 12971, 284, 3283, 503, 3434, 13, 2293, 262, 35369, 510, 2442, 654, 262, 21375, 2271, 9902, 416, 26931, 649, 1866, 11, 14523, 10902, 329, 22576, 290, 32253, 3777, 6, 12673, 13, 7057, 12604, 547, 8155, 10522, 393, 15943, 287, 17590, 5140, 7525, 287, 479, 571, 4360, 89, 320, 13, 383, 21375, 2271, 373, 739, 262, 4934, 286, 262, 7018, 15030, 6712, 286, 262, 331, 680, 14795, 357, 28240, 2055, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 2014, 198, 818, 27653, 612, 373, 281, 4498, 26312, 543, 1444, 329, 22256, 422, 3517, 3896, 13, 1119, 7384, 3517, 3386, 290, 6771, 355, 880, 13, 554, 262, 1781, 286, 262, 27360, 262, 3517, 7151, 257, 4610, 25, 1675, 14083, 262, 1956, 656, 734, 2585, 851, 4498, 290, 5582, 357, 1169, 49266, 4513, 6358, 737, 383, 4498, 5531, 8606, 262, 6961, 286, 18398, 13, 383, 331, 680, 14795, 5531, 6292, 262, 7989, 286, 18398, 475, 6886, 262, 11637, 5220, 416, 262, 5810, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 886, 286, 2159, 1810, 2873, 11, 287, 15275, 286, 19111, 546, 262, 8354, 286, 262, 5582, 18661, 287, 2031, 290, 262, 5123, 286, 5242, 286, 6771, 11, 5491, 6520, 284, 8749, 262, 9323, 286, 257, 5582, 1181, 13, 554, 44060, 2031, 612, 547, 625, 1802, 11, 830, 5582, 8015, 508, 714, 407, 1441, 284, 511, 5682, 11, 475, 262, 3517, 6520, 284, 1249, 606, 284, 2296, 42175, 284, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 13, 383, 331, 680, 14795, 8350, 262, 2551, 13, 5491, 11, 3025, 4133, 550, 587, 29738, 416, 262, 1175, 11, 2900, 262, 2071, 286, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 625, 284, 262, 1578, 7973, 26, 262, 4009, 9899, 257, 2041, 5583, 543, 1752, 517, 7151, 18398, 355, 257, 4610, 284, 262, 1917, 13, 198, 2202, 3389, 2808, 11, 21709, 11, 262, 4725, 3611, 10006, 11, 416, 257, 1588, 3741, 11, 6325, 262, 6323, 4585, 329, 734, 4795, 2585, 284, 307, 4920, 7848, 1123, 584, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 357, 4965, 2122, 30110, 737, 12688, 286, 262, 5582, 2055, 39480, 287, 262, 6483, 284, 10648, 475, 8972, 20875, 8501, 22457, 290, 11661, 422, 4498, 2678, 326, 8606, 262, 18398, 1410, 7384, 11, 290, 262, 1175, 2540, 13, 198, 464, 7511, 1810, 25, 3426, 21709, 12, 6747, 21794, 383, 1175, 326, 2540, 319, 3389, 2808, 11, 21709, 318, 1900, 355, 262, 1810, 286, 20153, 780, 340, 8724, 287, 10404, 329, 262, 5582, 2055, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 11, 287, 15275, 286, 262, 1109, 326, 379, 262, 3726, 1957, 22457, 11, 290, 788, 18837, 422, 4498, 2678, 3088, 284, 2948, 340, 13, 198, 14565, 4498, 6553, 290, 11661, 7384, 11557, 5582, 5348, 11, 6771, 287, 4736, 351, 7668, 9684, 290, 262, 9725, 13, 1119, 635, 9322, 3246, 10815, 851, 477, 5582, 661, 11, 18573, 290, 3119, 547, 3177, 284, 307, 9829, 6670, 13, 383, 749, 2726, 3246, 3434, 547, 1028, 262, 9398, 19215, 3056, 1006, 48858, 11, 810, 5014, 6771, 547, 12864, 287, 3426, 21709, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 640, 21375, 2271, 10815, 547, 7525, 6110, 393, 5670, 319, 2176, 15221, 13, 4362, 286, 4498, 3434, 11, 2972, 3006, 286, 262, 331, 680, 14795, 547, 2005, 572, 422, 262, 3641, 290, 2627, 11557, 13, 383, 21375, 2271, 3088, 284, 5127, 41680, 3006, 416, 1724, 286, 39903, 3063, 19417, 13, 2312, 3063, 19417, 2627, 262, 277, 1733, 286, 6936, 7239, 602, 1022, 6771, 290, 22457, 11, 475, 287, 15275, 286, 2279, 11, 645, 5582, 9443, 373, 9958, 13, 198, 5211, 8247, 286, 8486, 547, 2923, 287, 6370, 284, 26958, 11557, 5348, 13, 383, 1388, 4040, 547, 7256, 284, 6079, 9416, 284, 262, 41680, 1748, 286, 10843, 11, 290, 428, 8724, 287, 867, 4970, 13, 554, 4088, 286, 777, 28009, 82, 11, 367, 1385, 402, 10300, 2630, 262, 21247, 12400, 2574, 12, 54, 324, 543, 318, 262, 17526, 1438, 329, 19413, 6, 283, 9398, 12, 38, 1872, 685, 10494, 284, 262, 19272, 60, 851, 26, 257, 10039, 966, 810, 3063, 19417, 2540, 262, 12080, 422, 262, 17475, 36149, 284, 262, 18639, 286, 10843, 13, 198, 464, 5181, 459, 22599, 685, 2025, 12, 45, 461, 20709, 60, 21794, 198, 2202, 3389, 2808, 11, 21709, 11, 262, 1578, 7973, 3611, 10006, 3804, 22406, 30110, 11, 543, 3848, 329, 262, 18398, 286, 17263, 656, 734, 2585, 11, 4498, 290, 5582, 13, 770, 373, 262, 923, 286, 262, 33970, 329, 262, 9323, 286, 262, 1181, 286, 2692, 319, 1737, 1315, 11, 21794, 290, 262, 21794, 5181, 459, 22599, 11, 543, 31921, 5191, 290, 34646, 262, 8501, 661, 13, 198, 464, 5181, 459, 22599, 373, 25, 352, 8, 262, 7433, 286, 262, 4498, 18837, 287, 262, 21794, 17263, 1810, 26, 362, 8, 511, 13427, 286, 262, 39854, 26, 513, 8, 262, 29358, 286, 749, 286, 262, 8501, 661, 422, 511, 4736, 290, 15425, 26, 290, 604, 8, 262, 22106, 286, 262, 12540, 1917, 290, 262, 8501, 360, 4448, 38851, 13, 198, 5962, 290, 20976, 11, 5491, 13062, 5798, 329, 262, 7433, 286, 262, 8501, 4498, 661, 287, 21794, 13, 632, 2722, 262, 14598, 329, 17263, 422, 262, 4041, 286, 7973, 287, 24168, 11, 290, 422, 262, 3726, 286, 663, 13755, 286, 17263, 1566, 340, 36610, 1348, 262, 7674, 319, 1737, 1315, 11, 21794, 11, 5491, 750, 477, 340, 714, 284, 18175, 262, 8501, 661, 290, 284, 3251, 290, 29489, 511, 2766, 13, 383, 3517, 750, 407, 1249, 12890, 284, 5517, 511, 826, 284, 4404, 2405, 290, 511, 1956, 1028, 262, 29390, 3356, 13, 632, 25822, 262, 2968, 510, 2442, 654, 357, 600, 361, 38768, 8, 543, 3940, 530, 706, 1194, 3726, 287, 14062, 357, 8201, 883, 286, 35369, 11, 31883, 11, 15533, 11, 30704, 290, 27653, 737, 383, 24925, 3177, 477, 5107, 286, 8501, 6625, 284, 307, 5293, 6529, 286, 8649, 11, 25571, 290, 43631, 1042, 11, 290, 4884, 21218, 3657, 1028, 790, 8501, 508, 5281, 5101, 393, 14271, 13, 14944, 680, 902, 3017, 25, 366, 21447, 812, 287, 3770, 329, 25566, 257, 40968, 11, 14104, 812, 329, 257, 26168, 11, 1936, 812, 286, 1327, 4827, 329, 25566, 14104, 16043, 290, 29095, 1933, 329, 3501, 3991, 1321, 284, 257, 1448, 286, 5795, 4737, 329, 11678, 526, 198, 4864, 11, 5491, 750, 1249, 29390, 6272, 284, 17263, 11, 543, 2957, 284, 281, 3034, 4902, 780, 286, 262, 3649, 1271, 286, 6771, 287, 262, 1956, 13, 5491, 10431, 262, 29390, 3356, 284, 1296, 2422, 3386, 11, 884, 355, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 290, 17906, 17396, 290, 1854, 13, 12688, 5281, 503, 26579, 287, 10843, 11, 6294, 319, 3517, 5795, 290, 46738, 5101, 11, 7971, 11, 290, 517, 13, 198, 1537, 326, 2492, 470, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1621, 13, 383, 3517, 3142, 262, 29390, 3356, 284, 423, 663, 898, 6936, 35889, 7223, 284, 262, 3517, 5407, 13, 632, 1718, 636, 287, 10181, 286, 2159, 1810, 2873, 11, 12839, 22488, 3047, 290, 1998, 287, 262, 7605, 286, 1175, 13, 554, 24414, 3478, 48224, 902, 286, 29390, 9443, 1644, 547, 7042, 11, 1123, 2957, 416, 257, 3517, 3818, 851, 13318, 1478, 11, 42224, 1450, 13, 1318, 547, 13037, 33777, 287, 12088, 28890, 290, 1802, 287, 9398, 19215, 11, 477, 286, 4150, 547, 1866, 286, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 13, 2750, 21794, 749, 6771, 625, 262, 2479, 286, 1478, 550, 1541, 29900, 2422, 3047, 13, 1114, 777, 3840, 484, 547, 2036, 3093, 9098, 284, 262, 12890, 1141, 262, 705, 2780, 1175, 13, 198, 818, 22717, 530, 3517, 11561, 287, 17263, 1297, 281, 1605, 10099, 326, 25, 366, 1532, 356, 8399, 3517, 3386, 11, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 481, 1630, 477, 286, 17263, 9439, 526, 383, 10099, 1965, 683, 611, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 714, 5529, 663, 1630, 286, 17263, 739, 884, 5917, 13, 679, 8712, 25, 366, 36001, 11, 484, 714, 466, 523, 772, 611, 484, 550, 284, 7239, 262, 2104, 4498, 995, 526, 198, 8421, 262, 1175, 6265, 503, 290, 655, 878, 484, 25518, 11, 262, 3517, 2035, 2900, 257, 7770, 4151, 11, 393, 1682, 762, 6474, 351, 262, 16899, 1023, 508, 12000, 3517, 5101, 290, 5112, 13, 770, 27324, 262, 29390, 3356, 338, 26883, 625, 262, 12890, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 2861, 20862, 326, 618, 5491, 36610, 1348, 663, 8501, 13314, 378, 284, 262, 4725, 11, 340, 373, 257, 845, 14212, 2888, 286, 262, 3230, 4009, 13, 383, 18398, 6323, 30110, 373, 257, 26624, 286, 262, 18398, 1410, 5150, 416, 5491, 287, 262, 16280, 286, 262, 27653, 9303, 13, 198, 3260, 5491, 11, 262, 22457, 290, 511, 2766, 550, 262, 18744, 338, 2648, 286, 5798, 329, 262, 7433, 13, 5334, 1175, 373, 588, 257, 23523, 10512, 11, 3025, 4293, 373, 257, 3517, 2422, 3818, 851, 2671, 33670, 350, 14715, 851, 508, 22419, 262, 3602, 73, 7350, 666, 4498, 6553, 287, 262, 1175, 13, 383, 4498, 18837, 750, 407, 1011, 510, 511, 9176, 287, 262, 13766, 286, 1175, 1566, 262, 4202, 286, 262, 8501, 661, 373, 9826, 19064, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,587
First, let's get one thing straight. The correct term is "absolute" pitch, not "perfect" pitch. If you are a music lover, what follows here could conceivably save you from being bilked - ironically, by another kind of perfect pitch . First of all, what we will be talking about here is "absolute pitch," which is the correct term for a certain kind of musical talent. Let's begin by talking about what absolute pitch means, and if it is a blessing "or a curse. How can it be a curse? Ask any professional musician, particularly a player of what is called a transposing instrument. Simply stated, a transposing instrument does not sound the note that is written. (We should quit this part while we're ahead!) Absolute pitch refers to the innate ability of someone to recognize the letter name of a pitch , without any frame of reference. Is that impressive? Ask any professional musician. The answer may surprise you! An individual hears a pitch - "daaaaaah" and says "That's an F sharp! And he or she is right! It IS F# ! "VOILA!" If someone uses that French exclamation as a retort to that particular show of talent, it's very likely sarcasm. It's another way of saying "So what!!" All musicians will tell you that a far more important and necessary talent is having a strong sense of "relative" pitch, which means that someone can hear a pitch - "daaaaaah" and immediately say "That's an F sharp!" and be right, IF he or she has a frame of reference; specifically another pitch. This is a necessary ability a competent musician must possess, but you are not apt to hear one sing "daaaaaah" and proclaim "That's an A flat!" Indeed, a real musician will cast an openly snide smile at such a performer. (This, of course, does not include students at a music school. Here is an interesting fact: In an orchestra, the players "tune up" to the note "A" which is played by the principal oboist as a reference. After hearing that tuning note countless times, most players have it memorized, in the sense that its pitch is burned into their psyches. Thus, they have a referential pitch in their noggins and could possibly fake having "perfect pitch at parties, if they wished. (Some just might do that, if they had a couple of drinks and were not dealing with cognoscenti.) What this all adds up to is this. A strong sense of relative pitch is an important prerequisite for all musicians. BUT THERE IS A SCENARIO WHERE ABSOLUTE PITCH IS HELPFUL, IF NOT NECESSARY. Singers are musicians (a good share of the time) and if a singer is performing something called "atonal" music, absolute pitch is almost a must. Ah me, how can I explain this"Let's just say that music is predominantly "tonal" which means any one of the black and white piano keys may serve as a "home base" that the others play games with. In atonal music, there is no "home base." So vocalists are helped immensely by a strong sense of absolute pitch! Okay, I can hear you saying "strong sense?" Look, if athletes can produce varying degrees of skill, why not musicians? Absolute pitch occurs in varying degrees of acuteness. (But please"let me escape from this hole that I've dug. Thanks.) Now, here's the part that many nervous investors are waiting for. Did you spend a lot of dough because someone advertised that you can develop "perfect pitch" with the help of an expensive set of CD's to train your musical ear "to acquire it?" And were you told that your newly acquired musical skills would enable you to do an assortment of wonderful musical things, such as recognizing harmonies (chord changes?) Did you invest? Do you feel that all the money you spent on those training CD's so that you might have "perfect pitch" paid off? Did you swallow all those ecstatic testimonials by new "perfect pitchers?" I'll end my tirade with two words: Caveat Emptor! * Look, even if you could acquire absolute pitch it does not do all of those wonderful things you were told. Just enjoy and love the music with the ears that you were given. It's great to improve your listening skills, but don't count on "perfect pitch." (and save your $$$) * Buyer Beware!	[ 5962, 11, 1309, 338, 651, 530, 1517, 3892, 13, 383, 3376, 3381, 318, 366, 48546, 1, 7078, 11, 407, 366, 25833, 1, 7078, 13, 1002, 345, 389, 257, 2647, 18854, 11, 644, 5679, 994, 714, 8571, 47994, 3613, 345, 422, 852, 47027, 9091, 532, 32532, 11, 416, 1194, 1611, 286, 2818, 7078, 764, 198, 5962, 286, 477, 11, 644, 356, 481, 307, 3375, 546, 994, 318, 366, 48546, 7078, 553, 543, 318, 262, 3376, 3381, 329, 257, 1728, 1611, 286, 10530, 7401, 13, 3914, 338, 2221, 416, 3375, 546, 644, 4112, 7078, 1724, 11, 290, 611, 340, 318, 257, 20027, 366, 273, 257, 17328, 13, 1374, 460, 340, 307, 257, 17328, 30, 16981, 597, 4708, 21623, 11, 3573, 257, 2137, 286, 644, 318, 1444, 257, 1007, 32927, 8875, 13, 17973, 5081, 11, 257, 1007, 32927, 8875, 857, 407, 2128, 262, 3465, 326, 318, 3194, 13, 357, 1135, 815, 11238, 428, 636, 981, 356, 821, 4058, 8133, 198, 24849, 3552, 7078, 10229, 284, 262, 28690, 2694, 286, 2130, 284, 7564, 262, 3850, 1438, 286, 257, 7078, 837, 1231, 597, 5739, 286, 4941, 13, 1148, 326, 8036, 30, 16981, 597, 4708, 21623, 13, 383, 3280, 743, 5975, 345, 0, 198, 2025, 1981, 23180, 257, 7078, 532, 366, 6814, 24794, 993, 1, 290, 1139, 366, 2504, 338, 281, 376, 7786, 0, 843, 339, 393, 673, 318, 826, 0, 632, 3180, 376, 2, 5145, 366, 29516, 47164, 2474, 1002, 2130, 3544, 326, 4141, 409, 20931, 355, 257, 1005, 419, 284, 326, 1948, 905, 286, 7401, 11, 340, 338, 845, 1884, 40638, 8597, 13, 632, 338, 1194, 835, 286, 2282, 366, 2396, 644, 37160, 198, 3237, 17245, 481, 1560, 345, 326, 257, 1290, 517, 1593, 290, 3306, 7401, 318, 1719, 257, 1913, 2565, 286, 366, 43762, 1, 7078, 11, 543, 1724, 326, 2130, 460, 3285, 257, 7078, 532, 366, 6814, 24794, 993, 1, 290, 3393, 910, 366, 2504, 338, 281, 376, 7786, 2474, 290, 307, 826, 11, 16876, 339, 393, 673, 468, 257, 5739, 286, 4941, 26, 5734, 1194, 7078, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 257, 3306, 2694, 257, 19701, 21623, 1276, 8588, 11, 475, 345, 389, 407, 15409, 284, 3285, 530, 1702, 366, 6814, 24794, 993, 1, 290, 23930, 366, 2504, 338, 281, 317, 6228, 2474, 9676, 11, 257, 1103, 21623, 481, 3350, 281, 11764, 3013, 485, 8212, 379, 884, 257, 26960, 13, 357, 1212, 11, 286, 1781, 11, 857, 407, 2291, 2444, 379, 257, 2647, 1524, 13, 198, 4342, 318, 281, 3499, 1109, 25, 554, 281, 40095, 11, 262, 1938, 366, 83, 1726, 510, 1, 284, 262, 3465, 366, 32, 1, 543, 318, 2826, 416, 262, 10033, 909, 78, 396, 355, 257, 4941, 13, 2293, 4854, 326, 24549, 3465, 12925, 1661, 11, 749, 1938, 423, 340, 16181, 1143, 11, 287, 262, 2565, 326, 663, 7078, 318, 11544, 656, 511, 17331, 2052, 13, 6660, 11, 484, 423, 257, 6773, 429, 498, 7078, 287, 511, 299, 10332, 1040, 290, 714, 5457, 8390, 1719, 366, 25833, 7078, 379, 4671, 11, 611, 484, 16555, 13, 357, 4366, 655, 1244, 466, 326, 11, 611, 484, 550, 257, 3155, 286, 11758, 290, 547, 407, 7219, 351, 8866, 418, 1087, 72, 2014, 198, 2061, 428, 477, 6673, 510, 284, 318, 428, 13, 317, 1913, 2565, 286, 3585, 7078, 318, 281, 1593, 43119, 329, 477, 17245, 13, 21728, 34702, 3180, 317, 6374, 1677, 1503, 9399, 33411, 29950, 3535, 37780, 350, 31949, 3180, 36255, 42668, 6239, 11, 16876, 5626, 41804, 7597, 13153, 13, 198, 29974, 364, 389, 17245, 357, 64, 922, 2648, 286, 262, 640, 8, 290, 611, 257, 14015, 318, 9489, 1223, 1444, 366, 13951, 282, 1, 2647, 11, 4112, 7078, 318, 2048, 257, 1276, 13, 198, 10910, 502, 11, 703, 460, 314, 4727, 428, 1, 5756, 338, 655, 910, 326, 2647, 318, 20736, 366, 1122, 282, 1, 543, 1724, 597, 530, 286, 262, 2042, 290, 2330, 19132, 8251, 743, 4691, 355, 257, 366, 11195, 2779, 1, 326, 262, 1854, 711, 1830, 351, 13, 198, 818, 379, 20996, 2647, 11, 612, 318, 645, 366, 11195, 2779, 526, 1406, 12435, 1023, 389, 4193, 29731, 416, 257, 1913, 2565, 286, 4112, 7078, 0, 16805, 11, 314, 460, 3285, 345, 2282, 366, 11576, 2565, 1701, 6803, 11, 611, 10856, 460, 4439, 15874, 7370, 286, 5032, 11, 1521, 407, 17245, 30, 36532, 7078, 8833, 287, 15874, 7370, 286, 936, 7809, 408, 13, 357, 1537, 3387, 1, 1616, 502, 6654, 422, 428, 7604, 326, 314, 1053, 18735, 13, 6930, 2014, 198, 3844, 11, 994, 338, 262, 636, 326, 867, 10927, 7713, 389, 4953, 329, 13, 7731, 345, 4341, 257, 1256, 286, 15756, 780, 2130, 23944, 326, 345, 460, 1205, 366, 25833, 7078, 1, 351, 262, 1037, 286, 281, 5789, 900, 286, 6458, 338, 284, 4512, 534, 10530, 1027, 366, 1462, 12831, 340, 1701, 843, 547, 345, 1297, 326, 534, 8308, 9477, 10530, 4678, 561, 7139, 345, 284, 466, 281, 36168, 286, 7932, 10530, 1243, 11, 884, 355, 22650, 4419, 17300, 357, 354, 585, 2458, 10091, 7731, 345, 1325, 30, 2141, 345, 1254, 326, 477, 262, 1637, 345, 3377, 319, 883, 3047, 6458, 338, 523, 326, 345, 1244, 423, 366, 25833, 7078, 1, 3432, 572, 30, 7731, 345, 26633, 477, 883, 45782, 8844, 261, 8231, 416, 649, 366, 25833, 25259, 1701, 198, 40, 1183, 886, 616, 48965, 671, 351, 734, 2456, 25, 18603, 265, 2295, 457, 273, 0, 1635, 198, 8567, 11, 772, 611, 345, 714, 12831, 4112, 7078, 340, 857, 407, 466, 477, 286, 883, 7932, 1243, 345, 547, 1297, 13, 2329, 2883, 290, 1842, 262, 2647, 351, 262, 11368, 326, 345, 547, 1813, 13, 198, 1026, 338, 1049, 284, 2987, 534, 8680, 4678, 11, 475, 836, 470, 954, 319, 366, 25833, 7078, 526, 357, 392, 3613, 534, 720, 13702, 8, 198, 9, 11763, 263, 49538, 0, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	951
In January 2010, five months after the unmanned moon probe Chandrayaan was abruptly terminated—a year before its completion, since radio contact with the mooncraft was lost—the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) announced a manned mission to outer space. It would take off in 2016 and cost Rs 12,400 crore. Dr K Radhakrishna, additional director of the Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) in Mysore, was then put in charge of another mission: preparing an Indian menu suitable for space. The first items of the space menu are now ready—tiny idlis, the size of Rs 2 coins, accompanied by flaming orange sambhar powder and creamy coconut chutney dust. The idlis are cooked and dried using infrared radiation at a temperature of 700º C, and then further dried by microwaving. The moisture is zapped out of them, but not the taste, smell or nutrients. “They do, however, lose some of their colour,” says Radhakrishna. “It is slightly browned if you notice, not like the jasmine-white idlis you get here.” The idlis and sambhar are to be eaten after adding hot water; the coconut chutney needs only cold water. Each idli is 12 gm and swells to 25 gm when soaked in water. The desiccation makes it impossible for micro organisms like bacteria to grow and increases the idlis’ shelf life to more than a year. The removal of moisture also reduces the weight of food sharply, something crucial to the needs of both Isro and the armed forces. The sambhar and chutney are also dried completely with infrared radiation, a technology that has been used in the preparation of food over the past six years or so. The pack, as it has been designed now, has ten such idlis. It is the equivalent of three normal sized idlis. “It is the perfect snack,” says Anil Dutt Semwal, senior category F scientist at DFRL, “And the cost, though I haven’t calculated it precisely, is minimal: Rs 8 or 10 for a pack.” He worked two months on creating the idli-sambhar-chutney pack and then sent samples to the Army. The reviews, he says, were “very good”. The technology can also be used for cooking vegetables—a powdered mix of spices becomes a curry once water is added to it. Radhakrishna has also been working on space rasgullas. They look like white naphthalene balls and are freeze-dried from cottage cheese. Freeze drying involves chilling foods to temperatures from –20º to –40º C. It lets the moisture evaporate, but not the flavours. The rasgullas are then vacuum packed. The syrup comes separately as a powder that can be dissolved in water. “Rasgullas are ideal for space. They have a beautiful texture that doesn’t disintegrate easily like other sweets. It is compact. In space, it won’t do to have bits of food flying around. Remember, it is zero gravity,” says Radhakrishna. It took him a year-and-a-half to get the rasgullas right, and they have been ready for a while. Nonetheless, he whittles away at the formula from time to time. There is still a battery of tests to be done before they are ready for space. “Chemical analysis to see they smell right and don’t disintegrate, physical analysis to ensure they look right, microbiological trials to confirm there are no micro-organisms, vibration studies to find out whether they can withstand G-forces at the time of launch,” he says, “This is routine for all foods, indeed materials, that are to travel to space.” The programme’s biggest accomplishment, he reckons, is its space yoghurt. This was developed using pulsed electric field technology in which short bursts of electricity are passed through a fluid food. It renders microbes inactive but the tricky part is to keep the good bacteria alive. DFRL’s result, in Radhakrishna’s words, is “beautiful, beautiful”. Radhakrishna is 58 now and due to retire on 31 March 2014. This space food project is his dream, and grants him a pretty good chance of an extension. Six months ago, he gave a 40-slide PowerPoint presentation to Isro on the programme. He asked for a budget of Rs 5 crore, three co-workers and a visit to Nasa’s food facility in the US. “It has been accepted on principle,” says Dr W Selvamurthy, chief controller of the life sciences department at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the parent body of DFRL. “As soon as the Government of India confirms the project, we will be officially a part of it.” By coincidence, this is also Radhakrishna’s chance to finish what he started in his first years at DFRL. In 1983, the Government had commissioned the lab to prepare a couple of dishes for the Intercosmos Programme, the Indo-Soviet joint space flight that had aboard Rakesh Sharma, the first and only Indian astronaut to go to space. The lab was given a timeline of half a year, and pretty much the entire hundred-odd staff was roped in. Radhakrishna was a freshman at DFRL then, a ‘B category scientist’ who had joined after completing his PhD in meat technology at the same institute. He was perhaps the juniormost in the team and also the odd jobs man. They came up with a pineapple juice powder, biscuits that look like cream crackers, and a mango fruit bar. Of these, the Soviet space organisation approved only the mango bar, a variation of the popular Indian treat aam papad, which Rakesh Sharma says was much appreciated up in space. “There, the taste buds somehow seek sharp tastes and this fit the bill well. My Russian colleagues raved about it,” says Sharma. Apart from aam papad, Sharma had a menu of over 80 dishes to choose from in his eight days aboard the spaceship. These included “pilafs, dry fruits, milk preparations, soups, honeyed breads”, all of which came from the Soviet mission kitchen. “I had this idea that astronauts consume some sort of specially potent pill which satisfies their hunger, but I realised when we worked on the Indo-Soviet mission that it is all a myth,” says Radhakrishna. Food has been a part of manned space missions more or less from the start. In 1964-65, Sujoy Guha, professor at IIT Kharagpur, was invited to Nasa as a spectator to group discussions on manned space missions. He was then working on his PhD at St Louis University, and had been selected for a Nasa fellowship. “In those days, astronauts were given a virtually zero fibre content diet because the technology of hygienic defecation in zero gravity had not been worked out,” says Professor Guha, “I think that the almost no passage of stools for many days led to an accumulation of toxic products, which to some extent caused the medical problems the astronauts faced: constipation; accumulation of toxins; and the possibility of peptic ulcers because in zero gravity conditions, the distribution of food and acid mass within the stomach would differ from what it would be on earth.” Before they could live down the triumph of the mango bar, DFRL was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a full menu for an Indo-US seven-day space programme titled ‘Mission 61 I’ slated for May-June 1986. The Indian objective of that programme was to launch satellite Insat 1C, the payload. Two Indians, NC Bhat of Isro and P Radhakrishnan of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, were selected in 1985 to travel to space as payload specialists. They also trained for a secondary assignment of sorts: performing yoga exercises in space as part of DRDO’s life sciences agenda. The lab had 14 months to work on the project and the confidence of a successful mission behind them. Sights were set higher, a comprehensive meal plan from morning tea to dinner with desserts was worked out, and meat was included on the menu. Radhakrishna, with his specialisation in meat, had a more meaningful role this time. As many as 17 dishes were prepared, including chicken pulao, peas pulao, lemon rice, chicken masala, something called peas cheese, chapatis with yeast, kheer, sooji halwa and three types of juice. Thirteen of these were approved by Nasa. “The sooji halwa, especially, was very good. So fresh, just like my wife makes it,” says NC Bhat, over the telephone from Bangalore. In comparison, the food prepared by Nasa that Bhat and P Radhakrishnan tasted on their orientation visits to the US was less memorable. “It was bland. We tasted some juice, pineapple juice I think. They also had some small biscuits. It was good, but not as tasty as the Indian food.” What was more interesting was the gee-wiz packaging of the American food. “We pressed a button and a pouch of biscuits shot out. You had to open it in a certain way. Food for these missions has special packaging that has to be discarded properly. In zero gravity, you can’t have empty packs and leftovers floating around.” Scientific packaging design is an important part of the programme in India too. After the DFRL works out a menu, it figures out the smartest way to pack the food, the kind of material to be used and the sealing technique. It then lays down the specifications, and assigns the actual job to an industrial packing unit. “Our packaging was comparable to Nasa’s,” says Bhat, “We felt we were not far behind [in technology].” “I remember liking the chicken pulao, lime rice, chapati, kheer and fruit juices,” says P Radhakrishnan, the other payload specialist selected for the mission. On 28 January 1986, Nasa’s space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven members on board. ‘Mission 61 I’ was delayed and ultimately shelved. But the exercise was not entirely a waste; DFRL got feedback from Indian astronauts who underwent simulation exercises: they sorely missed buttermilk, yoghurt and pickles. In the years since 1985, it has worked on developing all three as space foods and they are now available for missions. The yoghurt especially makes Radhakrishna beam. His menu also allows for fresh produce. He points out a box of freeze-dried jack fruit on display on the campus; it looks like chunks of desiccated coconut and weighs less than a newspaper. On being watered, it can be eaten like slices of fresh fruit or added to custard or some other pudding. “Of course, the menu will depend on the astronauts selected and their taste preferences. Also, we need to know things like how long the mission will be,” says Radhakrishna. But he is certain that idlis will be on the menu, their being so popular. In 2010, the DFRL’s then director AS Bawa also announced that they might create a dosa for space. “It is quite possible with the technologies we have,” says Radhakrishna, “We need to work out the most convenient size for it. It would be unwieldy to eat a large dosa up there.” Even without a space dosa, Radhakrishna can expect the gratitude of generations of Indian astronauts for all that he’s done over his 28-year career with DFRL. “It’s a matter of national pride that our astronauts can travel to space, and so can our food, which will sustain them,” he says. The effort has had its amusing moments too. In 1985, Radhakrishna had just had an arranged marriage, and as a newbie working on the Indo-US space mission menu, he also had to buy daily groceries for the project (for professional cooks enlisted by DFRL for the initial stage of food preparation). His newly-wed wife noticed that he used to leave home at 6 am, go to the market to buy groceries, and return home only around 10:30 pm. It was enough to arouse her suspicions. And then there was the fact that his father and uncle ran an Udipi restaurant in Mysore. “She thought I shopped in the morning and came home after cooking three meals at the lab. She thought I was a cook,” he says, laughing.	[ 818, 3269, 3050, 11, 1936, 1933, 706, 262, 35272, 8824, 12774, 20631, 2433, 28340, 373, 25891, 23083, 960, 64, 614, 878, 663, 11939, 11, 1201, 5243, 2800, 351, 262, 8824, 3323, 373, 2626, 960, 1169, 3942, 4687, 4992, 30801, 357, 3792, 305, 8, 3414, 257, 34737, 4365, 284, 12076, 2272, 13, 632, 561, 1011, 572, 287, 1584, 290, 1575, 12820, 1105, 11, 7029, 22306, 13, 1583, 509, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 11, 3224, 3437, 286, 262, 16721, 7318, 4992, 18643, 357, 8068, 7836, 8, 287, 337, 893, 382, 11, 373, 788, 1234, 287, 3877, 286, 1194, 4365, 25, 10629, 281, 3942, 6859, 11080, 329, 2272, 13, 198, 464, 717, 3709, 286, 262, 2272, 6859, 389, 783, 3492, 960, 44152, 4686, 27999, 11, 262, 2546, 286, 12820, 362, 10796, 11, 11791, 416, 39518, 10912, 264, 4131, 9869, 11913, 290, 27892, 20132, 442, 315, 1681, 8977, 13, 383, 4686, 27999, 389, 15847, 290, 16577, 1262, 30624, 11881, 379, 257, 5951, 286, 13037, 36165, 327, 11, 290, 788, 2252, 16577, 416, 23479, 2703, 13, 383, 20160, 318, 1976, 6320, 503, 286, 606, 11, 475, 407, 262, 6938, 11, 8508, 393, 20901, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 466, 11, 2158, 11, 4425, 617, 286, 511, 9568, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 318, 4622, 7586, 276, 611, 345, 4003, 11, 407, 588, 262, 474, 292, 3810, 12, 11186, 4686, 27999, 345, 651, 994, 13, 447, 251, 383, 4686, 27999, 290, 264, 4131, 9869, 389, 284, 307, 17065, 706, 4375, 3024, 1660, 26, 262, 20132, 442, 315, 1681, 2476, 691, 4692, 1660, 13, 5501, 4686, 4528, 318, 1105, 308, 76, 290, 1509, 19187, 284, 1679, 308, 76, 618, 33657, 287, 1660, 13, 383, 748, 291, 30907, 1838, 340, 5340, 329, 4580, 20296, 588, 11492, 284, 1663, 290, 5732, 262, 4686, 27999, 447, 247, 18316, 1204, 284, 517, 621, 257, 614, 13, 383, 9934, 286, 20160, 635, 12850, 262, 3463, 286, 2057, 18939, 11, 1223, 8780, 284, 262, 2476, 286, 1111, 1148, 305, 290, 262, 6936, 3386, 13, 383, 264, 4131, 9869, 290, 442, 315, 1681, 389, 635, 16577, 3190, 351, 30624, 11881, 11, 257, 3037, 326, 468, 587, 973, 287, 262, 11824, 286, 2057, 625, 262, 1613, 2237, 812, 393, 523, 13, 198, 464, 2353, 11, 355, 340, 468, 587, 3562, 783, 11, 468, 3478, 884, 4686, 27999, 13, 632, 318, 262, 7548, 286, 1115, 3487, 19943, 4686, 27999, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 318, 262, 2818, 26906, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 1052, 346, 360, 15318, 12449, 16783, 11, 4664, 6536, 376, 11444, 379, 36323, 7836, 11, 564, 250, 1870, 262, 1575, 11, 996, 314, 4398, 447, 247, 83, 10488, 340, 10582, 11, 318, 10926, 25, 12820, 807, 393, 838, 329, 257, 2353, 13, 447, 251, 679, 3111, 734, 1933, 319, 4441, 262, 4686, 4528, 12, 82, 4131, 9869, 12, 354, 315, 1681, 2353, 290, 788, 1908, 8405, 284, 262, 5407, 13, 383, 8088, 11, 339, 1139, 11, 547, 564, 250, 548, 922, 447, 251, 13, 383, 3037, 460, 635, 307, 973, 329, 10801, 13701, 960, 64, 41642, 5022, 286, 27952, 4329, 257, 34611, 1752, 1660, 318, 2087, 284, 340, 13, 198, 15546, 43573, 37518, 2616, 468, 635, 587, 1762, 319, 2272, 374, 292, 70, 724, 292, 13, 1119, 804, 588, 2330, 299, 6570, 11669, 1734, 11333, 290, 389, 16611, 12, 67, 2228, 422, 36856, 9891, 13, 34917, 29621, 9018, 28010, 9013, 284, 10101, 422, 784, 1238, 36165, 284, 784, 1821, 36165, 327, 13, 632, 8781, 262, 20160, 28959, 378, 11, 475, 407, 262, 46946, 13, 383, 374, 292, 70, 724, 292, 389, 788, 17076, 11856, 13, 383, 24208, 2058, 13869, 355, 257, 11913, 326, 460, 307, 26306, 287, 1660, 13, 564, 250, 49, 292, 70, 724, 292, 389, 7306, 329, 2272, 13, 1119, 423, 257, 4950, 11743, 326, 1595, 447, 247, 83, 29930, 4873, 3538, 588, 584, 42402, 13, 632, 318, 16001, 13, 554, 2272, 11, 340, 1839, 447, 247, 83, 466, 284, 423, 10340, 286, 2057, 7348, 1088, 13, 11436, 11, 340, 318, 6632, 13522, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 632, 1718, 683, 257, 614, 12, 392, 12, 64, 12, 13959, 284, 651, 262, 374, 292, 70, 724, 292, 826, 11, 290, 484, 423, 587, 3492, 329, 257, 981, 13, 27251, 11, 339, 348, 715, 829, 1497, 379, 262, 10451, 422, 640, 284, 640, 13, 1318, 318, 991, 257, 6555, 286, 5254, 284, 307, 1760, 878, 484, 389, 3492, 329, 2272, 13, 564, 250, 41829, 605, 3781, 284, 766, 484, 8508, 826, 290, 836, 447, 247, 83, 29930, 4873, 11, 3518, 3781, 284, 4155, 484, 804, 826, 11, 24559, 2770, 9867, 284, 6216, 612, 389, 645, 4580, 12, 45165, 11, 30999, 3640, 284, 1064, 503, 1771, 484, 460, 25073, 402, 12, 27087, 379, 262, 640, 286, 4219, 11, 447, 251, 339, 1139, 11, 564, 250, 1212, 318, 8027, 329, 477, 9013, 11, 5600, 5696, 11, 326, 389, 284, 3067, 284, 2272, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 11383, 447, 247, 82, 4094, 29340, 11, 339, 12482, 684, 11, 318, 663, 2272, 27406, 456, 3325, 13, 770, 373, 4166, 1262, 22271, 276, 5186, 2214, 3037, 287, 543, 1790, 29404, 286, 8744, 389, 3804, 832, 257, 11711, 2057, 13, 632, 30111, 33712, 28621, 475, 262, 17198, 636, 318, 284, 1394, 262, 922, 11492, 6776, 13, 36323, 7836, 447, 247, 82, 1255, 11, 287, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 447, 247, 82, 2456, 11, 318, 564, 250, 40544, 4135, 11, 4950, 447, 251, 13, 198, 15546, 43573, 37518, 2616, 318, 7618, 783, 290, 2233, 284, 8058, 319, 3261, 2805, 1946, 13, 770, 2272, 2057, 1628, 318, 465, 4320, 11, 290, 11455, 683, 257, 2495, 922, 2863, 286, 281, 7552, 13, 9699, 1933, 2084, 11, 339, 2921, 257, 2319, 12, 6649, 485, 43563, 10470, 284, 1148, 305, 319, 262, 11383, 13, 679, 1965, 329, 257, 4466, 286, 12820, 642, 22306, 11, 1115, 763, 12, 22896, 290, 257, 3187, 284, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 2057, 6841, 287, 262, 1294, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 468, 587, 6292, 319, 7989, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 1583, 370, 15300, 85, 321, 333, 20057, 11, 4039, 10444, 286, 262, 1204, 19838, 5011, 379, 262, 16721, 4992, 290, 7712, 30801, 357, 7707, 18227, 828, 262, 2560, 1767, 286, 36323, 7836, 13, 564, 250, 1722, 2582, 355, 262, 5070, 286, 3794, 19623, 262, 1628, 11, 356, 481, 307, 8720, 257, 636, 286, 340, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3886, 21083, 11, 428, 318, 635, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 447, 247, 82, 2863, 284, 5461, 644, 339, 2067, 287, 465, 717, 812, 379, 36323, 7836, 13, 554, 13540, 11, 262, 5070, 550, 20462, 262, 2248, 284, 8335, 257, 3155, 286, 16759, 329, 262, 4225, 6966, 16785, 35232, 11, 262, 40136, 12, 40408, 6466, 2272, 5474, 326, 550, 15500, 371, 1124, 71, 40196, 11, 262, 717, 290, 691, 3942, 33779, 284, 467, 284, 2272, 13, 383, 2248, 373, 1813, 257, 15264, 286, 2063, 257, 614, 11, 290, 2495, 881, 262, 2104, 3470, 12, 5088, 3085, 373, 686, 9124, 287, 13, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 373, 257, 18621, 379, 36323, 7836, 788, 11, 257, 564, 246, 33, 6536, 11444, 447, 247, 508, 550, 5399, 706, 14339, 465, 16394, 287, 6174, 3037, 379, 262, 976, 24224, 13, 679, 373, 3737, 262, 10891, 72, 579, 455, 287, 262, 1074, 290, 635, 262, 5629, 3946, 582, 13, 1119, 1625, 510, 351, 257, 45540, 13135, 11913, 11, 50128, 326, 804, 588, 8566, 8469, 364, 11, 290, 257, 49364, 8234, 2318, 13, 3226, 777, 11, 262, 7570, 2272, 12684, 6325, 691, 262, 49364, 2318, 11, 257, 12291, 286, 262, 2968, 3942, 2190, 257, 321, 20461, 324, 11, 543, 371, 1124, 71, 40196, 1139, 373, 881, 16373, 510, 287, 2272, 13, 564, 250, 1858, 11, 262, 6938, 36402, 7599, 5380, 7786, 18221, 290, 428, 4197, 262, 2855, 880, 13, 2011, 3394, 7810, 374, 9586, 546, 340, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 40196, 13, 22596, 422, 257, 321, 20461, 324, 11, 40196, 550, 257, 6859, 286, 625, 4019, 16759, 284, 3853, 422, 287, 465, 3624, 1528, 15500, 262, 40663, 13, 2312, 3017, 564, 250, 79, 346, 1878, 82, 11, 5894, 15921, 11, 7545, 21518, 11, 24049, 862, 11, 12498, 276, 8509, 82, 447, 251, 11, 477, 286, 543, 1625, 422, 262, 7570, 4365, 9592, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 550, 428, 2126, 326, 26835, 15000, 617, 3297, 286, 20905, 16739, 9582, 543, 45104, 511, 16460, 11, 475, 314, 19169, 618, 356, 3111, 319, 262, 40136, 12, 40408, 4365, 326, 340, 318, 477, 257, 7918, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 7318, 468, 587, 257, 636, 286, 34737, 2272, 10566, 517, 393, 1342, 422, 262, 923, 13, 554, 17575, 12, 2996, 11, 1778, 2633, 1962, 3099, 11, 6240, 379, 314, 2043, 5311, 29967, 14225, 11, 373, 9392, 284, 48673, 355, 257, 43893, 284, 1448, 9984, 319, 34737, 2272, 10566, 13, 679, 373, 788, 1762, 319, 465, 16394, 379, 520, 5593, 2059, 11, 290, 550, 587, 6163, 329, 257, 48673, 37900, 13, 564, 250, 818, 883, 1528, 11, 26835, 547, 1813, 257, 9826, 6632, 33073, 2695, 5496, 780, 262, 3037, 286, 2537, 70, 2013, 291, 825, 721, 341, 287, 6632, 13522, 550, 407, 587, 3111, 503, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 8129, 1962, 3099, 11, 564, 250, 40, 892, 326, 262, 2048, 645, 10066, 286, 336, 10141, 329, 867, 1528, 2957, 284, 281, 24106, 286, 11422, 3186, 11, 543, 284, 617, 6287, 4073, 262, 3315, 2761, 262, 26835, 7452, 25, 1500, 25857, 26, 24106, 286, 31930, 26, 290, 262, 5885, 286, 613, 17459, 14856, 7999, 780, 287, 6632, 13522, 3403, 11, 262, 6082, 286, 2057, 290, 7408, 2347, 1626, 262, 11384, 561, 13238, 422, 644, 340, 561, 307, 319, 4534, 13, 447, 251, 198, 8421, 484, 714, 2107, 866, 262, 15499, 286, 262, 49364, 2318, 11, 36323, 7836, 373, 20462, 287, 12863, 284, 8335, 257, 1336, 6859, 329, 281, 40136, 12, 2937, 3598, 12, 820, 2272, 11383, 11946, 564, 246, 37057, 8454, 314, 447, 247, 23488, 329, 1737, 12, 15749, 12113, 13, 383, 3942, 9432, 286, 326, 11383, 373, 284, 4219, 11210, 7088, 265, 352, 34, 11, 262, 21437, 13, 4930, 12746, 11, 8823, 347, 5183, 286, 1148, 305, 290, 350, 5325, 43573, 37518, 12647, 286, 262, 10447, 859, 6866, 397, 44488, 4687, 9072, 11, 547, 6163, 287, 12863, 284, 3067, 284, 2272, 355, 21437, 22447, 13, 1119, 635, 8776, 329, 257, 9233, 16237, 286, 10524, 25, 9489, 20351, 13565, 287, 2272, 355, 636, 286, 10560, 18227, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 19838, 8666, 13, 198, 464, 2248, 550, 1478, 1933, 284, 670, 319, 262, 1628, 290, 262, 6628, 286, 257, 4388, 4365, 2157, 606, 13, 311, 2337, 547, 900, 2440, 11, 257, 9815, 9799, 1410, 422, 3329, 8887, 284, 8073, 351, 47950, 373, 3111, 503, 11, 290, 6174, 373, 3017, 319, 262, 6859, 13, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 11, 351, 465, 2041, 5612, 287, 6174, 11, 550, 257, 517, 11570, 2597, 428, 640, 13, 1081, 867, 355, 1596, 16759, 547, 5597, 11, 1390, 9015, 279, 4712, 78, 11, 22589, 279, 4712, 78, 11, 18873, 11464, 11, 9015, 12422, 6081, 11, 1223, 1444, 22589, 9891, 11, 28022, 37749, 351, 20146, 11, 479, 258, 263, 11, 523, 31370, 10284, 10247, 290, 1115, 3858, 286, 13135, 13, 536, 22530, 286, 777, 547, 6325, 416, 48673, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 523, 31370, 10284, 10247, 11, 2592, 11, 373, 845, 922, 13, 1406, 4713, 11, 655, 588, 616, 3656, 1838, 340, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 8823, 347, 5183, 11, 625, 262, 11426, 422, 46216, 13, 554, 7208, 11, 262, 2057, 5597, 416, 48673, 326, 347, 5183, 290, 350, 5325, 43573, 37518, 12647, 29187, 319, 511, 12852, 11864, 284, 262, 1294, 373, 1342, 18078, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 373, 34377, 13, 775, 29187, 617, 13135, 11, 45540, 13135, 314, 892, 13, 1119, 635, 550, 617, 1402, 50128, 13, 632, 373, 922, 11, 475, 407, 355, 25103, 355, 262, 3942, 2057, 13, 447, 251, 1867, 373, 517, 3499, 373, 262, 308, 1453, 12, 86, 528, 16846, 286, 262, 1605, 2057, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 12070, 257, 4936, 290, 257, 36594, 286, 50128, 2823, 503, 13, 921, 550, 284, 1280, 340, 287, 257, 1728, 835, 13, 7318, 329, 777, 10566, 468, 2041, 16846, 326, 468, 284, 307, 25148, 6105, 13, 554, 6632, 13522, 11, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 423, 6565, 15186, 290, 1364, 13801, 12462, 1088, 13, 447, 251, 198, 23010, 811, 16846, 1486, 318, 281, 1593, 636, 286, 262, 11383, 287, 3794, 1165, 13, 2293, 262, 36323, 7836, 2499, 503, 257, 6859, 11, 340, 5538, 503, 262, 44730, 835, 284, 2353, 262, 2057, 11, 262, 1611, 286, 2587, 284, 307, 973, 290, 262, 38689, 8173, 13, 632, 788, 26614, 866, 262, 20640, 11, 290, 46974, 262, 4036, 1693, 284, 281, 7593, 24157, 4326, 13, 564, 250, 5122, 16846, 373, 13975, 284, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 347, 5183, 11, 564, 250, 1135, 2936, 356, 547, 407, 1290, 2157, 685, 259, 3037, 4083, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 40, 3505, 24976, 262, 9015, 279, 4712, 78, 11, 28738, 11464, 11, 28022, 7246, 11, 479, 258, 263, 290, 8234, 35919, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 350, 5325, 43573, 37518, 12647, 11, 262, 584, 21437, 15670, 6163, 329, 262, 4365, 13, 198, 2202, 2579, 3269, 12113, 11, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 2272, 20992, 39221, 18750, 8854, 4201, 706, 3868, 1462, 487, 11, 5170, 477, 3598, 1866, 319, 3096, 13, 564, 246, 37057, 8454, 314, 447, 247, 373, 11038, 290, 6165, 7497, 1079, 13, 887, 262, 5517, 373, 407, 5000, 257, 7030, 26, 36323, 7836, 1392, 7538, 422, 3942, 26835, 508, 25289, 18640, 13565, 25, 484, 50103, 6825, 475, 4354, 43545, 11, 27406, 456, 3325, 290, 2298, 829, 13, 554, 262, 812, 1201, 12863, 11, 340, 468, 3111, 319, 5922, 477, 1115, 355, 2272, 9013, 290, 484, 389, 783, 1695, 329, 10566, 13, 198, 464, 27406, 456, 3325, 2592, 1838, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 15584, 13, 2399, 6859, 635, 3578, 329, 4713, 4439, 13, 679, 2173, 503, 257, 3091, 286, 16611, 12, 67, 2228, 14509, 8234, 319, 3359, 319, 262, 7611, 26, 340, 3073, 588, 22716, 286, 748, 44240, 515, 20132, 290, 24034, 1342, 621, 257, 7533, 13, 1550, 852, 48024, 11, 340, 460, 307, 17065, 588, 24314, 286, 4713, 8234, 393, 2087, 284, 9378, 446, 393, 617, 584, 44670, 13, 564, 250, 5189, 1781, 11, 262, 6859, 481, 4745, 319, 262, 26835, 6163, 290, 511, 6938, 15387, 13, 4418, 11, 356, 761, 284, 760, 1243, 588, 703, 890, 262, 4365, 481, 307, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 887, 339, 318, 1728, 326, 4686, 27999, 481, 307, 319, 262, 6859, 11, 511, 852, 523, 2968, 13, 554, 3050, 11, 262, 36323, 7836, 447, 247, 82, 788, 3437, 7054, 347, 6909, 635, 3414, 326, 484, 1244, 2251, 257, 288, 8546, 329, 2272, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 318, 2407, 1744, 351, 262, 8514, 356, 423, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 11, 564, 250, 1135, 761, 284, 670, 503, 262, 749, 11282, 2546, 329, 340, 13, 632, 561, 307, 7379, 1164, 88, 284, 4483, 257, 1588, 288, 8546, 510, 612, 13, 447, 251, 198, 6104, 1231, 257, 2272, 288, 8546, 11, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 460, 1607, 262, 24083, 286, 10439, 286, 3942, 26835, 329, 477, 326, 339, 447, 247, 82, 1760, 625, 465, 2579, 12, 1941, 3451, 351, 36323, 7836, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 2300, 286, 2260, 11293, 326, 674, 26835, 460, 3067, 284, 2272, 11, 290, 523, 460, 674, 2057, 11, 543, 481, 8080, 606, 11, 447, 251, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 464, 3626, 468, 550, 663, 28297, 7188, 1165, 13, 554, 12863, 11, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 550, 655, 550, 281, 14921, 4845, 11, 290, 355, 257, 649, 12590, 1762, 319, 262, 40136, 12, 2937, 2272, 4365, 6859, 11, 339, 635, 550, 284, 2822, 4445, 38464, 329, 262, 1628, 357, 1640, 4708, 38383, 30166, 416, 36323, 7836, 329, 262, 4238, 3800, 286, 2057, 11824, 737, 2399, 8308, 12, 19103, 3656, 6810, 326, 339, 973, 284, 2666, 1363, 379, 718, 716, 11, 467, 284, 262, 1910, 284, 2822, 38464, 11, 290, 1441, 1363, 691, 1088, 838, 25, 1270, 9114, 13, 632, 373, 1576, 284, 257, 46494, 607, 30508, 13, 843, 788, 612, 373, 262, 1109, 326, 465, 2988, 290, 7711, 4966, 281, 35774, 541, 72, 7072, 287, 337, 893, 382, 13, 564, 250, 3347, 1807, 314, 7354, 1496, 287, 262, 3329, 290, 1625, 1363, 706, 10801, 1115, 13840, 379, 262, 2248, 13, 1375, 1807, 314, 373, 257, 4255, 11, 447, 251, 339, 1139, 11, 14376, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,739
Report by Ashok Palit, Bhubaneswar: Annapurna Maharana ,The great woman freedom fighter of Odisha passed away on 31st dec.2012. at the age of96. She was another prominent leader in the BHUDANA movement with Vinoba Bhabe. Ms Annapurna Maharana, the niece of Utkalmani Paundit Gopabandhu Das, was born as the second child of Rama Devi and Gopabandhu Choudhur ian eminent freedom fighter of Odisha. She was not only a freedom fighter, but also a strong social activist, literary figure and has spent her entire life for the betterment and uplift women, children and the downtrodden people of the society. Ms Maharana had accompanied Mahatma Gandhi in the historic Harijan Pada Yatra from Puri to Bhadrakh in 1934. She worked among the Harijans to uplift them and for this purpose she spent more than five years in Seva Ghar Ashram in Bari, Cuttack. During the Bhoodan Movement led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave, she had visited extensively in the Chambal Valley to change the hearts of the dacoits to bring them to the national mainstream. Ms Maharana has set up a school for the tribal children in a remote place at Gopalbadi in Rayagada district of Odisha. She was first imprisoned at the age of 14 for her participation in the freedom struggle and also during the Quit India Movement. She has been honoured with many awards like the prestigious Sarala Puraskar, Utkal Ratna and Radhanath Rath Foundation Award. She has been felicitated by the President of India for her participation in Independence Movement. The Central University of Odisha had confer the Degree of Honoris Causa in Literature on eminent freedom fighter and social activist Annapurna Maharana of Odisha at her residence in Cuttack Last year .	[ 19100, 416, 7844, 482, 3175, 270, 11, 16581, 549, 7305, 5767, 25, 5506, 499, 700, 64, 31692, 2271, 837, 464, 1049, 2415, 4925, 10543, 286, 10529, 19388, 3804, 1497, 319, 3261, 301, 875, 13, 6999, 13, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 4846, 13, 1375, 373, 1194, 9208, 3554, 287, 262, 347, 28410, 31574, 3356, 351, 11820, 19981, 347, 5976, 68, 13, 198, 10128, 5506, 499, 700, 64, 31692, 2271, 11, 262, 41803, 286, 7273, 74, 282, 805, 72, 350, 14677, 270, 402, 404, 49248, 13415, 29533, 11, 373, 4642, 355, 262, 1218, 1200, 286, 371, 1689, 47509, 290, 402, 404, 49248, 13415, 609, 2778, 48349, 220, 666, 37820, 4925, 10543, 286, 10529, 19388, 13, 1375, 373, 407, 691, 257, 4925, 10543, 11, 475, 635, 257, 1913, 1919, 11276, 11, 16716, 3785, 290, 468, 3377, 607, 2104, 1204, 329, 262, 1365, 434, 290, 28996, 2135, 1466, 11, 1751, 290, 262, 8039, 305, 4742, 661, 286, 262, 3592, 13, 6997, 31692, 2271, 550, 11791, 8882, 265, 2611, 22081, 287, 262, 9566, 2113, 2926, 272, 350, 4763, 575, 26066, 422, 9330, 72, 284, 16581, 49456, 14636, 287, 29300, 13, 198, 3347, 3111, 1871, 262, 2113, 2926, 504, 284, 28996, 2135, 606, 290, 329, 428, 4007, 673, 3377, 517, 621, 1936, 812, 287, 1001, 6862, 402, 9869, 7844, 859, 287, 2409, 72, 11, 9712, 83, 441, 13, 5856, 262, 347, 2894, 272, 15477, 2957, 416, 26219, 43898, 11820, 19981, 347, 14150, 11, 673, 550, 8672, 20823, 287, 262, 609, 4131, 282, 6916, 284, 1487, 262, 11954, 286, 262, 288, 10602, 896, 284, 2222, 606, 284, 262, 2260, 8661, 13, 6997, 31692, 2271, 468, 900, 510, 257, 1524, 329, 262, 17054, 1751, 287, 257, 6569, 1295, 379, 402, 33067, 65, 9189, 287, 7760, 363, 4763, 4783, 286, 10529, 19388, 13, 198, 3347, 373, 717, 21125, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 1478, 329, 607, 10270, 287, 262, 4925, 6531, 290, 635, 1141, 262, 48887, 3794, 15477, 13, 1375, 468, 587, 45870, 351, 867, 13304, 588, 262, 23566, 6866, 6081, 9330, 2093, 283, 11, 7273, 74, 282, 11738, 2616, 290, 5325, 7637, 776, 26494, 5693, 11289, 13, 1375, 468, 587, 10756, 3628, 515, 416, 262, 1992, 286, 3794, 329, 607, 10270, 287, 20153, 15477, 13, 198, 464, 5694, 2059, 286, 10529, 19388, 550, 35132, 262, 34486, 286, 21071, 271, 6488, 22064, 287, 33818, 319, 37820, 4925, 10543, 290, 1919, 11276, 5506, 499, 700, 64, 31692, 2271, 286, 10529, 19388, 379, 607, 11566, 287, 9712, 83, 441, 4586, 614, 764, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	411
Raising monarchs inside Raising monarchs in aquariums Why do this? For one thing, of course, it's fascinating! For another, though, it's a way to maxmize the number of eggs that actually turn into butterflies. I've read estimates that only 5-10% of the eggs laid survive to butterflyhood. Parasitism, predation, weather, even milkweed latex all take their toll. Of course, low survival rates are common with insects—we'd be overrun if every insect egg laid actually survived to adulthood. But the current situation is not normal. Most of the problems monarchs are encountering are new and human-caused: loss of habitat in general, loss of milkweed specifically, climate change, as well as illegal logging and general turmoil in Mexico's overwintering areas. Here's more on how we raise monarchs. Here are the total numbers of monarchs we've raised and released: \|2007\|\|104 (51%)\|\|99 (49%)\|\|0\|\|203\| \|2008\|\|53 (51%)\|\|50 (49%)\|\|2\|\|105\| \|2009\|\|58 (55%)\|\|47 (45%)\|\|5\|\|110\| \|2010\|\|112 (50%)\|\|111 (50%)\|\|1\|\|224\| \|2011\|\|109 (54%)\|\|91 (46%)\|\|-\|\|200\| \|2012\|\|123 (49%)\|\|129 (51%)\|\|-\|\|252\| (The percentages indicate the percent of each gender, not including the individuals whose gender was not recorded.) So altogether, we've raised 1,119 monarchs from 2006 to 2012. Given that only 5-10% of eggs typically survive to become butterflies, that's at least an additional 999 butterflies! They don't all survive They don't all survive. Perhaps these two had a parasite. Here's a stinkbug nymph dragging away a caterpillar it has killed. I was wondering why my daily caterpillar count was decreasing! Now I'm checking the leaves before I bring them in. This shows the scale of the stinkbug, and thus the caterpillar it attacked. There's a lot of drama in this small world.	[ 21762, 1710, 26464, 82, 2641, 198, 21762, 1710, 26464, 82, 287, 33868, 82, 198, 5195, 466, 428, 30, 1114, 530, 1517, 11, 286, 1781, 11, 340, 338, 13899, 0, 198, 1890, 1194, 11, 996, 11, 340, 338, 257, 835, 284, 3509, 76, 1096, 262, 1271, 286, 9653, 326, 1682, 1210, 656, 44571, 13, 198, 40, 1053, 1100, 7746, 326, 691, 642, 12, 940, 4, 286, 262, 9653, 8104, 7866, 284, 35113, 2894, 13, 45020, 18937, 11, 2747, 341, 11, 6193, 11, 772, 7545, 39054, 47038, 477, 1011, 511, 13592, 13, 3226, 1781, 11, 1877, 9441, 3965, 389, 2219, 351, 19435, 960, 732, 1549, 307, 33713, 611, 790, 12833, 5935, 8104, 1682, 11803, 284, 28003, 13, 198, 1537, 262, 1459, 3074, 318, 407, 3487, 13, 4042, 286, 262, 2761, 26464, 82, 389, 42398, 389, 649, 290, 1692, 12, 6888, 1484, 25, 2994, 286, 20018, 287, 2276, 11, 2994, 286, 7545, 39054, 5734, 11, 4258, 1487, 11, 355, 880, 355, 5293, 18931, 290, 2276, 26962, 287, 5828, 338, 6993, 3849, 278, 3006, 13, 198, 4342, 338, 517, 319, 703, 356, 5298, 26464, 82, 13, 198, 4342, 389, 262, 2472, 3146, 286, 26464, 82, 356, 1053, 4376, 290, 2716, 25, 198, 91, 12726, 15886, 13464, 357, 4349, 4407, 15886, 2079, 357, 2920, 4407, 15886, 15, 15886, 22416, 91, 198, 91, 11528, 15886, 4310, 357, 4349, 4407, 15886, 1120, 357, 2920, 4407, 15886, 17, 15886, 13348, 91, 198, 91, 10531, 15886, 3365, 357, 2816, 4407, 15886, 2857, 357, 2231, 4407, 15886, 20, 15886, 11442, 91, 198, 91, 10333, 15886, 14686, 357, 1120, 4407, 15886, 16243, 357, 1120, 4407, 15886, 16, 15886, 24137, 91, 198, 91, 9804, 15886, 14454, 357, 4051, 4407, 15886, 6420, 357, 3510, 4407, 15886, 12, 15886, 2167, 91, 198, 91, 6999, 15886, 10163, 357, 2920, 4407, 15886, 18741, 357, 4349, 4407, 15886, 12, 15886, 22800, 91, 198, 7, 464, 28071, 7603, 262, 1411, 286, 1123, 5279, 11, 407, 1390, 262, 3925, 3025, 5279, 373, 407, 6264, 2014, 198, 2396, 13318, 11, 356, 1053, 4376, 352, 11, 16315, 26464, 82, 422, 4793, 284, 2321, 13, 11259, 326, 691, 642, 12, 940, 4, 286, 9653, 6032, 7866, 284, 1716, 44571, 11, 326, 338, 379, 1551, 281, 3224, 36006, 44571, 0, 198, 2990, 836, 470, 477, 7866, 198, 2990, 836, 470, 477, 7866, 13, 8673, 777, 734, 550, 257, 38473, 13, 198, 4342, 338, 257, 48305, 25456, 299, 20896, 25046, 1497, 257, 20825, 41643, 340, 468, 2923, 13, 314, 373, 11263, 1521, 616, 4445, 20825, 41643, 954, 373, 24030, 0, 2735, 314, 1101, 10627, 262, 5667, 878, 314, 2222, 606, 287, 13, 198, 1212, 2523, 262, 5046, 286, 262, 48305, 25456, 11, 290, 4145, 262, 20825, 41643, 340, 7384, 13, 1318, 338, 257, 1256, 286, 10512, 287, 428, 1402, 995, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	458
Three years of flooding In 2010 Pakistan was hit by its worst natural disaster - floodwater inundated up to one fifth of the country and affected an estimated 20 million people. Oxfam launched an immediate response to provide aid to more than 2.4 million people. In 2012 fresh flooding in Pakistan's southern Sindh province put millions of people at renewed risk of disease and widespread malnutrition. Oxfam has helped 70,000 people worst affected by renewed flooding.	[ 12510, 812, 286, 17448, 198, 818, 3050, 7648, 373, 2277, 416, 663, 5290, 3288, 9336, 532, 6947, 7050, 43431, 515, 510, 284, 530, 8150, 286, 262, 1499, 290, 5676, 281, 6108, 1160, 1510, 661, 13, 10736, 44769, 5611, 281, 7103, 2882, 284, 2148, 6133, 284, 517, 621, 362, 13, 19, 1510, 661, 13, 198, 818, 2321, 4713, 17448, 287, 7648, 338, 8372, 44830, 71, 8473, 1234, 5242, 286, 661, 379, 16434, 2526, 286, 4369, 290, 10095, 49290, 13, 198, 46, 26152, 321, 468, 4193, 4317, 11, 830, 661, 5290, 5676, 416, 16434, 17448, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	95
The Trobriand Islands are a group of scattered and isolated islands found in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The islands were made famous by Bronsilaw Malinowski, who was an anthropologist who published many studies about the Trobriand culture during the early 1900s. What makes the community unique is its distinct social structure that remains far different from one to be found anywhere else in the country. The islands of Trobriand are about 90 minutes away from the capital of Port Moresby. Ferry services are also available from Alotau by use of Star Ships. The easiest way to get to the group of islands is by air as traveling by vessel may require a lot of time. The Trobriands consist of low-lying coral islands in contrast to their mountain-rich southern neighbors. Trade between the islands has remained to have a strong cultural and economic importance as the pre-European traders have crossed vast districts of open seas to exchange various items. One of the most famous of these trade routes is the Kula Ring. Inhabitants of the Trobriand Island have both Melanesian and Polynesian features and are thought to have arrived from Polynesia by sea more than a thousand years ago. To this day, there are even scattered remains of stone temples that resemble those from Polynesia. The Trobriands are known to be the “Islands of Love” because of a local custom of encouraging young males and females to engage in romantic behavior right after puberty. This culture is widely misinterpreted by westerners as a form of promiscuity, but for the locals, it is a form of courtship and marriage instead. The purpose of the ritual is to help young men and women find a suitable partner to settle down with. Another unique tradition of the tribe is that married couples are allowed to have a fling with other partners with impunity during the annual yam harvest celebration. These romantic customs of the islands, however, do not extend to visitors of the island. Many tourists mistake such rituals as a chance to have a bit of “nookie” but leave disappointed. The Trobriand island people are a very proud people as they value their genetic lines and disapprove of relationships between their people and outsiders. Despite the attempt of many anthropologists, missionaries and TV crews who have followed the works of Malinowski, the Trobriands remain one of the most culturally intact places you could possibly find in the world. One example of the distinct ways of the Trobriands is that their yearly village social calendar is based on the cultivations of the island’s staple food, yam. Although an understanding and use of modern medicine is being used by the locals, the island still maintains a view that in order for women to get pregnant, they must be infused with the spirit of a departed ancestor. Today, the strong culture and ways of the Trobriand Islands still persist. Some claim that it is good manners to let the paramount chief know that you are visiting the island and explain the reason for your visit. Attesting to the local people’s intact cultural ties, you can almost ask anyone of the islanders to pass the message to the chief as it will surely and eventually reach him.	[ 464, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 12010, 389, 257, 1448, 286, 16830, 290, 11557, 14807, 1043, 287, 262, 4460, 710, 4696, 22783, 286, 46117, 968, 22777, 13, 383, 14807, 547, 925, 5863, 416, 1709, 684, 346, 707, 4434, 259, 12079, 11, 508, 373, 281, 17911, 7451, 508, 3199, 867, 3640, 546, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 3968, 1141, 262, 1903, 21489, 82, 13, 1867, 1838, 262, 2055, 3748, 318, 663, 7310, 1919, 4645, 326, 3793, 1290, 1180, 422, 530, 284, 307, 1043, 6609, 2073, 287, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 464, 14807, 286, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 389, 546, 4101, 2431, 1497, 422, 262, 3139, 286, 4347, 337, 2850, 1525, 13, 42609, 2594, 389, 635, 1695, 422, 978, 313, 559, 416, 779, 286, 2907, 34844, 13, 383, 16638, 835, 284, 651, 284, 262, 1448, 286, 14807, 318, 416, 1633, 355, 11300, 416, 8837, 743, 2421, 257, 1256, 286, 640, 13, 383, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 3473, 286, 1877, 12, 3157, 29537, 14807, 287, 6273, 284, 511, 8598, 12, 7527, 8372, 12020, 13, 9601, 1022, 262, 14807, 468, 6150, 284, 423, 257, 1913, 6467, 290, 3034, 6817, 355, 262, 662, 12, 22030, 21703, 423, 12606, 5909, 12815, 286, 1280, 21547, 284, 5163, 2972, 3709, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 5863, 286, 777, 3292, 11926, 318, 262, 509, 4712, 12569, 13, 198, 818, 5976, 270, 1187, 286, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 5451, 423, 1111, 5616, 7305, 666, 290, 12280, 2516, 666, 3033, 290, 389, 1807, 284, 423, 5284, 422, 12280, 31401, 416, 5417, 517, 621, 257, 7319, 812, 2084, 13, 1675, 428, 1110, 11, 612, 389, 772, 16830, 3793, 286, 7815, 27081, 326, 22464, 883, 422, 12280, 31401, 13, 383, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 389, 1900, 284, 307, 262, 564, 250, 3792, 4447, 286, 5896, 447, 251, 780, 286, 257, 1957, 2183, 286, 12577, 1862, 10835, 290, 12366, 284, 8209, 287, 14348, 4069, 826, 706, 35149, 13, 770, 3968, 318, 6768, 40882, 276, 416, 8830, 364, 355, 257, 1296, 286, 1552, 2304, 14834, 11, 475, 329, 262, 17205, 11, 340, 318, 257, 1296, 286, 8028, 1056, 290, 4845, 2427, 13, 383, 4007, 286, 262, 12146, 318, 284, 1037, 1862, 1450, 290, 1466, 1064, 257, 11080, 5212, 284, 12259, 866, 351, 13, 6023, 3748, 6761, 286, 262, 14893, 318, 326, 6405, 11886, 389, 3142, 284, 423, 257, 781, 278, 351, 584, 4887, 351, 37610, 1141, 262, 5079, 331, 321, 13222, 14395, 13, 198, 4711, 14348, 17112, 286, 262, 14807, 11, 2158, 11, 466, 407, 9117, 284, 9692, 286, 262, 7022, 13, 4650, 15930, 7457, 884, 25797, 355, 257, 2863, 284, 423, 257, 1643, 286, 564, 250, 77, 18055, 447, 251, 475, 2666, 11679, 13, 383, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 7022, 661, 389, 257, 845, 6613, 661, 355, 484, 1988, 511, 8513, 3951, 290, 48866, 286, 6958, 1022, 511, 661, 290, 29028, 13, 198, 8332, 262, 2230, 286, 867, 17911, 9251, 11, 37458, 290, 3195, 18936, 508, 423, 3940, 262, 2499, 286, 4434, 259, 12079, 11, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 3520, 530, 286, 262, 749, 30573, 16572, 4113, 345, 714, 5457, 1064, 287, 262, 995, 13, 1881, 1672, 286, 262, 7310, 2842, 286, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 318, 326, 511, 24169, 7404, 1919, 11845, 318, 1912, 319, 262, 11229, 602, 286, 262, 7022, 447, 247, 82, 25629, 2057, 11, 331, 321, 13, 4900, 281, 4547, 290, 779, 286, 3660, 9007, 318, 852, 973, 416, 262, 17205, 11, 262, 7022, 991, 16047, 257, 1570, 326, 287, 1502, 329, 1466, 284, 651, 10423, 11, 484, 1276, 307, 37681, 351, 262, 4437, 286, 257, 24057, 31836, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 262, 1913, 3968, 290, 2842, 286, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 12010, 991, 21160, 13, 2773, 1624, 326, 340, 318, 922, 33558, 284, 1309, 262, 37352, 4039, 760, 326, 345, 389, 10013, 262, 7022, 290, 4727, 262, 1738, 329, 534, 3187, 13, 3460, 37761, 284, 262, 1957, 661, 447, 247, 82, 16572, 6467, 8470, 11, 345, 460, 2048, 1265, 2687, 286, 262, 7022, 364, 284, 1208, 262, 3275, 284, 262, 4039, 355, 340, 481, 10403, 290, 4191, 3151, 683, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	675
Today's guest blogger, Kedrica Taylor, was a former member of the Unmask the Media Project, a student-run program, developed by the Tulsa, Oklahoma Youth Philanthropy Initiative, that addresses the issue of the media’s negative effects on teenager’s self-perceptions. Her blog is the second in a series of three "Young Voices" blogs, where some of our young friends lend their perspective on what it means to be a digital citizen. Taking Responsibility for Your Online SelfBy Kedrica Taylor, Guest Blogger Privacy is non-existent in social media. There is no other way to explain it. When posting information on the Internet, you have to assume responsibility for both your physical and your cyber self. The idea of being an upright, respectable, competent user of social media is an essential aspect of being a good digital citizen. Social media has created many beneficial opportunities for those who choose to use it. Websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr aid people in presenting their ideas, connecting with others, and presenting themselves to the world in their own way. Through social media, you can be who you want to be, rally for what you want to rally for, and not worry about what others might think--but that's not always the case. [Related: Free Webinar: Teaching Kids to Be Good Digital Citizens.] In February of 2009, Michael Phelps was caught in a scandal that shocked the nation. Just after winning his 7th gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics, Michael was captured on camera smoking marijuana. After this photo went viral, hes lost his contract with Kellogg’s. The image tainted his achievements in the public eye. No longer could Phelps be seen as the young man who had achieved greatness, but as a star who had temporarily fallen from grace. He failed to be fully aware of not only his actions, but how he was going to be presented online. Imagine achieving a great feat, just to have it outshined by a moment of ill judgment, put on the Internet for all to witness. While Phelps’s reputation has recovered, and he has come back to be the most decorated Olympian, there are similar stories that do not end as well. And that picture is still floating around on the Internet. What one puts on the Internet is never truly deleted.Once you share a photo on Instagram, it’s going to be in cyber-space, even after you delete it. Whether it is a comment on Facebook about how rude your waiter was, or a post on your blog about getting a speeding ticket--even after you think it is deleted--it can still be accessed. I believe people fail to realize this, and believe that they can post however they are feeling, at any given moment. There have been numerous stories on how an individual working for a specific company will rant (on Facebook or somewhere else online) about a bad day or an unpleasant customer and immediately be fired from their position because someone in higher management saw what they posted. It is extremely inappropriate to be unprofessional in the cyber world, but because of the assumed anonymity of the net, some believe such actions to be acceptable. As a Resident Assistant leader on my campus, I cannot imagine posting anything online that I wouldn’t say out loud to a fellow resident, or be able to explain in an interview for a potential employer. The vast majority of my residents find it hard to believe that I’m surviving without a Facebook account. I try to explain to them that while social media, if used correctly, can be beneficial in many ways, it is not necessarily needed to live a full and sociable life. I then ask them if what they post online would represent them as an upright citizen, since police can access social media information without a warrant. After this statement, I usually receive a puzzled look. In any case, informing social media users, young or old, about how to be responsible about what they post online is more important today, in our technologically advanced society, than it has ever been. Here’s how I think of it: The same way I would never drive a new Mercedes Benz without insurance and with my license expired, is the same way I would never risk being careless about a status, tweet, post, or blog pertaining to my life. Kedrica Taylor is a sophomore nursing major at the University of Tulsa in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She was a member of Youth Philanthropy Initiative, which created the Unmask the Media Project. She currently holds a housing position at the university as a Resident Assistant for the first year residential experience. She is also actively involved in other campus organizations.	[ 8888, 338, 8319, 23530, 11, 509, 276, 30997, 8121, 11, 373, 257, 1966, 2888, 286, 262, 791, 27932, 262, 6343, 4935, 11, 257, 3710, 12, 5143, 1430, 11, 4166, 416, 262, 36443, 11, 10433, 17582, 4543, 22178, 88, 18362, 11, 326, 9405, 262, 2071, 286, 262, 2056, 447, 247, 82, 4633, 3048, 319, 15287, 447, 247, 82, 2116, 12, 525, 11755, 13, 2332, 4130, 318, 262, 1218, 287, 257, 2168, 286, 1115, 366, 20917, 40440, 1, 19118, 11, 810, 617, 286, 674, 1862, 2460, 22096, 511, 6650, 319, 644, 340, 1724, 284, 307, 257, 4875, 9511, 13, 198, 26556, 42988, 329, 3406, 7467, 12189, 3886, 509, 276, 30997, 8121, 11, 22358, 14001, 1362, 198, 48948, 318, 1729, 12, 32786, 287, 1919, 2056, 13, 1318, 318, 645, 584, 835, 284, 4727, 340, 13, 1649, 10754, 1321, 319, 262, 4455, 11, 345, 423, 284, 7048, 5798, 329, 1111, 534, 3518, 290, 534, 10075, 2116, 13, 383, 2126, 286, 852, 281, 24826, 11, 27721, 11, 19701, 2836, 286, 1919, 2056, 318, 281, 6393, 4843, 286, 852, 257, 922, 4875, 9511, 13, 198, 20636, 2056, 468, 2727, 867, 13205, 6443, 329, 883, 508, 3853, 284, 779, 340, 13, 47736, 2737, 588, 3203, 11, 3009, 11, 290, 24434, 6133, 661, 287, 17728, 511, 4213, 11, 14320, 351, 1854, 11, 290, 17728, 2405, 284, 262, 995, 287, 511, 898, 835, 13, 9561, 1919, 2056, 11, 345, 460, 307, 508, 345, 765, 284, 307, 11, 7903, 329, 644, 345, 765, 284, 7903, 329, 11, 290, 407, 5490, 546, 644, 1854, 1244, 892, 438, 4360, 326, 338, 407, 1464, 262, 1339, 13, 198, 58, 9819, 25, 3232, 5313, 22050, 25, 38094, 17476, 284, 1355, 4599, 10231, 18029, 8183, 198, 818, 3945, 286, 3717, 11, 3899, 40587, 373, 4978, 287, 257, 10731, 326, 11472, 262, 3277, 13, 2329, 706, 5442, 465, 767, 400, 3869, 18279, 287, 262, 3648, 10216, 14935, 11, 3899, 373, 7907, 319, 4676, 9216, 5727, 13, 2293, 428, 4590, 1816, 14416, 11, 10818, 2626, 465, 2775, 351, 25043, 10332, 447, 247, 82, 13, 383, 2939, 36912, 465, 16970, 287, 262, 1171, 4151, 13, 1400, 2392, 714, 40587, 307, 1775, 355, 262, 1862, 582, 508, 550, 8793, 27951, 11, 475, 355, 257, 3491, 508, 550, 13413, 9292, 422, 11542, 13, 679, 4054, 284, 307, 3938, 3910, 286, 407, 691, 465, 4028, 11, 475, 703, 339, 373, 1016, 284, 307, 5545, 2691, 13, 18450, 16937, 257, 1049, 2218, 11, 655, 284, 423, 340, 503, 1477, 1389, 416, 257, 2589, 286, 2801, 8492, 11, 1234, 319, 262, 4455, 329, 477, 284, 4973, 13, 2893, 40587, 447, 247, 82, 8507, 468, 11911, 11, 290, 339, 468, 1282, 736, 284, 307, 262, 749, 24789, 7001, 666, 11, 612, 389, 2092, 3923, 326, 466, 407, 886, 355, 880, 13, 843, 326, 4286, 318, 991, 12462, 1088, 319, 262, 4455, 13, 198, 2061, 530, 7584, 319, 262, 4455, 318, 1239, 4988, 13140, 13, 7454, 345, 2648, 257, 4590, 319, 10767, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1016, 284, 307, 287, 10075, 12, 13200, 11, 772, 706, 345, 12233, 340, 13, 10127, 340, 318, 257, 2912, 319, 3203, 546, 703, 22066, 534, 46612, 373, 11, 393, 257, 1281, 319, 534, 4130, 546, 1972, 257, 26347, 7846, 438, 10197, 706, 345, 892, 340, 318, 13140, 438, 270, 460, 991, 307, 17535, 13, 314, 1975, 661, 2038, 284, 6537, 428, 11, 290, 1975, 326, 484, 460, 1281, 2158, 484, 389, 4203, 11, 379, 597, 1813, 2589, 13, 198, 1858, 423, 587, 6409, 3923, 319, 703, 281, 1981, 1762, 329, 257, 2176, 1664, 481, 30993, 357, 261, 3203, 393, 7382, 2073, 2691, 8, 546, 257, 2089, 1110, 393, 281, 22029, 6491, 290, 3393, 307, 6294, 422, 511, 2292, 780, 2130, 287, 2440, 4542, 2497, 644, 484, 4481, 13, 632, 318, 4457, 15679, 284, 307, 555, 33163, 287, 262, 10075, 995, 11, 475, 780, 286, 262, 9672, 18685, 286, 262, 2010, 11, 617, 1975, 884, 4028, 284, 307, 10909, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 22373, 15286, 3554, 319, 616, 7611, 11, 314, 2314, 5967, 10754, 1997, 2691, 326, 314, 3636, 447, 247, 83, 910, 503, 7812, 284, 257, 5891, 6623, 11, 393, 307, 1498, 284, 4727, 287, 281, 2720, 329, 257, 2785, 9749, 13, 383, 5909, 3741, 286, 616, 5085, 1064, 340, 1327, 284, 1975, 326, 314, 447, 247, 76, 16997, 1231, 257, 3203, 1848, 13, 314, 1949, 284, 4727, 284, 606, 326, 981, 1919, 2056, 11, 611, 973, 9380, 11, 460, 307, 13205, 287, 867, 2842, 11, 340, 318, 407, 6646, 2622, 284, 2107, 257, 1336, 290, 1307, 3379, 1204, 13, 314, 788, 1265, 606, 611, 644, 484, 1281, 2691, 561, 2380, 606, 355, 281, 24826, 9511, 11, 1201, 1644, 460, 1895, 1919, 2056, 1321, 1231, 257, 8084, 13, 2293, 428, 2643, 11, 314, 3221, 3328, 257, 36907, 804, 13, 554, 597, 1339, 11, 29140, 1919, 2056, 2985, 11, 1862, 393, 1468, 11, 546, 703, 284, 307, 4497, 546, 644, 484, 1281, 2691, 318, 517, 1593, 1909, 11, 287, 674, 48299, 6190, 3592, 11, 621, 340, 468, 1683, 587, 13, 198, 4342, 447, 247, 82, 703, 314, 892, 286, 340, 25, 383, 976, 835, 314, 561, 1239, 3708, 257, 649, 21279, 47891, 1231, 5096, 290, 351, 616, 5964, 21350, 11, 318, 262, 976, 835, 314, 561, 1239, 2526, 852, 36138, 546, 257, 3722, 11, 6126, 11, 1281, 11, 393, 4130, 27113, 284, 616, 1204, 13, 198, 42, 276, 30997, 8121, 318, 257, 24505, 19167, 1688, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 36443, 287, 36443, 11, 10433, 13, 1375, 373, 257, 2888, 286, 17582, 4543, 22178, 88, 18362, 11, 543, 2727, 262, 791, 27932, 262, 6343, 4935, 13, 1375, 3058, 6622, 257, 5627, 2292, 379, 262, 6403, 355, 257, 22373, 15286, 329, 262, 717, 614, 12420, 1998, 13, 1375, 318, 635, 10630, 2950, 287, 584, 7611, 5745, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	957
The Benefits of Creative Arts Therapy for Kids Written by Chera Prideaux Step into Seattle art therapist Mineko Takada-Dill’s studio and you’ll find an array of paints, clay, pastels, charcoal and textured papers. She uses these materials to help her clients let their guard down and experience the therapeutic benefits of art. Who hasn’t felt relaxation, focus and a sense of accomplishment while working on a creative project? For a child with special needs, the therapeutic benefits are much greater. Creative arts therapy is a broad field that includes visual arts, music, dance, poetry and drama. The arts are an increasingly popular way for children with special needs to overcome difficulties and take pride in a new skill. Takada-Dill finds that the visual nature of art therapy is especially beneficial for kids who have trouble communicating in other ways. Some of Takada-Dill’s favorite projects include creating storybooks, masks and collages. This is an effective method for getting kids to identify and deal with difficult emotions such as anger, frustration and sadness. Music therapy for kids Children who aren’t as visual may find that music therapy is helpful for improving speech, cognitive development, motor skills and communication. “Music therapy helps children of all ages and disabilities, especially children who are particularly auditory,” says Jennifer Hastings, a Seattle neurologic music therapist. Though some people may think they need natural talent to play music, Hastings disagrees. “I became a music therapist because I wanted to make music accessible to everyone,” she says. She has helped make music an approachable way for kids with special needs to gain skills they may not pick up in a traditional school setting, including communication and social skills. Hastings works with several kids who are more comfortable expressing themselves with music rather than verbally. “An improv music session is very similar to the back-and-forth nature of a social interaction,” she says. Anne Powers’ stepdaughter, who has autism, worked individually with a music therapist. Powers, a Lake Stevens mom, saw tremendous gains from the one-on-one attention her stepdaughter received. “Music kept her very focused and trained her brain to stay on task and filter out distraction,” says Powers. “We saw improvement in her problem-solving ability, frustration tolerance, creative expression and dexterity. She can now play some of her favorite songs and she can express her moods with her playing, something she cannot do verbally.” Best of all, says Powers, music became part of her stepdaughter’s routine. “Music therapy was absolutely the highlight of her week.” Children's dance therapy Music and dance can be a powerful combination. According to the American Dance Therapy Association, dance therapy has been around for more than 50 years and helps connect the body and mind. It’s also effective for individuals with developmental, physical, social, psychological or physiological impairments. Emerald Ballet Theatre (EBT) in Bellevue offers dance classes for kids with special needs. Today, most of these children are successfully integrated into classes with the other dancers. This gives the “exceptional dancers,” as they call them, a way to interact with others and feel included. “It’s remarkable how well the integration works,” says Sarah Jacobsen, an EBT instructor. “We expect all of our students to strive to be inclusive, and it’s really been worth the effort.” Amina Condel’s daughter, who is autistic, has thrived during her participation in classes at Emerald Ballet Theatre. “Even though the dance classes are not technically ‘therapy,’ they have been very therapeutic,” says Condel, who reports that her daughter has improved her gross motor function, memory, social skills, speech and cognitive skills. “She loves being a part of the production and feels valued,” she says. Rosalie Frankel, an arts therapist at Seattle Children’s Hospital, says that finding an arts therapist in Seattle may be difficult compared to other places in the country, but worth the effort. “It’s really beneficial for so many kids.” Children with disabilities often possess creative gifts that they aren’t able to express until they are put in the right environment. “The arts are a magical place where these kids can really shine,” says Jacobsen. Chera Prideaux is a Seattle freelance writer and mother. Creative Arts Therapy Resources for Kids American Music Therapy Association Seattle Children’s Hospital Emerald Ballet Theatre Evergreen Art Therapy Association American Dance Therapy Association	[ 464, 30582, 286, 17404, 11536, 30878, 329, 17476, 198, 25354, 416, 19305, 64, 21735, 14644, 198, 8600, 656, 7312, 1242, 24636, 11517, 7204, 15804, 4763, 12, 35, 359, 447, 247, 82, 8034, 290, 345, 447, 247, 297, 1064, 281, 7177, 286, 32281, 11, 21558, 11, 1613, 1424, 11, 33512, 290, 2420, 1522, 9473, 13, 1375, 3544, 777, 5696, 284, 1037, 607, 7534, 1309, 511, 4860, 866, 290, 1998, 262, 21546, 4034, 286, 1242, 13, 198, 8241, 5818, 447, 247, 83, 2936, 34205, 11, 2962, 290, 257, 2565, 286, 29340, 981, 1762, 319, 257, 7325, 1628, 30, 1114, 257, 1200, 351, 2041, 2476, 11, 262, 21546, 4034, 389, 881, 3744, 13, 17404, 10848, 9102, 318, 257, 3154, 2214, 326, 3407, 5874, 10848, 11, 2647, 11, 9280, 11, 19518, 290, 10512, 13, 383, 10848, 389, 281, 6481, 2968, 835, 329, 1751, 351, 2041, 2476, 284, 10980, 13156, 290, 1011, 11293, 287, 257, 649, 5032, 13, 198, 51, 461, 4763, 12, 35, 359, 7228, 326, 262, 5874, 3450, 286, 1242, 9102, 318, 2592, 13205, 329, 3988, 508, 423, 5876, 22889, 287, 584, 2842, 13, 2773, 286, 15804, 4763, 12, 35, 359, 447, 247, 82, 4004, 4493, 2291, 4441, 1621, 12106, 11, 20680, 290, 2927, 1095, 13, 770, 318, 281, 4050, 2446, 329, 1972, 3988, 284, 5911, 290, 1730, 351, 2408, 10825, 884, 355, 8993, 11, 14285, 290, 25303, 13, 198, 22648, 9102, 329, 3988, 198, 26829, 508, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 355, 5874, 743, 1064, 326, 2647, 9102, 318, 7613, 329, 10068, 4046, 11, 10870, 2478, 11, 5584, 4678, 290, 6946, 13, 564, 250, 22648, 9102, 5419, 1751, 286, 477, 9337, 290, 19358, 11, 2592, 1751, 508, 389, 3573, 38949, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 16348, 38330, 11, 257, 7312, 22356, 291, 2647, 24636, 13, 198, 10915, 617, 661, 743, 892, 484, 761, 3288, 7401, 284, 711, 2647, 11, 38330, 37868, 13, 564, 250, 40, 2627, 257, 2647, 24636, 780, 314, 2227, 284, 787, 2647, 9857, 284, 2506, 11, 447, 251, 673, 1139, 13, 198, 3347, 468, 4193, 787, 2647, 281, 3164, 540, 835, 329, 3988, 351, 2041, 2476, 284, 4461, 4678, 484, 743, 407, 2298, 510, 287, 257, 4569, 1524, 4634, 11, 1390, 6946, 290, 1919, 4678, 13, 38330, 2499, 351, 1811, 3988, 508, 389, 517, 6792, 16621, 2405, 351, 2647, 2138, 621, 38119, 13, 564, 250, 2025, 37080, 2647, 6246, 318, 845, 2092, 284, 262, 736, 12, 392, 12, 25718, 3450, 286, 257, 1919, 10375, 11, 447, 251, 673, 1139, 13, 15397, 20668, 447, 247, 2239, 29642, 11, 508, 468, 15998, 11, 3111, 17033, 351, 257, 2647, 24636, 13, 20668, 11, 257, 6233, 20019, 1995, 11, 2497, 12465, 8810, 422, 262, 530, 12, 261, 12, 505, 3241, 607, 2239, 29642, 2722, 13, 198, 447, 250, 22648, 4030, 607, 845, 5670, 290, 8776, 607, 3632, 284, 2652, 319, 4876, 290, 8106, 503, 24066, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 20668, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 2497, 9025, 287, 607, 1917, 12, 82, 10890, 2694, 11, 14285, 15621, 11, 7325, 5408, 290, 50003, 13, 1375, 460, 783, 711, 617, 286, 607, 4004, 7259, 290, 673, 460, 4911, 607, 10038, 82, 351, 607, 2712, 11, 1223, 673, 2314, 466, 38119, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13014, 286, 477, 11, 1139, 20668, 11, 2647, 2627, 636, 286, 607, 2239, 29642, 447, 247, 82, 8027, 13, 564, 250, 22648, 9102, 373, 5543, 262, 7238, 286, 607, 1285, 13, 447, 251, 198, 26829, 338, 9280, 9102, 198, 22648, 290, 9280, 460, 307, 257, 3665, 6087, 13, 4784, 284, 262, 1605, 17349, 30878, 5396, 11, 9280, 9102, 468, 587, 1088, 329, 517, 621, 2026, 812, 290, 5419, 2018, 262, 1767, 290, 2000, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 635, 4050, 329, 3925, 351, 23456, 11, 3518, 11, 1919, 11, 10590, 393, 25033, 17253, 902, 13, 198, 32779, 1940, 8528, 1616, 15752, 357, 36, 19313, 8, 287, 46643, 518, 4394, 9280, 6097, 329, 3988, 351, 2041, 2476, 13, 6288, 11, 749, 286, 777, 1751, 389, 7675, 11521, 656, 6097, 351, 262, 584, 35837, 13, 770, 3607, 262, 564, 250, 16341, 1538, 35837, 11, 447, 251, 355, 484, 869, 606, 11, 257, 835, 284, 9427, 351, 1854, 290, 1254, 3017, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 11004, 703, 880, 262, 11812, 2499, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 10490, 12806, 6248, 11, 281, 412, 19313, 21187, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 1607, 477, 286, 674, 2444, 284, 22076, 284, 307, 19889, 11, 290, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1107, 587, 2861, 262, 3626, 13, 447, 251, 198, 32, 1084, 64, 9724, 417, 447, 247, 82, 4957, 11, 508, 318, 33686, 11, 468, 19531, 1079, 1141, 607, 10270, 287, 6097, 379, 28909, 8528, 1616, 15752, 13, 564, 250, 6104, 996, 262, 9280, 6097, 389, 407, 14497, 564, 246, 490, 12826, 11, 447, 247, 484, 423, 587, 845, 21546, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 9724, 417, 11, 508, 3136, 326, 607, 4957, 468, 6596, 607, 10319, 5584, 2163, 11, 4088, 11, 1919, 4678, 11, 4046, 290, 10870, 4678, 13, 564, 250, 3347, 10408, 852, 257, 636, 286, 262, 3227, 290, 5300, 17560, 11, 447, 251, 673, 1139, 13, 198, 35740, 282, 494, 12323, 7750, 11, 281, 10848, 24636, 379, 7312, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 9256, 11, 1139, 326, 4917, 281, 10848, 24636, 287, 7312, 743, 307, 2408, 3688, 284, 584, 4113, 287, 262, 1499, 11, 475, 2861, 262, 3626, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 1107, 13205, 329, 523, 867, 3988, 13, 447, 251, 198, 26829, 351, 19358, 1690, 8588, 7325, 13201, 326, 484, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 1498, 284, 4911, 1566, 484, 389, 1234, 287, 262, 826, 2858, 13, 564, 250, 464, 10848, 389, 257, 10883, 1295, 810, 777, 3988, 460, 1107, 18340, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 12806, 6248, 13, 198, 34, 372, 64, 21735, 14644, 318, 257, 7312, 27449, 6260, 290, 2802, 13, 198, 16719, 425, 11536, 30878, 13864, 329, 17476, 198, 7437, 7849, 30878, 5396, 198, 34007, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 9256, 198, 32779, 1940, 8528, 1616, 15752, 198, 23921, 14809, 3683, 30878, 5396, 198, 7437, 17349, 30878, 5396, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	992
A history of the Tonto Apache In May 1926, the director of the State Museum on the campus of the University of Arizona, Tucson, answered a letter of inquiry from a Mrs. Matthews in San Francisco about the Tonto Apaches. In his reply was this comment, "Regarding the Tonto Apaches, I fear I can be of very little help to you. I know of nothing that has been written upon this group. They are now mixed into the other groups in the White Mountain's tribe at Fort Apache and at San Carlos. But I know of no one who has traced their history." If I were to answer Mrs. Matthews I would have to give the same answer today. Much research has been done on the war waged by Euro-Americans against the Apaches, and there have been numerous studies of prehistoric settlement in the territory later occupied by the Tonto Apache. But no one has gathered the available information and provided us with a written history of the small tribe called Tonto Apache. The reason so little has been written about this fascinating subject can be readily understood. When the European culture began its migration westward across America, Arizona was essentially a bridge to California gold. As the Pacific connection grew, so did the necessity for better trails to connect the vast stretches of the continent. As trails became roads and then railroads, they followed routes along the Gila River in the south and across the Colorado Plateau in the north. In either case, they skirted the wilderness of central Arizona and left out the territory of the Tonto Apache. The terrain, with its rugged canyons, ridges and mountains lay in a northwest by southeast direction, and created an impossible barrier for east-west travel. The Apaches who lived in these basins and mountains were, therefore, the last Arizona natives to be threatened by the settlement of those they called "White-eyes." This moniker originated because the white of Caucasian eyeballs contrasts with the coffee color of Indian eyeballs. As for the Apache people, they refer to themselves as "The People." In their language it is Nde, pronounced En-dah, and implies a people set apart and superior to other peoples. When the California gold rush was over and miners began to prospect in the central mountains of Arizona, word got out about the lush grazing lands and the abundance of game waiting to be exploited by ranchers and miners, and those who serviced them. Once these Americans settled in Arizona they began to encroach on Tonto Apache lands. Settlers became prime targets for Apaches and the various Pai groups, who stole livestock for food. This created the need for a military presence to protect the settlers, and it was the beginning of the end for the old way of life among the Tontos. As we shall see, however, they are "The People Who Would Not Be Conquered." Their story deserves to be told, and honor given to their history. As I attempt to put together the exciting and dramatic story of these people who live in the Rim Country and Verde River Valley, credit must go to many who have helped me over the years. The original research of Alan Ferg, Nicolas P. Hauser, Keith Basso, George S. Esper and Thomas Hinton are among those to whom I am deeply indebted. Also the archives of the Arizona Historical Society of Tucson, the Sharlot Hall Museum library in Prescott; the Fort Verde State Park museum in Camp Verde; the Cline Library at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff; the Colter Library of the Northern Arizona Museum, Flagstaff; The Hayden Library, Special Collections, at Arizona State University, Tempe; and the Arizona Historical Foundation in that same location; The Department of Library Archives and Public Records at the state capitol in Phoenix; The Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. and in Laguna Niguel, Calif. In the Payson area, journalist Carroll Cox did much over the years to gather information about the Tonto Apaches and publish it from her several journalistic positions. She deserves much credit for being the first person to systematically write a simple history of the Tonto Apaches, and publish it in a 1987 series in The Mogollon Advisor. I hope the reader will be inspired and enlightened by this story, and that young Tonto Apaches will be encouraged to embrace the heritage they have all but lost. If I were a Tonto Apache and could speak in the tongue of the ancestors, I could better tell the odyssey, the joy, the struggle, and the terror of their story. However, I am White-eyes, and I write as White-eyes. All I can do is ask forgiveness from the people I have come to appreciate so heartily. Next week: The Tontos' story of their beginnings.	[ 32, 2106, 286, 262, 309, 5957, 24843, 198, 818, 1737, 38525, 11, 262, 3437, 286, 262, 1812, 9594, 319, 262, 7611, 286, 262, 2059, 286, 7943, 11, 36805, 11, 9373, 257, 3850, 286, 12069, 422, 257, 9074, 13, 22233, 287, 2986, 6033, 546, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 13, 554, 465, 10971, 373, 428, 2912, 11, 366, 39424, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 11, 314, 3252, 314, 460, 307, 286, 845, 1310, 1037, 284, 345, 13, 314, 760, 286, 2147, 326, 468, 587, 3194, 2402, 428, 1448, 13, 1119, 389, 783, 7668, 656, 262, 584, 2628, 287, 262, 2635, 9638, 338, 14893, 379, 6401, 24843, 290, 379, 2986, 17409, 13, 887, 314, 760, 286, 645, 530, 508, 468, 23246, 511, 2106, 526, 198, 1532, 314, 547, 284, 3280, 9074, 13, 22233, 314, 561, 423, 284, 1577, 262, 976, 3280, 1909, 13, 13111, 2267, 468, 587, 1760, 319, 262, 1175, 34225, 416, 1898, 12, 17636, 1028, 262, 5949, 3694, 11, 290, 612, 423, 587, 6409, 3640, 286, 44741, 9443, 287, 262, 7674, 1568, 12030, 416, 262, 309, 5957, 24843, 13, 887, 645, 530, 468, 9272, 262, 1695, 1321, 290, 2810, 514, 351, 257, 3194, 2106, 286, 262, 1402, 14893, 1444, 309, 5957, 24843, 13, 198, 464, 1738, 523, 1310, 468, 587, 3194, 546, 428, 13899, 2426, 460, 307, 14704, 7247, 13, 1649, 262, 3427, 3968, 2540, 663, 13472, 7421, 904, 1973, 2253, 11, 7943, 373, 6986, 257, 7696, 284, 3442, 3869, 13, 198, 1722, 262, 8211, 4637, 6348, 11, 523, 750, 262, 14564, 329, 1365, 19196, 284, 2018, 262, 5909, 23687, 286, 262, 15549, 13, 1081, 19196, 2627, 9725, 290, 788, 6787, 21372, 11, 484, 3940, 11926, 1863, 262, 402, 10102, 5866, 287, 262, 5366, 290, 1973, 262, 7492, 23648, 559, 287, 262, 5093, 13, 554, 2035, 1339, 11, 484, 1341, 48357, 262, 22775, 286, 4318, 7943, 290, 1364, 503, 262, 7674, 286, 262, 309, 5957, 24843, 13, 383, 15510, 11, 351, 663, 30957, 460, 88, 684, 11, 5755, 3212, 290, 12269, 3830, 287, 257, 24821, 416, 26015, 4571, 11, 290, 2727, 281, 5340, 13054, 329, 7627, 12, 7038, 3067, 13, 383, 5949, 3694, 508, 5615, 287, 777, 1615, 1040, 290, 12269, 547, 11, 4361, 11, 262, 938, 7943, 30962, 284, 307, 8556, 416, 262, 9443, 286, 883, 484, 1444, 366, 12256, 12, 48418, 526, 770, 45237, 20973, 780, 262, 2330, 286, 43172, 16067, 5691, 39469, 351, 262, 6891, 3124, 286, 3942, 16067, 5691, 13, 198, 1722, 329, 262, 24843, 661, 11, 484, 3522, 284, 2405, 355, 366, 464, 4380, 526, 554, 511, 3303, 340, 318, 399, 2934, 11, 16293, 2039, 12, 67, 993, 11, 290, 15565, 257, 661, 900, 5475, 290, 9098, 284, 584, 14366, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 3442, 3869, 10484, 373, 625, 290, 18295, 2540, 284, 6034, 287, 262, 4318, 12269, 286, 7943, 11, 1573, 1392, 503, 546, 262, 37408, 40470, 8604, 290, 262, 20038, 286, 983, 4953, 284, 307, 21514, 416, 32205, 7084, 290, 18295, 11, 290, 883, 508, 1113, 3711, 606, 13, 4874, 777, 3399, 10282, 287, 7943, 484, 2540, 284, 2207, 28562, 319, 309, 5957, 24843, 8604, 13, 198, 50, 3087, 8116, 2627, 6994, 6670, 329, 5949, 3694, 290, 262, 2972, 41626, 2628, 11, 508, 18240, 24424, 329, 2057, 13, 770, 2727, 262, 761, 329, 257, 2422, 4931, 284, 1805, 262, 25371, 11, 290, 340, 373, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 886, 329, 262, 1468, 835, 286, 1204, 1871, 262, 309, 756, 418, 13, 198, 1722, 356, 2236, 766, 11, 2158, 11, 484, 389, 366, 464, 4380, 5338, 10928, 1892, 1355, 1482, 421, 1068, 526, 5334, 1621, 14071, 284, 307, 1297, 11, 290, 7522, 1813, 284, 511, 2106, 13, 198, 1722, 314, 2230, 284, 1234, 1978, 262, 7895, 290, 10092, 1621, 286, 777, 661, 508, 2107, 287, 262, 29542, 12946, 290, 4643, 2934, 5866, 6916, 11, 3884, 1276, 467, 284, 867, 508, 423, 4193, 502, 625, 262, 812, 13, 383, 2656, 2267, 286, 12246, 376, 6422, 11, 29737, 350, 13, 9398, 7220, 11, 14926, 19829, 78, 11, 4502, 311, 13, 42083, 290, 5658, 367, 2371, 389, 1871, 883, 284, 4150, 314, 716, 7744, 37816, 13, 4418, 262, 22415, 286, 262, 7943, 23121, 7023, 286, 36805, 11, 262, 911, 7063, 313, 4789, 9594, 5888, 287, 42555, 26, 262, 6401, 4643, 2934, 1812, 3250, 13257, 287, 5425, 4643, 2934, 26, 262, 1012, 500, 10074, 379, 8342, 7943, 2059, 11, 19762, 28120, 26, 262, 1623, 353, 10074, 286, 262, 8342, 7943, 9594, 11, 19762, 28120, 26, 383, 35805, 10074, 11, 6093, 50004, 11, 379, 7943, 1812, 2059, 11, 5825, 431, 26, 290, 262, 7943, 23121, 5693, 287, 326, 976, 4067, 26, 383, 2732, 286, 10074, 22275, 290, 5094, 13407, 379, 262, 1181, 1451, 11650, 287, 9643, 26, 383, 40131, 29426, 287, 2669, 290, 262, 2351, 22275, 290, 13407, 8694, 287, 2669, 11, 360, 13, 34, 13, 290, 287, 21003, 9613, 13732, 2731, 11, 3192, 13, 198, 818, 262, 350, 34907, 1989, 11, 10099, 21298, 18014, 750, 881, 625, 262, 812, 284, 6431, 1321, 546, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 290, 7715, 340, 422, 607, 1811, 35227, 6116, 13, 1375, 14071, 881, 3884, 329, 852, 262, 717, 1048, 284, 25735, 3551, 257, 2829, 2106, 286, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 11, 290, 7715, 340, 287, 257, 12923, 2168, 287, 383, 30926, 692, 261, 35399, 13, 198, 40, 2911, 262, 9173, 481, 307, 7867, 290, 34964, 416, 428, 1621, 11, 290, 326, 1862, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 481, 307, 10085, 284, 12553, 262, 15012, 484, 423, 477, 475, 2626, 13, 1002, 314, 547, 257, 309, 5957, 24843, 290, 714, 2740, 287, 262, 11880, 286, 262, 18668, 11, 314, 714, 1365, 1560, 262, 16298, 23784, 11, 262, 8716, 11, 262, 6531, 11, 290, 262, 3246, 286, 511, 1621, 13, 2102, 11, 314, 716, 2635, 12, 48418, 11, 290, 314, 3551, 355, 2635, 12, 48418, 13, 1439, 314, 460, 466, 318, 1265, 26027, 422, 262, 661, 314, 423, 1282, 284, 9144, 523, 2612, 813, 13, 198, 10019, 1285, 25, 383, 309, 756, 418, 6, 1621, 286, 511, 33875, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	997
Discover the story of how Dale Larson saved 29 schoolchildren during a 1928 tornado in Thurston County, Nebraska. Imagine how the events of that tornado would have been different with the current advances in severe weather warning systems. Details » Witness the growth of plants and the return of animals to Mt. St. Helens following its massive eruption in 1980. Details » Find science, technology, engineering, and math resources for PreK-12 teachers and students. PBS Teachers Live! Webinars feature education technology experts and PBS producers sharing resources and strategies to help teachers use digital media to engage students in rich learning experiences. Recordings of all of our previous events are available on the archive page. Activity Packs are a growing library of theme-based widgets containing links to high-quality PBS resources and activities for multiple grade levels. If you like one, grab it! Learn how medical pioneers who researched antibiotics, genetics and organ transplants have contributed to better treatments and some cures. Investigate the many facets of the oceans, including marine and shore life, ecosystems, extreme weather, and early explorers.	[ 44596, 262, 1621, 286, 703, 20412, 42630, 7448, 2808, 1524, 17197, 1141, 257, 35768, 33718, 287, 36975, 3743, 3418, 11, 18329, 13, 18450, 703, 262, 2995, 286, 326, 33718, 561, 423, 587, 1180, 351, 262, 1459, 14901, 287, 6049, 6193, 6509, 3341, 13, 14890, 13355, 198, 38670, 262, 3349, 286, 6134, 290, 262, 1441, 286, 4695, 284, 18632, 13, 520, 13, 5053, 641, 1708, 663, 4858, 36176, 287, 7169, 13, 14890, 13355, 198, 16742, 3783, 11, 3037, 11, 8705, 11, 290, 10688, 4133, 329, 3771, 42, 12, 1065, 7799, 290, 2444, 13, 198, 47, 4462, 32426, 7547, 0, 5313, 259, 945, 3895, 3707, 3037, 6154, 290, 30051, 11408, 7373, 4133, 290, 10064, 284, 1037, 7799, 779, 4875, 2056, 284, 8209, 2444, 287, 5527, 4673, 6461, 13, 13266, 654, 286, 477, 286, 674, 2180, 2995, 389, 1695, 319, 262, 15424, 2443, 13, 198, 16516, 46780, 389, 257, 3957, 5888, 286, 7505, 12, 3106, 40803, 7268, 6117, 284, 1029, 12, 13237, 30051, 4133, 290, 4568, 329, 3294, 9559, 2974, 13, 1002, 345, 588, 530, 11, 5552, 340, 0, 198, 20238, 703, 3315, 40547, 508, 30066, 22392, 11, 25862, 290, 1618, 37100, 1187, 423, 8639, 284, 1365, 13820, 290, 617, 50019, 13, 198, 19070, 10055, 262, 867, 44497, 286, 262, 23744, 11, 1390, 16050, 290, 15191, 1204, 11, 30020, 11, 3257, 6193, 11, 290, 1903, 45531, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	225
This video details the dangers of rip currents and explains how to identify rip currents, as well as how to stay safe. Swimming in Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada is an ideal way to spend a summer day. But before heading into the water make sure that you and your family know how to break the grip of the rip. Rip currents are powerful, fast-moving seaward currents that can pull even the strongest swimmers out to sea. Be safe. Know how to swim, never swim alone and, when in doubt, don’t go out. If you become caught in a rip current, don’t fight the current; swim out of the current, then to shore. If you can’t escape, float or tread water. If you need help, call or wave for assistance.	[ 1212, 2008, 3307, 262, 16169, 286, 18344, 28629, 290, 6688, 703, 284, 5911, 18344, 28629, 11, 355, 880, 355, 703, 284, 2652, 3338, 13, 2451, 27428, 287, 9005, 10443, 5451, 2351, 3250, 286, 3340, 318, 281, 7306, 835, 284, 4341, 257, 3931, 1110, 13, 887, 878, 9087, 656, 262, 1660, 787, 1654, 326, 345, 290, 534, 1641, 760, 703, 284, 2270, 262, 11762, 286, 262, 18344, 13, 198, 49, 541, 28629, 389, 3665, 11, 3049, 12, 31462, 32085, 446, 28629, 326, 460, 2834, 772, 262, 12841, 1509, 36904, 503, 284, 5417, 13, 1355, 3338, 13, 9365, 703, 284, 9422, 11, 1239, 9422, 3436, 290, 11, 618, 287, 4719, 11, 836, 447, 247, 83, 467, 503, 13, 1002, 345, 1716, 4978, 287, 257, 18344, 1459, 11, 836, 447, 247, 83, 1907, 262, 1459, 26, 9422, 503, 286, 262, 1459, 11, 788, 284, 15191, 13, 1002, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 6654, 11, 12178, 393, 23153, 1660, 13, 1002, 345, 761, 1037, 11, 869, 393, 6769, 329, 6829, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	168
Overview - TOUCH2 LEARN TEXTURE CARDS Touch2 Learn Texture Cards are an excellent learning tool that contains five sets of cards (45 cards), each with its own texture and theme. Each set has cards for the numerals 1-9 and is designed to help you teach number recognition, numeral/quantity association, counting and vocabulary. The back of the cards show the numeral with TouchPoints and Touching/Counting Patterns. Perfect for tactile/kinesthetic learning. • Forest Animals • Sea Life For Pre-K, K, RTI and Special Education.	[ 29064, 532, 309, 2606, 3398, 17, 12509, 1503, 45, 40383, 11335, 17368, 5258, 198, 35211, 17, 14365, 44409, 15824, 389, 281, 6275, 4673, 2891, 326, 4909, 1936, 5621, 286, 4116, 357, 2231, 4116, 828, 1123, 351, 663, 898, 11743, 290, 7505, 13, 5501, 900, 468, 4116, 329, 262, 5470, 874, 352, 12, 24, 290, 318, 3562, 284, 1037, 345, 4545, 1271, 9465, 11, 997, 1691, 14, 40972, 414, 8112, 11, 14143, 290, 25818, 13, 383, 736, 286, 262, 4116, 905, 262, 997, 1691, 351, 15957, 40710, 290, 15957, 278, 14, 12332, 278, 47020, 13, 16374, 329, 48896, 14, 5116, 37531, 4673, 13, 198, 3581, 9115, 25390, 198, 3581, 6896, 5155, 198, 1890, 3771, 12, 42, 11, 509, 11, 11923, 40, 290, 6093, 7868, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	125
Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood) in Dogs By: Dr. Bari Spielman Read By: Pet Lovers Coagulopathies or bleeding disorders should be considered, especially if there is evidence of bleeding from other body sites as well. There are many different types of clotting disorders that can cause hematemesis. Hematemesis is the presence of flakes, streaks or clots of fresh blood in the vomitus, or the presence of digested blood in the vomitus. Digested blood is often described as looking like coffee grounds. Hematemesis may be the only clinical sign, or it may be accompanied by other clinical signs. It is sometimes difficult for the pet owner to distinguish between true hematemesis, which involves bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract, from secondary hematemesis, which involves the vomiting of swallowed blood. Sneezing or coughing blood, and/or blood dripping from the mouth are signs of bleeding that may be swallowed into the stomach, and then secondarily vomited. A careful history and thorough physical examination will help distinguish between them. True hematemesis usually indicates a serious underlying disease, and generally warrants hospitalization, extensive diagnostic testing, and supportive care. It is best to determine the underlying cause, and treat the specific problem, rather than attempting only symptomatic therapy. There are many potential causes for hematemesis. The most common causes are usually diseases or disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, although in some cases, clotting disorders (coagulopathies) may result in bleeding even though the gastrointestinal tract is essentially healthy. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a syndrome seen in dogs whose cause is unknown. The dog usually experiences acute bloody diarrhea, although vomiting and/or hematemesis is may be seen as well. Gastrointestinal ulcerations or erosions are one of the more common causes of hematemesis. These ulcers can occur with many different disorders, such as: The overproduction of stomach acid from stress and certain tumors Infiltrative diseases of the wall of the stomach or upper intestines, such as inflammatory bowel disease Chronic inflammation of the esophagus, especially with regurgitation of acidic stomach contents Chronic inflammation of the stomach, especially from bacteria such as Helicobacter Metabolic diseases, such as kidney failure, chronic liver disease and hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) Administration of drugs that affect the lining of the stomach, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids Gastrointestinal foreign bodies or tumors, especially of the esophagus, stomach, upper small intestine Perioperative hemorrhage (bleeding associated with surgical procedures) as in cases of gastrotomy (cutting into the stomach), gastrostomy (creating an opening in the stomach), or repair of a gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat/torsion) Heavy metal intoxication with arsenic, lead and zinc (uncommon causes of hematemesis) Following anaphylaxis (a severe life-threatening allergic reaction) or septic shock (shock due to an overwhelming bacterial infection)	[ 39, 368, 23900, 9339, 357, 53, 296, 1780, 7235, 8, 287, 21367, 198, 3886, 25, 1583, 13, 2409, 72, 34841, 805, 198, 5569, 2750, 25, 4767, 6706, 690, 198, 7222, 363, 377, 18569, 444, 393, 16832, 11916, 815, 307, 3177, 11, 2592, 611, 612, 318, 2370, 286, 16832, 422, 584, 1767, 5043, 355, 880, 13, 1318, 389, 867, 1180, 3858, 286, 5148, 889, 11916, 326, 460, 2728, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 13, 198, 39, 368, 23900, 9339, 318, 262, 4931, 286, 42330, 11, 48356, 393, 537, 1747, 286, 4713, 2910, 287, 262, 20918, 17506, 11, 393, 262, 4931, 286, 3100, 7287, 2910, 287, 262, 20918, 17506, 13, 7367, 7287, 2910, 318, 1690, 3417, 355, 2045, 588, 6891, 9384, 13, 15617, 23900, 9339, 743, 307, 262, 691, 8668, 1051, 11, 393, 340, 743, 307, 11791, 416, 584, 8668, 5895, 13, 632, 318, 3360, 2408, 329, 262, 4273, 4870, 284, 15714, 1022, 2081, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 11, 543, 9018, 16832, 1626, 262, 40887, 14998, 11, 422, 9233, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 11, 543, 9018, 262, 30874, 286, 27961, 2910, 13, 27065, 8471, 278, 393, 48308, 2910, 11, 290, 14, 273, 2910, 37472, 422, 262, 5422, 389, 5895, 286, 16832, 326, 743, 307, 27961, 656, 262, 11384, 11, 290, 788, 1218, 3093, 20918, 863, 13, 317, 8161, 2106, 290, 9321, 3518, 12452, 481, 1037, 15714, 1022, 606, 13, 198, 17821, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 3221, 9217, 257, 2726, 10238, 4369, 11, 290, 4143, 23070, 4436, 1634, 11, 7667, 23584, 4856, 11, 290, 16443, 1337, 13, 632, 318, 1266, 284, 5004, 262, 10238, 2728, 11, 290, 2190, 262, 2176, 1917, 11, 2138, 621, 9361, 691, 6585, 13730, 9102, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 2785, 5640, 329, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 13, 383, 749, 2219, 5640, 389, 3221, 10040, 393, 11916, 286, 262, 6727, 40887, 14998, 11, 3584, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 5148, 889, 11916, 357, 1073, 363, 377, 18569, 444, 8, 743, 1255, 287, 16832, 772, 996, 262, 40887, 14998, 318, 6986, 5448, 13, 198, 39, 368, 273, 17179, 9083, 33131, 9255, 11815, 357, 39, 8264, 8, 318, 257, 14027, 1775, 287, 6844, 3025, 2728, 318, 6439, 13, 383, 3290, 3221, 6461, 14352, 15222, 36004, 11, 3584, 30874, 290, 14, 273, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 318, 743, 307, 1775, 355, 880, 13, 198, 38, 459, 305, 36387, 14856, 2189, 602, 393, 1931, 418, 507, 389, 530, 286, 262, 517, 2219, 5640, 286, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 13, 2312, 14856, 7999, 460, 3051, 351, 867, 1180, 11916, 11, 884, 355, 25, 198, 464, 625, 25493, 286, 11384, 7408, 422, 5503, 290, 1728, 31155, 198, 818, 10379, 2213, 876, 10040, 286, 262, 3355, 286, 262, 11384, 393, 6727, 20183, 1127, 11, 884, 355, 23760, 35711, 4369, 198, 1925, 4565, 20881, 286, 262, 1658, 2522, 31111, 11, 2592, 351, 842, 3686, 3780, 286, 42987, 11384, 10154, 198, 1925, 4565, 20881, 286, 262, 11384, 11, 2592, 422, 11492, 884, 355, 48574, 672, 7321, 198, 9171, 29304, 10040, 11, 884, 355, 21919, 5287, 11, 10726, 14383, 4369, 290, 5328, 1170, 918, 420, 419, 11965, 357, 4550, 1653, 338, 4369, 8, 198, 41862, 1358, 286, 5010, 326, 2689, 262, 20883, 286, 262, 11384, 11, 1390, 1729, 1706, 47502, 3098, 12, 32272, 6554, 290, 12794, 291, 6197, 10994, 198, 38, 459, 305, 36387, 3215, 5920, 393, 31155, 11, 2592, 286, 262, 1658, 2522, 31111, 11, 11384, 11, 6727, 1402, 45426, 198, 5990, 72, 27173, 42203, 496, 357, 903, 8228, 3917, 351, 21998, 9021, 8, 355, 287, 2663, 286, 21956, 10599, 9145, 357, 29753, 656, 262, 11384, 828, 21956, 23341, 9145, 357, 20123, 278, 281, 4756, 287, 262, 11384, 828, 393, 9185, 286, 257, 21956, 1173, 11844, 265, 341, 2322, 85, 23515, 357, 2436, 15073, 14, 83, 669, 295, 8, 198, 33210, 6147, 44624, 351, 48884, 11, 1085, 290, 31861, 357, 403, 11321, 5640, 286, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 8, 198, 14291, 281, 6570, 2645, 22704, 357, 64, 6049, 1204, 12, 26159, 31856, 6317, 8, 393, 384, 17459, 6380, 357, 39563, 2233, 284, 281, 9721, 23462, 10280, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	668
Separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the Upper Peninsula (or simply, the “U.P.”) is characterized by dense forests and rugged lakeshores. Bordered by Northern Wisconsin, Southern Ontario, and three of the Great Lakes, the Upper Peninsula makes up almost one-third of Michigan’s land mass. Steep highlands in the western portion of the peninsula give way to flatter lands of the Great Lakes Plain in the east. Marquette is the largest city on the Upper Peninsula, and is a major port on Lake Superior for shipping center for iron ore. The city is also home to Northern Michigan University. Sault Ste. Marie is Michigan’s oldest city, and is separated by its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario by the waters of the St. Mary’s River. The Soo Locks, which allow ships to pass between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes, are located here. Economy and Industry Whereas mining was once the predominant industry in the Upper Peninsula, tourism drives the economy of the region today. The unique geography and remote beauty of the U.P. bring in thousands of visitors from the Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin every year. With huge stretches of land and low population densities, the peninsula is a prime spot for camping, hiking, fishing, boating, snowmobiling and hunting. Logging also remains a key business for the U.P. as well. Sometimes referred to as “The Mitten” or “The Hand” because of its shape, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is generally flat and comprises two-thirds of Michigan’s land mass. The Lower Peninsula is often divided into the sub regions of Northern Michigan, West Michigan, Mid-Michigan, Southeast Michigan and the Flint/Tri Cities area (also known as “the Thumb”). The peninsula is marked by many lakes, marshes and inland rivers. Detroit is the largest city in Michigan and is famous as both the Motor City and Motown. Detroit is also the only U.S. city that bordered by a Canadian city on the South. Grand Rapids is the second largest city in Michigan and the primary urban center in the Western half of the state. The city has long been a major manufacturing center. Lansing is Michigan's capital city and is home to Michigan State University. The area is an important center for government, educational and research institutions. Best known as the home of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor is a known for high tech industry and a vibrant arts and entertainment scene. Dearborn the hometown of Henry Ford and is the location of the Ford Motor company’s headquarters. Known as the nation’s center for the automobile industry, Michigan is also a leader in information technology, business and manufacturing. Mining remains important in the state, in particular limestone, salt, and iron ore. The vast majority of Michigan’s farmlands can be found in the Lower Peninsula. Among the most important crops in the state are corn, soybeans, wheat and sugarbeets. The state’s lakes and waterways provide ample opportunity for fishing and boating, and in the summer thousands flock to beaches and lake front resorts. Outdoor enthusiasts enjoy 99 state parks and thousands of miles of hiking and bike trails. Hunting is a major pastime in Michigan, and peninsulas offer excellent opportunities to hunt big game, small game, waterfowl and upland game birds. Michigan is also a fantastic place for golfers, with over 900 golf courses (more than any other state) long summer hours and a persistent autumn season. All of the major professional sports leagues have a team that call Michigan home, and heated college rivalries keep sports fans entertained all year long. Each winter Michigan transforms into a snow covered landscape ideal for winter sports. Michigan boasts some the Midwest’s best downhill skiing and snowboarding resorts, miles of cross-country and snowmobile trails and even the U.S. National Ski & Snowboard Hall of Fame and Museum. All told, some 840 runs, and 40 terrain parks can be found within Michigan’s peninsulas. Michigan also boasts world-class educational institutions, outstanding museums and extensive public libraries throughout the state. There are at least 7 symphony orchestras in the state, and many cities host individual concert seasons. Over 45 wineries can be found in Michigan, located in some of the most beautiful areas of the state.	[ 19117, 283, 515, 422, 262, 16048, 24078, 416, 262, 15195, 896, 286, 16640, 259, 330, 11, 262, 20390, 24078, 357, 273, 2391, 11, 262, 564, 250, 52, 13, 47, 13, 447, 251, 8, 318, 16264, 416, 15715, 17039, 290, 30957, 24768, 71, 2850, 13, 347, 24071, 416, 8342, 9279, 11, 8050, 10553, 11, 290, 1115, 286, 262, 3878, 24153, 11, 262, 20390, 24078, 1838, 510, 2048, 530, 12, 17089, 286, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 1956, 2347, 13, 2441, 538, 1029, 4447, 287, 262, 8830, 6903, 286, 262, 28080, 1577, 835, 284, 781, 1436, 8604, 286, 262, 3878, 24153, 28847, 287, 262, 7627, 13, 198, 7676, 421, 5857, 318, 262, 4387, 1748, 319, 262, 20390, 24078, 11, 290, 318, 257, 1688, 2493, 319, 6233, 22953, 329, 8440, 3641, 329, 6953, 23751, 13, 383, 1748, 318, 635, 1363, 284, 8342, 7055, 2059, 13, 311, 1721, 2441, 13, 20492, 318, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 13325, 1748, 11, 290, 318, 11266, 416, 663, 15203, 1748, 286, 311, 1721, 2441, 13, 20492, 11, 10553, 416, 262, 10150, 286, 262, 520, 13, 5335, 447, 247, 82, 5866, 13, 383, 1406, 78, 406, 3320, 11, 543, 1249, 7937, 284, 1208, 1022, 6233, 22953, 290, 262, 2793, 3878, 24153, 11, 389, 5140, 994, 13, 198, 28489, 88, 290, 17420, 198, 48494, 9691, 373, 1752, 262, 45718, 2831, 287, 262, 20390, 24078, 11, 19277, 10182, 262, 3773, 286, 262, 3814, 1909, 13, 383, 3748, 27876, 290, 6569, 8737, 286, 262, 471, 13, 47, 13, 2222, 287, 4138, 286, 9692, 422, 262, 16048, 24078, 290, 9279, 790, 614, 13, 2080, 3236, 23687, 286, 1956, 290, 1877, 3265, 29509, 871, 11, 262, 28080, 318, 257, 6994, 4136, 329, 22498, 11, 24522, 11, 12478, 11, 1489, 803, 11, 6729, 39949, 4386, 290, 10988, 13, 5972, 2667, 635, 3793, 257, 1994, 1597, 329, 262, 471, 13, 47, 13, 355, 880, 13, 198, 15468, 6412, 284, 355, 564, 250, 464, 337, 2621, 447, 251, 393, 564, 250, 464, 7157, 447, 251, 780, 286, 663, 5485, 11, 262, 16048, 24078, 286, 7055, 318, 4143, 6228, 290, 28800, 734, 12, 17936, 286, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 1956, 2347, 13, 383, 16048, 24078, 318, 1690, 9086, 656, 262, 850, 7652, 286, 8342, 7055, 11, 2688, 7055, 11, 7215, 12, 40610, 11, 21199, 7055, 290, 262, 21660, 14, 14824, 20830, 1989, 357, 14508, 1900, 355, 564, 250, 1169, 536, 2178, 447, 251, 737, 383, 28080, 318, 7498, 416, 867, 24768, 11, 48962, 956, 290, 37874, 18180, 13, 198, 40404, 318, 262, 4387, 1748, 287, 7055, 290, 318, 5863, 355, 1111, 262, 12533, 2254, 290, 6543, 593, 13, 8488, 318, 635, 262, 691, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1748, 326, 275, 24071, 416, 257, 5398, 1748, 319, 262, 2520, 13, 5675, 27466, 318, 262, 1218, 4387, 1748, 287, 7055, 290, 262, 4165, 7876, 3641, 287, 262, 4885, 2063, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 383, 1748, 468, 890, 587, 257, 1688, 9138, 3641, 13, 49860, 318, 7055, 338, 3139, 1748, 290, 318, 1363, 284, 7055, 1812, 2059, 13, 383, 1989, 318, 281, 1593, 3641, 329, 1230, 11, 9856, 290, 2267, 6712, 13, 6705, 1900, 355, 262, 1363, 286, 262, 2059, 286, 7055, 11, 5506, 30455, 318, 257, 1900, 329, 1029, 7261, 2831, 290, 257, 21266, 10848, 290, 9739, 3715, 13, 23420, 6286, 262, 20994, 286, 8616, 8092, 290, 318, 262, 4067, 286, 262, 8092, 12533, 1664, 447, 247, 82, 10043, 13, 198, 29870, 355, 262, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 3641, 329, 262, 27930, 2831, 11, 7055, 318, 635, 257, 3554, 287, 1321, 3037, 11, 1597, 290, 9138, 13, 29269, 3793, 1593, 287, 262, 1181, 11, 287, 1948, 48520, 11, 8268, 11, 290, 6953, 23751, 13, 383, 5909, 3741, 286, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 5318, 4447, 460, 307, 1043, 287, 262, 16048, 24078, 13, 9754, 262, 749, 1593, 14450, 287, 262, 1181, 389, 11676, 11, 17797, 44749, 11, 17135, 290, 7543, 1350, 1039, 13, 198, 464, 1181, 447, 247, 82, 24768, 290, 47518, 2148, 23933, 3663, 329, 12478, 290, 1489, 803, 11, 290, 287, 262, 3931, 4138, 29556, 284, 25585, 290, 13546, 2166, 43017, 13, 43047, 23099, 2883, 7388, 1181, 14860, 290, 4138, 286, 4608, 286, 24522, 290, 7161, 19196, 13, 22059, 318, 257, 1688, 1613, 524, 287, 7055, 11, 290, 3112, 1040, 25283, 2897, 6275, 6443, 284, 12601, 1263, 983, 11, 1402, 983, 11, 1660, 69, 4883, 290, 28996, 392, 983, 10087, 13, 7055, 318, 635, 257, 9623, 1295, 329, 13126, 364, 11, 351, 625, 15897, 13126, 10902, 357, 3549, 621, 597, 584, 1181, 8, 890, 3931, 2250, 290, 257, 16218, 23608, 1622, 13, 1439, 286, 262, 1688, 4708, 5701, 16861, 423, 257, 1074, 326, 869, 7055, 1363, 11, 290, 16968, 4152, 8976, 1678, 1394, 5701, 3296, 34988, 477, 614, 890, 13, 198, 10871, 7374, 7055, 31408, 656, 257, 6729, 5017, 10747, 7306, 329, 7374, 5701, 13, 7055, 22103, 617, 262, 25701, 447, 247, 82, 1266, 35390, 41348, 290, 6729, 27794, 43017, 11, 4608, 286, 3272, 12, 19315, 290, 6729, 24896, 19196, 290, 772, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2351, 38809, 1222, 7967, 3526, 4789, 286, 18864, 290, 9594, 13, 1439, 1297, 11, 617, 48777, 4539, 11, 290, 2319, 15510, 14860, 460, 307, 1043, 1626, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 3112, 1040, 25283, 13, 198, 40610, 635, 22103, 995, 12, 4871, 9856, 6712, 11, 11660, 30794, 290, 7667, 1171, 12782, 3690, 262, 1181, 13, 1318, 389, 379, 1551, 767, 5659, 23021, 28127, 292, 287, 262, 1181, 11, 290, 867, 4736, 2583, 1981, 10010, 7028, 13, 3827, 4153, 1592, 10640, 460, 307, 1043, 287, 7055, 11, 5140, 287, 617, 286, 262, 749, 4950, 3006, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	925
Redistricting 2010: Reforming the Process of Distributing Political Power Publication Date: February 2009 Publisher(s): Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, inc. Author(s): Ann Williamson-Heath Keywords: Apportionment; Redistricting The U.S. Constitution requires that a national population census be taken every 10 years to determine how many congressional representatives each state should have. Thereafter, census data are reported to the U.S. President and individual states as required by federal law. Those data provide the basis for drawing congressional and state legislative district maps. The next reapportionment and redistricting cycle will be significant for Louisiana. Since the last census count in 2000, Louisiana has lost a significant amount of its populace to other states. Further, residents who have remained in Louisiana have moved away from the once densely populated New Orleans area toward other parts of the state. The state's inability to maintain population or grow as fast as its peers in the new millennium, combined with the devastating storms of 2005, has all but ensured the loss of one congressional seat in 2010 and the transfer of some state legislative power from the New Orleans area to faster growing parishes. Drawing district lines in 2010 will be politically charged; because of population changes, protecting minority districts and balancing political power will be bigger issues than they have been in the past. Along with 15 other states, Louisiana's district maps must be pre-approved by the U.S. Department of Justice or federal courts before taking effect. The state's history of voting inequities for minorities creates an air of mistrust in government and the state's redistricting process. Completely eliminating political influence or potential abuse of power from the process is not likely. However, Louisiana can transform its redistricting model into one that will have less potential for conflict of interest, be more transparent and accountable to the public, and place greater controls on those who have the power to move district lines. Reapportionment is the redistribution of congressional representatives among the states based on each decennial census, while redistricting is the redrawing of the states' congressional and legislative district maps to reflect population changes. At the federal level, each state is guaranteed two U.S. Senate seats and one U.S. House seat. The remaining 385 House seats are reapportioned every 10 years based on each state's population in proportion to the nation overall. Like 27 other states, Louisiana relies solely on its state legislators for congressional and legislative redistricting and gives them great power over the process, which is loosely defined by state House and Senate rules. In Louisiana, district lines for members of the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE), Public Service Commission (PSC) and state Supreme Court also are determined by the Legislature. Yet few legislative practices offer greater potential for conflict of interest or less accountability to the people than redistricting. The U.S. Supreme Court has said that even the most fundamental rights are illusory if the right to vote is compromised. As such, government works to ensure that all persons are afforded an equal opportunity to vote and participate in government. For the election process to be genuine it must be competitive, where any person has the chance to run for office and be elected. It is easy to overlook or misunderstand the impact that redistricting can have on electoral competition. However, decisions made during the mapping process can shape citizen representation and political control far into the future. Although modern redistricting has been made more objective through the use of consultants and redistricting software, bodies responsible for redistricting still have great power to affect the types of people who can be elected by crafting districts that favor some more than others. It is imperative that redistricting be entrusted to those who are not directly affected by its outcomes and that the process be well controlled to limit the freedom that line drawers are given. Certain redistricting models are better than others in terms of independence from political manipulation. In an effort to depoliticize the process, one state entrusts redistricting to nonpartisan legislative staff, 13 states give primary responsibility to appointed boards or commissions and eight states use commissions in an advisory or backup role. Nationwide, there is a growing interest in removing legislatures from the redistricting process. Since 2005, 18 of the 28 states that use only their legislatures for redistricting have tried to create independent redistricting commissions or to expand the duties of existing state commissions (used for other purposes) to include the task of redistricting. Redistricting commissions are not necessarily more or less effective than legislatures in terms of avoiding litigation. Creating maps that no group will challenge is unlikely. Regardless of who participates in the line drawing process, litigation can take several years to resolve and redistricting bodies may spend as much time justifying their plans as they did creating them. However, given Louisiana's past treatment of minorities, current population shifts and recent battles over ethics reform, redistricting stakes will be higher this time. The state should seize this opportunity to upgrade its business-as-usual approach to drawing district lines. Entrusting redistricting to an independent body that will not benefit directly from the lines drawn clearly is a better option in terms of enhancing citizen confidence and building a legacy of public trust. Further, implementing a more definitive, tightly controlled and transparent process can significantly increase the chance for the state's plans to survive future legal scrutiny. This report offers an overview of redistricting processes nationwide and recommends the following improvements to Louisiana's redistricting method: Recommendation 1: Assign the task of congressional and legislative redistricting to an independent commission, whose powers, duties and redistricting principles are firmly established in law. Recommendation 2: Require all commission meetings, documents, communications and work product to be subject to Louisiana's open meetings and public records laws, as well as posted and archived on the commission's Web site. Recommendation 3: Begin the assignment of redistricting power immediately to ensure a ready and able commission for the next redistricting cycle.	[ 7738, 396, 42870, 3050, 25, 797, 15464, 262, 10854, 286, 46567, 278, 14611, 4333, 198, 15202, 341, 7536, 25, 3945, 3717, 198, 46471, 7, 82, 2599, 5094, 10665, 4992, 4281, 286, 13340, 11, 753, 13, 198, 13838, 7, 82, 2599, 5506, 34974, 12, 1544, 776, 198, 9218, 10879, 25, 2034, 5817, 434, 26, 2297, 396, 42870, 198, 464, 471, 13, 50, 13, 7965, 4433, 326, 257, 2260, 3265, 21649, 307, 2077, 790, 838, 812, 284, 5004, 703, 867, 11702, 10826, 1123, 1181, 815, 423, 13, 198, 1858, 8499, 11, 21649, 1366, 389, 2098, 284, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1992, 290, 1981, 2585, 355, 2672, 416, 2717, 1099, 13, 5845, 1366, 2148, 262, 4308, 329, 8263, 11702, 290, 1181, 10828, 4783, 8739, 13, 198, 464, 1306, 24578, 5817, 434, 290, 17678, 42870, 6772, 481, 307, 2383, 329, 13340, 13, 4619, 262, 938, 21649, 954, 287, 4751, 11, 13340, 468, 2626, 257, 2383, 2033, 286, 663, 39003, 284, 584, 2585, 13, 7735, 11, 5085, 508, 423, 6150, 287, 13340, 423, 3888, 1497, 422, 262, 1752, 42255, 22331, 968, 12255, 1989, 3812, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 383, 1181, 338, 16612, 284, 5529, 3265, 393, 1663, 355, 3049, 355, 663, 14495, 287, 262, 649, 39210, 11, 5929, 351, 262, 14101, 20228, 286, 5075, 11, 468, 477, 475, 30169, 262, 2994, 286, 530, 11702, 5852, 287, 3050, 290, 262, 4351, 286, 617, 1181, 10828, 1176, 422, 262, 968, 12255, 1989, 284, 5443, 3957, 1582, 5614, 13, 198, 25302, 278, 4783, 3951, 287, 3050, 481, 307, 11889, 5047, 26, 780, 286, 3265, 2458, 11, 10192, 9137, 12815, 290, 22486, 1964, 1176, 481, 307, 5749, 2428, 621, 484, 423, 587, 287, 262, 1613, 13, 198, 24035, 351, 1315, 584, 2585, 11, 13340, 338, 4783, 8739, 1276, 307, 662, 12, 29137, 416, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 4796, 393, 2717, 8028, 878, 2263, 1245, 13, 383, 1181, 338, 2106, 286, 6709, 11082, 871, 329, 15557, 8075, 281, 1633, 286, 48611, 287, 1230, 290, 262, 1181, 338, 17678, 42870, 1429, 13, 198, 20988, 306, 18591, 1964, 4588, 393, 2785, 5076, 286, 1176, 422, 262, 1429, 318, 407, 1884, 13, 2102, 11, 13340, 460, 6121, 663, 17678, 42870, 2746, 656, 530, 326, 481, 423, 1342, 2785, 329, 5358, 286, 1393, 11, 307, 517, 13245, 290, 16689, 284, 262, 1171, 11, 290, 1295, 3744, 6973, 319, 883, 508, 423, 262, 1176, 284, 1445, 4783, 3951, 13, 198, 3041, 1324, 5817, 434, 318, 262, 41425, 286, 11702, 10826, 1871, 262, 2585, 1912, 319, 1123, 875, 27779, 21649, 11, 981, 17678, 42870, 318, 262, 2266, 1831, 278, 286, 262, 2585, 6, 11702, 290, 10828, 4783, 8739, 284, 4079, 3265, 2458, 13, 1629, 262, 2717, 1241, 11, 1123, 1181, 318, 11462, 734, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3845, 8632, 290, 530, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2097, 5852, 13, 383, 5637, 44826, 2097, 8632, 389, 24578, 5817, 276, 790, 838, 812, 1912, 319, 1123, 1181, 338, 3265, 287, 9823, 284, 262, 3277, 4045, 13, 198, 7594, 2681, 584, 2585, 11, 13340, 16507, 9944, 319, 663, 1181, 19964, 329, 11702, 290, 10828, 17678, 42870, 290, 3607, 606, 1049, 1176, 625, 262, 1429, 11, 543, 318, 28845, 5447, 416, 1181, 2097, 290, 3845, 3173, 13, 554, 13340, 11, 4783, 3951, 329, 1866, 286, 262, 5926, 286, 25335, 290, 29521, 7868, 357, 33, 33635, 828, 5094, 4809, 4513, 357, 3705, 34, 8, 290, 1181, 5617, 3078, 635, 389, 5295, 416, 262, 20815, 13, 6430, 1178, 10828, 6593, 2897, 3744, 2785, 329, 5358, 286, 1393, 393, 1342, 18241, 284, 262, 661, 621, 17678, 42870, 13, 198, 464, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5617, 3078, 468, 531, 326, 772, 262, 749, 7531, 2489, 389, 2801, 385, 652, 611, 262, 826, 284, 3015, 318, 19066, 13, 1081, 884, 11, 1230, 2499, 284, 4155, 326, 477, 6506, 389, 28109, 281, 4961, 3663, 284, 3015, 290, 8277, 287, 1230, 13, 1114, 262, 3071, 1429, 284, 307, 8768, 340, 1276, 307, 7606, 11, 810, 597, 1048, 468, 262, 2863, 284, 1057, 329, 2607, 290, 307, 7018, 13, 632, 318, 2562, 284, 15677, 393, 39653, 262, 2928, 326, 17678, 42870, 460, 423, 319, 13901, 5449, 13, 2102, 11, 5370, 925, 1141, 262, 16855, 1429, 460, 5485, 9511, 10552, 290, 1964, 1630, 1290, 656, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 7003, 3660, 17678, 42870, 468, 587, 925, 517, 9432, 832, 262, 779, 286, 29597, 290, 17678, 42870, 3788, 11, 5920, 4497, 329, 17678, 42870, 991, 423, 1049, 1176, 284, 2689, 262, 3858, 286, 661, 508, 460, 307, 7018, 416, 21671, 12815, 326, 2661, 617, 517, 621, 1854, 13, 632, 318, 23602, 326, 17678, 42870, 307, 37984, 284, 883, 508, 389, 407, 3264, 5676, 416, 663, 10906, 290, 326, 262, 1429, 307, 880, 6856, 284, 4179, 262, 4925, 326, 1627, 3197, 364, 389, 1813, 13, 198, 26469, 17678, 42870, 4981, 389, 1365, 621, 1854, 287, 2846, 286, 10404, 422, 1964, 17512, 13, 554, 281, 3626, 284, 1207, 6212, 291, 1096, 262, 1429, 11, 530, 1181, 920, 11469, 82, 17678, 42870, 284, 42157, 10828, 3085, 11, 1511, 2585, 1577, 4165, 5798, 284, 9899, 11490, 393, 30421, 290, 3624, 2585, 779, 30421, 287, 281, 20852, 393, 11559, 2597, 13, 198, 46108, 4421, 11, 612, 318, 257, 3957, 1393, 287, 10829, 38081, 422, 262, 17678, 42870, 1429, 13, 4619, 5075, 11, 1248, 286, 262, 2579, 2585, 326, 779, 691, 511, 38081, 329, 17678, 42870, 423, 3088, 284, 2251, 4795, 17678, 42870, 30421, 393, 284, 4292, 262, 10741, 286, 4683, 1181, 30421, 357, 1484, 329, 584, 4959, 8, 284, 2291, 262, 4876, 286, 17678, 42870, 13, 198, 7738, 396, 42870, 30421, 389, 407, 6646, 517, 393, 1342, 4050, 621, 38081, 287, 2846, 286, 14928, 19284, 13, 30481, 8739, 326, 645, 1448, 481, 4427, 318, 7485, 13, 22250, 286, 508, 49567, 287, 262, 1627, 8263, 1429, 11, 19284, 460, 1011, 1811, 812, 284, 10568, 290, 17678, 42870, 5920, 743, 4341, 355, 881, 640, 46235, 511, 3352, 355, 484, 750, 4441, 606, 13, 2102, 11, 1813, 13340, 338, 1613, 3513, 286, 15557, 11, 1459, 3265, 15381, 290, 2274, 10181, 625, 14458, 4975, 11, 17678, 42870, 21147, 481, 307, 2440, 428, 640, 13, 198, 464, 1181, 815, 21031, 428, 3663, 284, 8515, 663, 1597, 12, 292, 12, 37850, 3164, 284, 8263, 4783, 3951, 13, 7232, 11469, 278, 17678, 42870, 284, 281, 4795, 1767, 326, 481, 407, 4414, 3264, 422, 262, 3951, 7428, 4084, 318, 257, 1365, 3038, 287, 2846, 286, 27496, 9511, 6628, 290, 2615, 257, 10655, 286, 1171, 3774, 13, 7735, 11, 15427, 257, 517, 17347, 11, 17707, 6856, 290, 13245, 1429, 460, 5566, 2620, 262, 2863, 329, 262, 1181, 338, 3352, 284, 7866, 2003, 2742, 14521, 13, 198, 1212, 989, 4394, 281, 16700, 286, 17678, 42870, 7767, 13673, 290, 20829, 262, 1708, 8561, 284, 13340, 338, 17678, 42870, 2446, 25, 198, 41248, 341, 352, 25, 2195, 570, 262, 4876, 286, 11702, 290, 10828, 17678, 42870, 284, 281, 4795, 5810, 11, 3025, 5635, 11, 10741, 290, 17678, 42870, 7811, 389, 14245, 4920, 287, 1099, 13, 198, 41248, 341, 362, 25, 9394, 557, 477, 5810, 8292, 11, 4963, 11, 8062, 290, 670, 1720, 284, 307, 2426, 284, 13340, 338, 1280, 8292, 290, 1171, 4406, 3657, 11, 355, 880, 355, 4481, 290, 33962, 319, 262, 5810, 338, 5313, 2524, 13, 198, 41248, 341, 513, 25, 16623, 262, 16237, 286, 17678, 42870, 1176, 3393, 284, 4155, 257, 3492, 290, 1498, 5810, 329, 262, 1306, 17678, 42870, 6772, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,224
During the next two weeks, you can help build a map of global light pollution, assisting scientists and astronomers as they monitor the loss of virgin night skies. You just have to look at the stars and write down what you see — or, more likely, what you don’t see. Imagine if every time you needed to officially identify yourself you had to be sedated and knocked out cold. This might sound only slightly less stressful than checking through security at the airport, but for animals being tracked by wildlife authorities and researchers it’s a regularity that is not only stressful, but potentially harmful. Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.	[ 7191, 262, 1306, 734, 2745, 11, 345, 460, 1037, 1382, 257, 3975, 286, 3298, 1657, 12231, 11, 26508, 5519, 290, 33162, 355, 484, 5671, 262, 2994, 286, 21772, 1755, 24091, 13, 921, 655, 423, 284, 804, 379, 262, 5788, 290, 3551, 866, 644, 345, 766, 851, 393, 11, 517, 1884, 11, 644, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 766, 13, 198, 25153, 611, 790, 640, 345, 2622, 284, 8720, 5911, 3511, 345, 550, 284, 307, 10081, 515, 290, 13642, 503, 4692, 13, 770, 1244, 2128, 691, 4622, 1342, 27177, 621, 10627, 832, 2324, 379, 262, 9003, 11, 475, 329, 4695, 852, 18283, 416, 15599, 4773, 290, 4837, 340, 447, 247, 82, 257, 3218, 414, 326, 318, 407, 691, 27177, 11, 475, 6196, 13568, 13, 198, 20029, 4998, 11, 3424, 8514, 326, 481, 900, 514, 1479, 11, 287, 428, 1227, 338, 2568, 12, 18143, 2071, 13, 4418, 25, 703, 284, 1382, 257, 1365, 5194, 31029, 11, 262, 25810, 14958, 326, 389, 8620, 534, 1751, 11, 257, 1692, 48786, 11, 262, 995, 338, 18197, 27210, 11, 290, 881, 517, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	178
Term: January 21, 1879 - January 16, 1883 Born: June 8, 1830 Died: December 1, 1892 Henry Martyn Hoyt was the third straight Civil War general to serve in the state's highest office. Hoyt was born June 8, 1830, on a farm in Kingston, Luzerne County, to a Presbyterian family with Connecticut roots dating back to about 1629. His father, Ziba Hoyt, was a farmer who had fought at Lake Erie during the War of 1812, and his mother, Nancy Herbert, is believed to have been related to General William T. Sherman. Hoyt was educated at old Wilkes-Barre Academy, Wyoming Seminary, Lafayette College, and Williams College (Massachusetts). After graduating in 1849 from Williams, Hoyt taught school at the Towanda Academy, followed by a school in Memphis, Tennessee, and then was professor of mathematics at Wyoming Seminary. At the same time, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853. On September 25, 1855, he married Mary Loveland and raised one son and two daughters. Hoyt was active in the Whig Party, ran for district attorney, and campaigned in 1856 for the Whig presidential candidate, John Fremont. When the Civil War broke out, he became the colonel in charge of the 52nd Pennsylvania Volunteers, but was imprisoned during the expedition against Charleston, South Carolina. On July 3, 1864, Hoyt led about 1,000 troops by boat on the James River to Fort Johnson where they successfully entered the fort. However, Union reinforcements did not arrive in time. Hoyt's men could not hold the fort and Hoyt was captured. An attempt to escape was thwarted when bloodhounds ran him down, but later, a prisoner exchange allowed him to return to the 52nd until the end of the war when he was brevetted brigadier general. After returning to his law practice, Hoyt resumed his climb on the political ladder. He was first elected to the school board of Wilkes-Barre in 1866 and then appointed as a law judge of Luzerne County in 1867, but lost an election for the same position after being nominated by the Republicans. In 1869, he was appointed collector of internal revenue for Luzerne and Susquehanna Counties. In 1875-76, he served as state Republican chairman, which, along with his Civil War hero status, helped position him to be nominated as governor. The Republican influence was weakening with the economic downturn that dated back to the Panic of 1873. After the Republicans lost control of both the General Assembly and a U.S. Senate seat, it appeared as though the Democrats might win the governor's race. The Democrats, however, were counting on a coalition with the new National-Greenback Party, a party that appealed to the huge voting block of farmers and labor. In the end, Republican Party bosses Robert Mackey and Matthew S. Quay convinced the Greenback Party to back off from supporting the Democratic candidate, Andrew H. Dill, and instead put forth their own candidate, Samuel R. Mason. Hoyt won by 22,000 votes. Hoyt's administration did not begin smoothly. In the spring of 1879, public outcry met the passage of the General Assembly's "riot bill" that appropriated four million dollars to compensate Pennsylvania Railroad for property damages in the riots of 1877. Allegheny County had responsibility for the damage, but Pittsburgh politicians and special interests succeeded in placing the burden on all of Pennsylvania's taxpayers. A legislative investigation concluded that at least eight persons, including three members of the General Assembly, were guilty of criminal solicitation on behalf of the bill. The legislators were sent to jail, but the attorney general pardoned them. A second scandal involved Matthew Quay, by then serving as secretary of the Commonwealth. Quay's choice for state treasurer, Samuel Butler, turned out to be an embarrassment for Quay and the former treasurer, Amos Noye. Butler proved to be a high-minded individual who demanded a strict accounting of state funds. He found that Quay and the former treasurer had engaged in speculation with state funds, which led Hoyt to cut his ties to the Quay machine. The Constitution of 1874 prohibited the governor from succeeding himself, but otherwise permitted reelection in the future. However, Hoyt's move toward independent Republicans resulted in alienation from the Quay-Cameron machine, thus his political career ended with his one term as governor. Even so, Hoyt's administration still managed a number of accomplishments. Under Hoyt's governorship, state debt was reduced by one and half million dollars; mitigation reformed the cruel Pennsylvania solitary confinement prison system; the charters of "diploma mill" medical schools were revoked; a state medical board was established; delinquent taxes were collected; and railroads were prosecuted for rate schedules that were discriminatory. To give additional young male first offenders, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, a second chance, a new reformatory was built where they were taught a trade and allowed to further their education. Also during his administration, the Second State Geological Survey was launched, and the legislature banned school segregation. On yielding his office to the first Democratic governor since the 1850s, Hoyt congratulated the people for taking government out of the hands of professional politicians and, therefore, seeking solutions that might conceivably restore honesty to the political scene. Hoyt was also known for his 1879 published study of land claims in Controversy Between Connecticut and Pennsylvania and an 1885 book, Protection Versus Free Trade . Henry Hoyt returned to his law practice for several years before he died in Wilkes-Barre on December 1, 1892, from a protracted illness. He is buried in the Forty Fort Cemetery in Luzerne County.	[ 40596, 25, 3269, 2310, 11, 1248, 3720, 532, 3269, 1467, 11, 1248, 5999, 198, 28524, 25, 2795, 807, 11, 45440, 198, 35, 798, 25, 3426, 352, 11, 1248, 5892, 198, 32476, 3981, 2047, 49873, 83, 373, 262, 2368, 3892, 7511, 1810, 2276, 284, 4691, 287, 262, 1181, 338, 4511, 2607, 13, 49873, 83, 373, 4642, 2795, 807, 11, 45440, 11, 319, 257, 5318, 287, 34612, 11, 6026, 9107, 710, 3418, 11, 284, 257, 44150, 1641, 351, 14493, 11135, 10691, 736, 284, 546, 1467, 1959, 13, 2399, 2988, 11, 1168, 23718, 49873, 83, 11, 373, 257, 18739, 508, 550, 8350, 379, 6233, 40911, 1141, 262, 1810, 286, 1248, 1065, 11, 290, 465, 2802, 11, 18496, 28648, 11, 318, 4762, 284, 423, 587, 3519, 284, 3611, 3977, 309, 13, 23198, 13, 198, 39, 726, 83, 373, 15657, 379, 1468, 5187, 5209, 12, 33, 9624, 8581, 11, 24533, 12449, 3219, 11, 41388, 5535, 11, 290, 6484, 5535, 357, 20273, 9770, 737, 2293, 30024, 287, 1248, 2920, 422, 6484, 11, 49873, 83, 7817, 1524, 379, 262, 24324, 5282, 8581, 11, 3940, 416, 257, 1524, 287, 20522, 11, 11287, 11, 290, 788, 373, 6240, 286, 19473, 379, 24533, 12449, 3219, 13, 1629, 262, 976, 640, 11, 339, 9713, 1099, 290, 373, 6848, 284, 262, 2318, 287, 1248, 4310, 13, 1550, 2693, 1679, 11, 1248, 2816, 11, 339, 6405, 5335, 6706, 9731, 290, 4376, 530, 3367, 290, 734, 14850, 13, 49873, 83, 373, 4075, 287, 262, 854, 328, 3615, 11, 4966, 329, 4783, 6136, 11, 290, 32853, 287, 1248, 3980, 329, 262, 854, 328, 4787, 4540, 11, 1757, 38433, 756, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 7511, 1810, 6265, 503, 11, 339, 2627, 262, 46969, 287, 3877, 286, 262, 6740, 358, 9589, 45646, 11, 475, 373, 21125, 1141, 262, 22817, 1028, 26070, 11, 2520, 5913, 13, 1550, 2901, 513, 11, 1248, 2414, 11, 49873, 83, 2957, 546, 352, 11, 830, 6553, 416, 8848, 319, 262, 3700, 5866, 284, 6401, 5030, 810, 484, 7675, 5982, 262, 6285, 13, 2102, 11, 4479, 38578, 750, 407, 9240, 287, 640, 13, 49873, 83, 338, 1450, 714, 407, 1745, 262, 6285, 290, 49873, 83, 373, 7907, 13, 1052, 2230, 284, 6654, 373, 44200, 618, 2910, 71, 3733, 4966, 683, 866, 11, 475, 1568, 11, 257, 17234, 5163, 3142, 683, 284, 1441, 284, 262, 6740, 358, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 618, 339, 373, 1449, 303, 28734, 24393, 38868, 2276, 13, 198, 3260, 8024, 284, 465, 1099, 3357, 11, 49873, 83, 28291, 465, 12080, 319, 262, 1964, 18002, 13, 679, 373, 717, 7018, 284, 262, 1524, 3096, 286, 5187, 5209, 12, 33, 9624, 287, 1248, 2791, 290, 788, 9899, 355, 257, 1099, 5052, 286, 6026, 9107, 710, 3418, 287, 1248, 3134, 11, 475, 2626, 281, 3071, 329, 262, 976, 2292, 706, 852, 19332, 416, 262, 4734, 13, 554, 1248, 3388, 11, 339, 373, 9899, 22967, 286, 5387, 6426, 329, 6026, 9107, 710, 290, 8932, 4188, 71, 7697, 2764, 444, 13, 554, 1248, 2425, 12, 4304, 11, 339, 4983, 355, 1181, 3415, 8900, 11, 543, 11, 1863, 351, 465, 7511, 1810, 4293, 3722, 11, 4193, 2292, 683, 284, 307, 19332, 355, 8153, 13, 383, 3415, 4588, 373, 34992, 351, 262, 3034, 34540, 326, 14567, 736, 284, 262, 34478, 286, 1248, 4790, 13, 2293, 262, 4734, 2626, 1630, 286, 1111, 262, 3611, 10006, 290, 257, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3845, 5852, 11, 340, 4120, 355, 996, 262, 4956, 1244, 1592, 262, 8153, 338, 3234, 13, 383, 4956, 11, 2158, 11, 547, 14143, 319, 257, 9906, 351, 262, 649, 2351, 12, 13719, 1891, 3615, 11, 257, 2151, 326, 22280, 284, 262, 3236, 6709, 2512, 286, 9818, 290, 4827, 13, 554, 262, 886, 11, 3415, 3615, 17317, 5199, 4100, 2539, 290, 9308, 311, 13, 2264, 323, 9431, 262, 3469, 1891, 3615, 284, 736, 572, 422, 6493, 262, 4390, 4540, 11, 6858, 367, 13, 44322, 11, 290, 2427, 1234, 6071, 511, 898, 4540, 11, 17100, 371, 13, 14737, 13, 49873, 83, 1839, 416, 2534, 11, 830, 5690, 13, 198, 39, 726, 83, 338, 3662, 750, 407, 2221, 21461, 13, 554, 262, 6076, 286, 1248, 3720, 11, 1171, 34334, 1138, 262, 10066, 286, 262, 3611, 10006, 338, 366, 36671, 2855, 1, 326, 32316, 1440, 1510, 5054, 284, 21392, 9589, 36289, 329, 3119, 12616, 287, 262, 23766, 286, 1248, 3324, 13, 26326, 47413, 3418, 550, 5798, 329, 262, 2465, 11, 475, 12767, 7602, 290, 2041, 5353, 14131, 287, 12560, 262, 10538, 319, 477, 286, 9589, 338, 14086, 13, 317, 10828, 3645, 8391, 326, 379, 1551, 3624, 6506, 11, 1390, 1115, 1866, 286, 262, 3611, 10006, 11, 547, 6717, 286, 4301, 47770, 319, 8378, 286, 262, 2855, 13, 383, 19964, 547, 1908, 284, 7356, 11, 475, 262, 6136, 2276, 41746, 12004, 606, 13, 198, 32, 1218, 10731, 2950, 9308, 2264, 323, 11, 416, 788, 7351, 355, 7705, 286, 262, 17165, 13, 2264, 323, 338, 3572, 329, 1181, 43428, 11, 17100, 17389, 11, 2900, 503, 284, 307, 281, 24655, 329, 2264, 323, 290, 262, 1966, 43428, 11, 49104, 399, 726, 68, 13, 17389, 8302, 284, 307, 257, 1029, 12, 14543, 1981, 508, 12284, 257, 7646, 14317, 286, 1181, 5153, 13, 679, 1043, 326, 2264, 323, 290, 262, 1966, 43428, 550, 7953, 287, 13367, 351, 1181, 5153, 11, 543, 2957, 49873, 83, 284, 2005, 465, 8470, 284, 262, 2264, 323, 4572, 13, 383, 7965, 286, 1248, 4524, 12244, 262, 8153, 422, 34195, 2241, 11, 475, 4306, 10431, 36630, 287, 262, 2003, 13, 2102, 11, 49873, 83, 338, 1445, 3812, 4795, 4734, 8724, 287, 44984, 422, 262, 2264, 323, 12, 34, 41639, 4572, 11, 4145, 465, 1964, 3451, 4444, 351, 465, 530, 3381, 355, 8153, 13, 3412, 523, 11, 49873, 83, 338, 3662, 991, 5257, 257, 1271, 286, 26516, 13, 198, 9203, 49873, 83, 338, 1089, 11094, 11, 1181, 5057, 373, 5322, 416, 530, 290, 2063, 1510, 5054, 26, 33585, 42878, 262, 12177, 9589, 25565, 28739, 3770, 1080, 26, 262, 1149, 1010, 286, 366, 10989, 35728, 3939, 1, 3315, 4266, 547, 30809, 26, 257, 1181, 3315, 3096, 373, 4920, 26, 46026, 5704, 547, 7723, 26, 290, 6787, 21372, 547, 23086, 329, 2494, 24025, 326, 547, 27200, 13, 1675, 1577, 3224, 1862, 4257, 717, 17120, 11, 1022, 262, 9337, 286, 17280, 290, 8208, 12, 13261, 11, 257, 1218, 2863, 11, 257, 649, 4975, 2870, 373, 3170, 810, 484, 547, 7817, 257, 3292, 290, 3142, 284, 2252, 511, 3707, 13, 4418, 1141, 465, 3662, 11, 262, 5498, 1812, 34246, 13084, 373, 5611, 11, 290, 262, 15928, 9301, 1524, 26718, 13, 198, 2202, 39127, 465, 2607, 284, 262, 717, 4390, 8153, 1201, 262, 35745, 82, 11, 49873, 83, 47630, 262, 661, 329, 2263, 1230, 503, 286, 262, 2832, 286, 4708, 7602, 290, 11, 4361, 11, 6095, 8136, 326, 1244, 8571, 47994, 11169, 24345, 284, 262, 1964, 3715, 13, 198, 39, 726, 83, 373, 635, 1900, 329, 465, 1248, 3720, 3199, 2050, 286, 1956, 3667, 287, 198, 4264, 31257, 88, 14307, 14493, 290, 9589, 198, 392, 281, 1248, 5332, 1492, 11, 198, 19703, 3213, 44079, 3232, 9601, 198, 13, 8616, 49873, 83, 4504, 284, 465, 1099, 3357, 329, 1811, 812, 878, 339, 3724, 287, 5187, 5209, 12, 33, 9624, 319, 3426, 352, 11, 1248, 5892, 11, 422, 257, 44466, 8526, 13, 679, 318, 11694, 287, 262, 38223, 6401, 35637, 287, 6026, 9107, 710, 3418, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,208
Evolution in the light of intelligent design - New entries Appendix (human appendix) - despite it's name, no longer considered superfluous or rudimentary (Tyler) Acritarchs - oldest known protists (Tyler) The picture emerging of the Late Archaean is one that includes prokaryotes and eukaryotes, photosynthesis, an oxygenated atmosphere and lots of biological activity. This is a big contrast from the picture even 10 years ago. The significance for our thinking about origins is that the eons of time demanded by Darwinian processes are not available. Archaea - horizontal gene transfer - review of The Archaea's Tale (Tyler) He presents evidence that Darwinian evolution does not go back to the beginning of life. When we compare genomes of ancient lineages of living creatures, we find evidence of numerous transfers of genetic information from one lineage to another. In early times, horizontal gene transfer, the sharing of genes between unrelated species, was prevalent. It becomes more prevalent the further back you go in time. - Freeman Dyson Butterfly sex ratios in Samoa - and natural selection (Tyler) Sex ratios are distorted by the presence of a maternally inherited bacterium which has the effect of selectively killing male embryos. The authors report ratios of >99% female to nearly 1:1. These were different on different islands and at different times. The genetics of this shift of sex ratios is summarised in one paragraph with some supporting online data. There is not enough information here for anyone to either confirm or challenge their conclusions. Cell - molecular recognition - advantages of cellular key-lock not being an exact fit. (Tyler) So, something that could have been interpreted as evidence for tinkering evolution is discovered to have advantages after all. Furthermore, it has potential for the design of human systems operating in noisy environments. By invoking "evolutionary selection", the authors suggest an evolutionary context for their work. However, there is no evidence that evolutionary selection was involved, and the link with evolutionary theory is gratuitous. Central dogma (Tyler) Casual observers might say they find chaos in the emerging picture of the genome, but systems biology is tracking down extraordinary sophistication at the molecular biology level, indicating that theories (like Darwinism) that are undirected and stochastic have little to offer 21st Century biology. Exoplanets - atmospheres (Tyler) Gecko - feet a standard for adhesion (Tyler) ... the gecko does not demonstrate just a single trait with enhanced performance. There are issues of adhesion and delamination, self-cleaning, and achieving a sustained adhesive performance. What we have in the gecko is exquisite design and, for that, biomimetics needs a methodology that can relate well to intelligent engineering design concepts. Molecular recognition in the cell (Tyler) Protists - oldest known protists (Tyler) Sensory perception - advanced perception in Permian amniotes (Tyler) The discovery of a highly-evolved auditory apparatus in Middle Permian parareptiles even further emphasizes that the entire groundplan for the impressive evolutionary history of amniotes was already largely in place by the end of the Paleozoic; what followed was in fact only a subsequent tinkering of earlier inventions." Darwinism needs time, but the fossil record no longer provides it. Stasis - tribolites (Tyler) Trilobites - variation and stasis as a pattern The research documented both rapid morphological variation and subsequent stasis. ... One hypothesis is that radiations occur because organisms are designed to vary, but the process results in genetic impoverishment that leads to stasis. Variation - tribolites (Tyler)	[ 15200, 2122, 287, 262, 1657, 286, 12661, 1486, 532, 968, 12784, 198, 4677, 19573, 357, 10734, 43600, 8, 532, 3805, 340, 338, 1438, 11, 645, 2392, 3177, 48713, 516, 393, 47381, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 12832, 799, 34592, 532, 13325, 1900, 1237, 1023, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 464, 4286, 11823, 286, 262, 18319, 32187, 272, 318, 530, 326, 3407, 386, 74, 560, 6421, 290, 304, 2724, 560, 6421, 11, 5205, 44411, 11, 281, 11863, 515, 8137, 290, 6041, 286, 10685, 3842, 13, 770, 318, 257, 1263, 6273, 422, 262, 4286, 772, 838, 812, 2084, 13, 383, 12085, 329, 674, 3612, 546, 15587, 318, 326, 262, 304, 684, 286, 640, 12284, 416, 21450, 666, 7767, 389, 407, 1695, 13, 198, 19895, 44705, 532, 16021, 9779, 4351, 532, 2423, 286, 383, 32187, 64, 338, 17388, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 1544, 10969, 2370, 326, 21450, 666, 6954, 857, 407, 467, 736, 284, 262, 3726, 286, 1204, 13, 1649, 356, 8996, 42136, 286, 6156, 1627, 1095, 286, 2877, 8109, 11, 356, 1064, 2370, 286, 6409, 16395, 286, 8513, 1321, 422, 530, 31144, 284, 1194, 13, 554, 1903, 1661, 11, 16021, 9779, 4351, 11, 262, 7373, 286, 10812, 1022, 19938, 4693, 11, 373, 21854, 13, 632, 4329, 517, 21854, 262, 2252, 736, 345, 467, 287, 640, 13, 532, 22394, 360, 19699, 198, 1537, 353, 12254, 1714, 22423, 287, 43663, 532, 290, 3288, 6356, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 23398, 22423, 389, 26987, 416, 262, 4931, 286, 257, 285, 9205, 453, 19552, 19241, 1505, 543, 468, 262, 1245, 286, 39119, 5170, 4257, 39966, 13, 383, 7035, 989, 22423, 286, 1875, 2079, 4, 4048, 284, 3016, 352, 25, 16, 13, 2312, 547, 1180, 319, 1180, 14807, 290, 379, 1180, 1661, 13, 383, 25862, 286, 428, 6482, 286, 1714, 22423, 318, 15676, 1417, 287, 530, 7322, 351, 617, 6493, 2691, 1366, 13, 1318, 318, 407, 1576, 1321, 994, 329, 2687, 284, 2035, 6216, 393, 4427, 511, 13242, 13, 198, 28780, 532, 18955, 9465, 532, 13391, 286, 19824, 1994, 12, 5354, 407, 852, 281, 2748, 4197, 13, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 2396, 11, 1223, 326, 714, 423, 587, 16173, 355, 2370, 329, 44569, 1586, 6954, 318, 5071, 284, 423, 13391, 706, 477, 13, 11399, 11, 340, 468, 2785, 329, 262, 1486, 286, 1692, 3341, 5361, 287, 31210, 12493, 13, 2750, 39744, 366, 1990, 2122, 560, 6356, 1600, 262, 7035, 1950, 281, 16673, 4732, 329, 511, 670, 13, 2102, 11, 612, 318, 645, 2370, 326, 16673, 6356, 373, 2950, 11, 290, 262, 2792, 351, 16673, 4583, 318, 14586, 42412, 13, 198, 30645, 40937, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 35155, 723, 17984, 1244, 910, 484, 1064, 11918, 287, 262, 11823, 4286, 286, 262, 19270, 11, 475, 3341, 17219, 318, 9646, 866, 11359, 44809, 379, 262, 18955, 17219, 1241, 11, 12739, 326, 10946, 357, 2339, 21450, 1042, 8, 326, 389, 3318, 1060, 276, 290, 3995, 354, 3477, 423, 1310, 284, 2897, 2310, 301, 13641, 17219, 13, 198, 3109, 46853, 1039, 532, 6904, 19079, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 10082, 37549, 532, 3625, 257, 3210, 329, 512, 32582, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 986, 262, 4903, 37549, 857, 407, 10176, 655, 257, 2060, 16708, 351, 13105, 2854, 13, 1318, 389, 2428, 286, 512, 32582, 290, 1619, 24979, 11, 2116, 12, 2375, 7574, 11, 290, 16937, 257, 12605, 43608, 2854, 13, 1867, 356, 423, 287, 262, 4903, 37549, 318, 40123, 1486, 290, 11, 329, 326, 11, 27488, 320, 14596, 2476, 257, 20411, 326, 460, 15124, 880, 284, 12661, 8705, 1486, 10838, 13, 198, 44, 2305, 10440, 9465, 287, 262, 2685, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 19703, 1023, 532, 13325, 1900, 1237, 1023, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 50, 641, 652, 11202, 532, 6190, 11202, 287, 2448, 76, 666, 716, 77, 5151, 274, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 464, 9412, 286, 257, 4047, 12, 1990, 5634, 38949, 21152, 287, 6046, 2448, 76, 666, 1582, 533, 457, 2915, 772, 2252, 31648, 326, 262, 2104, 2323, 11578, 329, 262, 8036, 16673, 2106, 286, 716, 77, 5151, 274, 373, 1541, 5688, 287, 1295, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 21706, 45149, 291, 26, 644, 3940, 373, 287, 1109, 691, 257, 8840, 44569, 1586, 286, 2961, 39405, 526, 21450, 1042, 2476, 640, 11, 475, 262, 12584, 1700, 645, 2392, 3769, 340, 13, 198, 1273, 17765, 532, 8433, 349, 2737, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 2898, 346, 672, 2737, 532, 12291, 290, 336, 17765, 355, 257, 3912, 198, 464, 2267, 12395, 1111, 5801, 17488, 2770, 12291, 290, 8840, 336, 17765, 13, 2644, 1881, 14078, 318, 326, 19772, 602, 3051, 780, 20296, 389, 3562, 284, 7565, 11, 475, 262, 1429, 2482, 287, 8513, 30956, 17862, 326, 5983, 284, 336, 17765, 13, 198, 23907, 341, 532, 8433, 349, 2737, 357, 46807, 8, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	772
The first thing to note about the psqlODBC driver (or any ODBC driver) is that there must exist a driver manager on the system where the ODBC driver is to be used. There exists a free ODBC driver for Unix called iODBC which can be obtained via http://www.iodbc.org. Instructions for installing iODBC are contained in the iODBC distribution. Having said that, any driver manager that you can find for your platform should support the psqlODBC driver, or any other ODBC driver for that matter. To install psqlODBC you simply need to supply the --enable-odbc option to the configure script when you are building the entire PostgreSQL distribution. The library and header files will then automatically be built and installed with the rest of the programs. If you forget that option or want to build the ODBC driver later you can change into the directory src/interfaces/odbc and do make and make install there. The installation-wide configuration file odbcinst.ini will be installed into the directory /usr/local/pgsql/etc/, or equivalent, depending on what --prefix and/or --sysconfdir options you supplied to configure. Since this file can also be shared between different ODBC drivers you can also install it in a shared location. To do that, override the location of this file with the --with-odbcinst option. Additionally, you should install the ODBC catalog extensions. That will provide a number of functions mandated by the ODBC standard that are not supplied by PostgreSQL by default. The file /usr/local/pgsql/share/odbc.sql (in the default installation layout) contains the appropriate definitions, which you can install as follows: psql -d template1 -f LOCATION/odbc.sqlwhere specifying template1 as the target database will ensure that all subsequent new databases will have these same definitions. psqlODBC has been built and tested on Linux. There have been reports of success with FreeBSD and with Solaris. There are no known restrictions on the basic code for other platforms which already support Postgres.	[ 464, 717, 1517, 284, 3465, 546, 262, 279, 25410, 3727, 2749, 4639, 357, 273, 597, 31245, 2749, 4639, 8, 318, 326, 612, 1276, 2152, 257, 4639, 4706, 319, 262, 1080, 810, 262, 31245, 2749, 4639, 318, 284, 307, 973, 13, 1318, 7160, 257, 1479, 31245, 2749, 4639, 329, 33501, 1444, 1312, 3727, 2749, 543, 460, 307, 6492, 2884, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 2101, 15630, 13, 2398, 13, 27759, 329, 15975, 1312, 3727, 2749, 389, 7763, 287, 262, 1312, 3727, 2749, 6082, 13, 11136, 531, 326, 11, 597, 4639, 4706, 326, 345, 460, 1064, 329, 534, 3859, 815, 1104, 262, 279, 25410, 3727, 2749, 4639, 11, 393, 597, 584, 31245, 2749, 4639, 329, 326, 2300, 13, 198, 2514, 2721, 279, 25410, 3727, 2749, 345, 2391, 761, 284, 5127, 262, 1377, 21633, 12, 375, 15630, 3038, 284, 262, 17425, 4226, 618, 345, 389, 2615, 262, 2104, 2947, 47701, 6082, 13, 383, 5888, 290, 13639, 3696, 481, 788, 6338, 307, 3170, 290, 6589, 351, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 4056, 13, 1002, 345, 6044, 326, 3038, 393, 765, 284, 1382, 262, 31245, 2749, 4639, 1568, 345, 460, 1487, 656, 262, 8619, 12351, 14, 3849, 32186, 14, 375, 15630, 290, 466, 787, 290, 787, 2721, 612, 13, 198, 464, 9988, 12, 4421, 8398, 2393, 267, 9945, 66, 8625, 13, 5362, 481, 307, 6589, 656, 262, 8619, 1220, 14629, 14, 12001, 14, 6024, 25410, 14, 14784, 47454, 393, 7548, 11, 6906, 319, 644, 1377, 40290, 290, 14, 273, 1377, 17597, 10414, 15908, 3689, 345, 14275, 284, 17425, 13, 4619, 428, 2393, 460, 635, 307, 4888, 1022, 1180, 31245, 2749, 6643, 345, 460, 635, 2721, 340, 287, 257, 4888, 4067, 13, 1675, 466, 326, 11, 20957, 262, 4067, 286, 428, 2393, 351, 262, 1377, 4480, 12, 375, 15630, 8625, 3038, 13, 198, 23216, 11, 345, 815, 2721, 262, 31245, 2749, 18388, 18366, 13, 1320, 481, 2148, 257, 1271, 286, 5499, 28853, 416, 262, 31245, 2749, 3210, 326, 389, 407, 14275, 416, 2947, 47701, 416, 4277, 13, 383, 2393, 1220, 14629, 14, 12001, 14, 6024, 25410, 14, 20077, 14, 375, 15630, 13, 25410, 357, 259, 262, 4277, 9988, 12461, 8, 4909, 262, 5035, 17336, 11, 543, 345, 460, 2721, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 862, 13976, 532, 67, 11055, 16, 532, 69, 37347, 6234, 14, 375, 15630, 13, 25410, 3003, 31577, 11055, 16, 355, 262, 2496, 6831, 481, 4155, 326, 477, 8840, 649, 20083, 481, 423, 777, 976, 17336, 13, 198, 862, 13976, 3727, 2749, 468, 587, 3170, 290, 6789, 319, 7020, 13, 1318, 423, 587, 3136, 286, 1943, 351, 35841, 290, 351, 12347, 271, 13, 1318, 389, 645, 1900, 8733, 319, 262, 4096, 2438, 329, 584, 9554, 543, 1541, 1104, 2947, 34239, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	446
Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, intended to encourage good programming practices using so called structured programming and data structuring. : What is the reason for this problem? If I leave pascal doing anything : in loop, After ~30 secs loop is runiing slower than before, but loop returns at normal speed when i move mouse or press a... : Hi There : I'm using Turbo Pascal for Windows 1.5, and using WinCrt in my program. : 1. How can I use color text or color background? I try to use : Textcolor(1); Textbackground(4);, but it... : when using this code: : procedure TForm1.ApplicationEvents1Message(var Msg: tagMSG; : var Handled: Boolean); : if (Msg.message = wm_KeyUp) or (Msg.message=wm_KeyDown) then There are a lot of applications where speed is a critical factor -- such as real-time programs. MS Windows and Unix are not real-time operating systems, so speed is not all that... Is there any way in Pascal (or asm) to shut down the computer (you know, as in Windows - you press shut down and its turning itself off power). I'd be grateful.	[ 47, 27747, 318, 281, 14212, 23602, 290, 27931, 8300, 3303, 11, 5292, 284, 7898, 922, 8300, 6593, 1262, 523, 1444, 20793, 8300, 290, 1366, 2878, 870, 13, 198, 25, 1867, 318, 262, 1738, 329, 428, 1917, 30, 1002, 314, 2666, 279, 27747, 1804, 1997, 198, 25, 287, 9052, 11, 2293, 5299, 1270, 792, 82, 9052, 318, 1057, 72, 278, 13611, 621, 878, 11, 475, 9052, 5860, 379, 3487, 2866, 618, 1312, 1445, 10211, 393, 1803, 257, 986, 198, 25, 15902, 1318, 198, 25, 314, 1101, 1262, 22278, 35163, 329, 3964, 352, 13, 20, 11, 290, 1262, 7178, 13916, 83, 287, 616, 1430, 13, 198, 25, 352, 13, 1374, 460, 314, 779, 3124, 2420, 393, 3124, 4469, 30, 314, 1949, 284, 779, 198, 25, 8255, 8043, 7, 16, 1776, 8255, 25249, 7, 19, 1776, 11, 475, 340, 986, 198, 25, 618, 1262, 428, 2438, 25, 198, 25, 8771, 309, 8479, 16, 13, 23416, 37103, 16, 12837, 7, 7785, 6997, 70, 25, 7621, 5653, 38, 26, 198, 25, 1401, 7157, 992, 25, 41146, 1776, 198, 25, 611, 357, 50108, 13, 20500, 796, 266, 76, 62, 9218, 4933, 8, 393, 357, 50108, 13, 20500, 28, 26377, 62, 9218, 8048, 8, 788, 198, 1858, 389, 257, 1256, 286, 5479, 810, 2866, 318, 257, 4688, 5766, 1377, 884, 355, 1103, 12, 2435, 4056, 13, 6579, 3964, 290, 33501, 389, 407, 1103, 12, 2435, 5361, 3341, 11, 523, 2866, 318, 407, 477, 326, 986, 198, 3792, 612, 597, 835, 287, 35163, 357, 273, 355, 76, 8, 284, 4423, 866, 262, 3644, 357, 5832, 760, 11, 355, 287, 3964, 532, 345, 1803, 4423, 866, 290, 663, 6225, 2346, 572, 1176, 737, 198, 40, 1549, 307, 14066, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	281
Nucleic acid binding proteins are required for many processes in living organisms. Transcription factors play an important role in regulating transcription of DNA by binding to specific recognition sites on the chromosome. This regulation is required for cell viability, differentiation and growth(1) . The ability to detect and confirm the interaction of such proteins with various nucleic acid targets provides valuable information about the cell signaling cascades that govern the ability of a cell to divide, migrate, interact with its neighbors, develop and maintain specialized functions, and terminate viability at the appropriate time. Two common techniques used to detect the interaction of nucleic acid binding proteins with nucleic acids are the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and fluorescence anisotropy assay(3) . EMSA involves binding protein to a radiolabeled DNA probe followed by resolution on a polyacrylamide gel. Due to the increase in mass, protein:probe complexes migrate slower than free probe, allowing comparison of free versus bound probe. The specificity of such complexes is determined using competition experiments with unlabeled specific and nonspecific oligos. This method works best with purified protein and can be quite labor intensive, particularly when numerous samples are being processed. In fluorescence anisotropy, a DNA binding protein is bound to a DNA substrate containing a fluorophore. Polarized light is shined onto the sample and then the emitted light is detected. Because a DNA:protein complex tumbles in solution more slowly than the free DNA, there is less deflected light. This method works best with purified protein and requires special equipment. Protein chips have emerged as an approach for identification of DNA:protein interactions(5) . Functional protein microarrays are composed of arrays containing full-length functional proteins or protein domains. Fluorescently labeled DNA is used to probe the array and identify proteins that bind to that specific probe. Protein microarrays provide a method for high-throughput identification of DNA:protein interactions. However, microarrays are not easily adaptable. The HaloLink™ Protein Array System offers solutions to these challenges, as described in following paragraph, and certain issues have been specifically addressed. These include preventing false positives. The HaloLink™ Array System is an alternative approach for analysis of DNA:protein interactions. This system captures nucleic acid binding proteins on a slide surface (Figure 1) and previously has been shown to be a successful method for studying protein:protein interactions and enzymatic reactions(8) . The system requires the generation of a fusion protein between the DNA-binding protein and the HaloTag® protein(8) . The HaloTag® protein is a 34kDa modified hydrolase enzyme that can form a rapid, specific and covalent bond with its chloroalkane ligand(10) . Synthesizing the HaloTag® fusion-DNA-binding protein in cell-free systems adds to the speed and flexibility of the assay. The HaloLink™ Protein Array slides are hydrogel-coated glass slides containing immobilized HaloTag® ligand. Fifty individual wells are created by adding a silicon gasket to the slide. The expressed fusion protein can be bound to the surface covalently, allowing stringent washing and subsequent analysis of DNA binding by adding a DNA probe. This technique is rapid, requires no purified protein, provides a moderate data set (n = 50) and is adaptable to different throughputs. We used the Rel/NF-κB transcription factor, p50(11) , as a model DNA binding protein to show that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide provides a tool for analyzing DNA-binding protein:DNA interactions. Dimers of NF-κB proteins regulate transcription by directly binding enhancer sequences, referred to as κB DNA sequences, which are located in the regulatory regions of numerous genes. HaloLink™ Protein Array Experimental Design Figure 1 outlines the experimental design of the HaloLink™ Protein Array System. A HaloTag® fusion protein is expressed with a cell-free expression system and then covalently attached to the slide surface through the HaloTag® protein’s interaction with the HaloTag® ligand (see supplementary information for details). After washing and drying, the slide is processed to determine protein concentration, and is then used to analyze the DNA: protein interaction. To detect the HaloTag® fusion protein, certain wells of the slide are probed with anti-HaloTag® antibody (Cat.# G9281). After a second wash followed with a drying step, the slide is probed with Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit antibody and analyzed on a Typhoon® 9410 slide scanner to detect the HaloTag® fusion protein. In addition, other wells have a fluorophore-labeled DNA probe added to them. After incubation, the slide is washed, dried, and scanned to detect the DNA:protein interaction. HaloTag®-p50 binds to the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide and has DNA binding activity. Two human p50 proteins were expressed as N-terminal HaloTag® fusion proteins in a high-yield wheat germ cell-free protein expression system. One p50 protein contains the DNA binding domain, dimerization domain, and the nuclear localization sequence of the human p50 protein, while the second p50 protein (–DNA BD) has the DNA binding domain removed. Expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the HaloTag® TMR Ligand (Cat.# G8251)(12) followed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 2, Panel A). Figure 2. HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein attaches to the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide and shows DNA binding activity. Panel A. TMR-labeled SDS-PAGE of HaloTag® fusions. One microliter of both HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) fusion proteins expressed in a cell-free system was labeled with the HaloTag® TMR Ligand and separated using SDS-PAGE. A marker was used to assay for size. Panel B. HaloLink™ Protein Array slide. The numbers correspond to wells, and the letters correspond to columns. Column A: wells 1–10, 5μl of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at 0, 1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 10.5, 21, 42, 83, 166, and 332nM, respectively, was added to each well. Each well was then probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column B: wells 1–3, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein was added to each well; wells 5-7, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) fusion protein was added to each well. These wells were then probed with Anti- HaloTag® pAb followed with the Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column C: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein was added to each well. WT-DNA was added to the wells at 0, 1, 1.9, 3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250nM, respectively. Column D: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein was added to each well. Mut-DNA was added at the same concentrations as those in Column C. Column E: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein (–DNA BD) added to each well. WT-DNA was added at the same concentrations as those in Column C. Panel C. Graph showing binding of HaloTag®-p50 fusion proteins to DNA. Densities for each well were determined using GenePix® software. The concentration of the DNA was plotted versus the density of each well. To test DNA binding activity of p50, we used the HaloLink™ Protein Array System. Extract expressing HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) were added to the slide (Figure 2, Panel B). Three wells for each protein were probed with anti-HaloTag® antibody followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody to verify that each protein was bound to the slide (Figure 2, Column B; wells 1–3 for HaloTag®-p50 and wells 5–7 for HaloTag®-p50 [–DNA BD]). A dilution series of the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at known concentrations was added to the slide to make a titration curve for bound HaloTag® protein (Figure 2, Panel B; Column A). A titration series of wild-type-DNA (WT-DNA) and mutated-DNA (Mut-DNA) both containing Alexa Fluor® 647 was added to the slide. Following scanning, the fluorescence intensity of each well was determined and plotted (Figure 2, Panel C). The HaloTag®-p50 protein bound the WT-DNA to near saturation levels, and did not significantly bind the Mut-DNA. The HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) protein had no detectable DNA binding activity. Probing with a 32P-labeled nucleotide gave similar results (data not shown). This experiment shows that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide is able to bind HaloTag®-fusion proteins and is capable of analyzing DNA:protein interactions. To test further the specificity of the HaloTag®-p50/WT-DNA interaction, we performed a competition assay using unlabeled WT-DNA. Replicates of the HaloTag®-p50 protein expressed in a wheat germ cell-free protein expression system and the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein (20μg/ml) were bound to a HaloLink™ Protein Array slide (Figure 3, Panel A). The slide was then probed with Alexa Fluor® 647-labeled WT-DNA and mixed with increasing amounts of unlabeled WT-DNA. The binding signal decreased as the amount of unlabeled competitor increased. A plot of the fluorescent intensity of each HaloTag®-p50 well versus the percent of competitor DNA shows a linear decrease in signal (Figure 3, Panel B). The HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein did not bind the WT-DNA. This competition assay shows that the HaloTag®-p50 interaction is specific for the WT-DNA and that competition assays can be performed on the HaloLink™ Protein Array slides. IκBα Interferes with the DNA Binding Activity of HaloTag®-p50 IκBα is an ankyrin repeat protein that inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity by sequestering NF-κB outside of the nucleus in resting cells. IκBα forms a very stable complex with NF-κB by binding tightly to the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and weakly to the DNA-binding domain(13) . In the absence of IκBα, we have shown that the p50 protein can bind the WT-DNA using the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide. We hypothesized that there will be a decrease in the binding of the p50 protein to the WT-DNA when IκBα is bound to the p50 protein. To detect IκBα, a T7 epitope tag was added to the N-terminus. We expressed both the p50 protein and p50 co-expressed with IκBα in a wheat germ cell-free protein expression system. A Western blot using the T7 antibody verified the expression of IκBα (Figure 4, Panel A). A dilution series of the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein, the HaloTag®-p50 lysate, and the HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα lysate were added to three HaloLink™ Protein Array slides (Figure 4, Panel C). One slide was probed for HaloTag® fusion protein binding using the Anti-HaloTag® pAb. Another slide was probed for IκBα using the anti-T7 epitope antibody. The third slide was probed with WT-DNA at a concentration of 100nM. After scanning each slide, fluorescent intensities for each well were determined. The concentrations of HaloTag®-p50 in columns B and C were calculated from a titration curve determined using the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein. These concentrations were plotted versus fluorescent intensities of each spot on slide 3. DNA binding was normalized to compensate for a small decrease in HaloTag®-p50 in column 3 versus column 2 on slide 1. Probing with anti-T7 antibody shows the presence of IκBα in column 3. DNA binding of p50 decreased about threefold when IκBα was present, which is consistent with the reported values(13) Figure 4. IkappaBalpha inhibits the binding of p50 to DNA. Panel A. Western Blot analysis of lysate expressing both HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein and IκBα. IκBα contains a T7 epitope tag, which was used for analysis. Panel B. HaloLink™ Protein Array slides. Three slides were imprinted identically with HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein and lysate expressing either HaloTag®-p50 or HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα proteins. Column A: wells 1–9, 5μl of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at 0, 2.6, 5.2, 10.5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nM, respectively, was added to the wells. Column B: wells 1–9, 0, 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 or 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50, respectively, was added to the wells. Column C: rows 1–9 had 0, 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, or 5μl lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα, respectively, was added to the wells. Slide 1 was then probed Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Slide 2 was probed with anti-T7 antibody followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-mouse IgG antibody. Slide 3 was probed with WT-DNA (100nM). Panel C. DNA binding of HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein with and without IκBα was plotted. Densities for each well were determined using GenePix® software. The concentration of the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein in each well was determined using a calibration curve of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein. The concentrations were plotted versus the density of each well. The DNA binding signal of HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα proteins was normalized to that of HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein alone to compensate for the small decrease in HaloTag®®-p50 in Column C. HaloTag®-p50 binds WT-DNA with a greater affinity than HaloTag®-p65 To compare the binding of a similar DNA binding protein, p65, to p50, we expressed p65 (amino acids 19–325) and p50 as HaloTag® fusion proteins in a cell-free protein expression system. Expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the HaloTag® TMR Ligand followed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 5, Panel A). To test the ability of these proteins to bind DNA while bound to the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide, we first added lysates expressing HaloTag®-p50 or HaloTag®-65 to the slide (Figure 5, Panel B). Three wells for each protein were probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody to verify that each protein was properly bound to the slide (Figure 5, Column B, wells 1–3 for HaloTag®-50 and wells 5 and 6 for HaloTag®-p65). The concentrations of the HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p65 proteins were calculated to be nearly identical on the slide. Varying concentrations of WT-DNA were added to the slide as shown in Figure 5. After scanning the slide, the densities of each well were determined and fit to a graph. Both proteins bound the WT-DNA, with HaloTag®-p50 binding about twofold better than HaloTag®-p65. These results agree with those reported previously (using fluorescence anisotropy and EMSA)(13) Figure 5. Binding affinity of p50 and p65 proteins for wildtype DNA. Panel A. TMR-labeled SDS-PAGE of HaloTag® fusion proteins. One microliter of both HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p65 fusion proteins expressed in a cell-free expression system was labeled with the HaloTag® TMR Ligand and separated using SDS-PAGE. A marker was used to assay for size. Panel B. HaloLink™ Protein Array slide. Column A: wells 1–10, 5μl of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at 0, 1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 10.5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nM, respectively, was added to each well. Each well was then probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column B: wells 1–3, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 was added to each. Wells 5–7, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-65 was added to each well. Wells 1–3 and 5–7 were then probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column C: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 was added to each well. WT-DNA was added at to the rows as 0, 1, 1.9, 3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125 or 250nM, respectively. Column D: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p65 added to each. WT-DNA was added at the same concentrations as Column C. The slide was scanned with a GenePix® slide scanner at a wavelength of 635nm. Panel C. The densities for each well were determined using GenePix® software. The concentration of the DNA was plotted versus the density of each well. The three main components of the HaloLink™ Protein Array system are cell-free expression, the HaloTag® protein and the HaloLink™ Slides. All three contribute to the efficiency, robustness and overall speed of the assay. This system can also be used for functional characterization of purified recombinant protein. In a previous study, the Halolink Protein array system was used to study protein: protein interactions found in the NF-kB complex(17) . We have shown that the HaloLink™ Protein Array System can be used to analyze Protein: DNA interactions using p50 and p65 transcription factors as model DNA-binding proteins. First, cell-free translation systems, such as the TNT® SP6 High-Yield Wheat Germ Protein Expression System or the TNT® Rabbit Reticulocyte System, allow for rapid protein production directly from DNA. In addition, protein can be produced in less than two hours using cell-free systems, versus days for production from E. coli-based systems. Cell-free systems also eliminate the expression difficulties some transcription factors have in E. coli-based systems. This adds the flexibility of quickly expressing protein truncations, mutations, or fusions and testing them for activity. Second, the HaloTag® protein enables covalent and oriented capture of proteins on solid surfaces directly from the cell-free expression system without any prior purification step. The HaloTag® protein forms a covalent bond with its HaloTag® ligand. A HaloTag® ligand with reactive end group is used to activate hydrogel-coated glass slides and, subsequently, to capture proteins of interest expressed as HaloTag®-fusion proteins in cell-free protein expression systems. This approach eliminates the need for protein purification, and allows the fused protein of interest to be oriented for maximum biological activity. Third, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated glass slides are known to resist nonspecific adsorption of unwanted protein and to prevent surface-induced denaturation of specific proteins. The low-background binding of the HaloLink™ Slides allows the detection of low abundant binding proteins. A silicone gasket creates 50 wells on the glass slide, so that multiple assays can be performed manually on the same slide without any specialized equipment. This offers an improvement over EMSA, which generally allows approximately 15 reactions per gel. Using the HaloLink™ Protein Array System, we found that p50 bound WT-DNA specifically, and p50 that is lacking its DNA binding domain had no DNA binding activity. This highlights one advantage of using cell-free lysates, truncation and expression is quick, and many different mutations can be tested. The DNA probes used in the experiments were generated synthetically, adding to the speed of the assay. Multiple DNA probes can be tested quickly for binding to one protein, or multiple proteins can be tested for binding to one probe. The DNA can be detected using a fluorophore (as shown in these experiments) or a radiolabeled DNA probe. Both detection methods have similar sensitivity. Using a mutated DNA in a competition assay with wild-type, unlabeled DNA, we showed that the interaction is specific and the HaloLink Protein Array slides have little background binding to the DNA probes. Furthermore, we compared the binding of two different DNA binding proteins, p50 and p65 and showed that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites, which agrees with previous studies(11) The HaloLink™ Protein Array slides also provide a platform to study protein:protein:nucleic acid binding. Using the p50 protein and its inhibitor IκBα, we were able to show a decrease in p50 binding to WT-DNA when the inhibitor was present and showed that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites. This decrease in binding was previously observed(13) . The HaloLink™ Protein Array slide system can be used to analyze the effect that one protein has on the DNA binding activity of another protein. HaloLink™ Protein Array slides provide a medium-throughput assay for analyzing protein:protein, protein:nucleic acid, and protein:small molecule interactions. Unlike conventional protein arrays, HaloLink™ Protein Array slides allow flexibility of content printing. The user can easily create protein mutations and truncations to assay important binding regions on a protein. Using these slides, a user can screen quickly a number of different potential targets, determine important binding regions and determine the even amino acids required for the interaction.	[ 45, 14913, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 389, 2672, 329, 867, 7767, 287, 2877, 20296, 13, 3602, 6820, 5087, 711, 281, 1593, 2597, 287, 26379, 26955, 286, 7446, 416, 12765, 284, 2176, 9465, 5043, 319, 262, 34348, 13, 770, 9001, 318, 2672, 329, 2685, 32141, 11, 32488, 290, 3349, 7, 16, 8, 198, 13, 383, 2694, 284, 4886, 290, 6216, 262, 10375, 286, 884, 15568, 351, 2972, 17751, 291, 7408, 6670, 3769, 8119, 1321, 546, 262, 2685, 22049, 49164, 2367, 326, 1089, 262, 2694, 286, 257, 2685, 284, 14083, 11, 32492, 11, 9427, 351, 663, 12020, 11, 1205, 290, 5529, 16976, 5499, 11, 290, 23654, 32141, 379, 262, 5035, 640, 13, 198, 7571, 2219, 7605, 973, 284, 4886, 262, 10375, 286, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 351, 17751, 291, 17045, 389, 262, 1742, 10051, 9997, 291, 15873, 6482, 40575, 357, 3620, 4090, 8, 290, 6562, 48699, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 40575, 7, 18, 8, 198, 13, 17228, 4090, 9018, 12765, 7532, 284, 257, 2511, 1669, 9608, 276, 7446, 12774, 3940, 416, 6323, 319, 257, 7514, 330, 563, 2543, 485, 20383, 13, 14444, 284, 262, 2620, 287, 2347, 11, 7532, 25, 1676, 1350, 42665, 32492, 13611, 621, 1479, 12774, 11, 5086, 7208, 286, 1479, 9051, 5421, 12774, 13, 383, 40763, 286, 884, 42665, 318, 5295, 1262, 5449, 10256, 351, 9642, 9608, 276, 2176, 290, 14011, 431, 7790, 24869, 418, 13, 770, 2446, 2499, 1266, 351, 46075, 7532, 290, 460, 307, 2407, 4827, 18590, 11, 3573, 618, 6409, 8405, 389, 852, 13686, 13, 554, 6562, 48699, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 11, 257, 7446, 12765, 7532, 318, 5421, 284, 257, 7446, 32305, 7268, 257, 26967, 2522, 382, 13, 32909, 1143, 1657, 318, 427, 1389, 4291, 262, 6291, 290, 788, 262, 31234, 1657, 318, 12326, 13, 4362, 257, 7446, 25, 48693, 3716, 256, 25329, 287, 4610, 517, 6364, 621, 262, 1479, 7446, 11, 612, 318, 1342, 825, 12609, 1657, 13, 770, 2446, 2499, 1266, 351, 46075, 7532, 290, 4433, 2041, 5112, 13, 198, 47, 35574, 12014, 423, 9349, 355, 281, 3164, 329, 11795, 286, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 7, 20, 8, 198, 13, 44224, 7532, 4580, 3258, 592, 389, 13160, 286, 26515, 7268, 1336, 12, 13664, 10345, 15568, 393, 7532, 18209, 13, 34070, 35414, 306, 15494, 7446, 318, 973, 284, 12774, 262, 7177, 290, 5911, 15568, 326, 11007, 284, 326, 2176, 12774, 13, 31702, 4580, 3258, 592, 2148, 257, 2446, 329, 1029, 12, 9579, 1996, 11795, 286, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 13, 2102, 11, 4580, 3258, 592, 389, 407, 3538, 6068, 540, 13, 383, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 4394, 8136, 284, 777, 6459, 11, 355, 3417, 287, 1708, 7322, 11, 290, 1728, 2428, 423, 587, 5734, 9469, 13, 2312, 2291, 12174, 3991, 38548, 13, 198, 464, 18597, 11280, 8151, 15690, 4482, 318, 281, 5559, 3164, 329, 3781, 286, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 13, 770, 1080, 23007, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 319, 257, 10649, 4417, 357, 11337, 352, 8, 290, 4271, 468, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 257, 4388, 2446, 329, 11065, 7532, 25, 48693, 12213, 290, 26365, 4948, 1512, 12737, 7, 23, 8, 198, 13, 383, 1080, 4433, 262, 5270, 286, 257, 21748, 7532, 1022, 262, 7446, 12, 30786, 7532, 290, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 7, 23, 8, 198, 13, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 318, 257, 4974, 74, 26531, 9518, 7409, 3225, 589, 27679, 326, 460, 1296, 257, 5801, 11, 2176, 290, 269, 8325, 298, 6314, 351, 663, 20207, 78, 971, 1531, 26106, 392, 7, 940, 8, 198, 13, 26375, 956, 2890, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 12, 28886, 12, 30786, 7532, 287, 2685, 12, 5787, 3341, 6673, 284, 262, 2866, 290, 13688, 286, 262, 40575, 13, 383, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 389, 7409, 3828, 417, 12, 1073, 515, 5405, 19392, 7268, 47800, 1143, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 13, 35351, 1981, 22571, 389, 2727, 416, 4375, 257, 29867, 308, 11715, 284, 262, 10649, 13, 383, 6241, 21748, 7532, 460, 307, 5421, 284, 262, 4417, 269, 8325, 1473, 11, 5086, 32791, 20518, 290, 8840, 3781, 286, 7446, 12765, 416, 4375, 257, 7446, 12774, 13, 770, 8173, 318, 5801, 11, 4433, 645, 46075, 7532, 11, 3769, 257, 10768, 1366, 900, 357, 77, 796, 2026, 8, 290, 318, 6068, 540, 284, 1180, 41997, 82, 13, 198, 1135, 973, 262, 4718, 14, 21870, 12, 43000, 33, 26955, 5766, 11, 279, 1120, 7, 1157, 8, 198, 11, 355, 257, 2746, 7446, 12765, 7532, 284, 905, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 3769, 257, 2891, 329, 22712, 7446, 12, 30786, 7532, 25, 28886, 12213, 13, 14048, 364, 286, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 15568, 16697, 26955, 416, 3264, 12765, 5881, 8250, 16311, 11, 6412, 284, 355, 7377, 118, 33, 7446, 16311, 11, 543, 389, 5140, 287, 262, 11344, 7652, 286, 6409, 10812, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 32286, 8495, 198, 11337, 352, 27430, 262, 11992, 1486, 286, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 13, 317, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 318, 6241, 351, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 1080, 290, 788, 269, 8325, 1473, 7223, 284, 262, 10649, 4417, 832, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 447, 247, 82, 10375, 351, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 357, 3826, 43871, 1321, 329, 3307, 737, 2293, 20518, 290, 29621, 11, 262, 10649, 318, 13686, 284, 5004, 7532, 10368, 11, 290, 318, 788, 973, 284, 16602, 262, 7446, 25, 7532, 10375, 13, 1675, 4886, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 11, 1728, 22571, 286, 262, 10649, 389, 1861, 276, 351, 3098, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 35757, 357, 21979, 32535, 402, 24, 30368, 737, 2293, 257, 1218, 13502, 3940, 351, 257, 29621, 2239, 11, 262, 10649, 318, 1861, 276, 351, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 35757, 290, 15475, 319, 257, 38468, 7461, 10048, 940, 10649, 27474, 284, 4886, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 584, 22571, 423, 257, 26967, 2522, 382, 12, 18242, 276, 7446, 12774, 2087, 284, 606, 13, 2293, 25543, 341, 11, 262, 10649, 318, 18989, 11, 16577, 11, 290, 28660, 284, 4886, 262, 7446, 25, 48693, 10375, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 37354, 284, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 290, 468, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 198, 7571, 1692, 279, 1120, 15568, 547, 6241, 355, 399, 12, 23705, 282, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 15568, 287, 257, 1029, 12, 88, 1164, 17135, 41171, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 13, 1881, 279, 1120, 7532, 4909, 262, 7446, 12765, 7386, 11, 5391, 263, 1634, 7386, 11, 290, 262, 4523, 42842, 8379, 286, 262, 1692, 279, 1120, 7532, 11, 981, 262, 1218, 279, 1120, 7532, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 468, 262, 7446, 12765, 7386, 4615, 13, 41986, 286, 262, 9380, 19943, 21748, 15568, 373, 19000, 1262, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 357, 21979, 32535, 402, 23, 28072, 5769, 1065, 8, 198, 27780, 276, 416, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 198, 11337, 362, 13, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 48262, 284, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 290, 2523, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 198, 26639, 317, 13, 309, 13599, 12, 18242, 276, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 277, 15880, 13, 1881, 4580, 17201, 286, 1111, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 21748, 15568, 6241, 287, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 1080, 373, 15494, 351, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 290, 11266, 1262, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 13, 317, 18364, 373, 973, 284, 40575, 329, 2546, 13, 18810, 347, 13, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 13, 383, 3146, 6053, 284, 22571, 11, 290, 262, 7475, 6053, 284, 15180, 13, 29201, 317, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 657, 11, 352, 13, 18, 11, 362, 13, 21, 11, 642, 13, 17, 11, 838, 13, 20, 11, 2310, 11, 5433, 11, 9698, 11, 26753, 11, 290, 41423, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 5501, 880, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 347, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 26, 22571, 642, 12, 22, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 2312, 22571, 547, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 18597, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 351, 262, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 327, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 379, 657, 11, 352, 11, 352, 13, 24, 11, 513, 13, 24, 11, 767, 13, 23, 11, 1315, 13, 21, 11, 3261, 13, 1495, 11, 8190, 13, 20, 11, 13151, 11, 8646, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 13, 29201, 360, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 13859, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 262, 976, 14587, 355, 883, 287, 29201, 327, 13, 29201, 412, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 262, 976, 14587, 355, 883, 287, 29201, 327, 13, 18810, 327, 13, 29681, 4478, 12765, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 15568, 284, 7446, 13, 360, 641, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 1262, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 3788, 13, 383, 10368, 286, 262, 7446, 373, 37515, 9051, 262, 12109, 286, 1123, 880, 13, 198, 2514, 1332, 7446, 12765, 3842, 286, 279, 1120, 11, 356, 973, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 13, 29677, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 547, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 347, 737, 7683, 22571, 329, 1123, 7532, 547, 1861, 276, 351, 3098, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 35757, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 284, 11767, 326, 1123, 7532, 373, 5421, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 29201, 347, 26, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 22571, 642, 1906, 22, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 685, 1906, 28886, 28023, 35944, 317, 11844, 1009, 2168, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 1900, 14587, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 284, 787, 257, 5259, 1358, 12133, 329, 5421, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 347, 26, 29201, 317, 737, 317, 5259, 1358, 2168, 286, 4295, 12, 4906, 12, 28886, 357, 39386, 12, 28886, 8, 290, 48865, 12, 28886, 357, 41603, 12, 28886, 8, 1111, 7268, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 13, 14207, 21976, 11, 262, 6562, 48699, 12245, 286, 1123, 880, 373, 5295, 290, 37515, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 327, 737, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 7532, 5421, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 284, 1474, 36275, 2974, 11, 290, 750, 407, 5566, 11007, 262, 13859, 12, 28886, 13, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 7532, 550, 645, 44187, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 1041, 4623, 351, 257, 3933, 47, 12, 18242, 276, 17751, 45608, 2921, 2092, 2482, 357, 7890, 407, 3402, 737, 770, 6306, 2523, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 318, 1498, 284, 11007, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 69, 4241, 15568, 290, 318, 6007, 286, 22712, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 13, 198, 2514, 1332, 2252, 262, 40763, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 14, 39386, 12, 28886, 10375, 11, 356, 6157, 257, 5449, 40575, 1262, 9642, 9608, 276, 41281, 12, 28886, 13, 18407, 16856, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 7532, 6241, 287, 257, 17135, 41171, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 290, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 357, 1238, 34703, 70, 14, 4029, 8, 547, 5421, 284, 257, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 357, 11337, 513, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 383, 10649, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 12, 18242, 276, 41281, 12, 28886, 290, 7668, 351, 3649, 6867, 286, 9642, 9608, 276, 41281, 12, 28886, 13, 383, 12765, 6737, 11832, 355, 262, 2033, 286, 9642, 9608, 276, 20319, 3220, 13, 317, 7110, 286, 262, 42309, 12245, 286, 1123, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 880, 9051, 262, 1411, 286, 20319, 7446, 2523, 257, 14174, 10070, 287, 6737, 357, 11337, 513, 11, 18810, 347, 737, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 750, 407, 11007, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 13, 770, 5449, 40575, 2523, 326, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 10375, 318, 2176, 329, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 290, 326, 5449, 840, 592, 460, 307, 6157, 319, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 13, 198, 40, 43000, 33, 17394, 4225, 5036, 411, 351, 262, 7446, 38904, 24641, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 198, 40, 43000, 33, 17394, 318, 281, 16553, 2417, 259, 9585, 7532, 326, 49543, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 26955, 282, 3842, 416, 4726, 7834, 278, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 2354, 286, 262, 29984, 287, 19186, 4778, 13, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 5107, 257, 845, 8245, 3716, 351, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 416, 12765, 17707, 284, 262, 4523, 42842, 8379, 357, 45, 6561, 8, 290, 4939, 306, 284, 262, 7446, 12, 30786, 7386, 7, 1485, 8, 198, 13, 554, 262, 8889, 286, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 356, 423, 3402, 326, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 460, 11007, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 1262, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 13, 775, 43714, 326, 612, 481, 307, 257, 10070, 287, 262, 12765, 286, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 284, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 618, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 318, 5421, 284, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 13, 198, 2514, 4886, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 257, 309, 22, 21240, 3008, 7621, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 399, 12, 23705, 385, 13, 775, 6241, 1111, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 290, 279, 1120, 763, 12, 11201, 2790, 351, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 287, 257, 17135, 41171, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 13, 317, 4885, 43182, 1262, 262, 309, 22, 35757, 19000, 262, 5408, 286, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 357, 11337, 604, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 317, 11844, 1009, 2168, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 11, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 300, 893, 378, 11, 290, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 300, 893, 378, 547, 2087, 284, 1115, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 357, 11337, 604, 11, 18810, 327, 737, 1881, 10649, 373, 1861, 276, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 12765, 1262, 262, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 13, 6023, 10649, 373, 1861, 276, 329, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 1262, 262, 3098, 12, 51, 22, 21240, 3008, 35757, 13, 383, 2368, 10649, 373, 1861, 276, 351, 41281, 12, 28886, 379, 257, 10368, 286, 1802, 77, 44, 13, 2293, 21976, 1123, 10649, 11, 42309, 17509, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 13, 383, 14587, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 287, 15180, 347, 290, 327, 547, 10488, 422, 257, 5259, 1358, 12133, 5295, 1262, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 13, 2312, 14587, 547, 37515, 9051, 42309, 17509, 871, 286, 1123, 4136, 319, 10649, 513, 13, 7446, 12765, 373, 39279, 284, 21392, 329, 257, 1402, 10070, 287, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 287, 5721, 513, 9051, 5721, 362, 319, 10649, 352, 13, 1041, 4623, 351, 3098, 12, 51, 22, 35757, 2523, 262, 4931, 286, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 287, 5721, 513, 13, 7446, 12765, 286, 279, 1120, 11832, 546, 1115, 11379, 618, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 373, 1944, 11, 543, 318, 6414, 351, 262, 2098, 3815, 7, 1485, 8, 198, 11337, 604, 13, 32840, 20975, 24597, 7566, 49543, 262, 12765, 286, 279, 1120, 284, 7446, 13, 198, 26639, 317, 13, 4885, 1086, 313, 3781, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 1111, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 290, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 13, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 4909, 257, 309, 22, 21240, 3008, 7621, 11, 543, 373, 973, 329, 3781, 13, 18810, 347, 13, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 13, 7683, 19392, 547, 29122, 276, 1852, 1146, 351, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 290, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 2035, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 393, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 15568, 13, 29201, 317, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 24, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 657, 11, 362, 13, 21, 11, 642, 13, 17, 11, 838, 13, 20, 11, 2310, 11, 5433, 11, 9698, 11, 26753, 393, 41423, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 13, 29201, 347, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 24, 11, 657, 11, 657, 13, 15, 2670, 11, 657, 13, 2998, 23, 11, 657, 13, 21599, 11, 657, 13, 18, 11623, 11, 657, 13, 26704, 11, 352, 13, 1495, 11, 362, 13, 20, 393, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 13, 29201, 327, 25, 15274, 352, 1906, 24, 550, 657, 11, 657, 13, 15, 2670, 11, 657, 13, 2998, 23, 11, 657, 13, 21599, 11, 657, 13, 18, 11623, 11, 657, 13, 26704, 11, 352, 13, 1495, 11, 362, 13, 20, 11, 393, 642, 34703, 75, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 13, 37651, 352, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 37651, 362, 373, 1861, 276, 351, 3098, 12, 51, 22, 35757, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 35888, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 37651, 513, 373, 1861, 276, 351, 41281, 12, 28886, 357, 3064, 77, 44, 737, 18810, 327, 13, 7446, 12765, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 351, 290, 1231, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 373, 37515, 13, 360, 641, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 1262, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 3788, 13, 383, 10368, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 287, 1123, 880, 373, 5295, 1262, 257, 36537, 12133, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 13, 383, 14587, 547, 37515, 9051, 262, 12109, 286, 1123, 880, 13, 383, 7446, 12765, 6737, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 15568, 373, 39279, 284, 326, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 3436, 284, 21392, 329, 262, 1402, 10070, 287, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 287, 29201, 327, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 37354, 41281, 12, 28886, 351, 257, 3744, 28430, 621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 198, 2514, 8996, 262, 12765, 286, 257, 2092, 7446, 12765, 7532, 11, 279, 2996, 11, 284, 279, 1120, 11, 356, 6241, 279, 2996, 357, 321, 2879, 17045, 678, 1906, 26582, 8, 290, 279, 1120, 355, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 15568, 287, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 13, 41986, 286, 262, 9380, 19943, 21748, 15568, 373, 19000, 1262, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 3940, 416, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 357, 11337, 642, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 1675, 1332, 262, 2694, 286, 777, 15568, 284, 11007, 7446, 981, 5421, 284, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 11, 356, 717, 2087, 300, 893, 689, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 393, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 2996, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 642, 11, 18810, 347, 737, 7683, 22571, 329, 1123, 7532, 547, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 284, 11767, 326, 1123, 7532, 373, 6105, 5421, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 642, 11, 29201, 347, 11, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 1120, 290, 22571, 642, 290, 718, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 737, 383, 14587, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 15568, 547, 10488, 284, 307, 3016, 10411, 319, 262, 10649, 13, 569, 560, 278, 14587, 286, 41281, 12, 28886, 547, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 355, 3402, 287, 11291, 642, 13, 2293, 21976, 262, 10649, 11, 262, 29509, 871, 286, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 290, 4197, 284, 257, 4823, 13, 5747, 15568, 5421, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 11, 351, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 12765, 546, 734, 11379, 1365, 621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 13, 2312, 2482, 4236, 351, 883, 2098, 4271, 357, 3500, 6562, 48699, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 290, 17228, 4090, 5769, 1485, 8, 198, 11337, 642, 13, 38904, 28430, 286, 279, 1120, 290, 279, 2996, 15568, 329, 4295, 4906, 7446, 13, 198, 26639, 317, 13, 309, 13599, 12, 18242, 276, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 15568, 13, 1881, 4580, 17201, 286, 1111, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 21748, 15568, 6241, 287, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 1080, 373, 15494, 351, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 290, 11266, 1262, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 13, 317, 18364, 373, 973, 284, 40575, 329, 2546, 13, 18810, 347, 13, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 13, 29201, 317, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 657, 11, 352, 13, 18, 11, 362, 13, 21, 11, 642, 13, 17, 11, 838, 13, 20, 11, 2310, 11, 5433, 11, 9698, 11, 26753, 393, 41423, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 5501, 880, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 347, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 13, 18292, 642, 1906, 22, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 2996, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 18292, 352, 1906, 18, 290, 642, 1906, 22, 547, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 327, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 284, 262, 15274, 355, 657, 11, 352, 11, 352, 13, 24, 11, 513, 13, 24, 11, 767, 13, 23, 11, 1315, 13, 21, 11, 3261, 13, 1495, 11, 8190, 13, 20, 11, 13151, 393, 8646, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 13, 29201, 360, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 2087, 284, 1123, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 262, 976, 14587, 355, 29201, 327, 13, 383, 10649, 373, 28660, 351, 257, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 10649, 27474, 379, 257, 28400, 286, 718, 2327, 21533, 13, 18810, 327, 13, 383, 29509, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 1262, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 3788, 13, 383, 10368, 286, 262, 7446, 373, 37515, 9051, 262, 12109, 286, 1123, 880, 13, 198, 464, 1115, 1388, 6805, 286, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 1080, 389, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 11, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 290, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 3454, 1460, 13, 1439, 1115, 8676, 284, 262, 9332, 11, 12373, 1108, 290, 4045, 2866, 286, 262, 40575, 13, 770, 1080, 460, 635, 307, 973, 329, 10345, 32799, 286, 46075, 44759, 42483, 7532, 13, 554, 257, 2180, 2050, 11, 262, 11023, 349, 676, 31702, 7177, 1080, 373, 973, 284, 2050, 7532, 25, 7532, 12213, 1043, 287, 262, 41288, 12, 38841, 3716, 7, 1558, 8, 198, 13, 775, 423, 3402, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 460, 307, 973, 284, 16602, 31702, 25, 7446, 12213, 1262, 279, 1120, 290, 279, 2996, 26955, 5087, 355, 2746, 7446, 12, 30786, 15568, 13, 198, 5962, 11, 2685, 12, 5787, 11059, 3341, 11, 884, 355, 262, 42490, 7461, 6226, 21, 3334, 12, 56, 1164, 34744, 14164, 31702, 41986, 4482, 393, 262, 42490, 7461, 25498, 4990, 291, 377, 43320, 4482, 11, 1249, 329, 5801, 7532, 3227, 3264, 422, 7446, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 7532, 460, 307, 4635, 287, 1342, 621, 734, 2250, 1262, 2685, 12, 5787, 3341, 11, 9051, 1528, 329, 3227, 422, 412, 13, 40395, 12, 3106, 3341, 13, 12440, 12, 5787, 3341, 635, 11005, 262, 5408, 13156, 617, 26955, 5087, 423, 287, 412, 13, 40395, 12, 3106, 3341, 13, 770, 6673, 262, 13688, 286, 2952, 16621, 7532, 40122, 602, 11, 23005, 11, 393, 277, 15880, 290, 4856, 606, 329, 3842, 13, 198, 12211, 11, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 13536, 269, 8325, 298, 290, 25921, 8006, 286, 15568, 319, 4735, 16649, 3264, 422, 262, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 1080, 1231, 597, 3161, 1308, 2649, 2239, 13, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 5107, 257, 269, 8325, 298, 6314, 351, 663, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 13, 317, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 351, 32242, 886, 1448, 318, 973, 284, 15155, 7409, 3828, 417, 12, 1073, 515, 5405, 19392, 290, 11, 12412, 11, 284, 8006, 15568, 286, 1393, 6241, 355, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 69, 4241, 15568, 287, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 3341, 13, 770, 3164, 32311, 262, 761, 329, 7532, 1308, 2649, 11, 290, 3578, 262, 43954, 7532, 286, 1393, 284, 307, 25921, 329, 5415, 10685, 3842, 13, 198, 22747, 11, 7514, 21610, 1734, 13874, 4033, 357, 47, 7156, 13219, 1073, 515, 5405, 19392, 389, 1900, 284, 4180, 14011, 431, 7790, 9011, 273, 1159, 286, 19125, 7532, 290, 284, 2948, 4417, 12, 17223, 2853, 36921, 286, 2176, 15568, 13, 383, 1877, 12, 25249, 12765, 286, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 3454, 1460, 3578, 262, 13326, 286, 1877, 23263, 12765, 15568, 13, 317, 35804, 308, 11715, 8075, 2026, 22571, 319, 262, 5405, 10649, 11, 523, 326, 3294, 840, 592, 460, 307, 6157, 14500, 319, 262, 976, 10649, 1231, 597, 16976, 5112, 13, 770, 4394, 281, 9025, 625, 17228, 4090, 11, 543, 4143, 3578, 6702, 1315, 12737, 583, 20383, 13, 198, 12814, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 11, 356, 1043, 326, 279, 1120, 5421, 41281, 12, 28886, 5734, 11, 290, 279, 1120, 326, 318, 14394, 663, 7446, 12765, 7386, 550, 645, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 770, 11330, 530, 4621, 286, 1262, 2685, 12, 5787, 300, 893, 689, 11, 40122, 341, 290, 5408, 318, 2068, 11, 290, 867, 1180, 23005, 460, 307, 6789, 13, 383, 7446, 33124, 973, 287, 262, 10256, 547, 7560, 7419, 31786, 11, 4375, 284, 262, 2866, 286, 262, 40575, 13, 20401, 7446, 33124, 460, 307, 6789, 2952, 329, 12765, 284, 530, 7532, 11, 393, 3294, 15568, 460, 307, 6789, 329, 12765, 284, 530, 12774, 13, 383, 7446, 460, 307, 12326, 1262, 257, 26967, 2522, 382, 357, 292, 3402, 287, 777, 10256, 8, 393, 257, 2511, 1669, 9608, 276, 7446, 12774, 13, 5747, 13326, 5050, 423, 2092, 14233, 13, 8554, 257, 48865, 7446, 287, 257, 5449, 40575, 351, 4295, 12, 4906, 11, 9642, 9608, 276, 7446, 11, 356, 3751, 326, 262, 10375, 318, 2176, 290, 262, 18597, 11280, 31702, 15690, 19392, 423, 1310, 4469, 12765, 284, 262, 7446, 33124, 13, 198, 24951, 11, 356, 3688, 262, 12765, 286, 734, 1180, 7446, 12765, 15568, 11, 279, 1120, 290, 279, 2996, 290, 3751, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 468, 262, 14233, 284, 905, 12765, 5400, 1022, 1180, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 290, 2496, 12765, 5043, 11, 543, 14386, 351, 2180, 3640, 7, 1157, 8, 198, 464, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 635, 2148, 257, 3859, 284, 2050, 7532, 25, 48693, 25, 77, 14913, 291, 7408, 12765, 13, 8554, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 290, 663, 41704, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 356, 547, 1498, 284, 905, 257, 10070, 287, 279, 1120, 12765, 284, 41281, 12, 28886, 618, 262, 41704, 373, 1944, 290, 3751, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 468, 262, 14233, 284, 905, 12765, 5400, 1022, 1180, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 290, 2496, 12765, 5043, 13, 770, 10070, 287, 12765, 373, 4271, 6515, 7, 1485, 8, 198, 13, 383, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 1080, 460, 307, 973, 284, 16602, 262, 1245, 326, 530, 7532, 468, 319, 262, 7446, 12765, 3842, 286, 1194, 7532, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 2148, 257, 7090, 12, 9579, 1996, 40575, 329, 22712, 7532, 25, 48693, 11, 7532, 25, 77, 14913, 291, 7408, 11, 290, 7532, 25, 17470, 27756, 12213, 13, 12101, 10224, 7532, 26515, 11, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 1249, 13688, 286, 2695, 13570, 13, 383, 2836, 460, 3538, 2251, 7532, 23005, 290, 40122, 602, 284, 40575, 1593, 12765, 7652, 319, 257, 7532, 13, 8554, 777, 19392, 11, 257, 2836, 460, 3159, 2952, 257, 1271, 286, 1180, 2785, 6670, 11, 5004, 1593, 12765, 7652, 290, 5004, 262, 772, 23206, 17045, 2672, 329, 262, 10375, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	4,986
Dementia can also be caused by endocrine disorders. If hypothyroidism is left untreated, for example, dementia can appear, and aggressive thyroid replacement may not return a patient to his or her previous level of cognitive functioning. The dementia with untreated hypothyroidism is also accompanied by irritability, paranoia, and depression. Cushing disease and Addison disease may lead to dementia. Hypoparathyroidism is the most common cause of basal ganglia calcification with dementia. Hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism may also lead to dementia. Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to dementia in the absence of anemia or megaloblastosis. Vitamin B12 replacement may improve cognition, but dementia may still continue. High-dose vitamin B supplements do not slow cognitive decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer dementia.14 Head trauma may cause dementia from diffuse axonal injury secondary to shearing forces, focal contusions, hemorrhages, lacerations, and hypoxic ischemia. Symptoms include anterograde and retrograde amnesia, deficiencies in encoding and retrieval of new information, disorganized thinking, poor concentration, and fluent aphasia. Dementia pugilistica, a syndrome caused by repeated head trauma in boxers, leads to a clinical picture of dementia and ataxia. A study of retired National Football League players found that the incidence of diseases of memory (dementia, Alzheimer disease [AD], or other memory-related disease) was higher in retired players than in the general population.15 However, cognitive tests and neurological examinations were not completed, which significantly limits interpretation of these results. A chronic subdural hematoma may be caused by mild head trauma in elderly patients and can lead to a clinical picture of dementia. Associated symptoms may include headache, slowed thinking, hemiparesis, change in personality, seizures, and aphasia. Any patient with a subdural hematoma must receive immediate neurosurgical evaluation. Surgical drainage may or may not be required, but an acute bleed can occur, and the pa-tient may have further neurological deterioration.16 Infectious processes can cause a clinical picture of dementia. Neurosyphilis can cause dementia even after 20 years from the time of infection. General paresis, a subtype of neurosyphilis, may present as a progressive dementia, changes in speech, irritability, grandiose delusions, and hallucinations.5,17 The rapid plasma reagin test has a high false-positive rate and results may be negative in late syphilis. A fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test may be a better tool for diagnosis. HIV-associated dementia affects subcortical structures while sparing the cortex. Forgetfulness, poor concentration, and slowed thinking are early symptoms. Apathy and social withdrawal may arise, and psychosis occurs occasionally. Patients with AIDS may have infections, CNS malignancies, or systemic illness that may lead to cognitive impairment. Toxins can cause a clinical picture of dementia. Long-term alcohol(Drug information on alcohol) use can lead to alcoholic dementia, which includes anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Alcoholic dementia is mild and slowly progressive; it is associated with impairments on initial letter fluency, fine motor control, and free recall. Comprehensive treatment planning Patients with dementia need a comprehensive treatment plan, including biological, psychotherapeutic, social, and family interventions (Table 4). Biological interventions include treatment of any underlying medical disorders and the appropriate use of medications for target symptoms. Psychotherapeutic interventions can be generally divided into 4 categories: Although many psychotherapeutic interventions are commonly used in clinical practice, only a few of these interventions have undergone double-blind randomized evaluation.7 Social interventions include assessments of the patient’s living environment, his ability to drive, risk level for abuse and/or neglect, availability of daytime/nighttime supervision, and occupational therapy to ensure home safety. Services such as a home health aide, a house cleaner, and Meals on Wheels may be needed to assist with basic activities of daily living. A discussion about financial/estate planning, health care power of attorney/advanced care directives, and long-term–care facilities may be needed as the dementia progresses. Family interventions to help prevent caregiver burnout include supporting family caregivers with psychoeducation, respite care, and referral to local support groups through national associations. A list of print and Internet resources that may be useful for those who care for patients with dementia is posted on www.psychiatrictimes.com in the online version of this article. Table 5 highlights key clinical and neuropsychological features of certain diseases that may cause dementia. The following discussion focuses primarily on cognitive aspects. The most common cause of dementia in North America and Europe is AD; approximately 4 million persons in the United States have AD.18 Risk factors include increasing age, traumatic brain injury, reduced brain reserve capacity, limited educational/occupational achievement, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, athero-sclerosis, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, smoking, obesity, and diabetes.	[ 35, 972, 544, 460, 635, 307, 4073, 416, 886, 38658, 11916, 13, 1002, 5328, 14863, 3882, 1042, 318, 1364, 41539, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 27886, 460, 1656, 11, 290, 8361, 30523, 9014, 743, 407, 1441, 257, 5827, 284, 465, 393, 607, 2180, 1241, 286, 10870, 15025, 13, 383, 27886, 351, 41539, 5328, 14863, 3882, 1042, 318, 635, 11791, 416, 14709, 1799, 11, 34370, 11, 290, 8862, 13, 327, 8023, 4369, 290, 3060, 1653, 4369, 743, 1085, 284, 27886, 13, 21209, 404, 283, 10036, 3882, 1042, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 41202, 7706, 24660, 42302, 2649, 351, 27886, 13, 15079, 20057, 3882, 1042, 290, 8718, 1845, 10036, 3882, 1042, 743, 635, 1085, 284, 27886, 13, 198, 35792, 15978, 14411, 347, 1065, 23580, 460, 1085, 284, 27886, 287, 262, 8889, 286, 281, 22859, 393, 502, 13528, 672, 12957, 5958, 13, 27533, 347, 1065, 9014, 743, 2987, 31119, 11, 475, 27886, 743, 991, 2555, 13, 3334, 12, 34436, 14411, 347, 20864, 466, 407, 3105, 10870, 7794, 287, 3871, 351, 11607, 284, 10768, 22434, 27886, 13, 1415, 198, 13847, 14649, 743, 2728, 27886, 422, 42864, 7877, 20996, 5095, 9233, 284, 673, 1723, 3386, 11, 25397, 542, 15880, 11, 42203, 1095, 11, 300, 11736, 602, 11, 290, 5328, 18047, 318, 15245, 544, 13, 49559, 2291, 281, 353, 519, 27585, 290, 12175, 9526, 716, 31401, 11, 33589, 287, 21004, 290, 45069, 286, 649, 1321, 11, 595, 30280, 3612, 11, 3595, 10368, 11, 290, 43472, 257, 5902, 544, 13, 198, 35, 972, 544, 279, 1018, 346, 2569, 64, 11, 257, 14027, 4073, 416, 5100, 1182, 14649, 287, 3091, 364, 11, 5983, 284, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 290, 379, 897, 544, 13, 317, 2050, 286, 9880, 2351, 9957, 4041, 1938, 1043, 326, 262, 18349, 286, 10040, 286, 4088, 357, 67, 972, 544, 11, 22434, 4369, 685, 2885, 4357, 393, 584, 4088, 12, 5363, 4369, 8, 373, 2440, 287, 9880, 1938, 621, 287, 262, 2276, 3265, 13, 1314, 2102, 11, 10870, 5254, 290, 30232, 37305, 547, 407, 5668, 11, 543, 5566, 7095, 10794, 286, 777, 2482, 13, 198, 32, 10726, 850, 67, 1523, 339, 6759, 6086, 743, 307, 4073, 416, 11607, 1182, 14649, 287, 13830, 3871, 290, 460, 1085, 284, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 13, 10575, 7460, 743, 2291, 24902, 11, 20955, 3612, 11, 16869, 541, 3565, 271, 11, 1487, 287, 8806, 11, 24715, 11, 290, 257, 5902, 544, 13, 4377, 5827, 351, 257, 850, 67, 1523, 339, 6759, 6086, 1276, 3328, 7103, 7669, 82, 31839, 12660, 13, 311, 31839, 37664, 743, 393, 743, 407, 307, 2672, 11, 475, 281, 14352, 30182, 460, 3051, 11, 290, 262, 14187, 12, 83, 1153, 743, 423, 2252, 30232, 38495, 13, 1433, 198, 818, 2309, 699, 7767, 460, 2728, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 13, 13782, 1837, 49613, 460, 2728, 27886, 772, 706, 1160, 812, 422, 262, 640, 286, 10280, 13, 3611, 279, 3565, 271, 11, 257, 850, 4906, 286, 7669, 1837, 49613, 11, 743, 1944, 355, 257, 10393, 27886, 11, 2458, 287, 4046, 11, 14709, 1799, 11, 4490, 72, 577, 47456, 11, 290, 40371, 13, 20, 11, 1558, 383, 5801, 16074, 302, 23183, 1332, 468, 257, 1029, 3991, 12, 24561, 2494, 290, 2482, 743, 307, 4633, 287, 2739, 827, 49613, 13, 317, 42309, 2054, 79, 261, 368, 282, 35757, 24774, 1332, 743, 307, 257, 1365, 2891, 329, 13669, 13, 198, 39, 3824, 12, 32852, 27886, 10975, 850, 66, 419, 605, 8573, 981, 43110, 262, 20223, 13, 29624, 15538, 11, 3595, 10368, 11, 290, 20955, 3612, 389, 1903, 7460, 13, 5949, 10036, 290, 1919, 15220, 743, 15058, 11, 290, 37926, 8833, 10491, 13, 28021, 351, 20408, 743, 423, 16079, 11, 48935, 6428, 570, 16183, 11, 393, 21971, 8526, 326, 743, 1085, 284, 10870, 23992, 13, 198, 51, 1140, 1040, 460, 2728, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 13, 5882, 12, 4354, 5548, 7, 37943, 1321, 319, 5548, 8, 779, 460, 1085, 284, 26016, 27886, 11, 543, 3407, 281, 353, 519, 27585, 290, 12175, 9526, 716, 31401, 13, 21051, 291, 27886, 318, 11607, 290, 6364, 10393, 26, 340, 318, 3917, 351, 17253, 902, 319, 4238, 3850, 6562, 1387, 11, 3734, 5584, 1630, 11, 290, 1479, 10014, 13, 198, 7293, 36321, 3513, 5410, 198, 12130, 2334, 351, 27886, 761, 257, 9815, 3513, 1410, 11, 1390, 10685, 11, 3795, 847, 1758, 18089, 11, 1919, 11, 290, 1641, 19901, 357, 10962, 604, 737, 198, 33, 15071, 19901, 2291, 3513, 286, 597, 10238, 3315, 11916, 290, 262, 5035, 779, 286, 17638, 329, 2496, 7460, 13, 7562, 847, 1758, 18089, 19901, 460, 307, 4143, 9086, 656, 604, 9376, 25, 198, 7003, 867, 3795, 847, 1758, 18089, 19901, 389, 8811, 973, 287, 8668, 3357, 11, 691, 257, 1178, 286, 777, 19901, 423, 29900, 4274, 12, 27461, 23925, 12660, 13, 22, 198, 20636, 19901, 2291, 21837, 286, 262, 5827, 447, 247, 82, 2877, 2858, 11, 465, 2694, 284, 3708, 11, 2526, 1241, 329, 5076, 290, 14, 273, 17985, 11, 11500, 286, 32899, 14, 3847, 2435, 20865, 11, 290, 34266, 9102, 284, 4155, 1363, 3747, 13, 6168, 884, 355, 257, 1363, 1535, 18727, 11, 257, 2156, 21723, 11, 290, 2185, 874, 319, 37416, 743, 307, 2622, 284, 3342, 351, 4096, 4568, 286, 4445, 2877, 13, 317, 5114, 546, 3176, 14, 44146, 5410, 11, 1535, 1337, 1176, 286, 6136, 14, 32225, 2903, 1337, 34819, 11, 290, 890, 12, 4354, 1906, 6651, 7291, 743, 307, 2622, 355, 262, 27886, 33226, 13, 198, 24094, 19901, 284, 1037, 2948, 32386, 1428, 4245, 448, 2291, 6493, 1641, 45044, 351, 30731, 40796, 11, 1217, 578, 1337, 11, 290, 31413, 284, 1957, 1104, 2628, 832, 2260, 15814, 13, 317, 1351, 286, 3601, 290, 4455, 4133, 326, 743, 307, 4465, 329, 883, 508, 1337, 329, 3871, 351, 27886, 318, 4481, 319, 7324, 13, 23947, 5375, 2012, 999, 13, 785, 287, 262, 2691, 2196, 286, 428, 2708, 13, 198, 10962, 642, 11330, 1994, 8668, 290, 7669, 23947, 2770, 3033, 286, 1728, 10040, 326, 743, 2728, 27886, 13, 383, 1708, 5114, 13692, 7525, 319, 10870, 7612, 13, 198, 464, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 27886, 287, 2258, 2253, 290, 2031, 318, 5984, 26, 6702, 604, 1510, 6506, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 423, 5984, 13, 1507, 19602, 5087, 2291, 3649, 2479, 11, 25115, 3632, 5095, 11, 5322, 3632, 11515, 5339, 11, 3614, 9856, 14, 19596, 864, 13293, 11, 6736, 7957, 85, 14767, 4369, 11, 8718, 40712, 312, 22859, 11, 37454, 11, 379, 11718, 12, 82, 31399, 11, 37151, 2612, 4369, 11, 379, 4454, 277, 2889, 40903, 11, 9216, 11, 13825, 11, 290, 12593, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,073
Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation Text links are shown below - Home Page - - About this site - - Quick Menu - - Main Menu - - Members' Area - - What's New - - Help Needed - - Online Store - - Reunions - - Contact Me - - Sign Guest Book - - View Guest Book - - Glossary - - Bibliography - Formed at Hainault Farm as a night fighter unit on 12 June 1918 by taking a flight from Nos 44, 78 and 112 Squadrons. The first flight moved to France on 16 June and ten days later the rest of the squadron was also in France. It operated Camels in defence of British bases in the area and by the end of the war had destroyed 26 enemy aircraft. It also introduced the principle of night intrusion, when it made attacks against German bombers returning to their airfields. Having returned to Britain in February 1919, it disbanded at Drem on 10 September. The squadron reformed on 4 August 1936 at North Weald, equipped with Gauntlets from a detachment of No 56 Squadron. Hurricanes began to arrive in December 1938 and conversion was completed in February 1939. Unlike many Hurricane units, it remained in Britain on defensive duties, instead of going to France. It then covered the Dunkirk evacuation and took part in most of the Battle of Britain, before moving to Digby in September 1940. The following November, it was decided to transfer the squadron to the night fighting role and it moved to Bramcote where it also received Defiants. Night operations were commenced in February 1941 from its base at Wittering and a detachment at Coltishall. In April 1942, Mosquitos began to arrive and the Hurricanes were immediately retired although it was July before the Defiants left, leaving the squadron solely equipped with the Mosquito. From April 1943, as a result of the declining night interceptions being made, the squadron moved to Colerne, from where it began intruder operations. In October 1944, a move to Castle Camps led to it adopting the bomber support role and these were continued from East Anglia until the end of the war. A few days later the squadron moved back to the West Country, disbanding at Weston Zoyland on 10 October 1946. From 11 February 1949 until 14 September 1951, the squadron number was linked to No 23 Squadron, but on the 15th, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at Leuchars as a Vampire night fighter unit. In April 1953 Meteor NF Mk 11s replaced the Vampires and in July 1955, these were replaced by Venom NF Mk 3s. The squadron's role changed in July 1957, when it became an all-weather fighter unit on re-equipping with Javelins, these being retained until 19 September 1961, when the squadron disbanded, still being at Leuchars. Its final incarnation lasted from 1 January 1962 to 25 May 1963, when the Signals Command Development Squadron was given the number. Bases at Watton, this unit operated a range of aircraft including Lincolns, Hastings, Varsities and Canberras on radar research and development. The squadron was disbanded by being renumbered No 97 Squadron. Motto: Foy Pour Devoir (Fidelity unto duty) Squadron Codes used: - Formed as a night fighter unit equipped with Camels at Rochford on 1 June 1918, it moved to France in October, but saw little action in the remaining three weeks of the war, returning to Drem in February 1919, where it disbanded on 30 June. The squadron reformed at Acklington on 1 October 1939 equipped with Gladiators. Conversion to Spitfires began in January 1940 and this process was complete by February. Initially retained in the North-East for defensive duties, it moved south in July 1940 to Warmwell, where it remained throughout the Battle of Britain. It flew convoy patrols from Portreath from April 1941 before moving to East Anglia in August, from were it flew escort missions. In January 1942, it moved to Northern Ireland, in August it was back on convoy patrols from Angle but in September it moved to Wittering and began preparing fro embarkation overseas. The squadron took part in the Allied landing in North Africa in November and from the 14th of that month it moved onto airfields in Algeria. During the early part of this campaign, it provided fighter cover to fighter-bombers supported 1st Army's advance. March 1943 saw the squadron adopting the fighter-bomber role itself, which it conducted until the end of the campaign. In preparation for the landings on Sicily, the squadron moved to Malta in June 1943, moving onto the island in July and then Italy in September. However, in November it was on the move to another operational theatre, when it was advised to transfer to India. Arriving in December it re-equipped Spitfire VIIIs and immediately began fighter patrols until April 1944 when it went back to fighter-bomber operations. It was involved in the Battle of Imphal and continued to support 14th Army for the rest of the war. Following VJ-Day, the squadron moved to Singapore, where it disbanded on 10 March 1946. Two months later on 8 May 1946, No 136 Squadron was renumbered 152. Equipped with Spitfire XIVs, it received Tempests in June but a spares shortage limited flying and the disbanded again on 15 January 1947. From 11 February 1949 until 31 May 1954, the squadron number was linked to No 19 Squadron, but on 1 June 1954, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at Wattisham as a Meteor night fighter unit. It disbanded on 31 July 1958. However, on 29 September 1958, No 1417 Flight was raised to squadron status as No 152 Squadron. It was equipped with Pembrokes and Twin Pioneers for communications duties in the Persian Gulf. It finally disbanded on 9 December 1967. Motto: Faithful Ally Squadron Codes used: - There is No 152 Squadron Association but Richard Castle, 1 Battle Close, Sarisbury Green, Southampton, Hampshire, SO31 7ZF: tel 01489 601937 is in contact with some members; e-mail: [email protected] Formed at Hainault Farm as a night fighter unit on 4 November 1918, but the Armistice seven days later prevented the squadron becoming operational or receiving any aircraft, but it was 13 June 1919, before it actually disbanded. The squadron eventually formed on 24 October 1941 at Ballyhalbert from 'A' Flight of No 256 Squadron, which had moved there on 14 October from Squires Gate. It operated Defiants on night fighter duties until May 1942 but in December, a Blenheim arrived for training and in January the process of converting the squadron onto Beaufighters began in ernest. Following conversion the squadron continued to provide night defence of Northern Ireland until December when it moved to North Africa. In North Africa, the squadron provide night cover to Allied forces as well as providing protection to convoys from a range of advanced bases. From July 1944, the squadron was bases in Sardinia, from where it added night intruder operations to its duties. These were conducted against targets in Southern France and Northern Italy and in August, the squadron received a few Spitfires and Hurricanes for use in dawn patrols, but on 5 September the squadron disbanded. The following month (7 October), the squadron reformed at Kirmington from a nucleus supplied by No 166 Squadron as a Lancaster equipped bomber unit, but almost immediately moved to Scampton. Until the end of the war, it operated as part of Bomber Command's Main Force and then carried out trooping flights to Italy, disbanding on 28 September 1945. The squadron has far been reformed for one other period, 28 February 1955 to 2 July 1958. This was in its original role as a night fighter unit, being based at West Malling with Meteor NF Mk 12 and 14s for the entire period. Motto: Noctividus (Seeing by night) Squadron Codes used: - On 9 May 1918, it was proposed to form the squadron for deployment to France with Bristol F2Bs in October but these plans were cancelled on 4 July. Its formation was immediately rescheduled to form on 3 August for deployment on 3 October, but this plan was suspended on 29 July. Eventually the squadron was formed at Chingford on 7 August for deployment on 29 October, but having received no aircraft, it was disbanded on 11 September. The squadron reformed at Fowlmere on 17 November 1941, being declared operational in February 1942. Equipped with Spitfires, it moved to Churchstanton in May for convoy escort duties and Hornchurch in June where it began offensive operations over France. However, on 30 August, it flew its last mission and was taken off operations, moving to Welligore the next day to prepare for movement overseas. The ground echelon left on 1 November by sea, whilst the air echelon flew out to Gibraltar, operating from there until the two components were able to re-assemble in Algeria on 21 November. The squadron provided air defence of the Allied forces along the North African coast until the end of the campaign. After this it moved to Malta, from where it supported the invasion of Sicily, moving onto the island itself on 18 July 1943. In September the squadron moved to Italy but in December it moved to Palestine and the n Cyprus, from where it took part in operations in Syria. April 1944 saw te squadron operating from Corsica and in August it provided cover for Operation 'Dragoon', the Allied invasion of Southern France. It then remained in France provided air cover to the advancing Allied armies until the end of September, when it returned to Italy, disbanding at Naples on 1 November 1944. Two weeks late (16 November), the squadron reformed at Biggin Hill, acquiring No 131 Squadron's Spitfire VIIs. These were used to provide long range bomber escorts, which was made easier from February 1945, when Mustangs replaced the Spitfires but on 31 March 1945, the squadron disbanded at its latest base of Hunsdon. Motto: His modis ad victoriam (By this means to Victory) Squadron Codes used: - On 9 May 1918, it was proposed to form the squadron for deployment to France with DH9As in September and then October but these plans were cancelled on 4 July. Its formation was immediately rescheduled to form on 6 September for deployment on 6 November, but this plan was suspended on 29 July. It eventually formed as a night bomber squadron at Feltham on 14 September 1918, it received some DH9As but having failed to achieve operational status was disbanded on 7 December. No 155 reformed on 1 April 1942 at Peshawar, equipped with Curtiss Mohawks, however it was September before the squadron became operational. It was involved in air defence operations and coastal patrols around Madras, but the following month it was transferred to Bengal, where it began to operate over Burma. The squadron retained its Mohawks on a vareity of operations including ground attack, recce and escort duties until January 1944, when it eventually received more modern equipment in the form of Spitfires. With these it was employed on air defence as well as its previous roles. With the Japanese surrender the squadron moved to Singapore and then in May 1946 it moved to Sumatra, where it disbanded on 31 October 1946. At the time of writing (2002), the squadron's final incarnation began on 1 September 1954, when it reformed at Seletar as a Whirlwind helicopter squadron. It flew these aircraft in the light transport and casualty evacuation roles during Operation 'Firedog' supporting both the army and police in their fight against Communist terrorist. However, on 3 June 1959, the squadron was disbanded when it was amalgamated with No 194 to form No 110 Squadron. Motto: Eternal vigilance Squadron Codes used: - All Squadron badges on this page are courtesy of Steve Clements © Crown Copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Directorate of Intellectual Property Rights This page was last updated on 30/12/11 using FrontPage XP© Sqns 156 - 160 [Top of Page] Sqns 156 - 160	[ 16170, 286, 11416, 532, 317, 7443, 286, 28168, 30801, 198, 8206, 6117, 389, 3402, 2174, 198, 12, 5995, 7873, 532, 198, 12, 7994, 428, 2524, 532, 198, 12, 12029, 21860, 532, 198, 12, 8774, 21860, 532, 198, 12, 12688, 6, 9498, 532, 198, 12, 1867, 338, 968, 532, 198, 12, 10478, 10664, 276, 532, 198, 12, 7467, 9363, 532, 198, 12, 797, 403, 507, 532, 198, 12, 14039, 2185, 532, 198, 12, 5865, 22358, 4897, 532, 198, 12, 3582, 22358, 4897, 532, 198, 12, 45970, 560, 532, 198, 12, 347, 45689, 532, 198, 8479, 276, 379, 367, 391, 1721, 11272, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 319, 1105, 2795, 25859, 416, 2263, 257, 5474, 422, 32798, 5846, 11, 8699, 290, 13539, 11630, 12212, 13, 383, 717, 5474, 3888, 284, 4881, 319, 1467, 2795, 290, 3478, 1528, 1568, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 40733, 373, 635, 287, 4881, 13, 632, 12228, 7298, 1424, 287, 9366, 286, 3517, 12536, 287, 262, 1989, 290, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 550, 6572, 2608, 4472, 6215, 13, 632, 635, 5495, 262, 7989, 286, 1755, 34396, 11, 618, 340, 925, 3434, 1028, 2679, 26127, 8024, 284, 511, 1633, 25747, 13, 11136, 4504, 284, 5491, 287, 3945, 30992, 11, 340, 47302, 379, 360, 2787, 319, 838, 2693, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 42878, 319, 604, 2932, 27653, 379, 2258, 775, 1940, 11, 10911, 351, 402, 39695, 422, 257, 42925, 286, 1400, 7265, 27242, 13, 39419, 2540, 284, 9240, 287, 3426, 28017, 290, 11315, 373, 5668, 287, 3945, 24414, 13, 12101, 867, 16004, 4991, 11, 340, 6150, 287, 5491, 319, 6110, 10741, 11, 2427, 286, 1016, 284, 4881, 13, 632, 788, 5017, 262, 39303, 14232, 24663, 290, 1718, 636, 287, 749, 286, 262, 5838, 286, 5491, 11, 878, 3867, 284, 7367, 1525, 287, 2693, 16236, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 3389, 11, 340, 373, 3066, 284, 4351, 262, 40733, 284, 262, 1755, 4330, 2597, 290, 340, 3888, 284, 35315, 66, 1258, 810, 340, 635, 2722, 2896, 17883, 13, 5265, 4560, 547, 32400, 287, 3945, 23234, 422, 663, 2779, 379, 370, 1967, 278, 290, 257, 42925, 379, 37360, 680, 439, 13, 554, 3035, 22458, 11, 5826, 47391, 418, 2540, 284, 9240, 290, 262, 39419, 547, 3393, 9880, 3584, 340, 373, 2901, 878, 262, 2896, 17883, 1364, 11, 4305, 262, 40733, 9944, 10911, 351, 262, 5826, 421, 10094, 13, 3574, 3035, 21577, 11, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 18080, 1755, 28891, 852, 925, 11, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 1623, 263, 710, 11, 422, 810, 340, 2540, 48927, 4560, 13, 554, 3267, 16994, 11, 257, 1445, 284, 11312, 5425, 82, 2957, 284, 340, 22868, 262, 24065, 1104, 2597, 290, 777, 547, 3767, 422, 3687, 2895, 24660, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 317, 1178, 1528, 1568, 262, 40733, 3888, 736, 284, 262, 2688, 12946, 11, 35758, 278, 379, 46949, 1168, 726, 1044, 319, 838, 3267, 22717, 13, 198, 4863, 1367, 3945, 24977, 1566, 1478, 2693, 27937, 11, 262, 40733, 1271, 373, 6692, 284, 1400, 2242, 27242, 11, 475, 319, 262, 1315, 400, 11, 262, 40733, 35049, 663, 10404, 11, 618, 340, 42878, 379, 1004, 794, 945, 355, 257, 21463, 1755, 10543, 4326, 13, 554, 3035, 24217, 25582, 41288, 24798, 1367, 82, 6928, 262, 569, 27933, 290, 287, 2901, 25325, 11, 777, 547, 6928, 416, 33284, 41288, 24798, 513, 82, 13, 383, 40733, 338, 2597, 3421, 287, 2901, 25177, 11, 618, 340, 2627, 281, 477, 12, 23563, 10543, 4326, 319, 302, 12, 4853, 4501, 351, 13790, 626, 1040, 11, 777, 852, 17383, 1566, 678, 2693, 20510, 11, 618, 262, 40733, 47302, 11, 991, 852, 379, 1004, 794, 945, 13, 198, 20459, 2457, 29185, 15436, 422, 352, 3269, 20033, 284, 1679, 1737, 19342, 11, 618, 262, 5865, 874, 9455, 7712, 27242, 373, 1813, 262, 1271, 13, 347, 1386, 379, 30263, 261, 11, 428, 4326, 12228, 257, 2837, 286, 6215, 1390, 406, 1939, 349, 5907, 11, 38330, 11, 569, 945, 871, 290, 1680, 527, 8847, 319, 13428, 2267, 290, 2478, 13, 383, 40733, 373, 47302, 416, 852, 8851, 26584, 1400, 10111, 27242, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 376, 726, 39128, 6245, 10840, 357, 37, 23091, 12722, 7077, 8, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 8479, 276, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 10911, 351, 7298, 1424, 379, 371, 5374, 3841, 319, 352, 2795, 25859, 11, 340, 3888, 284, 4881, 287, 3267, 11, 475, 2497, 1310, 2223, 287, 262, 5637, 1115, 2745, 286, 262, 1175, 11, 8024, 284, 360, 2787, 287, 3945, 30992, 11, 810, 340, 47302, 319, 1542, 2795, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 42878, 379, 36031, 17299, 319, 352, 3267, 24414, 10911, 351, 2671, 9189, 2024, 13, 44101, 284, 48377, 27312, 2540, 287, 3269, 16236, 290, 428, 1429, 373, 1844, 416, 3945, 13, 30900, 17383, 287, 262, 2258, 12, 25234, 329, 6110, 10741, 11, 340, 3888, 5366, 287, 2901, 16236, 284, 25692, 4053, 11, 810, 340, 6150, 3690, 262, 5838, 286, 5491, 13, 632, 13112, 32860, 34141, 422, 4347, 19367, 422, 3035, 23234, 878, 3867, 284, 3687, 2895, 24660, 287, 2932, 11, 422, 547, 340, 13112, 27675, 10566, 13, 554, 3269, 22458, 11, 340, 3888, 284, 8342, 7517, 11, 287, 2932, 340, 373, 736, 319, 32860, 34141, 422, 42375, 475, 287, 2693, 340, 3888, 284, 370, 1967, 278, 290, 2540, 10629, 8400, 21030, 341, 11292, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 1718, 636, 287, 262, 28234, 9581, 287, 2258, 5478, 287, 3389, 290, 422, 262, 1478, 400, 286, 326, 1227, 340, 3888, 4291, 1633, 25747, 287, 36498, 13, 5856, 262, 1903, 636, 286, 428, 1923, 11, 340, 2810, 10543, 3002, 284, 10543, 12, 65, 296, 1213, 4855, 352, 301, 5407, 338, 5963, 13, 2805, 21577, 2497, 262, 40733, 22868, 262, 10543, 12, 65, 296, 527, 2597, 2346, 11, 543, 340, 5952, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1923, 13, 554, 11824, 329, 262, 1956, 654, 319, 49301, 11, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 35206, 287, 2795, 21577, 11, 3867, 4291, 262, 7022, 287, 2901, 290, 788, 8031, 287, 2693, 13, 198, 4864, 11, 287, 3389, 340, 373, 319, 262, 1445, 284, 1194, 13919, 21421, 11, 618, 340, 373, 13030, 284, 4351, 284, 3794, 13, 27350, 1075, 287, 3426, 340, 302, 12, 40617, 48377, 6495, 19691, 3792, 290, 3393, 2540, 10543, 34141, 1566, 3035, 16994, 618, 340, 1816, 736, 284, 10543, 12, 65, 296, 527, 4560, 13, 632, 373, 2950, 287, 262, 5838, 286, 1846, 27451, 290, 3767, 284, 1104, 1478, 400, 5407, 329, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 14207, 569, 41, 12, 12393, 11, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 12551, 11, 810, 340, 47302, 319, 838, 2805, 22717, 13, 198, 7571, 1933, 1568, 319, 807, 1737, 22717, 11, 1400, 21056, 27242, 373, 8851, 26584, 24848, 13, 7889, 3949, 351, 48377, 6495, 42667, 82, 11, 340, 2722, 24189, 3558, 287, 2795, 475, 257, 599, 3565, 18772, 3614, 7348, 290, 262, 47302, 757, 319, 1315, 3269, 21709, 13, 3574, 1367, 3945, 24977, 1566, 3261, 1737, 24718, 11, 262, 40733, 1271, 373, 6692, 284, 1400, 678, 27242, 11, 475, 319, 352, 2795, 24718, 11, 262, 40733, 35049, 663, 10404, 11, 618, 340, 42878, 379, 30263, 680, 321, 355, 257, 25582, 1755, 10543, 4326, 13, 632, 47302, 319, 3261, 2901, 24648, 13, 2102, 11, 319, 2808, 2693, 24648, 11, 1400, 1478, 1558, 13365, 373, 4376, 284, 40733, 3722, 355, 1400, 24848, 27242, 13, 632, 373, 10911, 351, 350, 368, 7957, 5209, 290, 14968, 27507, 364, 329, 8062, 10741, 287, 262, 22035, 12108, 13, 632, 3443, 47302, 319, 860, 3426, 15904, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 16463, 913, 43039, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 1858, 318, 1400, 24848, 27242, 5396, 475, 6219, 11312, 11, 352, 5838, 13872, 11, 6866, 47967, 3469, 11, 30035, 11, 13910, 11, 12809, 3132, 767, 57, 37, 25, 13632, 5534, 35890, 718, 30484, 2718, 318, 287, 2800, 351, 617, 1866, 26, 304, 12, 4529, 25, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 8479, 276, 379, 367, 391, 1721, 11272, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 319, 604, 3389, 25859, 11, 475, 262, 7057, 396, 501, 3598, 1528, 1568, 13351, 262, 40733, 5033, 13919, 393, 6464, 597, 6215, 11, 475, 340, 373, 1511, 2795, 30992, 11, 878, 340, 1682, 47302, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 4191, 7042, 319, 1987, 3267, 23234, 379, 347, 453, 14201, 4835, 422, 705, 32, 6, 13365, 286, 1400, 17759, 27242, 11, 543, 550, 3888, 612, 319, 1478, 3267, 422, 5056, 2387, 12816, 13, 632, 12228, 2896, 17883, 319, 1755, 10543, 10741, 1566, 1737, 22458, 475, 287, 3426, 11, 257, 1086, 268, 9096, 5284, 329, 3047, 290, 287, 3269, 262, 1429, 286, 23202, 262, 40733, 4291, 32831, 17114, 2540, 287, 220, 1142, 395, 13, 14207, 11315, 262, 40733, 3767, 284, 2148, 1755, 9366, 286, 8342, 7517, 1566, 3426, 618, 340, 3888, 284, 2258, 5478, 13, 198, 818, 2258, 5478, 11, 262, 40733, 2148, 1755, 3002, 284, 28234, 3386, 355, 880, 355, 4955, 4800, 284, 3063, 19417, 422, 257, 2837, 286, 6190, 12536, 13, 3574, 2901, 16994, 11, 262, 40733, 373, 12536, 287, 46997, 43168, 11, 422, 810, 340, 2087, 1755, 48927, 4560, 284, 663, 10741, 13, 2312, 547, 5952, 1028, 6670, 287, 8050, 4881, 290, 8342, 8031, 290, 287, 2932, 11, 262, 40733, 2722, 257, 1178, 48377, 27312, 290, 39419, 329, 779, 287, 17577, 34141, 11, 475, 319, 642, 2693, 262, 40733, 47302, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 1227, 357, 22, 3267, 828, 262, 40733, 42878, 379, 7385, 39773, 422, 257, 29984, 14275, 416, 1400, 26753, 27242, 355, 257, 38167, 10911, 24065, 4326, 11, 475, 2048, 3393, 3888, 284, 1446, 23427, 13, 14303, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 11, 340, 12228, 355, 636, 286, 38474, 9455, 338, 8774, 5221, 290, 788, 5281, 503, 4161, 15816, 13956, 284, 8031, 11, 35758, 278, 319, 2579, 2693, 15761, 13, 383, 40733, 468, 1290, 587, 42878, 329, 530, 584, 2278, 11, 2579, 3945, 25325, 284, 362, 2901, 24648, 13, 770, 373, 287, 663, 2656, 2597, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 11, 852, 1912, 379, 2688, 337, 9221, 351, 25582, 41288, 24798, 1105, 290, 1478, 82, 329, 262, 2104, 2278, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 32809, 1699, 385, 357, 36314, 416, 1755, 8, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 2202, 860, 1737, 25859, 11, 340, 373, 5150, 284, 1296, 262, 40733, 329, 14833, 284, 4881, 351, 25040, 376, 17, 37000, 287, 3267, 475, 777, 3352, 547, 16769, 319, 604, 2901, 13, 6363, 9978, 373, 3393, 581, 1740, 6309, 284, 1296, 319, 513, 2932, 329, 14833, 319, 513, 3267, 11, 475, 428, 1410, 373, 9951, 319, 2808, 2901, 13, 16178, 262, 40733, 373, 7042, 379, 609, 278, 3841, 319, 767, 2932, 329, 14833, 319, 2808, 3267, 11, 475, 1719, 2722, 645, 6215, 11, 340, 373, 47302, 319, 1367, 2693, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 42878, 379, 376, 4883, 34671, 319, 1596, 3389, 23234, 11, 852, 6875, 13919, 287, 3945, 22458, 13, 7889, 3949, 351, 48377, 27312, 11, 340, 3888, 284, 4564, 18797, 261, 287, 1737, 329, 32860, 27675, 10741, 290, 13549, 36964, 287, 2795, 810, 340, 2540, 5859, 4560, 625, 4881, 13, 2102, 11, 319, 1542, 2932, 11, 340, 13112, 663, 938, 4365, 290, 373, 2077, 572, 4560, 11, 3867, 284, 370, 2976, 382, 262, 1306, 1110, 284, 8335, 329, 3356, 11292, 13, 198, 464, 2323, 304, 2395, 14995, 1364, 319, 352, 3389, 416, 5417, 11, 14590, 262, 1633, 304, 2395, 14995, 13112, 503, 284, 47403, 11, 5361, 422, 612, 1566, 262, 734, 6805, 547, 1498, 284, 302, 12, 292, 15140, 287, 36498, 319, 2310, 3389, 13, 383, 40733, 2810, 1633, 9366, 286, 262, 28234, 3386, 1863, 262, 2258, 5510, 7051, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1923, 13, 2293, 428, 340, 3888, 284, 35206, 11, 422, 810, 340, 4855, 262, 11796, 286, 49301, 11, 3867, 4291, 262, 7022, 2346, 319, 1248, 2901, 21577, 13, 554, 2693, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 8031, 475, 287, 3426, 340, 3888, 284, 17263, 290, 262, 299, 27885, 11, 422, 810, 340, 1718, 636, 287, 4560, 287, 4392, 13, 3035, 16994, 2497, 573, 40733, 5361, 422, 26978, 3970, 290, 287, 2932, 340, 2810, 3002, 329, 14680, 705, 46022, 2049, 3256, 262, 28234, 11796, 286, 8050, 4881, 13, 632, 788, 6150, 287, 4881, 2810, 1633, 3002, 284, 262, 19988, 28234, 18837, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 2693, 11, 618, 340, 4504, 284, 8031, 11, 35758, 278, 379, 49404, 319, 352, 3389, 16994, 13, 198, 7571, 2745, 2739, 357, 1433, 3389, 828, 262, 40733, 42878, 379, 4403, 1655, 3327, 11, 22488, 1400, 23134, 27242, 338, 48377, 6495, 13889, 3792, 13, 2312, 547, 973, 284, 2148, 890, 2837, 24065, 3671, 2096, 11, 543, 373, 925, 4577, 422, 3945, 15761, 11, 618, 12039, 27725, 6928, 262, 48377, 27312, 475, 319, 3261, 2805, 15761, 11, 262, 40733, 47302, 379, 663, 3452, 2779, 286, 5900, 82, 9099, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 2399, 953, 271, 512, 2210, 273, 1789, 357, 3886, 428, 1724, 284, 21203, 8, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 2202, 860, 1737, 25859, 11, 340, 373, 5150, 284, 1296, 262, 40733, 329, 14833, 284, 4881, 351, 23809, 24, 1722, 287, 2693, 290, 788, 3267, 475, 777, 3352, 547, 16769, 319, 604, 2901, 13, 6363, 9978, 373, 3393, 581, 1740, 6309, 284, 1296, 319, 718, 2693, 329, 14833, 319, 718, 3389, 11, 475, 428, 1410, 373, 9951, 319, 2808, 2901, 13, 632, 4191, 7042, 355, 257, 1755, 24065, 40733, 379, 13937, 400, 321, 319, 1478, 2693, 25859, 11, 340, 2722, 617, 23809, 24, 1722, 475, 1719, 4054, 284, 4620, 13919, 3722, 373, 47302, 319, 767, 3426, 13, 198, 2949, 20708, 42878, 319, 352, 3035, 22458, 379, 39654, 48841, 11, 10911, 351, 19569, 747, 9719, 11890, 11, 2158, 340, 373, 2693, 878, 262, 40733, 2627, 13919, 13, 632, 373, 2950, 287, 1633, 9366, 4560, 290, 17475, 34141, 1088, 4627, 8847, 11, 475, 262, 1708, 1227, 340, 373, 11172, 284, 28630, 11, 810, 340, 2540, 284, 8076, 625, 40306, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 17383, 663, 9719, 11890, 319, 257, 410, 533, 414, 286, 4560, 1390, 2323, 1368, 11, 664, 344, 290, 27675, 10741, 1566, 3269, 16994, 11, 618, 340, 4191, 2722, 517, 3660, 5112, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 48377, 27312, 13, 2080, 777, 340, 373, 9322, 319, 1633, 9366, 355, 880, 355, 663, 2180, 9176, 13, 2080, 262, 4960, 16908, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 12551, 290, 788, 287, 1737, 22717, 340, 3888, 284, 5060, 26066, 11, 810, 340, 47302, 319, 3261, 3267, 22717, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 640, 286, 3597, 357, 16942, 828, 262, 40733, 338, 2457, 29185, 2540, 319, 352, 2693, 24718, 11, 618, 340, 42878, 379, 1001, 1616, 283, 355, 257, 854, 32785, 15392, 40733, 13, 632, 13112, 777, 6215, 287, 262, 1657, 4839, 290, 39068, 24663, 9176, 1141, 14680, 705, 37, 1202, 519, 6, 6493, 1111, 262, 5428, 290, 1644, 287, 511, 1907, 1028, 14884, 7417, 13, 2102, 11, 319, 513, 2795, 23859, 11, 262, 40733, 373, 47302, 618, 340, 373, 45541, 321, 515, 351, 1400, 30483, 284, 1296, 1400, 9796, 27242, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 21475, 49202, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 3237, 27242, 37583, 319, 428, 2443, 389, 12537, 286, 6542, 327, 3639, 198, 16224, 12223, 15069, 318, 31759, 351, 262, 7170, 286, 262, 44437, 286, 42443, 14161, 6923, 198, 1212, 2443, 373, 938, 6153, 319, 1542, 14, 1065, 14, 1157, 1262, 8880, 9876, 11961, 16224, 198, 50, 80, 5907, 23871, 532, 13454, 198, 58, 9126, 286, 7873, 60, 311, 80, 5907, 23871, 532, 13454, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,540
A reader writes: "I struggle with reoccurring yeast infections. The doctor gave me an oral medication for them about 5 years ago and I didn't have them for a year. Then my body started to be allergic to that medicine."I've always known I can change my diet, but you know how hard that is! I know I need to cut out refined sugar and starches. Again not so easy! "Can you give me some ideas as to what to eat for breakfast? It's hard to go to the store with four kids and actually read the labels." Dear Reader, Fascinating information out there about this condition. Suffice it to say, some diet changes can help prevent yeast infections. But it may not be as drastic as you have been led to believe. Here's why: Yeasts are everywhere. They live in soil. They reside on the skins of fruit and berries. And they live in the body. Some yeasts are good and others are not. The yeast most often responsible for infections in the body is Candida albicans (aka Candida). Although a normal resident of the body, Candida is considered an "opportunistic pathogen" which means it is only harmful if it is allowed to grow out of control. The most common cause of yeast infections? Antibiotic use, say experts. Antibiotics kill good bacteria (which protect the body from yeast overgrowth) as well as bad bacteria. Other conditions that may promote the abnormal growth of yeast in the body include pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, diabetes and HIV infections. Yeasts in food, however, are entirely different species from the pathogen Candida albicans. Nutritional yeasts are "friendly fungi" much like mushrooms and other "organisms" we add to food for one reason or other. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (abbreviated S. cerevisiae) is a common yeast that has been used to make bread for thousands of years. Other strains of Saccharomyces are used to ferment grape juice into wine. Kombucha is a fermented sweetened tea made with a nutritional yeast. Some yeasts are even used to turn corn into ethanol fuel. But I digress. Although the internet is full of diet advice on how to prevent yeast infections (one site says you must eliminate everything but garlic, spices, herbs and vegetables), here are some reliable remedies: Increase your intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). These good bacteria in the gut keep Candida yeast cells from growing out of control. Sorry, but you will need to look at food labels to find foods such as milk, kefir, or yogurt that contain Lactobacillus acidophilus as an ingredient. Keep up your defenses. Protein-containing foods strengthen our immune system so it can thwart the growth of wayward yeast cells. Include at least one of these at each meal: fish, poultry, meat, eggs, low-fat cheese, yogurt, milk, beans, nuts or nut butters. Make half your plate vegetables. (Have we heard this before?) Cooked or raw, these foods feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut that keep the bad Candida boys under control. Add some raw garlic to your diet. Garlic has proven anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Smash it up and add it to salad dressings and other fresh foods. Consider taking a probiotic supplement that contains Lactobacillus - the good guys shown to control the growth of Candida. One trustworthy brand is Culturelle which, contains Lactobacillus GG. Cut extra sugar from your diet. Eat whole fruit and avoid excessive amounts of juice and other sugared beverages. This is a good recommendation for all of us. Ideas for breakfast? Try plain or low-sugar yogurt made with Lactobacillus "live active" cultures. And sprinkle with some raw garlic ... just kidding. Bottom line: Avoid the overuse of antibiotics. Replenish your gut with good bacteria in the form of active live Lactobacillus-containing foods. Eat some protein at each meal. Load up with vegetables. If you haven't already, let your doctor know about your symptoms so he can prescribe necessary medical therapy. And don't believe everything you read on the internet. (Barbara Quinn is a registered dietitian and certified diabetes educator at the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula. ©2012 The Monterey County Herald Distributed by Mclatchy-Tribune News Service. \|Printable Version\|\|E-mail a Friend\|	[ 32, 9173, 6797, 25, 366, 40, 6531, 351, 302, 13966, 14924, 20146, 16079, 13, 383, 6253, 2921, 502, 281, 12886, 14103, 329, 606, 546, 642, 812, 2084, 290, 314, 1422, 470, 423, 606, 329, 257, 614, 13, 3244, 616, 1767, 2067, 284, 307, 31856, 284, 326, 9007, 526, 40, 1053, 1464, 1900, 314, 460, 1487, 616, 5496, 11, 475, 345, 760, 703, 1327, 326, 318, 0, 314, 760, 314, 761, 284, 2005, 503, 20449, 7543, 290, 3491, 2052, 13, 6521, 407, 523, 2562, 0, 366, 6090, 345, 1577, 502, 617, 4213, 355, 284, 644, 284, 4483, 329, 12607, 30, 632, 338, 1327, 284, 467, 284, 262, 3650, 351, 1440, 3988, 290, 1682, 1100, 262, 14722, 526, 23420, 25342, 11, 41467, 6010, 1321, 503, 612, 546, 428, 4006, 13, 24974, 501, 340, 284, 910, 11, 617, 5496, 2458, 460, 1037, 2948, 20146, 16079, 13, 887, 340, 743, 407, 307, 355, 27069, 355, 345, 423, 587, 2957, 284, 1975, 13, 3423, 338, 1521, 25, 11609, 5773, 389, 8347, 13, 1119, 2107, 287, 9260, 13, 1119, 26412, 319, 262, 25873, 286, 8234, 290, 36322, 13, 843, 484, 2107, 287, 262, 1767, 13, 2773, 9838, 5773, 389, 922, 290, 1854, 389, 407, 13, 383, 20146, 749, 1690, 4497, 329, 16079, 287, 262, 1767, 318, 15518, 3755, 435, 65, 22398, 357, 8130, 15518, 3755, 737, 4900, 257, 3487, 6623, 286, 262, 1767, 11, 15518, 3755, 318, 3177, 281, 366, 10365, 1922, 2569, 3108, 6644, 1, 543, 1724, 340, 318, 691, 13568, 611, 340, 318, 3142, 284, 1663, 503, 286, 1630, 13, 383, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 20146, 16079, 30, 3738, 571, 16357, 779, 11, 910, 6154, 13, 3738, 571, 18296, 1494, 922, 11492, 357, 4758, 1805, 262, 1767, 422, 20146, 625, 27922, 8, 355, 880, 355, 2089, 11492, 13, 3819, 3403, 326, 743, 7719, 262, 18801, 3349, 286, 20146, 287, 262, 1767, 2291, 10241, 11, 17770, 9014, 9102, 11, 12593, 290, 10498, 16079, 13, 11609, 5773, 287, 2057, 11, 2158, 11, 389, 5000, 1180, 4693, 422, 262, 3108, 6644, 15518, 3755, 435, 65, 22398, 13, 11959, 21297, 9838, 5773, 389, 366, 13120, 38467, 1, 881, 588, 23452, 290, 584, 366, 45165, 1, 356, 751, 284, 2057, 329, 530, 1738, 393, 584, 13, 9295, 10641, 9145, 728, 6736, 4703, 33100, 357, 397, 4679, 8903, 515, 311, 13, 6736, 4703, 33100, 8, 318, 257, 2219, 20146, 326, 468, 587, 973, 284, 787, 8509, 329, 4138, 286, 812, 13, 3819, 21245, 286, 9295, 10641, 9145, 728, 389, 973, 284, 38797, 30777, 13135, 656, 8237, 13, 509, 2381, 48022, 318, 257, 44543, 6029, 2945, 8887, 925, 351, 257, 24000, 20146, 13, 2773, 9838, 5773, 389, 772, 973, 284, 1210, 11676, 656, 28829, 5252, 13, 887, 314, 3100, 601, 13, 4900, 262, 5230, 318, 1336, 286, 5496, 5608, 319, 703, 284, 2948, 20146, 16079, 357, 505, 2524, 1139, 345, 1276, 11005, 2279, 475, 17644, 11, 27952, 11, 25411, 290, 13701, 828, 994, 389, 617, 9314, 29604, 25, 25285, 534, 10337, 286, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 7408, 2522, 35815, 357, 43, 13, 7408, 2522, 35815, 737, 2312, 922, 11492, 287, 262, 12500, 1394, 15518, 3755, 20146, 4778, 422, 3957, 503, 286, 1630, 13, 19061, 11, 475, 345, 481, 761, 284, 804, 379, 2057, 14722, 284, 1064, 9013, 884, 355, 7545, 11, 885, 69, 343, 11, 393, 32132, 326, 3994, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 7408, 2522, 35815, 355, 281, 18734, 13, 9175, 510, 534, 18370, 13, 31702, 12, 38301, 9013, 12160, 674, 10900, 1080, 523, 340, 460, 36162, 262, 3349, 286, 835, 904, 20146, 4778, 13, 40348, 379, 1551, 530, 286, 777, 379, 1123, 9799, 25, 5916, 11, 34101, 11, 6174, 11, 9653, 11, 1877, 12, 17359, 9891, 11, 32132, 11, 7545, 11, 16567, 11, 14380, 393, 6701, 475, 1010, 13, 6889, 2063, 534, 7480, 13701, 13, 357, 11980, 356, 2982, 428, 878, 10091, 8261, 276, 393, 8246, 11, 777, 9013, 3745, 262, 13205, 11492, 287, 262, 12500, 326, 1394, 262, 2089, 15518, 3755, 6510, 739, 1630, 13, 3060, 617, 8246, 17644, 284, 534, 5496, 13, 7164, 677, 468, 9157, 3098, 12, 69, 2150, 282, 290, 3098, 12, 65, 44965, 6608, 13, 18214, 340, 510, 290, 751, 340, 284, 20698, 6576, 654, 290, 584, 4713, 9013, 13, 12642, 2263, 257, 1861, 16357, 10327, 326, 4909, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 532, 262, 922, 3730, 3402, 284, 1630, 262, 3349, 286, 15518, 3755, 13, 1881, 34412, 4508, 318, 17346, 75, 293, 543, 11, 4909, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 37442, 13, 9712, 3131, 7543, 422, 534, 5496, 13, 27574, 2187, 8234, 290, 3368, 13181, 6867, 286, 13135, 290, 584, 424, 70, 1144, 24173, 13, 770, 318, 257, 922, 15602, 329, 477, 286, 514, 13, 35365, 329, 12607, 30, 9993, 8631, 393, 1877, 12, 82, 35652, 32132, 925, 351, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 366, 12583, 4075, 1, 13817, 13, 843, 45799, 351, 617, 8246, 17644, 2644, 655, 26471, 13, 24530, 1627, 25, 24390, 262, 625, 1904, 286, 22392, 13, 18407, 268, 680, 534, 12500, 351, 922, 11492, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 4075, 2107, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 12, 38301, 9013, 13, 27574, 617, 7532, 379, 1123, 9799, 13, 8778, 510, 351, 13701, 13, 1002, 345, 4398, 470, 1541, 11, 1309, 534, 6253, 760, 546, 534, 7460, 523, 339, 460, 32651, 3306, 3315, 9102, 13, 843, 836, 470, 1975, 2279, 345, 1100, 319, 262, 5230, 13, 357, 10374, 39389, 16109, 318, 257, 6823, 5496, 270, 666, 290, 15704, 12593, 45562, 379, 262, 8108, 9256, 286, 262, 5575, 48023, 24078, 13, 198, 16224, 6999, 383, 5575, 48023, 3418, 18277, 4307, 6169, 416, 337, 565, 963, 88, 12, 51, 44130, 3000, 4809, 13, 198, 91, 18557, 540, 10628, 15886, 36, 12, 4529, 257, 9182, 91, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	943
Hansen is threatening humanity again with climate dice Perceptions of Climate Change: The New Climate Dice We conclude that extreme heat waves, such as that in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010, were “caused” by global warming Hansen has been holding the dice since he had a full head of hair, and has been coming up snake-eyes for 25 years. July, 1936 was the hottest month in US history. Did global warming cause the heat wave?	[ 39, 33807, 318, 11123, 9265, 757, 351, 4258, 17963, 198, 5990, 11755, 286, 13963, 9794, 25, 383, 968, 13963, 34381, 198, 1135, 13796, 326, 3257, 4894, 9813, 11, 884, 355, 326, 287, 3936, 290, 10433, 287, 2813, 290, 9070, 287, 3050, 11, 547, 564, 250, 6888, 1484, 447, 251, 416, 3298, 9917, 198, 39, 33807, 468, 587, 4769, 262, 17963, 1201, 339, 550, 257, 1336, 1182, 286, 4190, 11, 290, 468, 587, 2406, 510, 17522, 12, 48418, 329, 1679, 812, 13, 198, 16157, 11, 27653, 373, 262, 26896, 1227, 287, 1294, 2106, 13, 7731, 3298, 9917, 2728, 262, 4894, 6769, 30, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	102
In a first-of-its-kind effort to illuminate the biochemical impact of trauma, researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center have discovered a connection between the quantity of cannabinoid receptors in the human brain, known as CB1 receptors, and post-traumatic stress disorder, the… • May 15, 13 • Psychiatry and Mental Health News » Depression impacts an astounding 20% - 23% of women at some point in their lives, thus qualifying as one of the most common public health problems in the world (Kessler et al. 1994b). This high prevalence in women is probably multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of genetic, neuroendocrine, psychosocial, and stress factors (Bifulco et al. 1998; Heim and Nemeroff 1999). In this chapter, we examine the impact of gender on recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD), emphasizing the clinical features and treatment of the illness during three key periods of hormone transition: adolescence, pregnancy and the postpartum period, and the menopausal period. Clinical features and sex differences are described first, followed by a focus on recurrences and strategies for prevention.	[ 818, 257, 717, 12, 1659, 12, 896, 12, 11031, 3626, 284, 38407, 262, 47685, 2928, 286, 14649, 11, 4837, 379, 48166, 16332, 505, 8366, 3337, 423, 5071, 257, 4637, 1022, 262, 12040, 286, 48175, 20099, 287, 262, 1692, 3632, 11, 1900, 355, 10078, 16, 20099, 11, 290, 1281, 12, 41521, 5503, 8967, 11, 262, 1399, 198, 3581, 1737, 1315, 11, 1511, 5595, 28897, 290, 21235, 3893, 3000, 13355, 198, 12156, 2234, 12751, 281, 34328, 1160, 4, 532, 2242, 4, 286, 1466, 379, 617, 966, 287, 511, 3160, 11, 4145, 18677, 355, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2219, 1171, 1535, 2761, 287, 262, 995, 357, 42, 33730, 2123, 435, 13, 9162, 65, 737, 770, 1029, 16815, 287, 1466, 318, 2192, 1963, 29660, 5132, 11, 7411, 257, 3716, 987, 1759, 286, 8513, 11, 7669, 437, 38658, 11, 3795, 418, 9402, 11, 290, 5503, 5087, 357, 33, 4135, 1073, 2123, 435, 13, 7795, 26, 679, 320, 290, 22547, 263, 2364, 7358, 737, 198, 818, 428, 6843, 11, 356, 10716, 262, 2928, 286, 5279, 319, 42465, 1688, 36568, 8967, 357, 12740, 35, 828, 36360, 262, 8668, 3033, 290, 3513, 286, 262, 8526, 1141, 1115, 1994, 9574, 286, 17770, 6801, 25, 37258, 11, 10241, 290, 262, 1281, 3911, 388, 2278, 11, 290, 262, 1450, 47637, 2278, 13, 21234, 3033, 290, 1714, 5400, 389, 3417, 717, 11, 3940, 416, 257, 2962, 319, 664, 333, 34303, 290, 10064, 329, 14196, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	234
Far north within the Arctic Circle off the northern coast of Norway lies a small chain of islands known as Svalbard. These craggy islands have been scoured into shape by ice and sea. The effect of glacial activity can be seen in this image of the northern tip of the island of Spitsbergen. Here, glaciers have carved out a fjord, a U-shaped valley that has been flooded with sea water. Called Bockfjorden, the fjord is located at almost 80 degrees north, and it is still being affected by glaciers. The effect is most obvious in this image in the tan layer of silty freshwater that floats atop the denser blue water of the Arctic Ocean. The fresh water melts off land-bound glaciers and flows over the sandstone, collecting fine red-toned silt. In this image, the tan-colored fresh water flows northward up the fjord and is being pushed to the east side of the fjord by the rotation of the Earth. Glaciers here and elsewhere on Spitsbergen are cold bottom glaciers, which means that they are frozen to the ground rather than floating on top of a thin layer of melt water. The glaciers are also land glaciers since their terminus (end) lies on land, rather than floating on the water (a tidewater glacier). Land glaciers grow and retreat slowly, balancing fresh snow with the melting and draining of old ice. Their rate of growth or retreat can be affected by global warming. In most cases, including the glaciers around Bockfjorden, global warming has caused glaciers to retreat from increased melting. On the eastern side of Svalbard, however, glaciers are growing from enhanced snowfall. The reason for this pattern remains only one of many intriguing unanswered questions of Arctic science in the islands. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, (ASTER) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this false-color image on June 26, 2001.	[ 21428, 5093, 1626, 262, 15723, 16291, 572, 262, 7840, 7051, 286, 15238, 7363, 257, 1402, 6333, 286, 14807, 1900, 355, 311, 2100, 23024, 13, 2312, 1067, 363, 1360, 14807, 423, 587, 629, 8167, 656, 5485, 416, 4771, 290, 5417, 13, 383, 1245, 286, 1278, 18150, 3842, 460, 307, 1775, 287, 428, 2939, 286, 262, 7840, 8171, 286, 262, 7022, 286, 1338, 896, 3900, 268, 13, 3423, 11, 40509, 423, 23470, 503, 257, 277, 73, 585, 11, 257, 471, 12, 16760, 19272, 326, 468, 587, 21050, 351, 5417, 1660, 13, 34099, 347, 735, 69, 73, 585, 268, 11, 262, 277, 73, 585, 318, 5140, 379, 2048, 4019, 7370, 5093, 11, 290, 340, 318, 991, 852, 5676, 416, 40509, 13, 383, 1245, 318, 749, 3489, 287, 428, 2939, 287, 262, 25706, 7679, 286, 3313, 774, 40941, 326, 36016, 20156, 262, 29509, 263, 4171, 1660, 286, 262, 15723, 10692, 13, 383, 4713, 1660, 48813, 572, 1956, 12, 7784, 40509, 290, 15623, 625, 262, 6450, 6440, 11, 13157, 3734, 2266, 12, 1122, 276, 264, 2326, 13, 554, 428, 2939, 11, 262, 25706, 12, 25717, 4713, 1660, 15623, 5093, 904, 510, 262, 277, 73, 585, 290, 318, 852, 7121, 284, 262, 7627, 1735, 286, 262, 277, 73, 585, 416, 262, 13179, 286, 262, 3668, 13, 198, 9861, 330, 3183, 994, 290, 8057, 319, 1338, 896, 3900, 268, 389, 4692, 4220, 40509, 11, 543, 1724, 326, 484, 389, 12912, 284, 262, 2323, 2138, 621, 12462, 319, 1353, 286, 257, 7888, 7679, 286, 16867, 1660, 13, 383, 40509, 389, 635, 1956, 40509, 1201, 511, 5651, 385, 357, 437, 8, 7363, 319, 1956, 11, 2138, 621, 12462, 319, 262, 1660, 357, 64, 29770, 21422, 44539, 737, 6379, 40509, 1663, 290, 13703, 6364, 11, 22486, 4713, 6729, 351, 262, 24203, 290, 35939, 286, 1468, 4771, 13, 5334, 2494, 286, 3349, 393, 13703, 460, 307, 5676, 416, 3298, 9917, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 1390, 262, 40509, 1088, 347, 735, 69, 73, 585, 268, 11, 3298, 9917, 468, 4073, 40509, 284, 13703, 422, 3220, 24203, 13, 1550, 262, 10183, 1735, 286, 311, 2100, 23024, 11, 2158, 11, 40509, 389, 3957, 422, 13105, 6729, 7207, 13, 383, 1738, 329, 428, 3912, 3793, 691, 530, 286, 867, 19827, 34001, 2683, 286, 15723, 3783, 287, 262, 14807, 13, 198, 464, 13435, 4687, 13555, 41590, 2295, 1480, 290, 6524, 1564, 5325, 72, 15635, 11, 357, 1921, 5781, 8, 319, 8884, 338, 24118, 11210, 7907, 428, 3991, 12, 8043, 2939, 319, 2795, 2608, 11, 5878, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	412
The Future of Baseload Power Generation Michael Crumbliss for RedOrbit.com The annual MIT Energy Conference has grown to be the premier energy conference of its kind, drawing participants from around the world to discuss the current and future state of energy production, use, and technology. The conference in its seventh year still entirely planned, managed, and led by students from the college. In my opinion the students’ direct involvement keeps the conference honest, progressive, and productive. Every talk or panel I attended was at full capacity with young inventors, entrepreneurs, and college freshman sitting beside CEO’s of multinational corporations and industry veterans of all types. The first panel of the MIT Energy Conference met on Friday March 16 on the MIT Campus to discuss “The Future of Baseload Power Generation.” Included In the panel were representatives from large regional power companies, General Electric in their capacity as a worldwide power generator, and academia. Baseload power refers to the minimum amount of power that must be produced to maintain power to the grid at all times. Baseload is what makes the lights come on when you hit the switch first thing in the morning after the typically low power use early in the AM hours. The grid is constantly energized at a pre-determined minimum level. Failure to maintain this level leads to brown-outs and black-outs. In almost all current cases baseload power is produced using coal, gas, oil, and nuclear facilities. These power plants are large and meant to operate with a stable output. Increasingly as intermittent sources of power like wind and solar are added it becomes important for baseload plants to be capable of ramping production up and down more than in the past, and turning on and off in some cases. Chief among concerns about these plants are known levels of pollution, especially in the case of coal upon which much of the world’s baseload depends. In the case of nuclear power, catastrophic meltdowns are possible. All these plants produce large amounts of toxic waste. Providing fuels requires extensive and ongoing mining, drilling and transport. The members of the panel discussed the future of baseload under increased environmental scrutiny. All agreed that gas is the only near term solution with nuclear plants taking too long to build, and with coal is on the way to much reduced use. Coal causes 40% of harmful emissions in the US alone: The Representative from the Southern Company spoke of a new 500MW coal plant in Mississippi. This was the only new coal plant mentioned in the panel. Southern is currently constructing the Vogtle nuclear plants #3 and #4 in Georgia. Each of these two new units will produce 1100MW. The representative from PSEG spoke of the company’s involvement with wholesale, retail, and renewable power in the Northeast (NJ, PA, NY, DE, MD). PSEG uses nuclear, coal, and combined cycle plants, and relatively small but growing renewable input. PSEG is building no more coal plants and closing down old ones. 1500 MW will be taken off-line in the near future. Gas and possibly nuclear is the future for PSEG. The proposed nuclear site is in Southern New Jersey. On a national scale the speaker states that 30-35 GW of coal will be retired. The representative from IHS used Texas as an example of the future of energy consumption. Texas has a separate power grid and can be seen as a single customer. Texas has also led the way with integration of new power sources and updating of its grid and power management systems. This speaker confirmed mentioned that gas is going to replace coal in some large portion in the near future. He also spoke to the possibilities of emerging large-scale storage technology (batteries). The panel agreed that technology and fuel choice can effect carbon release in the United States and other developed countries, but have little or no confidence that China, India, and third world countries will make any effort at all in reducing emissions.	[ 464, 10898, 286, 6455, 417, 1170, 4333, 16588, 198, 13256, 3864, 2178, 75, 747, 329, 2297, 5574, 2545, 13, 785, 198, 464, 5079, 17168, 6682, 8785, 468, 7334, 284, 307, 262, 18256, 2568, 4495, 286, 663, 1611, 11, 8263, 6809, 422, 1088, 262, 995, 284, 2112, 262, 1459, 290, 2003, 1181, 286, 2568, 3227, 11, 779, 11, 290, 3037, 13, 383, 4495, 287, 663, 14024, 614, 991, 5000, 6027, 11, 5257, 11, 290, 2957, 416, 2444, 422, 262, 4152, 13, 554, 616, 4459, 262, 2444, 447, 247, 1277, 9750, 7622, 262, 4495, 5508, 11, 10393, 11, 290, 12973, 13, 3887, 1561, 393, 6103, 314, 9141, 373, 379, 1336, 5339, 351, 1862, 8067, 669, 11, 17038, 11, 290, 4152, 18621, 5586, 13970, 6123, 447, 247, 82, 286, 28061, 10225, 290, 2831, 11255, 286, 477, 3858, 13, 198, 464, 717, 6103, 286, 262, 17168, 6682, 8785, 1138, 319, 3217, 2805, 1467, 319, 262, 17168, 25005, 284, 2112, 564, 250, 464, 10898, 286, 6455, 417, 1170, 4333, 16588, 13, 447, 251, 34774, 554, 262, 6103, 547, 10826, 422, 1588, 7915, 1176, 2706, 11, 3611, 13944, 287, 511, 5339, 355, 257, 8688, 1176, 17301, 11, 290, 34326, 13, 198, 15522, 417, 1170, 1176, 10229, 284, 262, 5288, 2033, 286, 1176, 326, 1276, 307, 4635, 284, 5529, 1176, 284, 262, 10706, 379, 477, 1661, 13, 6455, 417, 1170, 318, 644, 1838, 262, 7588, 1282, 319, 618, 345, 2277, 262, 5078, 717, 1517, 287, 262, 3329, 706, 262, 6032, 1877, 1176, 779, 1903, 287, 262, 3001, 2250, 13, 383, 10706, 318, 7558, 19647, 1143, 379, 257, 662, 12, 67, 23444, 5288, 1241, 13, 25743, 284, 5529, 428, 1241, 5983, 284, 7586, 12, 5269, 290, 2042, 12, 5269, 13, 198, 818, 2048, 477, 1459, 2663, 1615, 417, 1170, 1176, 318, 4635, 1262, 5655, 11, 3623, 11, 3056, 11, 290, 4523, 7291, 13, 2312, 1176, 6134, 389, 1588, 290, 4001, 284, 8076, 351, 257, 8245, 5072, 13, 38921, 306, 355, 38361, 4237, 286, 1176, 588, 2344, 290, 6591, 389, 2087, 340, 4329, 1593, 329, 1615, 417, 1170, 6134, 284, 307, 6007, 286, 10454, 278, 3227, 510, 290, 866, 517, 621, 287, 262, 1613, 11, 290, 6225, 319, 290, 572, 287, 617, 2663, 13, 198, 23675, 1871, 4786, 546, 777, 6134, 389, 1900, 2974, 286, 12231, 11, 2592, 287, 262, 1339, 286, 5655, 2402, 543, 881, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 1615, 417, 1170, 8338, 13, 554, 262, 1339, 286, 4523, 1176, 11, 22694, 16867, 30371, 389, 1744, 13, 1439, 777, 6134, 4439, 1588, 6867, 286, 11422, 7030, 13, 7518, 2530, 18017, 4433, 7667, 290, 7044, 9691, 11, 19747, 290, 4839, 13, 198, 464, 1866, 286, 262, 6103, 6693, 262, 2003, 286, 1615, 417, 1170, 739, 3220, 6142, 14521, 13, 1439, 4987, 326, 3623, 318, 262, 691, 1474, 3381, 4610, 351, 4523, 6134, 2263, 1165, 890, 284, 1382, 11, 290, 351, 5655, 318, 319, 262, 835, 284, 881, 5322, 779, 13, 12896, 5640, 2319, 4, 286, 13568, 8971, 287, 262, 1294, 3436, 25, 198, 464, 19920, 422, 262, 8050, 5834, 5158, 286, 257, 649, 5323, 14326, 5655, 4618, 287, 13797, 13, 770, 373, 262, 691, 649, 5655, 4618, 4750, 287, 262, 6103, 13, 8050, 318, 3058, 30580, 262, 35421, 7100, 4523, 6134, 1303, 18, 290, 1303, 19, 287, 7859, 13, 5501, 286, 777, 734, 649, 4991, 481, 4439, 36566, 14326, 13, 198, 464, 8852, 422, 350, 5188, 38, 5158, 286, 262, 1664, 447, 247, 82, 9750, 351, 24005, 11, 6308, 11, 290, 15713, 1176, 287, 262, 26315, 357, 41074, 11, 8147, 11, 6645, 11, 5550, 11, 10670, 737, 350, 5188, 38, 3544, 4523, 11, 5655, 11, 290, 5929, 6772, 6134, 11, 290, 5365, 1402, 475, 3957, 15713, 5128, 13, 350, 5188, 38, 318, 2615, 645, 517, 5655, 6134, 290, 9605, 866, 1468, 3392, 13, 20007, 29961, 481, 307, 2077, 572, 12, 1370, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 14345, 290, 5457, 4523, 318, 262, 2003, 329, 350, 5188, 38, 13, 383, 5150, 4523, 2524, 318, 287, 8050, 968, 8221, 13, 1550, 257, 2260, 5046, 262, 10834, 2585, 326, 1542, 12, 2327, 27164, 286, 5655, 481, 307, 9880, 13, 198, 464, 8852, 422, 314, 7998, 973, 3936, 355, 281, 1672, 286, 262, 2003, 286, 2568, 7327, 13, 3936, 468, 257, 4553, 1176, 10706, 290, 460, 307, 1775, 355, 257, 2060, 6491, 13, 3936, 468, 635, 2957, 262, 835, 351, 11812, 286, 649, 1176, 4237, 290, 19698, 286, 663, 10706, 290, 1176, 4542, 3341, 13, 770, 10834, 4999, 4750, 326, 3623, 318, 1016, 284, 6330, 5655, 287, 617, 1588, 6903, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 679, 635, 5158, 284, 262, 12779, 286, 11823, 1588, 12, 9888, 6143, 3037, 357, 65, 1436, 444, 737, 198, 464, 6103, 4987, 326, 3037, 290, 5252, 3572, 460, 1245, 6588, 2650, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 290, 584, 4166, 2678, 11, 475, 423, 1310, 393, 645, 6628, 326, 2807, 11, 3794, 11, 290, 2368, 995, 2678, 481, 787, 597, 3626, 379, 477, 287, 8868, 8971, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	820
André’s PromISSe Mission Extended ESA astronaut André Kuipers will stay on the International Space Station for more than a month longer than originally planned. In addition to his normal routine he will spend some of the extra time conducting scientific experiments. The Station partners have agreed that this expedition will be prolonged following a delay in the launch of the next Soyuz crew ferry. Routine testing revealed problems in the original Soyuz spacecraft, requiring that it be replaced. The new date for André and his crewmates to return to Earth is 1 July – he will now stay on the Space Station for over six months. The extra time André has in space does not mean he will have time for extra work because the science and maintenance activities continue regardless of which astronaut is available to do the job. Owing to the delay, the Space Station will operate with only three crewmembers for a longer period than originally planned. André has already completed some of his experiments. He was the tenth astronaut to follow the special SOLO diet to understand why astronauts lose bone density in space. For five days, André ate only a third of the salt found in a normal diet. The results may offer insights into how bones age on Earth and could be used to combat diseases such as osteoporosis. André completed the DSC experiment in the European-built Microgravity Science Glovebox, looking at temperature changes in mixtures of different fluids. The results of this experiment will contribute to improving computer models used in oil drilling. André recently shared a picture from the Space Station wearing what looked like a bathing cap. Worn for the Neurospat experiment, it is actually a complex network of electrodes for measuring his brain waves. A total of 64 electrodes were carefully and precisely placed on André’s head by colleague Don Pettit. The goal is to understand if the brain processes some tasks differently in space. André has also finished the Roald2 biology experiment on human immune cells. Astronauts’ immune systems work less effectively in space and scientists are trying to find out why. Immune cells taken from volunteers on Earth were chemically frozen on the Space Station at specific intervals. By looking closely at the cells once they return to Earth, scientists hope to gain insight into the workings of the human immune system. There are many scientific experiments still to finish. Maintenance work waits for no one so André and his crewmates will be busy keeping the Space Station running smoothly. In the highly unlikely possibility that André has time to spare, the scientists on Earth have a set of ‘back-pocket’ activities available that could be conducted at short notice should the opportunity arise. Image 1: The Soyzu TMA-03M spacecraft that bought ESA astronaut André Kuipers and crewmates to the International Space Station in December 2011. André will stay on the Station for over six months as part of his PromISSe mission. Credits: ESA/NASA Image 2: Some food that ESA astronaut André Kuipers ate on the International Space Station during his PromISSe mission. He was the tenth astronaut to follow the special SOLO diet to understand why astronauts lose bone density in space. For five days, André ate only a third of the salt found in a normal diet. The results may offer insights into how bones age on Earth and could be used to combat diseases such as osteoporosis. Credits: ESA/NASA Image 3: ESA astronaut André Kuipers is conducting many experiments during his PromISSe mission. Here, André is recording his brain waves through 64 electrodes as part of ESA’s Neurospat experiment. The goal is to understand if the brain processes tasks differently in space. Credits: ESA/NASA On the Net:	[ 1870, 29350, 447, 247, 82, 10335, 1797, 4653, 12633, 24204, 198, 43279, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 481, 2652, 319, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 329, 517, 621, 257, 1227, 2392, 621, 6198, 6027, 13, 554, 3090, 284, 465, 3487, 8027, 339, 481, 4341, 617, 286, 262, 3131, 640, 14523, 5654, 10256, 13, 198, 464, 9327, 4887, 423, 4987, 326, 428, 22817, 481, 307, 20573, 1708, 257, 5711, 287, 262, 4219, 286, 262, 1306, 30022, 10277, 5462, 26450, 13, 198, 49, 28399, 4856, 4602, 2761, 287, 262, 2656, 30022, 10277, 16807, 11, 10616, 326, 340, 307, 6928, 13, 383, 649, 3128, 329, 843, 29350, 290, 465, 5462, 7300, 284, 1441, 284, 3668, 318, 352, 2901, 784, 339, 481, 783, 2652, 319, 262, 4687, 9327, 329, 625, 2237, 1933, 13, 198, 464, 3131, 640, 843, 29350, 468, 287, 2272, 857, 407, 1612, 339, 481, 423, 640, 329, 3131, 670, 780, 262, 3783, 290, 9262, 4568, 2555, 7692, 286, 543, 33779, 318, 1695, 284, 466, 262, 1693, 13, 198, 46, 5469, 284, 262, 5711, 11, 262, 4687, 9327, 481, 8076, 351, 691, 1115, 5462, 30814, 329, 257, 2392, 2278, 621, 6198, 6027, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 468, 1541, 5668, 617, 286, 465, 10256, 13, 679, 373, 262, 24395, 33779, 284, 1061, 262, 2041, 36817, 46, 5496, 284, 1833, 1521, 26835, 4425, 9970, 12109, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 1890, 1936, 1528, 11, 843, 29350, 15063, 691, 257, 2368, 286, 262, 8268, 1043, 287, 257, 3487, 5496, 13, 383, 2482, 743, 2897, 17218, 656, 703, 11945, 2479, 319, 3668, 290, 714, 307, 973, 284, 5249, 10040, 884, 355, 32674, 404, 273, 5958, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 5668, 262, 360, 6173, 6306, 287, 262, 3427, 12, 18780, 4527, 46453, 5800, 2671, 659, 3524, 11, 2045, 379, 5951, 2458, 287, 285, 25506, 286, 1180, 28704, 13, 198, 464, 2482, 286, 428, 6306, 481, 8676, 284, 10068, 3644, 4981, 973, 287, 3056, 19747, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 2904, 4888, 257, 4286, 422, 262, 4687, 9327, 5762, 644, 3114, 588, 257, 39153, 1451, 13, 370, 1211, 329, 262, 13782, 2777, 265, 6306, 11, 340, 318, 1682, 257, 3716, 3127, 286, 39780, 329, 15964, 465, 3632, 9813, 13, 198, 32, 2472, 286, 5598, 39780, 547, 7773, 290, 10582, 4624, 319, 843, 29350, 447, 247, 82, 1182, 416, 16008, 2094, 35043, 270, 13, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 1833, 611, 262, 3632, 7767, 617, 8861, 10338, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 468, 635, 5201, 262, 5564, 1940, 17, 17219, 6306, 319, 1692, 10900, 4778, 13, 25398, 17712, 447, 247, 10900, 3341, 670, 1342, 6840, 287, 2272, 290, 5519, 389, 2111, 284, 1064, 503, 1521, 13, 198, 24675, 1726, 4778, 2077, 422, 11661, 319, 3668, 547, 49966, 12912, 319, 262, 4687, 9327, 379, 2176, 20016, 13, 2750, 2045, 7173, 379, 262, 4778, 1752, 484, 1441, 284, 3668, 11, 5519, 2911, 284, 4461, 11281, 656, 262, 35084, 286, 262, 1692, 10900, 1080, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 5654, 10256, 991, 284, 5461, 13, 34857, 670, 28364, 329, 645, 530, 523, 843, 29350, 290, 465, 5462, 7300, 481, 307, 8179, 5291, 262, 4687, 9327, 2491, 21461, 13, 198, 818, 262, 4047, 7485, 5885, 326, 843, 29350, 468, 640, 284, 13952, 11, 262, 5519, 319, 3668, 423, 257, 900, 286, 564, 246, 1891, 12, 31991, 447, 247, 4568, 1695, 326, 714, 307, 5952, 379, 1790, 4003, 815, 262, 3663, 15058, 13, 198, 5159, 352, 25, 383, 30022, 27624, 309, 5673, 12, 3070, 44, 16807, 326, 5839, 42212, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 290, 5462, 7300, 284, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 287, 3426, 2813, 13, 843, 29350, 481, 2652, 319, 262, 9327, 329, 625, 2237, 1933, 355, 636, 286, 465, 10335, 1797, 4653, 4365, 13, 29501, 25, 42212, 14, 29998, 198, 5159, 362, 25, 2773, 2057, 326, 42212, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 15063, 319, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 1141, 465, 10335, 1797, 4653, 4365, 13, 679, 373, 262, 24395, 33779, 284, 1061, 262, 2041, 36817, 46, 5496, 284, 1833, 1521, 26835, 4425, 9970, 12109, 287, 2272, 13, 1114, 1936, 1528, 11, 843, 29350, 15063, 691, 257, 2368, 286, 262, 8268, 1043, 287, 257, 3487, 5496, 13, 383, 2482, 743, 2897, 17218, 656, 703, 11945, 2479, 319, 3668, 290, 714, 307, 973, 284, 5249, 10040, 884, 355, 32674, 404, 273, 5958, 13, 29501, 25, 42212, 14, 29998, 198, 5159, 513, 25, 42212, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 318, 14523, 867, 10256, 1141, 465, 10335, 1797, 4653, 4365, 13, 3423, 11, 843, 29350, 318, 8296, 465, 3632, 9813, 832, 5598, 39780, 355, 636, 286, 42212, 447, 247, 82, 13782, 2777, 265, 6306, 13, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 1833, 611, 262, 3632, 7767, 8861, 10338, 287, 2272, 13, 29501, 25, 42212, 14, 29998, 198, 2202, 262, 3433, 25, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	781
Race Relations Act 1976 The act provides the basis of the law in Great Britain that defines and outlaws racial discrimination and gives individuals the right to seek legal redress for acts of racial discrimination. The RRA makes it unlawful to discriminate against a person directly or indirectly on racial grounds. It is unlawful to discriminate in either employment matters or in the provision of goods, facilities or services. The Act defines racial grounds as related to race, colour, ethnic origin, national origin or nationality (including citizenship). Everyone is protected and no one is exempt. All pages in this section:	[ 35157, 13883, 2191, 15408, 198, 464, 719, 3769, 262, 4308, 286, 262, 1099, 287, 3878, 5491, 326, 15738, 290, 23716, 82, 8425, 8839, 290, 3607, 3925, 262, 826, 284, 5380, 2742, 48586, 329, 6529, 286, 8425, 8839, 13, 383, 371, 3861, 1838, 340, 18236, 284, 28433, 1028, 257, 1048, 3264, 393, 20762, 319, 8425, 9384, 13, 632, 318, 18236, 284, 28433, 287, 2035, 7184, 6067, 393, 287, 262, 8287, 286, 7017, 11, 7291, 393, 2594, 13, 383, 2191, 15738, 8425, 9384, 355, 3519, 284, 3234, 11, 9568, 11, 9450, 8159, 11, 2260, 8159, 393, 29835, 357, 8201, 14218, 737, 11075, 318, 6861, 290, 645, 530, 318, 13068, 13, 198, 3237, 5468, 287, 428, 2665, 25, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	116
When making a drive conversion or designing a new power transmission system, maintenance managers and design engineers have three broad options: roller chain drives, V-belt drives and synchronous belt drives. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, along with cost considerations that may not be immediately apparent. ROLLER CHAIN DRIVES The popularity of chain drives stems from their ability to transmit high torque levels in a small package, at relatively low cost, while utilizing readily available stock components. While initial costs of standard roller chain drives can be quite low, the cost of maintaining them can be substantial. Proper maintenance is essential for optimal roller chain drive performance and includes the following cost factors: According to chain industry estimates, roller chain drives operating without lubrication wear approximately 300 times faster than comparable drives that are properly lubricated. And yet, roller chain manufacturers estimate that 90 to 95 percent of all installed drives are either improperly lubricated or not lubricated at all. Determining the type of lubrication method needed is a major design consideration with cost implications of its own. An oil-retaining chain housing, for example, can represent up to 75 percent of total chain drive system cost. In addition to lubrication, proper sprocket alignment and chain tensioning are critical to increasing roller chain life. Another maintenance factor with cost implications is drive component replacement. A major weakness of a roller chain drive is chain wear, which results in stretching or elongation. Manufacturers recommend roller chain replacement when elongation of approximately 3 percent occurs. Most roller chain manufacturers also recommend replacing sprockets with each new roller chain because the metal-to-metal contact generates severe sprocket wear. Power rating tables published within the roller chain industry are based on a theoretical design life of 15,000 hours, assuming proper drive design, alignment, lubrication, maintenance, etc. But in a typical operating environment, actual drive life rarely approaches the ideal. Unlubricated roller chain drives operating under harsh conditions can be as short-lived as 100 hours. The cost of the maintenance requirements noted above, added to the initial cost, approximates the true cost of a standard roller chain drive. However, beyond the cost of lubricant and drive component replacement is the labor expense of frequent retensioning, which requires shutting down the drive, resulting in production downtime. Also, standard roller chain drives operate at 91 to 94 percent efficiency, depending on the application, so energy costs must be taken into account. Maintenance and energy costs notwithstanding, roller chain drives offer designers and users some advantages over V-belt or synchronous belt drive systems: Versatility (functional attachments can be added to convey products, trip switches, actuate levers, etc.) The ability to create any length of chain with connecting links V-belt drives transmit power through friction between the belt and pulley. With efficiencies ranging from 95 to 98 percent at installation, these drives use energy more efficiently than roller chain drives, and somewhat less efficiently than synchronous belt drives. V-belt drives are an industry standard, offering a wide range of sizes at relatively low cost, along with ease of installation and quiet operation. V-belt drive replacement parts may be less costly than roller chain or synchronous drive components, but regular retensioning of V-belts can add to maintenance expenses. V-belts are manufactured in a variety of materials, cross-sections and reinforcement materials, and are often used singly, in matched sets or in joined configurations. They are well-suited for severe duty applications, such as those involving shock loads and high starting loads. Standard V-belt drives operate best in applications of 500 RPM or greater, speed ratios of up to 6:1, and within an operating temperature range of minus-40 to 130 degrees Fahrenheit. Because V-belts slip when overloaded, they help protect more expensive equipment from load surges. They also allow flexibility in the positioning of the motor and the load. In a suitable application, the service life of a properly installed and maintained V-belt drive ranges from 20,000 to 25,000 hours. The components of a simple V-belt drive are relatively inexpensive to purchase, install, replace and maintain. After they are installed properly and tensioned to the belt manufacturer’s recommended values, these drives require very little service, except for retensioning during the normal maintenance schedule. Due to belt slippage, they lose up to 5 percent of their efficiency after installation. V-belts stretch as they wear, making slippage worse, which can decrease efficiency by as much as 10 percent unless corrected by periodic retensioning. Cogged or notched V-belts can increase efficiency by 2 percent over standard designs. SYNCHRONOUS BELT DRIVES Synchronous belts work on the tooth-grip principle. Round, square or modified curvilinear belt teeth mesh with grooves on sprockets to provide positive power transmission on high-torque applications with high and low speeds. If drive size is a problem, many synchronous belt drive systems now have have an equivalent capacity to roller chain drives in the same width. The components of a synchronous belt drive system typically cost more initially than those of a comparable standard roller chain or V-belt drive. By contrast, synchronous belt drives don’t have the maintenance costs associated with roller chain drives. They require no lubrication and no lubrication system, only basic safety guarding. While roller chain requires frequent retensioning and V-belts require periodic retensioning, a synchronous belt typically requires no retensioning for the life of the belt. To illustrate the amount of elongation that can occur in a roller chain, recommended center distance take-up allowances for belt drives can be compared to center distance take-up needed for a roller chain in the same length. Assuming a length of 100 inches, a roller chain, V-belt and synchronous belt can be compared as follows: Roller chain: A roller chain will elongate approximately 3 inches (or 3 percent) over its life, requiring about 1.5 inches of center distance take-up. V-belt: A V-belt requires 1.5 to 2.5 inches of center distance take-up over its life, depending on the cross section and belt manufacturer. Synchronous belt: A synchronous belt typically requires only .04 inches of center distance take-up over its life, depending on the belt type and manufacturer. Chain and sprocket wear are significant cost factors in a roller chain drive. Synchronous belts and sprockets experience dramatically less wear. In a synchronous drive system, for example, the belt outlasts a comparable roller chain on the order of 3 to 1, and the sprockets outlast roller chain sprockets 10 to 1. Figure 1. Required center distance take-up due to lifetime elongation (in inches). Like roller chain drives, synchronous belt drives are sensitive to misalignment and shouldn’t be used on systems where it’s inherent to the drive operation. Misalignment leads to inconsistent belt wear and premature tensile failure due to unequal tensile member loading. And while a synchronous belt is resistant to abrasion, corrosion and the caustic washdown solutions used in the food handling/processing industry, it may not be suitable for certain highly corrosive environments where corrosion-resistant chain may be a better choice. One misconception about synchronous belts is that they are unsuitable for serpentine drives. Design engineers may think roller chain is the only option when a load must be driven off both sides; however, double-sided synchronous rubber belts offer many of the same cost-saving advantages over roller chain as their single-sided cousins. Due to their high efficiency ratings (as high as 99 percent on a continuous basis for some drive systems), synchronous belt drives can also lower energy costs compared with roller chain or V-belt drives. When considered on a cost-of-ownership basis, a synchronous belt drive system can be more cost-effective than a comparable roller chain drive or V-belt drive system. While a synchronous drive system may initially cost an average of 30 percent more than a comparable standard roller chain drive, it has many cost-saving advantages for maintenance managers and design engineers. In the MRO market, synchronous drives can greatly reduce day-to-day operational costs, and increase production output compared to the downtime and lost productivity resulting from the frequent maintenance and replacement of roller chain and V-belt drives. Drive system design engineers who select a synchronous drive can give their products a competitive edge by providing better-performing, longer-lasting, cleaner, quieter and maintenance-free products that operate at a lower overall cost. This article was written by the power transmission product application department at Gates Corporation. To learn more about this subject, visit www.gates.com.	[ 2215, 1642, 257, 3708, 11315, 393, 18492, 257, 649, 1176, 11478, 1080, 11, 9262, 11663, 290, 1486, 12037, 423, 1115, 3154, 3689, 25, 24471, 6333, 10182, 11, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 290, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 13, 198, 10871, 468, 663, 898, 13391, 290, 38457, 11, 1863, 351, 1575, 18506, 326, 743, 407, 307, 3393, 4156, 13, 198, 13252, 3069, 1137, 5870, 29833, 10560, 42472, 198, 464, 11533, 286, 6333, 10182, 21552, 422, 511, 2694, 284, 21937, 1029, 26415, 2974, 287, 257, 1402, 5301, 11, 379, 5365, 1877, 1575, 11, 981, 25137, 14704, 1695, 4283, 6805, 13, 2893, 4238, 3484, 286, 3210, 24471, 6333, 10182, 460, 307, 2407, 1877, 11, 262, 1575, 286, 10941, 606, 460, 307, 8904, 13, 45989, 9262, 318, 6393, 329, 16586, 24471, 6333, 3708, 2854, 290, 3407, 262, 1708, 1575, 5087, 25, 198, 4821, 284, 6333, 2831, 7746, 11, 24471, 6333, 10182, 5361, 1231, 33211, 341, 5806, 6702, 5867, 1661, 5443, 621, 13975, 10182, 326, 389, 6105, 33211, 515, 13, 843, 1865, 11, 24471, 6333, 11372, 8636, 326, 4101, 284, 6957, 1411, 286, 477, 6589, 10182, 389, 2035, 34250, 33211, 515, 393, 407, 33211, 515, 379, 477, 13, 360, 13221, 278, 262, 2099, 286, 33211, 341, 2446, 2622, 318, 257, 1688, 1486, 9110, 351, 1575, 10939, 286, 663, 898, 13, 1052, 3056, 12, 1186, 1397, 6333, 5627, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 460, 2380, 510, 284, 5441, 1411, 286, 2472, 6333, 3708, 1080, 1575, 13, 554, 3090, 284, 33211, 341, 11, 1774, 599, 30431, 19114, 290, 6333, 12097, 278, 389, 4688, 284, 3649, 24471, 6333, 1204, 13, 198, 6610, 9262, 5766, 351, 1575, 10939, 318, 3708, 7515, 9014, 13, 317, 1688, 10453, 286, 257, 24471, 6333, 3708, 318, 6333, 5806, 11, 543, 2482, 287, 20880, 393, 39696, 341, 13, 17858, 17496, 4313, 24471, 6333, 9014, 618, 39696, 341, 286, 6702, 513, 1411, 8833, 13, 4042, 24471, 6333, 11372, 635, 4313, 13586, 599, 10823, 1039, 351, 1123, 649, 24471, 6333, 780, 262, 6147, 12, 1462, 12, 28469, 2800, 18616, 6049, 599, 30431, 5806, 13, 198, 13434, 7955, 8893, 3199, 1626, 262, 24471, 6333, 2831, 389, 1912, 319, 257, 16200, 1486, 1204, 286, 1315, 11, 830, 2250, 11, 13148, 1774, 3708, 1486, 11, 19114, 11, 33211, 341, 11, 9262, 11, 3503, 13, 887, 287, 257, 7226, 5361, 2858, 11, 4036, 3708, 1204, 8365, 10581, 262, 7306, 13, 791, 75, 29812, 515, 24471, 6333, 10182, 5361, 739, 11859, 3403, 460, 307, 355, 1790, 12, 24489, 355, 1802, 2250, 13, 198, 464, 1575, 286, 262, 9262, 5359, 4367, 2029, 11, 2087, 284, 262, 4238, 1575, 11, 5561, 26748, 262, 2081, 1575, 286, 257, 3210, 24471, 6333, 3708, 13, 2102, 11, 3675, 262, 1575, 286, 33211, 415, 290, 3708, 7515, 9014, 318, 262, 4827, 10907, 286, 10792, 1005, 3004, 278, 11, 543, 4433, 25136, 866, 262, 3708, 11, 7186, 287, 3227, 45832, 13, 4418, 11, 3210, 24471, 6333, 10182, 8076, 379, 10495, 284, 10048, 1411, 9332, 11, 6906, 319, 262, 3586, 11, 523, 2568, 3484, 1276, 307, 2077, 656, 1848, 13, 198, 13383, 8219, 290, 2568, 3484, 29951, 11, 24471, 6333, 10182, 2897, 15441, 290, 2985, 617, 13391, 625, 569, 12, 37976, 393, 18305, 516, 10999, 3708, 3341, 25, 198, 34947, 18486, 357, 45124, 32161, 460, 307, 2087, 284, 13878, 3186, 11, 5296, 18225, 11, 719, 4985, 48872, 11, 3503, 2014, 198, 464, 2694, 284, 2251, 597, 4129, 286, 6333, 351, 14320, 6117, 198, 53, 12, 37976, 10182, 21937, 1176, 832, 23822, 1022, 262, 10999, 290, 17472, 1636, 13, 2080, 4396, 22139, 12897, 422, 6957, 284, 9661, 1411, 379, 9988, 11, 777, 10182, 779, 2568, 517, 18306, 621, 24471, 6333, 10182, 11, 290, 6454, 1342, 18306, 621, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 13, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 389, 281, 2831, 3210, 11, 6011, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 10620, 379, 5365, 1877, 1575, 11, 1863, 351, 10152, 286, 9988, 290, 5897, 4905, 13, 198, 53, 12, 37976, 3708, 9014, 3354, 743, 307, 1342, 198, 15805, 306, 621, 24471, 6333, 393, 18305, 516, 3708, 198, 5589, 3906, 11, 475, 3218, 1005, 3004, 278, 286, 198, 53, 12, 6667, 912, 460, 751, 284, 9262, 9307, 13, 198, 53, 12, 6667, 912, 389, 15943, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 5696, 11, 3272, 12, 23946, 290, 37414, 5696, 11, 290, 389, 1690, 973, 1702, 306, 11, 287, 14451, 5621, 393, 287, 5399, 25412, 13, 1119, 389, 880, 12, 2385, 863, 329, 6049, 7077, 5479, 11, 884, 355, 883, 7411, 6380, 15989, 290, 1029, 3599, 15989, 13, 8997, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 8076, 1266, 287, 5479, 286, 5323, 32381, 393, 3744, 11, 2866, 22423, 286, 510, 284, 718, 25, 16, 11, 290, 1626, 281, 5361, 5951, 2837, 286, 20208, 12, 1821, 284, 11323, 7370, 35935, 13, 4362, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 13819, 618, 50068, 11, 484, 1037, 1805, 517, 5789, 5112, 422, 3440, 47433, 13, 1119, 635, 1249, 13688, 287, 262, 22097, 286, 262, 5584, 290, 262, 3440, 13, 198, 818, 257, 11080, 3586, 11, 262, 2139, 1204, 286, 257, 6105, 6589, 290, 9456, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 16069, 422, 1160, 11, 830, 284, 1679, 11, 830, 2250, 13, 383, 6805, 286, 257, 2829, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 389, 5365, 24475, 284, 5001, 11, 2721, 11, 6330, 290, 5529, 13, 2293, 484, 389, 6589, 6105, 290, 12097, 276, 284, 262, 10999, 11554, 447, 247, 82, 7151, 3815, 11, 777, 10182, 2421, 845, 1310, 2139, 11, 2845, 329, 1005, 3004, 278, 1141, 262, 3487, 9262, 7269, 13, 14444, 284, 10999, 1017, 3974, 496, 11, 484, 4425, 510, 284, 642, 1411, 286, 511, 9332, 706, 9988, 13, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 7539, 355, 484, 5806, 11, 1642, 1017, 3974, 496, 4785, 11, 543, 460, 10070, 9332, 416, 355, 881, 355, 838, 1411, 4556, 19267, 416, 27458, 1005, 3004, 278, 13, 327, 42545, 393, 407, 1740, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 460, 2620, 9332, 416, 362, 1411, 625, 3210, 9824, 13, 198, 23060, 45, 37846, 1340, 20958, 29991, 51, 10560, 42472, 198, 50, 31301, 28617, 670, 319, 262, 16162, 12, 70, 5528, 7989, 13, 10485, 11, 6616, 393, 9518, 1090, 2991, 259, 451, 10999, 9941, 19609, 351, 7128, 5241, 319, 599, 10823, 1039, 284, 2148, 3967, 1176, 11478, 319, 1029, 12, 13165, 4188, 5479, 351, 1029, 290, 1877, 12055, 13, 198, 1532, 3708, 2546, 318, 257, 1917, 11, 867, 18305, 516, 198, 37976, 3708, 3341, 783, 423, 423, 281, 7548, 198, 42404, 284, 24471, 6333, 10182, 287, 262, 976, 9647, 13, 198, 464, 6805, 286, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 3708, 1080, 6032, 1575, 517, 7317, 621, 883, 286, 257, 13975, 3210, 24471, 6333, 393, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 13, 2750, 6273, 11, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 262, 9262, 3484, 3917, 351, 24471, 6333, 10182, 13, 1119, 2421, 645, 33211, 341, 290, 645, 33211, 341, 1080, 11, 691, 4096, 3747, 33294, 13, 2893, 24471, 6333, 4433, 10792, 1005, 3004, 278, 290, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 2421, 27458, 1005, 3004, 278, 11, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 6032, 4433, 645, 1005, 3004, 278, 329, 262, 1204, 286, 262, 10999, 13, 198, 2514, 19418, 262, 2033, 286, 39696, 341, 326, 460, 3051, 287, 257, 24471, 6333, 11, 7151, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 42290, 329, 10999, 10182, 460, 307, 3688, 284, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 2622, 329, 257, 24471, 6333, 287, 262, 976, 4129, 13, 33238, 257, 4129, 286, 1802, 8331, 11, 257, 24471, 6333, 11, 569, 12, 37976, 290, 18305, 516, 10999, 460, 307, 3688, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 26869, 263, 6333, 25, 317, 24471, 6333, 481, 39696, 378, 6702, 513, 8331, 357, 273, 513, 1411, 8, 625, 663, 1204, 11, 10616, 546, 352, 13, 20, 8331, 286, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 13, 198, 53, 12, 37976, 25, 317, 569, 12, 37976, 4433, 352, 13, 20, 284, 362, 13, 20, 8331, 286, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 625, 663, 1204, 11, 6906, 319, 262, 3272, 2665, 290, 10999, 11554, 13, 198, 50, 31301, 10999, 25, 317, 18305, 516, 10999, 6032, 4433, 691, 764, 3023, 8331, 286, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 625, 663, 1204, 11, 6906, 319, 262, 10999, 2099, 290, 11554, 13, 198, 35491, 290, 599, 30431, 5806, 389, 2383, 1575, 5087, 287, 257, 24471, 6333, 3708, 13, 16065, 11413, 516, 28617, 290, 599, 10823, 1039, 1998, 12034, 1342, 5806, 13, 554, 257, 18305, 516, 3708, 1080, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 262, 10999, 41528, 5773, 257, 13975, 24471, 6333, 319, 262, 1502, 286, 513, 284, 352, 11, 290, 262, 599, 10823, 1039, 503, 12957, 24471, 6333, 599, 10823, 1039, 838, 284, 352, 13, 198, 11337, 352, 13, 20906, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 2233, 284, 10869, 39696, 341, 357, 259, 8331, 737, 198, 7594, 24471, 6333, 10182, 11, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 389, 8564, 284, 2984, 282, 16747, 290, 6584, 447, 247, 83, 307, 973, 319, 3341, 810, 340, 447, 247, 82, 11519, 284, 262, 3708, 4905, 13, 14136, 282, 16747, 5983, 284, 18326, 10999, 5806, 290, 19905, 11192, 576, 5287, 2233, 284, 37334, 11192, 576, 2888, 11046, 13, 843, 981, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 318, 18290, 284, 450, 81, 4247, 11, 41677, 290, 262, 1275, 436, 291, 13502, 2902, 8136, 973, 287, 262, 2057, 9041, 14, 36948, 2831, 11, 340, 743, 407, 307, 11080, 329, 1728, 4047, 30329, 425, 12493, 810, 41677, 12, 26128, 6333, 743, 307, 257, 1365, 3572, 13, 198, 3198, 43122, 546, 18305, 516, 28617, 318, 326, 484, 389, 48092, 4674, 329, 33727, 500, 10182, 13, 8495, 12037, 743, 892, 24471, 6333, 318, 262, 691, 3038, 618, 257, 3440, 1276, 307, 7986, 572, 1111, 5389, 26, 2158, 11, 4274, 12, 22339, 18305, 516, 14239, 28617, 2897, 867, 286, 262, 976, 1575, 12, 29336, 13391, 625, 24471, 6333, 355, 511, 2060, 12, 22339, 28706, 13, 198, 22229, 284, 511, 1029, 9332, 10109, 357, 292, 1029, 355, 7388, 1411, 319, 257, 12948, 4308, 329, 617, 3708, 3341, 828, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 460, 635, 2793, 2568, 3484, 3688, 351, 24471, 6333, 393, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 13, 198, 2215, 3177, 319, 257, 1575, 12, 1659, 12, 15605, 1056, 4308, 11, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 3708, 1080, 460, 307, 517, 1575, 12, 16803, 621, 257, 13975, 24471, 6333, 3708, 393, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 1080, 13, 2893, 257, 18305, 516, 3708, 1080, 743, 7317, 1575, 281, 2811, 286, 1542, 1411, 517, 621, 257, 13975, 3210, 24471, 6333, 3708, 11, 340, 468, 867, 1575, 12, 29336, 13391, 329, 9262, 11663, 290, 1486, 12037, 13, 198, 818, 262, 337, 13252, 1910, 11, 18305, 516, 10182, 460, 9257, 4646, 1110, 12, 1462, 12, 820, 13919, 3484, 11, 290, 2620, 3227, 5072, 3688, 284, 262, 45832, 290, 2626, 13714, 7186, 422, 262, 10792, 9262, 290, 9014, 286, 24471, 6333, 290, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 13, 9974, 1080, 1486, 12037, 508, 2922, 257, 18305, 516, 3708, 460, 1577, 511, 3186, 257, 7606, 5743, 416, 4955, 1365, 12, 37440, 11, 2392, 12, 24810, 11, 21723, 11, 43880, 290, 9262, 12, 5787, 3186, 326, 8076, 379, 257, 2793, 4045, 1575, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 373, 3194, 416, 262, 1176, 11478, 1720, 3586, 5011, 379, 15953, 10501, 13, 1675, 2193, 517, 546, 428, 2426, 11, 3187, 7324, 13, 70, 689, 13, 785, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,838
About one-third of Americans older than age 60 have hearing problems. About half the people who are 85 and older have hearing loss. Whether a hearing loss is small (missing certain sounds) or large (being profoundly deaf), it is a serious concern. If left untreated, problems can get worse. Hearing loss can affect your life in many ways. You may miss out on talks with friends and family. On the telephone, you may find it hard to hear what the caller is saying. At the doctor’s office, you may not catch the doctor’s words. Sometimes hearing problems can make you feel embarrassed, upset, and lonely. It’s easy to withdraw when you can’t follow a conversation at the dinner table or in a restaurant. It’s also easy for friends and family to think you are confused, uncaring, or difficult, when the problem may be that you just can’t hear well. If you have trouble hearing, there is help. Start by seeing your doctor. Depending on the type and extent of your hearing loss, there are many treatment choices that may help. Hearing loss does not have to get in the way of your ability to enjoy life. How Do I Know if I Have a Hearing Loss? See your doctor if you: - Have trouble hearing over the telephone, - Find it hard to follow conversations when two or more people are talking, - Need to turn up the TV volume so loud that others complain, - Have a problem hearing because of background noise, - Sense that others seem to mumble, or - Can’t understand when women and children speak to you. What Should I Do? If you have trouble hearing, see your doctor. Sometimes the diagnosis and treatment can take place in the doctor’s office. Or your doctor may refer you to an otolaryngologist (oh-toh-layr-ehn-GOL-luh-jist), a doctor who specializes in the ear, nose, and throat. The otolaryngologist will take a medical history, ask if other family members have hearing problems, do a thorough exam, and suggest any needed tests. You may be referred to an audiologist (aw-dee-AH-luh-jist). Audiologists are health care professionals trained to measure hearing. The audiologist will use an audiometer to test your ability to hear sounds of different pitch and loudness. These tests are painless. Audiologists can help if you need a hearing aid. They can help select the best hearing aid for you and help you learn to get the most from it. What Causes Hearing Loss? Hearing loss can have many different causes, including the aging process, ear wax buildup, exposure to very loud noises over a long period of time, viral or bacterial infections, heart conditions or stroke, head injuries, tumors, certain medicines, and heredity. What Different Types of Hearing Loss Are There? Presbycusis (prez-bee-KYOO-sis) is age-related hearing loss. It is common in people over the age of 50. People with this kind of hearing loss may have a hard time hearing what others are saying or may be unable to stand loud sounds. The decline is slow. Just as hair turns gray at different rates, presbycusis can develop at different rates. It canbe caused by sensorineural (sen-soh-ree-NOO-ruhl) hearing loss. This type of hearing loss results from damage to parts of the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or hearing pathways in the brain. Presbycusis may be caused by aging, loud noise, heredity, head injury, infection, illness, certain prescription drugs, and circulation problems such as high blood pressure. The degree of hearing loss varies from person to person. Also, a person can have a different amount of hearing loss in each ear. Tinnitus (tih-NIE-tuhs) accompanies many forms of hearing loss, including those that sometimes come with aging. People with tinnitus may hear a ringing, roaring, or some other noise inside their ears. Tinnitus may be caused by loud noise, hearing loss, certain medicines, and other health problems, such as allergies and problems in the heart and blood vessels. Often it is unclear why the ringing happens. Tinnitus can come and go, it can stop completely, or it can stay. Some medicines may help ease the problem. Wearing a hearing aid makes it easier for some people to hear the sounds they need to hear by making them louder. Maskers, small devices that use sound to make tinnitus less noticeable, help other people. Music also can be soothing and can sometimes mask the sounds caused by the condition. It also helps to avoid things that might make tinnitus worse, like smoking, alcohol, and loud noises. Conductive hearing loss happens when something blocks the sounds that are carried from the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to the inner ear. Ear wax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, abnormal bone growth, a punctured eardrum, or a middle ear infection can cause this type of hearing loss. If ear wax blockage is a problem for you, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery suggests using mild treatments, such as mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or commercial ear drops to soften ear wax. If you think you may have a hole in your eardrum, however, you should see your doctor. How Can I Help a Person with Hearing Loss? Here are some tips you can use when talking with someone who has a hearing problem: - Face the person and talk clearly - Speak at a reasonable speed; do not hide your mouth, eat, or chew gum. - Stand in good lighting and reduce background noises. - Use facial expressions or gestures to give useful clues. - Repeat yourself if necessary, using different words. - Include the hearing-impaired person when talking. Talk with the person, not about the person, when you are with others. This helps keep the hearing-impaired person from feeling alone and excluded. - Be patient; stay positive and relaxed. - Ask how you can help. What Can I Do if I Have Trouble Hearing? - Let people know that you have trouble hearing. - Ask people to face you, and to speak more slowly and clearly; also ask them to speak without shouting. - Pay attention to what is being said and to facial expressions or gestures. - Let the person talking know if you do not understand. - Ask people to reword a sentence and try again. What Devices or Treatments Can Help? What will help you depends on your hearing problem. Some common solutions include: - Hearing aids. These are small devices you wear in or behind your ear. Hearing aids can help some kinds of hearing loss by making sounds louder. However, they sometimes pick up background noises — for example, traffic noise in the street or people talking at other tables in a crowded restaurant. This can affect how well you hear in certain situations. Before buying a hearing aid, check to find out if your insurance will cover the cost. There are many kinds of hearing aids. An audiologist can help fit you with the hearing aid that will work best for you. You can ask the audiologist about having a trial period to try out a few different aids. Remember, when you buy a hearing aid, you are buying a product and a service. Find a hearing aid dealer (called a dispenser) who has the patience and skill to help you during the month or so it takes to get used to the new hearing aid. You may need to have several fittings of your hearing aid, and you will need to get directions on how to use it. Hearing aids use batteries, which you will need to change on a regular basis. They also may need repairs from time to time. Buy a hearing aid that has only the features you need. - Assistive/Adaptive Devices. There are many products that can help you live well with less-than-perfect hearing. The list below includes some examples of the many choices: - Telephone amplifying devices range from a special type of telephone receiver that makes sounds louder to special phones that work with hearing aids. - TV and radio listening systems can be used with or without hearing aids. You do not have to turn the volume up high. - Assistive listening devices are available in some public places such as auditoriums, movie theaters, churches, synagogues, and meeting places. - Alerts such as doorbells, smoke detectors, and alarm clocks can give you a signal that you can see or a vibration that you can feel. For example, a flashing light could let you know someone is at the door or that the phone is ringing. - Cochlear implants. If your deafness is severe, a doctor may suggest cochlear implants. In this surgery, the doctor puts a small electronic device under the skin behind the ear. The device sends the message past the non-working part of the inner ear and on to the brain. This process helps some people hear. These implants are not helpful for all types of deafness or hearing loss. There are many things you can do about hearing loss. The first step is to check with your doctor. You also can get more information from the following groups: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) NIDCD Information Clearinghouse National Institutes of Health 31 Center Drive, MSC 2320 Bethesda, MD 20892-2320 Phone: 1-800-241-1044 (toll-free) American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. (AAO-HNS) 1 Prince Street Alexandria, VA 22314-3357 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) 10801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 Phone: 1-800-638-8255 (toll-free/voice/TTY) American Tinnitus Association (ATA) P.O. Box 5 Portland, OR 97207-0005 Phone: 1-800-634-8978 (toll-free) Self Help for Hard of Hearing People, Inc. (SHHH) 7910 Woodmont Avenue Bethesda, MD 20814 Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center 800 Florida Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20002-3695 Phone: 202-651-5000 (voice and TTY) For more information about health and aging contact: National Institute on Aging P.O. Box 8057 Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8057 Phone: 1-800-222-2225 (toll-free) National Institute on Aging U. S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health This publication sourced from the National Institute on Aging.	[ 8585, 530, 12, 17089, 286, 3399, 4697, 621, 2479, 3126, 423, 4854, 2761, 13, 7994, 2063, 262, 661, 508, 389, 7600, 290, 4697, 423, 4854, 2994, 13, 10127, 257, 4854, 2994, 318, 1402, 357, 45688, 1728, 5238, 8, 393, 1588, 357, 11873, 27377, 21815, 828, 340, 318, 257, 2726, 2328, 13, 1002, 1364, 41539, 11, 2761, 460, 651, 4785, 13, 198, 39, 6648, 2994, 460, 2689, 534, 1204, 287, 867, 2842, 13, 921, 743, 2051, 503, 319, 6130, 351, 2460, 290, 1641, 13, 1550, 262, 11426, 11, 345, 743, 1064, 340, 1327, 284, 3285, 644, 262, 24955, 318, 2282, 13, 1629, 262, 6253, 447, 247, 82, 2607, 11, 345, 743, 407, 4929, 262, 6253, 447, 247, 82, 2456, 13, 198, 15468, 4854, 2761, 460, 787, 345, 1254, 21100, 11, 9247, 11, 290, 21757, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 2562, 284, 8399, 618, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 1061, 257, 5273, 379, 262, 8073, 3084, 393, 287, 257, 7072, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 635, 2562, 329, 2460, 290, 1641, 284, 892, 345, 389, 10416, 11, 4591, 1723, 11, 393, 2408, 11, 618, 262, 1917, 743, 307, 326, 345, 655, 460, 447, 247, 83, 3285, 880, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 5876, 4854, 11, 612, 318, 1037, 13, 7253, 416, 4379, 534, 6253, 13, 23591, 319, 262, 2099, 290, 6287, 286, 534, 4854, 2994, 11, 612, 389, 867, 3513, 7747, 326, 743, 1037, 13, 34663, 2994, 857, 407, 423, 284, 651, 287, 262, 835, 286, 534, 2694, 284, 2883, 1204, 13, 198, 2437, 2141, 314, 9365, 611, 314, 8192, 257, 34663, 22014, 30, 198, 6214, 534, 6253, 611, 345, 25, 198, 12, 8192, 5876, 4854, 625, 262, 11426, 11, 198, 12, 9938, 340, 1327, 284, 1061, 10275, 618, 734, 393, 517, 661, 389, 3375, 11, 198, 12, 10664, 284, 1210, 510, 262, 3195, 6115, 523, 7812, 326, 1854, 13121, 11, 198, 12, 8192, 257, 1917, 4854, 780, 286, 4469, 7838, 11, 198, 12, 24956, 326, 1854, 1283, 284, 285, 10344, 11, 393, 198, 12, 1680, 447, 247, 83, 1833, 618, 1466, 290, 1751, 2740, 284, 345, 13, 198, 2061, 10358, 314, 2141, 30, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 5876, 4854, 11, 766, 534, 6253, 13, 8975, 262, 13669, 290, 3513, 460, 1011, 1295, 287, 262, 6253, 447, 247, 82, 2607, 13, 1471, 534, 6253, 743, 3522, 345, 284, 281, 30972, 349, 560, 782, 7451, 357, 1219, 12, 83, 1219, 12, 10724, 81, 12, 17231, 77, 12, 38, 3535, 12, 2290, 71, 12, 73, 396, 828, 257, 6253, 508, 29786, 287, 262, 1027, 11, 9686, 11, 290, 13589, 13, 383, 30972, 349, 560, 782, 7451, 481, 1011, 257, 3315, 2106, 11, 1265, 611, 584, 1641, 1866, 423, 4854, 2761, 11, 466, 257, 9321, 2814, 11, 290, 1950, 597, 2622, 5254, 13, 921, 743, 307, 6412, 284, 281, 2709, 31599, 357, 707, 12, 67, 1453, 12, 18429, 12, 2290, 71, 12, 73, 396, 737, 26686, 9251, 389, 1535, 1337, 11153, 8776, 284, 3953, 4854, 13, 383, 2709, 31599, 481, 779, 281, 40504, 15635, 284, 1332, 534, 2694, 284, 3285, 5238, 286, 1180, 7078, 290, 7812, 1108, 13, 2312, 5254, 389, 2356, 1203, 13, 26686, 9251, 460, 1037, 611, 345, 761, 257, 4854, 6133, 13, 1119, 460, 1037, 2922, 262, 1266, 4854, 6133, 329, 345, 290, 1037, 345, 2193, 284, 651, 262, 749, 422, 340, 13, 198, 2061, 46865, 34663, 22014, 30, 198, 39, 6648, 2994, 460, 423, 867, 1180, 5640, 11, 1390, 262, 14736, 1429, 11, 1027, 20302, 40502, 11, 7111, 284, 845, 7812, 26782, 625, 257, 890, 2278, 286, 640, 11, 14416, 393, 23462, 16079, 11, 2612, 3403, 393, 14000, 11, 1182, 6821, 11, 31155, 11, 1728, 23533, 11, 290, 339, 445, 414, 13, 198, 2061, 20615, 24897, 286, 34663, 22014, 4231, 1318, 30, 198, 25460, 1525, 9042, 271, 357, 3866, 89, 12, 20963, 12, 31159, 6684, 12, 13429, 8, 318, 2479, 12, 5363, 4854, 2994, 13, 632, 318, 2219, 287, 661, 625, 262, 2479, 286, 2026, 13, 4380, 351, 428, 1611, 286, 4854, 2994, 743, 423, 257, 1327, 640, 4854, 644, 1854, 389, 2282, 393, 743, 307, 5906, 284, 1302, 7812, 5238, 13, 383, 7794, 318, 3105, 13, 2329, 355, 4190, 4962, 12768, 379, 1180, 3965, 11, 906, 1525, 9042, 271, 460, 1205, 379, 1180, 3965, 13, 632, 460, 1350, 4073, 416, 12694, 500, 1523, 357, 6248, 12, 568, 71, 12, 631, 12, 45, 6684, 12, 622, 18519, 8, 4854, 2994, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 4854, 2994, 2482, 422, 2465, 284, 3354, 286, 262, 8434, 1027, 11, 262, 38949, 16384, 11, 393, 4854, 22963, 287, 262, 3632, 13, 1763, 1525, 9042, 271, 743, 307, 4073, 416, 14736, 11, 7812, 7838, 11, 339, 445, 414, 11, 1182, 5095, 11, 10280, 11, 8526, 11, 1728, 15077, 5010, 11, 290, 19133, 2761, 884, 355, 1029, 2910, 3833, 13, 383, 4922, 286, 4854, 2994, 17806, 422, 1048, 284, 1048, 13, 4418, 11, 257, 1048, 460, 423, 257, 1180, 2033, 286, 4854, 2994, 287, 1123, 1027, 13, 198, 51, 3732, 17506, 357, 83, 4449, 12, 45, 10008, 12, 83, 7456, 82, 8, 48159, 867, 5107, 286, 4854, 2994, 11, 1390, 883, 326, 3360, 1282, 351, 14736, 13, 4380, 351, 256, 3732, 17506, 743, 3285, 257, 32333, 11, 43170, 11, 393, 617, 584, 7838, 2641, 511, 11368, 13, 309, 3732, 17506, 743, 307, 4073, 416, 7812, 7838, 11, 4854, 2994, 11, 1728, 23533, 11, 290, 584, 1535, 2761, 11, 884, 355, 36665, 290, 2761, 287, 262, 2612, 290, 2910, 14891, 13, 18023, 340, 318, 10061, 1521, 262, 32333, 4325, 13, 309, 3732, 17506, 460, 1282, 290, 467, 11, 340, 460, 2245, 3190, 11, 393, 340, 460, 2652, 13, 2773, 23533, 743, 1037, 10152, 262, 1917, 13, 370, 6648, 257, 4854, 6133, 1838, 340, 4577, 329, 617, 661, 284, 3285, 262, 5238, 484, 761, 284, 3285, 416, 1642, 606, 27089, 13, 18007, 364, 11, 1402, 4410, 326, 779, 2128, 284, 787, 256, 3732, 17506, 1342, 19787, 11, 1037, 584, 661, 13, 7849, 635, 460, 307, 40836, 290, 460, 3360, 9335, 262, 5238, 4073, 416, 262, 4006, 13, 632, 635, 5419, 284, 3368, 1243, 326, 1244, 787, 256, 3732, 17506, 4785, 11, 588, 9216, 11, 5548, 11, 290, 7812, 26782, 13, 198, 34, 12920, 425, 4854, 2994, 4325, 618, 1223, 7021, 262, 5238, 326, 389, 5281, 422, 262, 304, 446, 6582, 357, 774, 3149, 26277, 25019, 8, 284, 262, 8434, 1027, 13, 2905, 20302, 40502, 11, 11711, 287, 262, 3504, 1027, 11, 18801, 9970, 3349, 11, 257, 21025, 1522, 304, 446, 6582, 11, 393, 257, 3504, 1027, 10280, 460, 2728, 428, 2099, 286, 4854, 2994, 13, 1002, 1027, 20302, 2512, 496, 318, 257, 1917, 329, 345, 11, 262, 1605, 8581, 286, 19740, 349, 560, 782, 1435, 12, 13847, 290, 34726, 39037, 5644, 1262, 11607, 13820, 11, 884, 355, 18352, 3056, 11, 5156, 3056, 11, 13874, 2189, 259, 11, 393, 5068, 1027, 10532, 284, 39536, 1027, 20302, 13, 1002, 345, 892, 345, 743, 423, 257, 7604, 287, 534, 304, 446, 6582, 11, 2158, 11, 345, 815, 766, 534, 6253, 13, 198, 2437, 1680, 314, 10478, 257, 7755, 351, 34663, 22014, 30, 198, 4342, 389, 617, 9040, 345, 460, 779, 618, 3375, 351, 2130, 508, 468, 257, 4854, 1917, 25, 198, 12, 15399, 262, 1048, 290, 1561, 4084, 198, 12, 40802, 379, 257, 6397, 2866, 26, 466, 407, 7808, 534, 5422, 11, 4483, 11, 393, 34722, 27142, 13, 198, 12, 5751, 287, 922, 12019, 290, 4646, 4469, 26782, 13, 198, 12, 5765, 16324, 14700, 393, 24621, 284, 1577, 4465, 20195, 13, 198, 12, 30021, 3511, 611, 3306, 11, 1262, 1180, 2456, 13, 198, 12, 40348, 262, 4854, 12, 320, 8957, 1202, 1048, 618, 3375, 13, 12167, 351, 262, 1048, 11, 407, 546, 262, 1048, 11, 618, 345, 389, 351, 1854, 13, 770, 5419, 1394, 262, 4854, 12, 320, 8957, 1202, 1048, 422, 4203, 3436, 290, 15009, 13, 198, 12, 1355, 5827, 26, 2652, 3967, 290, 18397, 13, 198, 12, 16981, 703, 345, 460, 1037, 13, 198, 2061, 1680, 314, 2141, 611, 314, 8192, 34179, 34663, 30, 198, 12, 3914, 661, 760, 326, 345, 423, 5876, 4854, 13, 198, 12, 16981, 661, 284, 1986, 345, 11, 290, 284, 2740, 517, 6364, 290, 4084, 26, 635, 1265, 606, 284, 2740, 1231, 19642, 13, 198, 12, 7119, 3241, 284, 644, 318, 852, 531, 290, 284, 16324, 14700, 393, 24621, 13, 198, 12, 3914, 262, 1048, 3375, 760, 611, 345, 466, 407, 1833, 13, 198, 12, 16981, 661, 284, 302, 4775, 257, 6827, 290, 1949, 757, 13, 198, 2061, 29362, 393, 11217, 902, 1680, 10478, 30, 198, 2061, 481, 1037, 345, 8338, 319, 534, 4854, 1917, 13, 2773, 2219, 8136, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 34663, 31378, 13, 198, 4711, 389, 1402, 4410, 345, 5806, 287, 393, 2157, 534, 1027, 13, 34663, 31378, 460, 1037, 617, 6982, 286, 4854, 2994, 416, 1642, 5238, 27089, 13, 2102, 11, 484, 3360, 2298, 510, 4469, 26782, 851, 329, 1672, 11, 4979, 7838, 287, 262, 4675, 393, 661, 3375, 379, 584, 8893, 287, 257, 18012, 7072, 13, 770, 460, 2689, 703, 880, 345, 3285, 287, 1728, 7445, 13, 7413, 7067, 257, 4854, 6133, 11, 2198, 284, 1064, 503, 611, 534, 5096, 481, 3002, 262, 1575, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 6982, 286, 4854, 31378, 13, 1052, 2709, 31599, 460, 1037, 4197, 345, 351, 262, 4854, 6133, 326, 481, 670, 1266, 329, 345, 13, 921, 460, 1265, 262, 2709, 31599, 546, 1719, 257, 4473, 2278, 284, 1949, 503, 257, 1178, 1180, 31378, 13, 198, 16676, 11, 618, 345, 2822, 257, 4854, 6133, 11, 345, 389, 7067, 257, 1720, 290, 257, 2139, 13, 9938, 257, 4854, 6133, 16456, 357, 7174, 257, 18905, 263, 8, 508, 468, 262, 16336, 290, 5032, 284, 1037, 345, 1141, 262, 1227, 393, 523, 340, 2753, 284, 651, 973, 284, 262, 649, 4854, 6133, 13, 198, 1639, 743, 761, 284, 423, 1811, 43500, 654, 286, 534, 4854, 6133, 11, 290, 345, 481, 761, 284, 651, 11678, 319, 703, 284, 779, 340, 13, 34663, 31378, 779, 13591, 11, 543, 345, 481, 761, 284, 1487, 319, 257, 3218, 4308, 13, 1119, 635, 743, 761, 20097, 422, 640, 284, 640, 13, 11763, 257, 4854, 6133, 326, 468, 691, 262, 3033, 345, 761, 13, 198, 12, 43627, 425, 14, 48003, 425, 29362, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 3186, 326, 460, 1037, 345, 2107, 880, 351, 1342, 12, 14813, 12, 25833, 4854, 13, 383, 1351, 2174, 3407, 617, 6096, 286, 262, 867, 7747, 25, 198, 12, 44735, 12306, 4035, 4410, 2837, 422, 257, 2041, 2099, 286, 11426, 9733, 326, 1838, 5238, 27089, 284, 2041, 9512, 326, 670, 351, 4854, 31378, 13, 198, 12, 3195, 290, 5243, 8680, 3341, 460, 307, 973, 351, 393, 1231, 4854, 31378, 13, 921, 466, 407, 423, 284, 1210, 262, 6115, 510, 1029, 13, 198, 12, 43627, 425, 8680, 4410, 389, 1695, 287, 617, 1171, 4113, 884, 355, 30625, 1505, 82, 11, 3807, 20550, 11, 14422, 11, 6171, 37300, 947, 11, 290, 3249, 4113, 13, 198, 12, 23276, 82, 884, 355, 3420, 7923, 82, 11, 7523, 40471, 11, 290, 10436, 29906, 460, 1577, 345, 257, 6737, 326, 345, 460, 766, 393, 257, 30999, 326, 345, 460, 1254, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 25293, 1657, 714, 1309, 345, 760, 2130, 318, 379, 262, 3420, 393, 326, 262, 3072, 318, 32333, 13, 198, 12, 33005, 3238, 35223, 13, 198, 1532, 534, 21815, 1108, 318, 6049, 11, 257, 6253, 743, 1950, 763, 354, 3238, 35223, 13, 554, 428, 8185, 11, 262, 6253, 7584, 257, 1402, 7914, 3335, 739, 262, 4168, 2157, 262, 1027, 13, 383, 3335, 12800, 262, 3275, 1613, 262, 1729, 12, 16090, 636, 286, 262, 8434, 1027, 290, 319, 284, 262, 3632, 13, 770, 1429, 5419, 617, 661, 3285, 13, 2312, 35223, 389, 407, 7613, 329, 477, 3858, 286, 21815, 1108, 393, 4854, 2994, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 546, 4854, 2994, 13, 383, 717, 2239, 318, 284, 2198, 351, 534, 6253, 13, 921, 635, 460, 651, 517, 1321, 422, 262, 1708, 2628, 25, 198, 16186, 5136, 319, 1024, 1878, 1108, 290, 3819, 26117, 37966, 357, 45, 2389, 8610, 8, 198, 45, 2389, 8610, 6188, 3779, 1723, 4803, 198, 16186, 33656, 286, 3893, 198, 3132, 3337, 9974, 11, 337, 6173, 2242, 1238, 198, 13056, 30049, 11, 10670, 1160, 4531, 17, 12, 1954, 1238, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 28872, 12, 940, 2598, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 8, 198, 7437, 8581, 286, 19740, 349, 560, 782, 1435, 12, 13847, 290, 34726, 39037, 11, 3457, 13, 357, 3838, 46, 12, 39, 8035, 8, 198, 16, 9005, 3530, 198, 15309, 392, 7496, 11, 13753, 30299, 1415, 12, 2091, 3553, 198, 7437, 24709, 12, 32065, 12, 39, 6648, 5396, 357, 1921, 7801, 8, 198, 15711, 486, 4631, 4244, 29539, 198, 19665, 4244, 11, 10670, 27121, 4309, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 21, 2548, 12, 23, 13381, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 14, 38888, 14, 51, 9936, 8, 198, 7437, 309, 3732, 17506, 5396, 357, 13563, 8, 198, 47, 13, 46, 13, 8315, 642, 198, 45330, 11, 6375, 10111, 22745, 12, 830, 20, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 21, 2682, 12, 4531, 3695, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 8, 198, 24704, 10478, 329, 6912, 286, 34663, 4380, 11, 3457, 13, 357, 9693, 16768, 8, 198, 3720, 940, 5326, 8691, 8878, 198, 13056, 30049, 11, 10670, 27121, 1415, 198, 14772, 495, 429, 1012, 2798, 2351, 1024, 1878, 7868, 3337, 198, 7410, 4744, 8878, 11, 10635, 198, 17402, 11, 6257, 4751, 17, 12, 2623, 3865, 198, 6132, 25, 22131, 12, 40639, 12, 27641, 357, 38888, 290, 309, 9936, 8, 198, 1890, 517, 1321, 546, 1535, 290, 14736, 2800, 25, 198, 16186, 5136, 319, 44581, 198, 47, 13, 46, 13, 8315, 807, 43526, 198, 35389, 1555, 30359, 11, 10670, 27121, 4089, 12, 1795, 3553, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 23148, 12, 1828, 1495, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 8, 198, 16186, 5136, 319, 44581, 198, 52, 13, 311, 13, 2732, 286, 3893, 290, 5524, 6168, 198, 16186, 33656, 286, 3893, 198, 1212, 9207, 18229, 422, 262, 2351, 5136, 319, 44581, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	2,326
Last month, we started a list of "hot astronomy links" for the net-surfers, and said that we'd continue the list this month. If I may beg off for another month, let me share with you a continuation of a story we were telling last year at this time. January 6th is celebrated in most western churches as the Feast of the Epiphany, commemorating the arrival of the Magi in Bethlehem. Matthew's gospel tells us that they were led on their journey by a "star." Astronomers and other scholars have been trying to identify the "star" ever since, with theories ranging from a supernova blast to Halley's Comet. Last year at this time, I suggested that a series of planetary conjunctions in 7-6 BC would have attracted the attention of Persian astrologers. Historians have traditionally placed the death of Herod in 4 BC, and suggest that a 4 year error by the monks who first counted back to the events surrounding the Nativity (essentially skipping the rule of Octavian before he became Augustus) would also place the Nativity in this time frame. We also mentioned a book by Ernest Martin, "The Star That Astonished the World," which argues for a 1 BC death of Herod, making a spectacular conjunction of Jupiter and Venus a likely candidate for the "Star of Bethlehem." His arguments are based on accounts by Jewish/Roman historian Flavius Josephus, which detail the events surrounding the death of Herod, and make the 4 BC scenario unlikely. A 1999 book by astronomer Mark Kidger, "The Star of Bethlehem," presents a different argument, again suggesting 4 BC as the time of the star. Chinese and Korean court astrologers reported a "guest star" near the constellation Aquila on the same date in either 4 or 5 BC - one of the records is apparently a transcription error - which persisted for over 70 days visibility. As seen from Babylon or Persia, this guest star would have been first seen after midnight "in the East." If these astrologers had been primed by the conjunctions of 7 - 6 BC to look for a sign, this would have been something of which to take note. Perhaps it would be sufficiently noteworthy to pack up and go searching for a new King of the Jews, presaged by the planets and confirmed by this "new star." An overland journey from Persia would be just possible in 70 days, if they were already primed to leave. Such a journey from Babylon would take less time, allowing for preparations after first sighting the star. By the time the Magi arrived at Jerusalem, the star would appear to the south, just because of the normal shift in constellations with the seasons. Bethlehem lies due south of Jerusalem, so they might think of the star going before them, and "stopping over the house where the Child was." Which scenario is correct? I doubt that we'll ever know for sure. But, in a larger sense, does it really matter? The central story of Christmas and Epiphany is not about the star, but about the interaction between humanity and the transcendent - and the details of the story pale before that. Lunar phases for January 2001: First Quarter on the 2nd, at 5:31 pm; Full Moon on the 9th, at 3:24 pm; Last Quarter at 7:35 am on the 16th; New Moon on the 24th, at 8:07 pm. The Full Moon will be accompanied by a total lunar eclipse, but the Moon will be directly overhead for observers in Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula. We won't see it from Virginia! Evening twilight will find Venus very bright to the southwest, with Jupiter and Saturn high and to the southeast. Mercury will be hard to find, but will be below and to the right of Venus. Early risers can view Mars to the southeast before dawn. Our midmonth overhead view at about 8:00 pm finds Jupiter and Saturn almost directly overhead, just a bit south of zenith. They're in the constellation Taurus, near the bright star Aldebaran, and the open cluster of the Pleiades. A line drawn straight to the southeast horizon from Aldebaran takes your line of sight through Orion to the bright star Sirius in Canis Major. Castor and Pollux, in Gemini, lie above the eastern horizon. Directly above the Twins, closer to zenith you will find Capella, in the constellation Auriga. Mirfak, in Perseus is just a bit higher. The wide, nearly-empty square of Pegasus is to the west, with the Andromeda Galaxy visible on a clear, moonless night just above. Deneb, the bright star at the tail of the Swan (Cygnus) is just off the northwest horizon. The sweep of the Milky Way runs almost directly from Deneb to Sirius, bisecting the sky from northwest to southeast. George F. Spagna, Jr.	[ 5956, 1227, 11, 356, 2067, 257, 1351, 286, 366, 8940, 37145, 6117, 1, 329, 262, 2010, 12, 11793, 69, 364, 11, 290, 531, 326, 356, 1549, 2555, 262, 1351, 428, 1227, 13, 1002, 314, 743, 4123, 572, 329, 1194, 1227, 11, 1309, 502, 2648, 351, 345, 257, 24659, 286, 257, 1621, 356, 547, 5149, 938, 614, 379, 428, 640, 13, 198, 21339, 718, 400, 318, 13943, 287, 749, 8830, 14422, 355, 262, 42936, 286, 262, 4551, 49915, 11, 28723, 803, 262, 10325, 286, 262, 2944, 72, 287, 46930, 13, 9308, 338, 21443, 4952, 514, 326, 484, 547, 2957, 319, 511, 7002, 416, 257, 366, 7364, 526, 25398, 21499, 290, 584, 9123, 423, 587, 2111, 284, 5911, 262, 366, 7364, 1, 1683, 1201, 11, 351, 10946, 12897, 422, 257, 2208, 38438, 11975, 284, 11023, 1636, 338, 36238, 13, 198, 5956, 614, 379, 428, 640, 11, 314, 5220, 326, 257, 2168, 286, 27047, 11644, 46797, 287, 767, 12, 21, 11843, 561, 423, 12725, 262, 3241, 286, 22035, 6468, 40329, 364, 13, 5590, 45825, 423, 16083, 4624, 262, 1918, 286, 48084, 287, 604, 11843, 11, 290, 1950, 326, 257, 604, 614, 4049, 416, 262, 27646, 508, 717, 14789, 736, 284, 262, 2995, 7346, 262, 14393, 3458, 357, 408, 3746, 31017, 262, 3896, 286, 2556, 615, 666, 878, 339, 2627, 48339, 8, 561, 635, 1295, 262, 14393, 3458, 287, 428, 640, 5739, 13, 775, 635, 4750, 257, 1492, 416, 34705, 5780, 11, 366, 464, 2907, 1320, 33644, 1348, 262, 2159, 553, 543, 11673, 329, 257, 352, 11843, 1918, 286, 48084, 11, 1642, 257, 15013, 17856, 286, 22721, 290, 21094, 257, 1884, 4540, 329, 262, 366, 8248, 286, 46930, 526, 2399, 7159, 389, 1912, 319, 5504, 416, 5582, 14, 32454, 18026, 33026, 3754, 7212, 385, 11, 543, 3703, 262, 2995, 7346, 262, 1918, 286, 48084, 11, 290, 787, 262, 604, 11843, 8883, 7485, 13, 198, 32, 7358, 1492, 416, 47603, 2940, 16828, 1362, 11, 366, 464, 2907, 286, 46930, 553, 10969, 257, 1180, 4578, 11, 757, 9524, 604, 11843, 355, 262, 640, 286, 262, 3491, 13, 3999, 290, 6983, 2184, 6468, 40329, 364, 2098, 257, 366, 5162, 395, 3491, 1, 1474, 262, 38712, 11446, 10102, 319, 262, 976, 3128, 287, 2035, 604, 393, 642, 11843, 532, 530, 286, 262, 4406, 318, 5729, 257, 26955, 4049, 532, 543, 33264, 329, 625, 4317, 1528, 20742, 13, 1081, 1775, 422, 28028, 393, 46452, 11, 428, 8319, 3491, 561, 423, 587, 717, 1775, 706, 15896, 366, 259, 262, 3687, 526, 1002, 777, 6468, 40329, 364, 550, 587, 46959, 416, 262, 11644, 46797, 286, 767, 532, 718, 11843, 284, 804, 329, 257, 1051, 11, 428, 561, 423, 587, 1223, 286, 543, 284, 1011, 3465, 13, 8673, 340, 561, 307, 17338, 30902, 284, 2353, 510, 290, 467, 10342, 329, 257, 649, 2677, 286, 262, 6771, 11, 906, 1886, 416, 262, 14705, 290, 4999, 416, 428, 366, 3605, 3491, 526, 198, 2025, 625, 1044, 7002, 422, 46452, 561, 307, 655, 1744, 287, 4317, 1528, 11, 611, 484, 547, 1541, 46959, 284, 2666, 13, 8013, 257, 7002, 422, 28028, 561, 1011, 1342, 640, 11, 5086, 329, 21518, 706, 717, 42110, 262, 3491, 13, 2750, 262, 640, 262, 2944, 72, 5284, 379, 10843, 11, 262, 3491, 561, 1656, 284, 262, 5366, 11, 655, 780, 286, 262, 3487, 6482, 287, 1500, 695, 602, 351, 262, 7028, 13, 46930, 7363, 2233, 5366, 286, 10843, 11, 523, 484, 1244, 892, 286, 262, 3491, 1016, 878, 606, 11, 290, 366, 301, 33307, 625, 262, 2156, 810, 262, 5932, 373, 526, 198, 13828, 8883, 318, 3376, 30, 314, 4719, 326, 356, 1183, 1683, 760, 329, 1654, 13, 887, 11, 287, 257, 4025, 2565, 11, 857, 340, 1107, 2300, 30, 383, 4318, 1621, 286, 6786, 290, 4551, 49915, 318, 407, 546, 262, 3491, 11, 475, 546, 262, 10375, 1022, 9265, 290, 262, 26231, 298, 532, 290, 262, 3307, 286, 262, 1621, 14005, 878, 326, 13, 198, 43, 403, 283, 21164, 329, 3269, 5878, 25, 3274, 17264, 319, 262, 362, 358, 11, 379, 642, 25, 3132, 9114, 26, 6462, 6869, 319, 262, 860, 400, 11, 379, 513, 25, 1731, 9114, 26, 4586, 17264, 379, 767, 25, 2327, 716, 319, 262, 1467, 400, 26, 968, 6869, 319, 262, 1987, 400, 11, 379, 807, 25, 2998, 9114, 13, 383, 6462, 6869, 481, 307, 11791, 416, 257, 2472, 25572, 25872, 11, 475, 262, 6869, 481, 307, 3264, 16965, 329, 17984, 287, 41782, 11, 319, 262, 33081, 24078, 13, 775, 1839, 470, 766, 340, 422, 6025, 0, 198, 6104, 278, 45493, 481, 1064, 21094, 845, 6016, 284, 262, 26283, 11, 351, 22721, 290, 23135, 1029, 290, 284, 262, 26015, 13, 21673, 481, 307, 1327, 284, 1064, 11, 475, 481, 307, 2174, 290, 284, 262, 826, 286, 21094, 13, 12556, 6106, 364, 460, 1570, 8706, 284, 262, 26015, 878, 17577, 13, 198, 5122, 3095, 8424, 16965, 1570, 379, 546, 807, 25, 405, 9114, 7228, 22721, 290, 23135, 2048, 3264, 16965, 11, 655, 257, 1643, 5366, 286, 1976, 268, 342, 13, 1119, 821, 287, 262, 38712, 309, 22302, 11, 1474, 262, 6016, 3491, 15586, 1765, 19173, 11, 290, 262, 1280, 13946, 286, 262, 18063, 72, 2367, 13, 317, 1627, 7428, 3892, 284, 262, 26015, 17810, 422, 15586, 1765, 19173, 2753, 534, 1627, 286, 6504, 832, 26153, 284, 262, 6016, 3491, 21795, 287, 1680, 271, 8386, 13, 5833, 273, 290, 12868, 2821, 11, 287, 35495, 11, 6486, 2029, 262, 10183, 17810, 13, 4128, 306, 2029, 262, 29640, 11, 5699, 284, 1976, 268, 342, 345, 481, 1064, 15725, 8466, 11, 287, 262, 38712, 15412, 13827, 13, 7381, 69, 461, 11, 287, 31544, 385, 318, 655, 257, 1643, 2440, 13, 383, 3094, 11, 3016, 12, 28920, 6616, 286, 48188, 318, 284, 262, 7421, 11, 351, 262, 34542, 9252, 7424, 319, 257, 1598, 11, 8824, 1203, 1755, 655, 2029, 13, 360, 1734, 65, 11, 262, 6016, 3491, 379, 262, 7894, 286, 262, 21491, 357, 20418, 4593, 385, 8, 318, 655, 572, 262, 24821, 17810, 13, 383, 16085, 286, 262, 34822, 6378, 4539, 2048, 3264, 422, 360, 1734, 65, 284, 21795, 11, 47457, 478, 278, 262, 6766, 422, 24821, 284, 26015, 13, 198, 20191, 376, 13, 1338, 48669, 11, 7504, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,020
© Duane A. Cline 2002 Click here to return to the Main Page of The Pilgrims & Following the decimation of the Native American population in King Philips War in 1675, the Native population was so reduced and dispersed that their language was finally lost. The Native Americans who survived were so fearful of the European settlers that they tried to conceal their Native American heritage and take on the appearance and speech of the settlers. PRESERVATION OF THE INDIAN LANGUAGE As a result, the Native American language of the Wampanoag people slowly became extinct. The language of the Wampanoag people has not been spoken as a common language for about seven generations. Only recently has there been a renewed interest in trying to retrieve the language of the Wampanoag – a daunting task, indeed. Fortunately the entire Bible and a few other writings had been translated into the Massachusett language by John Eliot while it was still a vital language. Through great effort, it is hoped the language can be revived. John Eliot was born about 1604 in Widford, Hertfordshire, England, the son of Bennett Eliot, a yeoman who was a landholder in the parishes of Ware, Widford, Hansdon and Estweeke. John was baptized on 5 August 1604. He matriculated at Jesus College Cambridge University on 20 March 1619 as a “pensioner,” which meant he paid his own expenses at Jesus College. His father died the year before John received his A.B. degree from Cambridge in 1622. In his father’s will John was provided financial assistance for his maintenance at Cambridge, “where he is a Scholar.” After leaving Cambridge, John taught for nine years in a grammar school which had been established by Rev. Thomas Hooker at Little Braddow, near Chelmsford, England. There he came under the Puritan influence and decided to become a minister. Since the Church of England was still dealing harshly with anyone who did not conform to its doctrines and ordinances, John emigrated to New England, landing in Boston on 4 November 1631. On his arrival in New England John pastored a church in Boston for a while before he was ordained to serve the church at Roxbury, Mass. Apparently, John had become engaged to a woman before leaving England. She came to New England in 1632 and they were married at Roxbury on 4 September 1632. During the next few years, John developed a deep interest in the neighboring Indians, their language and their culture. In collaboration with his colleague, Rev. Thomas Mather, and neighbor, Rev, Richard Mather, of nearby Dorchester, Eliot translated “The Psalms of David” into the Indian language. He began to preach to the Indians in 1646. There is an account of his first meeting with the Indians in his book, “The Daybreaking, if not Sunrising, of the Gospel with the Indians in New England,” London, 1647. He tells how on 28 October 1646 four of them went to the wigwam of Waaubon at Nonantum, which was located in the northeast corner of Newton (about five miles from Roxbury). There they met with a group of Indian men, women and children who had gathered from the surrounding area. John opened the meeting with a prayer in English and proceeded to preach for an hour and a quarter in their own language, following which there was a period of questions and answers. The meeting lasted about three hours, during which apples were given to women and children and tobacco to the men. By 1651 Natick had been selected as the place for an Indian church and community to be organized for the settlement of the “praying Indians” from the surrounding area. It was seventeen miles from Boston and some distance from the groups of early settlers. In 1653 or 1654 Eliot produced his “Catechism,“ which was probably the first book to be printed in the Indian language. By 1655 Eliot had prepared the “Book of Genesis” and the “Gospel of Matthew.” They were printed at Cambridge in 1662. The Natick church was formed and a civil government established in 1660. The new Indian community was opposed by a number of Indians and colonists alike. Eliot organized towns for Indian converts where they could preserve their own language and culture and live by their own laws. Through the next few years fourteen of those towns were established with the total converts numbering about four thousand. By 1674 each of the communities had a school where the Indians were taught English and handicrafts. While the towns prospered, Eliot prepared Indians to become missionaries to their own people. Daniel Takawambpait became the first Indian minister in New England when he was ordained at Natick in 1681. The establishment of those Indian towns met with angry opposition from many of the Indians and settlers alike. However, they prospered until 1675 when King Philip’s War created havoc. After the war four of the communities were re-established, but did not continue long. The Natick church, which was originally established in 1660, managed to continue until the death of their last pastor, Daniel Takawambpait, in 1716. In 1660 Thomas Thorowgood made the first reference to John Eliot as the “Indian Apostle,” a designation which has continued to be associated with Eliot to this day. The entire New Testament was printed at Cambridge in 1661, and the next year a second edition of the “Catechism” was printed there. A small edition of “The Psalms of David” was published at Cambridge in 1662 , and the same year a second edition of the “Catechism” was printed. In 1663 “The Old Testament” was printed and bound together with a metrical version of the “Psalms.” This has been considered the first Bible printed in America. A second edition of “The New Testament” was printed in 1680, and in 1685 it was printed and bound with the “Old Testament.” Other books written by Eliot were: “The Christian Commonwealth,” 1659; “The Communion of the Churches,” 1665; The Indian Primer” 1669; “Harmony of the Gospels,” 1678; and in 1689 his Indian translation of “The Sincere Convert” by Rev. Thomas Shepard was published. He had also been a major contributor to the “Bay Psalm Book.” After a long illness, John Eliot died at Roxbury, Mass., on 21 May 1690. In Eliot’s honor, May 21 is celebrated by some as “Saint Day of John Eliot.” Last modified October 2, 2002 Webmaster Dave Lossos	[ 16224, 10343, 1531, 317, 13, 1012, 500, 6244, 198, 8164, 994, 284, 1441, 284, 262, 8774, 7873, 286, 383, 12693, 2164, 12078, 1222, 198, 14291, 262, 875, 18991, 286, 262, 12547, 1605, 3265, 287, 2677, 46905, 1810, 287, 1467, 2425, 11, 262, 12547, 3265, 373, 523, 5322, 290, 34646, 326, 511, 3303, 373, 3443, 2626, 13, 383, 12547, 3399, 508, 11803, 547, 523, 26844, 286, 262, 3427, 25371, 326, 484, 3088, 284, 21363, 511, 12547, 1605, 15012, 290, 1011, 319, 262, 5585, 290, 4046, 286, 262, 25371, 13, 198, 48296, 1137, 53, 6234, 3963, 3336, 24413, 16868, 406, 15567, 52, 11879, 198, 1722, 257, 1255, 11, 262, 12547, 1605, 3303, 286, 262, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 661, 6364, 2627, 28881, 13, 383, 3303, 286, 262, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 661, 468, 407, 587, 9635, 355, 257, 2219, 3303, 329, 546, 3598, 10439, 13, 5514, 2904, 468, 612, 587, 257, 16434, 1393, 287, 2111, 284, 19818, 262, 3303, 286, 262, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 784, 257, 30496, 4876, 11, 5600, 13, 20525, 262, 2104, 9111, 290, 257, 1178, 584, 19336, 550, 587, 14251, 656, 262, 5674, 9523, 3087, 3303, 416, 1757, 46082, 981, 340, 373, 991, 257, 9204, 3303, 13, 9561, 1049, 3626, 11, 340, 318, 10719, 262, 3303, 460, 307, 28910, 13, 198, 7554, 46082, 373, 4642, 546, 1467, 3023, 287, 24801, 3841, 11, 40030, 3841, 10932, 11, 4492, 11, 262, 3367, 286, 17468, 46082, 11, 257, 9838, 5185, 508, 373, 257, 1956, 13829, 287, 262, 1582, 5614, 286, 28593, 11, 24801, 3841, 11, 13071, 9099, 290, 10062, 732, 68, 365, 13, 1757, 373, 40357, 319, 642, 2932, 1467, 3023, 13, 198, 1544, 2603, 1173, 4817, 379, 5803, 5535, 14457, 2059, 319, 1160, 2805, 1467, 1129, 355, 257, 564, 250, 79, 3004, 263, 11, 447, 251, 543, 4001, 339, 3432, 465, 898, 9307, 379, 5803, 5535, 13, 2399, 2988, 3724, 262, 614, 878, 1757, 2722, 465, 317, 13, 33, 13, 4922, 422, 14457, 287, 1467, 1828, 13, 554, 465, 2988, 447, 247, 82, 481, 1757, 373, 2810, 3176, 6829, 329, 465, 9262, 379, 14457, 11, 564, 250, 3003, 339, 318, 257, 11713, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3260, 4305, 14457, 11, 1757, 7817, 329, 5193, 812, 287, 257, 23491, 1524, 543, 550, 587, 4920, 416, 5416, 13, 5658, 18531, 263, 379, 7703, 1709, 2860, 322, 11, 1474, 11425, 907, 3841, 11, 4492, 13, 1318, 339, 1625, 739, 262, 9330, 18642, 4588, 290, 3066, 284, 1716, 257, 5342, 13, 198, 6385, 262, 4564, 286, 4492, 373, 991, 7219, 43123, 351, 2687, 508, 750, 407, 17216, 284, 663, 32645, 290, 36968, 11, 1757, 795, 38769, 284, 968, 4492, 11, 9581, 287, 6182, 319, 604, 3389, 1467, 3132, 13, 1550, 465, 10325, 287, 968, 4492, 1757, 1613, 1850, 257, 4928, 287, 6182, 329, 257, 981, 878, 339, 373, 36777, 284, 4691, 262, 4928, 379, 34821, 10711, 11, 5674, 13, 198, 30402, 11, 1757, 550, 1716, 7953, 284, 257, 2415, 878, 4305, 4492, 13, 1375, 1625, 284, 968, 4492, 287, 1467, 2624, 290, 484, 547, 6405, 379, 34821, 10711, 319, 604, 2693, 1467, 2624, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 1306, 1178, 812, 11, 1757, 4166, 257, 2769, 1393, 287, 262, 19651, 12746, 11, 511, 3303, 290, 511, 3968, 13, 554, 12438, 351, 465, 16008, 11, 5416, 13, 5658, 337, 1032, 11, 290, 4780, 11, 5416, 11, 6219, 337, 1032, 11, 286, 6716, 12528, 35983, 11, 46082, 14251, 564, 250, 464, 40601, 907, 286, 3271, 447, 251, 656, 262, 3942, 3303, 13, 679, 2540, 284, 32950, 284, 262, 12746, 287, 1467, 3510, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 281, 1848, 286, 465, 717, 3249, 351, 262, 12746, 287, 465, 1492, 11, 564, 250, 464, 3596, 13395, 11, 611, 407, 3825, 22610, 11, 286, 262, 23244, 351, 262, 12746, 287, 968, 4492, 11, 447, 251, 3576, 11, 1467, 2857, 13, 679, 4952, 703, 319, 2579, 3267, 1467, 3510, 1440, 286, 606, 1816, 284, 262, 45678, 86, 321, 286, 370, 7252, 549, 261, 379, 8504, 415, 388, 11, 543, 373, 5140, 287, 262, 24287, 5228, 286, 17321, 357, 10755, 1936, 4608, 422, 34821, 10711, 737, 1318, 484, 1138, 351, 257, 1448, 286, 3942, 1450, 11, 1466, 290, 1751, 508, 550, 9272, 422, 262, 7346, 1989, 13, 1757, 4721, 262, 3249, 351, 257, 11443, 287, 3594, 290, 18814, 284, 32950, 329, 281, 1711, 290, 257, 3860, 287, 511, 898, 3303, 11, 1708, 543, 612, 373, 257, 2278, 286, 2683, 290, 7429, 13, 383, 3249, 15436, 546, 1115, 2250, 11, 1141, 543, 22514, 547, 1813, 284, 1466, 290, 1751, 290, 11219, 284, 262, 1450, 13, 198, 3886, 1467, 4349, 14393, 624, 550, 587, 6163, 355, 262, 1295, 329, 281, 3942, 4928, 290, 2055, 284, 307, 8389, 329, 262, 9443, 286, 262, 564, 250, 1050, 8369, 12746, 447, 251, 422, 262, 7346, 1989, 13, 632, 373, 38741, 4608, 422, 6182, 290, 617, 5253, 422, 262, 2628, 286, 1903, 25371, 13, 554, 1467, 4310, 393, 1467, 4051, 46082, 4635, 465, 564, 250, 34, 40340, 1042, 11, 447, 250, 543, 373, 2192, 262, 717, 1492, 284, 307, 10398, 287, 262, 3942, 3303, 13, 2750, 1467, 2816, 46082, 550, 5597, 262, 564, 250, 10482, 286, 18993, 447, 251, 290, 262, 564, 250, 38, 13994, 286, 9308, 13, 447, 251, 1119, 547, 10398, 379, 14457, 287, 1467, 5237, 13, 198, 464, 14393, 624, 4928, 373, 7042, 290, 257, 3026, 1230, 4920, 287, 1467, 1899, 13, 383, 649, 3942, 2055, 373, 6886, 416, 257, 1271, 286, 12746, 290, 43430, 12936, 13, 46082, 8389, 11684, 329, 3942, 26161, 810, 484, 714, 12201, 511, 898, 3303, 290, 3968, 290, 2107, 416, 511, 898, 3657, 13, 9561, 262, 1306, 1178, 812, 29167, 286, 883, 11684, 547, 4920, 351, 262, 2472, 26161, 47622, 546, 1440, 7319, 13, 2750, 1467, 4524, 1123, 286, 262, 5348, 550, 257, 1524, 810, 262, 12746, 547, 7817, 3594, 290, 29103, 1617, 82, 13, 2893, 262, 11684, 386, 4125, 445, 11, 46082, 5597, 12746, 284, 1716, 37458, 284, 511, 898, 661, 13, 7806, 15804, 707, 4131, 79, 4548, 2627, 262, 717, 3942, 5342, 287, 968, 4492, 618, 339, 373, 36777, 379, 14393, 624, 287, 1467, 6659, 13, 198, 464, 9323, 286, 883, 3942, 11684, 1138, 351, 7954, 5471, 422, 867, 286, 262, 12746, 290, 25371, 12936, 13, 2102, 11, 484, 386, 4125, 445, 1566, 1467, 2425, 618, 2677, 14576, 447, 247, 82, 1810, 2727, 29860, 13, 2293, 262, 1175, 1440, 286, 262, 5348, 547, 302, 12, 27718, 11, 475, 750, 407, 2555, 890, 13, 383, 14393, 624, 4928, 11, 543, 373, 6198, 4920, 287, 1467, 1899, 11, 5257, 284, 2555, 1566, 262, 1918, 286, 511, 938, 22175, 11, 7806, 15804, 707, 4131, 79, 4548, 11, 287, 1596, 1433, 13, 198, 818, 1467, 1899, 5658, 13002, 322, 11274, 925, 262, 717, 4941, 284, 1757, 46082, 355, 262, 564, 250, 30821, 29748, 11, 447, 251, 257, 22566, 543, 468, 3767, 284, 307, 3917, 351, 46082, 284, 428, 1110, 13, 198, 464, 2104, 968, 18318, 373, 10398, 379, 14457, 287, 1467, 5333, 11, 290, 262, 1306, 614, 257, 1218, 8313, 286, 262, 564, 250, 34, 40340, 1042, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 612, 13, 198, 32, 1402, 8313, 286, 564, 250, 464, 40601, 907, 286, 3271, 447, 251, 373, 3199, 379, 14457, 287, 1467, 5237, 837, 290, 262, 976, 614, 257, 1218, 8313, 286, 262, 564, 250, 34, 40340, 1042, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 13, 198, 818, 1467, 5066, 564, 250, 464, 5706, 18318, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 290, 5421, 1978, 351, 257, 1138, 8143, 2196, 286, 262, 564, 250, 12016, 282, 907, 13, 447, 251, 770, 468, 587, 3177, 262, 717, 9111, 10398, 287, 2253, 13, 317, 1218, 8313, 286, 564, 250, 464, 968, 18318, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 287, 1467, 1795, 11, 290, 287, 1467, 5332, 340, 373, 10398, 290, 5421, 351, 262, 564, 250, 19620, 18318, 13, 447, 251, 198, 6395, 3835, 3194, 416, 46082, 547, 25, 564, 250, 464, 4302, 17165, 11, 447, 251, 1467, 3270, 26, 564, 250, 464, 4440, 295, 286, 262, 46446, 11, 447, 251, 1467, 2996, 26, 383, 3942, 11460, 263, 447, 251, 1467, 3388, 26, 564, 250, 39, 1670, 1647, 286, 262, 402, 41908, 11, 447, 251, 1467, 3695, 26, 290, 287, 1467, 4531, 465, 3942, 11059, 286, 564, 250, 464, 4619, 260, 38240, 447, 251, 416, 5416, 13, 5658, 28606, 373, 3199, 13, 198, 1544, 550, 635, 587, 257, 1688, 18920, 284, 262, 564, 250, 15262, 40601, 76, 4897, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3260, 257, 890, 8526, 11, 1757, 46082, 3724, 379, 34821, 10711, 11, 5674, 1539, 319, 2310, 1737, 1467, 3829, 13, 554, 46082, 447, 247, 82, 7522, 11, 1737, 2310, 318, 13943, 416, 617, 355, 564, 250, 48615, 3596, 286, 1757, 46082, 13, 447, 251, 198, 5956, 9518, 3267, 362, 11, 6244, 198, 13908, 9866, 9935, 22014, 418, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,448
How do I decide whether or not to take part? You need to feel you have been given enough information to help you decide whether or not to take part in a clinical trial. The main benefits of taking part in a clinical trial include: - you may receive a new treatment before it becomes widely available - you will be closely monitored (patients on clinical trials often receive more attention) - helping future patients with cancer. The disadvantages of taking part in a clinical trial include: - you may have more appointments at the hospital than if you weren’t in a clinical trial - new treatments may have side effects or risks that doctors were not expecting - participants in randomised trials will not be able to choose which treatment they receive. The importance of information Trials need to be a team effort to make sure they are successful. If you decide to take part, you are an essential member of this team. You must be given all the information you want, you must understand what will happen, and you must freely agree to take part. Your doctor or researcher should discuss the following points with you: - what type of trial it is, why it is being done and how it was planned - an explanation of how the trial will affect you; for example, how long the trial will last or any extra tests or hospital visits - the meaning of the words and phrases that are used - the benefits, risks and all other treatment options available to you - the safeguards which exist to protect you - who you should contact if you have any concerns or problems - how to find out the results of the research, if you want to do so. See a list of other questions you should consider. You may find it helpful to discuss the details of a trial with a research nurse. If you wish to know more or don’t understand what has been said, please ask.	[ 2437, 466, 314, 5409, 1771, 393, 407, 284, 1011, 636, 30, 198, 1639, 761, 284, 1254, 345, 423, 587, 1813, 1576, 1321, 284, 1037, 345, 5409, 1771, 393, 407, 284, 1011, 636, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 13, 198, 464, 1388, 4034, 286, 2263, 636, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 345, 743, 3328, 257, 649, 3513, 878, 340, 4329, 6768, 1695, 198, 12, 345, 481, 307, 7173, 20738, 357, 8071, 2334, 319, 8668, 9867, 1690, 3328, 517, 3241, 8, 198, 12, 5742, 2003, 3871, 351, 4890, 13, 198, 464, 38457, 286, 2263, 636, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 345, 743, 423, 517, 23976, 379, 262, 4436, 621, 611, 345, 6304, 447, 247, 83, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 198, 12, 649, 13820, 743, 423, 1735, 3048, 393, 7476, 326, 7519, 547, 407, 12451, 198, 12, 6809, 287, 4738, 1417, 9867, 481, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 3853, 543, 3513, 484, 3328, 13, 198, 464, 6817, 286, 1321, 198, 14824, 874, 761, 284, 307, 257, 1074, 3626, 284, 787, 1654, 484, 389, 4388, 13, 1002, 345, 5409, 284, 1011, 636, 11, 345, 389, 281, 6393, 2888, 286, 428, 1074, 13, 921, 1276, 307, 1813, 477, 262, 1321, 345, 765, 11, 345, 1276, 1833, 644, 481, 1645, 11, 290, 345, 1276, 12748, 4236, 284, 1011, 636, 13, 198, 7120, 6253, 393, 13453, 815, 2112, 262, 1708, 2173, 351, 345, 25, 198, 12, 644, 2099, 286, 4473, 340, 318, 11, 1521, 340, 318, 852, 1760, 290, 703, 340, 373, 6027, 198, 12, 281, 7468, 286, 703, 262, 4473, 481, 2689, 345, 26, 329, 1672, 11, 703, 890, 262, 4473, 481, 938, 393, 597, 3131, 5254, 393, 4436, 11864, 198, 12, 262, 3616, 286, 262, 2456, 290, 20144, 326, 389, 973, 198, 12, 262, 4034, 11, 7476, 290, 477, 584, 3513, 3689, 1695, 284, 345, 198, 12, 262, 32673, 543, 2152, 284, 1805, 345, 198, 12, 508, 345, 815, 2800, 611, 345, 423, 597, 4786, 393, 2761, 198, 12, 703, 284, 1064, 503, 262, 2482, 286, 262, 2267, 11, 611, 345, 765, 284, 466, 523, 13, 198, 6214, 257, 1351, 286, 584, 2683, 345, 815, 2074, 13, 198, 1639, 743, 1064, 340, 7613, 284, 2112, 262, 3307, 286, 257, 4473, 351, 257, 2267, 15849, 13, 1002, 345, 4601, 284, 760, 517, 393, 836, 447, 247, 83, 1833, 644, 468, 587, 531, 11, 3387, 1265, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	395
Definition of Pharmacologic stress test Pharmacologic stress test: There are a diversity of pharmacologic stress tests. Here this refers specifically to a pharmacologic cardiac stress test in which certain medications are administered that stimulate the heart to mimic the physiologic effects of exercise. One of the medications used in a pharmacologic stress test is dobutamine, which is similar to adrenaline. Dobutamine is carefully administered to gradually increase the heart rate and strength of the contractions of the heart muscle. Simultaneously, echocardiography or radionucleide imaging is performed. Alternatively, a medicine called adenosine is administered, which simulates the physiology of the coronary artery circulation during exercise. Adenosine is combined with radionucleide isotope imaging to provide a very accurate test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Pharmacological stress testing is commonly performed in patients who are thought to be at high risk for significant CAD and who are scheduled for major non-cardiac surgical procedures. These patients are often unable to perform exercise stress testing due to the underlying condition for which they require surgery. In this setting, pharmacological stress testing is invaluable in assessing the cardiac risk of patients prior to surgery.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012 Get the latest treatment options.	[ 36621, 286, 37908, 20781, 5503, 1332, 198, 2725, 32813, 20781, 5503, 1332, 25, 1318, 389, 257, 9573, 286, 25702, 20781, 5503, 5254, 13, 3423, 428, 10229, 5734, 284, 257, 25702, 20781, 26077, 5503, 1332, 287, 543, 1728, 17638, 389, 17169, 326, 26020, 262, 2612, 284, 26332, 262, 42087, 20781, 3048, 286, 5517, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 17638, 973, 287, 257, 25702, 20781, 5503, 1332, 318, 466, 4360, 9862, 11, 543, 318, 2092, 284, 37607, 13, 30947, 315, 9862, 318, 7773, 17169, 284, 11835, 2620, 262, 2612, 2494, 290, 4202, 286, 262, 2775, 507, 286, 262, 2612, 8280, 13, 3184, 9560, 3481, 11, 304, 354, 420, 22490, 4867, 393, 2511, 295, 14913, 485, 19560, 318, 6157, 13, 198, 44163, 11, 257, 9007, 1444, 512, 28380, 500, 318, 17169, 11, 543, 985, 15968, 262, 38033, 286, 262, 37151, 37646, 19133, 1141, 5517, 13, 1215, 28380, 500, 318, 5929, 351, 2511, 295, 14913, 485, 31624, 3008, 19560, 284, 2148, 257, 845, 7187, 1332, 329, 262, 13326, 286, 2383, 37151, 37646, 4369, 357, 34, 2885, 737, 198, 2725, 32813, 2770, 5503, 4856, 318, 8811, 6157, 287, 3871, 508, 389, 1807, 284, 307, 379, 1029, 2526, 329, 2383, 37292, 290, 508, 389, 7530, 329, 1688, 1729, 12, 9517, 9607, 21998, 9021, 13, 2312, 3871, 389, 1690, 5906, 284, 1620, 5517, 5503, 4856, 2233, 284, 262, 10238, 4006, 329, 543, 484, 2421, 8185, 13, 554, 428, 4634, 11, 25702, 2770, 5503, 4856, 318, 30438, 287, 24171, 262, 26077, 2526, 286, 3871, 3161, 284, 8185, 13, 7416, 25, 2019, 15156, 907, 8151, 8366, 28261, 198, 5956, 39525, 6602, 25, 718, 14, 1415, 14, 6999, 198, 3855, 262, 3452, 3513, 3689, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	276
It's hard enough to keep track of your daily responsibilities. It's even harder to plan for events years down the road. But if you have diabetes, you must start taking steps now to possibly avoid complications in the future. Diabetes is a serious and complex disease that can lead to a number of complications, including blindness and kidney disease. Fortunately, these complications are possibly preventable. As diabetes-related complications can take decades to develop, you might find it hard to think about them today. But now is the time to make important lifestyle changes. You have the power to prevent or delay the complications of diabetes by keeping an eye out for certain symptoms, controlling your blood sugar, and maintaining a conversation with your diabetes health care team. What complications are associated with diabetes? People can live long, fruitful lives with diabetes. However, if your diabetes is left unchecked, you are at risk for a variety of health problems, including: - eye problems - foot problems - skin problems - heart disease - high blood pressure - kidney disease - ketoacidosis, or high levels of blood acids called ketones This article will give you an explanation of these common complications and provide tips on how to avoid them. Eye problems are common in people with diabetes. In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), most diabetes patients will get some kind of retinopathy, a disorder of the retina. Even though people with diabetes have a higher risk of blindness than others, most diabetes patients are faced with only minor eye problems. For those who develop major eye problems, there are treatments that can help. As with all complications of diabetes, the best way to prevent eye problems is to keep your blood sugar under control. It is also crucial to get a regular eye exam at least once a year. What eye problems develop in diabetes patients? Diabetes patients have a 40 percent higher risk of developing glaucoma, and that risk increases the longer someone has diabetes. Older patients are also more likely to suffer from glaucoma. The front part of the eye contains a clear fluid called aqueous humor. This fluid is always being made behind the iris (the colored part of the eye). In a healthy eye, the fluid is regularly drained. In glaucoma, however, the aqueous humor cannot drain, which causes a buildup of pressure. This pressure can cause damage to the optic nerve (carrier of messages from the retina to the brain). Over time, a person will lose vision because the retina and optic nerve are damaged. There are both medical and surgical treatments for glaucoma designed to relieve pressure in the eye. Cataracts are common among people with and without diabetes alike. However, the eye condition is 60 percent more common in people with diabetes. In most people, the lens of the eye is clear. Much like a camera lens, it focuses light as it passes to the back of the eye. In people with cataracts, this clear lens becomes clouded, blocking light and reduces vision. Cataracts usually develop in older people. With diabetes, they tend to form at a younger age and to progress more rapidly. Patients with mild cataracts often wear protective eyewear like sunglasses or glare-control lenses in their corrective glasses. If cataracts are severe, a doctor may decide to remove the lens of the eye. The retina is the part of the eye that records images, and then turns those images into electrical signals to be sent to the brain. Diabetic retinopathy is a term used to describe all retina disorders caused by diabetes. These disorders can range from mild to severe. There are two main types of retinopathy: nonproliferative and proliferative. In nonproliferative retinopathy, capillaries in the back of the eye swell up and form pouches. In many cases, nonproliferative retinopathy does not require treatment. However, when fluid leaks into the macula (the part of the eye where focusing happens), macula edema can occur. Macula edema causes blurry vision and, in some cases, total vision loss. Patients with macula edema must seek treatment. Fortunately, treatment usually stops or reverses vision loss. Over time, retinopathy can get worse, eventually leading to proliferative retinopathy. In patients with this form of retinopathy, the blood vessels become completely closed off, causing new vessels to grow. These new vessels are not as strong as the old and tend to leak blood, which can block vision. This condition is called vitreous hemorrhage. In some cases, the new blood vessels cause scar tissue to develop, which can warp or knock the retina out of place. This condition is called retinal detachment. One reason eye exams are so important is that people with retinopathy often have no symptoms until it is too late. How can I prevent eye problems? Keeping your blood sugar under tight control is the most important step you can take to prevent eye complications. Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial showed that diabetes patients who kept their blood sugar levels close to normal were four times less likely to get retinopathy than patients on standard treatment. Blood pressure control is also key to maintaining your vision, as high blood pressure intensify your eye problems. It's probably something you have heard before, but here it is again: quit smoking now! It will help preserve your vision in addition to improving your overall health. Get regular checkups from an eye care professional at least once a year. It may be time to see an eye specialist now if you have: - blurry vision - difficulty reading books or street signs - double vision - pain in one or both of your eyes - redness in your eyes that does not go away - pressure in your eyes - spots in your vision - trouble seeing straight lines as straight - trouble seeing things to your side Diabetes-related foot complications come in many forms. Nerve damage, or neuropathy, is the most common cause of foot problems in people with diabetes. Problems also can be caused by poor blood flow or changes in the shape of your feet. What foot problems develop in diabetes patients? For some people, diabetic nerve damage can hurt. Most often, it makes it harder to feel pain or temperature. Since you cannot feel, you might not notice if you have hurt your foot. You could have an open wound all day that, if left ignored, could get infected. Neuropathy can also cause your feet and toes to change shape. If this happens to you, your doctor may recommend special shoes. Poor Blood Flow Diabetes can cause the blood vessels in your legs and feet to harden and narrow, leading to poor circulation. If you have poor blood flow, your feet are more prone to infection and less able to heal. There are a few things you can do on your own to prevent poor blood flow. First, quit smoking. Smoking makes your arteries harden faster. Keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol under control also can improve your circulation. Some people with diabetes develop foot ulcers, or wounds or open sores that do not heal or keep coming back. In most cases, diabetes patients get ulcers on the ball of the foot or bottom of the big toe. Not every ulcer will hurt. But even if there is no pain, you should get every ulcer checked by your doctor. If left untreated, ulcers can lead to infection and possibly amputation. If you have a foot ulcer, let it heal. Stay off your feet as much as possible. Your doctor may even recommend you wear a special shoe or other device. You might have heard that people with diabetes have a higher risk than others of foot and leg amputations. Unfortunately, that is true. So, why are diabetes patients more likely to have an amputation? For one, many diabetes patients have artery disease, which makes it hard for blood to flow to the feet. Another reason is nerve damage, which makes it harder to feel pain or any problems in the feet and legs. The good news is that amputations, and all other diabetes-related foot complications, are possibly avoidable. How can I prevent foot problems? Anyone with diabetes should get a complete foot exam at least once a year. If you already have foot problems, you should get your feet checked even more often. If you injure your foot, get care from your doctor as soon as possible. You should always let your doctor know if you have cut or broken the skin of your foot, even if it is just an ingrown toenail. It is also important to tell your doctor if you see in changes to the color or shape of your foot. There are a number of ways to prevent foot complications and to maintain healthy feet, including: - keeping your blood sugar under control - checking your feet daily for spots, cuts, swelling, or blisters - staying active - wearing special therapeutic shoes - washing your feet every day - using lotion to keep the skin of your feet soft and smooth - trimming your toenails - protecting your feet with socks and shoes - protecting your feet from extreme heat and cold, as you might not be able to feel temperature - keeping your blood flowing to your feet by putting your feet up while sitting, moving your toes and ankles multiple times a day - quitting smoking According to the ADA, about 33 percent of people will have a diabetes-related skin problem at some point in their lives. Some of these skin problems can happen to anyone, while others mainly affect only those with diabetes. People with diabetes have a higher risk for a number of general skin conditions. Examples of bacterial infections affecting diabetes patients include: - styes, or infections of eyelid glands - folliculitis, or hair follicle infections - carbuncles, or deep tissue skin infections - infections around the nails People with diabetes are also at risk of fungal infections. In most cases, fungal infections are caused by Candida albicans, a yeast-like fungus that can lead to itchy, red, and moist rashes, small blisters and scaly skin. Other common fungal infections include: - athlete's foot - jock itch - vaginal infection Diabetes-specific Skin Conditions Some skin conditions are mostly or only seen in people with diabetes. These include: - diabetic dermopathy - changes in small blood vessels that cause light brown, scaly patches most often on the front of the legs - necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum - changes in blood vessels that cause spots that look like those of diabetic dermopathy, but bigger, deeper, and fewer - atherosclerosis - a hardening of the blood vessels that can make the skin hairless, thin, cool, and shiny, and can make it hard for sores to heal - eruptive xanthomatosis - a condition that causes hard, yellow, itchy growths on the back, hands, feet, arms, legs, and buttocks - digital sclerosis - the development of tight, thick, waxy skin on the back of the hands, toes, forehead - disseminated granuloma annular - raised rings or arcs usually occurring on parts of the body away from the trunk, such as fingers or ears - acanthosis nigricans - tan or brown raised areas of skin on the neck, armpits, and groin that usually occur in people who are overweight How can I prevent skin problems? Diabetes-related skin conditions can be irritating and, sometimes, very dangerous. Luckily, most of them are both preventable and treatable. Carefully managing your diabetes is the most important part of preventing skin conditions associated with diabetes. By following your doctor's instructions about diet, exercise, and medications, you can keep your blood sugar down and control your weight. Doing these things will help you avoid most diabetes-related skin problems. You should also take care of your skin by avoiding too much sun and using lotions approved by your doctor. People with diabetes have a higher risk of having heart-related problems, compared to people without diabetes. In fact, heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in diabetes patients. It is certainly scary to think about the possibility of suffering a heart attack or stroke. But if you take the proper steps, you can protect yourself from these potentially deadly complications. How can I prevent heart disease? Getting your diabetes under control is crucial in preventing heart disease. Your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol all play a role in the development and prevention of heart disease. In order to lessen heart disease risk, you must first get your blood sugar under control. Your doctor likely has given you a target goal for your levels of HbA1C, a measure of blood sugar over three months. Carefully managing your blood sugar to reach that goal is key in the management of heart disease risk. Generally, people with diabetes should aim for an HbA1C of seven percent or less. Your doctor will advise you of your personal goal. Secondly, you should keep an eye on your blood pressure. It is recommended that most diabetes patients aim for a blood pressure level below 130/80 mm Hg. Make sure your doctor checks your blood pressure at every regular appointment. Lastly, it is important to watch your cholesterol. Basically, you want to reduce your levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol and increase your levels of HDL, or "good" cholesterol. Your kidneys are amazing filter systems. When we eat and digest, our bodies create waste. While useful substances like proteins stay in our blood, these waste products our filter out through the kidneys into our urine. Diabetes can put a strain on our kidneys. High blood sugar levels make our kidneys filter too much blood. Over time, a diabetes patient can start to lose useful proteins in the urine. Small levels of protein in the urine is called microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria are an early sign of kidney disease. If your doctor can spot kidney disease early, there are treatments that can keep it from getting worse. If you already have high levels of protein in your urine (macroalbuminuria), you may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. How can I prevent kidney disease? Tight blood sugar control is your key to avoiding kidney disease. Studies have shown that diabetes patients who practice tight control of blood sugar may lower their risk of kidney disease by as much as one third. Some research has suggested that tight blood sugar control may even reverse microalbuminuria. Another serious complication of diabetes is called diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition that occurs when your body makes very high levels of blood acids called ketones. Toxic ketones may enter your blood stream when you have too little insulin in your body. This may eventually lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. If you are suffering from ketoacidosis, you may experience: - excessive thirst - frequent urination - abdominal pain - loss of appetite - shortness of breath - breath that smells like fruit How can I prevent diabetic ketoacidosis? Controlling your blood sugar and managing your insulin levels are key to preventing diabetic ketoacidosis. Carefully monitor your blood sugar levels throughout the day. You may need to change your insulin dosage. Based on your diet, level of exercise, and other health conditions, ask your doctor what insulin dosage is right for you. Plan for Your Future It's not easy to hear your doctor give you a diagnosis of diabetes. But don't freak out. It's not the end of the world. You can live a long, relatively healthy life with the condition. For some people, it even may be possible to reverse the disease. Follow your health care provider's instructions about diet, regular exercise, and drug treatments. Controlling blood sugar, losing weight, and quitting smoking will help you avoid complications.	[ 1026, 338, 1327, 1576, 284, 1394, 2610, 286, 534, 4445, 15171, 13, 632, 338, 772, 7069, 284, 1410, 329, 2995, 812, 866, 262, 2975, 13, 887, 611, 345, 423, 12593, 11, 345, 1276, 923, 2263, 4831, 783, 284, 5457, 3368, 19481, 287, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 18683, 11064, 318, 257, 2726, 290, 3716, 4369, 326, 460, 1085, 284, 257, 1271, 286, 19481, 11, 1390, 37673, 290, 21919, 4369, 13, 20525, 11, 777, 19481, 389, 5457, 2948, 540, 13, 198, 1722, 12593, 12, 5363, 19481, 460, 1011, 4647, 284, 1205, 11, 345, 1244, 1064, 340, 1327, 284, 892, 546, 606, 1909, 13, 887, 783, 318, 262, 640, 284, 787, 1593, 12263, 2458, 13, 198, 1639, 423, 262, 1176, 284, 2948, 393, 5711, 262, 19481, 286, 12593, 416, 5291, 281, 4151, 503, 329, 1728, 7460, 11, 12755, 534, 2910, 7543, 11, 290, 10941, 257, 5273, 351, 534, 12593, 1535, 1337, 1074, 13, 198, 2061, 19481, 389, 3917, 351, 12593, 30, 198, 8061, 460, 2107, 890, 11, 44474, 3160, 351, 12593, 13, 2102, 11, 611, 534, 12593, 318, 1364, 40032, 11, 345, 389, 379, 2526, 329, 257, 4996, 286, 1535, 2761, 11, 1390, 25, 198, 12, 4151, 2761, 198, 12, 2366, 2761, 198, 12, 4168, 2761, 198, 12, 2612, 4369, 198, 12, 1029, 2910, 3833, 198, 12, 21919, 4369, 198, 12, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 11, 393, 1029, 2974, 286, 2910, 17045, 1444, 22354, 1952, 198, 1212, 2708, 481, 1577, 345, 281, 7468, 286, 777, 2219, 19481, 290, 2148, 9040, 319, 703, 284, 3368, 606, 13, 198, 24876, 2761, 389, 2219, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 1605, 39569, 5396, 357, 26853, 828, 749, 12593, 3871, 481, 651, 617, 1611, 286, 1005, 259, 27189, 11, 257, 8967, 286, 262, 45804, 13, 198, 6104, 996, 661, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 286, 37673, 621, 1854, 11, 749, 12593, 3871, 389, 7452, 351, 691, 4159, 4151, 2761, 13, 1114, 883, 508, 1205, 1688, 4151, 2761, 11, 612, 389, 13820, 326, 460, 1037, 13, 198, 1722, 351, 477, 19481, 286, 12593, 11, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 2948, 4151, 2761, 318, 284, 1394, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 1630, 13, 632, 318, 635, 8780, 284, 651, 257, 3218, 4151, 2814, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 198, 2061, 4151, 2761, 1205, 287, 12593, 3871, 30, 198, 18683, 11064, 3871, 423, 257, 2319, 1411, 2440, 2526, 286, 5922, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 11, 290, 326, 2526, 5732, 262, 2392, 2130, 468, 12593, 13, 35527, 3871, 389, 635, 517, 1884, 284, 8659, 422, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 13, 198, 464, 2166, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 4909, 257, 1598, 11711, 1444, 257, 4188, 516, 14733, 13, 770, 11711, 318, 1464, 852, 925, 2157, 262, 4173, 271, 357, 1169, 16396, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 737, 554, 257, 5448, 4151, 11, 262, 11711, 318, 7987, 29738, 13, 554, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 11, 2158, 11, 262, 257, 4188, 516, 14733, 2314, 14782, 11, 543, 5640, 257, 40502, 286, 3833, 13, 770, 3833, 460, 2728, 2465, 284, 262, 43151, 16384, 357, 7718, 5277, 286, 6218, 422, 262, 45804, 284, 262, 3632, 737, 3827, 640, 11, 257, 1048, 481, 4425, 5761, 780, 262, 45804, 290, 43151, 16384, 389, 9694, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1111, 3315, 290, 21998, 13820, 329, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 3562, 284, 26958, 3833, 287, 262, 4151, 13, 198, 34, 9459, 8656, 389, 2219, 1871, 661, 351, 290, 1231, 12593, 12936, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 4151, 4006, 318, 3126, 1411, 517, 2219, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 198, 818, 749, 661, 11, 262, 10317, 286, 262, 4151, 318, 1598, 13, 13111, 588, 257, 4676, 10317, 11, 340, 13692, 1657, 355, 340, 8318, 284, 262, 736, 286, 262, 4151, 13, 554, 661, 351, 3797, 283, 8656, 11, 428, 1598, 10317, 4329, 6279, 276, 11, 12013, 1657, 290, 12850, 5761, 13, 198, 34, 9459, 8656, 3221, 1205, 287, 4697, 661, 13, 2080, 12593, 11, 484, 4327, 284, 1296, 379, 257, 7099, 2479, 290, 284, 4371, 517, 8902, 13, 198, 12130, 2334, 351, 11607, 3797, 283, 8656, 1690, 5806, 14153, 1926, 413, 451, 588, 36251, 393, 36785, 12, 13716, 18405, 287, 511, 46534, 15232, 13, 1002, 3797, 283, 8656, 389, 6049, 11, 257, 6253, 743, 5409, 284, 4781, 262, 10317, 286, 262, 4151, 13, 198, 464, 45804, 318, 262, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 326, 4406, 4263, 11, 290, 788, 4962, 883, 4263, 656, 12278, 10425, 284, 307, 1908, 284, 262, 3632, 13, 198, 18683, 33312, 1005, 259, 27189, 318, 257, 3381, 973, 284, 6901, 477, 45804, 11916, 4073, 416, 12593, 13, 2312, 11916, 460, 2837, 422, 11607, 284, 6049, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 1388, 3858, 286, 1005, 259, 27189, 25, 1729, 1676, 75, 7087, 876, 290, 19873, 876, 13, 198, 818, 1729, 1676, 75, 7087, 876, 1005, 259, 27189, 11, 1451, 359, 3166, 287, 262, 736, 286, 262, 4151, 36214, 510, 290, 1296, 279, 280, 2052, 13, 554, 867, 2663, 11, 1729, 1676, 75, 7087, 876, 1005, 259, 27189, 857, 407, 2421, 3513, 13, 2102, 11, 618, 11711, 17316, 656, 262, 8352, 4712, 357, 1169, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 810, 10759, 4325, 828, 8352, 4712, 1225, 19687, 460, 3051, 13, 198, 14155, 4712, 1225, 19687, 5640, 44701, 5761, 290, 11, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 2472, 5761, 2994, 13, 28021, 351, 8352, 4712, 1225, 19687, 1276, 5380, 3513, 13, 20525, 11, 3513, 3221, 9911, 393, 10372, 274, 5761, 2994, 13, 198, 5886, 640, 11, 1005, 259, 27189, 460, 651, 4785, 11, 4191, 3756, 284, 19873, 876, 1005, 259, 27189, 13, 554, 3871, 351, 428, 1296, 286, 1005, 259, 27189, 11, 262, 2910, 14891, 1716, 3190, 4838, 572, 11, 6666, 649, 14891, 284, 1663, 13, 2312, 649, 14891, 389, 407, 355, 1913, 355, 262, 1468, 290, 4327, 284, 13044, 2910, 11, 543, 460, 2512, 5761, 13, 770, 4006, 318, 1444, 9090, 260, 516, 42203, 496, 13, 198, 818, 617, 2663, 11, 262, 649, 2910, 14891, 2728, 10153, 10712, 284, 1205, 11, 543, 460, 25825, 393, 10643, 262, 45804, 503, 286, 1295, 13, 770, 4006, 318, 1444, 1005, 1292, 42925, 13, 198, 3198, 1738, 4151, 26420, 389, 523, 1593, 318, 326, 661, 351, 1005, 259, 27189, 1690, 423, 645, 7460, 1566, 340, 318, 1165, 2739, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 4151, 2761, 30, 198, 44815, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 5381, 1630, 318, 262, 749, 1593, 2239, 345, 460, 1011, 284, 2948, 4151, 19481, 13, 15691, 422, 262, 39569, 6779, 290, 20011, 3736, 21960, 3751, 326, 12593, 3871, 508, 4030, 511, 2910, 7543, 2974, 1969, 284, 3487, 547, 1440, 1661, 1342, 1884, 284, 651, 1005, 259, 27189, 621, 3871, 319, 3210, 3513, 13, 198, 21659, 3833, 1630, 318, 635, 1994, 284, 10941, 534, 5761, 11, 355, 1029, 2910, 3833, 47697, 534, 4151, 2761, 13, 198, 1026, 338, 2192, 1223, 345, 423, 2982, 878, 11, 475, 994, 340, 318, 757, 25, 11238, 9216, 783, 0, 632, 481, 1037, 12201, 534, 5761, 287, 3090, 284, 10068, 534, 4045, 1535, 13, 198, 3855, 3218, 2198, 4739, 422, 281, 4151, 1337, 4708, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 632, 743, 307, 640, 284, 766, 281, 4151, 15670, 783, 611, 345, 423, 25, 198, 12, 44701, 5761, 198, 12, 8722, 3555, 3835, 393, 4675, 5895, 198, 12, 4274, 5761, 198, 12, 2356, 287, 530, 393, 1111, 286, 534, 2951, 198, 12, 2266, 1108, 287, 534, 2951, 326, 857, 407, 467, 1497, 198, 12, 3833, 287, 534, 2951, 198, 12, 10222, 287, 534, 5761, 198, 12, 5876, 4379, 3892, 3951, 355, 3892, 198, 12, 5876, 4379, 1243, 284, 534, 1735, 198, 18683, 11064, 12, 5363, 2366, 19481, 1282, 287, 867, 5107, 13, 399, 3760, 2465, 11, 393, 7669, 16786, 11, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 2366, 2761, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 32093, 635, 460, 307, 4073, 416, 3595, 2910, 5202, 393, 2458, 287, 262, 5485, 286, 534, 3625, 13, 198, 2061, 2366, 2761, 1205, 287, 12593, 3871, 30, 198, 1890, 617, 661, 11, 44016, 16384, 2465, 460, 5938, 13, 4042, 1690, 11, 340, 1838, 340, 7069, 284, 1254, 2356, 393, 5951, 13, 4619, 345, 2314, 1254, 11, 345, 1244, 407, 4003, 611, 345, 423, 5938, 534, 2366, 13, 921, 714, 423, 281, 1280, 11699, 477, 1110, 326, 11, 611, 1364, 9514, 11, 714, 651, 14112, 13, 198, 8199, 1434, 16786, 460, 635, 2728, 534, 3625, 290, 23932, 284, 1487, 5485, 13, 1002, 428, 4325, 284, 345, 11, 534, 6253, 743, 4313, 2041, 10012, 13, 198, 43920, 7235, 27782, 198, 18683, 11064, 460, 2728, 262, 2910, 14891, 287, 534, 7405, 290, 3625, 284, 1327, 268, 290, 7135, 11, 3756, 284, 3595, 19133, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 3595, 2910, 5202, 11, 534, 3625, 389, 517, 17592, 284, 10280, 290, 1342, 1498, 284, 12035, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 257, 1178, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 319, 534, 898, 284, 2948, 3595, 2910, 5202, 13, 3274, 11, 11238, 9216, 13, 39801, 1838, 534, 45894, 1327, 268, 5443, 13, 33311, 534, 2910, 3833, 290, 18759, 739, 1630, 635, 460, 2987, 534, 19133, 13, 198, 4366, 661, 351, 12593, 1205, 2366, 14856, 7999, 11, 393, 14129, 393, 1280, 264, 2850, 326, 466, 407, 12035, 393, 1394, 2406, 736, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 12593, 3871, 651, 14856, 7999, 319, 262, 2613, 286, 262, 2366, 393, 4220, 286, 262, 1263, 21189, 13, 198, 3673, 790, 14856, 2189, 481, 5938, 13, 887, 772, 611, 612, 318, 645, 2356, 11, 345, 815, 651, 790, 14856, 2189, 10667, 416, 534, 6253, 13, 1002, 1364, 41539, 11, 14856, 7999, 460, 1085, 284, 10280, 290, 5457, 40338, 341, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 257, 2366, 14856, 2189, 11, 1309, 340, 12035, 13, 16160, 572, 534, 3625, 355, 881, 355, 1744, 13, 3406, 6253, 743, 772, 4313, 345, 5806, 257, 2041, 17292, 393, 584, 3335, 13, 198, 1639, 1244, 423, 2982, 326, 661, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 621, 1854, 286, 2366, 290, 1232, 40338, 602, 13, 8989, 11, 326, 318, 2081, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 1521, 389, 12593, 3871, 517, 1884, 284, 423, 281, 40338, 341, 30, 198, 1890, 530, 11, 867, 12593, 3871, 423, 37646, 4369, 11, 543, 1838, 340, 1327, 329, 2910, 284, 5202, 284, 262, 3625, 13, 6023, 1738, 318, 16384, 2465, 11, 543, 1838, 340, 7069, 284, 1254, 2356, 393, 597, 2761, 287, 262, 3625, 290, 7405, 13, 198, 464, 922, 1705, 318, 326, 40338, 602, 11, 290, 477, 584, 12593, 12, 5363, 2366, 19481, 11, 389, 5457, 3368, 540, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 2366, 2761, 30, 198, 21129, 351, 12593, 815, 651, 257, 1844, 2366, 2814, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 1002, 345, 1541, 423, 2366, 2761, 11, 345, 815, 651, 534, 3625, 10667, 772, 517, 1690, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 42206, 534, 2366, 11, 651, 1337, 422, 534, 6253, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 13, 921, 815, 1464, 1309, 534, 6253, 760, 611, 345, 423, 2005, 393, 5445, 262, 4168, 286, 534, 2366, 11, 772, 611, 340, 318, 655, 281, 5347, 2053, 284, 268, 603, 13, 632, 318, 635, 1593, 284, 1560, 534, 6253, 611, 345, 766, 287, 2458, 284, 262, 3124, 393, 5485, 286, 534, 2366, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 257, 1271, 286, 2842, 284, 2948, 2366, 19481, 290, 284, 5529, 5448, 3625, 11, 1390, 25, 198, 12, 5291, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 1630, 198, 12, 10627, 534, 3625, 4445, 329, 10222, 11, 6630, 11, 29844, 11, 393, 698, 6223, 198, 12, 10589, 4075, 198, 12, 5762, 2041, 21546, 10012, 198, 12, 20518, 534, 3625, 790, 1110, 198, 12, 1262, 1256, 295, 284, 1394, 262, 4168, 286, 534, 3625, 2705, 290, 7209, 198, 12, 15797, 2229, 534, 284, 268, 1768, 198, 12, 10192, 534, 3625, 351, 24359, 290, 10012, 198, 12, 10192, 534, 3625, 422, 3257, 4894, 290, 4692, 11, 355, 345, 1244, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 1254, 5951, 198, 12, 5291, 534, 2910, 17609, 284, 534, 3625, 416, 5137, 534, 3625, 510, 981, 5586, 11, 3867, 534, 23932, 290, 42415, 3294, 1661, 257, 1110, 198, 12, 34161, 9216, 198, 4821, 284, 262, 46460, 11, 546, 4747, 1411, 286, 661, 481, 423, 257, 12593, 12, 5363, 4168, 1917, 379, 617, 966, 287, 511, 3160, 13, 2773, 286, 777, 4168, 2761, 460, 1645, 284, 2687, 11, 981, 1854, 8384, 2689, 691, 883, 351, 12593, 13, 198, 8061, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 329, 257, 1271, 286, 2276, 4168, 3403, 13, 21066, 286, 23462, 16079, 13891, 12593, 3871, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 336, 8505, 11, 393, 16079, 286, 29708, 312, 42093, 198, 12, 22752, 291, 377, 11815, 11, 393, 4190, 22752, 1548, 16079, 198, 12, 13265, 403, 5427, 11, 393, 2769, 10712, 4168, 16079, 198, 12, 16079, 1088, 262, 23361, 198, 8061, 351, 12593, 389, 635, 379, 2526, 286, 1257, 13528, 16079, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 1257, 13528, 16079, 389, 4073, 416, 15518, 3755, 435, 65, 22398, 11, 257, 20146, 12, 2339, 39526, 326, 460, 1085, 284, 340, 29658, 11, 2266, 11, 290, 13394, 374, 7465, 11, 1402, 698, 6223, 290, 629, 3400, 4168, 13, 198, 6395, 2219, 1257, 13528, 16079, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 16076, 338, 2366, 198, 12, 474, 735, 49700, 198, 12, 30131, 10280, 198, 18683, 11064, 12, 11423, 17847, 27617, 198, 4366, 4168, 3403, 389, 4632, 393, 691, 1775, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 2312, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 44016, 4587, 76, 27189, 532, 2458, 287, 1402, 2910, 14891, 326, 2728, 1657, 7586, 11, 629, 3400, 16082, 749, 1690, 319, 262, 2166, 286, 262, 7405, 198, 12, 497, 19915, 65, 42960, 10645, 1868, 3970, 44016, 19220, 532, 2458, 287, 2910, 14891, 326, 2728, 10222, 326, 804, 588, 883, 286, 44016, 4587, 76, 27189, 11, 475, 5749, 11, 9211, 11, 290, 7380, 198, 12, 13366, 4951, 31399, 532, 257, 1327, 3101, 286, 262, 2910, 14891, 326, 460, 787, 262, 4168, 4190, 1203, 11, 7888, 11, 3608, 11, 290, 22441, 11, 290, 460, 787, 340, 1327, 329, 264, 2850, 284, 12035, 198, 12, 17866, 425, 2124, 29313, 296, 265, 5958, 532, 257, 4006, 326, 5640, 1327, 11, 7872, 11, 340, 29658, 3349, 82, 319, 262, 736, 11, 2832, 11, 3625, 11, 5101, 11, 7405, 11, 290, 50193, 198, 12, 4875, 46225, 532, 262, 2478, 286, 5381, 11, 6546, 11, 266, 6969, 4168, 319, 262, 736, 286, 262, 2832, 11, 23932, 11, 22645, 198, 12, 30548, 515, 19468, 377, 6086, 1529, 934, 532, 4376, 13917, 393, 44606, 3221, 14963, 319, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 1497, 422, 262, 21427, 11, 884, 355, 9353, 393, 11368, 198, 12, 936, 29313, 5958, 44873, 1173, 504, 532, 25706, 393, 7586, 4376, 3006, 286, 4168, 319, 262, 7393, 11, 610, 3149, 896, 11, 290, 42247, 326, 3221, 3051, 287, 661, 508, 389, 22652, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 4168, 2761, 30, 198, 18683, 11064, 12, 5363, 4168, 3403, 460, 307, 42010, 290, 11, 3360, 11, 845, 4923, 13, 24262, 11, 749, 286, 606, 389, 1111, 2948, 540, 290, 2190, 540, 13, 198, 17784, 2759, 11149, 534, 12593, 318, 262, 749, 1593, 636, 286, 12174, 4168, 3403, 3917, 351, 12593, 13, 2750, 1708, 534, 6253, 338, 7729, 546, 5496, 11, 5517, 11, 290, 17638, 11, 345, 460, 1394, 534, 2910, 7543, 866, 290, 1630, 534, 3463, 13, 25327, 777, 1243, 481, 1037, 345, 3368, 749, 12593, 12, 5363, 4168, 2761, 13, 921, 815, 635, 1011, 1337, 286, 534, 4168, 416, 14928, 1165, 881, 4252, 290, 1262, 1256, 507, 6325, 416, 534, 6253, 13, 198, 8061, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 286, 1719, 2612, 12, 5363, 2761, 11, 3688, 284, 661, 1231, 12593, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 2612, 4369, 318, 530, 286, 262, 3756, 5640, 286, 1918, 287, 12593, 3871, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 3729, 14343, 284, 892, 546, 262, 5885, 286, 7195, 257, 2612, 1368, 393, 14000, 13, 887, 611, 345, 1011, 262, 1774, 4831, 11, 345, 460, 1805, 3511, 422, 777, 6196, 10309, 19481, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 2612, 4369, 30, 198, 20570, 534, 12593, 739, 1630, 318, 8780, 287, 12174, 2612, 4369, 13, 3406, 2910, 7543, 11, 2910, 3833, 11, 290, 18759, 477, 711, 257, 2597, 287, 262, 2478, 290, 14196, 286, 2612, 4369, 13, 198, 818, 1502, 284, 40856, 2612, 4369, 2526, 11, 345, 1276, 717, 651, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 1630, 13, 3406, 6253, 1884, 468, 1813, 345, 257, 2496, 3061, 329, 534, 2974, 286, 367, 65, 32, 16, 34, 11, 257, 3953, 286, 2910, 7543, 625, 1115, 1933, 13, 7276, 2759, 11149, 534, 2910, 7543, 284, 3151, 326, 3061, 318, 1994, 287, 262, 4542, 286, 2612, 4369, 2526, 13, 23904, 11, 661, 351, 12593, 815, 4031, 329, 281, 367, 65, 32, 16, 34, 286, 3598, 1411, 393, 1342, 13, 3406, 6253, 481, 18595, 345, 286, 534, 2614, 3061, 13, 198, 44276, 11, 345, 815, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 534, 2910, 3833, 13, 632, 318, 7151, 326, 749, 12593, 3871, 4031, 329, 257, 2910, 3833, 1241, 2174, 11323, 14, 1795, 8085, 367, 70, 13, 6889, 1654, 534, 6253, 8794, 534, 2910, 3833, 379, 790, 3218, 12557, 13, 198, 37511, 11, 340, 318, 1593, 284, 2342, 534, 18759, 13, 20759, 11, 345, 765, 284, 4646, 534, 2974, 286, 37654, 11, 393, 366, 14774, 1, 18759, 290, 2620, 534, 2974, 286, 48867, 11, 393, 366, 11274, 1, 18759, 13, 198, 7120, 41395, 389, 4998, 8106, 3341, 13, 1649, 356, 4483, 290, 16274, 11, 674, 5920, 2251, 7030, 13, 2893, 4465, 15938, 588, 15568, 2652, 287, 674, 2910, 11, 777, 7030, 3186, 674, 8106, 503, 832, 262, 41395, 656, 674, 18922, 13, 198, 18683, 11064, 460, 1234, 257, 14022, 319, 674, 41395, 13, 3334, 2910, 7543, 2974, 787, 674, 41395, 8106, 1165, 881, 2910, 13, 3827, 640, 11, 257, 12593, 5827, 460, 923, 284, 4425, 4465, 15568, 287, 262, 18922, 13, 10452, 2974, 286, 7532, 287, 262, 18922, 318, 1444, 4580, 40916, 259, 34484, 13, 198, 13031, 40916, 259, 34484, 389, 281, 1903, 1051, 286, 21919, 4369, 13, 1002, 534, 6253, 460, 4136, 21919, 4369, 1903, 11, 612, 389, 13820, 326, 460, 1394, 340, 422, 1972, 4785, 13, 1002, 345, 1541, 423, 1029, 2974, 286, 7532, 287, 534, 18922, 357, 20285, 305, 40916, 259, 34484, 828, 345, 743, 1205, 21919, 5287, 290, 761, 5980, 3097, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 21919, 4369, 30, 198, 51, 432, 2910, 7543, 1630, 318, 534, 1994, 284, 14928, 21919, 4369, 13, 10422, 423, 3402, 326, 12593, 3871, 508, 3357, 5381, 1630, 286, 2910, 7543, 743, 2793, 511, 2526, 286, 21919, 4369, 416, 355, 881, 355, 530, 2368, 13, 2773, 2267, 468, 5220, 326, 5381, 2910, 7543, 1630, 743, 772, 9575, 4580, 40916, 259, 34484, 13, 198, 6610, 2726, 45185, 286, 12593, 318, 1444, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 11, 257, 4006, 326, 8833, 618, 534, 1767, 1838, 845, 1029, 2974, 286, 2910, 17045, 1444, 22354, 1952, 13, 198, 51, 18047, 22354, 1952, 743, 3802, 534, 2910, 4269, 618, 345, 423, 1165, 1310, 14588, 287, 534, 1767, 13, 770, 743, 4191, 1085, 284, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 7195, 422, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 11, 345, 743, 1998, 25, 198, 12, 13181, 24613, 198, 12, 10792, 2956, 1883, 198, 12, 32692, 2356, 198, 12, 2994, 286, 20788, 198, 12, 1790, 1108, 286, 8033, 198, 12, 8033, 326, 25760, 588, 8234, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 30, 198, 4264, 18886, 534, 2910, 7543, 290, 11149, 534, 14588, 2974, 389, 1994, 284, 12174, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 13, 7276, 2759, 5671, 534, 2910, 7543, 2974, 3690, 262, 1110, 13, 921, 743, 761, 284, 1487, 534, 14588, 35997, 13, 13403, 319, 534, 5496, 11, 1241, 286, 5517, 11, 290, 584, 1535, 3403, 11, 1265, 534, 6253, 644, 14588, 35997, 318, 826, 329, 345, 13, 198, 20854, 329, 3406, 10898, 198, 1026, 338, 407, 2562, 284, 3285, 534, 6253, 1577, 345, 257, 13669, 286, 12593, 13, 887, 836, 470, 22601, 503, 13, 632, 338, 407, 262, 886, 286, 262, 995, 13, 921, 460, 2107, 257, 890, 11, 5365, 5448, 1204, 351, 262, 4006, 13, 1114, 617, 661, 11, 340, 772, 743, 307, 1744, 284, 9575, 262, 4369, 13, 198, 7155, 534, 1535, 1337, 10131, 338, 7729, 546, 5496, 11, 3218, 5517, 11, 290, 2563, 13820, 13, 2345, 18886, 2910, 7543, 11, 6078, 3463, 11, 290, 34161, 9216, 481, 1037, 345, 3368, 19481, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	3,338
Biber, Heinrich Johann Franz von 1644 - He was born on the 12th of August in Wartenberg, Germany. - He was first a violinist at the castle of Kromìøíž and the Salzburg court. 1660 - He entered the service of the Prince-Bishop of Olomouc who maintained an excellent Kapelle at his KromYíž castle. 1672 - He composed new music for large ceremonial events, and he felt secure enough to marry Maria Weiss, a member of one of Salzburg's prominent merchant families. 1684 - He became Kapellmeister in Salzburg. - Biber wrote as the "Nightwatchman" Serenade and "Harmonia Artificiosa." 1904 - Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber died on the 3rd of May. Page last updated: 4:11pm, 07th Aug '07	[ 33, 1856, 11, 26431, 7527, 28056, 38323, 18042, 198, 1433, 2598, 532, 679, 373, 4642, 319, 262, 1105, 400, 286, 2932, 287, 370, 433, 23140, 11, 4486, 13, 198, 12, 679, 373, 717, 257, 38283, 396, 379, 262, 16669, 286, 509, 398, 127, 105, 24172, 8836, 129, 122, 290, 262, 4849, 89, 7423, 2184, 13, 198, 1433, 1899, 532, 679, 5982, 262, 2139, 286, 262, 9005, 12, 33, 10124, 286, 6544, 296, 280, 66, 508, 9456, 281, 6275, 27344, 13485, 379, 465, 509, 398, 56, 8836, 129, 122, 16669, 13, 198, 1433, 4761, 532, 679, 13160, 649, 2647, 329, 1588, 39490, 2995, 11, 290, 339, 2936, 5713, 1576, 284, 12479, 14200, 16152, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 530, 286, 4849, 89, 7423, 338, 9208, 20729, 4172, 13, 198, 1433, 5705, 532, 679, 2627, 509, 1758, 297, 1326, 1694, 287, 4849, 89, 7423, 13, 198, 12, 347, 1856, 2630, 355, 262, 366, 24732, 8340, 805, 1, 311, 14226, 671, 290, 366, 39, 1670, 11339, 3683, 811, 4267, 64, 526, 198, 1129, 3023, 532, 26431, 7527, 16583, 1031, 38323, 18042, 347, 1856, 3724, 319, 262, 513, 4372, 286, 1737, 13, 198, 9876, 938, 6153, 25, 604, 25, 1157, 4426, 11, 8753, 400, 2447, 705, 2998, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	203
\|The Open Door Web Site\| Whigs and Tories Gradually there emerged a group of MP's and Lords who wanted Parliament to be stronger than the king. They hated and feared Catholics and sympathised with Puritan Non-conformists. They began to call themselves the Country Party (opposed to the Court Party). Their enemies nicknamed them "Whigs" after some Scottish Puritan outlaws. The other political group, the Court Party, were for the king and believed in Divine Rights. They were also in favour of the Church of England with all its ceremonies and bishops. They hated Non conformists. The Whigs suspected that they were pro-Catholic and nicknamed them after Irish Catholic outlaws : the "Tories". The Whigs and Tories were the world's first political parties and over the years to come they were to share government and opposition in a dual party system. The Whigs became the Liberal Party in the 19th century and the Tories became the Conservative Party. Both still exist today, although the Liberal Party is now called the Social Democratic Party. The Habeas Corpus Act This Act, passed in May 1679, allowed a prisoner to demand that he should be brought before a court and have his case examined. It was passed during the reign of Charles II and meant that even a political prisoner, an opponent of the king, as well as a common criminal, could have a fair trial and not just be thrown into prison to be forgotten about. It provided a dramatic contrast to the notorious "lettres de cachet" of Louis XIV which existed in France at the same time and allowed the French king to imprison someone indefinitely, without any legal redress. Habeas Corpus literally means "bringing the body of an individual before a court of justice". This right had existed in England in early Norman times. (Article 36 of the Magna Carta of 1215 says that this right should "not be refused". At that time it meant that an accused person could avoid a terrible trial by ordeal.) Once before a court, an accused person has his case examined and is then allowed bail (is freed on condition that he leaves a sum of money and promises to return for further hearings), or he is imprisoned again because the evidence against him is so great. By the time of Charles I kings were saying that a simple royal order was sufficient to overrule a writ of Habeas Corpus. It was for this reason that, in the late 17th century, Parliament wanted the law clearly and irrevocably written down. The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 was largely the work of Lord Shaftesbury, after whom it was named. Occasionally, it is suspended, for example in time of war or when there is a terrorist threat, but suspension of Habeas Corpus has to be voted by Parliament and for a limited period only. All modern democracies have a law equivalent to Habeas Corpus written into their constitutions.	[ 91, 464, 4946, 19821, 5313, 14413, 91, 198, 1199, 9235, 290, 25098, 198, 42731, 935, 612, 9349, 257, 1448, 286, 4904, 338, 290, 18651, 508, 2227, 8411, 284, 307, 7387, 621, 262, 5822, 13, 1119, 16563, 290, 15240, 21374, 290, 23860, 1417, 351, 9330, 18642, 8504, 12, 1102, 687, 1023, 13, 1119, 2540, 284, 869, 2405, 262, 12946, 3615, 357, 10365, 1335, 284, 262, 3078, 3615, 737, 5334, 5775, 35786, 606, 366, 1199, 9235, 1, 706, 617, 11905, 9330, 18642, 23716, 82, 13, 198, 464, 584, 1964, 1448, 11, 262, 3078, 3615, 11, 547, 329, 262, 5822, 290, 4762, 287, 13009, 6923, 13, 1119, 547, 635, 287, 7075, 286, 262, 4564, 286, 4492, 351, 477, 663, 27340, 290, 27538, 13, 1119, 16563, 8504, 17216, 1023, 13, 383, 854, 9235, 9885, 326, 484, 547, 386, 12, 48919, 290, 35786, 606, 706, 8685, 7835, 23716, 82, 1058, 262, 366, 51, 1749, 1911, 198, 464, 854, 9235, 290, 25098, 547, 262, 995, 338, 717, 1964, 4671, 290, 625, 262, 812, 284, 1282, 484, 547, 284, 2648, 1230, 290, 5471, 287, 257, 10668, 2151, 1080, 13, 383, 854, 9235, 2627, 262, 12266, 3615, 287, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 290, 262, 25098, 2627, 262, 11132, 3615, 13, 5747, 991, 2152, 1909, 11, 3584, 262, 12266, 3615, 318, 783, 1444, 262, 5483, 4390, 3615, 13, 198, 464, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 2191, 198, 1212, 2191, 11, 3804, 287, 1737, 1467, 3720, 11, 3142, 257, 17234, 284, 3512, 326, 339, 815, 307, 3181, 878, 257, 2184, 290, 423, 465, 1339, 11068, 13, 632, 373, 3804, 1141, 262, 13580, 286, 7516, 2873, 290, 4001, 326, 772, 257, 1964, 17234, 11, 281, 6125, 286, 262, 5822, 11, 355, 880, 355, 257, 2219, 4301, 11, 714, 423, 257, 3148, 4473, 290, 407, 655, 307, 8754, 656, 3770, 284, 307, 11564, 546, 13, 632, 2810, 257, 10092, 6273, 284, 262, 18192, 366, 15503, 411, 390, 40428, 3202, 1, 286, 5593, 42667, 543, 11196, 287, 4881, 379, 262, 976, 640, 290, 3142, 262, 4141, 5822, 284, 11116, 2130, 24391, 11, 1231, 597, 2742, 48586, 13, 198, 39, 11231, 292, 44874, 7360, 1724, 366, 35749, 262, 1767, 286, 281, 1981, 878, 257, 2184, 286, 5316, 1911, 770, 826, 550, 11196, 287, 4492, 287, 1903, 19636, 1661, 13, 357, 14906, 4570, 286, 262, 2944, 2616, 13690, 64, 286, 1105, 1314, 1139, 326, 428, 826, 815, 366, 1662, 307, 6520, 1911, 1629, 326, 640, 340, 4001, 326, 281, 5371, 1048, 714, 3368, 257, 7818, 4473, 416, 30600, 2014, 4874, 878, 257, 2184, 11, 281, 5371, 1048, 468, 465, 1339, 11068, 290, 318, 788, 3142, 12274, 357, 271, 13459, 319, 4006, 326, 339, 5667, 257, 2160, 286, 1637, 290, 10497, 284, 1441, 329, 2252, 18921, 828, 393, 339, 318, 21125, 757, 780, 262, 2370, 1028, 683, 318, 523, 1049, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 640, 286, 7516, 314, 21557, 547, 2282, 326, 257, 2829, 15100, 1502, 373, 6751, 284, 625, 25135, 257, 1991, 286, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 13, 632, 373, 329, 428, 1738, 326, 11, 287, 262, 2739, 1596, 400, 4289, 11, 8411, 2227, 262, 1099, 4084, 290, 11331, 18893, 1346, 3194, 866, 13, 198, 464, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 2191, 286, 1467, 3720, 373, 5688, 262, 670, 286, 4453, 911, 14940, 274, 10711, 11, 706, 4150, 340, 373, 3706, 13, 40659, 11, 340, 318, 9951, 11, 329, 1672, 287, 640, 286, 1175, 393, 618, 612, 318, 257, 7417, 2372, 11, 475, 11461, 286, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 468, 284, 307, 7052, 416, 8411, 290, 329, 257, 3614, 2278, 691, 13, 198, 3237, 3660, 40416, 423, 257, 1099, 7548, 284, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 3194, 656, 511, 7892, 3508, 13, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	605
Chapter XV.—The Souls Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man. In the first place, (we must determine) whether there be in the soul some supreme principle of vitality and intelligence 1583 which they call “the ruling power of the soul”—τὸ ἡγεμονικόν for if this be not admitted, the whole condition of the soul is put in jeopardy. Indeed, those men who say that there is no such directing faculty, have begun by supposing that the soul itself is simply a nonentity. One Dicæarchus, a Messenian, and amongst the medical profession Andreas and Asclepiades, have thus destroyed the (souls) directing power, by actually placing in the mind the senses, for which they claim the ruling faculty. Asclepiades rides rough-shod over us with even this argument, that very many animals, after losing those parts of their body in which the souls principle of vitality and sensation is thought mainly to exist, still retain life in a considerable degree, as well as sensation: as in the case of flies, and wasps, and locusts, when you have cut off their heads; and of she-goats, and tortoises, and eels, when you have pulled out their hearts. (He concludes), therefore, that there is no especial principle or power of the p. 194 soul; for if there were, the souls vigour and strength could not continue when it was removed with its domiciles (or corporeal organs). However, Dicæarchus has several authorities against him—and philosophers too—Plato, Strato, Epicurus, Democritus, Empedocles, Socrates, Aristotle; whilst in opposition to Andreas and Asclepiades (may be placed their brother) physicians Herophilus, Erasistratus, Diocles, Hippocrates, and Soranus himself; and better than all others, there are our Christian authorities. We are taught by God concerning both these questions—viz. that there is a ruling power in the soul, and that it is enshrined 1584 in one particular recess of the body. For, when one reads of God as being “the searcher and witness of the heart;” 1585 when His prophet is reproved by His discovering to him the secrets of the heart; 1586 when God Himself anticipates in His people the thoughts of their heart, 1587 “Why think ye evil in your hearts?” 1588 when David prays “Create in me a clean heart, O God,” 1589 and Paul declares, “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness,” 1590 and John says, “By his own heart is each man condemned;” 1591 when, lastly, “he who looketh on a woman so as to lust after her, hath already committed adultery with her in his heart,” 1592 —then both points are cleared fully up, that there is a directing faculty of the soul, with which the purpose of God may agree; in other words, a supreme principle of intelligence and vitality (for where there is intelligence, there must be vitality), and that it resides in that most precious part 1593 of our body to which God especially looks: so that you must not suppose, with Heraclitus, that this sovereign faculty of which we are treating is moved by some external force; nor with Moschion, 1594 that it floats about through the whole body; nor with Plato, that it is enclosed in the head; nor with Zenophanes, that it culminates in the crown of the head; nor that it reposes in the brain, according to the opinion of Hippocrates; nor around the basis of the brain, as Herophilus thought; nor in the membranes thereof, as Strato and Erasistratus said; nor in the space between the eyebrows, as Strato the physician held; nor within the enclosure 1595 of the breast, according to Epicurus: but rather, as the Egyptians have always taught, especially such of them as were accounted the expounders of sacred truths; 1596 in accordance, too, with that verse of Orpheus or Empedocles: “Namque homini sanguis circumcordialis est sensus.” 1597 “Man has his (supreme) sensation in the blood around his heart.” Even Protagoras 1598 likewise, and Apollodorus, and Chrysippus, entertain this same view, so that (our friend) Asclepiades may go in quest of his goats bleating without a heart, and hunt his flies without their heads; and let all those (worthies), too, who have predetermined the character of the human soul from the condition of brute animals, be quite sure that it is themselves rather who are alive in a heartless and brainless state. Wisd. i. 6.194:1586 Prov. xxiv. 12.194:1587 Ps. cxxxix. 23.194:1588 Matt. ix. 4.194:1589 Ps. li. 12.194:1590 Rom. x. 10.194:1591 1 John iii. 20.194:1592 Matt. v. 28.194:1593 In eo thesauro.194:1594 Not Suidas philosopher of that name, but a renowned physician mentioned by Galen and Pliny (Oehler).194:1595 The Egyptian hierophants.194:1597 The original, as given in Stobæus, Eclog. i. p. 1026, is this hexameter: Αἶμα γὰρ ἀνθρώποις περικάρδιόν ἐστι νόημα.194:1598 Or probably that Praxagoras the physician who is often mentioned by Athenæus and by Pliny (Pamel.).	[ 14126, 29922, 13402, 464, 18541, 28476, 414, 290, 9345, 13, 6363, 15684, 290, 26682, 287, 1869, 13, 198, 818, 262, 717, 1295, 11, 357, 732, 1276, 5004, 8, 1771, 612, 307, 287, 262, 5848, 617, 17700, 7989, 286, 41687, 290, 4430, 1315, 5999, 543, 484, 869, 564, 250, 1169, 6922, 1176, 286, 262, 5848, 447, 251, 960, 32830, 45495, 116, 28053, 120, 94, 42063, 30950, 34703, 26517, 26180, 29945, 43000, 139, 234, 26180, 329, 611, 428, 307, 407, 6848, 11, 262, 2187, 4006, 286, 262, 5848, 318, 1234, 287, 38606, 13, 9676, 11, 883, 1450, 508, 910, 326, 612, 318, 645, 884, 21024, 12829, 11, 423, 9258, 416, 802, 2752, 326, 262, 5848, 2346, 318, 2391, 257, 1729, 26858, 13, 1881, 360, 291, 21241, 998, 385, 11, 257, 10626, 268, 666, 11, 290, 12077, 262, 3315, 7573, 33728, 290, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 11, 423, 4145, 6572, 262, 357, 82, 42033, 8, 21024, 1176, 11, 416, 1682, 12560, 287, 262, 2000, 262, 17627, 11, 329, 543, 484, 1624, 262, 6922, 12829, 13, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 17445, 5210, 12, 1477, 375, 625, 514, 351, 772, 428, 4578, 11, 326, 845, 867, 4695, 11, 706, 6078, 883, 3354, 286, 511, 1767, 287, 543, 262, 15625, 7989, 286, 41687, 290, 18098, 318, 1807, 8384, 284, 2152, 11, 991, 12377, 1204, 287, 257, 11091, 4922, 11, 355, 880, 355, 18098, 25, 355, 287, 262, 1339, 286, 17607, 11, 290, 373, 862, 11, 290, 1179, 436, 82, 11, 618, 345, 423, 2005, 572, 511, 6665, 26, 290, 286, 673, 12, 2188, 1381, 11, 290, 7619, 78, 2696, 11, 290, 304, 1424, 11, 618, 345, 423, 5954, 503, 511, 11954, 13, 357, 1544, 18978, 828, 4361, 11, 326, 612, 318, 645, 1658, 431, 2413, 7989, 393, 1176, 286, 262, 279, 13, 30483, 5848, 26, 329, 611, 612, 547, 11, 262, 15625, 10539, 454, 290, 4202, 714, 407, 2555, 618, 340, 373, 4615, 351, 663, 2401, 291, 2915, 357, 273, 24614, 39396, 16613, 737, 2102, 11, 360, 291, 21241, 998, 385, 468, 1811, 4773, 1028, 683, 960, 392, 24858, 1165, 960, 3646, 5549, 11, 4285, 5549, 11, 16781, 31891, 11, 1897, 420, 799, 385, 11, 2295, 9124, 420, 829, 11, 41242, 11, 34067, 26, 14590, 287, 5471, 284, 33728, 290, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 357, 11261, 307, 4624, 511, 3956, 8, 17206, 2332, 2522, 35815, 11, 5256, 292, 396, 81, 7240, 11, 6031, 420, 829, 11, 33812, 34095, 11, 290, 15423, 41141, 2241, 26, 290, 1365, 621, 477, 1854, 11, 612, 389, 674, 4302, 4773, 13, 775, 389, 7817, 416, 1793, 9305, 1111, 777, 2683, 960, 85, 528, 13, 326, 612, 318, 257, 6922, 1176, 287, 262, 5848, 11, 290, 326, 340, 318, 46919, 1389, 1315, 5705, 287, 530, 1948, 28836, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 1114, 11, 618, 530, 9743, 286, 1793, 355, 852, 564, 250, 1169, 9622, 2044, 290, 4973, 286, 262, 2612, 26, 447, 251, 1315, 5332, 618, 2399, 22298, 318, 43969, 1079, 416, 2399, 21611, 284, 683, 262, 13141, 286, 262, 2612, 26, 1315, 4521, 618, 1793, 31657, 8462, 689, 287, 2399, 661, 262, 6066, 286, 511, 2612, 11, 1315, 5774, 564, 250, 5195, 892, 9838, 6181, 287, 534, 11954, 30, 447, 251, 1315, 3459, 618, 3271, 778, 592, 564, 250, 16447, 287, 502, 257, 3424, 2612, 11, 440, 1793, 11, 447, 251, 1315, 4531, 290, 3362, 24183, 11, 564, 250, 3152, 262, 2612, 582, 1975, 400, 12722, 33738, 11, 447, 251, 1315, 3829, 290, 1757, 1139, 11, 564, 250, 3886, 465, 898, 2612, 318, 1123, 582, 15006, 26, 447, 251, 1315, 6420, 618, 11, 938, 306, 11, 564, 250, 258, 508, 804, 2788, 319, 257, 2415, 523, 355, 284, 22279, 706, 607, 11, 22027, 1541, 5364, 38713, 351, 607, 287, 465, 2612, 11, 447, 251, 1315, 5892, 851, 8524, 1111, 2173, 389, 12539, 3938, 510, 11, 326, 612, 318, 257, 21024, 12829, 286, 262, 5848, 11, 351, 543, 262, 4007, 286, 1793, 743, 4236, 26, 287, 584, 2456, 11, 257, 17700, 7989, 286, 4430, 290, 41687, 357, 1640, 810, 612, 318, 4430, 11, 612, 1276, 307, 41687, 828, 290, 326, 340, 29076, 287, 326, 749, 14186, 636, 1315, 6052, 286, 674, 1767, 284, 543, 1793, 2592, 3073, 25, 523, 326, 345, 1276, 407, 11691, 11, 351, 2332, 37779, 17506, 11, 326, 428, 18901, 12829, 286, 543, 356, 389, 13622, 318, 3888, 416, 617, 7097, 2700, 26, 4249, 351, 5826, 354, 295, 11, 1315, 5824, 326, 340, 36016, 546, 832, 262, 2187, 1767, 26, 4249, 351, 32976, 11, 326, 340, 318, 28543, 287, 262, 1182, 26, 4249, 351, 14760, 2522, 7305, 11, 326, 340, 24642, 689, 287, 262, 12389, 286, 262, 1182, 26, 4249, 326, 340, 1128, 4629, 287, 262, 3632, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 4459, 286, 33812, 34095, 26, 4249, 1088, 262, 4308, 286, 262, 3632, 11, 355, 2332, 2522, 35815, 1807, 26, 4249, 287, 262, 43447, 15370, 11, 355, 4285, 5549, 290, 5256, 292, 396, 81, 7240, 531, 26, 4249, 287, 262, 2272, 1022, 262, 26928, 11, 355, 4285, 5549, 262, 14325, 2714, 26, 4249, 1626, 262, 30685, 1315, 3865, 286, 262, 9296, 11, 1864, 284, 16781, 31891, 25, 475, 2138, 11, 355, 262, 32658, 423, 1464, 7817, 11, 2592, 884, 286, 606, 355, 547, 17830, 262, 1033, 633, 364, 286, 13626, 24279, 26, 1315, 4846, 287, 10213, 11, 1165, 11, 351, 326, 18527, 286, 1471, 46421, 393, 2295, 9124, 420, 829, 25, 198, 447, 250, 45, 321, 4188, 3488, 5362, 264, 2303, 271, 4456, 66, 31223, 271, 1556, 3054, 385, 13, 447, 251, 1315, 5607, 198, 447, 250, 5124, 468, 465, 357, 37330, 2182, 8, 18098, 287, 262, 2910, 1088, 465, 2612, 13, 447, 251, 198, 6104, 5038, 363, 41043, 1315, 4089, 20467, 11, 290, 5949, 692, 375, 15125, 11, 290, 27856, 3974, 385, 11, 8204, 428, 976, 1570, 11, 523, 326, 357, 454, 1545, 8, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 743, 467, 287, 1235, 286, 465, 35199, 7245, 803, 1231, 257, 2612, 11, 290, 12601, 465, 17607, 1231, 511, 6665, 26, 290, 1309, 477, 883, 357, 9268, 444, 828, 1165, 11, 508, 423, 45574, 262, 2095, 286, 262, 1692, 5848, 422, 262, 4006, 286, 33908, 4695, 11, 307, 2407, 1654, 326, 340, 318, 2405, 2138, 508, 389, 6776, 287, 257, 2612, 1203, 290, 3632, 1203, 1181, 13, 198, 54, 9409, 13, 1312, 13, 718, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 4521, 198, 15946, 13, 31383, 452, 13, 1105, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5774, 198, 12016, 13, 269, 31811, 844, 13, 2242, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 3459, 198, 13448, 13, 220, 844, 13, 604, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 4531, 198, 12016, 13, 7649, 13, 1105, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 3829, 198, 22834, 13, 2124, 13, 838, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 6420, 198, 16, 1757, 46955, 13, 1160, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5892, 198, 13448, 13, 410, 13, 2579, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 6052, 198, 818, 304, 78, 262, 82, 559, 305, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5824, 198, 3673, 1778, 24496, 23723, 286, 326, 1438, 11, 475, 257, 22140, 14325, 4750, 416, 5027, 268, 290, 1345, 3541, 357, 46, 17231, 1754, 737, 22913, 25, 1314, 3865, 198, 464, 14075, 13550, 2522, 1187, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5607, 198, 464, 2656, 11, 355, 1813, 287, 520, 672, 21241, 385, 11, 412, 565, 519, 13, 1312, 13, 279, 13, 838, 2075, 11, 318, 428, 17910, 321, 2357, 25, 7377, 239, 157, 120, 114, 34703, 17394, 7377, 111, 45495, 108, 33643, 28053, 120, 222, 26180, 138, 116, 33643, 139, 236, 46582, 26517, 29945, 35558, 18074, 222, 30950, 33643, 29945, 43000, 138, 105, 33643, 138, 112, 29945, 139, 234, 26180, 28053, 120, 238, 38392, 32830, 29945, 7377, 121, 139, 234, 138, 115, 34703, 17394, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 4089, 198, 5574, 2192, 326, 21127, 87, 363, 41043, 262, 14325, 508, 318, 1690, 4750, 416, 18001, 21241, 385, 290, 416, 1345, 3541, 357, 47, 17983, 15729, 50256 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	1,298

Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. The bladder is the part of the urinary tract that collects the urine from the kidneys. The Urinary Tract Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. The urinary tract normally contains no microorganisms. However, sometimes bacteria or yeast from the lower gastrointestinal tract or rectal area enter the urinary tract. This usually happens through the urethra (tube that allows urine to pass out from the bladder). When bacteria or yeast cling to the urethra, they can multiply and infect the urethra. They can then travel up and infect the bladder. Most cases of cystitis are caused by bacteria from the rectal area. In women, the rectum and urethra are fairly close to each other. This makes it relatively easy for bacteria to make their way into the urethra. Some women develop cystitis after a period of frequent sexual intercourse. This happens because bacteria enter the urethra during sex and cause infection. A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors include: Symptoms of cystitis vary from person-to-person and can range from mild to severe. They include: The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. A sample of your urine will be tested for blood, pus, and bacteria. If bacteria are present in the urine, you will likely be diagnosed with cystitis. Children and men who develop cystitis may require additional testing. The doctor will use a cystoscope to check for structural differences in the urinary system that increase the likelihood of infection. Bacterial cystitis is treated with antibiotic drugs. Antibiotics (usually trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, or fluoroquinolones) will be prescribed for at least 2-3 days and perhaps for as long as several weeks. The length of the treatment depends on the severity of the infection and your personal history. You will probably start to feel better after a day or two. However, it is important that you complete the entire course of medication. Otherwise, the infection is likely to return. You may have your urine checked after you finish taking the antibiotic. This is to make sure that the infection is gone. If you experience more infections, your doctor may prescribe stronger antibiotics or have you take them for a longer period of time. He or she may also recommend that you take low-dose antibiotics as a preventive measure, either daily or after sexual intercourse. If you still experience recurrent infections, you may be referred to a specialist. (Pyridium) is a medicine that decreases pain and bladder spasms. Taking phenazopyridine will turn your urine and sometimes your sweat an orange color. This medication is generally available without a prescription. It can usually relieve symptoms effectively while waiting for medical treatment to work. Here are some steps you can take to keep bacteria out of your urinary tract: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)http://www.niddk.nih.gov/ National Kidney Foundationhttp://www.kidney.org/ American Urological Association Foundationhttp://www.urologyhealth.org/ The Kidney Foundation of Canadahttp://www.kidney.ca/ Cranberry. EBSCO Natural and Alternative Treatments website. Available at: . Updated September 17, 2012. Accessed October 17, 2012. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: Published September 2011. Updated June 29, 2012. Accessed October 17, 2012. Kahn BS, Stanford EJ, Mishell DR Jr, Rosenberg MT, Wysocki S. Management of patients with interstitial cystitis or chronic pelvic pain of bladder origin: a consensus report. Curr Med Res Opin. Katchman EA, Milo G, Paul M, et al. Three-day vs longer duration of antibiotic treatment for cystitis in women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. Parsons M, Toozs-Hobson P. The investigation and management of interstitial cystitis. J Br Menopause Soc. Phatak S, Foster HE Jr. The management of interstitial cystitis: an update. Nat Cin Pract Urol. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: . Updated August 31, 2012. Accessed October 17, 2012. 5/6/2011 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance : Barbosa-Cesnik C, Brown MB, Buxton M, Zhang L, DeBusscher J, Foxman B. Cranberry juice fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. The #1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news! Your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit. We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human! Explore your destiny as you discover what's written in your stars. The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes. Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding. Yoga for Back Pain Pets HelpYour Heart Are YouMoney Smart?

[ 20418, 301, 11815, 318, 281, 10280, 286, 262, 34918, 13, 383, 34918, 318, 262, 636, 286, 262, 38628, 14998, 326, 26609, 262, 18922, 422, 262, 41395, 13, 198, 464, 8799, 3219, 309, 974, 198, 15269, 10673, 399, 14913, 385, 8366, 6343, 11, 3457, 13, 198, 464, 38628, 14998, 7685, 4909, 645, 4580, 45165, 13, 2102, 11, 3360, 11492, 393, 20146, 422, 262, 2793, 40887, 14998, 393, 13621, 282, 1989, 3802, 262, 38628, 14998, 13, 770, 3221, 4325, 832, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 357, 29302, 326, 3578, 18922, 284, 1208, 503, 422, 262, 34918, 737, 1649, 11492, 393, 20146, 36331, 284, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 11, 484, 460, 29162, 290, 7580, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 13, 1119, 460, 788, 3067, 510, 290, 7580, 262, 34918, 13, 198, 6943, 2663, 286, 3075, 301, 11815, 389, 4073, 416, 11492, 422, 262, 13621, 282, 1989, 13, 554, 1466, 11, 262, 13621, 388, 290, 334, 40978, 430, 389, 6547, 1969, 284, 1123, 584, 13, 770, 1838, 340, 5365, 2562, 329, 11492, 284, 787, 511, 835, 656, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 13, 2773, 1466, 1205, 3075, 301, 11815, 706, 257, 2278, 286, 10792, 3206, 22409, 13, 770, 4325, 780, 11492, 3802, 262, 334, 40978, 430, 1141, 1714, 290, 2728, 10280, 13, 198, 32, 2526, 5766, 318, 1223, 326, 5732, 534, 2863, 286, 1972, 257, 4369, 393, 4006, 13, 198, 49, 1984, 5087, 2291, 25, 198, 43094, 35533, 286, 3075, 301, 11815, 7565, 422, 1048, 12, 1462, 12, 6259, 290, 460, 2837, 422, 11607, 284, 6049, 13, 1119, 2291, 25, 198, 464, 6253, 481, 1265, 546, 534, 7460, 290, 3315, 2106, 13, 317, 3518, 2814, 481, 307, 1760, 13, 317, 6291, 286, 534, 18922, 481, 307, 6789, 329, 2910, 11, 4192, 11, 290, 11492, 13, 1002, 11492, 389, 1944, 287, 262, 18922, 11, 345, 481, 1884, 307, 14641, 351, 3075, 301, 11815, 13, 198, 26829, 290, 1450, 508, 1205, 3075, 301, 11815, 743, 2421, 3224, 4856, 13, 383, 6253, 481, 779, 257, 3075, 301, 40326, 284, 2198, 329, 13204, 5400, 287, 262, 38628, 1080, 326, 2620, 262, 14955, 286, 10280, 13, 198, 33, 44965, 3075, 301, 11815, 318, 5716, 351, 29883, 5010, 13, 3738, 571, 18296, 357, 23073, 15797, 2788, 404, 3036, 14, 82, 4754, 321, 2788, 1140, 1031, 2305, 11, 13759, 305, 38916, 14723, 259, 11, 393, 6562, 16522, 21915, 349, 1952, 8, 481, 307, 14798, 329, 379, 1551, 362, 12, 18, 1528, 290, 3737, 329, 355, 890, 355, 1811, 2745, 13, 383, 4129, 286, 262, 3513, 8338, 319, 262, 19440, 286, 262, 10280, 290, 534, 2614, 2106, 13, 921, 481, 2192, 923, 284, 1254, 1365, 706, 257, 1110, 393, 734, 13, 2102, 11, 340, 318, 1593, 326, 345, 1844, 262, 2104, 1781, 286, 14103, 13, 15323, 11, 262, 10280, 318, 1884, 284, 1441, 13, 921, 743, 423, 534, 18922, 10667, 706, 345, 5461, 2263, 262, 29883, 13, 770, 318, 284, 787, 1654, 326, 262, 10280, 318, 3750, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 1998, 517, 16079, 11, 534, 6253, 743, 32651, 7387, 22392, 393, 423, 345, 1011, 606, 329, 257, 2392, 2278, 286, 640, 13, 679, 393, 673, 743, 635, 4313, 326, 345, 1011, 1877, 12, 34436, 22392, 355, 257, 37197, 3953, 11, 2035, 4445, 393, 706, 3206, 22409, 13, 1002, 345, 991, 1998, 42465, 16079, 11, 345, 743, 307, 6412, 284, 257, 15670, 13, 198, 7, 47, 2417, 43523, 8, 318, 257, 9007, 326, 20638, 2356, 290, 34918, 599, 34432, 13, 20879, 6566, 1031, 404, 2417, 39422, 481, 1210, 534, 18922, 290, 3360, 534, 15488, 281, 10912, 3124, 13, 770, 14103, 318, 4143, 1695, 1231, 257, 15077, 13, 632, 460, 3221, 26958, 7460, 6840, 981, 4953, 329, 3315, 3513, 284, 670, 13, 198, 4342, 389, 617, 4831, 345, 460, 1011, 284, 1394, 11492, 503, 286, 534, 38628, 14998, 25, 198, 16186, 5136, 286, 39569, 290, 44255, 425, 290, 16828, 1681, 39988, 357, 45, 2389, 48510, 8, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 77, 1638, 74, 13, 37373, 13, 9567, 14, 198, 16186, 16828, 1681, 5693, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 38439, 1681, 13, 2398, 14, 198, 7437, 471, 3225, 30766, 5396, 5693, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 1434, 6404, 88, 13948, 13, 2398, 14, 198, 464, 16828, 1681, 5693, 286, 2294, 993, 29281, 1378, 2503, 13, 38439, 1681, 13, 6888, 14, 198, 34, 2596, 8396, 13, 412, 4462, 8220, 12068, 290, 27182, 11217, 902, 3052, 13, 14898, 379, 25, 198, 13, 19433, 2693, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 48547, 3267, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 198, 29447, 3075, 301, 11815, 14, 35436, 913, 34918, 14027, 13, 198, 16186, 5136, 286, 39569, 290, 44255, 425, 290, 16828, 1681, 39988, 3052, 13, 14898, 379, 25, 198, 24492, 2693, 2813, 13, 19433, 2795, 2808, 11, 2321, 13, 48547, 3267, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 198, 42, 15386, 24218, 11, 13863, 412, 41, 11, 14136, 12758, 10560, 7504, 11, 40827, 19308, 11, 370, 893, 735, 72, 311, 13, 8549, 286, 3871, 351, 987, 18167, 3075, 301, 11815, 393, 10726, 43510, 2356, 286, 34918, 8159, 25, 257, 11529, 989, 13, 198, 26628, 81, 2019, 1874, 8670, 259, 13, 198, 42, 963, 805, 19814, 11, 32662, 402, 11, 3362, 337, 11, 2123, 435, 13, 7683, 12, 820, 3691, 2392, 9478, 286, 29883, 3513, 329, 3075, 301, 11815, 287, 1466, 25, 17895, 2423, 290, 13634, 12, 20930, 13, 198, 5840, 449, 2019, 13, 198, 47, 945, 684, 337, 11, 1675, 8590, 82, 12, 39, 672, 1559, 350, 13, 383, 3645, 290, 4542, 286, 987, 18167, 3075, 301, 11815, 13, 198, 41, 1709, 6065, 404, 682, 3345, 13, 198, 2725, 265, 461, 311, 11, 18489, 11179, 7504, 13, 383, 4542, 286, 987, 18167, 3075, 301, 11815, 25, 281, 4296, 13, 198, 47849, 327, 259, 13672, 471, 3225, 13, 198, 16692, 3219, 14998, 10280, 357, 3843, 40, 8, 287, 6490, 13, 412, 4462, 8220, 39530, 64, 9921, 3052, 13, 14898, 379, 25, 198, 13, 19433, 2932, 3261, 11, 2321, 13, 48547, 3267, 1596, 11, 2321, 13, 198, 20, 14, 21, 14, 9804, 39530, 64, 9921, 338, 4482, 1512, 33818, 34818, 198, 35, 46434, 9921, 338, 4482, 1512, 33818, 34818, 198, 25, 10593, 8546, 12, 34, 274, 17187, 327, 11, 4373, 10771, 11, 9842, 22874, 337, 11, 19439, 406, 11, 1024, 33, 1046, 2044, 449, 11, 5426, 805, 347, 13, 198, 34, 2596, 8396, 13135, 10143, 284, 2948, 42465, 38628, 14998, 10280, 25, 2482, 422, 257, 23925, 17651, 12, 14401, 4473, 13, 198, 2601, 259, 26065, 3167, 13, 198, 464, 1303, 16, 4445, 8271, 329, 1535, 290, 12263, 1705, 0, 198, 7120, 4445, 8271, 329, 6078, 3463, 290, 10589, 4197, 13, 198, 1135, 714, 477, 779, 617, 27529, 783, 290, 788, 532, 356, 821, 1692, 0, 198, 35433, 534, 22701, 355, 345, 7073, 644, 338, 3194, 287, 534, 5788, 13, 198, 464, 3452, 1705, 11, 9040, 290, 14296, 329, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 198, 18081, 88, 2057, 326, 18221, 12625, 1165, 30, 1400, 26471, 13, 198, 56, 10949, 329, 5157, 15627, 198, 47, 1039, 10478, 7120, 8894, 198, 8491, 921, 26788, 10880, 30, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,151

Commerce is the exchange of goods, services, currency, or any other service or product that holds economic value. Commerce can take place between to companies in the same town or city, or on a wide-scale between different cites, provinces, or countries. States, cities, and towns usually have a voluntary group of people who select projects and business services that will improve the economic in a specific location. The These groups are referred to as a "Chamber of Commerce." Chambers of commerce may also work with corporations and groups in order to stimulate commercial growth. For example, they may work with tourism departments in order to draw visitors to their location in order to bring more income to their location. Chambers of commerce from different locations may also work together in different states, regions, or nations to improve international commerce.

[ 47662, 318, 262, 5163, 286, 7017, 11, 2594, 11, 7395, 11, 393, 597, 584, 2139, 393, 1720, 326, 6622, 3034, 1988, 13, 16127, 460, 1011, 1295, 1022, 284, 2706, 287, 262, 976, 3240, 393, 1748, 11, 393, 319, 257, 3094, 12, 9888, 1022, 1180, 23474, 11, 17812, 11, 393, 2678, 13, 1829, 11, 4736, 11, 290, 11684, 3221, 423, 257, 16171, 1448, 286, 661, 508, 2922, 4493, 290, 1597, 2594, 326, 481, 2987, 262, 3034, 287, 257, 2176, 4067, 13, 383, 2312, 2628, 389, 6412, 284, 355, 257, 366, 1925, 7789, 286, 16127, 526, 30717, 286, 19497, 743, 635, 670, 351, 10225, 290, 2628, 287, 1502, 284, 26020, 5068, 3349, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 484, 743, 670, 351, 19277, 13346, 287, 1502, 284, 3197, 9692, 284, 511, 4067, 287, 1502, 284, 2222, 517, 3739, 284, 511, 4067, 13, 30717, 286, 19497, 422, 1180, 7064, 743, 635, 670, 1978, 287, 1180, 2585, 11, 7652, 11, 393, 7027, 284, 2987, 3230, 19497, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

162

A legal entity formed that has a different legal indentity from its members is called a company. Companies are usually formed for small business, public investment, or non-profit reasons. Small businesses are mostly comprised of sole traders who are limited in liability, but still controlled by the founders of the company. Public Investment companies are created so that the pubic may invest in the business without administration. Public investment companies are usually amdinistrated by a board of directors. Non-Profit companies are formed for social, charitable, or virtually charitable reasons so that the sponsors are not complete liability.

[ 32, 2742, 9312, 7042, 326, 468, 257, 1180, 2742, 773, 26858, 422, 663, 1866, 318, 1444, 257, 1664, 13, 24382, 389, 3221, 7042, 329, 1402, 1597, 11, 1171, 4896, 11, 393, 1729, 12, 9183, 3840, 13, 10452, 5692, 389, 4632, 19869, 286, 6195, 21703, 508, 389, 3614, 287, 12247, 11, 475, 991, 6856, 416, 262, 22202, 286, 262, 1664, 13, 5094, 20877, 2706, 389, 2727, 523, 326, 262, 2240, 291, 743, 1325, 287, 262, 1597, 1231, 3662, 13, 5094, 4896, 2706, 389, 3221, 716, 25194, 396, 4111, 416, 257, 3096, 286, 13445, 13, 8504, 12, 2964, 11147, 2706, 389, 7042, 329, 1919, 11, 21803, 11, 393, 9826, 21803, 3840, 523, 326, 262, 18073, 389, 407, 1844, 12247, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

119

Preparing a Patient For... Preparing a Patient For Cancer Treatment How can patients prepare for treatment? As a patient, you play an important role in preparing for your cancer treatment. The following are some of the most important things to consider before treatment begins: Find an oncologist and treatment center. This step is important to everyone with cancer--you want to be sure you get the best care possible. Ask your general or primary care doctor for a referral to an oncologist (a doctor who specializes in treating cancer). You can also contact government and professional medical organizations, such as your state's health department, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), or the American Medical Association (AMA) for information on cancer specialists and treatment centers in your area. Get a second opinion. It is common for people diagnosed with cancer to ask another cancer specialist for their opinion. A second opinion can help you to be sure your diagnosis and treatment plans are most appropriate for your individual medical history and profile. In fact, many health insurance companies require people to get a second opinion before treatment begins. Asking for a second opinion also provides more information to consider when making choices about your treatment. Often, your oncologist can help you locate another cancer specialist for a second opinion. Many hospitals and cancer centers have "tumor boards" where patient cases are presented to all of the disciplines involved in cancer care: medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, and others. The tumor board will discuss your case and offer suggestions or recommendations to your doctors. you can ask your doctor to present your case for a tumor board review. Find out about your cancer treatment. Your cancer care team will help you understand your treatment and answer questions. It also helps to learn about the type of cancer you have, as well as your treatment options. Ask your doctor where you can find more information about cancer. This website contains information on many cancer topics. Also, the NCI, the American Cancer Society (ACS), and other cancer- and health-related organizations provide helpful information. Find support when you need it. Cancer treatment can be a long and tiring experience. Many people with cancer need help throughout the process. Getting help from others can make your experience more successful. Support groups for people with cancer and their families are available in many communities. Managing your emotional health, your diet, and your finances are all things you can do to reduce the stress involved in the treatment process. Oncology nurses and social workers are excellent resources for locating appropriate support groups.

[ 37534, 1723, 257, 35550, 1114, 986, 198, 37534, 1723, 257, 35550, 1114, 15523, 21415, 198, 2437, 460, 3871, 8335, 329, 3513, 30, 198, 1722, 257, 5827, 11, 345, 711, 281, 1593, 2597, 287, 10629, 329, 534, 4890, 3513, 13, 383, 1708, 389, 617, 286, 262, 749, 1593, 1243, 284, 2074, 878, 3513, 6140, 25, 198, 16742, 281, 319, 66, 7451, 290, 3513, 3641, 13, 770, 2239, 318, 1593, 284, 2506, 351, 4890, 438, 5832, 765, 284, 307, 1654, 345, 651, 262, 1266, 1337, 1744, 13, 16981, 534, 2276, 393, 4165, 1337, 6253, 329, 257, 31413, 284, 281, 319, 66, 7451, 357, 64, 6253, 508, 29786, 287, 13622, 4890, 737, 921, 460, 635, 2800, 1230, 290, 4708, 3315, 5745, 11, 884, 355, 534, 1181, 338, 1535, 5011, 11, 262, 2351, 15523, 5136, 357, 7792, 40, 828, 393, 262, 1605, 8366, 5396, 357, 25087, 8, 329, 1321, 319, 4890, 22447, 290, 3513, 10399, 287, 534, 1989, 13, 198, 3855, 257, 1218, 4459, 13, 632, 318, 2219, 329, 661, 14641, 351, 4890, 284, 1265, 1194, 4890, 15670, 329, 511, 4459, 13, 317, 1218, 4459, 460, 1037, 345, 284, 307, 1654, 534, 13669, 290, 3513, 3352, 389, 749, 5035, 329, 534, 1981, 3315, 2106, 290, 7034, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 867, 1535, 5096, 2706, 2421, 661, 284, 651, 257, 1218, 4459, 878, 3513, 6140, 13, 1081, 3364, 329, 257, 1218, 4459, 635, 3769, 517, 1321, 284, 2074, 618, 1642, 7747, 546, 534, 3513, 13, 18023, 11, 534, 319, 66, 7451, 460, 1037, 345, 17276, 1194, 4890, 15670, 329, 257, 1218, 4459, 13, 4650, 11301, 290, 4890, 10399, 423, 366, 83, 388, 273, 11490, 1, 810, 5827, 2663, 389, 5545, 284, 477, 286, 262, 29861, 2950, 287, 4890, 1337, 25, 3315, 319, 66, 9251, 11, 11881, 319, 66, 9251, 11, 38479, 11, 3108, 9251, 11, 19772, 9251, 11, 290, 1854, 13, 383, 22359, 3096, 481, 2112, 534, 1339, 290, 2897, 11776, 393, 10763, 284, 534, 7519, 13, 345, 460, 1265, 534, 6253, 284, 1944, 534, 1339, 329, 257, 22359, 3096, 2423, 13, 198, 16742, 503, 546, 534, 4890, 3513, 13, 3406, 4890, 1337, 1074, 481, 1037, 345, 1833, 534, 3513, 290, 3280, 2683, 13, 632, 635, 5419, 284, 2193, 546, 262, 2099, 286, 4890, 345, 423, 11, 355, 880, 355, 534, 3513, 3689, 13, 16981, 534, 6253, 810, 345, 460, 1064, 517, 1321, 546, 4890, 13, 770, 3052, 4909, 1321, 319, 867, 4890, 10233, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 8823, 40, 11, 262, 1605, 15523, 7023, 357, 2246, 50, 828, 290, 584, 4890, 12, 290, 1535, 12, 5363, 5745, 2148, 7613, 1321, 13, 198, 16742, 1104, 618, 345, 761, 340, 13, 15523, 3513, 460, 307, 257, 890, 290, 256, 3428, 1998, 13, 4650, 661, 351, 4890, 761, 1037, 3690, 262, 1429, 13, 18067, 1037, 422, 1854, 460, 787, 534, 1998, 517, 4388, 13, 7929, 2628, 329, 661, 351, 4890, 290, 511, 4172, 389, 1695, 287, 867, 5348, 13, 37108, 534, 7016, 1535, 11, 534, 5496, 11, 290, 534, 20903, 389, 477, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 284, 4646, 262, 5503, 2950, 287, 262, 3513, 1429, 13, 1550, 66, 1435, 20669, 290, 1919, 3259, 389, 6275, 4133, 329, 42139, 5035, 1104, 2628, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

526

archaeological dig at Scotts Landing, Eggemoggin Reach Fri, 06 March 2009 14:28 Archaeologists unearth paleo-Indian artifacts at Island Heritage Trust site in the summer of 2006 Ancient Materials Come to Light in Scott's Landing Archaeological Dig Holding artifacts that not seen the light of day for over 2,000 years, a group of amateur and professional archaeologists unearthed ancient materials from a shell midden illustrating life in the Early Archaic and Ceramic periods of Deer Isle's paleo-Indian ancestors at Scott's Landing this summer. Blessed with good weather, over 20 amateur archaeologists and islanders dug and meticulously screened a small patch of the island's newest preserve in late June and early July. After a lecture and welcoming meal at Ann and Roger Hooke's the night before, Cox led his own archaeological team and the community participants through an enthralling but exhausting sun- up to sun-down field school on the shores of Eggemoggin Reach. Cox's team has worked with him on many other digs so they were paired up with community members to learn proper archaeological field techniques and how to recognize materials such as stone tools, pottery, food remains, and cultural features such as hearths and tent floors. Cox and others taught the more inexperienced participants how to record and interpret results and protect fragile artifacts for future study. From the photo of the materials, one can see how crucial it is when excavating a site that everything be carefully removed from a site and its location recorded with precision. Many community members remarked on the effort expended and time needed to protect the detailed history and important information that is available in a professionally supervised dig. IHT President and anthropologist Bill Haviland says in his book, Deer Isle's Original People, that "Once taken out of context, objects by themselves tell us next to nothing. Thus to dig around in archaeological sites looking for relics destroys them and the information they contain as effectively as if they were bulldozed into oblivion." He goes to say that Paleo-indian sites are generally "very small briefly but repeatedly by small groups of people; perhaps 1 or 2 families together." Often the sites were used for seasonal camping, fishing and harvesting for a highly mobile people who worked closely in clans and small units. Steve Cox will be providing an in-depth public lecture about the findings of the Scott's Landing sometime in the fall of 2007. Many thanks to Ken and Marnie Reed Crowell for their key role in creating this great opportunity for Deer Isle and the IHT and to the Bar Harbor Bank and Trust and the Island Education Foundation and other donors who underwrote the cost of the field school. Dr. Steve Cox has over three decades of field school experience and has led excavations for the Maine State Museum and the Abbe Museum. He is currently an Adjunct Curator for the Maine State Museum. Cox's team included Betsy Webster, Diane Kopec, Donna Madonna, Jacob Freedman, Laurie Labar, Robert and Sandy Lewis, Robin Marion, Stephanie Wagner, and Susan Blaisdell. Community members were 18 year-old islanders Greta Avis and Brittany Pottle, Joanie Banks, teachers Pam Cohen and Stephanie Lee, Tom and Marilyn Mehalic, Cathy Hart, Wilson Museum Director Patty Hutchins, Ken Schweikert, and Marion Foss.

[ 998, 3609, 2770, 3100, 379, 7130, 912, 29689, 11, 14562, 368, 519, 1655, 25146, 198, 30214, 11, 9130, 2805, 3717, 1478, 25, 2078, 198, 19895, 3609, 9251, 555, 16442, 14005, 78, 12, 30821, 20316, 379, 5451, 18518, 9870, 2524, 287, 262, 3931, 286, 4793, 198, 44974, 24310, 7911, 284, 4401, 287, 4746, 338, 29689, 32187, 2770, 7367, 198, 26807, 278, 20316, 326, 407, 1775, 262, 1657, 286, 1110, 329, 625, 362, 11, 830, 812, 11, 257, 1448, 286, 18585, 290, 4708, 38967, 41562, 6156, 5696, 422, 257, 7582, 285, 4651, 44000, 1204, 287, 262, 12556, 5579, 18452, 290, 17419, 18127, 9574, 286, 34022, 26378, 338, 14005, 78, 12, 30821, 18668, 379, 4746, 338, 29689, 428, 3931, 13, 198, 33, 1203, 276, 351, 922, 6193, 11, 625, 1160, 18585, 38967, 290, 7022, 364, 18735, 290, 46553, 32862, 257, 1402, 8529, 286, 262, 7022, 338, 15530, 12201, 287, 2739, 2795, 290, 1903, 2901, 13, 2293, 257, 19143, 290, 22516, 9799, 379, 5506, 290, 13637, 9544, 2088, 338, 262, 1755, 878, 11, 18014, 2957, 465, 898, 30971, 1074, 290, 262, 2055, 6809, 832, 281, 920, 11840, 9221, 475, 39663, 4252, 12, 510, 284, 4252, 12, 2902, 2214, 1524, 319, 262, 29963, 286, 14562, 368, 519, 1655, 25146, 13, 198, 34, 1140, 338, 1074, 468, 3111, 351, 683, 319, 867, 584, 46561, 523, 484, 547, 20312, 510, 351, 2055, 1866, 284, 2193, 1774, 30971, 2214, 7605, 290, 703, 284, 7564, 5696, 884, 355, 7815, 4899, 11, 1787, 11471, 11, 2057, 3793, 11, 290, 6467, 3033, 884, 355, 3285, 9998, 290, 11105, 18570, 13, 18014, 290, 1854, 7817, 262, 517, 38003, 6809, 703, 284, 1700, 290, 6179, 2482, 290, 1805, 21049, 20316, 329, 2003, 2050, 13, 198, 4863, 262, 4590, 286, 262, 5696, 11, 530, 460, 766, 703, 8780, 340, 318, 618, 22659, 803, 257, 2524, 326, 2279, 307, 7773, 4615, 422, 257, 2524, 290, 663, 4067, 6264, 351, 15440, 13, 198, 7085, 2055, 1866, 24998, 319, 262, 3626, 37328, 290, 640, 2622, 284, 1805, 262, 6496, 2106, 290, 1593, 1321, 326, 318, 1695, 287, 257, 28049, 28679, 3100, 13, 198, 40, 6535, 1992, 290, 17911, 7451, 3941, 23284, 40855, 1139, 287, 465, 1492, 11, 34022, 26378, 338, 13745, 4380, 11, 326, 366, 7454, 2077, 503, 286, 4732, 11, 5563, 416, 2405, 1560, 514, 1306, 284, 2147, 13, 6660, 284, 3100, 1088, 287, 30971, 5043, 2045, 329, 40970, 27838, 606, 290, 262, 1321, 484, 3994, 355, 6840, 355, 611, 484, 547, 44767, 8863, 656, 909, 26018, 526, 198, 1544, 2925, 284, 910, 326, 46840, 12, 521, 666, 5043, 389, 4143, 366, 548, 1402, 11589, 475, 7830, 416, 1402, 2628, 286, 661, 26, 3737, 352, 393, 362, 4172, 1978, 526, 198, 37288, 262, 5043, 547, 973, 329, 21819, 22498, 11, 12478, 290, 34102, 329, 257, 4047, 5175, 661, 508, 3111, 7173, 287, 38501, 290, 1402, 4991, 13, 198, 19206, 18014, 481, 307, 4955, 281, 287, 12, 18053, 1171, 19143, 546, 262, 6373, 286, 262, 4746, 338, 29689, 17291, 287, 262, 2121, 286, 4343, 13, 198, 7085, 5176, 284, 7148, 290, 337, 1501, 494, 16105, 15502, 695, 329, 511, 1994, 2597, 287, 4441, 428, 1049, 3663, 329, 34022, 26378, 290, 262, 314, 6535, 290, 284, 262, 2409, 21146, 5018, 290, 9870, 290, 262, 5451, 7868, 5693, 290, 584, 13334, 508, 739, 42910, 262, 1575, 286, 262, 2214, 1524, 13, 198, 6187, 13, 6542, 18014, 468, 625, 1115, 4647, 286, 2214, 1524, 1998, 290, 468, 2957, 22659, 602, 329, 262, 15080, 1812, 9594, 290, 262, 2275, 1350, 9594, 13, 679, 318, 3058, 281, 1215, 73, 16260, 4424, 1352, 329, 262, 15080, 1812, 9594, 13, 198, 34, 1140, 338, 1074, 3017, 45775, 31890, 11, 26542, 40500, 721, 11, 29216, 42345, 11, 12806, 38728, 805, 11, 40811, 3498, 283, 11, 5199, 290, 17581, 10174, 11, 12325, 32473, 11, 26085, 26451, 11, 290, 14919, 1086, 64, 9409, 695, 13, 198, 20012, 1866, 547, 1248, 614, 12, 727, 7022, 364, 35877, 64, 317, 4703, 290, 48773, 350, 1252, 293, 11, 26640, 494, 19566, 11, 7799, 24497, 17154, 290, 26085, 5741, 11, 4186, 290, 40769, 2185, 14201, 291, 11, 40636, 11345, 11, 8127, 9594, 5890, 42417, 30492, 1040, 11, 7148, 40430, 1134, 861, 11, 290, 32473, 40515, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

696

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - News Room > Special Reports > Archive Mid Learning Years Preliminary Recommendations of the Middle Learning Years Task Force National and state testing data reveal a disturbing trend of stagnating middle school performance. Maryland School Performance Assessment Program data illustrates the lack of growth in eighth-grade student performance as compared to third- and fifth-grade student performance. Results from the Third International Math and Science Study (TIMMS) show that while U.S. fourth-grade students scored above the international average for five of the six topics measured, eighth-graders scored below average. Co-author of the TIMMS report William Schmidt alludes to middle schools as an educational “wasteland.” State Superintendent of Schools Nancy S. Grasmick charged the Middle Learning Years Task Force with the investigation and elimination of this declining performance phenomena. The task force members comprise an impressive body of extensive practical experience and education theory relevant to the issue of middle school performance. Members represent school systems, educational organizations, and community and business leaders. While their work is not yet complete, the Middle Learning Years Task Force has made preliminary recommendations in three areas for improving education in the middle years. Upgrade instruction for all children, emphasizing academics and achievement. - Increase academic expectations and course rigor, emphasizing the application of content knowledge to real-world problems. - Ensure that curriculum, instruction, and assessment complement each other and are in alignment with Maryland's learning outcomes, content standards, and essential core learning goals. - Provide specific reading instruction for all middle grades students. - Integrate reading and writing in the content areas. - Strengthen the engagement of middle school students in academic learning. - Adopt strategies to foster achievement for all students, preventing both grade retention and social promotion. - Provide accelerated academic intervention to students achieving below standards. - Identify advanced learners and struggling learners and provide them with appropriately challenging programs. Revamp programs to enhance teacher quality, preparing teachers specifically for middle school classrooms. - Require middle grade administrators and teachers to undergo middle grade-specific training and to be licensed by the Maryland State Department of Education to teach their content area in the middle grades. - Require Maryland's institutions of higher education to develop middle level education programs that correspond to state licensing requirements. - Ensure that at-risk, under-performing, and minority populations receive challenging instruction that is delivered by teachers experienced with diverse populations. - Provide ongoing staff development of high quality and rigor that meets National Staff Development Council standards. - Provide all teachers and students with access to and training in technology. Restructure middle schools to reflect the most current research on adolescent development and learning. - Create a culture and climate conducive to school-based reform and academic success. - Provide an organization that creates a small, personalized learning environment. - Eliminate ability grouping practices that hinder students' access to more rigorous academic preparation. - Adopt flexible scheduling as needed, viewing time as a resource to provide additional learning opportunities. - Develop meaningful school-family connections that keep parents informed and involved in their child's education. - Provide opportunities for character education and service-learning experiences. The Middle Learning Years Task Force School System Representatives |Fred Jenkins ||Principal, Central MS ||Anne Arundel Co| |Dr. Craig Spilman ||Prinicpal, Canton MS ||Baltimore City| |Elaine Gorman ||Director, Secondary Education ||Baltimore Co| |Deborah Pulley ||Principal, Calvert Middle School ||Calvert Co| |Richard DeLong ||Principal, North Carroll MS ||Carroll Co| |John Perry ||Supervisor of Instruction ||Caroline Co| |Carol Brannock ||Learning Resource Teacher, Elkton MS ||Cecil Co| |William G. Wise ||Principal, Mattawoman MS ||Charles Co| |Elizabeth Martz ||Science Teacher, Mace's Lane MS ||Dorchester Co| |Bruce Brown ||Director of Middle Schools for Frederick County ||Frederick Co| |Marianne Green ||Language Arts Teacher, Southern MS ||Garrett Co| |Alice Haskins ||Task Force Co-Chair, | Administrative Coordinator K-12, Middle School Director |Jill Eisner ||Special Education, Patapsco MS ||Howard Co| |Charles Cooper ||Middle School Teacher, Galena MS – Math & SS ||Kent Co| |Dr. Eileen M. Oickle ||Chief, Middle and High School Learning, & Cross Department Programs ||MSDE| |Margaret Donnellon ||Director, Middle School Instruction ||Montgomery Co| |Joan Brown ||Chief Educational Administrator ||Prince George's Co| |Glen Ennis ||Tech Ed Teacher, Woodson MS ||Somerset Co| |Mary Blakely ||Principal, Leonardtown MS ||St. Mary's Co| |Gail Phillips ||Teacher, Easton MS – Phys. Ed. ||Talbot Co| |Sherry Purkey ||Supervisor, K-8 Reading/Language Arts ||Washington Co| |Beverly Elze ||Teacher, Wicomico MS, CARE Room ||Wicomico Co| |Teresa Hammerbacher ||Principal, Pocomoke MS ||Worcester Co| |Dr. Douglas MacIver ||Task Force Co-Chair, Assoc. Dir & Research Scientist ||Johns Hopkins University| |Ella Hamilton ||Baltimore Teacher's Union, Northeast MS ||Baltimore Teacher's Union| |Glenn Jensen ||Assistant Principal, Southampton MS ||MABE| |Gary L. Llewellyn ||Middle School Principal, Westmar ||MAESP| |Don Barron ||Montgomery Village MS ||MASSP| |Dr. Margaret Spicer ||Principal, Sparrows Point High School ||MASSP| |Dr. Clarence Miller ||Johns Hopkins University ||Maryland Association of Teacher Educators| |Brian Stringfield ||Catonsville MS ||MD/National Association of Black School Educators| |Mark Herwig ||NationsBank ||MD Business Roundtable for Education & MD Business| |Debbie Montgomery ||Maryland Middle School Association ||MSSA| |Elizabeth Crosby ||Middle School Experience ||Maryland PTA| |Clara Floyd ||President, MD State Teachers' Union, T.W. Pyle MS ||MSTA| |Dr. Bernard Sadusky ||Superintendent, Queen Anne's Co Pub Sch ||PSSAM| |Dr. Stuart Bounds ||President, Chesapeake College ||Southern MD Tri-County Community Action Committee, Inc.| |Marcellina Brooks ||Director, Ctr for Excellence in Urban Education, Coppin State College ||University of MD System Administration| |Maryland State Department of Education |200 West Baltimore Street |Maryland State Department of Education |200 West Baltimore Street

[ 12, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 532, 198, 9980, 10096, 1875, 6093, 17905, 1875, 20816, 198, 22622, 18252, 13212, 198, 47, 2411, 38429, 30361, 602, 286, 262, 198, 34621, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 198, 16186, 290, 1181, 4856, 1366, 7766, 257, 14851, 5182, 286, 23196, 803, 3504, 1524, 2854, 13, 10769, 3961, 15193, 25809, 6118, 1366, 21290, 262, 3092, 286, 3349, 287, 16974, 12, 9526, 3710, 2854, 355, 3688, 284, 2368, 12, 290, 8150, 12, 9526, 3710, 2854, 13, 15691, 422, 262, 10467, 4037, 16320, 290, 5800, 12481, 357, 51, 3955, 5653, 8, 905, 326, 981, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5544, 12, 9526, 2444, 7781, 2029, 262, 3230, 2811, 329, 1936, 286, 262, 2237, 10233, 8630, 11, 16974, 12, 9744, 364, 7781, 2174, 2811, 13, 1766, 12, 9800, 286, 262, 31742, 5653, 989, 3977, 24740, 477, 8401, 284, 3504, 4266, 355, 281, 9856, 564, 250, 86, 459, 8822, 13, 447, 251, 198, 9012, 34058, 286, 20357, 18496, 311, 13, 1902, 8597, 624, 5047, 262, 6046, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 351, 262, 3645, 290, 21472, 286, 428, 18080, 2854, 19428, 13, 383, 4876, 2700, 1866, 28889, 281, 8036, 1767, 286, 7667, 8472, 1998, 290, 3707, 4583, 5981, 284, 262, 2071, 286, 3504, 1524, 2854, 13, 12688, 2380, 1524, 3341, 11, 9856, 5745, 11, 290, 2055, 290, 1597, 2766, 13, 2893, 511, 670, 318, 407, 1865, 1844, 11, 262, 6046, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 468, 925, 15223, 10763, 287, 1115, 3006, 329, 10068, 3707, 287, 262, 3504, 812, 13, 198, 44948, 12064, 329, 477, 1751, 11, 36360, 22321, 290, 13293, 13, 198, 12, 25285, 8233, 9027, 290, 1781, 7805, 273, 11, 36360, 262, 3586, 286, 2695, 3725, 284, 1103, 12, 6894, 2761, 13, 198, 12, 48987, 326, 20583, 11, 12064, 11, 290, 8922, 16829, 1123, 584, 290, 389, 287, 19114, 351, 10769, 338, 4673, 10906, 11, 2695, 5423, 11, 290, 6393, 4755, 4673, 4661, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 2176, 3555, 12064, 329, 477, 3504, 19051, 2444, 13, 198, 12, 15995, 4873, 3555, 290, 3597, 287, 262, 2695, 3006, 13, 198, 12, 9737, 782, 8524, 262, 12352, 286, 3504, 1524, 2444, 287, 8233, 4673, 13, 198, 12, 1215, 8738, 10064, 284, 17016, 13293, 329, 477, 2444, 11, 12174, 1111, 9559, 21545, 290, 1919, 12148, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 23312, 8233, 9572, 284, 2444, 16937, 2174, 5423, 13, 198, 12, 11440, 1958, 6190, 46184, 290, 9648, 46184, 290, 2148, 606, 351, 20431, 9389, 4056, 13, 198, 18009, 696, 4056, 284, 9494, 4701, 3081, 11, 10629, 7799, 5734, 329, 3504, 1524, 32579, 13, 198, 12, 9394, 557, 3504, 9559, 18618, 290, 7799, 284, 17777, 3504, 9559, 12, 11423, 3047, 290, 284, 307, 11971, 416, 262, 10769, 1812, 2732, 286, 7868, 284, 4545, 511, 2695, 1989, 287, 262, 3504, 19051, 13, 198, 12, 9394, 557, 10769, 338, 6712, 286, 2440, 3707, 284, 1205, 3504, 1241, 3707, 4056, 326, 6053, 284, 1181, 15665, 5359, 13, 198, 12, 48987, 326, 379, 12, 19121, 11, 739, 12, 37440, 11, 290, 9137, 9684, 3328, 9389, 12064, 326, 318, 6793, 416, 7799, 5924, 351, 10084, 9684, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 7044, 3085, 2478, 286, 1029, 3081, 290, 7805, 273, 326, 11185, 2351, 9983, 7712, 4281, 5423, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 477, 7799, 290, 2444, 351, 1895, 284, 290, 3047, 287, 3037, 13, 198, 19452, 5620, 3504, 4266, 284, 4079, 262, 749, 1459, 2267, 319, 28680, 2478, 290, 4673, 13, 198, 12, 13610, 257, 3968, 290, 4258, 45645, 284, 1524, 12, 3106, 4975, 290, 8233, 1943, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 281, 4009, 326, 8075, 257, 1402, 11, 28949, 4673, 2858, 13, 198, 12, 27405, 4559, 2694, 36115, 6593, 326, 34541, 2444, 6, 1895, 284, 517, 22888, 8233, 11824, 13, 198, 12, 1215, 8738, 12846, 26925, 355, 2622, 11, 11681, 640, 355, 257, 8271, 284, 2148, 3224, 4673, 6443, 13, 198, 12, 6013, 11570, 1524, 12, 17989, 8787, 326, 1394, 3397, 7981, 290, 2950, 287, 511, 1200, 338, 3707, 13, 198, 12, 44290, 6443, 329, 2095, 3707, 290, 2139, 12, 40684, 6461, 13, 198, 464, 6046, 18252, 13212, 15941, 5221, 198, 26130, 4482, 17132, 198, 91, 30847, 21835, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 5694, 6579, 8614, 43227, 317, 622, 358, 417, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 13854, 1338, 346, 805, 8614, 47231, 291, 18596, 11, 16821, 261, 6579, 8614, 46139, 2254, 91, 198, 91, 9527, 5718, 402, 26183, 8614, 28702, 11, 29521, 7868, 8614, 46139, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 16587, 40844, 21624, 1636, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 2199, 1851, 6046, 3961, 8614, 9771, 1851, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 22245, 1024, 14617, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 2258, 21298, 6579, 8614, 9914, 2487, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 7554, 14105, 8614, 12442, 13131, 286, 46486, 8614, 9914, 14453, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 9914, 349, 1709, 1236, 735, 8614, 41730, 20857, 32019, 11, 40151, 1122, 6579, 8614, 34, 721, 346, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 17121, 402, 13, 28908, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 4705, 707, 5185, 6579, 8614, 28711, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 43568, 3981, 89, 8614, 26959, 32019, 11, 48925, 338, 15016, 6579, 8614, 35, 273, 35983, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 38509, 4373, 8614, 28702, 286, 6046, 20357, 329, 26113, 3418, 8614, 30847, 41556, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 44, 3699, 710, 3469, 8614, 32065, 11536, 32019, 11, 8050, 6579, 8614, 38, 34878, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 44484, 367, 2093, 1040, 8614, 25714, 5221, 1766, 12, 43189, 11, 930, 198, 41862, 13260, 36831, 509, 12, 1065, 11, 6046, 3961, 5890, 198, 91, 41, 359, 412, 49861, 8614, 13409, 7868, 11, 3208, 1686, 1073, 6579, 8614, 32434, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 28711, 10382, 8614, 34621, 3961, 32019, 11, 5027, 8107, 6579, 784, 16320, 1222, 6723, 8614, 42265, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 412, 42236, 337, 13, 440, 39423, 8614, 23675, 11, 6046, 290, 3334, 3961, 18252, 11, 1222, 6372, 2732, 26179, 8614, 5653, 7206, 91, 198, 91, 24428, 8984, 2094, 10076, 261, 8614, 28702, 11, 6046, 3961, 46486, 8614, 26031, 20142, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 9908, 272, 4373, 8614, 23675, 30038, 22998, 8614, 35784, 4502, 338, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 9861, 268, 2039, 21361, 8614, 17760, 1717, 32019, 11, 5326, 1559, 6579, 8614, 50, 21499, 316, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 24119, 13307, 306, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 20131, 12735, 6579, 8614, 1273, 13, 5335, 338, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 38, 603, 17630, 8614, 6767, 3493, 11, 3687, 261, 6579, 784, 8687, 13, 1717, 13, 8614, 31466, 13645, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 50, 13372, 9330, 2539, 8614, 12442, 13131, 11, 509, 12, 23, 11725, 14, 32065, 11536, 8614, 17402, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 33, 964, 306, 2574, 2736, 8614, 6767, 3493, 11, 370, 291, 296, 3713, 6579, 11, 47342, 10096, 8614, 54, 291, 296, 3713, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6767, 14625, 18278, 65, 3493, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 39375, 296, 2088, 6579, 8614, 54, 273, 33187, 1766, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 15796, 4100, 40, 332, 8614, 25714, 5221, 1766, 12, 43189, 11, 2195, 420, 13, 36202, 1222, 4992, 33374, 8614, 7554, 82, 21183, 2059, 91, 198, 91, 36, 8466, 11582, 8614, 46139, 32019, 338, 4479, 11, 26315, 6579, 8614, 46139, 32019, 338, 4479, 91, 198, 91, 9861, 1697, 32623, 8614, 48902, 32641, 11, 30035, 6579, 8614, 5673, 12473, 91, 198, 91, 33820, 406, 13, 406, 293, 4053, 2047, 8614, 34621, 3961, 32641, 11, 2688, 3876, 8614, 5673, 1546, 47, 91, 198, 91, 3987, 47412, 8614, 26031, 20142, 14812, 6579, 8614, 31180, 4303, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 19579, 26242, 8614, 42904, 8521, 11, 49745, 82, 6252, 3334, 3961, 8614, 31180, 4303, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 42602, 7920, 8614, 7554, 82, 21183, 2059, 8614, 24119, 1044, 5396, 286, 32019, 7005, 2024, 91, 198, 91, 24761, 10903, 3245, 8614, 21979, 684, 4244, 6579, 8614, 12740, 14, 16186, 5396, 286, 2619, 3961, 7005, 2024, 91, 198, 91, 9704, 2332, 28033, 8614, 45, 602, 28650, 8614, 12740, 7320, 10485, 11487, 329, 7868, 1222, 10670, 7320, 91, 198, 91, 16587, 12590, 21532, 8614, 24119, 1044, 6046, 3961, 5396, 8614, 5653, 4090, 91, 198, 91, 43568, 33098, 8614, 34621, 3961, 16386, 8614, 24119, 1044, 350, 5603, 91, 198, 91, 2601, 3301, 21150, 8614, 10364, 11, 10670, 1812, 32426, 6, 4479, 11, 309, 13, 54, 13, 350, 2349, 6579, 8614, 44, 2257, 32, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 16197, 14668, 42431, 8614, 12442, 21075, 11, 7542, 15397, 338, 1766, 8525, 3059, 8614, 3705, 49302, 91, 198, 91, 6187, 13, 22559, 347, 3733, 8614, 10364, 11, 28250, 49528, 5535, 8614, 44993, 10670, 7563, 12, 12332, 88, 8108, 7561, 4606, 11, 3457, 13, 91, 198, 91, 7676, 3846, 1437, 17704, 8614, 28702, 11, 327, 2213, 329, 42525, 287, 14665, 7868, 11, 1766, 381, 259, 1812, 5535, 8614, 21009, 286, 10670, 4482, 8694, 91, 198, 91, 24119, 1044, 1812, 2732, 286, 7868, 198, 91, 2167, 2688, 10346, 3530, 198, 91, 24119, 1044, 1812, 2732, 286, 7868, 198, 91, 2167, 2688, 10346, 3530, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,471

When Springfield was carved out of the wilderness 375 years ago it began as a business venture and ever since then what people do for work has defined the community. In the beginning the little settlement was about fur trading with the Native Americans and subsistence farming on the fertile meadows along the Connecticut River. The Puritan settlers had strict rules for conducting commerce in 1636. They set out regulations for “workmen and labourers” that specified wages, adjusted by the season. How long the workday would be and also capped how much “carpenters, joyners, sawers, wheelwrights, or such like artificers,” could earn. It was specified that a teamsters and his four cattle could not earn above six shillings for an eight-hour day. Borders where set up where “candlewood” could not be gathered for the making of “Tarr, Pitch or Coale” for sale, but inhabitants could gather candlewood for their own family “where he pleaseth.” Within two years of his founding of Springfield, William Pynchon was involved in a court case in Hartford. He was charged with dominating the Indian corn trade by an influential resident of Connecticut, Capt. John Mason. This dispute, which Pynchon lost in 1638, led to Springfield forever siding with Massachusetts and cutting its ties with Connecticut. Early histories of Springfield take special note of a January, 1646, town meeting at which Miles Morgan and George Colton were commissioned to “get a Smith for ye towne.” By September of that year Francis Ball was set up in his 12 by 16 foot blacksmith shop and the settlement of 42 men, and an undisclosed number of women and children who were not counted in the assessment census, had their first metal worker who would be the pioneer of an industry that made the region famous. By the late 1600’s the brooks and rivers in Springfield were strung with sawmills and grist mills and in 1697, John Pynchon was granted permission to set up an “iron works upon the Mill River below the present corn mill. The industrial age had modestly begun. Soon there was jobs for ore gatherers, charcoal makers, and iron workers. The wide slow waters of the Connecticut River became the principal highway where raw materials were brought upstream and lumber and furs traders came downstream. The Westfield River and the Chicopee River created a water-fed crossroads that intersected at Springfield. In January of 1673, the first post rider from New York to Boston passed through Springfield on the new Post Road. This confluence of land and water routes would help Springfield businesses thrive for the next three centuries. The early metal workers, either blacksmiths or foundry men, made a niche for themselves in the Pioneer Valley and soon the area was noted for its craftsmen, particularly gunsmiths. That was a fact not lost on a young Continental Army Colonel named Henry Knox who passed through Springfield in the winter of 1775 headed for Boston with a load of cannon captured at Fort Ticonderoga. He became a close confidant of Gen. George Washington and had a lot to do with suggesting the Springfield area as the site for the first colonial arsenal in 1787 and eventually the world famous Springfield Armory. Soon other manufacturers set up shop to work with the armory or were attracted by the skilled labor force. In the first half of the 19th century the armory became a training grounds for the future giants of industry that would call Springfield home. Daniel B. Wesson would found his pistol factory with partner Horace Smith. Thomas Blanchard in 1819 patented his “Blanchard Lathe” that cut out irregular shapes, musket stocks in this case, and paved the way for mass production and the industrial revolution. Blanchard, in 1826, built the first automobile in America, a 2,000-pound steam powered giant that he drove through the streets of Springfield. Within a few years he was manufacturing steamboats from a shop on the Connecticut River that were making trips both north and south. The steamboats supplanted the barges that had been bringing goods and passengers up and down the river for more than a century. By 1839, the railroad had reached Springfield. Water, rail and stagecoach lines now linked the community in all directions. In 1845, just a few years after the railroad arrived, Thomas Wason began making cars for the new trains. His business would grow into Wason Manufacturing Co., the largest maker of railroad cars and locomotives in the country. A town had to have a population of at least 10,000 to become a city, a point Springfield reached in the 1840 census with 10,985. By 1845 it had 14,703 inhabitants, but in 1848, Chicopee broke off and formed its own town, dropping Springfield under the limit. By 1852, Springfield had more than 20,000 people and became a city on May 25. The year before, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co. had been founded. Its president, Caleb Rice became the first mayor of Springfield. The 1853 City Directory contains 50 pages on businesses and manufacturing firms doing business in the city. There were chemical companies, drug wholesalers, dye houses, millinery shops, and a number of large machine shops that made castings and forgings for steam engines and locomotives. There was the Bemis & Call Co. where the monkey wrench was invented and six ads for blacksmith operations. There were boot manufactures, pump manufacturers, soap and candle makers, coffin makers, bakers, grist mills, cabinet makers, planing mills, stove shops and carriage makers and confectioners. The diversity of Springfield businesses have kept it from being a company town, although the huge influence of the armory, especially during time of war was an economic engine of enormous proportions. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Springfield became a boom town. The fall of Harpers’ Ferry in Virginia left the Springfield Armory as the sole federal arsenal. Workers poured into the city and soon every boarding house and spare room in town was rented. Production was doubled and tripled within the first months of the war. During the early stages of the war it was announced that Harpers’ Ferry production would be replaced by the construction of an armory at Rock Island, Ill. It never approached Springfield’s magnitude during the Civil War, but in 1965, when the unthinkable happened, and the Armory was closed, its operations were moved to Rock Island. Over the years Springfield has seen companies come and go. The city that was the birthplace of the automobile in America with the Duryea in 1895 and became home to Knox, Duryea, Stevens-Duryea, Atlas, Rolls Royce and Indian Motocycles, eventually they all closed. There were also thousands of jobs at American Bosch, Van Norman, Westinghouse, U.S. Envelope, Barney & Berry Skates, Monarch Life Insurance, Meekins, Packard and Wheat, Forbers & Wallace and Steigers, to name a few. Some have been replaced by new industries and technologies, others have just disappeared. But the city is still the hub of Western Massachusetts and has weathered disappointments and recessions before. During the depths of The Depression, the Damour brothers in Chicopee started a small grocery store. The business, now named Big Y and headquartered in Springfield, is celebrating its 75th year. The year before the Damour venture, another set of brothers, S. Prestley and Curtis Blake, opened an ice cream shop on 161 Boston Road in the Pine Point neighborhood of Springfield. It grew into Friendly Ice Cream. Each generation has its success stories, waiting to be written into the history of Springfield.

[ 2215, 27874, 373, 23470, 503, 286, 262, 22775, 29414, 812, 2084, 340, 2540, 355, 257, 1597, 13189, 290, 1683, 1201, 788, 644, 661, 466, 329, 670, 468, 5447, 262, 2055, 13, 198, 818, 262, 3726, 262, 1310, 9443, 373, 546, 9230, 7313, 351, 262, 12547, 3399, 290, 48042, 16035, 319, 262, 31192, 502, 9797, 1863, 262, 14493, 5866, 13, 383, 9330, 18642, 25371, 550, 7646, 3173, 329, 14523, 19497, 287, 1467, 2623, 13, 198, 2990, 900, 503, 6647, 329, 564, 250, 1818, 3653, 290, 45161, 27736, 447, 251, 326, 7368, 9400, 11, 12328, 416, 262, 1622, 13, 1374, 890, 262, 670, 820, 561, 307, 290, 635, 28490, 703, 881, 564, 250, 66, 5117, 298, 364, 11, 8716, 2741, 11, 2497, 364, 11, 7825, 18351, 2337, 11, 393, 884, 588, 29829, 364, 11, 447, 251, 714, 5160, 13, 632, 373, 7368, 326, 257, 1074, 5937, 290, 465, 1440, 17025, 714, 407, 5160, 2029, 2237, 427, 359, 654, 329, 281, 3624, 12, 9769, 1110, 13, 198, 33, 6361, 810, 900, 510, 810, 564, 250, 46188, 293, 3822, 447, 251, 714, 407, 307, 9272, 329, 262, 1642, 286, 564, 250, 51, 3258, 11, 33517, 393, 1766, 1000, 447, 251, 329, 5466, 11, 475, 17622, 714, 6431, 26839, 3822, 329, 511, 898, 1641, 564, 250, 3003, 339, 21289, 2788, 13, 447, 251, 198, 22005, 734, 812, 286, 465, 16636, 286, 27874, 11, 3977, 350, 2047, 354, 261, 373, 2950, 287, 257, 2184, 1339, 287, 37118, 13, 679, 373, 5047, 351, 30651, 262, 3942, 11676, 3292, 416, 281, 14212, 6623, 286, 14493, 11, 6790, 13, 1757, 14737, 13, 770, 11047, 11, 543, 350, 2047, 354, 261, 2626, 287, 1467, 2548, 11, 2957, 284, 27874, 8097, 264, 2530, 351, 10140, 290, 7720, 663, 8470, 351, 14493, 13, 198, 20457, 25985, 286, 27874, 1011, 2041, 3465, 286, 257, 3269, 11, 1467, 3510, 11, 3240, 3249, 379, 543, 20404, 10805, 290, 4502, 1623, 1122, 547, 20462, 284, 564, 250, 1136, 257, 4176, 329, 9838, 3240, 68, 13, 447, 251, 2750, 2693, 286, 326, 614, 12155, 6932, 373, 900, 510, 287, 465, 1105, 416, 1467, 2366, 2042, 21453, 6128, 290, 262, 9443, 286, 5433, 1450, 11, 290, 281, 33457, 1271, 286, 1466, 290, 1751, 508, 547, 407, 14789, 287, 262, 8922, 21649, 11, 550, 511, 717, 6147, 8383, 508, 561, 307, 262, 29570, 286, 281, 2831, 326, 925, 262, 3814, 5863, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 2739, 26143, 447, 247, 82, 262, 1379, 28194, 290, 18180, 287, 27874, 547, 965, 2150, 351, 2497, 76, 2171, 290, 1036, 396, 41999, 290, 287, 1467, 5607, 11, 1757, 350, 2047, 354, 261, 373, 7520, 7170, 284, 900, 510, 281, 564, 250, 1934, 2499, 2402, 262, 9212, 5866, 2174, 262, 1944, 11676, 3939, 13, 383, 7593, 2479, 550, 12949, 306, 9258, 13, 15894, 612, 373, 3946, 329, 23751, 308, 265, 1456, 3808, 11, 33512, 14429, 11, 290, 6953, 3259, 13, 198, 464, 3094, 3105, 10150, 286, 262, 14493, 5866, 2627, 262, 10033, 12763, 810, 8246, 5696, 547, 3181, 28717, 290, 34840, 290, 277, 1834, 21703, 1625, 33218, 13, 383, 2688, 3245, 5866, 290, 262, 48854, 404, 1453, 5866, 2727, 257, 1660, 12, 19082, 3272, 21372, 326, 36177, 276, 379, 27874, 13, 554, 3269, 286, 1467, 4790, 11, 262, 717, 1281, 17876, 422, 968, 1971, 284, 6182, 3804, 832, 27874, 319, 262, 649, 2947, 5567, 13, 770, 1013, 23079, 286, 1956, 290, 1660, 11926, 561, 1037, 27874, 5692, 22191, 329, 262, 1306, 1115, 10675, 13, 198, 464, 1903, 6147, 3259, 11, 2035, 2042, 21453, 82, 393, 1043, 563, 1450, 11, 925, 257, 21404, 329, 2405, 287, 262, 31437, 6916, 290, 2582, 262, 1989, 373, 4367, 329, 663, 28229, 3653, 11, 3573, 2485, 21453, 82, 13, 1320, 373, 257, 1109, 407, 2626, 319, 257, 1862, 30462, 5407, 21636, 3706, 8616, 27633, 508, 3804, 832, 27874, 287, 262, 7374, 286, 1596, 2425, 9153, 329, 6182, 351, 257, 3440, 286, 21202, 7907, 379, 6401, 309, 291, 8623, 10949, 13, 198, 1544, 2627, 257, 1969, 47830, 415, 286, 5215, 13, 4502, 2669, 290, 550, 257, 1256, 284, 466, 351, 9524, 262, 27874, 1989, 355, 262, 2524, 329, 262, 717, 17091, 24375, 287, 1596, 5774, 290, 4191, 262, 995, 5863, 27874, 45388, 13, 15894, 584, 11372, 900, 510, 6128, 284, 670, 351, 262, 3211, 652, 393, 547, 12725, 416, 262, 14297, 4827, 2700, 13, 198, 818, 262, 717, 2063, 286, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 262, 3211, 652, 2627, 257, 3047, 9384, 329, 262, 2003, 20178, 286, 2831, 326, 561, 869, 27874, 1363, 13, 7806, 347, 13, 370, 39670, 561, 1043, 465, 16790, 8860, 351, 5212, 6075, 558, 4176, 13, 5658, 1086, 3702, 446, 287, 1248, 1129, 34824, 465, 564, 250, 3629, 3702, 446, 5476, 258, 447, 251, 326, 2005, 503, 21388, 15268, 11, 1928, 7126, 14420, 287, 428, 1339, 11, 290, 31285, 262, 835, 329, 2347, 3227, 290, 262, 7593, 5854, 13, 198, 3629, 3702, 446, 11, 287, 1248, 2075, 11, 3170, 262, 717, 27930, 287, 2253, 11, 257, 362, 11, 830, 12, 19568, 13324, 13232, 6175, 326, 339, 10357, 832, 262, 6483, 286, 27874, 13, 12511, 257, 1178, 812, 339, 373, 9138, 13324, 46058, 422, 257, 6128, 319, 262, 14493, 5866, 326, 547, 1642, 13229, 1111, 5093, 290, 5366, 13, 198, 464, 13324, 46058, 6019, 4126, 262, 12828, 274, 326, 550, 587, 6079, 7017, 290, 10405, 510, 290, 866, 262, 7850, 329, 517, 621, 257, 4289, 13, 2750, 1248, 2670, 11, 262, 24337, 550, 4251, 27874, 13, 5638, 11, 6787, 290, 3800, 1073, 620, 3951, 783, 6692, 262, 2055, 287, 477, 11678, 13, 198, 818, 1248, 2231, 11, 655, 257, 1178, 812, 706, 262, 24337, 5284, 11, 5658, 370, 888, 2540, 1642, 5006, 329, 262, 649, 13404, 13, 2399, 1597, 561, 1663, 656, 370, 888, 32760, 1766, 1539, 262, 4387, 16009, 286, 24337, 5006, 290, 33334, 313, 1083, 287, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 32, 3240, 550, 284, 423, 257, 3265, 286, 379, 1551, 838, 11, 830, 284, 1716, 257, 1748, 11, 257, 966, 27874, 4251, 287, 262, 47784, 21649, 351, 838, 11, 42250, 13, 2750, 1248, 2231, 340, 550, 1478, 11, 36809, 17622, 11, 475, 287, 1248, 2780, 11, 48854, 404, 1453, 6265, 572, 290, 7042, 663, 898, 3240, 11, 12047, 27874, 739, 262, 4179, 13, 2750, 1248, 4309, 11, 27874, 550, 517, 621, 1160, 11, 830, 661, 290, 2627, 257, 1748, 319, 1737, 1679, 13, 198, 464, 614, 878, 11, 10140, 48807, 5155, 17541, 1766, 13, 550, 587, 9393, 13, 6363, 1893, 11, 40777, 13823, 2627, 262, 717, 9591, 286, 27874, 13, 383, 1248, 4310, 2254, 27387, 4909, 2026, 5468, 319, 5692, 290, 9138, 9611, 1804, 1597, 287, 262, 1748, 13, 198, 1858, 547, 5931, 2706, 11, 2563, 17950, 282, 364, 11, 30121, 7777, 11, 3939, 15451, 12437, 11, 290, 257, 1271, 286, 1588, 4572, 12437, 326, 925, 3350, 654, 290, 5784, 654, 329, 13324, 11874, 290, 33334, 313, 1083, 13, 1318, 373, 262, 347, 30561, 1222, 4889, 1766, 13, 810, 262, 21657, 34561, 373, 15646, 290, 2237, 9011, 329, 2042, 21453, 4560, 13, 198, 1858, 547, 6297, 46306, 11, 8901, 11372, 11, 19533, 290, 26839, 14429, 11, 30834, 14429, 11, 275, 3979, 11, 1036, 396, 41999, 11, 13447, 14429, 11, 1410, 278, 41999, 11, 27635, 12437, 290, 25739, 14429, 290, 1013, 3213, 364, 13, 198, 464, 9573, 286, 27874, 5692, 423, 4030, 340, 422, 852, 257, 1664, 3240, 11, 3584, 262, 3236, 4588, 286, 262, 3211, 652, 11, 2592, 1141, 640, 286, 1175, 373, 281, 3034, 3113, 286, 9812, 23250, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 7511, 1810, 6265, 503, 287, 45278, 11, 27874, 2627, 257, 14166, 3240, 13, 383, 2121, 286, 2113, 19276, 447, 247, 42609, 287, 6025, 1364, 262, 27874, 45388, 355, 262, 6195, 2717, 24375, 13, 16847, 19036, 656, 262, 1748, 290, 2582, 790, 25523, 2156, 290, 13952, 2119, 287, 3240, 373, 26399, 13, 19174, 373, 15229, 290, 43761, 1626, 262, 717, 1933, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 1903, 9539, 286, 262, 1175, 340, 373, 3414, 326, 2113, 19276, 447, 247, 42609, 3227, 561, 307, 6928, 416, 262, 5103, 286, 281, 3211, 652, 379, 4631, 5451, 11, 5821, 13, 632, 1239, 10448, 27874, 447, 247, 82, 14735, 1141, 262, 7511, 1810, 11, 475, 287, 17672, 11, 618, 262, 39593, 3022, 11, 290, 262, 45388, 373, 4838, 11, 663, 4560, 547, 3888, 284, 4631, 5451, 13, 198, 5886, 262, 812, 27874, 468, 1775, 2706, 1282, 290, 467, 13, 383, 1748, 326, 373, 262, 48145, 286, 262, 27930, 287, 2253, 351, 262, 360, 1601, 18213, 287, 46425, 290, 2627, 1363, 284, 27633, 11, 360, 1601, 18213, 11, 20019, 12, 35, 1601, 18213, 11, 22494, 11, 40074, 9817, 344, 290, 3942, 6543, 13733, 5427, 11, 4191, 484, 477, 4838, 13, 1318, 547, 635, 4138, 286, 3946, 379, 1605, 14548, 354, 11, 6656, 19636, 11, 2688, 278, 4803, 11, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2039, 1091, 68, 11, 41921, 1222, 20165, 3661, 689, 11, 41768, 5155, 17541, 11, 2185, 988, 1040, 11, 6400, 446, 290, 34744, 11, 1114, 1213, 1222, 17161, 290, 2441, 34984, 11, 284, 1438, 257, 1178, 13, 198, 4366, 423, 587, 6928, 416, 649, 11798, 290, 8514, 11, 1854, 423, 655, 12120, 13, 887, 262, 1748, 318, 991, 262, 12575, 286, 4885, 10140, 290, 468, 356, 8638, 6703, 902, 290, 664, 6202, 878, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 21593, 286, 383, 22483, 11, 262, 5245, 454, 9397, 287, 48854, 404, 1453, 2067, 257, 1402, 16918, 3650, 13, 383, 1597, 11, 783, 3706, 4403, 575, 290, 48583, 287, 27874, 11, 318, 17499, 663, 5441, 400, 614, 13, 383, 614, 878, 262, 5245, 454, 13189, 11, 1194, 900, 286, 9397, 11, 311, 13, 24158, 1636, 290, 25157, 13307, 11, 4721, 281, 4771, 8566, 6128, 319, 27829, 6182, 5567, 287, 262, 23076, 6252, 6232, 286, 27874, 13, 632, 6348, 656, 38683, 6663, 19979, 13, 198, 10871, 5270, 468, 663, 1943, 3923, 11, 4953, 284, 307, 3194, 656, 262, 2106, 286, 27874, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,633

The amount of data in our world has been exploding, and analyzing large data sets—so-called big data—will become a key basis of competition, underpinning new waves of productivity growth, innovation, and consumer surplus, according to research by MGI and McKinsey's Business Technology Office. Leaders in every sector will have to grapple with the implications of big data, not just a few data-oriented managers. The increasing volume and detail of information captured by enterprises, the rise of multimedia, social media, and the Internet of Things will fuel exponential growth in data for the foreseeable future. Research by MGI and McKinsey's Business Technology Office examines the state of digital data and documents the significant value that can potentially be unlocked. MGI studied big data in five domains—healthcare in the United States, the public sector in Europe, retail in the United States, and manufacturing and personal-location data globally. Big data can generate value in each. For example, a retailer using big data to the full could increase its operating margin by more than 60 percent. Harnessing big data in the public sector has enormous potential, too. If US healthcare were to use big data creatively and effectively to drive efficiency and quality, the sector could create more than $300 billion in value every year. Two-thirds of that would be in the form of reducing US healthcare expenditure by about 8 percent. In the developed economies of Europe, government administrators could save more than €100 billion ($149 billion) in operational efficiency improvements alone by using big data, not including using big data to reduce fraud and errors and boost the collection of tax revenues. And users of services enabled by personal-location data could capture $600 billion in consumer surplus. The research offers seven key insights. 1. Data have swept into every industry and business function and are now an important factor of production, alongside labor and capital. We estimate that, by 2009, nearly all sectors in the US economy had at least an average of 200 terabytes of stored data (twice the size of US retailer Wal-Mart's data warehouse in 1999) per company with more than 1,000 employees. 2. There are five broad ways in which using big data can create value. First, big data can unlock significant value by making information transparent and usable at much higher frequency. Second, as organizations create and store more transactional data in digital form, they can collect more accurate and detailed performance information on everything from product inventories to sick days, and therefore expose variability and boost performance. Leading companies are using data collection and analysis to conduct controlled experiments to make better management decisions; others are using data for basic low-frequency forecasting to high-frequency nowcasting to adjust their business levers just in time. Third, big data allows ever-narrower segmentation of customers and therefore much more precisely tailored products or services. Fourth, sophisticated analytics can substantially improve decision-making. Finally, big data can be used to improve the development of the next generation of products and services. For instance, manufacturers are using data obtained from sensors embedded in products to create innovative after-sales service offerings such as proactive maintenance (preventive measures that take place before a failure occurs or is even noticed). Distilling value and driving productivity from mountains of data Michael Chui discusses how the scale and scope of companies' access to data is changing the way they do business. 3. The use of big data will become a key basis of competition and growth for individual firms. From the standpoint of competitiveness and the potential capture of value, all companies need to take big data seriously. In most industries, established competitors and new entrants alike will leverage data-driven strategies to innovate, compete, and capture value from deep and up-to-real-time information. Indeed, we found early examples of such use of data in every sector we examined. 4. The use of big data will underpin new waves of productivity growth and consumer surplus. For example, we estimate that a retailer using big data to the full has the potential to increase its operating margin by more than 60 percent. Big data offers considerable benefits to consumers as well as to companies and organizations. For instance, services enabled by personal-location data can allow consumers to capture $600 billion in economic surplus. 5. While the use of big data will matter across sectors, some sectors are set for greater gains. We compared the historical productivity of sectors in the United States with the potential of these sectors to capture value from big data (using an index that combines several quantitative metrics), and found that the opportunities and challenges vary from sector to sector. The computer and electronic products and information sectors, as well as finance and insurance, and government are poised to gain substantially from the use of big data. 6. There will be a shortage of talent necessary for organizations to take advantage of big data. By 2018, the United States alone could face a shortage of 140,000 to 190,000 people with deep analytical skills as well as 1.5 million managers and analysts with the know-how to use the analysis of big data to make effective decisions. 7. Several issues will have to be addressed to capture the full potential of big data. Policies related to privacy, security, intellectual property, and even liability will need to be addressed in a big data world. Organizations need not only to put the right talent and technology in place but also structure workflows and incentives to optimize the use of big data. Access to data is critical—companies will increasingly need to integrate information from multiple data sources, often from third parties, and the incentives have to be in place to enable this.

[ 464, 2033, 286, 1366, 287, 674, 995, 468, 587, 30990, 11, 290, 22712, 1588, 1366, 5621, 960, 568, 12, 7174, 1263, 1366, 960, 10594, 1716, 257, 1994, 4308, 286, 5449, 11, 42185, 768, 649, 9813, 286, 13714, 3349, 11, 11044, 11, 290, 7172, 18201, 11, 1864, 284, 2267, 416, 337, 18878, 290, 31946, 4397, 338, 7320, 8987, 4452, 13, 19658, 287, 790, 6567, 481, 423, 284, 42146, 351, 262, 10939, 286, 1263, 1366, 11, 407, 655, 257, 1178, 1366, 12, 17107, 11663, 13, 383, 3649, 6115, 290, 3703, 286, 1321, 7907, 416, 23941, 11, 262, 4485, 286, 40162, 11, 1919, 2056, 11, 290, 262, 4455, 286, 11597, 481, 5252, 39682, 3349, 287, 1366, 329, 262, 34922, 2003, 13, 198, 25104, 416, 337, 18878, 290, 31946, 4397, 338, 7320, 8987, 4452, 28025, 262, 1181, 286, 4875, 1366, 290, 4963, 262, 2383, 1988, 326, 460, 6196, 307, 14838, 13, 198, 44, 18878, 9713, 1263, 1366, 287, 1936, 18209, 960, 13948, 6651, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 262, 1171, 6567, 287, 2031, 11, 6308, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 11, 290, 9138, 290, 2614, 12, 24886, 1366, 18309, 13, 4403, 1366, 460, 7716, 1988, 287, 1123, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 21538, 1262, 1263, 1366, 284, 262, 1336, 714, 2620, 663, 5361, 10330, 416, 517, 621, 3126, 1411, 13, 2113, 1108, 278, 1263, 1366, 287, 262, 1171, 6567, 468, 9812, 2785, 11, 1165, 13, 1002, 1294, 11409, 547, 284, 779, 1263, 1366, 48707, 290, 6840, 284, 3708, 9332, 290, 3081, 11, 262, 6567, 714, 2251, 517, 621, 720, 6200, 2997, 287, 1988, 790, 614, 13, 4930, 12, 17936, 286, 326, 561, 307, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 8868, 1294, 11409, 20705, 416, 546, 807, 1411, 13, 554, 262, 4166, 16533, 286, 2031, 11, 1230, 18618, 714, 3613, 517, 621, 10432, 3064, 2997, 7198, 19442, 2997, 8, 287, 13919, 9332, 8561, 3436, 416, 1262, 1263, 1366, 11, 407, 1390, 1262, 1263, 1366, 284, 4646, 7394, 290, 8563, 290, 5750, 262, 4947, 286, 1687, 13089, 13, 843, 2985, 286, 2594, 9343, 416, 2614, 12, 24886, 1366, 714, 8006, 720, 8054, 2997, 287, 7172, 18201, 13, 383, 2267, 4394, 3598, 1994, 17218, 13, 198, 16, 13, 6060, 423, 17676, 656, 790, 2831, 290, 1597, 2163, 290, 389, 783, 281, 1593, 5766, 286, 3227, 11, 7848, 4827, 290, 3139, 13, 775, 8636, 326, 11, 416, 3717, 11, 3016, 477, 16020, 287, 262, 1294, 3773, 550, 379, 1551, 281, 2811, 286, 939, 1059, 38346, 286, 8574, 1366, 357, 4246, 501, 262, 2546, 286, 1294, 21538, 6445, 12, 13143, 338, 1366, 20933, 287, 7358, 8, 583, 1664, 351, 517, 621, 352, 11, 830, 4409, 13, 198, 17, 13, 1318, 389, 1936, 3154, 2842, 287, 543, 1262, 1263, 1366, 460, 2251, 1988, 13, 3274, 11, 1263, 1366, 460, 12116, 2383, 1988, 416, 1642, 1321, 13245, 290, 24284, 379, 881, 2440, 8373, 13, 5498, 11, 355, 5745, 2251, 290, 3650, 517, 48878, 1538, 1366, 287, 4875, 1296, 11, 484, 460, 2824, 517, 7187, 290, 6496, 2854, 1321, 319, 2279, 422, 1720, 8067, 1749, 284, 6639, 1528, 11, 290, 4361, 15651, 25364, 290, 5750, 2854, 13, 43225, 2706, 389, 1262, 1366, 4947, 290, 3781, 284, 3189, 6856, 10256, 284, 787, 1365, 4542, 5370, 26, 1854, 389, 1262, 1366, 329, 4096, 1877, 12, 35324, 41164, 284, 1029, 12, 35324, 783, 19913, 284, 4532, 511, 1597, 48872, 655, 287, 640, 13, 10467, 11, 1263, 1366, 3578, 1683, 12, 77, 6018, 263, 10618, 341, 286, 4297, 290, 4361, 881, 517, 10582, 27571, 3186, 393, 2594, 13, 15692, 11, 13767, 23696, 460, 13788, 2987, 2551, 12, 8601, 13, 9461, 11, 1263, 1366, 460, 307, 973, 284, 2987, 262, 2478, 286, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 3186, 290, 2594, 13, 1114, 4554, 11, 11372, 389, 1262, 1366, 6492, 422, 15736, 14553, 287, 3186, 284, 2251, 13097, 706, 12, 82, 2040, 2139, 18369, 884, 355, 33943, 9262, 357, 3866, 1151, 425, 5260, 326, 1011, 1295, 878, 257, 5287, 8833, 393, 318, 772, 6810, 737, 198, 20344, 4509, 1988, 290, 5059, 13714, 422, 12269, 286, 1366, 198, 13256, 609, 9019, 19451, 703, 262, 5046, 290, 8354, 286, 2706, 6, 1895, 284, 1366, 318, 5609, 262, 835, 484, 466, 1597, 13, 198, 18, 13, 383, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 481, 1716, 257, 1994, 4308, 286, 5449, 290, 3349, 329, 1981, 9611, 13, 3574, 262, 22116, 286, 36812, 290, 262, 2785, 8006, 286, 1988, 11, 477, 2706, 761, 284, 1011, 1263, 1366, 6411, 13, 554, 749, 11798, 11, 4920, 13861, 290, 649, 49117, 12936, 481, 16094, 1366, 12, 15808, 10064, 284, 47916, 11, 9320, 11, 290, 8006, 1988, 422, 2769, 290, 510, 12, 1462, 12, 5305, 12, 2435, 1321, 13, 9676, 11, 356, 1043, 1903, 6096, 286, 884, 779, 286, 1366, 287, 790, 6567, 356, 11068, 13, 198, 19, 13, 383, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 481, 42185, 649, 9813, 286, 13714, 3349, 290, 7172, 18201, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 356, 8636, 326, 257, 21538, 1262, 1263, 1366, 284, 262, 1336, 468, 262, 2785, 284, 2620, 663, 5361, 10330, 416, 517, 621, 3126, 1411, 13, 4403, 1366, 4394, 11091, 4034, 284, 7008, 355, 880, 355, 284, 2706, 290, 5745, 13, 1114, 4554, 11, 2594, 9343, 416, 2614, 12, 24886, 1366, 460, 1249, 7008, 284, 8006, 720, 8054, 2997, 287, 3034, 18201, 13, 198, 20, 13, 2893, 262, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 481, 2300, 1973, 16020, 11, 617, 16020, 389, 900, 329, 3744, 8810, 13, 775, 3688, 262, 6754, 13714, 286, 16020, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 351, 262, 2785, 286, 777, 16020, 284, 8006, 1988, 422, 1263, 1366, 357, 3500, 281, 6376, 326, 21001, 1811, 26610, 20731, 828, 290, 1043, 326, 262, 6443, 290, 6459, 7565, 422, 6567, 284, 6567, 13, 383, 3644, 290, 7914, 3186, 290, 1321, 16020, 11, 355, 880, 355, 9604, 290, 5096, 11, 290, 1230, 389, 24357, 284, 4461, 13788, 422, 262, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 198, 21, 13, 1318, 481, 307, 257, 18772, 286, 7401, 3306, 329, 5745, 284, 1011, 4621, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 2750, 2864, 11, 262, 1578, 1829, 3436, 714, 1986, 257, 18772, 286, 12713, 11, 830, 284, 19884, 11, 830, 661, 351, 2769, 30063, 4678, 355, 880, 355, 352, 13, 20, 1510, 11663, 290, 13440, 351, 262, 760, 12, 4919, 284, 779, 262, 3781, 286, 1263, 1366, 284, 787, 4050, 5370, 13, 198, 22, 13, 12168, 2428, 481, 423, 284, 307, 9469, 284, 8006, 262, 1336, 2785, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 42283, 3519, 284, 6782, 11, 2324, 11, 9028, 3119, 11, 290, 772, 12247, 481, 761, 284, 307, 9469, 287, 257, 1263, 1366, 995, 13, 41846, 761, 407, 691, 284, 1234, 262, 826, 7401, 290, 3037, 287, 1295, 475, 635, 4645, 670, 44041, 290, 16538, 284, 27183, 262, 779, 286, 1263, 1366, 13, 8798, 284, 1366, 318, 4688, 960, 34390, 444, 481, 6481, 761, 284, 19386, 1321, 422, 3294, 1366, 4237, 11, 1690, 422, 2368, 4671, 11, 290, 262, 16538, 423, 284, 307, 287, 1295, 284, 7139, 428, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,144

A bill that has to do with water-related issues is going through the Kansas legislature. Numbered SB 43, it is being introduced by the joint committee on energy and environmental policy. It has to do with bank stabilizations and sediment issues. The bill states "the Kansas water office shall prepare a comprehensive plan to increase water storage in Kansas reservoirs through dredging that will begin with John Redmond reservoir." It will employ stream bank stabilization and other methods to reduce sedimentation in watersheds above water supply reservoirs and also assure future water storage in Kansas reservoirs; and finance each improvement project. "John Redmond has lost nearly 40 percent of its original capacity to sedimentation and today, only 43 percent of the remaining capacity contains water," Susan Metzge of the Kansas Water Office testified during committee hearings. "As a result, we currently have access to only 25 percent of the reservoir’s storage potential. While John Redmond is our current highest priority for storage restoration, it only serves as an example of the condition of many of our state’s water supply reservoirs. The Kansas Water Office, in partnership with other local, state and federal stakeholders, is actively developing plans and implementing measures to address this issue." With the amount of rainfall we have been getting the last couple years this would be something you might want to take advantage of if you are thinking about digging the sediment out of your dry pond. The Kansas water office will submit the plan to the Kansas legislature on or before Dec. 1, 2013. Full text of the bill, and Metzger's testimony, is online at http://www.kwo.org/news_government/News_Government.htm. There is a list of bills at that website pertaining to water issues. — Ryan Flaming is a Kansas State Research and Extension Agent for Harvey County. Agriculture is his specialty.

[ 32, 2855, 326, 468, 284, 466, 351, 1660, 12, 5363, 2428, 318, 1016, 832, 262, 9470, 15928, 13, 399, 26584, 18056, 5946, 11, 340, 318, 852, 5495, 416, 262, 6466, 5583, 319, 2568, 290, 6142, 2450, 13, 632, 468, 284, 466, 351, 3331, 14349, 4582, 290, 33408, 2428, 13, 198, 464, 2855, 2585, 366, 1169, 9470, 1660, 2607, 2236, 8335, 257, 9815, 1410, 284, 2620, 1660, 6143, 287, 9470, 46637, 832, 47478, 2667, 326, 481, 2221, 351, 1757, 49420, 22115, 526, 198, 1026, 481, 1873, 4269, 3331, 43200, 290, 584, 5050, 284, 4646, 33408, 341, 287, 42640, 82, 2029, 1660, 5127, 46637, 290, 635, 19832, 2003, 1660, 6143, 287, 9470, 46637, 26, 290, 9604, 1123, 9025, 1628, 13, 198, 1, 7554, 49420, 468, 2626, 3016, 2319, 1411, 286, 663, 2656, 5339, 284, 33408, 341, 290, 1909, 11, 691, 5946, 1411, 286, 262, 5637, 5339, 4909, 1660, 553, 14919, 3395, 89, 469, 286, 262, 9470, 5638, 4452, 15463, 1141, 5583, 18921, 13, 366, 1722, 257, 1255, 11, 356, 3058, 423, 1895, 284, 691, 1679, 1411, 286, 262, 22115, 447, 247, 82, 6143, 2785, 13, 2893, 1757, 49420, 318, 674, 1459, 4511, 8475, 329, 6143, 19414, 11, 340, 691, 9179, 355, 281, 1672, 286, 262, 4006, 286, 867, 286, 674, 1181, 447, 247, 82, 1660, 5127, 46637, 13, 383, 9470, 5638, 4452, 11, 287, 10413, 351, 584, 1957, 11, 1181, 290, 2717, 26138, 11, 318, 10630, 5922, 3352, 290, 15427, 5260, 284, 2209, 428, 2071, 526, 198, 3152, 262, 2033, 286, 25807, 356, 423, 587, 1972, 262, 938, 3155, 812, 428, 561, 307, 1223, 345, 1244, 765, 284, 1011, 4621, 286, 611, 345, 389, 3612, 546, 18894, 262, 33408, 503, 286, 534, 5894, 16723, 13, 198, 464, 9470, 1660, 2607, 481, 9199, 262, 1410, 284, 262, 9470, 15928, 319, 393, 878, 4280, 13, 352, 11, 2211, 13, 198, 13295, 2420, 286, 262, 2855, 11, 290, 3395, 89, 1362, 338, 9709, 11, 318, 2691, 379, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 74, 21638, 13, 2398, 14, 10827, 62, 14480, 14, 9980, 62, 28848, 13, 19211, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 1351, 286, 9024, 379, 326, 3052, 27113, 284, 1660, 2428, 13, 198, 960, 6047, 1610, 3723, 318, 257, 9470, 1812, 4992, 290, 27995, 15906, 329, 14943, 3418, 13, 19717, 318, 465, 22847, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

378

J.S. Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany, in 1685 and died in 1750. He came from a long family history of professional musicians including church organists and composers. Like his father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, J.S. (Johann Sebastian) would learn and surpass him in this art of classical music composing. Bach's childhood wasn't that great as his father passed away when he was 9 and his mother also died when he was a young boy. Although he spent much time with his musically inclined uncles, he also spent time studying and learning from his older brother, Johann Christoph Bach. Growing up, Bach learned much about organ building. Back in those days, the church organ was a highly complex instrument with many mechanical and moving parts/pedals and pipes. His early experience with repairing and talking with organ builders & performers would prove valuable as he mastered the musical craft.

[ 41, 13, 50, 13, 25332, 373, 4642, 287, 22633, 620, 11, 4486, 11, 287, 1467, 5332, 290, 3724, 287, 1596, 1120, 13, 679, 1625, 422, 257, 890, 1641, 2106, 286, 4708, 17245, 1390, 4928, 1618, 1023, 290, 18882, 364, 13, 4525, 465, 2988, 11, 28056, 12457, 4951, 3754, 25332, 11, 449, 13, 50, 13, 357, 41, 1219, 1236, 26190, 8, 561, 2193, 290, 17341, 683, 287, 428, 1242, 286, 15993, 2647, 49760, 13, 198, 33, 620, 338, 9963, 2492, 470, 326, 1049, 355, 465, 2988, 3804, 1497, 618, 339, 373, 860, 290, 465, 2802, 635, 3724, 618, 339, 373, 257, 1862, 2933, 13, 4900, 339, 3377, 881, 640, 351, 465, 1928, 1146, 19514, 555, 5427, 11, 339, 635, 3377, 640, 11065, 290, 4673, 422, 465, 4697, 3956, 11, 28056, 1951, 2522, 25332, 13, 198, 43964, 510, 11, 25332, 4499, 881, 546, 1618, 2615, 13, 5157, 287, 883, 1528, 11, 262, 4928, 1618, 373, 257, 4047, 3716, 8875, 351, 867, 12370, 290, 3867, 3354, 14, 9124, 874, 290, 19860, 13, 2399, 1903, 1998, 351, 39005, 290, 3375, 351, 1618, 31606, 1222, 23827, 561, 5879, 8119, 355, 339, 33626, 262, 10530, 5977, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

192

Liver Disease (cont.) Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Bhupinder Anand, MD In this Article When to seek medical care for liver disease Often, the onset of a liver disease is gradual and there is no specific symptom that brings the affected individual to seek medical care. Fatigue, weakness and weight loss that cannot be explained should prompt a visit for medical evaluation. Jaundice or yellow skin is never normal and should prompt an evaluation by a medical professional. Persisting fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain should also prompt medical evaluation as soon as possible. Acetaminophen or Tylenol overdose, whether accidental or intentional, can cause acute liver failure. Emergent evaluation and treatment is required. Antidotes to protect the liver can be provided, but are effective only when used within a few hours. Without this intervention, acetaminophen overdose can lead to liver failure and the need for liver transplant. How is liver disease diagnosed? The precise diagnosis of liver disease involves a history and physical examination performed by the health care professional. Understanding the symptoms and the patient's risk factors for liver disease will help guide any diagnostic tests that may be considered. Sometimes history is difficult, especially in patients who abuse alcohol. These patients tend to minimize their consumption, and it is often family members who are able to provide the correct information. Liver disease can have physical findings that affect almost all body systems including the heart, lungs, abdomen, skin, brain and cognitive function, and other parts of the nervous system. The physical examination often requires evaluation of the entire body. Blood tests are helpful in assessing liver inflammation and function. Specific liver function blood tests include: Other blood tests may be considered, including the following: Imaging studies may be used to visualize, not only the liver, but other nearby organs that may be diseased. Examples of imaging studies include: Liver biopsy may be considered to confirm a specific diagnosis of liver disease. Under local anesthetic, a long thin needle is inserted through the chest wall into the liver, where a small sample of liver tissue is obtained for examination under a microscope. Reviewed by Bhupinder Anand, MD on 6/22/2012 Viewers share their comments Liver Disease - Experience Question: Please share your personal experience with liver disease. Liver Disease - Causes Question: If known, please discuss the possible cause(s) of your liver disease. Liver Disease - Treatment Question: What kinds of treatment, surgery, or medication did you receive for your liver disease? Liver Disease - Complications Question: Please describe the complications of liver disease experienced by you, a relative, or friend. Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!

[ 43, 1428, 17344, 357, 3642, 2014, 198, 11696, 13337, 3300, 305, 11, 10670, 11, 44216, 8905, 11, 26228, 3620, 198, 11696, 13337, 3300, 305, 11, 10670, 11, 44216, 8905, 11, 26228, 3620, 198, 6187, 13, 3932, 3300, 305, 6593, 6334, 9007, 379, 23323, 46516, 26690, 11, 257, 7915, 14649, 3641, 287, 4689, 26942, 325, 11, 9279, 13, 2399, 4469, 3407, 22952, 290, 3315, 3640, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 15555, 11, 257, 7884, 19939, 42329, 379, 7542, 338, 2059, 287, 34612, 11, 10553, 290, 27308, 3047, 287, 18154, 11558, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 10433, 3893, 13473, 3337, 13, 198, 33, 71, 929, 5540, 1052, 392, 11, 10670, 198, 818, 428, 10172, 198, 2215, 284, 5380, 3315, 1337, 329, 14383, 4369, 198, 37288, 11, 262, 21228, 286, 257, 14383, 4369, 318, 24972, 290, 612, 318, 645, 2176, 25993, 326, 6774, 262, 5676, 1981, 284, 5380, 3315, 1337, 13, 12301, 15212, 11, 10453, 290, 3463, 2994, 326, 2314, 307, 4893, 815, 6152, 257, 3187, 329, 3315, 12660, 13, 198, 41, 14677, 501, 393, 7872, 4168, 318, 1239, 3487, 290, 815, 6152, 281, 12660, 416, 257, 3315, 4708, 13, 198, 30946, 9665, 17372, 11, 30874, 11, 290, 32692, 2356, 815, 635, 6152, 3315, 12660, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 13, 198, 12832, 316, 5669, 47806, 393, 309, 2645, 268, 349, 27357, 11, 1771, 23221, 393, 21391, 11, 460, 2728, 14352, 14383, 5287, 13, 10320, 6783, 12660, 290, 3513, 318, 2672, 13, 3738, 312, 6421, 284, 1805, 262, 14383, 460, 307, 2810, 11, 475, 389, 4050, 691, 618, 973, 1626, 257, 1178, 2250, 13, 9170, 428, 9572, 11, 25174, 5669, 47806, 27357, 460, 1085, 284, 14383, 5287, 290, 262, 761, 329, 14383, 23319, 13, 198, 2437, 318, 14383, 4369, 14641, 30, 198, 464, 7141, 13669, 286, 14383, 4369, 9018, 257, 2106, 290, 3518, 12452, 6157, 416, 262, 1535, 1337, 4708, 13, 28491, 262, 7460, 290, 262, 5827, 338, 2526, 5087, 329, 14383, 4369, 481, 1037, 5698, 597, 23584, 5254, 326, 743, 307, 3177, 13, 198, 15468, 2106, 318, 2408, 11, 2592, 287, 3871, 508, 5076, 5548, 13, 2312, 3871, 4327, 284, 17775, 511, 7327, 11, 290, 340, 318, 1690, 1641, 1866, 508, 389, 1498, 284, 2148, 262, 3376, 1321, 13, 198, 43, 1428, 4369, 460, 423, 3518, 6373, 326, 2689, 2048, 477, 1767, 3341, 1390, 262, 2612, 11, 21726, 11, 32956, 11, 4168, 11, 3632, 290, 10870, 2163, 11, 290, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 10927, 1080, 13, 383, 3518, 12452, 1690, 4433, 12660, 286, 262, 2104, 1767, 13, 198, 21659, 5254, 389, 7613, 287, 24171, 14383, 20881, 290, 2163, 13, 198, 32419, 14383, 2163, 2910, 5254, 2291, 25, 198, 6395, 2910, 5254, 743, 307, 3177, 11, 1390, 262, 1708, 25, 198, 3546, 3039, 3640, 743, 307, 973, 284, 38350, 11, 407, 691, 262, 14383, 11, 475, 584, 6716, 16613, 326, 743, 307, 3591, 839, 13, 21066, 286, 19560, 3640, 2291, 25, 198, 43, 1428, 3182, 44522, 743, 307, 3177, 284, 6216, 257, 2176, 13669, 286, 14383, 4369, 13, 4698, 1957, 281, 37531, 11, 257, 890, 7888, 17598, 318, 18846, 832, 262, 7721, 3355, 656, 262, 14383, 11, 810, 257, 1402, 6291, 286, 14383, 10712, 318, 6492, 329, 12452, 739, 257, 36396, 13, 198, 40266, 416, 16581, 929, 5540, 1052, 392, 11, 10670, 319, 718, 14, 1828, 14, 6999, 198, 7680, 364, 2648, 511, 3651, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 16386, 18233, 25, 4222, 2648, 534, 2614, 1998, 351, 14383, 4369, 13, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 46865, 18233, 25, 1002, 1900, 11, 3387, 2112, 262, 1744, 2728, 7, 82, 8, 286, 534, 14383, 4369, 13, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 21415, 18233, 25, 1867, 6982, 286, 3513, 11, 8185, 11, 393, 14103, 750, 345, 3328, 329, 534, 14383, 4369, 30, 198, 43, 1428, 17344, 532, 20011, 3736, 18233, 25, 4222, 6901, 262, 19481, 286, 14383, 4369, 5924, 416, 345, 11, 257, 3585, 11, 393, 1545, 13, 198, 3855, 262, 3452, 1535, 290, 3315, 1321, 6793, 1277, 284, 534, 13734, 17189, 0, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

656

1. A newborn baby's brain grows almost 3 times during the course of its first year. 2. The left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body. 3. A New born baby loses about half of their nerve cells before they are born. 4. As we get older, the brain loses almost one gram per year. 5. There are about 13, 500,00 neurons in the human spinal cord. 6. The total surface area of the human brain is about 25, 000 square cm. 7. The base of the spinal cord has a cluster of nerves, which are most sensitive. 8. An average adult male brain weighs about 1375 grams. 9. An average adult female brain is about 1275 grams. 10. Only four percent of the brain's cells work while the remaining cells are kept in reserve.

[ 16, 13, 317, 23856, 5156, 338, 3632, 13676, 2048, 513, 1661, 1141, 262, 1781, 286, 663, 717, 614, 13, 198, 17, 13, 383, 1364, 1735, 286, 1692, 3632, 6973, 262, 826, 1735, 286, 262, 1767, 290, 262, 826, 1735, 286, 262, 3632, 6973, 262, 1364, 1735, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 198, 18, 13, 317, 968, 4642, 5156, 14754, 546, 2063, 286, 511, 16384, 4778, 878, 484, 389, 4642, 13, 198, 19, 13, 1081, 356, 651, 4697, 11, 262, 3632, 14754, 2048, 530, 14599, 583, 614, 13, 198, 20, 13, 1318, 389, 546, 1511, 11, 5323, 11, 405, 16890, 287, 262, 1692, 26234, 15050, 13, 198, 21, 13, 383, 2472, 4417, 1989, 286, 262, 1692, 3632, 318, 546, 1679, 11, 12877, 6616, 12067, 13, 198, 22, 13, 383, 2779, 286, 262, 26234, 15050, 468, 257, 13946, 286, 25377, 11, 543, 389, 749, 8564, 13, 198, 23, 13, 1052, 2811, 4044, 4257, 3632, 24034, 546, 1511, 2425, 16379, 13, 198, 24, 13, 1052, 2811, 4044, 4048, 3632, 318, 546, 1105, 2425, 16379, 13, 198, 940, 13, 5514, 1440, 1411, 286, 262, 3632, 338, 4778, 670, 981, 262, 5637, 4778, 389, 4030, 287, 11515, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

193

Why Do Tomatoes Change Color as They Ripen? Tomatoes contain two pigments for photosynthesis—chlorophyll, which is green, and lycopene, which is red. When tomatoes start to grow, they contain much less lycopene than chlorophyll, which gives them their green color. But when harvest season arrives, the days shorten and temperatures drop, causing chlorophyll to dissolve and lycopene to take over the shade of the fruit. During this time, sugar levels rise, acid levels drop, and the tomato softens. It becomes ready to eat. The trick is that this final stage of a tomato’s life takes place in a relatively short period of time—and that poses a big problem for farmers trying to get ripe produce to grocery stores before it rots. Most farmers begin picking tomatoes while they’re still green on the vine, and then they treat them with a ripening agent called ethylene gas to induce the red color. Far from being a synthetic compound, ethylene gas is produced naturally by other fruits and vegetables as they ripen. In fact, bananas release ethylene gas directly into the air. If you place a ripe banana next to a green tomato, the tomato will ripen, too.

[ 5195, 2141, 4186, 15048, 9794, 5315, 355, 1119, 29496, 268, 30, 198, 13787, 15048, 3994, 734, 12967, 902, 329, 5205, 44411, 960, 36813, 16982, 297, 11, 543, 318, 4077, 11, 290, 22404, 22163, 1734, 11, 543, 318, 2266, 13, 1649, 23972, 923, 284, 1663, 11, 484, 3994, 881, 1342, 22404, 22163, 1734, 621, 20207, 16982, 297, 11, 543, 3607, 606, 511, 4077, 3124, 13, 887, 618, 13222, 1622, 14443, 11, 262, 1528, 45381, 290, 10101, 4268, 11, 6666, 20207, 16982, 297, 284, 33862, 290, 22404, 22163, 1734, 284, 1011, 625, 262, 17979, 286, 262, 8234, 13, 5856, 428, 640, 11, 7543, 2974, 4485, 11, 7408, 2974, 4268, 11, 290, 262, 24240, 2705, 641, 13, 632, 4329, 3492, 284, 4483, 13, 198, 464, 6908, 318, 326, 428, 2457, 3800, 286, 257, 24240, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 2753, 1295, 287, 257, 5365, 1790, 2278, 286, 640, 960, 392, 326, 17313, 257, 1263, 1917, 329, 9818, 2111, 284, 651, 29036, 4439, 284, 16918, 7000, 878, 340, 686, 912, 13, 4042, 9818, 2221, 10868, 23972, 981, 484, 447, 247, 260, 991, 4077, 319, 262, 17793, 11, 290, 788, 484, 2190, 606, 351, 257, 18344, 3101, 5797, 1444, 4555, 37880, 3623, 284, 21155, 262, 2266, 3124, 13, 6755, 422, 852, 257, 18512, 13061, 11, 4555, 37880, 3623, 318, 4635, 8752, 416, 584, 15921, 290, 13701, 355, 484, 18344, 268, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 35484, 2650, 4555, 37880, 3623, 3264, 656, 262, 1633, 13, 1002, 345, 1295, 257, 29036, 25996, 1306, 284, 257, 4077, 24240, 11, 262, 24240, 481, 18344, 268, 11, 1165, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

259

Address complex natural resource and climate change adaptation issues, with a focus on increasing resiliency in the face of drought and other external shocks. Poverty is widespread. Frequent drought, unpredictable harvests and sporadic conflicts put families and rural traditions at risk. Millions are still in urgent need of assistance after the worst drought the region has seen for 60 years. - Emergency response: Treating malnourished children with mobile health units, distributing water, vaccinating livestock, and providing work rebuilding community assets - Agriculture & Food: Improving crop yields and income generation of pastoral and farming households - Water: Building reservoirs and improving wells in drought-prone communities - Women & Gender: Providing scholarships for girls to continue in secondary school and vocational training to their mothers to generate more income - Conflict & Governance: Increasing good governance and mitigating inter-ethnic conflict in three volatile regions All stories about Ethiopia Ethiopia: Meeting drought-stricken families' urgent needs in Ethiopia July 13, 2011 Even before the current Horn of Africa drought reached its acute stage over the last several days, Mercy Corps was already hard at work on drought response activities throughout the region. So far, the majority of our drought-related activities have been in Ethiopia. Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya: Food crisis hits Horn of Africa July 6, 2011 Ethiopia: Tackling water poverty June 29, 2011 The lack of water accounts for enormous challenges for impoverished villages and families in Ethiopia. Mercy Corps is working with communities to ensure sustainable clean water for thousands of people. Ethiopia: Ethiopia: And the beat goes on February 25, 2011 Ethiopia: Learning how to run a business January 25, 2011 Thirty-year-old Felekech Indriss lives far out in the countryside in a village called Fuchucha, within the Konso region of Ethiopia, too far from any school where she can be educated. Ethiopia: Saving and succeeding January 23, 2011 Within Mercy Corps' PROSPER program, the Savings and Credit Cooperative project brings much confidence to women in the Konso district of Ethiopia. Once a woman has saved a small amount of money, she is able to join the savings co-op and become eligible to apply for small business loans. Ethiopia: Reading, finally January 22, 2011 They sit in the shade and practice writing for one hour each day, for five days a week. This is usually done in the morning, well before their daily chores begin. While they do this, their older children take care of the younger ones in order to support their mother's education. Ethiopia: Helping Ethiopian mothers protect their children January 21, 2011 It is astonishing to know that very simple solutions exist that will protect our youngest citizens against diseases, yet so few children have access to this basic health care in countries where it is most needed. Ethiopia: Improving health and education in Ethiopia January 20, 2011 Editor's note: Freelance photographer and Mercy Corps supporter Joni Kabana is traveling in Ethiopia and will be visiting our Empowering Ethiopian Girls for Peaceful Change initiative in the eastern part of the country. Ethiopia: Girls in eastern Ethiopia access literacy and vocational training for the first time November 30, 2010 In the city of Gode in eastern Ethiopia's Somali Regional State, Mercy Corps worked with a local vocational training center to set up a computer lab for local girls, in order to provide them with computer skills and literacy training.

[ 20231, 3716, 3288, 8271, 290, 4258, 1487, 16711, 2428, 11, 351, 257, 2962, 319, 3649, 581, 2403, 1387, 287, 262, 1986, 286, 18393, 290, 584, 7097, 32392, 13, 198, 47, 24085, 318, 10095, 13, 22192, 298, 18393, 11, 22900, 3971, 85, 3558, 290, 48172, 12333, 1234, 4172, 290, 10016, 15421, 379, 2526, 13, 39830, 389, 991, 287, 18039, 761, 286, 6829, 706, 262, 5290, 18393, 262, 3814, 468, 1775, 329, 3126, 812, 13, 198, 12, 18154, 2882, 25, 11217, 278, 6428, 77, 454, 1348, 1751, 351, 5175, 1535, 4991, 11, 25950, 1660, 11, 7041, 6010, 24424, 11, 290, 4955, 670, 25448, 2055, 6798, 198, 12, 19717, 1222, 7318, 25, 12205, 1075, 13833, 19299, 290, 3739, 5270, 286, 45950, 290, 16035, 12503, 198, 12, 5638, 25, 11819, 46637, 290, 10068, 22571, 287, 18393, 12, 46330, 5348, 198, 12, 6926, 1222, 20247, 25, 7518, 2530, 32055, 329, 4813, 284, 2555, 287, 9233, 1524, 290, 48368, 3047, 284, 511, 12289, 284, 7716, 517, 3739, 198, 12, 27863, 1222, 3948, 590, 25, 38921, 922, 18848, 290, 47165, 987, 12, 38546, 5358, 287, 1115, 22750, 7652, 198, 3237, 3923, 546, 31592, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 22244, 18393, 12, 2536, 5973, 4172, 6, 18039, 2476, 287, 31592, 2901, 1511, 11, 2813, 198, 6104, 878, 262, 1459, 13549, 286, 5478, 18393, 4251, 663, 14352, 3800, 625, 262, 938, 1811, 1528, 11, 30759, 12778, 373, 1541, 1327, 379, 670, 319, 18393, 2882, 4568, 3690, 262, 3814, 13, 1406, 1290, 11, 262, 3741, 286, 674, 18393, 12, 5363, 4568, 423, 587, 287, 31592, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 11, 23918, 11, 21506, 25, 7318, 4902, 7127, 13549, 286, 5478, 2901, 718, 11, 2813, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 309, 441, 1359, 1660, 8098, 2795, 2808, 11, 2813, 198, 464, 3092, 286, 1660, 5504, 329, 9812, 6459, 329, 35014, 15425, 290, 4172, 287, 31592, 13, 30759, 12778, 318, 1762, 351, 5348, 284, 4155, 13347, 3424, 1660, 329, 4138, 286, 661, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 31592, 25, 843, 262, 4405, 2925, 319, 3945, 1679, 11, 2813, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 18252, 703, 284, 1057, 257, 1597, 3269, 1679, 11, 2813, 198, 38856, 12, 1941, 12, 727, 5452, 293, 365, 354, 1423, 81, 747, 3160, 1290, 503, 287, 262, 25708, 287, 257, 7404, 1444, 376, 794, 48022, 11, 1626, 262, 17431, 568, 3814, 286, 31592, 11, 1165, 1290, 422, 597, 1524, 810, 673, 460, 307, 15657, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 34689, 290, 34195, 3269, 2242, 11, 2813, 198, 22005, 30759, 12778, 6, 4810, 2640, 18973, 1430, 11, 262, 40947, 290, 10504, 43457, 1628, 6774, 881, 6628, 284, 1466, 287, 262, 17431, 568, 4783, 286, 31592, 13, 4874, 257, 2415, 468, 7448, 257, 1402, 2033, 286, 1637, 11, 673, 318, 1498, 284, 4654, 262, 10653, 763, 12, 404, 290, 1716, 8867, 284, 4174, 329, 1402, 1597, 10021, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 11725, 11, 3443, 3269, 2534, 11, 2813, 198, 2990, 1650, 287, 262, 17979, 290, 3357, 3597, 329, 530, 1711, 1123, 1110, 11, 329, 1936, 1528, 257, 1285, 13, 770, 318, 3221, 1760, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 880, 878, 511, 4445, 46173, 2221, 13, 2893, 484, 466, 428, 11, 511, 4697, 1751, 1011, 1337, 286, 262, 7099, 3392, 287, 1502, 284, 1104, 511, 2802, 338, 3707, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 10478, 278, 47689, 12289, 1805, 511, 1751, 3269, 2310, 11, 2813, 198, 1026, 318, 21994, 284, 760, 326, 845, 2829, 8136, 2152, 326, 481, 1805, 674, 18887, 4290, 1028, 10040, 11, 1865, 523, 1178, 1751, 423, 1895, 284, 428, 4096, 1535, 1337, 287, 2678, 810, 340, 318, 749, 2622, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 12205, 1075, 1535, 290, 3707, 287, 31592, 3269, 1160, 11, 2813, 198, 17171, 338, 3465, 25, 4848, 417, 590, 16413, 290, 30759, 12778, 15525, 5966, 72, 28793, 2271, 318, 11300, 287, 31592, 290, 481, 307, 10013, 674, 2295, 6477, 278, 47689, 12002, 329, 12689, 913, 9794, 10219, 287, 262, 10183, 636, 286, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 40226, 14922, 544, 25, 12002, 287, 10183, 31592, 1895, 31231, 290, 48368, 3047, 329, 262, 717, 640, 3389, 1542, 11, 3050, 198, 818, 262, 1748, 286, 402, 1098, 287, 10183, 31592, 338, 30886, 15994, 1812, 11, 30759, 12778, 3111, 351, 257, 1957, 48368, 3047, 3641, 284, 900, 510, 257, 3644, 2248, 329, 1957, 4813, 11, 287, 1502, 284, 2148, 606, 351, 3644, 4678, 290, 31231, 3047, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

726

In the Roman Catholic church, the assembly of cardinals gathered to elect a new pope and the system of strict seclusion to which they submit. From 1059 the election became the responsibility of the cardinals. When, after the death of Clement IV (1268), the cardinals dithered for more than two years, the local magistrate locked them in the episcopal palace and fed them only bread and water until they elected Gregory X. The system of meeting in closed conclave was codified in 1904 by Pius X. Voting is by secret ballot; one ballot is held on the first afternoon of the conclave and four on each subsequent day, two in the morning and two in the afternoon, until a new pope is chosen. In 1996 John Paul II declared that, after 30 ballots, the traditional requirement of a two-thirds majority plus one for the election of a pope could be superseded, at the discretion of the cardinals, by election by a simple majority. Ballots are burned in a stove after each vote, and the smoke produced by their burning, which issues from a special pipe through a window, indicates to the crowd assembled in St. Peter's Square whether a new pope has been elected: if there is a new pope, the smoke will be white; if no majority has yet been reached, the smoke will be black. In addition, bells will be rung to confirm the signal. Additives are mixed with the ballots to ensure the proper colour of the smoke.

[ 818, 262, 7993, 7835, 4928, 11, 262, 10474, 286, 2657, 6897, 9272, 284, 1742, 257, 649, 26850, 290, 262, 1080, 286, 7646, 384, 4717, 284, 543, 484, 9199, 13, 3574, 838, 3270, 262, 3071, 2627, 262, 5798, 286, 262, 2657, 6897, 13, 1649, 11, 706, 262, 1918, 286, 27311, 8363, 357, 1065, 3104, 828, 262, 2657, 6897, 288, 270, 6083, 329, 517, 621, 734, 812, 11, 262, 1957, 38620, 8970, 606, 287, 262, 2462, 42522, 20562, 290, 11672, 606, 691, 8509, 290, 1660, 1566, 484, 7018, 20653, 1395, 13, 383, 1080, 286, 3249, 287, 4838, 369, 44281, 373, 14873, 1431, 287, 43785, 416, 350, 3754, 1395, 13, 30061, 318, 416, 3200, 11100, 26, 530, 11100, 318, 2714, 319, 262, 717, 6672, 286, 262, 369, 44281, 290, 1440, 319, 1123, 8840, 1110, 11, 734, 287, 262, 3329, 290, 734, 287, 262, 6672, 11, 1566, 257, 649, 26850, 318, 7147, 13, 554, 8235, 1757, 3362, 2873, 6875, 326, 11, 706, 1542, 20103, 11, 262, 4569, 9079, 286, 257, 734, 12, 17936, 3741, 5556, 530, 329, 262, 3071, 286, 257, 26850, 714, 307, 22754, 15395, 11, 379, 262, 14130, 286, 262, 2657, 6897, 11, 416, 3071, 416, 257, 2829, 3741, 13, 6932, 1747, 389, 11544, 287, 257, 27635, 706, 1123, 3015, 11, 290, 262, 7523, 4635, 416, 511, 9482, 11, 543, 2428, 422, 257, 2041, 12656, 832, 257, 4324, 11, 9217, 284, 262, 4315, 16030, 287, 520, 13, 5613, 338, 9276, 1771, 257, 649, 26850, 468, 587, 7018, 25, 611, 612, 318, 257, 649, 26850, 11, 262, 7523, 481, 307, 2330, 26, 611, 645, 3741, 468, 1865, 587, 4251, 11, 262, 7523, 481, 307, 2042, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 30987, 481, 307, 1057, 70, 284, 6216, 262, 6737, 13, 3060, 20288, 389, 7668, 351, 262, 20103, 284, 4155, 262, 1774, 9568, 286, 262, 7523, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

303

Metaphysics - The Study of the True Nature of Reality. Metaphysics has evolved over the centuries as human consciousness has developed to include science and spiritual awareness as tools to explore and observe the true nature of reality. Reality, or physical reality, includes everything we experience. Thoughts, ideas, emotions, perceptions, even what we call dreams and hallucinations, life and death; all are included in this experience that we call "reality". Science attempts to separate, categorize, quantify, and objectify physical experience, labeling certain aspects as "real" and others as "not real". Metaphysics includes science, and goes beyond it to encompass all aspects and dimensions of life experience as "real". Religion attempts to separate the physical from the non-physical, or spiritual, aspects of life experience, rejecting the physical and calling it "bad" or "evil" while embracing the spiritual and calling that "good" or even "God". Metaphysics goes beyond religions, recognizing that the physical and non-physical are one and not separate, neither good nor bad, and that everything is in fact what we might call "God". At this point in our conscious evolution, metaphysics has taken its place as the most comprehensive and most effective means of gaining knowledge and understanding or who we really are, why we are here, and the true nature of the physical Universe that we can perceive from our present point of view. While science helps us perceive and understand the qualities of various aspects of physical existence, and religion and spirituality can help us integrate what we call non-physical experience into our lives, it is only through metaphysical studies that the "big picture" can be seen and applied. The impact of gaining knowledge of the big picture and learning how to manipulate and affect our world at that level will lead to unimaginable developments in our technologies, social systems, health and well being, and our relationships to our planet and the Universe. To ignore metaphysics is to ignore the potential of our future; To embrace it is to embrace everything that life has to offer. So how can you study metaphysics? I have found the only reliable method is to access Truth from the Heart. By the Heart I mean that zero point in the Heart that connects us to Source, All That Is, God, or whatever you want to call it. Once you access this point, you will find your level of awareness expands in a way that permits your conscious mind to perceive physical reality more accurately and effectively. You will then find that the words you read, hear and experience coming from "others" are in fact mirrors reflecting back to you the Truth you perceived from the Heart. This is true Knowledge and it will replace belief as your main mode of conscious functioning. Learn how to access the Heart and continue your studies by exploring the links below. ~~ Spirituality: How Everything Is Connected. Many aspects of the physical world were once beyond the range of human perception. Spirituality is the exploration of those aspects of human experience that are still considered "non-physical" only because our technology cannot as yet measure or detect them. Ultimately, as science continues to explore spirituality, it discovers that everything is in fact connected. ~~ Famous Scientists and Philosophers. These famous scientists and thinkers have devoted a great deal of their lives and energy to the advancement of metaphysical knowledge and ideas. Most have made valuable contributions and advancements in areas that contribute directly to the quality of everyday human life. ~~ Cosmology and The Mayan Calendar - 2012. Today, scientists know that there are powerful electromagnetic fields emanating from the Earth, the Sun, the center of the Galaxy, and even our own Hearts. These electromagnetic fields affect and interact with each other. But what is most relevant to the Mayan Calendar and 2012 is the impact that these cycles, both large and small, have upon life on Earth. Featured Video: Metaphysics for Life Lesson 102 - How It Really Works.

[ 9171, 6570, 23154, 532, 383, 12481, 286, 262, 6407, 10362, 286, 22520, 13, 198, 9171, 6570, 23154, 468, 12572, 625, 262, 10675, 355, 1692, 10510, 468, 4166, 284, 2291, 3783, 290, 8557, 9359, 355, 4899, 284, 7301, 290, 12414, 262, 2081, 3450, 286, 3950, 13, 198, 3041, 1483, 11, 393, 3518, 3950, 11, 3407, 2279, 356, 1998, 13, 33058, 11, 4213, 11, 10825, 11, 23574, 11, 772, 644, 356, 869, 10625, 290, 40371, 11, 1204, 290, 1918, 26, 477, 389, 3017, 287, 428, 1998, 326, 356, 869, 366, 46290, 1911, 198, 26959, 6370, 284, 4553, 11, 17851, 1096, 11, 36336, 11, 290, 2134, 1958, 3518, 1998, 11, 27393, 1728, 7612, 355, 366, 5305, 1, 290, 1854, 355, 366, 1662, 1103, 1911, 3395, 6570, 23154, 3407, 3783, 11, 290, 2925, 3675, 340, 284, 44006, 477, 7612, 290, 15225, 286, 1204, 1998, 355, 366, 5305, 1911, 198, 6892, 17035, 6370, 284, 4553, 262, 3518, 422, 262, 1729, 12, 42854, 11, 393, 8557, 11, 7612, 286, 1204, 1998, 11, 26734, 262, 3518, 290, 4585, 340, 366, 14774, 1, 393, 366, 23542, 1, 981, 26005, 262, 8557, 290, 4585, 326, 366, 11274, 1, 393, 772, 366, 13482, 1911, 3395, 6570, 23154, 2925, 3675, 18879, 11, 22650, 326, 262, 3518, 290, 1729, 12, 42854, 389, 530, 290, 407, 4553, 11, 6159, 922, 4249, 2089, 11, 290, 326, 2279, 318, 287, 1109, 644, 356, 1244, 869, 366, 13482, 1911, 198, 2953, 428, 966, 287, 674, 6921, 6954, 11, 13738, 23154, 468, 2077, 663, 1295, 355, 262, 749, 9815, 290, 749, 4050, 1724, 286, 13977, 3725, 290, 4547, 393, 508, 356, 1107, 389, 11, 1521, 356, 389, 994, 11, 290, 262, 2081, 3450, 286, 262, 3518, 11950, 326, 356, 460, 19973, 422, 674, 1944, 966, 286, 1570, 13, 198, 3633, 3783, 5419, 514, 19973, 290, 1833, 262, 14482, 286, 2972, 7612, 286, 3518, 6224, 11, 290, 5737, 290, 39409, 460, 1037, 514, 19386, 644, 356, 869, 1729, 12, 42854, 1998, 656, 674, 3160, 11, 340, 318, 691, 832, 42031, 3640, 326, 262, 366, 14261, 4286, 1, 460, 307, 1775, 290, 5625, 13, 198, 464, 2928, 286, 13977, 3725, 286, 262, 1263, 4286, 290, 4673, 703, 284, 18510, 290, 2689, 674, 995, 379, 326, 1241, 481, 1085, 284, 44446, 13312, 287, 674, 8514, 11, 1919, 3341, 11, 1535, 290, 880, 852, 11, 290, 674, 6958, 284, 674, 5440, 290, 262, 11950, 13, 1675, 8856, 13738, 23154, 318, 284, 8856, 262, 2785, 286, 674, 2003, 26, 1675, 12553, 340, 318, 284, 12553, 2279, 326, 1204, 468, 284, 2897, 13, 198, 2396, 703, 460, 345, 2050, 13738, 23154, 30, 198, 40, 423, 1043, 262, 691, 9314, 2446, 318, 284, 1895, 14056, 422, 262, 8894, 13, 2750, 262, 8894, 314, 1612, 326, 6632, 966, 287, 262, 8894, 326, 20417, 514, 284, 8090, 11, 1439, 1320, 1148, 11, 1793, 11, 393, 4232, 345, 765, 284, 869, 340, 13, 4874, 345, 1895, 428, 966, 11, 345, 481, 1064, 534, 1241, 286, 9359, 27513, 287, 257, 835, 326, 13892, 534, 6921, 2000, 284, 19973, 3518, 3950, 517, 14351, 290, 6840, 13, 921, 481, 788, 1064, 326, 262, 2456, 345, 1100, 11, 3285, 290, 1998, 2406, 422, 366, 847, 82, 1, 389, 287, 1109, 22353, 20252, 736, 284, 345, 262, 14056, 345, 11067, 422, 262, 8894, 13, 770, 318, 2081, 20414, 290, 340, 481, 6330, 4901, 355, 534, 1388, 4235, 286, 6921, 15025, 13, 198, 20238, 703, 284, 1895, 262, 8894, 290, 2555, 534, 3640, 416, 13504, 262, 6117, 2174, 13, 198, 4907, 7710, 25775, 25, 1374, 11391, 1148, 8113, 276, 13, 198, 7085, 7612, 286, 262, 3518, 995, 547, 1752, 3675, 262, 2837, 286, 1692, 11202, 13, 7710, 25775, 318, 262, 13936, 286, 883, 7612, 286, 1692, 1998, 326, 389, 991, 3177, 366, 13159, 12, 42854, 1, 691, 780, 674, 3037, 2314, 355, 1865, 3953, 393, 4886, 606, 13, 24199, 11, 355, 3783, 4477, 284, 7301, 39409, 11, 340, 27472, 326, 2279, 318, 287, 1109, 5884, 13, 198, 4907, 43261, 23782, 290, 18880, 20856, 13, 198, 4711, 5863, 5519, 290, 30504, 423, 13378, 257, 1049, 1730, 286, 511, 3160, 290, 2568, 284, 262, 27647, 286, 42031, 3725, 290, 4213, 13, 4042, 423, 925, 8119, 9284, 290, 47220, 287, 3006, 326, 8676, 3264, 284, 262, 3081, 286, 10908, 1692, 1204, 13, 198, 4907, 10437, 29126, 290, 383, 1737, 272, 26506, 532, 2321, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 5519, 760, 326, 612, 389, 3665, 31094, 7032, 49085, 422, 262, 3668, 11, 262, 3825, 11, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 9252, 11, 290, 772, 674, 898, 20592, 13, 2312, 31094, 7032, 2689, 290, 9427, 351, 1123, 584, 13, 887, 644, 318, 749, 5981, 284, 262, 1737, 272, 26506, 290, 2321, 318, 262, 2928, 326, 777, 16006, 11, 1111, 1588, 290, 1402, 11, 423, 2402, 1204, 319, 3668, 13, 198, 37948, 7623, 25, 3395, 6570, 23154, 329, 5155, 12892, 261, 15143, 532, 1374, 632, 16123, 10933, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

808

James McNeill Whistler (American, 1834–1903) Charcoal and pastel on dark brown wove paper 11 3/4 x 7 1/4 in. (29.8 x 18.4 cm) Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1917 (17.97.5) Whistler went to Venice in the fall of 1879 with a commission to make etchings for the Fine Art Society of London and, thereby, to help repair his finances, which had been damaged by the lawsuit he had brought—and won—in 1878 against the English critic John Ruskin. During his sojourn, he also created about 100 pastels that feature the expanse of the city and its lagoon and vignettes of narrow alleyways and picturesquely worn buildings. Here, dark brown paper and sketchy black lines form an armature against which Whistler drew color patches that pertain to doorways, bits of drapery, and a few women and children. Seeing Whistler's Venice pastels on view in London in January 1881, a critic for The Times observed sympathetically: "These 'pastels' of Mr. Whistler are his perfect works—suggestive little pictures which, if he had tried to make them more than this, would have been deformed into elaborate failures. So it is that . . . Mr. Whistler, with his slightest sketch, sets the imagination going and makes us conjure up a picture of some well-remembered beauty."

[ 14731, 1982, 26538, 854, 396, 1754, 357, 7437, 11, 1248, 2682, 1906, 1129, 3070, 8, 198, 12441, 25140, 290, 1613, 417, 319, 3223, 7586, 266, 659, 3348, 198, 1157, 513, 14, 19, 2124, 767, 352, 14, 19, 287, 13, 357, 1959, 13, 23, 2124, 1248, 13, 19, 12067, 8, 198, 41589, 26914, 11740, 7557, 11, 24168, 357, 1558, 13, 5607, 13, 20, 8, 198, 1199, 396, 1754, 1816, 284, 29702, 287, 262, 2121, 286, 1248, 3720, 351, 257, 5810, 284, 787, 2123, 354, 654, 329, 262, 17867, 3683, 7023, 286, 3576, 290, 11, 12839, 11, 284, 1037, 9185, 465, 20903, 11, 543, 550, 587, 9694, 416, 262, 8087, 339, 550, 3181, 960, 392, 1839, 960, 259, 1248, 3695, 1028, 262, 3594, 4014, 1757, 9223, 5116, 13, 5856, 465, 523, 73, 1798, 11, 339, 635, 2727, 546, 1802, 1613, 1424, 326, 3895, 262, 1033, 40054, 286, 262, 1748, 290, 663, 19470, 2049, 290, 410, 570, 23014, 286, 7135, 23978, 1322, 290, 5986, 4188, 306, 12666, 6832, 13, 3423, 11, 3223, 7586, 3348, 290, 17548, 88, 2042, 3951, 1296, 281, 3211, 1300, 1028, 543, 854, 396, 1754, 9859, 3124, 16082, 326, 583, 3153, 284, 3420, 1322, 11, 10340, 286, 28841, 525, 88, 11, 290, 257, 1178, 1466, 290, 1751, 13, 25913, 854, 396, 1754, 338, 29702, 1613, 1424, 319, 1570, 287, 3576, 287, 3269, 1248, 6659, 11, 257, 4014, 329, 383, 3782, 6515, 10558, 265, 31786, 25, 366, 4711, 705, 30119, 1424, 6, 286, 1770, 13, 854, 396, 1754, 389, 465, 2818, 2499, 960, 47811, 425, 1310, 5986, 543, 11, 611, 339, 550, 3088, 284, 787, 606, 517, 621, 428, 11, 561, 423, 587, 390, 12214, 656, 15962, 15536, 13, 1406, 340, 318, 326, 764, 764, 764, 1770, 13, 854, 396, 1754, 11, 351, 465, 24917, 17548, 11, 5621, 262, 13843, 1016, 290, 1838, 514, 11644, 495, 510, 257, 4286, 286, 617, 880, 12, 2787, 368, 9451, 8737, 526, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

318

Chicago recently unrolled its pedestrian safety plan, joining the ranks of cities such as Portland and New York, which have their own plans for preventing serious pedestrian accidents. The Chicago plan has 250 recommendations to prevent injuries and fatalities. Could Fort Lauderdale benefit from a similar plan? Some of the recommendations in the Chicago policy could help prevent Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents as well: 1) Chicanes. Chicanes are extra turns added to a roadway to slow traffic down. Since in many cases Fort Lauderdale traffic accidents are caused by speeding, reducing traffic speed can be a good way to slash the risk of accidents. 2) Pedestrian islands. In some cases, Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents occur because a car enters a pedestrian area. Pedestrian islands keep pedestrians separated from cars and discourage pedestrians from entering traffic. 3) Midblock curb bumpouts. These narrow portions of a street to slow traffic, usually by extending the curb. This is yet another way to reduce speed in order to help prevent Fort Lauderdale car accidents. 4) A system for repairing two high-collision areas and four dangerous intersections each year. The Chicago plan calls for authorities to find and address dangerous intersections and corridors annually. Fort Lauderdale also has high collision areas and areas that are considered especially dangerous. Identifying and rectifying these problems can help prevent traffic accidents. 5) Speed humps. Reducing speed with speed bumps is effective, according to experts, because speed bumps work whether there is enforcement or not. Most cars will slow down rather than taking speed bumps at a high speed, making them more effective than simply lowering the speed limits. 6) Pedestrian scrambles. A pedestrian scramble stops all vehicle traffic at an intersection and allows pedestrians to walk in every direction at the same time. Pedestrians can even walk diagonally. Pedestrian scrambles work because they prevent pedestrians and cars from sharing an intersection at the same time. It helps prevent Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents caused by cars turning into a pedestrian area. 7) Road diets. Road diets reduce the number of lanes on some roads, reducing traffic and therefore crashes. Former Florida Bicycle and Pedestrian Coordinator Dan Burden is a fan of road diets, noting that they improve road safety and may help prevent Fort Lauderdale bicycle accidents and Florida traffic accidents. Roundabouts. These round intersections separate pedestrians from traffic entirely, by having pedestrians stay one car length outside of the intersection. When crossing this type of intersection, pedestrians only face oncoming traffic from one area and traffic is slowed down significantly in roundabouts, which could also reduce the risk of Fort Lauderdale traffic accidents. 9) An improved pedestrian network, including wayfinding systems and better walking access points to public transit. In some cases, Fort Lauderdale pedestrian accidents occur simply because pedestrians do not have safe areas to walk. For example, some neighborhoods do not have adequate sidewalks.

[ 25705, 2904, 555, 8375, 663, 22382, 3747, 1410, 11, 9679, 262, 9803, 286, 4736, 884, 355, 10727, 290, 968, 1971, 11, 543, 423, 511, 898, 3352, 329, 12174, 2726, 22382, 17390, 13, 383, 4842, 1410, 468, 8646, 10763, 284, 2948, 6821, 290, 30091, 13, 10347, 6401, 45577, 4414, 422, 257, 2092, 1410, 30, 2773, 286, 262, 10763, 287, 262, 4842, 2450, 714, 1037, 2948, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 355, 880, 25, 198, 16, 8, 48854, 7305, 13, 48854, 7305, 389, 3131, 4962, 2087, 284, 257, 35852, 284, 3105, 4979, 866, 13, 4619, 287, 867, 2663, 6401, 45577, 4979, 17390, 389, 4073, 416, 26347, 11, 8868, 4979, 2866, 460, 307, 257, 922, 835, 284, 24632, 262, 2526, 286, 17390, 13, 198, 17, 8, 13457, 395, 4484, 14807, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 3051, 780, 257, 1097, 14170, 257, 22382, 1989, 13, 13457, 395, 4484, 14807, 1394, 26735, 11266, 422, 5006, 290, 27518, 26735, 422, 8218, 4979, 13, 198, 18, 8, 7215, 9967, 20799, 13852, 5269, 13, 2312, 7135, 16690, 286, 257, 4675, 284, 3105, 4979, 11, 3221, 416, 16610, 262, 20799, 13, 770, 318, 1865, 1194, 835, 284, 4646, 2866, 287, 1502, 284, 1037, 2948, 6401, 45577, 1097, 17390, 13, 198, 19, 8, 317, 1080, 329, 39005, 734, 1029, 12, 26000, 1166, 3006, 290, 1440, 4923, 42085, 1123, 614, 13, 383, 4842, 1410, 3848, 329, 4773, 284, 1064, 290, 2209, 4923, 42085, 290, 32807, 13844, 13, 6401, 45577, 635, 468, 1029, 17661, 3006, 290, 3006, 326, 389, 3177, 2592, 4923, 13, 11440, 4035, 290, 13621, 4035, 777, 2761, 460, 1037, 2948, 4979, 17390, 13, 198, 20, 8, 8729, 1311, 862, 13, 2297, 25648, 2866, 351, 2866, 34029, 318, 4050, 11, 1864, 284, 6154, 11, 780, 2866, 34029, 670, 1771, 612, 318, 5394, 393, 407, 13, 4042, 5006, 481, 3105, 866, 2138, 621, 2263, 2866, 34029, 379, 257, 1029, 2866, 11, 1642, 606, 517, 4050, 621, 2391, 21683, 262, 2866, 7095, 13, 198, 21, 8, 13457, 395, 4484, 16701, 7689, 13, 317, 22382, 36755, 9911, 477, 4038, 4979, 379, 281, 16246, 290, 3578, 26735, 284, 2513, 287, 790, 4571, 379, 262, 976, 640, 13, 13457, 395, 19151, 460, 772, 2513, 2566, 1840, 453, 13, 13457, 395, 4484, 16701, 7689, 670, 780, 484, 2948, 26735, 290, 5006, 422, 7373, 281, 16246, 379, 262, 976, 640, 13, 632, 5419, 2948, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 4073, 416, 5006, 6225, 656, 257, 22382, 1989, 13, 198, 22, 8, 5567, 18977, 13, 5567, 18977, 4646, 262, 1271, 286, 15296, 319, 617, 9725, 11, 8868, 4979, 290, 4361, 17616, 13, 14466, 4744, 48444, 290, 13457, 395, 4484, 36831, 6035, 347, 42568, 318, 257, 4336, 286, 2975, 18977, 11, 10820, 326, 484, 2987, 2975, 3747, 290, 743, 1037, 2948, 6401, 45577, 17026, 17390, 290, 4744, 4979, 17390, 13, 198, 22685, 27880, 13, 2312, 2835, 42085, 4553, 26735, 422, 4979, 5000, 11, 416, 1719, 26735, 2652, 530, 1097, 4129, 2354, 286, 262, 16246, 13, 1649, 12538, 428, 2099, 286, 16246, 11, 26735, 691, 1986, 319, 4976, 4979, 422, 530, 1989, 290, 4979, 318, 20955, 866, 5566, 287, 2835, 27880, 11, 543, 714, 635, 4646, 262, 2526, 286, 6401, 45577, 4979, 17390, 13, 198, 24, 8, 1052, 6596, 22382, 3127, 11, 1390, 835, 41070, 3341, 290, 1365, 6155, 1895, 2173, 284, 1171, 11168, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 6401, 45577, 22382, 17390, 3051, 2391, 780, 26735, 466, 407, 423, 3338, 3006, 284, 2513, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 617, 14287, 466, 407, 423, 12872, 38282, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

579

curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) del_curterm, mvcur, putp, restartterm, set_curterm, setterm, setupterm, tigetflag, tigetnum, tigetstr, tparm, tputs, vid_attr, vid_puts, vidattr, vidputs - curses interfaces to terminfo database #include <curses.h> #include <term.h> int setupterm(char *term, int fildes, int *errret); int setterm(char *term); TERMINAL *set_curterm(TERMINAL *nterm); int del_curterm(TERMINAL *oterm); int restartterm(const char *term, int fildes, int *errret); char *tparm(char *str, ...); int tputs(const char *str, int affcnt, int (*putc)(int)); int putp(const char *str); int vidputs(chtype attrs, int (*putc)(int)); int vidattr(chtype attrs); int vid_puts(attr_t attrs, short pair, void *opts, int (*putc)(char)); int vid_attr(attr_t attrs, short pair, void *opts); int mvcur(int oldrow, int oldcol, int newrow, int newcol); int tigetflag(char *capname); int tigetnum(char *capname); char *tigetstr(char *capname); These low-level routines must be called by programs that have to deal directly with the terminfo database to handle certain terminal capabilities, such as programming function keys. For all other functionality, curses routines are more suitable and their use is recommended. Initially, setupterm should be called. Note that setupterm is automatically called by initscr and newterm. This de- fines the set of terminal-dependent variables [listed in terminfo(5)]. The terminfo variables lines and columns are initialized by setupterm as follows: If use_env(FALSE) has been called, values for lines and columns specified in ter- minfo are used. Otherwise, if the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS exist, their values are used. If these environment variables do not exist and the program is run- ning in a window, the current window size is used. Other- wise, if the environment variables do not exist, the values for lines and columns specified in the terminfo database are used. The header files curses.h and term.h should be included (in this order) to get the definitions for these strings, numbers, and flags. Parameterized strings should be passed through tparm to instantiate them. All terminfo strings [in- MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 1 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) cluding the output of tparm] should be printed with tputs or putp. Call the reset_shell_mode to restore the tty modes before exiting [see curs_kernel(3)]. Programs which use cursor addressing should output enter_ca_mode upon startup and should output exit_ca_mode before exiting. Programs desiring shell escapes should call reset_shell_mode and output exit_ca_mode before the shell is called and should output enter_ca_mode and call reset_prog_mode after returning from the shell. The setupterm routine reads in the terminfo database, ini- tializing the terminfo structures, but does not set up the output virtualization structures used by curses. The termi- nal type is the character string term; if term is null, the environment variable TERM is used. All output is to file descriptor fildes which is initialized for output. If errret is not null, then setupterm returns OK or ERR and stores a status value in the integer pointed to by errret. A return value of OK combined with status of 1 in errret is normal. If ERR is returned, examine errret: 1 means that the terminal is hardcopy, cannot be used for curses applications. 0 means that the terminal could not be found, or that it is a generic type, having too little in- formation for curses applications to run. -1 means that the terminfo database could not be found. If errret is null, setupterm prints an error message upon finding an error and exits. Thus, the simplest call is: setupterm((char *)0, 1, (int *)0);, which uses all the defaults and sends the output to stdout. The setterm routine is being replaced by setupterm. The call: setupterm(term, 1, (int *)0) provides the same functionality as setterm(term). The set- term routine is included here for BSD compatibility, and is not recommended for new programs. The set_curterm routine sets the variable cur_term to nterm, and makes all of the terminfo boolean, numeric, and string variables use the values from nterm. It returns the old value of cur_term. MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 2 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) The del_curterm routine frees the space pointed to by oterm and makes it available for further use. If oterm is the same as cur_term, references to any of the terminfo boolean, numeric, and string variables thereafter may refer to in- valid memory locations until another setupterm has been called. The restartterm routine is similar to setupterm and initscr, except that it is called after restoring memory to a previ- ous state (for example, when reloading a game saved as a core image dump). It assumes that the windows and the input and output options are the same as when memory was saved, but the terminal type and baud rate may be different. Ac- cordingly, it saves various tty state bits, does a setup- term, and then restores the bits. The tparm routine instantiates the string str with parame- ters pi. A pointer is returned to the result of str with the parameters applied. The tputs routine applies padding information to the string str and outputs it. The str must be a terminfo string vari- able or the return value from tparm, tgetstr, or tgoto. affcnt is the number of lines affected, or 1 if not applica- ble. putc is a putchar-like routine to which the characters are passed, one at a time. The putp routine calls tputs(str, 1, putchar). Note that the output of putp always goes to stdout, not to the fildes specified in setupterm. The vidputs routine displays the string on the terminal in the video attribute mode attrs, which is any combination of the attributes listed in curses(3). The characters are passed to the putchar-like routine putc. The vidattr routine is like the vidputs routine, except that it outputs through putchar. The vid_attr and vid_puts routines correspond to vidattr and vidputs, respectively. They use a set of arguments for representing the video attributes plus color, i.e., one of type attr_t for the attributes and one of short for the color_pair number. The vid_attr and vid_puts routines are designed to use the attribute constants with the WA_ prefix. The opts argument is reserved for future use. Currently, ap- plications must provide a null pointer for that argument. The mvcur routine provides low-level cursor motion. It takes effect immediately (rather than at the next refresh). MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 3 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) The tigetflag, tigetnum and tigetstr routines return the value of the capability corresponding to the terminfo cap- name passed to them, such as xenl. The tigetflag routine returns the value -1 if capname is not a boolean capability, or 0 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. The tigetnum routine returns the value -2 if capname is not a numeric capability, or -1 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. The tigetstr routine returns the value (char *)-1 if capname is not a string capability, or 0 if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description. The capname for each capability is given in the table column entitled capname code in the capabilities section of termin- fo(5). char *boolnames, *boolcodes, *boolfnames char *numnames, *numcodes, *numfnames char *strnames, *strcodes, *strfnames These null-terminated arrays contain the capnames, the termcap codes, and the full C names, for each of the termin- fo variables. Routines that return an integer return ERR upon failure and OK (SVr4 only specifies "an integer value other than ERR") upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descriptions. Routines that return pointers always return NULL on error. X/Open defines no error conditions. In this implementation del_curterm returns an error if its terminal parameter is null. restartterm returns an error if the associated call to setup- term returns an error. setupterm returns an error if it cannot allocate enough memory, or create the initial windows (stdscr, curscr, newscr). Other error conditions are docu- MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 4 curs_terminfo(3) UNIX Programmer's Manual curs_terminfo(3) mented above. The setupterm routine should be used in place of setterm. It may be useful when you want to test for terminal capabili- ties without committing to the allocation of storage in- volved in initscr. Note that vidattr and vidputs may be macros. The function setterm is not described in the XSI Curses standard and must be considered non-portable. All other functions are as described in the XSI curses standard. In System V Release 4, set_curterm has an int return type and returns OK or ERR. We have chosen to implement the XSI Curses semantics. In System V Release 4, the third argument of tputs has the type int (*putc)(char). The XSI Curses standard prototypes tparm with a fixed number of parameters, rather than a variable argument list. This implementation uses a variable argument list. Portable ap- plications should provide 9 parameters after the format; zeroes are fine for this purpose. XSI notes that after calling mvcur, the curses state may not match the actual terminal state, and that an application should touch and refresh the window before resuming normal curses calls. Both ncurses and System V Release 4 curses im- plement mvcur using the SCREEN data allocated in either in- itscr or newterm. So though it is documented as a terminfo function, mvcur is really a curses function which is not well specified. curses(3), curs_initscr(3), curs_kernel(3), curs_termcap(3), putc(3), terminfo(5) MirOS BSD #10-current Printed 26.4.2013 5 Generated on 2013-04-27 00:20:00 by $MirOS: src/scripts/roff2htm,v 1.77 2013/01/01 20:49:09 tg Exp $ These manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers; their source is available at our CVSweb, AnonCVS, and other mirrors. The rest is Copyright © 2002‒2013 The MirOS Project, Germany. This product includes material provided by Thorsten Glaser. This manual page’s HTML representation is supposed to be valid XHTML/1.1; if not, please send a bug report – diffs preferred.

[ 66, 1834, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 198, 12381, 62, 22019, 4354, 11, 285, 85, 22019, 11, 1234, 79, 11, 15765, 4354, 11, 900, 62, 22019, 4354, 11, 900, 4354, 11, 9058, 4354, 11, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 11, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 11, 256, 328, 316, 2536, 11, 256, 79, 1670, 11, 256, 1996, 82, 11, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 11, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 11, 410, 312, 35226, 11, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 532, 43878, 20314, 284, 5651, 6513, 6831, 198, 2, 17256, 1279, 66, 46998, 13, 71, 29, 1303, 17256, 1279, 4354, 13, 71, 29, 493, 9058, 4354, 7, 10641, 1635, 4354, 11, 493, 277, 688, 274, 11, 493, 1635, 8056, 1186, 1776, 493, 900, 4354, 7, 10641, 1635, 4354, 1776, 28994, 44, 17961, 1635, 2617, 62, 22019, 4354, 7, 5781, 44, 17961, 1635, 77, 4354, 1776, 493, 1619, 62, 22019, 4354, 7, 5781, 44, 17961, 1635, 313, 7780, 1776, 493, 15765, 4354, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 4354, 11, 493, 277, 688, 274, 11, 493, 1635, 8056, 1186, 1776, 1149, 1635, 34788, 1670, 7, 10641, 1635, 2536, 11, 2644, 1776, 493, 256, 1996, 82, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 2536, 11, 493, 1527, 66, 429, 11, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 600, 18125, 493, 1234, 79, 7, 9979, 1149, 1635, 2536, 1776, 493, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 7, 354, 4906, 708, 3808, 11, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 600, 18125, 493, 410, 312, 35226, 7, 354, 4906, 708, 3808, 1776, 493, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 7, 35226, 62, 83, 708, 3808, 11, 1790, 5166, 11, 7951, 1635, 404, 912, 11, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 10641, 18125, 493, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 7, 35226, 62, 83, 708, 3808, 11, 1790, 5166, 11, 7951, 1635, 404, 912, 1776, 493, 285, 85, 22019, 7, 600, 1468, 808, 11, 493, 1468, 4033, 11, 493, 649, 808, 11, 493, 649, 4033, 1776, 493, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 7, 10641, 1635, 11128, 3672, 1776, 493, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 7, 10641, 1635, 11128, 3672, 1776, 1149, 1635, 83, 328, 316, 2536, 7, 10641, 1635, 11128, 3672, 1776, 198, 4711, 1877, 12, 5715, 31878, 1276, 307, 1444, 416, 4056, 326, 423, 284, 1730, 3264, 351, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 284, 5412, 1728, 12094, 9889, 11, 884, 355, 8300, 2163, 8251, 13, 1114, 477, 584, 11244, 11, 43878, 31878, 389, 517, 11080, 290, 511, 779, 318, 7151, 13, 30900, 11, 9058, 4354, 815, 307, 1444, 13, 5740, 326, 9058, 4354, 318, 6338, 1444, 416, 287, 896, 6098, 290, 649, 4354, 13, 770, 390, 12, 17176, 262, 900, 286, 12094, 12, 21186, 9633, 685, 17935, 287, 5651, 6513, 7, 20, 25295, 383, 5651, 6513, 9633, 3951, 290, 15180, 389, 23224, 416, 9058, 4354, 355, 5679, 25, 1002, 779, 62, 24330, 7, 37, 23719, 8, 468, 587, 1444, 11, 3815, 329, 3951, 290, 15180, 7368, 287, 1059, 12, 949, 6513, 389, 973, 13, 15323, 11, 611, 262, 2858, 9633, 43277, 1546, 290, 20444, 5883, 8035, 2152, 11, 511, 3815, 389, 973, 13, 1002, 777, 2858, 9633, 466, 407, 2152, 290, 262, 1430, 318, 1057, 12, 299, 278, 287, 257, 4324, 11, 262, 1459, 4324, 2546, 318, 973, 13, 3819, 12, 10787, 11, 611, 262, 2858, 9633, 466, 407, 2152, 11, 262, 3815, 329, 3951, 290, 15180, 7368, 287, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 389, 973, 13, 383, 13639, 3696, 43878, 13, 71, 290, 3381, 13, 71, 815, 307, 3017, 357, 259, 428, 1502, 8, 284, 651, 262, 17336, 329, 777, 13042, 11, 3146, 11, 290, 9701, 13, 25139, 2357, 1143, 13042, 815, 307, 3804, 832, 256, 79, 1670, 284, 9113, 9386, 606, 13, 1439, 5651, 6513, 13042, 685, 259, 12, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 352, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 537, 26570, 262, 5072, 286, 256, 79, 1670, 60, 815, 307, 10398, 351, 256, 1996, 82, 393, 1234, 79, 13, 4889, 262, 13259, 62, 29149, 62, 14171, 284, 11169, 262, 256, 774, 12881, 878, 33895, 685, 3826, 13882, 62, 33885, 7, 18, 25295, 26179, 543, 779, 23493, 13593, 815, 5072, 3802, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 2402, 13693, 290, 815, 5072, 8420, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 878, 33895, 13, 26179, 748, 3428, 7582, 32695, 815, 869, 13259, 62, 29149, 62, 14171, 290, 5072, 8420, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 878, 262, 7582, 318, 1444, 290, 815, 5072, 3802, 62, 6888, 62, 14171, 290, 869, 13259, 62, 1676, 70, 62, 14171, 706, 8024, 422, 262, 7582, 13, 383, 9058, 4354, 8027, 9743, 287, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 11, 287, 72, 12, 256, 498, 2890, 262, 5651, 6513, 8573, 11, 475, 857, 407, 900, 510, 262, 5072, 7166, 1634, 8573, 973, 416, 43878, 13, 383, 3381, 72, 12, 299, 282, 2099, 318, 262, 2095, 4731, 3381, 26, 611, 3381, 318, 9242, 11, 262, 2858, 7885, 28994, 44, 318, 973, 13, 1439, 5072, 318, 284, 2393, 43087, 277, 688, 274, 543, 318, 23224, 329, 5072, 13, 1002, 11454, 1186, 318, 407, 9242, 11, 788, 9058, 4354, 5860, 7477, 393, 13793, 49, 290, 7000, 257, 3722, 1988, 287, 262, 18253, 6235, 284, 416, 11454, 1186, 13, 317, 1441, 1988, 286, 7477, 5929, 351, 3722, 286, 352, 287, 11454, 1186, 318, 3487, 13, 1002, 13793, 49, 318, 4504, 11, 10716, 11454, 1186, 25, 352, 1724, 326, 262, 12094, 318, 1327, 30073, 11, 2314, 307, 973, 329, 43878, 5479, 13, 657, 1724, 326, 262, 12094, 714, 407, 307, 1043, 11, 393, 326, 340, 318, 257, 14276, 2099, 11, 1719, 1165, 1310, 287, 12, 9978, 329, 43878, 5479, 284, 1057, 13, 532, 16, 1724, 326, 262, 5651, 6513, 6831, 714, 407, 307, 1043, 13, 1002, 11454, 1186, 318, 9242, 11, 9058, 4354, 20842, 281, 4049, 3275, 2402, 4917, 281, 4049, 290, 30151, 13, 6660, 11, 262, 24043, 869, 318, 25, 9058, 4354, 19510, 10641, 31936, 15, 11, 352, 11, 357, 600, 31936, 15, 1776, 11, 543, 3544, 477, 262, 26235, 290, 12800, 262, 5072, 284, 14367, 448, 13, 383, 900, 4354, 8027, 318, 852, 6928, 416, 9058, 4354, 13, 383, 869, 25, 9058, 4354, 7, 4354, 11, 352, 11, 357, 600, 31936, 15, 8, 3769, 262, 976, 11244, 355, 900, 4354, 7, 4354, 737, 383, 900, 12, 3381, 8027, 318, 3017, 994, 329, 347, 10305, 17764, 11, 290, 318, 407, 7151, 329, 649, 4056, 13, 383, 900, 62, 22019, 4354, 8027, 5621, 262, 7885, 1090, 62, 4354, 284, 299, 4354, 11, 290, 1838, 477, 286, 262, 5651, 6513, 25131, 11, 35575, 11, 290, 4731, 9633, 779, 262, 3815, 422, 299, 4354, 13, 632, 5860, 262, 1468, 1988, 286, 1090, 62, 4354, 13, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 362, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 383, 1619, 62, 22019, 4354, 8027, 2030, 274, 262, 2272, 6235, 284, 416, 267, 4354, 290, 1838, 340, 1695, 329, 2252, 779, 13, 1002, 267, 4354, 318, 262, 976, 355, 1090, 62, 4354, 11, 10288, 284, 597, 286, 262, 5651, 6513, 25131, 11, 35575, 11, 290, 4731, 9633, 19547, 743, 3522, 284, 287, 12, 4938, 4088, 7064, 1566, 1194, 9058, 4354, 468, 587, 1444, 13, 383, 15765, 4354, 8027, 318, 2092, 284, 9058, 4354, 290, 287, 896, 6098, 11, 2845, 326, 340, 318, 1444, 706, 25646, 4088, 284, 257, 8654, 72, 12, 267, 385, 1181, 357, 1640, 1672, 11, 618, 18126, 278, 257, 983, 7448, 355, 257, 4755, 2939, 10285, 737, 632, 18533, 326, 262, 9168, 290, 262, 5128, 290, 5072, 3689, 389, 262, 976, 355, 618, 4088, 373, 7448, 11, 475, 262, 12094, 2099, 290, 275, 3885, 2494, 743, 307, 1180, 13, 4013, 12, 269, 1284, 306, 11, 340, 16031, 2972, 256, 774, 1181, 10340, 11, 857, 257, 9058, 12, 3381, 11, 290, 788, 45815, 262, 10340, 13, 383, 256, 79, 1670, 8027, 9113, 32820, 262, 4731, 965, 351, 1582, 480, 12, 256, 364, 31028, 13, 317, 17562, 318, 4504, 284, 262, 1255, 286, 965, 351, 262, 10007, 5625, 13, 383, 256, 1996, 82, 8027, 8991, 24511, 1321, 284, 262, 4731, 965, 290, 23862, 340, 13, 383, 965, 1276, 307, 257, 5651, 6513, 4731, 5553, 12, 1498, 393, 262, 1441, 1988, 422, 256, 79, 1670, 11, 256, 1136, 2536, 11, 393, 256, 70, 2069, 13, 1527, 66, 429, 318, 262, 1271, 286, 3951, 5676, 11, 393, 352, 611, 407, 2161, 64, 12, 7245, 13, 1234, 66, 318, 257, 1234, 10641, 12, 2339, 8027, 284, 543, 262, 3435, 389, 3804, 11, 530, 379, 257, 640, 13, 383, 1234, 79, 8027, 3848, 256, 1996, 82, 7, 2536, 11, 352, 11, 1234, 10641, 737, 5740, 326, 262, 5072, 286, 1234, 79, 1464, 2925, 284, 14367, 448, 11, 407, 284, 262, 277, 688, 274, 7368, 287, 9058, 4354, 13, 383, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 8027, 11298, 262, 4731, 319, 262, 12094, 287, 262, 2008, 11688, 4235, 708, 3808, 11, 543, 318, 597, 6087, 286, 262, 12608, 5610, 287, 43878, 7, 18, 737, 383, 3435, 389, 3804, 284, 262, 1234, 10641, 12, 2339, 8027, 1234, 66, 13, 383, 410, 312, 35226, 8027, 318, 588, 262, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 8027, 11, 2845, 326, 340, 23862, 832, 1234, 10641, 13, 383, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 31878, 6053, 284, 410, 312, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 11, 8148, 13, 1119, 779, 257, 900, 286, 7159, 329, 10200, 262, 2008, 12608, 5556, 3124, 11, 1312, 13, 68, 1539, 530, 286, 2099, 708, 81, 62, 83, 329, 262, 12608, 290, 530, 286, 1790, 329, 262, 3124, 62, 24874, 1271, 13, 383, 410, 312, 62, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 62, 1996, 82, 31878, 389, 3562, 284, 779, 262, 11688, 38491, 351, 262, 16400, 62, 21231, 13, 383, 2172, 82, 4578, 318, 10395, 329, 2003, 779, 13, 16888, 11, 2471, 12, 458, 3736, 1276, 2148, 257, 9242, 17562, 329, 326, 4578, 13, 383, 285, 85, 22019, 8027, 3769, 1877, 12, 5715, 23493, 6268, 13, 632, 2753, 1245, 3393, 357, 34330, 621, 379, 262, 1306, 14976, 737, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 513, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 383, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 11, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 290, 256, 328, 316, 2536, 31878, 1441, 262, 1988, 286, 262, 12971, 11188, 284, 262, 5651, 6513, 1451, 12, 1438, 3804, 284, 606, 11, 884, 355, 27132, 75, 13, 383, 256, 328, 316, 32109, 8027, 5860, 262, 1988, 532, 16, 611, 1451, 3672, 318, 407, 257, 25131, 12971, 11, 393, 657, 611, 340, 318, 19994, 393, 13717, 422, 262, 12094, 6764, 13, 383, 256, 328, 316, 22510, 8027, 5860, 262, 1988, 532, 17, 611, 1451, 3672, 318, 407, 257, 35575, 12971, 11, 393, 532, 16, 611, 340, 318, 19994, 393, 13717, 422, 262, 12094, 6764, 13, 383, 256, 328, 316, 2536, 8027, 5860, 262, 1988, 357, 10641, 1635, 13219, 16, 611, 1451, 3672, 318, 407, 257, 4731, 12971, 11, 393, 657, 611, 340, 318, 19994, 393, 13717, 422, 262, 12094, 6764, 13, 383, 1451, 3672, 329, 1123, 12971, 318, 1813, 287, 262, 3084, 5721, 9080, 1451, 3672, 2438, 287, 262, 9889, 2665, 286, 5651, 12, 11511, 7, 20, 737, 1149, 1635, 30388, 14933, 11, 1635, 30388, 40148, 11, 1635, 30388, 69, 14933, 1149, 1635, 77, 4182, 1047, 11, 1635, 22510, 40148, 11, 1635, 22510, 69, 14933, 1149, 1635, 2536, 14933, 11, 1635, 2536, 40148, 11, 1635, 2536, 69, 14933, 2312, 9242, 12, 23705, 515, 26515, 3994, 262, 1451, 14933, 11, 262, 3381, 11128, 12416, 11, 290, 262, 1336, 327, 3891, 11, 329, 1123, 286, 262, 5651, 12, 11511, 9633, 13, 198, 49, 448, 1127, 326, 1441, 281, 18253, 1441, 13793, 49, 2402, 5287, 290, 7477, 357, 50, 53, 81, 19, 691, 26052, 366, 272, 18253, 1988, 584, 621, 13793, 49, 4943, 2402, 4388, 11939, 11, 4556, 4306, 4367, 287, 262, 18148, 8027, 16969, 13, 39602, 1127, 326, 1441, 32007, 1464, 1441, 15697, 319, 4049, 13, 1395, 14, 11505, 15738, 645, 4049, 3403, 13, 554, 428, 7822, 1619, 62, 22019, 4354, 5860, 281, 4049, 611, 663, 12094, 11507, 318, 9242, 13, 15765, 4354, 5860, 281, 4049, 611, 262, 3917, 869, 284, 9058, 12, 3381, 5860, 281, 4049, 13, 9058, 4354, 5860, 281, 4049, 611, 340, 2314, 31935, 1576, 4088, 11, 393, 2251, 262, 4238, 9168, 357, 19282, 1416, 81, 11, 1090, 1416, 81, 11, 649, 1416, 81, 737, 3819, 4049, 3403, 389, 2205, 84, 12, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 604, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 4725, 10426, 6118, 647, 338, 17969, 13882, 62, 23705, 6513, 7, 18, 8, 285, 4714, 2029, 13, 198, 464, 9058, 4354, 8027, 815, 307, 973, 287, 1295, 286, 900, 4354, 13, 632, 743, 307, 4465, 618, 345, 765, 284, 1332, 329, 12094, 1451, 397, 2403, 12, 8470, 1231, 17222, 284, 262, 20157, 286, 6143, 287, 12, 2322, 1079, 287, 287, 896, 6098, 13, 5740, 326, 410, 312, 35226, 290, 410, 312, 1996, 82, 743, 307, 34749, 13, 198, 464, 2163, 900, 4354, 318, 407, 3417, 287, 262, 1395, 11584, 327, 46998, 3210, 290, 1276, 307, 3177, 1729, 12, 634, 540, 13, 1439, 584, 5499, 389, 355, 3417, 287, 262, 1395, 11584, 43878, 3210, 13, 554, 4482, 569, 13868, 604, 11, 900, 62, 22019, 4354, 468, 281, 493, 1441, 2099, 290, 5860, 7477, 393, 13793, 49, 13, 775, 423, 7147, 284, 3494, 262, 1395, 11584, 327, 46998, 33815, 13, 554, 4482, 569, 13868, 604, 11, 262, 2368, 4578, 286, 256, 1996, 82, 468, 262, 2099, 493, 20789, 1996, 66, 5769, 10641, 737, 383, 1395, 11584, 327, 46998, 3210, 32338, 256, 79, 1670, 351, 257, 5969, 1271, 286, 10007, 11, 2138, 621, 257, 7885, 4578, 1351, 13, 770, 7822, 3544, 257, 7885, 4578, 1351, 13, 44685, 2471, 12, 458, 3736, 815, 2148, 860, 10007, 706, 262, 5794, 26, 1976, 263, 3028, 389, 3734, 329, 428, 4007, 13, 1395, 11584, 4710, 326, 706, 4585, 285, 85, 22019, 11, 262, 43878, 1181, 743, 407, 2872, 262, 4036, 12094, 1181, 11, 290, 326, 281, 3586, 815, 3638, 290, 14976, 262, 4324, 878, 581, 12595, 3487, 43878, 3848, 13, 5747, 299, 66, 46998, 290, 4482, 569, 13868, 604, 43878, 545, 12, 279, 1732, 285, 85, 22019, 1262, 262, 6374, 2200, 1677, 1366, 19171, 287, 2035, 287, 12, 663, 6098, 393, 649, 4354, 13, 1406, 996, 340, 318, 12395, 355, 257, 5651, 6513, 2163, 11, 285, 85, 22019, 318, 1107, 257, 43878, 2163, 543, 318, 407, 880, 7368, 13, 198, 66, 46998, 7, 18, 828, 13882, 62, 259, 896, 6098, 7, 18, 828, 13882, 62, 33885, 7, 18, 828, 13882, 62, 4354, 11128, 7, 18, 828, 1234, 66, 7, 18, 828, 5651, 6513, 7, 20, 8, 7381, 2640, 347, 10305, 1303, 940, 12, 14421, 38482, 2608, 13, 19, 13, 6390, 642, 198, 8645, 515, 319, 2211, 12, 3023, 12, 1983, 3571, 25, 1238, 25, 405, 416, 720, 27453, 2640, 25, 12351, 14, 46521, 14, 305, 487, 17, 19211, 11, 85, 352, 13, 3324, 2211, 14, 486, 14, 486, 1160, 25, 2920, 25, 2931, 256, 70, 5518, 720, 198, 4711, 10107, 5468, 290, 584, 10314, 389, 33696, 416, 511, 11756, 8786, 26, 198, 24571, 2723, 318, 1695, 379, 674, 327, 20304, 12384, 11, 198, 2025, 261, 34, 20304, 11, 290, 584, 22353, 13, 383, 1334, 318, 15069, 10673, 6244, 447, 240, 6390, 383, 7381, 2640, 4935, 11, 4486, 13, 198, 1212, 1720, 3407, 2587, 2810, 416, 13002, 26400, 2671, 6005, 13, 198, 1212, 10107, 2443, 447, 247, 82, 11532, 10552, 318, 4385, 284, 307, 4938, 1395, 28656, 14, 16, 13, 16, 26, 611, 407, 11, 3387, 3758, 257, 5434, 989, 784, 814, 82, 9871, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,633

The right hook, when a right-turning vehicle collides with a bicycle traveling straight-through, can be prevented with assertive lane position and never passing on the right. Another common bike-car collision is the left hook, when an oncoming car turns left into the path of a bicyclist going straight through an intersection. The reason for this is the same as for most car-bike collisions: the motorist doesn’t see the bicycle. That may come as a surprise, because in the left hook situation, the motorist is facing the cyclist. The failure of a motorist to see a bicycle right in front of him can be explained by the “Moonwalking bear test”, a short video which challenges the viewer to count the number of times a ball is passed between players in white. The viewer is so focused on counting passes that he never sees the prominent moonwalking bear. Motorists and bicyclists alike don’t see what we aren’t looking for. A motorist making a left turn may be looking for oncoming cars, cars coming from the right or left, and cars that may be already in the target lane. In places like Kirksville where there aren’t a lot of bicycles, motorists don’t expect to see them, and aren’t looking for them. As a motorist, you can prevent a left hook by avoiding distractions while driving (such as talking or texting) and by watching for bicycles. As a cyclist, you can prevent a left hook using again the Third Layer of Crash Prevention, “Discourage drivers’ mistakes” with an assertive lane position. Allow at least an arm’s length from the edge of the road, but when approaching an intersection, especially if an oncoming motorist is waiting to turn left, move more toward the center of the lane. (Always check behind before changing your lane or your lane position). This assertive lane position makes you more visible. Finally, keep an eye on the oncoming traffic, whether or not you see a turn signal. Being aware that a motorist might make that left turn even though you have the right of way can give you that extra bit of reaction time you need to avoid a collision.

[ 464, 826, 8011, 11, 618, 257, 826, 12, 15344, 278, 4038, 2927, 1460, 351, 257, 17026, 11300, 3892, 12, 9579, 11, 460, 307, 13351, 351, 6818, 425, 11193, 2292, 290, 1239, 6427, 319, 262, 826, 13, 6023, 2219, 7161, 12, 7718, 17661, 318, 262, 1364, 8011, 11, 618, 281, 319, 4976, 1097, 4962, 1364, 656, 262, 3108, 286, 257, 48094, 396, 1016, 3892, 832, 281, 16246, 13, 198, 464, 1738, 329, 428, 318, 262, 976, 355, 329, 749, 1097, 12, 32256, 31998, 25, 262, 5584, 396, 1595, 447, 247, 83, 766, 262, 17026, 13, 1320, 743, 1282, 355, 257, 5975, 11, 780, 287, 262, 1364, 8011, 3074, 11, 262, 5584, 396, 318, 6476, 262, 34632, 13, 383, 5287, 286, 257, 5584, 396, 284, 766, 257, 17026, 826, 287, 2166, 286, 683, 460, 307, 4893, 416, 262, 564, 250, 31640, 44065, 6842, 1332, 447, 251, 11, 257, 1790, 2008, 543, 6459, 262, 19091, 284, 954, 262, 1271, 286, 1661, 257, 2613, 318, 3804, 1022, 1938, 287, 2330, 13, 383, 19091, 318, 523, 5670, 319, 14143, 8318, 326, 339, 1239, 7224, 262, 9208, 8824, 44065, 6842, 13, 198, 34919, 1023, 290, 48094, 1023, 12936, 836, 447, 247, 83, 766, 644, 356, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 2045, 329, 13, 317, 5584, 396, 1642, 257, 1364, 1210, 743, 307, 2045, 329, 319, 4976, 5006, 11, 5006, 2406, 422, 262, 826, 393, 1364, 11, 290, 5006, 326, 743, 307, 1541, 287, 262, 2496, 11193, 13, 554, 4113, 588, 7385, 591, 4244, 810, 612, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 257, 1256, 286, 35426, 11, 32688, 836, 447, 247, 83, 1607, 284, 766, 606, 11, 290, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 2045, 329, 606, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 5584, 396, 11, 345, 460, 2948, 257, 1364, 8011, 416, 14928, 38085, 981, 5059, 357, 10508, 355, 3375, 393, 36634, 8, 290, 416, 4964, 329, 35426, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 34632, 11, 345, 460, 2948, 257, 1364, 8011, 1262, 757, 262, 10467, 34398, 286, 23653, 18313, 11, 564, 250, 15642, 32885, 6643, 447, 247, 10135, 447, 251, 351, 281, 6818, 425, 11193, 2292, 13, 22507, 379, 1551, 281, 3211, 447, 247, 82, 4129, 422, 262, 5743, 286, 262, 2975, 11, 475, 618, 13885, 281, 16246, 11, 2592, 611, 281, 319, 4976, 5584, 396, 318, 4953, 284, 1210, 1364, 11, 1445, 517, 3812, 262, 3641, 286, 262, 11193, 13, 357, 30374, 2198, 2157, 878, 5609, 534, 11193, 393, 534, 11193, 2292, 737, 770, 6818, 425, 11193, 2292, 1838, 345, 517, 7424, 13, 9461, 11, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 262, 319, 4976, 4979, 11, 1771, 393, 407, 345, 766, 257, 1210, 6737, 13, 11204, 3910, 326, 257, 5584, 396, 1244, 787, 326, 1364, 1210, 772, 996, 345, 423, 262, 826, 286, 835, 460, 1577, 345, 326, 3131, 1643, 286, 6317, 640, 345, 761, 284, 3368, 257, 17661, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

466

February 14, 1876 Bell vs Gray After years of independent research, two men each filed for a patent (or caveat) on February 14, 1876. One was Alexander Graham Bell; the other was Elisha Gray. Bell received patent #174,465 in March for what was later described as "the most valuable patent in history." Gray legally challenged the decision, but after a two year court battle, Bell went down in history as the inventor of the telephone.

[ 21816, 1478, 11, 1248, 4304, 198, 36488, 3691, 12723, 198, 3260, 812, 286, 4795, 2267, 11, 734, 1450, 1123, 5717, 329, 257, 12701, 357, 273, 36531, 8, 319, 3945, 1478, 11, 1248, 4304, 13, 1881, 373, 10009, 11520, 7459, 26, 262, 584, 373, 412, 1836, 64, 12723, 13, 7459, 2722, 12701, 1303, 22985, 11, 42018, 287, 2805, 329, 644, 373, 1568, 3417, 355, 366, 1169, 749, 8119, 12701, 287, 2106, 526, 12723, 11119, 12827, 262, 2551, 11, 475, 706, 257, 734, 614, 2184, 3344, 11, 7459, 1816, 866, 287, 2106, 355, 262, 33475, 286, 262, 11426, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

98

We recently received this intruiging article from Dave Horvath and invite you to read it and then join in the discussion. A substantial number of unexplained crashes of radio control model airplanes on 2.4GHz frequency prompted me to write this article on the so-called “interference free” radio control systems on the 2.4GHz band. The electromagnetic wave spectrum is subject to the immutable laws of physics. The propagation characteristics of the 2.4GHz wavelength and the environmental effects of this frequency are more complex than on the 72MHz band. To better understand this, we have to look at the electromagnetic wave spectrum where 72MHz band is in the broadcasting region and the 2.4GHz band is in the microwave region. It is easier to see the huge difference between 72MHz and 2.4GHz frequencies when we convert 2.4 gigahertz to megahertz. Now it is 2400MHz versus 72MHz. When frequency increases, wavelength decreases. Therefore, the 2.4GHz wavelength is shorter and closer to visible light on the electromagnetic wave spectrum. Since visible light is also an electromagnetic wave, 2.4GHz wavelength behaves more like visible light and travels in straight lines until it is reflected, deflected, diffracted or absorbed. Reflection and diffraction will create interference. When parallel rays of light are reflected by a concave mirror, it greatly increases the intensity of light at the focal point. A parabolic dish antenna works the same way for a 2.4GHz electromagnetic wave. Since we cannot focus a high gain directional parabolic dish antenna between our constantly moving model airplane and our transmitter, we have to use an omnidirectional vertical antenna system which has much lower signal intensity. The FHSS (frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum) and the DSSS (direct-sequence-spread-spectrum) techniques can share the same band. However, they interfere with each other causing a degradation of performance. Range decreases as the number of clear channels decreases. Bandwidth drops each time FHSS encounters a blocked frequency on a crowded spectrum. The crowded spectrum on the 2.4GHz band reduces the bandwidth, increases the ever present background noise, increases the adjacent channel leakage ratio, reduces the range, and causes overlapping. Overlapping is a direct interference. Unlike the 72MHz wavelength which penetrates most objects, the 2.4GHz wavelength behaves more like visible light. Signal absorption from objects on a model airplane like the engines, electric motors, batteries, servos, pushrods, landing gears, switches, wires, etc., may cause path interference. Signal reflection from objects in the terrain, like fences, walls, buildings, trees, hills, power lines cause line of sight interference. High speed data transfer reduces the receiver’s sensitivity on 2.4GHz band. There is a trade-off between speed versus range. The signal strength decreases quadratically as distance increases at constant radiation levels. This is called path loss. When frequency increases, path loss also increases. This is one of the reasons why 72MHz radios have a better range than the 2.4GHz radios. We can see this clearly when we look at the Wireless Range Calculator: Frequency Distance Loss 100MHz 0.2 mile 62 decibel 2400MHz 0.2 mile 90 decibel These calculations are under non-existing ideal conditions, less Fresnel (pronounced Frehnel) effect. When we fly our model airplane on 2.4GHz, the area around us is known as the Fresnel zone. Since we have to use an omnidirectional antenna system, the electromagnetic waves will scatter and diffract from objects and from the terrain around us. When the diffracted wave reaches the receiver antenna, it is slightly lags behind the signal which traveled to the receiver antenna in a straight line that creates interference due to the phase canceling effect. The Fresnel effect also deals with the behavior of electromagnetic waves over a water surface. As mentioned before, the 2.4GHz radiation behaves more like visible light, so we have to think of reflections and shadows. Flying a 2.4GHz radio control model over a reflective surface like water, snow, ice or wet terrain negatively affects the radio link. Occasionally a 3D aerobatic model plunges into water while hovering. When the rudder is near the water surface, the prop wash creates a chaotic wave pattern which generates a myriad of false-signals. The Fresnel effect and the described interference on the 2.4GHz band work pretty well. We successfully tested this at different locations. Unfortunately, the “unbreakable Tx-Rx link” broke when our model was over 0.2 miles away at 45 degree angle. Despite the fact that a 90 decibel signal loss over a thousand feet (0.2 miles) is rather significant, we should have had control at this distance. There are too many factors that can determine the overall range on 2.4GHz. 2.4GHz receivers are not immune to ignition and electrical noise as advertised. Occasional arc from high tension insulators could break the bind. Latency is the time between stimulation and the beginning of response caused by propagation delays. There is a huge time difference in latency claims by different radio manufacturers. Some latency claims are in milliseconds, others are in microseconds! This is confusing since one millisecond is one thousandth of a second and one microsecond is one millionth of a second. Velocity of electromagnetic waves is 186,283 miles per second. The velocity of the electric signal through conductors is nearly at the speed of light. With an adequate power output, our radio signal will travel one microsecond which is one millionth of a second to reach our model airplane one thousand feet away. This applies to all brands of radios on 72MHz or on 2.4GHz. As we know, nothing travels faster than the electromagnetic waves. Therefore, I don’t see how latency could be improved “50 %” over the leading competitors regardless of different processing. A seven millisecond latency or a fourteen millisecond latency claim is irrelevant since the human being, the RC pilot, has a painfully slow 200 millisecond latency and can not differentiate between seven or fourteen milliseconds. At huge events, like Nationals, the 2.4GHz pin-free radio system makes life easier for competitors and organizers. However, there is a huge difference between flying on 2.4GHz band in the beautiful country side near Muncie where chances are good that there won’t be any noticeable interference and flying on 2.4GHz band in the middle of one of the largest concentration of population and industries in Los Angeles or other urban areas. 2.4GHz radios under harsh conditions work most of the time, however most of the time is unacceptable. Illegal signal boosting, ham radio, and rolling hills further aggravate the situation. 2.4GHz wavelength has higher incurred losses than 72MHz wavelength. In any case, we should hold on to our assigned frequencies on 27MHz, 50MHz, and 72MHz bands. Despite glowing reviews, the so-called “bulletproof 2.4GHz technology” has had range and reliability problems since day one. A bench test inside a building in a controlled environment where the receiver is a few inches away from the transmitter is meaningless. 2.4GHz wavelength is not the best choice to control model airplanes. Furthermore, we have ended up with complex radio systems on an overcrowded band on the electromagnetic wave spectrum. The bottom line is that glitch-free software, error-free computers, and an interference-free radio link is only an illusion. www.google.com electromagnetic spectrum Images for electromagnetic spectrum Videos for electromagnetic spectrum www.google.com Frequency-hopping spread spectrum DSSS and FHSS-Spread Spectrum tutorials www.google.com 2.4 GHz interference Interference in the 2.4GHz ISM Band: Challenges and Solutions by N Golmie 20 Myths of Wi-Fi Interference (RF Solutions) www.google.com path loss in the 2.4GHz Speed vs. Distance ISA 900 MHz versus 2.4GHz – Learning Center www.google.com polarization of light Images for polarization of light Videos for polarization of light MIT Physics Demo-Microwave Polarization

[ 1135, 2904, 2722, 428, 493, 622, 328, 278, 2708, 422, 9935, 6075, 85, 776, 290, 14037, 345, 284, 1100, 340, 290, 788, 4654, 287, 262, 5114, 13, 198, 32, 8904, 1271, 286, 43286, 17616, 286, 5243, 1630, 2746, 32808, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 8373, 12053, 502, 284, 3551, 428, 2708, 319, 262, 523, 12, 7174, 564, 250, 3849, 4288, 1479, 447, 251, 5243, 1630, 3341, 319, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 13, 198, 464, 31094, 6769, 10958, 318, 2426, 284, 262, 40139, 3657, 286, 11887, 13, 198, 464, 43594, 9695, 286, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 290, 262, 6142, 3048, 286, 428, 8373, 389, 517, 3716, 621, 319, 262, 7724, 25983, 4097, 13, 1675, 1365, 1833, 428, 11, 356, 423, 284, 804, 379, 262, 31094, 6769, 10958, 810, 7724, 25983, 4097, 318, 287, 262, 22978, 3814, 290, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 318, 287, 262, 27000, 3814, 13, 632, 318, 4577, 284, 766, 262, 3236, 3580, 1022, 7724, 25983, 290, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 19998, 618, 356, 10385, 362, 13, 19, 12526, 64, 372, 22877, 284, 23465, 372, 22877, 13, 2735, 340, 318, 48548, 25983, 9051, 7724, 25983, 13, 1649, 8373, 5732, 11, 28400, 20638, 13, 8447, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 318, 12238, 290, 5699, 284, 7424, 1657, 319, 262, 31094, 6769, 10958, 13, 4619, 7424, 1657, 318, 635, 281, 31094, 6769, 11, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 39341, 517, 588, 7424, 1657, 290, 17781, 287, 3892, 3951, 1566, 340, 318, 12548, 11, 825, 12609, 11, 814, 20216, 393, 19233, 13, 6524, 1564, 290, 814, 7861, 481, 2251, 14517, 13, 1649, 10730, 24823, 286, 1657, 389, 12548, 416, 257, 1673, 1015, 10162, 11, 340, 9257, 5732, 262, 12245, 286, 1657, 379, 262, 25397, 966, 13, 317, 1582, 29304, 9433, 20509, 2499, 262, 976, 835, 329, 257, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 31094, 6769, 13, 4619, 356, 2314, 2962, 257, 1029, 4461, 47424, 1582, 29304, 9433, 20509, 1022, 674, 7558, 3867, 2746, 19401, 290, 674, 35099, 11, 356, 423, 284, 779, 281, 22284, 312, 4154, 282, 11723, 20509, 1080, 543, 468, 881, 2793, 6737, 12245, 13, 198, 464, 376, 39, 5432, 357, 35324, 12, 8873, 2105, 12, 43639, 12, 4443, 6582, 8, 290, 262, 360, 5432, 50, 357, 12942, 12, 43167, 12, 43639, 12, 4443, 6582, 8, 7605, 460, 2648, 262, 976, 4097, 13, 2102, 11, 484, 18135, 351, 1123, 584, 6666, 257, 27486, 286, 2854, 13, 13667, 20638, 355, 262, 1271, 286, 1598, 9619, 20638, 13, 10243, 10394, 10532, 1123, 640, 376, 39, 5432, 16925, 257, 10226, 8373, 319, 257, 18012, 10958, 13, 198, 464, 18012, 10958, 319, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 12850, 262, 19484, 11, 5732, 262, 1683, 1944, 4469, 7838, 11, 5732, 262, 15909, 6518, 47988, 8064, 11, 12850, 262, 2837, 11, 290, 5640, 32997, 13, 3827, 75, 5912, 318, 257, 1277, 14517, 13, 198, 18521, 262, 7724, 25983, 28400, 543, 11958, 9700, 749, 5563, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 39341, 517, 588, 7424, 1657, 13, 26484, 24774, 422, 5563, 319, 257, 2746, 19401, 588, 262, 11874, 11, 5186, 24699, 11, 13591, 11, 1113, 418, 11, 4574, 305, 9310, 11, 9581, 28713, 11, 18225, 11, 19474, 11, 3503, 1539, 743, 2728, 3108, 14517, 13, 198, 11712, 282, 14580, 422, 5563, 287, 262, 15510, 11, 588, 35771, 11, 7714, 11, 6832, 11, 7150, 11, 18639, 11, 1176, 3951, 2728, 1627, 286, 6504, 14517, 13, 3334, 2866, 1366, 4351, 12850, 262, 9733, 447, 247, 82, 14233, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 3292, 12, 2364, 1022, 2866, 9051, 2837, 13, 198, 464, 6737, 4202, 20638, 15094, 81, 4142, 355, 5253, 5732, 379, 6937, 11881, 2974, 13, 770, 318, 1444, 3108, 2994, 13, 1649, 8373, 5732, 11, 3108, 2994, 635, 5732, 13, 770, 318, 530, 286, 262, 3840, 1521, 7724, 25983, 40023, 423, 257, 1365, 2837, 621, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 40023, 13, 775, 460, 766, 428, 4084, 618, 356, 804, 379, 262, 24365, 13667, 43597, 25, 198, 37, 28707, 34600, 22014, 198, 3064, 25983, 657, 13, 17, 10591, 8190, 875, 43837, 198, 1731, 405, 25983, 657, 13, 17, 10591, 4101, 875, 43837, 198, 4711, 16765, 389, 739, 1729, 12, 25687, 7306, 3403, 11, 1342, 32732, 4954, 357, 31186, 8918, 4848, 71, 4954, 8, 1245, 13, 1649, 356, 6129, 674, 2746, 19401, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 11, 262, 1989, 1088, 514, 318, 1900, 355, 262, 32732, 4954, 6516, 13, 4619, 356, 423, 284, 779, 281, 22284, 312, 4154, 282, 20509, 1080, 11, 262, 31094, 9813, 481, 41058, 290, 814, 974, 422, 5563, 290, 422, 262, 15510, 1088, 514, 13, 1649, 262, 814, 20216, 6769, 12229, 262, 9733, 20509, 11, 340, 318, 4622, 300, 3775, 2157, 262, 6737, 543, 14113, 284, 262, 9733, 20509, 287, 257, 3892, 1627, 326, 8075, 14517, 2233, 284, 262, 7108, 10450, 1359, 1245, 13, 198, 464, 32732, 4954, 1245, 635, 7529, 351, 262, 4069, 286, 31094, 9813, 625, 257, 1660, 4417, 13, 1081, 4750, 878, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 11881, 39341, 517, 588, 7424, 1657, 11, 523, 356, 423, 284, 892, 286, 35066, 290, 16187, 13, 19903, 257, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 5243, 1630, 2746, 625, 257, 28962, 4417, 588, 1660, 11, 6729, 11, 4771, 393, 9583, 15510, 22533, 10975, 262, 5243, 2792, 13, 40659, 257, 513, 35, 9551, 672, 1512, 2746, 41904, 274, 656, 1660, 981, 33627, 13, 1649, 262, 28906, 1082, 318, 1474, 262, 1660, 4417, 11, 262, 2632, 13502, 8075, 257, 23458, 6769, 3912, 543, 18616, 257, 24862, 286, 3991, 12, 12683, 874, 13, 198, 464, 32732, 4954, 1245, 290, 262, 3417, 14517, 319, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 670, 2495, 880, 13, 775, 7675, 6789, 428, 379, 1180, 7064, 13, 8989, 11, 262, 564, 250, 403, 9032, 540, 309, 87, 12, 49, 87, 2792, 447, 251, 6265, 618, 674, 2746, 373, 625, 657, 13, 17, 4608, 1497, 379, 4153, 4922, 9848, 13, 7945, 262, 1109, 326, 257, 4101, 875, 43837, 6737, 2994, 625, 257, 7319, 3625, 357, 15, 13, 17, 4608, 8, 318, 2138, 2383, 11, 356, 815, 423, 550, 1630, 379, 428, 5253, 13, 1318, 389, 1165, 867, 5087, 326, 460, 5004, 262, 4045, 2837, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 13, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 19137, 389, 407, 10900, 284, 37594, 290, 12278, 7838, 355, 23944, 13, 10775, 292, 1538, 10389, 422, 1029, 12097, 1035, 24325, 714, 2270, 262, 11007, 13, 198, 24220, 1387, 318, 262, 640, 1022, 20087, 290, 262, 3726, 286, 2882, 4073, 416, 43594, 16119, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 3236, 640, 3580, 287, 24812, 3667, 416, 1180, 5243, 11372, 13, 2773, 24812, 3667, 389, 287, 38694, 11, 1854, 389, 287, 4580, 43012, 0, 770, 318, 15337, 1201, 530, 33606, 623, 318, 530, 7319, 400, 286, 257, 1218, 290, 530, 4580, 12227, 318, 530, 1510, 400, 286, 257, 1218, 13, 198, 46261, 11683, 286, 31094, 9813, 318, 28481, 11, 30290, 4608, 583, 1218, 13, 383, 15432, 286, 262, 5186, 6737, 832, 3189, 669, 318, 3016, 379, 262, 2866, 286, 1657, 13, 2080, 281, 12872, 1176, 5072, 11, 674, 5243, 6737, 481, 3067, 530, 4580, 12227, 543, 318, 530, 1510, 400, 286, 257, 1218, 284, 3151, 674, 2746, 19401, 530, 7319, 3625, 1497, 13, 770, 8991, 284, 477, 11394, 286, 40023, 319, 7724, 25983, 393, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 13, 1081, 356, 760, 11, 2147, 17781, 5443, 621, 262, 31094, 9813, 13, 8447, 11, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 766, 703, 24812, 714, 307, 6596, 564, 250, 1120, 4064, 447, 251, 625, 262, 3756, 13861, 7692, 286, 1180, 7587, 13, 198, 32, 3598, 33606, 623, 24812, 393, 257, 29167, 33606, 623, 24812, 1624, 318, 18046, 1201, 262, 1692, 852, 11, 262, 13987, 8022, 11, 468, 257, 32258, 3105, 939, 33606, 623, 24812, 290, 460, 407, 28754, 1022, 3598, 393, 29167, 38694, 13, 198, 2953, 3236, 2995, 11, 588, 26291, 11, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 6757, 12, 5787, 5243, 1080, 1838, 1204, 4577, 329, 13861, 290, 19043, 13, 2102, 11, 612, 318, 257, 3236, 3580, 1022, 7348, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 287, 262, 4950, 1499, 1735, 1474, 12107, 66, 494, 810, 8395, 389, 922, 326, 612, 1839, 447, 247, 83, 307, 597, 19787, 14517, 290, 7348, 319, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 4097, 287, 262, 3504, 286, 530, 286, 262, 4387, 10368, 286, 3265, 290, 11798, 287, 5401, 5652, 393, 584, 7876, 3006, 13, 198, 17, 13, 19, 23741, 40023, 739, 11859, 3403, 670, 749, 286, 262, 640, 11, 2158, 749, 286, 262, 640, 318, 18010, 13, 42272, 6737, 27611, 11, 8891, 5243, 11, 290, 10708, 18639, 2252, 20072, 378, 262, 3074, 13, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 468, 2440, 23436, 9089, 621, 7724, 25983, 28400, 13, 554, 597, 1339, 11, 356, 815, 1745, 319, 284, 674, 8686, 19998, 319, 2681, 25983, 11, 2026, 25983, 11, 290, 7724, 25983, 11760, 13, 198, 8332, 21377, 8088, 11, 262, 523, 12, 7174, 564, 250, 15065, 1616, 13288, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 3037, 447, 251, 468, 550, 2837, 290, 17843, 2761, 1201, 1110, 530, 13, 317, 7624, 1332, 2641, 257, 2615, 287, 257, 6856, 2858, 810, 262, 9733, 318, 257, 1178, 8331, 1497, 422, 262, 35099, 318, 24513, 13, 198, 17, 13, 19, 23741, 28400, 318, 407, 262, 1266, 3572, 284, 1630, 2746, 32808, 13, 11399, 11, 356, 423, 4444, 510, 351, 3716, 5243, 3341, 319, 281, 38080, 276, 4097, 319, 262, 31094, 6769, 10958, 13, 198, 464, 4220, 1627, 318, 326, 29204, 12, 5787, 3788, 11, 4049, 12, 5787, 9061, 11, 290, 281, 14517, 12, 5787, 5243, 2792, 318, 691, 281, 17878, 13, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 31094, 10958, 5382, 329, 31094, 10958, 18637, 329, 31094, 10958, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 31902, 12, 8873, 2105, 4104, 10958, 360, 5432, 50, 290, 376, 39, 5432, 12, 44458, 27217, 27992, 7324, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 362, 13, 19, 26499, 14517, 4225, 4288, 287, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 3180, 44, 10243, 25, 44495, 290, 23555, 416, 399, 26849, 44871, 1160, 2011, 9998, 286, 11759, 12, 10547, 4225, 4288, 357, 32754, 23555, 8, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 3108, 2994, 287, 262, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 8729, 3691, 13, 34600, 3180, 32, 15897, 19805, 9051, 362, 13, 19, 23741, 784, 18252, 3337, 198, 2503, 13, 13297, 13, 785, 42704, 286, 1657, 5382, 329, 42704, 286, 1657, 18637, 329, 42704, 286, 1657, 17168, 23123, 34588, 12, 25437, 808, 1015, 32909, 1634, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,721

I’m struggling a bit to teach my children to pack for themselves. I want them to learn how to be self-reliant, but I also want to make sure they have everything they need for the day. If I don’t triple check every detail, they’re likely to be fully prepared for snack time but missing important papers or sports equipment. What’s the right thing to do? Your desire to raise self-reliant children is fantastic. But there’s no doubt that passing the baton can be tough. The first question has to be: how old are your children? A good general rule of thumb is, if they’re old enough to read, they’re old enough to pack their own bags. Assuming your little ones are old enough, the most effective thing to do is give them some time frame to take complete responsibility for getting themselves ready, ask questions to help prompt them if you think they aren’t paying attention to something crucial, and most importantly, when things aren’t crucial (e.g. do they have the right uniform packed), letting them fail. Nothing teaches quite like experience. As you let go of the reigns a bit, here are some more ideas to guide you. • Planning Starts the Night Before. Mornings are not the right time to teach your children how to pack themselves. You’re rushed, and they’re often bleary-eyed and grumpy. The ideal time to sit down with them, explain what you are trying to accomplish, and get them to start preparing for the next day is after homework but before TV time. That way you have time to ask them questions and offer un-stressed help in the initial stages. This is a process that will take time and spending time in the evenings helping them learn how to become responsible for themselves is time well spent. • Explain as You Go. You need to develop a checklist with them and then go through the items. Don’t criticize or watch over the task being done. Accept that the task will not be done exactly the way you would do it but recognize that as long as it is accomplished and done on time, that it is okay. In the beginning, be prepared to patiently ask and answer a lot of questions! Why do emergency numbers need to be in the backpacks? Because you might need to call someone. Why does lunch have to be prepared? So that mom knows they are eating healthy and, besides, too much sugar will make them feel bad, Why do you keep asking about permission slips or projects that need to go with them? Because it’s important they do not miss out on something the rest of the class is doing. This is just a primer but you get the idea. • Provide Feedback. Once the task has been completed, give constructive feedback to the person. As a guideline, tell your son or daughter five great things about the job for every one criticism. If after some time you notice they are consistently sloppy or forgetful, be patient but firm and make sure there are consequences for actions.

[ 40, 447, 247, 76, 9648, 257, 1643, 284, 4545, 616, 1751, 284, 2353, 329, 2405, 13, 314, 765, 606, 284, 2193, 703, 284, 307, 2116, 12, 2411, 3014, 11, 475, 314, 635, 765, 284, 787, 1654, 484, 423, 2279, 484, 761, 329, 262, 1110, 13, 1002, 314, 836, 447, 247, 83, 15055, 2198, 790, 3703, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1884, 284, 307, 3938, 5597, 329, 26906, 640, 475, 4814, 1593, 9473, 393, 5701, 5112, 13, 1867, 447, 247, 82, 262, 826, 1517, 284, 466, 30, 198, 7120, 6227, 284, 5298, 2116, 12, 2411, 3014, 1751, 318, 9623, 13, 887, 612, 447, 247, 82, 645, 4719, 326, 6427, 262, 7365, 261, 460, 307, 5802, 13, 383, 717, 1808, 468, 284, 307, 25, 703, 1468, 389, 534, 1751, 30, 317, 922, 2276, 3896, 286, 15683, 318, 11, 611, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1468, 1576, 284, 1100, 11, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1468, 1576, 284, 2353, 511, 898, 11668, 13, 33238, 534, 1310, 3392, 389, 1468, 1576, 11, 262, 749, 4050, 1517, 284, 466, 318, 1577, 606, 617, 640, 5739, 284, 1011, 1844, 5798, 329, 1972, 2405, 3492, 11, 1265, 2683, 284, 1037, 6152, 606, 611, 345, 892, 484, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 5989, 3241, 284, 1223, 8780, 11, 290, 749, 11003, 11, 618, 1243, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 8780, 357, 68, 13, 70, 13, 466, 484, 423, 262, 826, 8187, 11856, 828, 9616, 606, 2038, 13, 10528, 17324, 2407, 588, 1998, 13, 1081, 345, 1309, 467, 286, 262, 13580, 82, 257, 1643, 11, 994, 389, 617, 517, 4213, 284, 5698, 345, 13, 198, 3581, 21913, 50181, 262, 5265, 7413, 13, 337, 28863, 389, 407, 262, 826, 640, 284, 4545, 534, 1751, 703, 284, 2353, 2405, 13, 921, 447, 247, 260, 13999, 11, 290, 484, 447, 247, 260, 1690, 7245, 560, 12, 18834, 290, 1036, 32152, 13, 383, 7306, 640, 284, 1650, 866, 351, 606, 11, 4727, 644, 345, 389, 2111, 284, 9989, 11, 290, 651, 606, 284, 923, 10629, 329, 262, 1306, 1110, 318, 706, 26131, 475, 878, 3195, 640, 13, 1320, 835, 345, 423, 640, 284, 1265, 606, 2683, 290, 2897, 555, 12, 301, 2790, 1037, 287, 262, 4238, 9539, 13, 770, 318, 257, 1429, 326, 481, 1011, 640, 290, 4581, 640, 287, 262, 37119, 5742, 606, 2193, 703, 284, 1716, 4497, 329, 2405, 318, 640, 880, 3377, 13, 198, 3581, 48605, 355, 921, 1514, 13, 921, 761, 284, 1205, 257, 41859, 351, 606, 290, 788, 467, 832, 262, 3709, 13, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 24628, 393, 2342, 625, 262, 4876, 852, 1760, 13, 21699, 326, 262, 4876, 481, 407, 307, 1760, 3446, 262, 835, 345, 561, 466, 340, 475, 7564, 326, 355, 890, 355, 340, 318, 13013, 290, 1760, 319, 640, 11, 326, 340, 318, 8788, 13, 554, 262, 3726, 11, 307, 5597, 284, 37220, 1265, 290, 3280, 257, 1256, 286, 2683, 0, 4162, 466, 6334, 3146, 761, 284, 307, 287, 262, 736, 32377, 30, 4362, 345, 1244, 761, 284, 869, 2130, 13, 4162, 857, 9965, 423, 284, 307, 5597, 30, 1406, 326, 1995, 4206, 484, 389, 6600, 5448, 290, 11, 13769, 11, 1165, 881, 7543, 481, 787, 606, 1254, 2089, 11, 4162, 466, 345, 1394, 4737, 546, 7170, 33841, 393, 4493, 326, 761, 284, 467, 351, 606, 30, 4362, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1593, 484, 466, 407, 2051, 503, 319, 1223, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1398, 318, 1804, 13, 770, 318, 655, 257, 33270, 475, 345, 651, 262, 2126, 13, 198, 3581, 44290, 37774, 13, 4874, 262, 4876, 468, 587, 5668, 11, 1577, 26938, 7538, 284, 262, 1048, 13, 1081, 257, 40888, 11, 1560, 534, 3367, 393, 4957, 1936, 1049, 1243, 546, 262, 1693, 329, 790, 530, 7734, 13, 1002, 706, 617, 640, 345, 4003, 484, 389, 9835, 35862, 393, 6044, 913, 11, 307, 5827, 475, 4081, 290, 787, 1654, 612, 389, 6948, 329, 4028, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

639

About County Government Montgomery County is proud of the services it offers. These include some of the best in the nation, which we strive to deliver in keeping with our Vision Statement and Guiding Principles. An organization chart is provided to show you the various levels of the County government. Approved by the voters in 1968 and implemented in 1970, the Montgomery County Charter provides for a Council/Executive form of government. The County is composed of the Executive and Legislative branches. The Judicial system consists of the County's Circuit Court, the state District Court, the Court of Special Appeals and Court of Appeals. The Executive Branch implements and enforces Montgomery County's laws and provides executive direction to the government. Its chief executive officer is the County Executive. There are over 30 executive branch departments and agenciesthat help to deliver services to county residents. Libraries,Transportation and Police are just a few. The Legislative Branch consists of the County Council and five related agencies. The Charter defines the Council's powers in three major areas: legislation, land use, and the budget. The other agencies of the Legislative Branch are: - Office of Inspector General - The Office of Legislative Oversight - Office of Zoning and Administrative Hearings - Board of Appeals - Merit System Protection Board The Judicial System is responsible for the resolution of all matters involving civil and criminal law in the County. The Circuit Court for Montgomery County is the trial Court of general jurisdiction that has full common law equity powers in all civil and criminal cases, along with additional powers and jurisdiction conferred by the Constitution. It is the only Court in the County having the authority to conduct jury trials. Its jurisdiction is very broad and it handles major civil cases and more serious criminal cases. Additionally, there is the District Court of Maryland, the Court of Special Appeals, and the Court of Appeals. Montgomery County Public Schools operate under the authority of the Board of Education, which is an eight-member body - seven elected by county voters and one student representative, elected by county students. The Superintendent of Schools, appointed by the Board, provides daily administration of the schools. The school's overall operating and capital budgets are determined by the County Executive and County Council. However, the line-item distribution of the funds within the school system is set by the Superintendent and the Board of Education. Montgomery College - the County's two-year college - operates under the authority of its Board of Trustees. The College's overall budget is determined by the County Executive and the County Council and is managed by the trustees. There are four other agencies who's budgets are determined by the County government but have certain autonomy over their operation. These four agencies are:

[ 8585, 3418, 5070, 198, 26031, 20142, 3418, 318, 6613, 286, 262, 2594, 340, 4394, 13, 2312, 2291, 617, 286, 262, 1266, 287, 262, 3277, 11, 543, 356, 22076, 284, 5203, 287, 5291, 351, 674, 19009, 21983, 290, 1962, 2530, 34200, 13, 1052, 4009, 8262, 318, 2810, 284, 905, 345, 262, 2972, 2974, 286, 262, 3418, 1230, 13, 198, 4677, 305, 1079, 416, 262, 4446, 287, 15963, 290, 9177, 287, 8069, 11, 262, 21532, 3418, 23006, 3769, 329, 257, 4281, 14, 43885, 1296, 286, 1230, 13, 198, 464, 3418, 318, 13160, 286, 262, 10390, 290, 30356, 13737, 13, 383, 31411, 1080, 10874, 286, 262, 3418, 338, 13588, 3078, 11, 262, 1181, 5665, 3078, 11, 262, 3078, 286, 6093, 20172, 290, 3078, 286, 20172, 13, 198, 464, 10390, 20551, 23986, 290, 551, 27087, 21532, 3418, 338, 3657, 290, 3769, 4640, 4571, 284, 262, 1230, 13, 6363, 4039, 4640, 3818, 318, 262, 3418, 10390, 13, 1318, 389, 625, 1542, 4640, 8478, 13346, 290, 556, 268, 979, 395, 5183, 1037, 284, 5203, 2594, 284, 7968, 5085, 13, 46267, 11, 8291, 10189, 290, 4287, 389, 655, 257, 1178, 13, 198, 464, 30356, 20551, 10874, 286, 262, 3418, 4281, 290, 1936, 3519, 5942, 13, 383, 23006, 15738, 262, 4281, 338, 5635, 287, 1115, 1688, 3006, 25, 5520, 11, 1956, 779, 11, 290, 262, 4466, 13, 383, 584, 5942, 286, 262, 30356, 20551, 389, 25, 198, 12, 4452, 286, 24625, 3611, 198, 12, 383, 4452, 286, 30356, 35968, 198, 12, 4452, 286, 1168, 12484, 290, 30048, 26319, 654, 198, 12, 5926, 286, 20172, 198, 12, 4638, 270, 4482, 9985, 5926, 198, 464, 31411, 4482, 318, 4497, 329, 262, 6323, 286, 477, 6067, 7411, 3026, 290, 4301, 1099, 287, 262, 3418, 13, 383, 13588, 3078, 329, 21532, 3418, 318, 262, 4473, 3078, 286, 2276, 12934, 326, 468, 1336, 2219, 1099, 13598, 5635, 287, 477, 3026, 290, 4301, 2663, 11, 1863, 351, 3224, 5635, 290, 12934, 39376, 416, 262, 7965, 13, 632, 318, 262, 691, 3078, 287, 262, 3418, 1719, 262, 4934, 284, 3189, 9002, 9867, 13, 6363, 12934, 318, 845, 3154, 290, 340, 17105, 1688, 3026, 2663, 290, 517, 2726, 4301, 2663, 13, 198, 23216, 11, 612, 318, 262, 5665, 3078, 286, 10769, 11, 262, 3078, 286, 6093, 20172, 11, 290, 262, 3078, 286, 20172, 13, 198, 26031, 20142, 3418, 5094, 20357, 8076, 739, 262, 4934, 286, 262, 5926, 286, 7868, 11, 543, 318, 281, 3624, 12, 19522, 1767, 532, 3598, 7018, 416, 7968, 4446, 290, 530, 3710, 8852, 11, 7018, 416, 7968, 2444, 13, 198, 464, 34058, 286, 20357, 11, 9899, 416, 262, 5926, 11, 3769, 4445, 3662, 286, 262, 4266, 13, 383, 1524, 338, 4045, 5361, 290, 3139, 21011, 389, 5295, 416, 262, 3418, 10390, 290, 3418, 4281, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 1627, 12, 9186, 6082, 286, 262, 5153, 1626, 262, 1524, 1080, 318, 900, 416, 262, 34058, 290, 262, 5926, 286, 7868, 13, 198, 26031, 20142, 5535, 532, 262, 3418, 338, 734, 12, 1941, 4152, 532, 14051, 739, 262, 4934, 286, 663, 5926, 286, 9870, 2841, 13, 383, 5535, 338, 4045, 4466, 318, 5295, 416, 262, 3418, 10390, 290, 262, 3418, 4281, 290, 318, 5257, 416, 262, 36636, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1440, 584, 5942, 508, 338, 21011, 389, 5295, 416, 262, 3418, 1230, 475, 423, 1728, 21851, 625, 511, 4905, 13, 2312, 1440, 5942, 389, 25, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

553

The anthocyanidins of bilberry have considerable pharmacologic activity. They are especially used as anti-aging substances. These bitter compounds inhibit collagen destruction, scavenger free radicals, reduce capillary permeability, increase bloods circulation to peripheral blood vessels and the brain, reduce inflammation and pain and relieve muscle spasms. It is one of the most popular over-the-counter drugs in Europe. It is so effective that a single dose it said to improve one’s night vision within hours. It has traditionally been used to treat poor night vision, bruising, capillary fragility, varicose veins, poor circulation, Raynaud’s disease, circulation complications due to diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and periodontal disease. This herb is becoming more important to the aging populations of the world. This fruit and its extracts have marvelous anti-aging properties. Bilberry was first studied for its effects on poor night vision. Indeed, regular use of the fruit results in quicker adjustment to darkness and glare and improved visual acuity both at night and in bright light during the day. Bilberry may be useful in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma since it strengthens connective tissue and prevents free radical damage. In the control of diabetes short term, one’s blood sugar is lowered and long term, one’s circulatory system is preserved. Connective tissue is not destroyed and capillaries function more normally. In other chronic degenerative diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, the inflammation and pain are reduced while damage to connective tissue is kept to a minimum. Uses: Bilberry leaf is something you'll want to use often in teas and tincture blends. We add it to many food recipes as we would spices (any meat dishes, salads, vegetable dishes, stir-fry, etc.). It can be used to benefit men, women (including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing) and children. It can be used as often as you would like. Voice of Experience: When a more plump and juicy dried berry is desired, we soak (reconstitute) these Bilberries in water over night. Of course, any liquid of choice could be used in place of water. Storage: Bilberry leaf should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. Questions?: Check out Frequently Asked Questions.

[ 464, 26794, 420, 4121, 312, 1040, 286, 47027, 8396, 423, 11091, 25702, 20781, 3842, 13, 1119, 389, 2592, 973, 355, 3098, 12, 3039, 15938, 13, 2312, 12922, 16439, 26776, 45452, 8166, 11, 35998, 1362, 1479, 32842, 11, 4646, 1451, 15856, 29298, 1799, 11, 2620, 2910, 82, 19133, 284, 25514, 2910, 14891, 290, 262, 3632, 11, 4646, 20881, 290, 2356, 290, 26958, 8280, 599, 34432, 13, 632, 318, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2968, 625, 12, 1169, 12, 24588, 5010, 287, 2031, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 523, 4050, 326, 257, 2060, 10742, 340, 531, 284, 2987, 530, 447, 247, 82, 1755, 5761, 1626, 2250, 13, 198, 1026, 468, 16083, 587, 973, 284, 2190, 3595, 1755, 5761, 11, 45468, 11, 1451, 15856, 7956, 879, 11, 1401, 291, 577, 32375, 11, 3595, 19133, 11, 7760, 2616, 463, 447, 247, 82, 4369, 11, 19133, 19481, 2233, 284, 12593, 11, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 11, 308, 448, 290, 2278, 756, 282, 4369, 13, 198, 1212, 21047, 318, 5033, 517, 1593, 284, 262, 14736, 9684, 286, 262, 995, 13, 770, 8234, 290, 663, 32139, 423, 43937, 3098, 12, 3039, 6608, 13, 24207, 8396, 373, 717, 9713, 329, 663, 3048, 319, 3595, 1755, 5761, 13, 9676, 11, 3218, 779, 286, 262, 8234, 2482, 287, 20061, 15068, 284, 11854, 290, 36785, 290, 6596, 5874, 936, 14834, 1111, 379, 1755, 290, 287, 6016, 1657, 1141, 262, 1110, 13, 24207, 8396, 743, 307, 4465, 287, 262, 14196, 290, 3513, 286, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 1201, 340, 49286, 2018, 425, 10712, 290, 15174, 1479, 7702, 2465, 13, 198, 818, 262, 1630, 286, 12593, 1790, 3381, 11, 530, 447, 247, 82, 2910, 7543, 318, 17788, 290, 890, 3381, 11, 530, 447, 247, 82, 2498, 21386, 1080, 318, 17232, 13, 8113, 425, 10712, 318, 407, 6572, 290, 1451, 359, 3166, 2163, 517, 7685, 13, 198, 818, 584, 10726, 25419, 876, 10040, 11, 588, 374, 258, 27798, 1868, 37954, 11, 262, 20881, 290, 2356, 389, 5322, 981, 2465, 284, 2018, 425, 10712, 318, 4030, 284, 257, 5288, 13, 198, 5842, 274, 25, 24207, 8396, 12835, 318, 1223, 345, 1183, 765, 284, 779, 1690, 287, 573, 292, 290, 256, 4612, 495, 32067, 13, 775, 751, 340, 284, 867, 2057, 14296, 355, 356, 561, 27952, 357, 1092, 6174, 16759, 11, 47668, 11, 20236, 16759, 11, 11240, 12, 69, 563, 11, 3503, 15729, 632, 460, 307, 973, 284, 4414, 1450, 11, 1466, 357, 8201, 878, 11, 1141, 393, 706, 10241, 11, 290, 19167, 8, 290, 1751, 13, 632, 460, 307, 973, 355, 1690, 355, 345, 561, 588, 13, 198, 35708, 286, 16386, 25, 1649, 257, 517, 458, 931, 290, 35075, 16577, 275, 6996, 318, 10348, 11, 356, 33182, 357, 260, 9979, 3678, 8, 777, 24207, 20853, 287, 1660, 625, 1755, 13, 3226, 1781, 11, 597, 8122, 286, 3572, 714, 307, 973, 287, 1295, 286, 1660, 13, 198, 31425, 25, 24207, 8396, 12835, 815, 307, 4030, 287, 281, 1633, 33464, 9290, 290, 8574, 287, 257, 3223, 11, 5894, 11, 290, 3608, 1295, 13, 198, 35741, 27514, 6822, 503, 22192, 1473, 26220, 20396, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

506

The cashew nut, a popular treat found on grocery and health food store shelves across the world, is jam-packed with nutritional content and can readily be found year round. It has a delicate flavor, and makes wonderful nut butter or special addition to salads and stir-fry dishes. Cashew nuts are actually the kidney-shaped seeds that adhere to the bottom of the cashew apple, the fruit of the cashew tree, which is native to the coastal areas of northeastern Brazil. It packs 5 grams of protein per ounce and high levels of the essential minerals iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese, all of which are necessary for a healthy body. Not only do cashews have a lower fat content than most other nuts, approximately 75% of that fat is unsaturated fatty acids, with 75% of this unsaturated fatty acid content being oleic acid, the same heart-healthy monounsaturated fat found in olive oil. Studies show that oleic acid promotes good cardiovascular health, even in individuals with diabetes. To lower your risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, enjoy a handful of cashews or other nuts, or a tablespoon of nut butter, at least 4 times a week. Topping your morning cereal with a quarter-cup of cashews will supply you with 38% of the daily value for copper. An essential component of many enzymes, copper plays a role in a wide range of physiological processes including iron utilization, elimination of free radicals, development of bone and connective tissue, and the production of the skin and hair pigment called melanin. A quarter-cup of cashews also provides you with 22.3% of the daily value for magnesium. Everyone knows that calcium is necessary for strong bones, but magnesium is also vital for healthy bones. About two-thirds of the magnesium in the human body is found in our bones. Some help give bones their physical structure, while the rest is found on the surface of the bone where it is stored for the body to draw upon as needed. Cashews do have a relatively high fat content (12 grams per ounce, 2 grams saturated fat), but it is considered "good fat." This is due to the agreeable fat ratio in the nut, 1:2:1 for saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated, respectively, which scientists say is the ideal ratio for optimal health. Even with the relatively high fat content, cashew nuts are considered to be a "low-fat" nut. In fact, cashew nuts contain less fat per serving than many other popular nuts commonly found in grocery and health food stores, including almonds, walnuts, peanuts and pecans. Because cashews are high in protein, monounsaturated fats and fiber, they're both filling and satisfying. But, although nuts are shown to provide such a wide variety of benefits, many avoid them for fear of weight gain. Studies show such fears are groundless. People who eat nuts on a daily basis are less likely to gain weight and have a tendency to be thinner, on average, than those who don't. It may be that eating nuts like cashews is so filling that it reduces overall calorie consumption.

[ 464, 6124, 6391, 6701, 11, 257, 2968, 2190, 1043, 319, 16918, 290, 1535, 2057, 3650, 20726, 1973, 262, 995, 11, 318, 16853, 12, 34860, 351, 24000, 2695, 290, 460, 14704, 307, 1043, 614, 2835, 13, 632, 468, 257, 19217, 9565, 11, 290, 1838, 7932, 6701, 9215, 393, 2041, 3090, 284, 47668, 290, 11240, 12, 69, 563, 16759, 13, 11294, 6391, 14380, 389, 1682, 262, 21919, 12, 16760, 11904, 326, 26325, 284, 262, 4220, 286, 262, 6124, 6391, 17180, 11, 262, 8234, 286, 262, 6124, 6391, 5509, 11, 543, 318, 6868, 284, 262, 17475, 3006, 286, 38131, 7595, 13, 632, 15186, 642, 16379, 286, 7532, 583, 25799, 290, 1029, 2974, 286, 262, 6393, 21622, 6953, 11, 33525, 11, 48980, 11, 31861, 11, 15317, 290, 582, 1030, 2771, 11, 477, 286, 543, 389, 3306, 329, 257, 5448, 1767, 13, 198, 3673, 691, 466, 6124, 40645, 423, 257, 2793, 3735, 2695, 621, 749, 584, 14380, 11, 6702, 5441, 4, 286, 326, 3735, 318, 5576, 30192, 19251, 17045, 11, 351, 5441, 4, 286, 428, 5576, 30192, 19251, 7408, 2695, 852, 267, 293, 291, 7408, 11, 262, 976, 2612, 12, 22796, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 3735, 1043, 287, 19450, 3056, 13, 10422, 905, 326, 267, 293, 291, 7408, 21068, 922, 21134, 1535, 11, 772, 287, 3925, 351, 12593, 13, 1675, 2793, 534, 2526, 286, 21134, 290, 37151, 2612, 4369, 11, 2883, 257, 10089, 286, 6124, 40645, 393, 584, 14380, 11, 393, 257, 33107, 286, 6701, 9215, 11, 379, 1551, 604, 1661, 257, 1285, 13, 198, 2514, 2105, 534, 3329, 33158, 351, 257, 3860, 12, 25244, 286, 6124, 40645, 481, 5127, 345, 351, 4353, 4, 286, 262, 4445, 1988, 329, 15317, 13, 1052, 6393, 7515, 286, 867, 29120, 11, 15317, 5341, 257, 2597, 287, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 25033, 7767, 1390, 6953, 32121, 11, 21472, 286, 1479, 32842, 11, 2478, 286, 9970, 290, 2018, 425, 10712, 11, 290, 262, 3227, 286, 262, 4168, 290, 4190, 43385, 1444, 34963, 259, 13, 198, 32, 3860, 12, 25244, 286, 6124, 40645, 635, 3769, 345, 351, 2534, 13, 18, 4, 286, 262, 4445, 1988, 329, 33525, 13, 11075, 4206, 326, 19700, 318, 3306, 329, 1913, 11945, 11, 475, 33525, 318, 635, 9204, 329, 5448, 11945, 13, 7994, 734, 12, 17936, 286, 262, 33525, 287, 262, 1692, 1767, 318, 1043, 287, 674, 11945, 13, 2773, 1037, 1577, 11945, 511, 3518, 4645, 11, 981, 262, 1334, 318, 1043, 319, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 9970, 810, 340, 318, 8574, 329, 262, 1767, 284, 3197, 2402, 355, 2622, 13, 198, 35155, 40645, 466, 423, 257, 5365, 1029, 3735, 2695, 357, 1065, 16379, 583, 25799, 11, 362, 16379, 24725, 3735, 828, 475, 340, 318, 3177, 366, 11274, 3735, 526, 770, 318, 2233, 284, 262, 49534, 3735, 8064, 287, 262, 6701, 11, 352, 25, 17, 25, 16, 329, 24725, 11, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 11, 290, 7514, 13271, 30192, 11, 8148, 11, 543, 5519, 910, 318, 262, 7306, 8064, 329, 16586, 1535, 13, 3412, 351, 262, 5365, 1029, 3735, 2695, 11, 6124, 6391, 14380, 389, 3177, 284, 307, 257, 366, 9319, 12, 17359, 1, 6701, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 6124, 6391, 14380, 3994, 1342, 3735, 583, 7351, 621, 867, 584, 2968, 14380, 8811, 1043, 287, 16918, 290, 1535, 2057, 7000, 11, 1390, 48793, 11, 6514, 31381, 11, 45612, 290, 613, 66, 504, 13, 198, 8128, 6124, 40645, 389, 1029, 287, 7532, 11, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 27997, 290, 13608, 11, 484, 821, 1111, 12591, 290, 19201, 13, 887, 11, 3584, 14380, 389, 3402, 284, 2148, 884, 257, 3094, 4996, 286, 4034, 11, 867, 3368, 606, 329, 3252, 286, 3463, 4461, 13, 10422, 905, 884, 10251, 389, 2323, 1203, 13, 4380, 508, 4483, 14380, 319, 257, 4445, 4308, 389, 1342, 1884, 284, 4461, 3463, 290, 423, 257, 13542, 284, 307, 30125, 11, 319, 2811, 11, 621, 883, 508, 836, 470, 13, 632, 743, 307, 326, 6600, 14380, 588, 6124, 40645, 318, 523, 12591, 326, 340, 12850, 4045, 28740, 7327, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

654

Definitions of why adv. - For what cause, reason, or purpose; on what account; wherefore; -- used interrogatively. See the Note under What, pron., 1. 2 adv. - For which; on account of which; -- used relatively. 2 adv. - The reason or cause for which; that on account of which; on what account; as, I know not why he left town so suddenly; -- used as a compound relative. 2 n. - A young heifer. 2 The word "why" uses 3 letters: H W Y. No direct anagrams for why found in this word list. All words formed from why by changing one letter Browse words starting with why by next letter

[ 7469, 50101, 286, 1521, 198, 32225, 13, 532, 1114, 644, 2728, 11, 1738, 11, 393, 4007, 26, 319, 644, 1848, 26, 810, 754, 26, 1377, 973, 15054, 9404, 13, 4091, 262, 5740, 739, 1867, 11, 9668, 1539, 352, 13, 362, 198, 32225, 13, 532, 1114, 543, 26, 319, 1848, 286, 543, 26, 1377, 973, 5365, 13, 362, 198, 32225, 13, 532, 383, 1738, 393, 2728, 329, 543, 26, 326, 319, 1848, 286, 543, 26, 319, 644, 1848, 26, 355, 11, 314, 760, 407, 1521, 339, 1364, 3240, 523, 6451, 26, 1377, 973, 355, 257, 13061, 3585, 13, 362, 198, 77, 13, 532, 317, 1862, 339, 7087, 13, 362, 198, 464, 1573, 366, 22850, 1, 3544, 513, 7475, 25, 367, 370, 575, 13, 198, 2949, 1277, 281, 6713, 82, 329, 1521, 1043, 287, 428, 1573, 1351, 13, 198, 3237, 2456, 7042, 422, 1521, 416, 5609, 530, 3850, 198, 32635, 325, 2456, 3599, 351, 1521, 416, 1306, 3850, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

157

Science of the Quake Developments in the wake of Japan's triple disasters: earthquake, tsunami, nuclear. The US Geological Survey upgraded Japan's 11 March earthquake today to 9.0 from 8.9. Based on Japan's huge network of 1,200 GPS monitoring stations, the quake shifted the country's coastline some 4 meters / 13 feet to the east, and knocked Earth of its axis by 16.5 centimeters / 6.5 inches, shortening Earth's days by about 1.8 millionths of a second. The BBC reports that geographical shift will require that GPS-based driving maps be updated, and nautical charts, too, since water depths have been changed. Furthermore, much of the flooded coastline appears to have subsided permanently—or as permanently as anything ever is on this restless planet—and will not be dry land again anytime in the near future. Here are before and after images of the the city of Ishinomaki in Miyagi Prefecture near the quake's epicenter. The "after" shot, above, was taken three days after the quake. Water still inundated the city. The "before" shot was from August 2008. Both are false color images: water is dark blue; vegetated land is red; dirt is tan; buildings are silver. You can see how much of the vegetation in the agricultural fields has been stripped away. This is sure to have an impact on Japan's food production, perhaps for a while, since saltwater inundation is tough on farmlands. If people in the area depend on aquifers for fresh water, those could be affected by saltwater flooding too. You can also see the extensive flooding around the Matsushima Air Base in the lower left corner of the image. It's not at all clear, at this point, just what pollution or toxins may have been unleashed from the air base and nearby industries. Meanwhile much of Japan's chemical industry is still nonoperational due to power shortages. More worrisome is that fate of chemical plants in the tsunami zone. According to Chemical & Engineering News, there aren't many chemical manufacturing plants in this hardest hit region of northeastern Japan. But there are some. The effects on them of fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and continued flooding remains largely unknown and/or undisclosed: A raging fire at the Cosmo Energy refinery in Chiba that began March 11 touched off an overnight fire at the neighboring Chisso polyethylene and polypropylene plant. Chisso says that none of its workers were injured and that damage to the facility is relatively light. Polysilicon producer Tokuyama has a subsidiary... located in [an area] devastated by the tsunami. Tokuyama says it is assessing damage to the subsidiary and to its facilities elsewhere in Japan. Chemical manufacturer Tosoh says its staff in the Tohoku area is safe, including the staff of a plant in the town of Ishinomaki, which was largely destroyed by the tsunami. This facility was flooded and Tosoh says the extent of the damage is unclear. In the images above you can see fires at several oil refineries and industrial complexes, including facilities in the Port of Sendai and a petrochemical facility in Shiogama, where a large explosion was reported. On the left is a natural-color image showing a large brown smoke plume extending about 85 kilometers / 53 miles southeast from the coastline. The image on the right was used to confirm that the brown plume was actually something in the air and not something on the ground/water. Here's an explanation of the technology used to ascertain that information from far away: [T]he right-hand image is a stereoscopic "anaglyph" created from data in MISR’s [Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer aboard NASA’s Terra spacecraft] red spectral band, and generated by displaying the 46-degree backward view in red and 60-degree backward view in cyan. The separation between the red and cyan images is known as stereo parallax, and is related to the height of the observed features above the surface. Viewing the anaglyph with red-cyan glasses (red filter over the left eye) gives a perception of height. No separation is visible for the coastline, which is at sea level, but the clouds and plume are distinctly elevated. The height of the plume is estimated to be about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles), at a similar altitude as the nearby clouds. As for efforts to avert disaster at Japan's imperiled nuclear power plants, the New York Times reports near chaos among those running the show: "They're basically in a full-scale panic" among Japanese power industry managers, said a senior nuclear industry executive. "They're in total disarray, they don't know what to do." Most alarming of all is what's happening at the Fukushima Daiichi's reactor number 3 that exploded yesterday. In the current catalogue of bad possibilities, this one is the Mother of all Bad Possibilities, since the reactor uses a mixed oxide fuel, known as MOX, made with reprocessed plutonium and uranium oxides. If any of that gets out, the situation gets much worse faster, since inhaling plutonium is lethal, even tiny bits of it.

[ 26959, 286, 262, 42901, 198, 19246, 902, 287, 262, 7765, 286, 2869, 338, 15055, 24193, 25, 16295, 11, 31019, 11, 4523, 13, 198, 464, 1294, 34246, 13084, 17955, 2869, 338, 1367, 2805, 16295, 1909, 284, 860, 13, 15, 422, 807, 13, 24, 13, 198, 15001, 319, 2869, 338, 3236, 3127, 286, 352, 11, 2167, 15472, 9904, 8985, 11, 262, 36606, 14869, 262, 1499, 338, 43415, 617, 604, 10700, 1220, 1511, 3625, 284, 262, 7627, 11, 290, 13642, 3668, 286, 663, 16488, 416, 1467, 13, 20, 48829, 1220, 718, 13, 20, 8331, 11, 1790, 3101, 3668, 338, 1528, 416, 546, 352, 13, 23, 1510, 9998, 286, 257, 1218, 13, 198, 464, 7823, 3136, 326, 27465, 6482, 481, 2421, 326, 15472, 12, 3106, 5059, 8739, 307, 6153, 11, 290, 299, 37073, 15907, 11, 1165, 11, 1201, 1660, 21593, 423, 587, 3421, 13, 11399, 11, 881, 286, 262, 21050, 43415, 3568, 284, 423, 6352, 1384, 15043, 960, 273, 355, 15043, 355, 1997, 1683, 318, 319, 428, 42537, 5440, 960, 392, 481, 407, 307, 5894, 1956, 757, 17949, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 198, 4342, 389, 878, 290, 706, 4263, 286, 262, 262, 1748, 286, 1148, 20079, 296, 8182, 287, 29464, 18013, 3771, 36637, 1474, 262, 36606, 338, 12191, 9255, 13, 383, 366, 8499, 1, 2823, 11, 2029, 11, 373, 2077, 1115, 1528, 706, 262, 36606, 13, 5638, 991, 43431, 515, 262, 1748, 13, 383, 366, 19052, 1, 2823, 373, 422, 2932, 3648, 13, 5747, 389, 3991, 3124, 4263, 25, 1660, 318, 3223, 4171, 26, 7494, 515, 1956, 318, 2266, 26, 13647, 318, 25706, 26, 6832, 389, 8465, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 766, 703, 881, 286, 262, 28459, 287, 262, 14240, 7032, 468, 587, 18818, 1497, 13, 770, 318, 1654, 284, 423, 281, 2928, 319, 2869, 338, 2057, 3227, 11, 3737, 329, 257, 981, 11, 1201, 8268, 7050, 43431, 341, 318, 5802, 319, 5318, 4447, 13, 1002, 661, 287, 262, 1989, 4745, 319, 14839, 361, 364, 329, 4713, 1660, 11, 883, 714, 307, 5676, 416, 8268, 7050, 17448, 1165, 13, 198, 1639, 460, 635, 766, 262, 7667, 17448, 1088, 262, 30107, 30474, 3701, 7308, 287, 262, 2793, 1364, 5228, 286, 262, 2939, 13, 632, 338, 407, 379, 477, 1598, 11, 379, 428, 966, 11, 655, 644, 12231, 393, 31930, 743, 423, 587, 28136, 422, 262, 1633, 2779, 290, 6716, 11798, 13, 198, 10294, 881, 286, 2869, 338, 5931, 2831, 318, 991, 1729, 3575, 864, 2233, 284, 1176, 28791, 13, 3125, 48367, 318, 326, 10030, 286, 5931, 6134, 287, 262, 31019, 6516, 13, 4784, 284, 24872, 1222, 14044, 3000, 11, 612, 3588, 470, 867, 5931, 9138, 6134, 287, 428, 17612, 2277, 3814, 286, 38131, 2869, 13, 887, 612, 389, 617, 13, 383, 3048, 319, 606, 286, 12252, 11, 29781, 11, 28798, 321, 271, 11, 290, 3767, 17448, 3793, 5688, 6439, 290, 14, 273, 33457, 25, 198, 32, 30082, 2046, 379, 262, 10437, 5908, 6682, 44133, 287, 609, 23718, 326, 2540, 2805, 1367, 12615, 572, 281, 13417, 2046, 379, 262, 19651, 609, 271, 568, 7514, 21610, 1734, 290, 7514, 22930, 37880, 4618, 13, 609, 271, 568, 1139, 326, 4844, 286, 663, 3259, 547, 6686, 290, 326, 2465, 284, 262, 6841, 318, 5365, 1657, 13, 12280, 18217, 4749, 9920, 9453, 4669, 1689, 468, 257, 22347, 986, 5140, 287, 685, 272, 1989, 60, 25074, 416, 262, 31019, 13, 9453, 4669, 1689, 1139, 340, 318, 24171, 2465, 284, 262, 22347, 290, 284, 663, 7291, 8057, 287, 2869, 13, 24872, 11554, 40195, 1219, 1139, 663, 3085, 287, 262, 309, 1219, 11601, 1989, 318, 3338, 11, 1390, 262, 3085, 286, 257, 4618, 287, 262, 3240, 286, 1148, 20079, 296, 8182, 11, 543, 373, 5688, 6572, 416, 262, 31019, 13, 770, 6841, 373, 21050, 290, 40195, 1219, 1139, 262, 6287, 286, 262, 2465, 318, 10061, 13, 198, 818, 262, 4263, 2029, 345, 460, 766, 12252, 379, 1811, 3056, 1006, 48858, 290, 7593, 42665, 11, 1390, 7291, 287, 262, 4347, 286, 16290, 1872, 290, 257, 4273, 305, 31379, 6841, 287, 16380, 519, 1689, 11, 810, 257, 1588, 11278, 373, 2098, 13, 1550, 262, 1364, 318, 257, 3288, 12, 8043, 2939, 4478, 257, 1588, 7586, 7523, 458, 2454, 16610, 546, 7600, 18212, 1220, 7192, 4608, 26015, 422, 262, 43415, 13, 383, 2939, 319, 262, 826, 373, 973, 284, 6216, 326, 262, 7586, 458, 2454, 373, 1682, 1223, 287, 262, 1633, 290, 407, 1223, 319, 262, 2323, 14, 7050, 13, 3423, 338, 281, 7468, 286, 262, 3037, 973, 284, 35520, 326, 1321, 422, 1290, 1497, 25, 198, 58, 51, 60, 258, 826, 12, 4993, 2939, 318, 257, 10268, 48228, 366, 272, 363, 306, 746, 1, 2727, 422, 1366, 287, 50029, 49, 447, 247, 82, 685, 29800, 12, 9248, 48656, 13058, 305, 49, 9189, 15635, 15500, 8884, 447, 247, 82, 24118, 16807, 60, 2266, 37410, 4097, 11, 290, 7560, 416, 19407, 262, 6337, 12, 16863, 19528, 1570, 287, 2266, 290, 3126, 12, 16863, 19528, 1570, 287, 36818, 13, 383, 14139, 1022, 262, 2266, 290, 36818, 4263, 318, 1900, 355, 24820, 1582, 439, 897, 11, 290, 318, 3519, 284, 262, 6001, 286, 262, 6515, 3033, 2029, 262, 4417, 13, 3582, 278, 262, 281, 363, 306, 746, 351, 2266, 12, 948, 272, 15232, 357, 445, 8106, 625, 262, 1364, 4151, 8, 3607, 257, 11202, 286, 6001, 13, 1400, 14139, 318, 7424, 329, 262, 43415, 11, 543, 318, 379, 5417, 1241, 11, 475, 262, 15114, 290, 458, 2454, 389, 30911, 15321, 13, 383, 6001, 286, 262, 458, 2454, 318, 6108, 284, 307, 546, 362, 18212, 357, 16, 13, 17, 4608, 828, 379, 257, 2092, 20334, 355, 262, 6716, 15114, 13, 198, 1722, 329, 4040, 284, 45347, 9336, 379, 2869, 338, 11071, 3902, 4523, 1176, 6134, 11, 262, 968, 1971, 3782, 3136, 1474, 11918, 1871, 883, 2491, 262, 905, 25, 198, 1, 2990, 821, 6209, 287, 257, 1336, 12, 9888, 13619, 1, 1871, 4960, 1176, 2831, 11663, 11, 531, 257, 4664, 4523, 2831, 4640, 13, 366, 2990, 821, 287, 2472, 595, 18747, 11, 484, 836, 470, 760, 644, 284, 466, 526, 198, 6943, 24128, 286, 477, 318, 644, 338, 5836, 379, 262, 34170, 39604, 16590, 338, 21905, 1271, 513, 326, 18750, 7415, 13, 554, 262, 1459, 34614, 286, 2089, 12779, 11, 428, 530, 318, 262, 10584, 286, 477, 7772, 29265, 7992, 11, 1201, 262, 21905, 3544, 257, 7668, 30788, 5252, 11, 1900, 355, 13070, 55, 11, 925, 351, 43969, 919, 276, 47901, 290, 22010, 12018, 1460, 13, 1002, 597, 286, 326, 3011, 503, 11, 262, 3074, 3011, 881, 4785, 5443, 11, 1201, 25783, 4272, 47901, 318, 17769, 11, 772, 7009, 10340, 286, 340, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,085

MOUNT VERNON — Keeping up with the health and safety of one’s pets is a top priority for many. Diligence is key for many pet owners in keeping their companions safe from sickness and disease. One disease that can be a threat at any given time is rabies.Rabies is a viral disease which is spread through the saliva of an infected animal, usually bats, raccoons, skunks, fox and coyotes. Animals contract the rabies virus by exposure with another infected animal through blood or saliva. Incubation periods can vary, and it usually takes from 10 to 14 days for symptoms to appear. It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from an animal to a human. Although it has been more than 30 years since a domestic animal has tested positive for rabies in Knox County, the threat remains real without proper vaccination. Bats were the only animal to test positive for rabies during this period, according to the Ohio Department of Health. Incidences of rabies in Ohio have occurred in dogs and horses. Dr. Jessica Krueger, DVM, of the Mount Vernon Animal Hospital, told the News that there are two types of rabies. First is what is called the “dumb” form where the animal is not respondent and is basically “out of it.” Second is the aggressive form where animals will act rather peculiar and may even be aggressive or combative. Any mammal can contract the rabies virus, but it is more common in small animals, particularly raccoons and bats. Death is the real threat once rabies has been contracted. Early treatment of rabies through vaccination can kill the virus, but once it reaches the nervous system it is almost always fatal. Most animals die once they have the virus, and deaths have also occurred in humans.

[ 44, 28270, 569, 28778, 1340, 851, 33311, 510, 351, 262, 1535, 290, 3747, 286, 530, 447, 247, 82, 17252, 318, 257, 1353, 8475, 329, 867, 13, 29328, 328, 594, 318, 1994, 329, 867, 4273, 4393, 287, 5291, 511, 19429, 3338, 422, 26359, 290, 4369, 13, 1881, 4369, 326, 460, 307, 257, 2372, 379, 597, 1813, 640, 318, 27998, 444, 13, 49, 43256, 318, 257, 14416, 4369, 543, 318, 4104, 832, 262, 40333, 286, 281, 14112, 5044, 11, 3221, 19553, 11, 3444, 1073, 684, 11, 1341, 14125, 11, 21831, 290, 34003, 6421, 13, 25390, 2775, 262, 27998, 444, 9471, 416, 7111, 351, 1194, 14112, 5044, 832, 2910, 393, 40333, 13, 3457, 549, 341, 9574, 460, 7565, 11, 290, 340, 3221, 2753, 422, 838, 284, 1478, 1528, 329, 7460, 284, 1656, 13, 632, 318, 257, 1976, 2049, 6210, 4369, 11, 3616, 340, 460, 307, 18307, 422, 281, 5044, 284, 257, 1692, 13, 4900, 340, 468, 587, 517, 621, 1542, 812, 1201, 257, 5928, 5044, 468, 6789, 3967, 329, 27998, 444, 287, 27633, 3418, 11, 262, 2372, 3793, 1103, 1231, 1774, 22827, 13, 347, 1381, 547, 262, 691, 5044, 284, 1332, 3967, 329, 27998, 444, 1141, 428, 2278, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 6835, 2732, 286, 3893, 13, 3457, 44845, 286, 27998, 444, 287, 6835, 423, 5091, 287, 6844, 290, 14260, 13, 1583, 13, 17352, 13685, 518, 1362, 11, 360, 15996, 11, 286, 262, 5628, 27820, 13792, 9256, 11, 1297, 262, 3000, 326, 612, 389, 734, 3858, 286, 27998, 444, 13, 3274, 318, 644, 318, 1444, 262, 564, 250, 67, 2178, 447, 251, 1296, 810, 262, 5044, 318, 407, 31282, 290, 318, 6209, 564, 250, 448, 286, 340, 13, 447, 251, 5498, 318, 262, 8361, 1296, 810, 4695, 481, 719, 2138, 19501, 290, 743, 772, 307, 8361, 393, 1974, 876, 13, 4377, 46103, 460, 2775, 262, 27998, 444, 9471, 11, 475, 340, 318, 517, 2219, 287, 1402, 4695, 11, 3573, 3444, 1073, 684, 290, 19553, 13, 5830, 318, 262, 1103, 2372, 1752, 27998, 444, 468, 587, 23407, 13, 12556, 3513, 286, 27998, 444, 832, 22827, 460, 1494, 262, 9471, 11, 475, 1752, 340, 12229, 262, 10927, 1080, 340, 318, 2048, 1464, 10800, 13, 4042, 4695, 4656, 1752, 484, 423, 262, 9471, 11, 290, 7040, 423, 635, 5091, 287, 5384, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

377

Description of the genus Dioecious trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, compound, imparipinnate, (1-)3-13-foliolate; tertiary nerves generally collected into an oblique nerve directed towards the angle between midrib and lateral nerves (not in S. madagascariensis); leaflets petiolulate. Inflorescences of axillary or terminal panicles, sometimes borne on the old wood. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Male flowers: calyx cup-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed or -toothed; petals valvate, longer than the calyx; stamens 10-20; disk minutely crenate. Female flowers: perianth similar to the male flowers; staminodes usually 5; ovary ovoid, 1-locular; style 1 with a 3-lobed stigma, persistent on the fruit. Fruit a 1-seeded, ellipsoid or asymmetrically ovoid, drupe. Worldwide: 50 species in tropical and subtropical Africa and Madagascar Other sources of information about Sorindeia:ePIC (electronic Plant Information Center): SorindeiaFlora Zambesiaca web site: SorindeiaGoogle (Germplasm Resources Information Network) taxonomy for plants report for SorindeiaIPNI (International Plant Names Index): SorindeiaKew Herbarium catalogue Copyright: Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings and Stefaan Dondeyne 2007-13 Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Dondeyne, S. . Flora of Mozambique: Genus page: Sorindeia. http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=2234, retrieved 18 May 2013

[ 11828, 286, 262, 34306, 198, 35, 952, 721, 699, 7150, 393, 10157, 23161, 13, 46597, 13527, 11, 13061, 11, 848, 283, 541, 3732, 378, 11, 357, 16, 25106, 18, 12, 1485, 12, 9062, 1669, 378, 26, 48358, 8042, 25377, 4143, 7723, 656, 281, 909, 41522, 16384, 7924, 3371, 262, 9848, 1022, 3095, 822, 290, 25653, 25377, 357, 1662, 287, 311, 13, 8805, 363, 3372, 2743, 37834, 1776, 48409, 4273, 1669, 5039, 13, 554, 2704, 45166, 3007, 286, 7877, 15856, 393, 12094, 3425, 2983, 11, 3360, 28068, 319, 262, 1468, 4898, 13, 30036, 642, 12, 647, 516, 11, 555, 20863, 13, 12674, 12734, 25, 2386, 28391, 6508, 12, 16760, 11, 19337, 306, 642, 12, 75, 672, 276, 393, 532, 83, 1025, 704, 26, 4273, 874, 1188, 85, 378, 11, 2392, 621, 262, 2386, 28391, 26, 336, 321, 641, 838, 12, 1238, 26, 11898, 5664, 306, 269, 918, 378, 13, 15396, 12734, 25, 583, 666, 400, 2092, 284, 262, 4257, 12734, 26, 336, 5669, 4147, 3221, 642, 26, 19643, 560, 267, 19382, 11, 352, 12, 17946, 934, 26, 3918, 352, 351, 257, 513, 12, 75, 672, 276, 26695, 11, 16218, 319, 262, 8234, 13, 22826, 257, 352, 12, 325, 15395, 11, 30004, 541, 568, 312, 393, 30372, 21879, 1146, 267, 19382, 11, 37215, 431, 13, 198, 10603, 4421, 25, 2026, 4693, 287, 19690, 290, 13284, 1773, 605, 5478, 290, 46694, 198, 6395, 4237, 286, 1321, 546, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 25, 68, 47, 2149, 198, 7, 9509, 4565, 16561, 6188, 3337, 2599, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 26953, 64, 44418, 274, 9607, 64, 198, 12384, 2524, 25, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 11708, 198, 7, 38, 7780, 489, 8597, 13864, 6188, 7311, 8, 1687, 30565, 329, 6134, 989, 329, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 4061, 22125, 198, 7, 24274, 16561, 28531, 12901, 2599, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 42, 413, 2332, 5657, 1505, 34614, 198, 15269, 25, 2940, 30785, 11, 13167, 370, 24962, 268, 11, 37285, 6932, 654, 290, 22350, 28340, 360, 623, 2959, 710, 4343, 12, 1485, 198, 21217, 2934, 11, 337, 13, 32, 1539, 370, 24962, 268, 11, 347, 13, 51, 1539, 6932, 654, 11, 350, 13, 1222, 360, 623, 2959, 710, 11, 311, 13, 198, 13, 4432, 64, 286, 28036, 4131, 2350, 25, 5215, 385, 2443, 25, 15423, 521, 68, 544, 13, 198, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 5908, 89, 4131, 1557, 891, 4685, 64, 13, 785, 14, 35448, 7890, 14, 5235, 385, 13, 10121, 30, 5235, 385, 62, 312, 28, 1828, 2682, 11, 29517, 1248, 1737, 2211, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

415

Traditional Christmas Greeting: Merry Christmas (imported from the west). Also, Christmas Omedet and Merii Kurisumasu The majority of Japan's population is Buddhist, and Christmas is not a commonly celebrated holiday. However, younger generations do exchange gifts at Christmas. Shogatsu, New Year's Day, is Japan's primary winter holiday. On New Year's Eve, many Japanese visit their shrine or temple to pray for a healthy and prosperous new year. Joya-no-Kane is the midnight Buddhist chiming of the bells - 108 chimes signifying the 108 Earthly sins. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Sikukuu njema ya Krismasi (Swahili) Bus stations are very crowded in Kenya during the holiday season. Those who live and work in the city travel to the towns and countryside to spend time with family. Throughout the country, shops, homes and mango trees are decorated with colorful ornaments, bells and candles. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Jeulguwoon sungtan bonaesaeyo; Meli kliseumaseu saehae pog manhi pateuseyo; Sol tan ul chuka hamnidah; Sung Tan Chuk Ha Approximately half of Korea's citizens are Christian. Christmas is not a major celebration as it is in the West, but it is a time for sharing and making donations to those less fortunate. Children believe in Santa Haraboji (Father Santa) and many youngsters participate in a Christmas Eve pageant at their church and go caroling after Christmas services. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Priecigus Ziemassvetkus The Latvian holiday season is filled with food and folklore! Dishes include lentils with bacon, pork roast, piragi (rolls with bacon-onion filling), fresh butter and honey, homemade cheeses and gingerbread. On New Year's Eve, Latvian families may drag a large log thoughout the house, then set it ablaze. The effort recalls the hard labor of farming, and burning the log symbolizes removal of hardship and a return to warmth and light. The ashes, said to have healing properties, are sprinkled inside and outside the home. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Joyeux Noel (French), Idah Saidan Wa Sanah Jadidah (Arabic) Lebanon is the only Middle East country that celebrates Christmas as an official holiday. On Christmas Eve, the families attend Midnight Mass where children sing special musical Christmas programs for the Church. After returning home from mass, children all over the country are thrilled to find Papa Noel (Santa Claus) has left presents near the manger or under the Christmas Tree. During this happy time, children also receive candy and new clothes. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Linksmu Kaledu Before Christmas Eve, Lithuanian homes are cleaned from top to bottom, including fresh bed linens and baths for everyone. Kucios (or the Christmas Eve feast) includes a generous nine to 12 meatless courses. Straw is placed beneath the tablecloth to symbolize the manger where Christ was born. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Schéi Chrëschtdeeg Children leave out plates on the evening of December 5. St. Nicholas (known as Kleeschen in Luxembourg), accompanied by his servant Black Peter (Houseker) leaves fruits, nuts and sweets for good children. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Feliz Navidad During Las Posadas, a nine-day candelight procession that culminates on Christmas Eve, a girl dresses as the Virgin Mary and a boy dresses as Joseph. They are followed throughout their town by children dressed as angels and saints. Each night, a different home welcomes them. On Christmas Eve, their arrival is marked with the breaking of piñatas and merry celebration. Dia de los Reyes (King's Day) also is celebrated throughout Mexico on January 6. Children receive gifts left by the Magi. Traditional Christmas Greeting: (no single customary greeting) Many Native American tribes became Christianized when Europeans arrived in America, so some traditions are similar to European-American customs. Several tribes create handmade nativity scenes with ornately crafted cribs to hold the baby Jesus. Instead of Middle Eastern camels and donkeys, these nativity scenes feature American wolves, foxes and bears. Traditional Christmas Greeting: Vrolijk Kerstfeest On the evening of December 5, Sinterklaas (St. Nicholas) sets sail from Spain. Dutch children set out wooden shoes filled with sugar and hay for Sinterklaas' horse. If they are good, they receive shoes full of sweets! Kerstkrans, the traditional Holland ring cake, is enjoyed during the holiday season. - Happening Now A stunning look inside the animal kingdom from the creators of BODY WORLDS. A visually stunning exploration of our planet's perilous ring of orbiting debris. - Coming Soon Join us for hands-on projects, student discussions, live science experiences and more! Cathy Maloney discusses the gardens of the World's Fairs and tours the Wooded Isle. Trees and Traditions Podcast Hear about the international holiday traditions on display in Christmas Around the World and Holidays of Light. Get the "Christmas Around the World" and "Holidays of Light" exhibit guide, including the events, hours, a map and activities. (PDF file)

[ 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 39001, 6786, 357, 320, 9213, 422, 262, 7421, 737, 4418, 11, 6786, 440, 1150, 316, 290, 4638, 4178, 18132, 271, 388, 27345, 198, 464, 3741, 286, 2869, 338, 3265, 318, 20838, 11, 290, 6786, 318, 407, 257, 8811, 13943, 9912, 13, 2102, 11, 7099, 10439, 466, 5163, 13201, 379, 6786, 13, 911, 519, 19231, 11, 968, 6280, 338, 3596, 11, 318, 2869, 338, 4165, 7374, 9912, 13, 1550, 968, 6280, 338, 12882, 11, 867, 4960, 3187, 511, 29981, 393, 12505, 284, 12472, 329, 257, 5448, 290, 32757, 649, 614, 13, 14087, 64, 12, 3919, 12, 42, 1531, 318, 262, 15896, 20838, 18205, 278, 286, 262, 30987, 532, 15495, 442, 999, 1051, 4035, 262, 15495, 3668, 306, 18377, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 32615, 2724, 12303, 299, 73, 19687, 21349, 13685, 1042, 17053, 357, 10462, 993, 2403, 8, 198, 16286, 8985, 389, 845, 18012, 287, 21506, 1141, 262, 9912, 1622, 13, 5845, 508, 2107, 290, 670, 287, 262, 1748, 3067, 284, 262, 11684, 290, 25708, 284, 4341, 640, 351, 1641, 13, 24581, 262, 1499, 11, 12437, 11, 5682, 290, 49364, 7150, 389, 24789, 351, 20239, 393, 7402, 658, 11, 30987, 290, 32268, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 3852, 377, 5162, 86, 2049, 23568, 38006, 41602, 49183, 2959, 78, 26, 5616, 72, 479, 75, 38277, 589, 84, 473, 68, 3099, 68, 279, 519, 582, 5303, 279, 378, 1904, 8226, 26, 4294, 25706, 14856, 442, 14852, 8891, 77, 312, 993, 26, 29802, 11818, 609, 2724, 9398, 198, 4677, 24378, 2063, 286, 4969, 338, 4290, 389, 4302, 13, 6786, 318, 407, 257, 1688, 14395, 355, 340, 318, 287, 262, 2688, 11, 475, 340, 318, 257, 640, 329, 7373, 290, 1642, 10976, 284, 883, 1342, 20200, 13, 8990, 1975, 287, 8909, 2113, 397, 31370, 357, 34823, 8909, 8, 290, 867, 33167, 8277, 287, 257, 6786, 12882, 47894, 379, 511, 4928, 290, 467, 1097, 40949, 706, 6786, 2594, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 4389, 721, 328, 385, 1168, 26597, 562, 16809, 45614, 198, 464, 5476, 85, 666, 9912, 1622, 318, 5901, 351, 2057, 290, 46623, 0, 3167, 956, 2291, 26269, 4487, 351, 21385, 11, 18128, 32595, 11, 12276, 18013, 357, 2487, 82, 351, 21385, 12, 261, 295, 12591, 828, 4713, 9215, 290, 12498, 11, 24584, 27384, 274, 290, 25072, 29573, 13, 1550, 968, 6280, 338, 12882, 11, 5476, 85, 666, 4172, 743, 6715, 257, 1588, 2604, 996, 448, 262, 2156, 11, 788, 900, 340, 46624, 6201, 13, 383, 3626, 16865, 262, 1327, 4827, 286, 16035, 11, 290, 9482, 262, 2604, 6194, 4340, 9934, 286, 30699, 290, 257, 1441, 284, 23125, 290, 1657, 13, 383, 29914, 11, 531, 284, 423, 11516, 6608, 11, 389, 49692, 2641, 290, 2354, 262, 1363, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 14087, 68, 2821, 33905, 357, 24111, 828, 5121, 993, 23885, 272, 15329, 2986, 993, 449, 324, 312, 993, 357, 31602, 291, 8, 198, 43, 1765, 36902, 318, 262, 691, 6046, 3687, 1499, 326, 24538, 6786, 355, 281, 1743, 9912, 13, 1550, 6786, 12882, 11, 262, 4172, 5262, 27960, 5674, 810, 1751, 1702, 2041, 10530, 6786, 4056, 329, 262, 4564, 13, 2293, 8024, 1363, 422, 2347, 11, 1751, 477, 625, 262, 1499, 389, 20536, 284, 1064, 42328, 33905, 357, 42694, 33989, 8, 468, 1364, 10969, 1474, 262, 582, 1362, 393, 739, 262, 6786, 12200, 13, 5856, 428, 3772, 640, 11, 1751, 635, 3328, 18550, 290, 649, 8242, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 21691, 30300, 509, 3021, 84, 198, 8421, 6786, 12882, 11, 49033, 666, 5682, 389, 20750, 422, 1353, 284, 4220, 11, 1390, 4713, 3996, 9493, 641, 290, 49076, 329, 2506, 13, 12554, 979, 418, 357, 273, 262, 6786, 12882, 26951, 8, 3407, 257, 14431, 5193, 284, 1105, 6174, 1203, 10902, 13, 27279, 318, 4624, 11061, 262, 3084, 44905, 284, 6194, 1096, 262, 582, 1362, 810, 1951, 373, 4642, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 3059, 2634, 72, 49369, 26689, 20601, 8671, 1453, 70, 198, 26829, 2666, 503, 13375, 319, 262, 6180, 286, 3426, 642, 13, 520, 13, 20320, 357, 4002, 355, 15983, 3798, 831, 287, 31864, 828, 11791, 416, 465, 18807, 2619, 5613, 357, 18102, 6122, 8, 5667, 15921, 11, 14380, 290, 42402, 329, 922, 1751, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 13937, 528, 399, 8490, 324, 198, 7191, 10123, 18574, 38768, 11, 257, 5193, 12, 820, 2658, 49984, 37968, 326, 24642, 689, 319, 6786, 12882, 11, 257, 2576, 27309, 355, 262, 5283, 5335, 290, 257, 2933, 27309, 355, 7212, 13, 1119, 389, 3940, 3690, 511, 3240, 416, 1751, 12049, 355, 21981, 290, 31728, 13, 5501, 1755, 11, 257, 1180, 1363, 35481, 606, 13, 1550, 6786, 12882, 11, 511, 10325, 318, 7498, 351, 262, 7163, 286, 31028, 12654, 265, 292, 290, 44570, 14395, 13, 49838, 390, 22346, 40599, 357, 15708, 338, 3596, 8, 635, 318, 13943, 3690, 5828, 319, 3269, 718, 13, 8990, 3328, 13201, 1364, 416, 262, 2944, 72, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 357, 3919, 2060, 33093, 31933, 8, 198, 7085, 12547, 1605, 15663, 2627, 4302, 1143, 618, 20006, 5284, 287, 2253, 11, 523, 617, 15421, 389, 2092, 284, 3427, 12, 7437, 17112, 13, 12168, 15663, 2251, 40973, 299, 22055, 8188, 351, 25322, 1286, 18025, 48083, 82, 284, 1745, 262, 5156, 5803, 13, 5455, 286, 6046, 8345, 12172, 1424, 290, 836, 13083, 11, 777, 299, 22055, 8188, 3895, 1605, 23214, 11, 21831, 274, 290, 13062, 13, 198, 48485, 6786, 402, 2871, 278, 25, 569, 3225, 45961, 17337, 301, 5036, 395, 198, 2202, 262, 6180, 286, 3426, 642, 11, 311, 3849, 74, 5031, 292, 357, 1273, 13, 20320, 8, 5621, 14936, 422, 8602, 13, 10914, 1751, 900, 503, 13510, 10012, 5901, 351, 7543, 290, 27678, 329, 311, 3849, 74, 5031, 292, 6, 8223, 13, 1002, 484, 389, 922, 11, 484, 3328, 10012, 1336, 286, 42402, 0, 17337, 301, 74, 26084, 11, 262, 4569, 16070, 5858, 12187, 11, 318, 8359, 1141, 262, 9912, 1622, 13, 198, 12, 18321, 3101, 2735, 198, 32, 13393, 804, 2641, 262, 5044, 13239, 422, 262, 16294, 286, 347, 33076, 21881, 43, 5258, 13, 198, 32, 22632, 13393, 13936, 286, 674, 5440, 338, 48325, 5858, 286, 40462, 16468, 13, 198, 12, 21808, 15894, 198, 18234, 514, 329, 2832, 12, 261, 4493, 11, 3710, 9984, 11, 2107, 3783, 6461, 290, 517, 0, 198, 34, 10036, 4434, 1419, 19451, 262, 25476, 286, 262, 2159, 338, 376, 3468, 290, 21284, 262, 5326, 276, 26378, 13, 198, 51, 6037, 290, 8397, 1756, 16036, 198, 39, 451, 546, 262, 3230, 9912, 15421, 319, 3359, 287, 6786, 16824, 262, 2159, 290, 6479, 13842, 286, 4401, 13, 198, 3855, 262, 366, 44614, 16824, 262, 2159, 1, 290, 366, 39, 10180, 592, 286, 4401, 1, 15866, 5698, 11, 1390, 262, 2995, 11, 2250, 11, 257, 3975, 290, 4568, 13, 357, 20456, 2393, 8, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,136

French women will now need to be 18 years or older to consent to marry, three years older than previously required by law. The French parliament passed the law as a method of preventing forced marriages, reports Ireland Online, and the French standard is now aligned with other states that belong to the European Union. Ireland Online also reports that the new law marks the first change to the legal age for marriage age since 1804, when Napoleon enacted his Napoleonic Code. For 200 years, women’s age of consent has been 15, while men’s has been 18. In addition to the marriage age, the law addresses marital rape and abuse. According to BBC, the French parliament is also passing laws to combat child pornography, female genital mutilation, and sex tourism. Media Resources: Assemblée Nationale Texte Adopté n. 558; BBC 3/23/06; Ireland Online 3/23/06

[ 24111, 1466, 481, 783, 761, 284, 307, 1248, 812, 393, 4697, 284, 8281, 284, 12479, 11, 1115, 812, 4697, 621, 4271, 2672, 416, 1099, 13, 383, 4141, 8540, 3804, 262, 1099, 355, 257, 2446, 286, 12174, 4137, 20102, 11, 3136, 7517, 7467, 11, 290, 262, 4141, 3210, 318, 783, 19874, 351, 584, 2585, 326, 5594, 284, 262, 3427, 4479, 13, 198, 49752, 7467, 635, 3136, 326, 262, 649, 1099, 8849, 262, 717, 1487, 284, 262, 2742, 2479, 329, 4845, 2479, 1201, 1248, 3023, 11, 618, 28283, 17814, 465, 14332, 2305, 9229, 6127, 13, 1114, 939, 812, 11, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 2479, 286, 8281, 468, 587, 1315, 11, 981, 1450, 447, 247, 82, 468, 587, 1248, 13, 554, 3090, 284, 262, 4845, 2479, 11, 262, 1099, 9405, 29555, 7262, 290, 5076, 13, 4784, 284, 7823, 11, 262, 4141, 8540, 318, 635, 6427, 3657, 284, 5249, 1200, 18384, 11, 4048, 24678, 4517, 10520, 11, 290, 1714, 19277, 13, 198, 13152, 13864, 25, 1081, 4428, 75, 22161, 2351, 68, 3567, 660, 1215, 8738, 2634, 299, 13, 642, 3365, 26, 7823, 513, 14, 1954, 14, 3312, 26, 7517, 7467, 513, 14, 1954, 14, 3312, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

192

Prisoner with a cause Artist and suffragette Olive Wharry became active in the Women's Social and Political Union in 1910. In March 1913, at the age of 27, she was sent to Holloway Prison for setting fire to the tea pavilion at Kew Gardens. In prison she went on hunger strike for 32 days. This photograph was taken on her release, when she weighed just over five and a half stone (36 kg). Olive Wharry in prison Wharry was arrested eight times between 1910 and 1914. Her militant acts were in support of the suffragette movement which fought for women's rights. Her sentences were characterised by a cycle of hunger strikes, force-feeding and release under what became known as the 'Cat and Mouse Act'. Women at Holloway Holloway prison opened in 1852 as the City House of Correction for men and women sentenced to short terms of imprisonment. From 1902, the prison was reserved for female prisoners. Between 1906 and 1914 hundreds of militant suffragettes were imprisoned there, many enduring hunger strikes and the torture of being force-fed. In 1970 the original Gothic-style building was demolished and replaced by a new, modern prison. Museum number 50.82/1300

[ 6836, 1653, 263, 351, 257, 2728, 198, 43020, 290, 3027, 22562, 5857, 30012, 854, 6532, 2627, 4075, 287, 262, 6926, 338, 5483, 290, 14611, 4479, 287, 31953, 13, 554, 2805, 35145, 11, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 2681, 11, 673, 373, 1908, 284, 18710, 323, 16999, 329, 4634, 2046, 284, 262, 8887, 45549, 29935, 379, 509, 413, 29330, 13, 554, 3770, 673, 1816, 319, 16460, 5587, 329, 3933, 1528, 13, 770, 8408, 373, 2077, 319, 607, 2650, 11, 618, 673, 20261, 655, 625, 1936, 290, 257, 2063, 7815, 357, 2623, 14211, 737, 198, 46, 12583, 854, 6532, 287, 3770, 198, 1199, 6532, 373, 5169, 3624, 1661, 1022, 31953, 290, 26833, 13, 2332, 18614, 6529, 547, 287, 1104, 286, 262, 3027, 22562, 5857, 3356, 543, 8350, 329, 1466, 338, 2489, 13, 2332, 13439, 547, 2095, 1417, 416, 257, 6772, 286, 16460, 8956, 11, 2700, 12, 22824, 290, 2650, 739, 644, 2627, 1900, 355, 262, 705, 21979, 290, 21839, 2191, 4458, 198, 18495, 379, 18710, 323, 198, 39, 950, 323, 3770, 4721, 287, 1248, 4309, 355, 262, 2254, 2097, 286, 35074, 329, 1450, 290, 1466, 11897, 284, 1790, 2846, 286, 16510, 13, 3574, 45611, 11, 262, 3770, 373, 10395, 329, 4048, 10577, 13, 14307, 40538, 290, 26833, 5179, 286, 18614, 3027, 22562, 23014, 547, 21125, 612, 11, 867, 24056, 16460, 8956, 290, 262, 11543, 286, 852, 2700, 12, 19082, 13, 554, 8069, 262, 2656, 38845, 12, 7635, 2615, 373, 33359, 290, 6928, 416, 257, 649, 11, 3660, 3770, 13, 198, 44, 6744, 1271, 2026, 13, 6469, 14, 1485, 405, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

257

Heart-Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate It’s no secret that fruits, vegetables and grains provide many health benefits - we've been told that for years. But did you know that eating chocolate, specifically dark chocolate, could benefit your heart? It’s all about the flavonoids in the chocolate. What are flavonoids? Flavonoids are naturally-occurring compounds found in plant-based foods. They can be found in a wide array of foods and beverages such as cranberries, apples, peanuts, chocolate, onions, tea and red wine. There are more than 4,000 combinations of flavonoids. Have you had your flavonoids today? Flavonoids provide important protective benefits to plants, such as repairing damage and shielding from environmental toxins. When we consume plant-based foods rich in flavonoids – like dark chocolate – it appears that we also benefit from this “antioxidant” power. Antioxidants are believed to help the body's cells resist damage caused by free radicals, which are formed by normal bodily processes such as breathing or environmental contaminants like cigarette smoke and chemicals. When the body lacks adequate levels of antioxidants, free radical damage occurs, leading to high cholesterol and plaque build up on the walls of the arteries. In addition to their antioxidant capabilities, flavonoids may also: • Help reduce platelet activation • Allow blood vessels to move blood more freely • Positively affect the balance of certain hormone-like compounds, which are thought to play a role in cardiovascular health. Forms of chocolate Before you grab a chocolate candy bar or slice of chocolate cake, let’s look at what forms of chocolate would be ideal: • When cocoa is processed into your favorite chocolate products, it goes through several steps to reduce its naturally bitter taste. Flavonoids provide this strong taste. The more chocolate is processed (such as fermentation, alkalizing, roasting), the more flavonoids are lost. Most commercial chocolates fit this category. • Dark chocolate appears to retain the highest level of flavonoids. So your best bet is to choose dark chocolate over milk chocolate. • Some chocolate manufacturers are studying ways to retain the highest level of flavonoids while still providing acceptable taste. Stay tuned for more information in this area. What about all of the fat in chocolate? You may be surprised to find out that chocolate isn’t as bad as once perceived. The fat in chocolate, from cocoa butter, is comprised of equal amounts of oleic acid (a heart-healthy monounsaturated fat also found in olive oil), stearic and palmitic acids. Stearic and palmitic acids are forms of saturated fat. Saturated fats are linked to increases in LDL-cholesterol and risk for heart disease. Some points to consider include: • Be cautious as to the type of dark chocolate you choose: chewy caramel-marshmallow-nut-covered dark chocolate is by no means a heart-healthy food option. What wreaks havoc on most chocolate products are the fat and calories that accompany other ingredients. • There is currently no established serving size of chocolate to reap these cardiovascular benefits. However, what we do know is you no longer need to feel guilty if you enjoy a small 1-ounce piece of dark chocolate once in awhile. More research in this area is needed to determine just how much chocolate-lovers can eat in order to acquire cardio-protective benefits. Until that time, enjoy chocolate in moderate portions a few times per week. Don’t forget to eat other flavonoid-rich foods like apples, red wine, tea, onions and cranberries. Here’s to your heart-health! Gayle Baingo, R.D., is a registered dietitian at Flagstaff Medical Center

[ 28541, 12, 18081, 30582, 286, 3801, 24777, 198, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 645, 3200, 326, 15921, 11, 13701, 290, 21824, 2148, 867, 1535, 4034, 532, 356, 1053, 587, 1297, 326, 329, 812, 13, 887, 750, 345, 760, 326, 6600, 11311, 11, 5734, 3223, 11311, 11, 714, 4414, 534, 2612, 30, 632, 447, 247, 82, 477, 546, 262, 10525, 261, 10994, 287, 262, 11311, 13, 198, 2061, 389, 10525, 261, 10994, 30, 198, 7414, 615, 261, 10994, 389, 8752, 12, 13966, 14924, 16439, 1043, 287, 4618, 12, 3106, 9013, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 1043, 287, 257, 3094, 7177, 286, 9013, 290, 24173, 884, 355, 41286, 20853, 11, 22514, 11, 45612, 11, 11311, 11, 24681, 11, 8887, 290, 2266, 8237, 13, 1318, 389, 517, 621, 604, 11, 830, 17790, 286, 10525, 261, 10994, 13, 198, 11980, 345, 550, 534, 10525, 261, 10994, 1909, 30, 198, 7414, 615, 261, 10994, 2148, 1593, 14153, 4034, 284, 6134, 11, 884, 355, 39005, 2465, 290, 43539, 422, 6142, 31930, 13, 1649, 356, 15000, 4618, 12, 3106, 9013, 5527, 287, 10525, 261, 10994, 784, 588, 3223, 11311, 784, 340, 3568, 326, 356, 635, 4414, 422, 428, 564, 250, 415, 26294, 415, 447, 251, 1176, 13, 3738, 26294, 1187, 389, 4762, 284, 1037, 262, 1767, 338, 4778, 4180, 2465, 4073, 416, 1479, 32842, 11, 543, 389, 7042, 416, 3487, 20734, 7767, 884, 355, 12704, 393, 6142, 46983, 588, 17779, 7523, 290, 12910, 13, 1649, 262, 1767, 16523, 12872, 2974, 286, 49148, 11, 1479, 7702, 2465, 8833, 11, 3756, 284, 1029, 18759, 290, 35127, 1382, 510, 319, 262, 7714, 286, 262, 45894, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 284, 511, 39766, 9889, 11, 10525, 261, 10994, 743, 635, 25, 198, 3581, 10478, 4646, 7480, 1616, 14916, 198, 3581, 22507, 2910, 14891, 284, 1445, 2910, 517, 12748, 198, 3581, 33733, 306, 2689, 262, 5236, 286, 1728, 17770, 12, 2339, 16439, 11, 543, 389, 1807, 284, 711, 257, 2597, 287, 21134, 1535, 13, 198, 8479, 82, 286, 11311, 198, 8421, 345, 5552, 257, 11311, 18550, 2318, 393, 16416, 286, 11311, 12187, 11, 1309, 447, 247, 82, 804, 379, 644, 5107, 286, 11311, 561, 307, 7306, 25, 198, 3581, 1649, 35845, 318, 13686, 656, 534, 4004, 11311, 3186, 11, 340, 2925, 832, 1811, 4831, 284, 4646, 663, 8752, 12922, 6938, 13, 33026, 261, 10994, 2148, 428, 1913, 6938, 13, 383, 517, 11311, 318, 13686, 357, 10508, 355, 35115, 11, 32915, 282, 2890, 11, 686, 9222, 828, 262, 517, 10525, 261, 10994, 389, 2626, 13, 4042, 5068, 442, 4668, 689, 4197, 428, 6536, 13, 198, 3581, 3801, 11311, 3568, 284, 12377, 262, 4511, 1241, 286, 10525, 261, 10994, 13, 1406, 534, 1266, 731, 318, 284, 3853, 3223, 11311, 625, 7545, 11311, 13, 198, 3581, 2773, 11311, 11372, 389, 11065, 2842, 284, 12377, 262, 4511, 1241, 286, 10525, 261, 10994, 981, 991, 4955, 10909, 6938, 13, 16160, 16524, 329, 517, 1321, 287, 428, 1989, 13, 198, 2061, 546, 477, 286, 262, 3735, 287, 11311, 30, 198, 1639, 743, 307, 6655, 284, 1064, 503, 326, 11311, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 355, 2089, 355, 1752, 11067, 13, 383, 3735, 287, 11311, 11, 422, 35845, 9215, 11, 318, 19869, 286, 4961, 6867, 286, 267, 293, 291, 7408, 357, 64, 2612, 12, 22796, 937, 977, 82, 30192, 3735, 635, 1043, 287, 19450, 3056, 828, 336, 451, 291, 290, 6340, 2781, 291, 17045, 13, 520, 451, 291, 290, 6340, 2781, 291, 17045, 389, 5107, 286, 24725, 3735, 13, 311, 30192, 27997, 389, 6692, 284, 5732, 287, 37654, 12, 354, 16743, 290, 2526, 329, 2612, 4369, 13, 2773, 2173, 284, 2074, 2291, 25, 198, 3581, 1355, 21205, 355, 284, 262, 2099, 286, 3223, 11311, 345, 3853, 25, 1125, 21768, 32913, 12, 76, 5406, 42725, 12, 14930, 12, 32111, 3223, 11311, 318, 416, 645, 1724, 257, 2612, 12, 22796, 2057, 3038, 13, 1867, 30154, 4730, 29860, 319, 749, 11311, 3186, 389, 262, 3735, 290, 14653, 326, 13873, 584, 9391, 13, 198, 3581, 1318, 318, 3058, 645, 4920, 7351, 2546, 286, 11311, 284, 35860, 777, 21134, 4034, 13, 2102, 11, 644, 356, 466, 760, 318, 345, 645, 2392, 761, 284, 1254, 6717, 611, 345, 2883, 257, 1402, 352, 12, 8652, 3704, 286, 3223, 11311, 1752, 287, 27416, 13, 198, 5167, 2267, 287, 428, 1989, 318, 2622, 284, 5004, 655, 703, 881, 11311, 12, 5439, 690, 460, 4483, 287, 1502, 284, 12831, 47926, 12, 11235, 13967, 4034, 13, 14303, 326, 640, 11, 2883, 11311, 287, 10768, 16690, 257, 1178, 1661, 583, 1285, 13, 2094, 447, 247, 83, 6044, 284, 4483, 584, 10525, 261, 1868, 12, 7527, 9013, 588, 22514, 11, 2266, 8237, 11, 8887, 11, 24681, 290, 41286, 20853, 13, 3423, 447, 247, 82, 284, 534, 2612, 12, 13948, 0, 198, 41787, 293, 8999, 32735, 11, 371, 13, 35, 1539, 318, 257, 6823, 5496, 270, 666, 379, 19762, 28120, 8366, 3337, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

797

Joined: 16 Mar 2004 |Posted: Thu Aug 06, 2009 11:24 am Post subject: Nanotubes Could Aid Understanding of Retrovirus Transmission |Recent findings by medical researchers indicate that naturally occurring nanotubes may serve as tunnels that protect retroviruses and bacteria in transit from diseased to healthy cells — a fact that may explain why vaccines fare poorly against some invaders. To better study the missions of these intercellular nanotubes, scientists have sought the means to form them quickly and easily in test tubes. Sandia National Laboratories researchers have now learned serendipitously to form nanotubes with surprising ease. “Our work is the first to show that the formation of nanotubes is not complicated, but can be a general effect of protein-membrane interactions alone,” says Darryl Sasaki of Sandia's Bioscience and Energy Center . The tunnel-like structures have been recognized only recently as tiny but important bodily channels for the good, the bad, and the informational. In addition to providing protected transport to certain diseases, the nanotubes also seem to help trundle bacteria to their doom in the tentacles of microphages. Lastly, the nanotubes may provide avenues to send and receive information (in the form of chemical molecules) from cell to cell far faster than their random dispersal into the bloodstream would permit. Given the discovery of this radically different transportation system operating within human tissues, it was natural for researchers to attempt to duplicate the formation of the nanotubes. In their labs, they experimented with giant lipid vesicles that appeared to mimic key aspects of the cellular membrane . Giant lipid vesicles resemble micron-sized spherical soap bubbles that exist in water. They are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane only five nanometers thick. The object for experimenters was to create conditions in which the spheres would morph into cylinders of nanometer radii. But researchers had difficulties, says Sasaki, perhaps because they used a composite lipid called egg PC that requires unnecessarily high energies to bend into a tubular shape. Egg PC is inexpensive, readily available, and offers good, stable membrane properties. It is the usual lipid of choice in forming nanocylinders via mechanical stretching techniques. But Sandia postdoctoral researcher Haiqing Lui instead used POPC — a single pure lipid requiring half the bending energy of egg PC. She was trying to generate nanotubes by a completely different approach that involved the use of motor proteins to stretch naturally occurring membranes into tubes. Working with Sandia researcher George Bachand, she serendipitously found that interaction of the POPC membrane with a high affinity protein called streptavidin alone was enough to form the nanotubes. “Perhaps this information — linking membrane bending energy with nanotube formation — may provide some clue about the membrane structure and the cell's ability to form such intercellular connections,” Sasaki says. The formation was confirmed by Sandia researcher Carl Hayden, who characterized the nanotube formation through a confocal imaging microscope. The custom instrument allows pixel-by-pixel examination of the protein interaction with the membranes comprising the nanotubes by detecting the spectrum and lifetimes of fluorescent labels on the proteins. Nanotube formation had been noticed previously by cell biologists, but they had dismissed the tiny outgrowths as “junk — an aberration of cells growing in culture,” says Sasaki. “The reason they were only noticed recently as trafficking routes is because of labeling studies that marked organelles and proteins. This allowed a focused look at what these nanostructures might be used for.” It became clear, says Sasaki, that the organelles were being transported with “specific directionality” on the backs of motor proteins within the tubes, rather than randomly. Three-dimensional networks of nanotubes also are found to be created by macrophages — part of the police force of the body — grown in culture, says George. The tubes in appearance and function resemble a kind of spider web, capturing bacterium and transporting them to the macrophages, which eat them. Other paper authors include postdoc Hahkjoon Kim and summer intern Elsa Abate. The lipid work is supported by Sandia's Laboratory Directed Research and Development office. Motor protein work is supported by DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Results were published in the American Chemical Society's Langmuir Journal in mid-March. Source: Sandia.gov /...

[ 24363, 25, 1467, 1526, 5472, 198, 91, 14231, 25, 26223, 2447, 9130, 11, 3717, 1367, 25, 1731, 716, 2947, 2426, 25, 18008, 313, 29080, 10347, 22225, 28491, 286, 4990, 18657, 19397, 41653, 198, 91, 26446, 6373, 416, 3315, 4837, 7603, 326, 8752, 14963, 15709, 313, 29080, 743, 4691, 355, 22642, 326, 1805, 12175, 37040, 2664, 290, 11492, 287, 11168, 422, 3591, 839, 284, 5448, 4778, 851, 257, 1109, 326, 743, 4727, 1521, 18336, 14505, 13455, 1028, 617, 39417, 13, 198, 2514, 1365, 2050, 262, 10566, 286, 777, 987, 3846, 934, 15709, 313, 29080, 11, 5519, 423, 7194, 262, 1724, 284, 1296, 606, 2952, 290, 3538, 287, 1332, 21103, 13, 198, 18471, 544, 2351, 46779, 4837, 423, 783, 4499, 384, 10920, 541, 270, 3481, 284, 1296, 15709, 313, 29080, 351, 6452, 10152, 13, 198, 447, 250, 5122, 670, 318, 262, 717, 284, 905, 326, 262, 9978, 286, 15709, 313, 29080, 318, 407, 8253, 11, 475, 460, 307, 257, 2276, 1245, 286, 7532, 12, 11883, 1671, 1531, 12213, 3436, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 360, 6532, 75, 23771, 8182, 286, 3837, 544, 338, 347, 4267, 4234, 290, 6682, 3337, 764, 198, 464, 13275, 12, 2339, 8573, 423, 587, 8018, 691, 2904, 355, 7009, 475, 1593, 20734, 9619, 329, 262, 922, 11, 262, 2089, 11, 290, 262, 21524, 13, 198, 818, 3090, 284, 4955, 6861, 4839, 284, 1728, 10040, 11, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 635, 1283, 284, 1037, 491, 31249, 11492, 284, 511, 27666, 287, 262, 41192, 286, 4580, 746, 1095, 13, 36778, 11, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 743, 2148, 34265, 284, 3758, 290, 3328, 1321, 357, 259, 262, 1296, 286, 5931, 17745, 8, 422, 2685, 284, 2685, 1290, 5443, 621, 511, 4738, 39895, 282, 656, 262, 46005, 561, 8749, 13, 198, 15056, 262, 9412, 286, 428, 25330, 1180, 9358, 1080, 5361, 1626, 1692, 21379, 11, 340, 373, 3288, 329, 4837, 284, 2230, 284, 23418, 262, 9978, 286, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 13, 554, 511, 27887, 11, 484, 42107, 351, 6175, 34073, 410, 274, 2983, 326, 4120, 284, 26332, 1994, 7612, 286, 262, 19824, 25019, 764, 198, 38, 3014, 34073, 410, 274, 2983, 22464, 12314, 1313, 12, 13982, 43180, 19533, 25037, 326, 2152, 287, 1660, 13, 1119, 389, 13160, 286, 257, 34073, 47027, 2794, 25019, 691, 1936, 15709, 40077, 6546, 13, 198, 464, 2134, 329, 6306, 364, 373, 284, 2251, 3403, 287, 543, 262, 34126, 561, 17488, 656, 43386, 286, 15709, 15635, 2511, 4178, 13, 198, 1537, 4837, 550, 13156, 11, 1139, 23771, 8182, 11, 3737, 780, 484, 973, 257, 24185, 34073, 1444, 5935, 4217, 326, 4433, 38347, 1029, 27598, 284, 19396, 656, 257, 12202, 934, 5485, 13, 198, 36, 1130, 4217, 318, 24475, 11, 14704, 1695, 11, 290, 4394, 922, 11, 8245, 25019, 6608, 13, 632, 318, 262, 6678, 34073, 286, 3572, 287, 14583, 15709, 420, 2645, 29700, 2884, 12370, 20880, 7605, 13, 198, 1537, 3837, 544, 1281, 44064, 13453, 36876, 80, 278, 6026, 72, 2427, 973, 37586, 34, 851, 257, 2060, 5899, 34073, 10616, 2063, 262, 30808, 2568, 286, 5935, 4217, 13, 198, 3347, 373, 2111, 284, 7716, 15709, 313, 29080, 416, 257, 3190, 1180, 3164, 326, 2950, 262, 779, 286, 5584, 15568, 284, 7539, 8752, 14963, 43447, 656, 21103, 13, 198, 28516, 351, 3837, 544, 13453, 4502, 25332, 392, 11, 673, 384, 10920, 541, 270, 3481, 1043, 326, 10375, 286, 262, 37586, 34, 25019, 351, 257, 1029, 28430, 7532, 1444, 1937, 457, 8490, 259, 3436, 373, 1576, 284, 1296, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 13, 198, 447, 250, 13710, 428, 1321, 851, 17795, 25019, 30808, 2568, 351, 15709, 313, 3266, 9978, 851, 743, 2148, 617, 18437, 546, 262, 25019, 4645, 290, 262, 2685, 338, 2694, 284, 1296, 884, 987, 3846, 934, 8787, 11, 447, 251, 23771, 8182, 1139, 13, 198, 464, 9978, 373, 4999, 416, 3837, 544, 13453, 8124, 35805, 11, 508, 16264, 262, 15709, 313, 3266, 9978, 832, 257, 1013, 4374, 19560, 36396, 13, 383, 2183, 8875, 3578, 17465, 12, 1525, 12, 32515, 12452, 286, 262, 7532, 10375, 351, 262, 43447, 27918, 262, 15709, 313, 29080, 416, 31521, 262, 10958, 290, 3868, 46874, 286, 42309, 14722, 319, 262, 15568, 13, 198, 45, 272, 313, 3266, 9978, 550, 587, 6810, 4271, 416, 2685, 43149, 11, 475, 484, 550, 11126, 262, 7009, 503, 45921, 9998, 355, 564, 250, 73, 2954, 851, 281, 42499, 1358, 286, 4778, 3957, 287, 3968, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 23771, 8182, 13, 564, 250, 464, 1738, 484, 547, 691, 6810, 2904, 355, 14616, 11926, 318, 780, 286, 27393, 3640, 326, 7498, 1618, 695, 274, 290, 15568, 13, 770, 3142, 257, 5670, 804, 379, 644, 777, 15709, 455, 1356, 942, 1244, 307, 973, 329, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1026, 2627, 1598, 11, 1139, 23771, 8182, 11, 326, 262, 1618, 695, 274, 547, 852, 18665, 351, 564, 250, 11423, 4571, 1483, 447, 251, 319, 262, 12983, 286, 5584, 15568, 1626, 262, 21103, 11, 2138, 621, 15456, 13, 198, 12510, 12, 19577, 7686, 286, 15709, 313, 29080, 635, 389, 1043, 284, 307, 2727, 416, 8352, 10051, 1095, 851, 636, 286, 262, 1644, 2700, 286, 262, 1767, 851, 7334, 287, 3968, 11, 1139, 4502, 13, 383, 21103, 287, 5585, 290, 2163, 22464, 257, 1611, 286, 19230, 3992, 11, 21430, 19241, 1505, 290, 32331, 606, 284, 262, 8352, 10051, 1095, 11, 543, 4483, 606, 13, 198, 6395, 3348, 7035, 2291, 1281, 15390, 367, 993, 42421, 2049, 6502, 290, 3931, 1788, 19226, 2275, 378, 13, 198, 464, 34073, 670, 318, 4855, 416, 3837, 544, 338, 18643, 4128, 276, 4992, 290, 7712, 2607, 13, 12533, 7532, 670, 318, 4855, 416, 46984, 338, 4452, 286, 14392, 6682, 13473, 13, 198, 25468, 547, 3199, 287, 262, 1605, 24872, 7023, 338, 16332, 30300, 343, 4913, 287, 3095, 12, 16192, 13, 198, 7416, 25, 3837, 544, 13, 9567, 1220, 986, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

951

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 107 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE Improving Quality Through the Concept of Learning Curves W. DALE COMPTON, MICHELLE D. DUNLAP, and JOSEPH A. HEIM Quality is the hallmark of competitive products. Consumers reject products that are of inferior quality, and they shun companies who are perceived to provide products or services with less than competitive quality. A company cannot survive in the current world marketplace without providing a product or service that is of high quality. It would be hard to find a U.S.-based manufacturing enterprise that does not place quality near the top of a list of strategic or operating objectives that would also include cost, innovation, and customer focus. This sensitivity to the customer demand for quality has not always been a dominant force in the operating strategies of U.S. companies. Having realized its importance, companies find that they must now direct their energies in ways that focus on this objective. A broad range of operating procedures must be modified or, in some cases, created: quality must be designed into products; a productive interaction must be stimulated among the design, manufacturing, and marketing activities; input from the customers must be obtained and used; and active participation by their employees in creating “quality” products and services must be encouraged. With this new awareness of the importance of quality have come two specific needs. First, there is a need to measure the performance of the organization against that of its competitors and, second, there is the need to assess the trends in one's performance in order to take appropriate actions to ensure continuous improvement. In the first case, an absolute measure of OCR for page 108 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE performance is needed. This is sometimes referred to as “benchmarking,” or measuring oneself against the world leader—the “best-of-the-best”—in a product or process arena (Compton, in this volume). In the second, progress over time is the prime concern, that is, how well the organization is achieving continuous improvement in performance. A proper combination of these two measures is critical. Without them an organization cannot properly evaluate its absolute competitive status, nor can it be assured of its ability to remain competitive over a long period of time. With “high quality” as a prerequisite for being competitive in the marketplace, achieving and maintaining high quality in all aspects of an operation is a critical component of the foundations of all manufacturing systems. ORIENTATION This article focuses on the second of the two needs identified above, assessing how an organization improves over time. We will be concerned, therefore, with assessing trends in quality. We will conclude with some observations about the need for continuous and careful collection of the type of data that are critical to a proper assessment of progress. “Quality” is not a universal descriptor that has a unique definition under all circumstances. Garvin (1984) has described five approaches to defining quality. The appropriate metric for measuring the quality of a product or process will depend on the definition or circumstance that is of immediate interest. It can, for example, refer to defects arising from a production process, defective parts shipped to customers, or reliability of the product in service. Although we will not discuss the various measures of quality in this paper, we have obtained examples of each of the above measures. We offer examples of the first two in this paper. Measures of the quality of the outputs of a system can be obtained in many ways. In the day-to-day operation of a manufacturing enterprise, the collection and use of process data to support statistical process control (SPC) is important to achieving high-quality manufacturing. SPC requires that measures of one or more attributes of the quality of a production system be regularly employed, and it provides a paradigm for the efficient use of those measures to control the process. There is ample evidence of the importance of this real-time control in improving the quality of the processes and the products that result from these processes. In every sense, the effective use of SPC and total quality control (TQC) have become important elements of the foundations of effective manufacturing systems. The measures of quality that are implicit in the application of SPC necessarily concern shorter time periods; that is, they reflect the current status of the process or system that is producing the product. Although the importance of this near-term collection of data—and appropriate analysis to OCR for page 109 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE accomplish SPC—is not questioned, it is also clear that an understanding and quantification of the longer-term trends in quality are also critical to achieving continuous improvement in quality. THE LEARNING CURVE RELATED TO COSTS A traditional approach to measuring the long-term cost performance in a manufacturing operation is to use the “experience” or “learning” curve concept (Henderson and Levy, 1965). This asserts that the fractional reduction in the average cumulative cost (in constant units of measure) of producing a product is proportional to the fractional increase in the quantity of the product that is produced and yields a power law representation that is similar to that first described by Wright (1936). A common formulation of this law relates the cost of production of the nth unit, Xn to the total production volume N Xn = KN−b (1) for large N. Equation 1 has been used many times and has been shown to be valid for a wide variety of products in many different industries (see Argote and Epple, 1990, for a discussion of this form of the learning curve in manufacturing). The literature contains numerous discussions of circumstances in which an exponential law is the appropriate formulation for the learning curve (Buck et al., 1976; Pegals, 1969). A simpler formulation for a learning curve, seldom used in the literature and applicable only under limited circumstances, is the linear representation. Determination of the form that is most appropriate depends on many factors, including the nature of the data sampling protocol. In general, however, if it is not possible to determine which form is most appropriate, either because of an absence of a priori knowledge or because of a lack of sufficient high-quality data, the simplest formulation is probably best. Selecting the simplest formulation entails testing to determine whether the data are best fitted by a linear, an exponential, or a power law representation. Irrespective of the formulation chosen, learning curves are not to be viewed as merely descriptive. They can be, and frequently have been, used as an aid in making predictions, in that early experience in the production of a product can be used to predict future manufacturing costs. Assuming that one has confidence in the form of the equation that is chosen—whether power, exponential, or linear—and that one can make a reasonable estimate of the constants that appear in them, one can readily predict the costs to produce a unit after some future cumulative production volume has been achieved. Even in the absence of detailed data on a given product, the experience of many manufacturers with many products is that manufacturing costs can be expected to decrease by 10 to 20 percent for each doubling OCR for page 110 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE of production volume. Abernathy and Wayne (1974) have explored the limits of validity of the learning curve concept. The improvement depicted by the experience curve is a result of conscious effort and attention on the part of the management and employees of the enterprise. It cannot be expected to continue without the attention and focus that accompanies a clearly accepted operating objective, in this case an objective of continuously reducing the costs to manufacture the product or to offer the service. A variety of actions combine to produce the desired cost reductions (Allan, 1975): Improved efficiency in the use of labor through training and incentives. Introduction of new and improved processes that reduce manufacturing costs. Redesign of the product to reduce manufacturing costs. Standardization of the product to reduce the variety of tasks demanded of the workers. Scale effects resulting from large volume production. Substitution of lower-cost materials while retaining product features. THE LEARNING CURVE RELATED TO QUALITY Just as competitive pressures have forced the management of U.S. companies to pay special attention to costs, so also is management being forced to pay special attention to improvement in quality. Although many approaches are taken to improve quality, these efforts have a few key actions in common: Simplification of product design to enhance manufacturability. Involvement of the employees in designing the manufacturing system. Enhanced training of the employees. Substitution of automated machinery in areas that are not conducive to human operation. Collection of extensive data on each operation, and analysis to identify problems and trends in those operations. Introduction of new or improved processes that are less sensitive to variation. Although the specific actions taken to improve quality differ from those taken to reduce unit costs, a striking similarity exists between the two lists. In particular, both result from conscious actions taken by management and employees to accomplish a common strategic objective for the enterprise. OCR for page 111 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE Both combine human commitment and training with technical improvements. Both require extensive knowledge of the processes being employed and the products being produced. Therefore, quality and costs might be expected to share a common representation. One might then speculate that quality should follow an experience curve similar to that of cost. By analogy, therefore, a quality learning curve might take one of three forms such that the quality index (QI) for the nth item is defined as follows: (2) (3) (4) In the above equations, (QI)n* is the asymptotic value of the quality index, (QI)o is related to (QI)l, the quality of the first unit produced and to (QI)n*, (QI)a and (QI)b are constants, and N is the cumulative volume of the products produced. In Equations 2, 3, and 4, the sign can be positive or negative—positive if the quality index is improving as cumulative production volume increases, for example, yield from a process; negative if the quality index reflects defects or defective parts, which will decrease as the cumulative production volume increases. While the particular attribute of the product or process being considered will most likely be different for each product and process, the above formulations are independent of the specific attribute that can be related to the quality index. One should not expect, however, the numerical values of the constants to lie within a specific range or to have any particular relationship from one product to another, because the quality indices can differ depending on the attribute chosen for examination. OBSERVATIONS Schneiderman (1988) appears to be one of the first to treat production yields or the quality of products shipped according to a learning curve. Schneiderman offers a number of examples of quality learning curves that are presented as exponential formulations in which a measure of quality is plotted as a function of time from the start of production. It should be noted that this formulation is consistent with Equation 3 only in the case that production rates are constant over time—a circumstance that seldom occurs. A test of the hypothesis that a quality index is describable by Equations 2, 3, or 4 can, in principle, be made by examining the quality of products or processes at various levels of production. For some dozen products—for which measures of quality and production volumes could be obtained—we have generally found that two of the three formulations are virtually indis- OCR for page 112 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE tinguishable in their ability to represent the data. In some cases, the linear and exponential laws were indistinguishable—meaning that the coefficient of correlation for the two laws was nearly the same —while in others, the power and exponential laws were indistinguishable. We found no case in which all three representations were equally good. Data are presented in Figure 1 Figure 2 through Figure 3 relating an index of quality to the cumulative volumes of production for three different products—light bulbs, a small electric motor, and grey iron castings. General Electric Company and The Dalton Foundries, Inc., graciously supplied the data contained in these figures. A description of the quality index for each of the products is given in the figure captions. Having no a priori basis on which to choose the preferred formulation for representing the quality index, we examined each of the products using Equations 2, 3, and 4. Following an observation by Buck et al. (1976) that the exponential form of the learning curve is some- FIGURE 1 A normalized measure of defects in light bulbs for the period between 1970 and 1989 as a function of normalized volumes. Quality is measured in defects per million light bulbs. These data represent the cumulative production from a single plant. Correlation coefficient r = .82 (for the linear representation, r = .86). Courtesy of General Electric Co. OCR for page 113 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE FIGURE 2 Normalized defects as a function of cumulative volumes, in arbitrary units, for small electric motors for the period 1981 through 1989. Defects due to production errors are in the range of a few tens per millions of motors. Correlation coefficient r = .89 (for the exponential representation, r = .70). Courtesy of General Electric Co. what to be preferred for batch, or average, sampling of the metric in question, we have chosen to present three of these sets of data in terms of the exponential relationship of the quality index to the cumulative volumes of the product produced. In none of these cases was saturation apparent, implying either that (QI)n* was effectively zero or that the observed values are so far from the saturation value that the present representation is not adequate to display a saturation. It is of particular interest that the correlation coefficients for a linear plot of the data shown in Figure 1 and Figure 3 are essentially the same as shown for the curves as plotted. The correlation coefficients for the curves shown in the graphs are given in the captions, along with the correlation for the best alternative formulation. Each of the data points in these three figures represents an average of the quality metric for a period of one year. Thus, for Figure 1, the quality data are for 20 years of production, Figure 2 for 9 years, and Figure 3 for 12 years. In some cases the index is defined as defects in production; in others, the shipping of a faulty product to a customer. OCR for page 114 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE FIGURE 3 Normalized scrap rate as a function of cumulative volumes for the period 1979 through 1989 for a grey iron casting. Correlation coefficient r = .96 (for the linear representation r = .94). Courtesy of The Dalton Foundries, Inc. CONCLUSION In each of the cases examined, there is clear evidence that the quality index, although defined differently for each group of products, is related to cumulative volume of production. With the diversity in product type and processes represented here, the hypothesis that one or more forms of the learning curve exists for quality is supported by these data. Although the present data do not appear capable of distinguishing among the various forms for a learning curve for quality, it appears that one or more forms can easily be found to permit a reasonable extension for setting new goals or examining the impact of past actions on performance. Because the time frame in which these products were in production is long, it is reasonably certain that the actions suggested earlier as being important for management and employees in achieving a continuous improvement in quality were taken throughout the life of these products. Each of the companies that provided these data has indicated that the quality trends demonstrated in these figures are the result of constant and consistent OCR for page 115 MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD-CLASS PRACTICE attention to the importance of continuous improvement. Although this dependence of a quality index on cumulative production has been demonstrated for only this select group of products, we believe that this phenomenon is generally true. A collection of additional examples from other industries would help support this conclusion. We have been surprised to find that few companies keep data in the form or with a consistency that allows the following of trends as described in the types of curves shown here. In our view, this is a shortcoming that should be addressed by all concerned with continuous improvement. The systematic collection of data on quality and the representation of these data in the form described by Equations 2, 3, or 4, offer a means of tracking progress on the “continuous improvement ” of quality and a means by which realistic expectations can be established for future goals. Above all, the existence of a learning curve for quality should be viewed as one more example of the need for careful collection of systematic data. Without good data, this important foundation cannot be used. Creating high-quality products through high-quality manufacturing processes and systems is a critical element in the foundations of manufacturing. The learning curve for quality should therefore be viewed as an important element in the foundations of manufacturing. We believe that the learning curves can be an important contributor to achieving improved quality. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported in part by a grant from the Ford Motor Company Fund. Representative terms from entire chapter:

[ 21106, 389, 262, 717, 838, 290, 938, 838, 5468, 286, 4591, 47315, 276, 4572, 12, 961, 2420, 357, 12518, 1695, 8, 286, 428, 6843, 11, 3940, 416, 262, 1353, 1542, 11862, 1146, 21242, 1994, 20144, 422, 262, 6843, 355, 257, 2187, 13, 198, 5317, 1631, 284, 2148, 674, 898, 2989, 11874, 290, 7097, 11874, 351, 4047, 5527, 11, 6843, 12, 15603, 876, 2989, 540, 2420, 319, 262, 4756, 5468, 286, 1123, 6843, 13, 4362, 340, 318, 39151, 1581, 23988, 1961, 2587, 11, 3387, 2074, 262, 1708, 2420, 355, 257, 4465, 475, 19022, 15741, 329, 262, 32042, 1492, 5468, 13, 198, 5211, 407, 779, 329, 20728, 11, 23345, 11, 1613, 278, 11, 393, 3555, 26, 11541, 329, 2989, 11874, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 16226, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 12205, 1075, 14156, 9561, 262, 26097, 286, 18252, 4424, 1158, 370, 13, 360, 21358, 24301, 11357, 11, 337, 20739, 3698, 2538, 360, 13, 360, 4944, 43, 2969, 11, 290, 449, 2640, 8905, 39, 317, 13, 11179, 3955, 14156, 318, 262, 44995, 286, 7606, 3186, 13, 45103, 4968, 3186, 326, 389, 286, 18536, 3081, 11, 290, 484, 32814, 2706, 508, 389, 11067, 284, 2148, 3186, 393, 2594, 351, 1342, 621, 7606, 3081, 13, 317, 1664, 2314, 7866, 287, 262, 1459, 995, 17432, 1231, 4955, 257, 1720, 393, 2139, 326, 318, 286, 1029, 3081, 13, 632, 561, 307, 1327, 284, 1064, 257, 471, 13, 50, 7874, 3106, 9138, 13953, 326, 857, 407, 1295, 3081, 1474, 262, 1353, 286, 257, 1351, 286, 10039, 393, 5361, 15221, 326, 561, 635, 2291, 1575, 11, 11044, 11, 290, 6491, 2962, 13, 770, 14233, 284, 262, 6491, 3512, 329, 3081, 468, 407, 1464, 587, 257, 11410, 2700, 287, 262, 5361, 10064, 286, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2706, 13, 11136, 6939, 663, 6817, 11, 2706, 1064, 326, 484, 1276, 783, 1277, 511, 27598, 287, 2842, 326, 2962, 319, 428, 9432, 13, 317, 3154, 2837, 286, 5361, 9021, 1276, 307, 9518, 393, 11, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 2727, 25, 3081, 1276, 307, 3562, 656, 3186, 26, 257, 12973, 10375, 1276, 307, 40216, 1871, 262, 1486, 11, 9138, 11, 290, 7124, 4568, 26, 5128, 422, 262, 4297, 1276, 307, 6492, 290, 973, 26, 290, 4075, 10270, 416, 511, 4409, 287, 4441, 564, 250, 13237, 447, 251, 3186, 290, 2594, 1276, 307, 10085, 13, 2080, 428, 649, 9359, 286, 262, 6817, 286, 3081, 423, 1282, 734, 2176, 2476, 13, 3274, 11, 612, 318, 257, 761, 284, 3953, 262, 2854, 286, 262, 4009, 1028, 326, 286, 663, 13861, 290, 11, 1218, 11, 612, 318, 262, 761, 284, 4659, 262, 11257, 287, 530, 338, 2854, 287, 1502, 284, 1011, 5035, 4028, 284, 4155, 12948, 9025, 13, 554, 262, 717, 1339, 11, 281, 4112, 3953, 286, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 15495, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 2854, 318, 2622, 13, 770, 318, 3360, 6412, 284, 355, 564, 250, 26968, 4102, 278, 11, 447, 251, 393, 15964, 27186, 1028, 262, 995, 3554, 960, 1169, 564, 250, 13466, 12, 1659, 12, 1169, 12, 13466, 447, 251, 960, 259, 257, 1720, 393, 1429, 13478, 357, 5377, 10972, 11, 287, 428, 6115, 737, 554, 262, 1218, 11, 4371, 625, 640, 318, 262, 6994, 2328, 11, 326, 318, 11, 703, 880, 262, 4009, 318, 16937, 12948, 9025, 287, 2854, 13, 317, 1774, 6087, 286, 777, 734, 5260, 318, 4688, 13, 9170, 606, 281, 4009, 2314, 6105, 13446, 663, 4112, 7606, 3722, 11, 4249, 460, 340, 307, 13933, 286, 663, 2694, 284, 3520, 7606, 625, 257, 890, 2278, 286, 640, 13, 2080, 564, 250, 8929, 3081, 447, 251, 355, 257, 43119, 329, 852, 7606, 287, 262, 17432, 11, 16937, 290, 10941, 1029, 3081, 287, 477, 7612, 286, 281, 4905, 318, 257, 4688, 7515, 286, 262, 19369, 286, 477, 9138, 3341, 13, 6375, 28495, 6234, 770, 2708, 13692, 319, 262, 1218, 286, 262, 734, 2476, 5174, 2029, 11, 24171, 703, 281, 4009, 19575, 625, 640, 13, 775, 481, 307, 5213, 11, 4361, 11, 351, 24171, 11257, 287, 3081, 13, 775, 481, 13796, 351, 617, 13050, 546, 262, 761, 329, 12948, 290, 8161, 4947, 286, 262, 2099, 286, 1366, 326, 389, 4688, 284, 257, 1774, 8922, 286, 4371, 13, 564, 250, 35013, 447, 251, 318, 407, 257, 10112, 43087, 326, 468, 257, 3748, 6770, 739, 477, 5917, 13, 7164, 7114, 357, 28296, 8, 468, 3417, 1936, 10581, 284, 16215, 3081, 13, 383, 5035, 18663, 329, 15964, 262, 3081, 286, 257, 1720, 393, 1429, 481, 4745, 319, 262, 6770, 393, 25179, 326, 318, 286, 7103, 1393, 13, 632, 460, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 3522, 284, 22448, 21539, 422, 257, 3227, 1429, 11, 32129, 3354, 14338, 284, 4297, 11, 393, 17843, 286, 262, 1720, 287, 2139, 13, 4900, 356, 481, 407, 2112, 262, 2972, 5260, 286, 3081, 287, 428, 3348, 11, 356, 423, 6492, 6096, 286, 1123, 286, 262, 2029, 5260, 13, 775, 2897, 6096, 286, 262, 717, 734, 287, 428, 3348, 13, 45040, 286, 262, 3081, 286, 262, 23862, 286, 257, 1080, 460, 307, 6492, 287, 867, 2842, 13, 554, 262, 1110, 12, 1462, 12, 820, 4905, 286, 257, 9138, 13953, 11, 262, 4947, 290, 779, 286, 1429, 1366, 284, 1104, 13905, 1429, 1630, 357, 4303, 34, 8, 318, 1593, 284, 16937, 1029, 12, 13237, 9138, 13, 311, 5662, 4433, 326, 5260, 286, 530, 393, 517, 12608, 286, 262, 3081, 286, 257, 3227, 1080, 307, 7987, 9322, 11, 290, 340, 3769, 257, 23457, 329, 262, 6942, 779, 286, 883, 5260, 284, 1630, 262, 1429, 13, 1318, 318, 23933, 2370, 286, 262, 6817, 286, 428, 1103, 12, 2435, 1630, 287, 10068, 262, 3081, 286, 262, 7767, 290, 262, 3186, 326, 1255, 422, 777, 7767, 13, 554, 790, 2565, 11, 262, 4050, 779, 286, 311, 5662, 290, 2472, 3081, 1630, 357, 51, 48, 34, 8, 423, 1716, 1593, 4847, 286, 262, 19369, 286, 4050, 9138, 3341, 13, 383, 5260, 286, 3081, 326, 389, 16992, 287, 262, 3586, 286, 311, 5662, 6646, 2328, 12238, 640, 9574, 26, 326, 318, 11, 484, 4079, 262, 1459, 3722, 286, 262, 1429, 393, 1080, 326, 318, 9194, 262, 1720, 13, 4900, 262, 6817, 286, 428, 1474, 12, 4354, 4947, 286, 1366, 960, 392, 5035, 3781, 284, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 16003, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 9989, 311, 5662, 960, 271, 407, 11434, 11, 340, 318, 635, 1598, 326, 281, 4547, 290, 5554, 2649, 286, 262, 2392, 12, 4354, 11257, 287, 3081, 389, 635, 4688, 284, 16937, 12948, 9025, 287, 3081, 13, 3336, 12509, 1503, 15871, 327, 4261, 6089, 29749, 11617, 5390, 7375, 2257, 50, 317, 4569, 3164, 284, 15964, 262, 890, 12, 4354, 1575, 2854, 287, 257, 9138, 4905, 318, 284, 779, 262, 564, 250, 23100, 1240, 447, 251, 393, 564, 250, 40684, 447, 251, 12133, 3721, 357, 39, 437, 882, 290, 32036, 11, 17672, 737, 770, 29348, 326, 262, 13390, 282, 7741, 287, 262, 2811, 23818, 1575, 357, 259, 6937, 4991, 286, 3953, 8, 286, 9194, 257, 1720, 318, 27111, 284, 262, 13390, 282, 2620, 287, 262, 12040, 286, 262, 1720, 326, 318, 4635, 290, 19299, 257, 1176, 1099, 10552, 326, 318, 2092, 284, 326, 717, 3417, 416, 12206, 357, 1129, 2623, 737, 317, 2219, 31760, 286, 428, 1099, 18436, 262, 1575, 286, 3227, 286, 262, 299, 400, 4326, 11, 1395, 77, 284, 262, 2472, 3227, 6115, 399, 1395, 77, 796, 22466, 14095, 65, 357, 16, 8, 329, 1588, 399, 13, 7889, 341, 352, 468, 587, 973, 867, 1661, 290, 468, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 4938, 329, 257, 3094, 4996, 286, 3186, 287, 867, 1180, 11798, 357, 3826, 20559, 1258, 290, 412, 381, 293, 11, 6303, 11, 329, 257, 5114, 286, 428, 1296, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 287, 9138, 737, 383, 9285, 4909, 6409, 9984, 286, 5917, 287, 543, 281, 39682, 1099, 318, 262, 5035, 31760, 329, 262, 4673, 12133, 357, 33, 1347, 2123, 435, 1539, 15408, 26, 31084, 874, 11, 16450, 737, 317, 18599, 31760, 329, 257, 4673, 12133, 11, 25129, 973, 287, 262, 9285, 290, 9723, 691, 739, 3614, 5917, 11, 318, 262, 14174, 10552, 13, 360, 29610, 286, 262, 1296, 326, 318, 749, 5035, 8338, 319, 867, 5087, 11, 1390, 262, 3450, 286, 262, 1366, 19232, 8435, 13, 554, 2276, 11, 2158, 11, 611, 340, 318, 407, 1744, 284, 5004, 543, 1296, 318, 749, 5035, 11, 2035, 780, 286, 281, 8889, 286, 257, 3161, 72, 3725, 393, 780, 286, 257, 3092, 286, 6751, 1029, 12, 13237, 1366, 11, 262, 24043, 31760, 318, 2192, 1266, 13, 9683, 278, 262, 24043, 31760, 35445, 4856, 284, 5004, 1771, 262, 1366, 389, 1266, 18235, 416, 257, 14174, 11, 281, 39682, 11, 393, 257, 1176, 1099, 10552, 13, 5686, 36990, 286, 262, 31760, 7147, 11, 4673, 23759, 389, 407, 284, 307, 9569, 355, 6974, 35644, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 11, 290, 6777, 423, 587, 11, 973, 355, 281, 6133, 287, 1642, 16277, 11, 287, 326, 1903, 1998, 287, 262, 3227, 286, 257, 1720, 460, 307, 973, 284, 4331, 2003, 9138, 3484, 13, 33238, 326, 530, 468, 6628, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 262, 16022, 326, 318, 7147, 960, 25356, 1176, 11, 39682, 11, 393, 14174, 960, 392, 326, 530, 460, 787, 257, 6397, 8636, 286, 262, 38491, 326, 1656, 287, 606, 11, 530, 460, 14704, 4331, 262, 3484, 284, 4439, 257, 4326, 706, 617, 2003, 23818, 3227, 6115, 468, 587, 8793, 13, 3412, 287, 262, 8889, 286, 6496, 1366, 319, 257, 1813, 1720, 11, 262, 1998, 286, 867, 11372, 351, 867, 3186, 318, 326, 9138, 3484, 460, 307, 2938, 284, 10070, 416, 838, 284, 1160, 1411, 329, 1123, 26862, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 9796, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 286, 3227, 6115, 13, 27700, 77, 10036, 290, 13329, 357, 40828, 8, 423, 18782, 262, 7095, 286, 19648, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 3721, 13, 383, 9025, 18904, 416, 262, 1998, 12133, 318, 257, 1255, 286, 6921, 3626, 290, 3241, 319, 262, 636, 286, 262, 4542, 290, 4409, 286, 262, 13953, 13, 632, 2314, 307, 2938, 284, 2555, 1231, 262, 3241, 290, 2962, 326, 48159, 257, 4084, 6292, 5361, 9432, 11, 287, 428, 1339, 281, 9432, 286, 17282, 8868, 262, 3484, 284, 6161, 262, 1720, 393, 284, 2897, 262, 2139, 13, 317, 4996, 286, 4028, 12082, 284, 4439, 262, 10348, 1575, 20691, 357, 3237, 272, 11, 15231, 2599, 24125, 9332, 287, 262, 779, 286, 4827, 832, 3047, 290, 16538, 13, 22395, 286, 649, 290, 6596, 7767, 326, 4646, 9138, 3484, 13, 2297, 274, 570, 286, 262, 1720, 284, 4646, 9138, 3484, 13, 8997, 1634, 286, 262, 1720, 284, 4646, 262, 4996, 286, 8861, 12284, 286, 262, 3259, 13, 21589, 3048, 7186, 422, 1588, 6115, 3227, 13, 24944, 2738, 286, 2793, 12, 15805, 5696, 981, 26645, 1720, 3033, 13, 3336, 12509, 1503, 15871, 327, 4261, 6089, 29749, 11617, 5390, 19604, 1847, 9050, 2329, 355, 7606, 18895, 423, 4137, 262, 4542, 286, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2706, 284, 1414, 2041, 3241, 284, 3484, 11, 523, 635, 318, 4542, 852, 4137, 284, 1414, 2041, 3241, 284, 9025, 287, 3081, 13, 4900, 867, 10581, 389, 2077, 284, 2987, 3081, 11, 777, 4040, 423, 257, 1178, 1994, 4028, 287, 2219, 25, 45157, 2649, 286, 1720, 1486, 284, 9494, 4011, 333, 1799, 13, 10001, 6442, 434, 286, 262, 4409, 287, 18492, 262, 9138, 1080, 13, 22104, 3047, 286, 262, 4409, 13, 24944, 2738, 286, 16359, 20230, 287, 3006, 326, 389, 407, 45645, 284, 1692, 4905, 13, 12251, 286, 7667, 1366, 319, 1123, 4905, 11, 290, 3781, 284, 5911, 2761, 290, 11257, 287, 883, 4560, 13, 22395, 286, 649, 393, 6596, 7767, 326, 389, 1342, 8564, 284, 12291, 13, 4900, 262, 2176, 4028, 2077, 284, 2987, 3081, 13238, 422, 883, 2077, 284, 4646, 4326, 3484, 11, 257, 8871, 26789, 7160, 1022, 262, 734, 8341, 13, 554, 1948, 11, 1111, 1255, 422, 6921, 4028, 2077, 416, 4542, 290, 4409, 284, 9989, 257, 2219, 10039, 9432, 329, 262, 13953, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 13374, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 5747, 12082, 1692, 7901, 290, 3047, 351, 6276, 8561, 13, 5747, 2421, 7667, 3725, 286, 262, 7767, 852, 9322, 290, 262, 3186, 852, 4635, 13, 8447, 11, 3081, 290, 3484, 1244, 307, 2938, 284, 2648, 257, 2219, 10552, 13, 1881, 1244, 788, 26256, 326, 3081, 815, 1061, 281, 1998, 12133, 2092, 284, 326, 286, 1575, 13, 2750, 23970, 11, 4361, 11, 257, 3081, 4673, 12133, 1244, 1011, 530, 286, 1115, 5107, 884, 326, 262, 3081, 6376, 357, 48, 40, 8, 329, 262, 299, 400, 2378, 318, 5447, 355, 5679, 25, 357, 17, 8, 357, 18, 8, 357, 19, 8, 554, 262, 2029, 27490, 11, 357, 48, 40, 8, 77, 9, 318, 262, 355, 4948, 457, 6210, 1988, 286, 262, 3081, 6376, 11, 357, 48, 40, 8, 78, 318, 3519, 284, 357, 48, 40, 8, 75, 11, 262, 3081, 286, 262, 717, 4326, 4635, 290, 284, 357, 48, 40, 8, 77, 25666, 357, 48, 40, 8, 64, 290, 357, 48, 40, 8, 65, 389, 38491, 11, 290, 399, 318, 262, 23818, 6115, 286, 262, 3186, 4635, 13, 554, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 290, 604, 11, 262, 1051, 460, 307, 3967, 393, 4633, 960, 24561, 611, 262, 3081, 6376, 318, 10068, 355, 23818, 3227, 6115, 5732, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 7800, 422, 257, 1429, 26, 4633, 611, 262, 3081, 6376, 12497, 22448, 393, 32129, 3354, 11, 543, 481, 10070, 355, 262, 23818, 3227, 6115, 5732, 13, 2893, 262, 1948, 11688, 286, 262, 1720, 393, 1429, 852, 3177, 481, 749, 1884, 307, 1180, 329, 1123, 1720, 290, 1429, 11, 262, 2029, 49971, 389, 4795, 286, 262, 2176, 11688, 326, 460, 307, 3519, 284, 262, 3081, 6376, 13, 1881, 815, 407, 1607, 11, 2158, 11, 262, 29052, 3815, 286, 262, 38491, 284, 6486, 1626, 257, 2176, 2837, 393, 284, 423, 597, 1948, 2776, 422, 530, 1720, 284, 1194, 11, 780, 262, 3081, 36525, 460, 13238, 6906, 319, 262, 11688, 7147, 329, 12452, 13, 440, 4462, 1137, 53, 18421, 26039, 805, 357, 26709, 8, 3568, 284, 307, 530, 286, 262, 717, 284, 2190, 3227, 19299, 393, 262, 3081, 286, 3186, 14338, 1864, 284, 257, 4673, 12133, 13, 26039, 805, 4394, 257, 1271, 286, 6096, 286, 3081, 4673, 23759, 326, 389, 5545, 355, 39682, 49971, 287, 543, 257, 3953, 286, 3081, 318, 37515, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 640, 422, 262, 923, 286, 3227, 13, 632, 815, 307, 4367, 326, 428, 31760, 318, 6414, 351, 7889, 341, 513, 691, 287, 262, 1339, 326, 3227, 3965, 389, 6937, 625, 640, 960, 64, 25179, 326, 25129, 8833, 13, 317, 1332, 286, 262, 14078, 326, 257, 3081, 6376, 318, 2225, 540, 416, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 393, 604, 460, 11, 287, 7989, 11, 307, 925, 416, 17247, 262, 3081, 286, 3186, 393, 7767, 379, 2972, 2974, 286, 3227, 13, 1114, 617, 8667, 3186, 960, 1640, 543, 5260, 286, 3081, 290, 3227, 15343, 714, 307, 6492, 960, 732, 423, 4143, 1043, 326, 734, 286, 262, 1115, 49971, 389, 9826, 49919, 12, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 13539, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 256, 41726, 287, 511, 2694, 284, 2380, 262, 1366, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 11, 262, 14174, 290, 39682, 3657, 547, 43649, 960, 24815, 326, 262, 35381, 286, 16096, 329, 262, 734, 3657, 373, 3016, 262, 976, 851, 4514, 287, 1854, 11, 262, 1176, 290, 39682, 3657, 547, 43649, 13, 775, 1043, 645, 1339, 287, 543, 477, 1115, 24612, 547, 8603, 922, 13, 6060, 389, 5545, 287, 11291, 352, 11291, 362, 832, 11291, 513, 11270, 281, 6376, 286, 3081, 284, 262, 23818, 15343, 286, 3227, 329, 1115, 1180, 3186, 960, 2971, 34122, 11, 257, 1402, 5186, 5584, 11, 290, 13791, 6953, 3350, 654, 13, 3611, 13944, 5834, 290, 383, 33261, 4062, 1678, 11, 3457, 1539, 1036, 45289, 14275, 262, 1366, 7763, 287, 777, 5538, 13, 317, 6764, 286, 262, 3081, 6376, 329, 1123, 286, 262, 3186, 318, 1813, 287, 262, 3785, 3144, 507, 13, 11136, 645, 257, 3161, 72, 4308, 319, 543, 284, 3853, 262, 9871, 31760, 329, 10200, 262, 3081, 6376, 11, 356, 11068, 1123, 286, 262, 3186, 1262, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 290, 604, 13, 14207, 281, 13432, 416, 13452, 2123, 435, 13, 357, 38108, 8, 326, 262, 39682, 1296, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 318, 617, 12, 19697, 11335, 352, 317, 39279, 3953, 286, 22448, 287, 1657, 34122, 329, 262, 2278, 1022, 8069, 290, 11104, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 39279, 15343, 13, 14156, 318, 8630, 287, 22448, 583, 1510, 1657, 34122, 13, 2312, 1366, 2380, 262, 23818, 3227, 422, 257, 2060, 4618, 13, 2744, 49501, 35381, 374, 796, 764, 6469, 357, 1640, 262, 14174, 10552, 11, 374, 796, 764, 4521, 737, 22984, 286, 3611, 13944, 1766, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 17318, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 19697, 11335, 362, 14435, 1143, 22448, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 23818, 15343, 11, 287, 14977, 4991, 11, 329, 1402, 5186, 24699, 329, 262, 2278, 14745, 832, 11104, 13, 2896, 478, 82, 2233, 284, 3227, 8563, 389, 287, 262, 2837, 286, 257, 1178, 11192, 583, 5242, 286, 24699, 13, 2744, 49501, 35381, 374, 796, 764, 4531, 357, 1640, 262, 39682, 10552, 11, 374, 796, 764, 2154, 737, 22984, 286, 3611, 13944, 1766, 13, 644, 284, 307, 9871, 329, 15458, 11, 393, 2811, 11, 19232, 286, 262, 18663, 287, 1808, 11, 356, 423, 7147, 284, 1944, 1115, 286, 777, 5621, 286, 1366, 287, 2846, 286, 262, 39682, 2776, 286, 262, 3081, 6376, 284, 262, 23818, 15343, 286, 262, 1720, 4635, 13, 554, 4844, 286, 777, 2663, 373, 36275, 4156, 11, 30253, 2035, 326, 357, 48, 40, 8, 77, 9, 373, 6840, 6632, 393, 326, 262, 6515, 3815, 389, 523, 1290, 422, 262, 36275, 1988, 326, 262, 1944, 10552, 318, 407, 12872, 284, 3359, 257, 36275, 13, 632, 318, 286, 1948, 1393, 326, 262, 16096, 44036, 329, 257, 14174, 7110, 286, 262, 1366, 3402, 287, 11291, 352, 290, 11291, 513, 389, 6986, 262, 976, 355, 3402, 329, 262, 23759, 355, 37515, 13, 383, 16096, 44036, 329, 262, 23759, 3402, 287, 262, 28770, 389, 1813, 287, 262, 3144, 507, 11, 1863, 351, 262, 16096, 329, 262, 1266, 5559, 31760, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 1366, 2173, 287, 777, 1115, 5538, 6870, 281, 2811, 286, 262, 3081, 18663, 329, 257, 2278, 286, 530, 614, 13, 6660, 11, 329, 11291, 352, 11, 262, 3081, 1366, 389, 329, 1160, 812, 286, 3227, 11, 11291, 362, 329, 860, 812, 11, 290, 11291, 513, 329, 1105, 812, 13, 554, 617, 2663, 262, 6376, 318, 5447, 355, 22448, 287, 3227, 26, 287, 1854, 11, 262, 8440, 286, 257, 30954, 1720, 284, 257, 6491, 13, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 17342, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 19697, 11335, 513, 14435, 1143, 15881, 2494, 355, 257, 2163, 286, 23818, 15343, 329, 262, 2278, 13521, 832, 11104, 329, 257, 13791, 6953, 13092, 13, 2744, 49501, 35381, 374, 796, 764, 4846, 357, 1640, 262, 14174, 10552, 374, 796, 764, 5824, 737, 22984, 286, 383, 33261, 4062, 1678, 11, 3457, 13, 7102, 28332, 2849, 554, 1123, 286, 262, 2663, 11068, 11, 612, 318, 1598, 2370, 326, 262, 3081, 6376, 11, 3584, 5447, 10338, 329, 1123, 1448, 286, 3186, 11, 318, 3519, 284, 23818, 6115, 286, 3227, 13, 2080, 262, 9573, 287, 1720, 2099, 290, 7767, 7997, 994, 11, 262, 14078, 326, 530, 393, 517, 5107, 286, 262, 4673, 12133, 7160, 329, 3081, 318, 4855, 416, 777, 1366, 13, 4900, 262, 1944, 1366, 466, 407, 1656, 6007, 286, 38607, 1871, 262, 2972, 5107, 329, 257, 4673, 12133, 329, 3081, 11, 340, 3568, 326, 530, 393, 517, 5107, 460, 3538, 307, 1043, 284, 8749, 257, 6397, 7552, 329, 4634, 649, 4661, 393, 17247, 262, 2928, 286, 1613, 4028, 319, 2854, 13, 4362, 262, 640, 5739, 287, 543, 777, 3186, 547, 287, 3227, 318, 890, 11, 340, 318, 13025, 1728, 326, 262, 4028, 5220, 2961, 355, 852, 1593, 329, 4542, 290, 4409, 287, 16937, 257, 12948, 9025, 287, 3081, 547, 2077, 3690, 262, 1204, 286, 777, 3186, 13, 5501, 286, 262, 2706, 326, 2810, 777, 1366, 468, 8203, 326, 262, 3081, 11257, 9555, 287, 777, 5538, 389, 262, 1255, 286, 6937, 290, 6414, 198, 4503, 49, 329, 2443, 12279, 198, 10725, 36820, 10659, 4261, 2751, 36230, 50, 25, 376, 15919, 18421, 3963, 29564, 12, 31631, 4810, 10659, 8476, 3241, 284, 262, 6817, 286, 12948, 9025, 13, 4900, 428, 21403, 286, 257, 3081, 6376, 319, 23818, 3227, 468, 587, 9555, 329, 691, 428, 2922, 1448, 286, 3186, 11, 356, 1975, 326, 428, 10733, 318, 4143, 2081, 13, 317, 4947, 286, 3224, 6096, 422, 584, 11798, 561, 1037, 1104, 428, 7664, 13, 775, 423, 587, 6655, 284, 1064, 326, 1178, 2706, 1394, 1366, 287, 262, 1296, 393, 351, 257, 15794, 326, 3578, 262, 1708, 286, 11257, 355, 3417, 287, 262, 3858, 286, 23759, 3402, 994, 13, 554, 674, 1570, 11, 428, 318, 257, 1790, 4976, 326, 815, 307, 9469, 416, 477, 5213, 351, 12948, 9025, 13, 383, 17895, 4947, 286, 1366, 319, 3081, 290, 262, 10552, 286, 777, 1366, 287, 262, 1296, 3417, 416, 7889, 602, 362, 11, 513, 11, 393, 604, 11, 2897, 257, 1724, 286, 9646, 4371, 319, 262, 564, 250, 18487, 5623, 9025, 564, 251, 286, 3081, 290, 257, 1724, 416, 543, 12653, 9027, 460, 307, 4920, 329, 2003, 4661, 13, 23302, 477, 11, 262, 6224, 286, 257, 4673, 12133, 329, 3081, 815, 307, 9569, 355, 530, 517, 1672, 286, 262, 761, 329, 8161, 4947, 286, 17895, 1366, 13, 9170, 922, 1366, 11, 428, 1593, 8489, 2314, 307, 973, 13, 30481, 1029, 12, 13237, 3186, 832, 1029, 12, 13237, 9138, 7767, 290, 3341, 318, 257, 4688, 5002, 287, 262, 19369, 286, 9138, 13, 383, 4673, 12133, 329, 3081, 815, 4361, 307, 9569, 355, 281, 1593, 5002, 287, 262, 19369, 286, 9138, 13, 775, 1975, 326, 262, 4673, 23759, 460, 307, 281, 1593, 18920, 284, 16937, 6596, 3081, 13, 7125, 29132, 3913, 30465, 38, 10979, 770, 670, 373, 4855, 287, 636, 416, 257, 7264, 422, 262, 8092, 12533, 5834, 7557, 13, 198, 40171, 876, 2846, 422, 2104, 6843, 25, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

3,731

Emerging Explorer, National Geographic Blackstone Innovation Challenge Grantee Photograph by Dino Martins Photograph by C. Lewis Do you like chocolate? Coffee? Pollinating insects make these and hundreds of other foods possible. The threatened habitats that support those insects may often be out of sight and out of mind, but Dino Martins brings their importance home. “Pollinators are one of the strongest connections between conservation and something everyone needs—food.” With his infectious enthusiasm and practical solutions, Martins acts as a pollinator himself, carrying crucial information to Kenya’s isolated farmers, schoolchildren, and a larger world of travelers and scientists. “Insects are the invisible, behind-the-scenes workers that keep the planet going,” Martins observes. “They do incredibly complicated things but are never recognized for it. I’m privileged to be their messenger.” Growing up in rural Kenya, Martins saw the most basic interface between farms, food, and nature every day. “In the developing world, subsistence farmers are on the front lines of poverty, hunger, and either saving or destroying forests. Africa is especially vulnerable since so many of the crops that provide nutrition are 100 percent dependent on wild insects.” Examples abound. In a shrinking fragment of forest, some of the last remaining African violets cling to a hillside and fight to survive. Long-tongued bees grasp the fragile flowers in their teeth, fold back their wings, and vibrate with unimaginable intensity to buzz-pollinate the blossoms. Energized, the same bees then travel to pollinate crops in nearby farm fields. But for how long? If the violets vanish, so could the bees, and ultimately acres of crops. Elsewhere, a community of farms struggles on land degraded by deforestation, charcoal burning, and high pesticide use. Yet when passion fruit trees produce poor yields, what is blamed? Bees. “Farmers look at the big scary carpenter bees swarming around their trees and rush to kill them,” says Martins. “In fact, they need more bees, not fewer. Passion fruit nectar lies concealed below a lid in the plant. It takes a big hefty bee to lift the lid, extract the nectar, and pollinate the flower. A little honeybee could never do it.” Martins helps create a nesting habitat that will attract the big bees and allow pollinators and crops to flourish again. Down the road, hawk moths flit from male to female papaya trees, their brief evening commute entirely responsible for the trees’ pollination and survival. “Papaya is such an important crop for many rural communities because it’s incredibly rich in vitamins, can be used medicinally, and survives drought,” Martins notes. “We help farmers recognize and protect its major pollinators.” All across East Africa, Martins works to identify the most useful plants and pollinators, return them to their habitats, and help both ecosystems and local communities thrive. He stresses that “farmers need to understand why leaving a little space for nature isn’t a luxury, but a necessity for productive, sustainable agriculture. Farmers everywhere are conservative and skeptical. So I make one or two of them my champions in the community, demonstrating the success of our techniques. When others see the proof, they all want to try it.” If you can’t find Martins with farmers in the field, try looking in an outdoor classroom. One school he’s involved with meets under a tree that’s buzzing with 400 species of bees. “The biodiversity is overwhelming,” Martins exclaims. He works with schoolchildren to start pollinator gardens; collect bugs; examine hairy, eight-eyed wonders under magnifying glasses; and identify the most relevant crops and pollinators in their community. “In largely illiterate areas, these kids are often the first in their families to go to school. They may be resource-poor, but they’re nature-rich. You couldn’t ask for better, more enthusiastic young scientists.” Technology is transforming his efforts. “Now that rural Kenya has Internet and mobile phone connections, I can email the farmers and field scientists I work with. Eventually I want farmers to be able to take pictures with phones and send them to bee taxonomists on the other side of the world. I want Kenyan school kids to talk with U.S. kids about pollinators and crops where they live.” Martins’s blog links him with scientists across the globe. One recent entry about mango pollination prompted responses from the U.S., Italy, Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Ghana within just one day. His magazine articles, illustrations, and guidebooks are widely published. “Sharing information opens our eyes to the fact that the problems of the world are not unique to any one place.” Martins stresses that everyone can make a difference. “Look at your next plate of food and ask where it came from, how it got to you. Every time you eat you can choose to support farming that’s shown to be good, rather than abusive, to nature and people. You vote with your wallet, your feet, and your mouth.” Follow @NatGeoExplorers on Twitter My name is Dino J. Martins, I am a Kenyan entomologist and I love insects. The Kiswahili word for insect is dudu and if you didn't know already, insects rule the world! In Their Words “Every single person on our planet has a diet that includes food made possible by pollinating insects. When this connection is threatened, all of humanity is threatened.” Martins discusses the age old relationship between honeybees and humans—and its importance in the future. Traditionally, it's the birds and the bees that get all the attention-unless you're an entomologist. Then it's the bees and the bees, not to mention the flies and the wasps and the moths. Our Explorers in Action Meet female explorers who have pushed the limits in adventure, science, and more.

[ 32779, 2667, 19142, 11, 2351, 33636, 2619, 6440, 27724, 13879, 12181, 1453, 198, 27248, 2384, 416, 39430, 3981, 1040, 198, 27248, 2384, 416, 327, 13, 10174, 198, 5211, 345, 588, 11311, 30, 19443, 30, 12868, 6010, 19435, 787, 777, 290, 5179, 286, 584, 9013, 1744, 13, 383, 8556, 35308, 326, 1104, 883, 19435, 743, 1690, 307, 503, 286, 6504, 290, 503, 286, 2000, 11, 475, 39430, 3981, 1040, 6774, 511, 6817, 1363, 13, 564, 250, 39176, 47721, 389, 530, 286, 262, 12841, 8787, 1022, 14903, 290, 1223, 2506, 2476, 960, 19425, 13, 447, 251, 2080, 465, 25246, 17131, 290, 8472, 8136, 11, 3981, 1040, 6529, 355, 257, 3278, 20900, 2241, 11, 6872, 8780, 1321, 284, 21506, 447, 247, 82, 11557, 9818, 11, 1524, 17197, 11, 290, 257, 4025, 995, 286, 23325, 290, 5519, 13, 198, 447, 250, 818, 8831, 82, 389, 262, 14836, 11, 2157, 12, 1169, 12, 28123, 3259, 326, 1394, 262, 5440, 1016, 11, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 34526, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 466, 8131, 8253, 1243, 475, 389, 1239, 8018, 329, 340, 13, 314, 447, 247, 76, 21929, 284, 307, 511, 31228, 13, 447, 251, 37487, 510, 287, 10016, 21506, 11, 3981, 1040, 2497, 262, 749, 4096, 7071, 1022, 15893, 11, 2057, 11, 290, 3450, 790, 1110, 13, 564, 250, 818, 262, 5922, 995, 11, 48042, 9818, 389, 319, 262, 2166, 3951, 286, 8098, 11, 16460, 11, 290, 2035, 8914, 393, 13897, 17039, 13, 5478, 318, 2592, 8826, 1201, 523, 867, 286, 262, 14450, 326, 2148, 16633, 389, 1802, 1411, 10795, 319, 4295, 19435, 13, 447, 251, 198, 27730, 41413, 13, 554, 257, 27382, 24225, 286, 8222, 11, 617, 286, 262, 938, 5637, 5510, 410, 952, 5289, 36331, 284, 257, 12788, 1589, 290, 1907, 284, 7866, 13, 5882, 12, 83, 506, 1739, 17002, 13180, 262, 21049, 12734, 287, 511, 9941, 11, 5591, 736, 511, 12098, 11, 290, 12611, 378, 351, 44446, 12245, 284, 14713, 12, 30393, 4559, 262, 35107, 3150, 13, 412, 25649, 1143, 11, 262, 976, 17002, 788, 3067, 284, 3278, 4559, 14450, 287, 6716, 5318, 7032, 13, 887, 329, 703, 890, 30, 1002, 262, 410, 952, 5289, 39572, 11, 523, 714, 262, 17002, 11, 290, 6165, 16051, 286, 14450, 13, 198, 49374, 11, 257, 2055, 286, 15893, 12766, 319, 1956, 41604, 416, 48152, 11, 33512, 9482, 11, 290, 1029, 36466, 779, 13, 6430, 618, 7506, 8234, 7150, 4439, 3595, 19299, 11, 644, 318, 13772, 30, 46698, 13, 564, 250, 48412, 364, 804, 379, 262, 1263, 14343, 1097, 26419, 17002, 1509, 18052, 1088, 511, 7150, 290, 10484, 284, 1494, 606, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 3981, 1040, 13, 564, 250, 818, 1109, 11, 484, 761, 517, 17002, 11, 407, 7380, 13, 37580, 8234, 299, 44504, 7363, 18176, 2174, 257, 19789, 287, 262, 4618, 13, 632, 2753, 257, 1263, 29784, 20697, 284, 10303, 262, 19789, 11, 7925, 262, 299, 44504, 11, 290, 3278, 4559, 262, 15061, 13, 317, 1310, 12498, 20963, 714, 1239, 466, 340, 13, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 5419, 2251, 257, 46282, 20018, 326, 481, 4729, 262, 1263, 17002, 290, 1249, 3278, 47721, 290, 14450, 284, 31147, 757, 13, 198, 8048, 262, 2975, 11, 48710, 285, 27118, 781, 270, 422, 4257, 284, 4048, 20461, 11729, 7150, 11, 511, 4506, 6180, 31099, 5000, 4497, 329, 262, 7150, 447, 247, 3278, 1883, 290, 9441, 13, 564, 250, 47, 499, 11729, 318, 884, 281, 1593, 13833, 329, 867, 10016, 5348, 780, 340, 447, 247, 82, 8131, 5527, 287, 29091, 11, 460, 307, 973, 6924, 3289, 11, 290, 36417, 18393, 11, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 4710, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 1037, 9818, 7564, 290, 1805, 663, 1688, 3278, 47721, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3237, 1973, 3687, 5478, 11, 3981, 1040, 2499, 284, 5911, 262, 749, 4465, 6134, 290, 3278, 47721, 11, 1441, 606, 284, 511, 35308, 11, 290, 1037, 1111, 30020, 290, 1957, 5348, 22191, 13, 679, 29787, 326, 564, 250, 43323, 364, 761, 284, 1833, 1521, 4305, 257, 1310, 2272, 329, 3450, 2125, 447, 247, 83, 257, 13064, 11, 475, 257, 14564, 329, 12973, 11, 13347, 14510, 13, 34982, 8347, 389, 5940, 290, 17988, 13, 1406, 314, 787, 530, 393, 734, 286, 606, 616, 7827, 287, 262, 2055, 11, 21135, 262, 1943, 286, 674, 7605, 13, 1649, 1854, 766, 262, 6617, 11, 484, 477, 765, 284, 1949, 340, 13, 447, 251, 198, 1532, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 1064, 3981, 1040, 351, 9818, 287, 262, 2214, 11, 1949, 2045, 287, 281, 15162, 15806, 13, 1881, 1524, 339, 447, 247, 82, 2950, 351, 11185, 739, 257, 5509, 326, 447, 247, 82, 41719, 351, 7337, 4693, 286, 17002, 13, 564, 250, 464, 37589, 318, 9721, 11, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 48775, 82, 13, 679, 2499, 351, 1524, 17197, 284, 923, 3278, 20900, 25476, 26, 2824, 11316, 26, 10716, 43873, 11, 3624, 12, 18834, 19294, 739, 7842, 4035, 15232, 26, 290, 5911, 262, 749, 5981, 14450, 290, 3278, 47721, 287, 511, 2055, 13, 564, 250, 818, 5688, 45029, 378, 3006, 11, 777, 3988, 389, 1690, 262, 717, 287, 511, 4172, 284, 467, 284, 1524, 13, 1119, 743, 307, 8271, 12, 36672, 11, 475, 484, 447, 247, 260, 3450, 12, 7527, 13, 921, 3521, 447, 247, 83, 1265, 329, 1365, 11, 517, 21848, 1862, 5519, 13, 447, 251, 198, 44893, 318, 25449, 465, 4040, 13, 564, 250, 3844, 326, 10016, 21506, 468, 4455, 290, 5175, 3072, 8787, 11, 314, 460, 3053, 262, 9818, 290, 2214, 5519, 314, 670, 351, 13, 16178, 314, 765, 9818, 284, 307, 1498, 284, 1011, 5986, 351, 9512, 290, 3758, 606, 284, 20697, 1687, 6326, 1023, 319, 262, 584, 1735, 286, 262, 995, 13, 314, 765, 47214, 1524, 3988, 284, 1561, 351, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3988, 546, 3278, 47721, 290, 14450, 810, 484, 2107, 13, 447, 251, 3981, 1040, 447, 247, 82, 4130, 6117, 683, 351, 5519, 1973, 262, 13342, 13, 1881, 2274, 5726, 546, 49364, 3278, 1883, 12053, 9109, 422, 262, 471, 13, 50, 1539, 8031, 11, 27026, 11, 7648, 11, 3794, 11, 290, 32825, 1626, 655, 530, 1110, 13, 2399, 7093, 6685, 11, 27128, 11, 290, 5698, 12106, 389, 6768, 3199, 13, 564, 250, 2484, 1723, 1321, 9808, 674, 2951, 284, 262, 1109, 326, 262, 2761, 286, 262, 995, 389, 407, 3748, 284, 597, 530, 1295, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13143, 1040, 29787, 326, 2506, 460, 787, 257, 3580, 13, 564, 250, 8567, 379, 534, 1306, 7480, 286, 2057, 290, 1265, 810, 340, 1625, 422, 11, 703, 340, 1392, 284, 345, 13, 3887, 640, 345, 4483, 345, 460, 3853, 284, 1104, 16035, 326, 447, 247, 82, 3402, 284, 307, 922, 11, 2138, 621, 19546, 11, 284, 3450, 290, 661, 13, 921, 3015, 351, 534, 13008, 11, 534, 3625, 11, 290, 534, 5422, 13, 447, 251, 198, 7155, 2488, 47849, 10082, 78, 18438, 28089, 319, 3009, 198, 3666, 1438, 318, 39430, 449, 13, 3981, 1040, 11, 314, 716, 257, 47214, 920, 296, 7451, 290, 314, 1842, 19435, 13, 383, 30519, 86, 993, 2403, 1573, 329, 12833, 318, 288, 463, 84, 290, 611, 345, 1422, 470, 760, 1541, 11, 19435, 3896, 262, 995, 0, 198, 818, 5334, 23087, 198, 447, 250, 6109, 2060, 1048, 319, 674, 5440, 468, 257, 5496, 326, 3407, 2057, 925, 1744, 416, 3278, 6010, 19435, 13, 1649, 428, 4637, 318, 8556, 11, 477, 286, 9265, 318, 8556, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13143, 1040, 19451, 262, 2479, 1468, 2776, 1022, 12498, 41712, 290, 5384, 960, 392, 663, 6817, 287, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 2898, 324, 8736, 11, 340, 338, 262, 10087, 290, 262, 17002, 326, 651, 477, 262, 3241, 12, 25252, 345, 821, 281, 920, 296, 7451, 13, 3244, 340, 338, 262, 17002, 290, 262, 17002, 11, 407, 284, 3068, 262, 17607, 290, 262, 373, 862, 290, 262, 285, 27118, 13, 198, 5122, 5905, 28089, 287, 7561, 198, 29318, 4048, 45531, 508, 423, 7121, 262, 7095, 287, 8855, 11, 3783, 11, 290, 517, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,300

Grading and Reporting for All Students Instructor: Stephanie Wertkins, Instructor; Thomas Guskey and Lee Ann Jung, Presenter Spring, Summer & Fall (Ongoing) Instruction Mode: Internet-Asynchronous (Online Class) Academic Level: K-12 Professional Development Partner Course Fee: $145 Partner Class Offered Through Knowledge Delivery Systems This expansive course on the topic of reporting and grading, focuses on the meaning of grades for parents and students. It explores whether teachers are consistent In giving grades and reviews common methods in grading students. Presenters Guskey and Jung challenge traditional practices and propose options that show how grading methods can be modified and combined to benefit students and their parents. Also included is a section on the challenges of grading struggling learners and special needs students. Jung and Guskey lay out a five-step inclusive grading modelresulting in a system that showcases best practices for standards-based grading. After completing this course, educators will know: - Aspects of the history of grading in the US to date. - The purpose(s) of grading. - Recommended grading methods. - The drawbacks of averaging, assigning zeros, and grading on the curve. - The distinctions between the learning criteria of product, process, and progress. - The Inclusive Grading Model as a method for grading struggling and other exceptional learners. - Methods for effective communication with parents and other audiences. Student Learning Outcomes: After completing this course, educators will apply the following skills: - Articulate a clear purpose for grades. - Utilize a standards-based grading system. - Distinguish product from process from progress on report cards. - Make modifications and accommodations for students as necessary. - Adopt the Inclusive Grading Model to ensure they are grading all students, including those who struggle, accurately and fairly. - Improve communications with parents and other audiences. Register for this class through KDSi. NOTE: Upon registration, you have 2 months for course completion. Although many of our courses are approved for both 1 and 3 graduate professional development credits, participants can only receive credit for one version of each course.

[ 8642, 4980, 290, 29595, 329, 1439, 14882, 198, 43993, 273, 25, 26085, 370, 861, 5331, 11, 47839, 26, 5658, 37307, 2539, 290, 5741, 5506, 27134, 11, 1763, 9255, 198, 30387, 11, 10216, 1222, 7218, 357, 46, 782, 40519, 8, 198, 6310, 2762, 10363, 25, 4455, 12, 1722, 31301, 357, 14439, 5016, 8, 198, 12832, 49113, 5684, 25, 509, 12, 1065, 18612, 7712, 198, 7841, 1008, 20537, 28522, 25, 720, 18781, 198, 7841, 1008, 5016, 3242, 1068, 9561, 20414, 28682, 11998, 198, 1212, 31316, 1781, 319, 262, 7243, 286, 6447, 290, 43165, 11, 13692, 319, 262, 3616, 286, 19051, 329, 3397, 290, 2444, 13, 632, 25409, 1771, 7799, 389, 6414, 554, 3501, 19051, 290, 8088, 2219, 5050, 287, 43165, 2444, 13, 21662, 364, 37307, 2539, 290, 27134, 4427, 4569, 6593, 290, 18077, 3689, 326, 905, 703, 43165, 5050, 460, 307, 9518, 290, 5929, 284, 4414, 2444, 290, 511, 3397, 13, 4418, 3017, 318, 257, 2665, 319, 262, 6459, 286, 43165, 9648, 46184, 290, 2041, 2476, 2444, 13, 27134, 290, 37307, 2539, 3830, 503, 257, 1936, 12, 9662, 19889, 43165, 2746, 20274, 278, 287, 257, 1080, 326, 45064, 1266, 6593, 329, 5423, 12, 3106, 43165, 13, 198, 3260, 14339, 428, 1781, 11, 30770, 481, 760, 25, 198, 12, 1081, 38046, 286, 262, 2106, 286, 43165, 287, 262, 1294, 284, 3128, 13, 198, 12, 383, 4007, 7, 82, 8, 286, 43165, 13, 198, 12, 31117, 43165, 5050, 13, 198, 12, 383, 42763, 286, 20430, 11, 38875, 1976, 27498, 11, 290, 43165, 319, 262, 12133, 13, 198, 12, 383, 36640, 1022, 262, 4673, 9987, 286, 1720, 11, 1429, 11, 290, 4371, 13, 198, 12, 383, 554, 5731, 1902, 4980, 9104, 355, 257, 2446, 329, 43165, 9648, 290, 584, 15313, 46184, 13, 198, 12, 25458, 329, 4050, 6946, 351, 3397, 290, 584, 15579, 13, 198, 38778, 18252, 3806, 8988, 25, 198, 3260, 14339, 428, 1781, 11, 30770, 481, 4174, 262, 1708, 4678, 25, 198, 12, 3683, 291, 5039, 257, 1598, 4007, 329, 19051, 13, 198, 12, 7273, 346, 1096, 257, 5423, 12, 3106, 43165, 1080, 13, 198, 12, 4307, 6680, 680, 1720, 422, 1429, 422, 4371, 319, 989, 4116, 13, 198, 12, 6889, 19008, 290, 33839, 329, 2444, 355, 3306, 13, 198, 12, 1215, 8738, 262, 554, 5731, 1902, 4980, 9104, 284, 4155, 484, 389, 43165, 477, 2444, 11, 1390, 883, 508, 6531, 11, 14351, 290, 6547, 13, 198, 12, 20580, 8062, 351, 3397, 290, 584, 15579, 13, 198, 38804, 329, 428, 1398, 832, 509, 5258, 72, 13, 24550, 25, 14438, 9352, 11, 345, 423, 362, 1933, 329, 1781, 11939, 13, 4900, 867, 286, 674, 10902, 389, 6325, 329, 1111, 352, 290, 513, 10428, 4708, 2478, 10824, 11, 6809, 460, 691, 3328, 3884, 329, 530, 2196, 286, 1123, 1781, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

456

Worries about Pennsylvania facing a severe drought seem to have faded with recent rainstorms, but the question of how to care for your lawn during this summer’s heat is still important. When it comes to maintaining your lawn, according to an expert in Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences, doing less really may be doing more. “Most years, you don’t need to water if your lawn is in decent shape going into the summer season,” said Peter Landschoot, professor of turfgrass management. “The spring recipe for lawn care is to fertilize, mow up to twice a week and treat for weeds. But homeowners should back off on all those practices during the summer.” During the hottest, driest months of the year, it is common for cool-season grasses to go into a semidormant state and turn brown and dry. This especially may occur during a drought. Fortunately, he explains, lawns generally recover when cool temperatures and moisture return in autumn. He also encourages homeowners to question whether the benefits of watering their lawns are worth the cost of using valuable water resources, particularly during a drought, and advises homeowners to check local watering restrictions that may be in place to limit residential water usage. If you choose to continue watering throughout the summer months, Landschoot suggests doing so in the morning, when cooler temperatures and still conditions reduce water-loss due to evaporation. When it comes to watering, he explains that a good rule of thumb is to water deeply and infrequently. “Aim to moisten the ground as deep as the roots extend into the soil.” In the case of pest control, he cautions that treatments should be applied during the summer only if there is a significant problem. “Grubs are active from mid-August to early October and really can damage some lawns,” Landschoot said, noting that most lawns don’t need annual grub treatments. “Grubs are easy to recognize because they eat roots. If you can roll back small areas of turf like a rug, it is likely caused by grubs.” Landschoot explained that when mowing your lawn this summer, grass heights should be left a bit higher, between 3 to 3-1/2 inches. He also suggested that when possible, mowing should be done in the cool of the evening or morning. “Late August through mid-October is an optimal time to perform turfgrass maintenance and renovation, so long as your lawn gets a break during the summer months,” he said. “When cooler temperatures return in the fall, grasses once again will be able to green and to grow.”

[ 54, 273, 1678, 546, 9589, 6476, 257, 6049, 18393, 1283, 284, 423, 24887, 351, 2274, 6290, 38563, 11, 475, 262, 1808, 286, 703, 284, 1337, 329, 534, 21133, 1141, 428, 3931, 447, 247, 82, 4894, 318, 991, 1593, 13, 198, 2215, 340, 2058, 284, 10941, 534, 21133, 11, 1864, 284, 281, 5887, 287, 6595, 1812, 447, 247, 82, 5535, 286, 36694, 13473, 11, 1804, 1342, 1107, 743, 307, 1804, 517, 13, 198, 447, 250, 6943, 812, 11, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 284, 1660, 611, 534, 21133, 318, 287, 7709, 5485, 1016, 656, 262, 3931, 1622, 11, 447, 251, 531, 5613, 24182, 354, 1025, 11, 6240, 286, 29553, 29815, 4542, 13, 564, 250, 464, 6076, 8364, 329, 21133, 1337, 318, 284, 19078, 1096, 11, 285, 322, 510, 284, 5403, 257, 1285, 290, 2190, 329, 36708, 13, 887, 24692, 815, 736, 572, 319, 477, 883, 6593, 1141, 262, 3931, 13, 447, 251, 198, 7191, 262, 26896, 11, 1454, 395, 1933, 286, 262, 614, 11, 340, 318, 2219, 329, 3608, 12, 6230, 8701, 274, 284, 467, 656, 257, 5026, 312, 579, 415, 1181, 290, 1210, 7586, 290, 5894, 13, 770, 2592, 743, 3051, 1141, 257, 18393, 13, 198, 31276, 11, 339, 6688, 11, 21133, 82, 4143, 8551, 618, 3608, 10101, 290, 20160, 1441, 287, 23608, 13, 198, 1544, 635, 18656, 24692, 284, 1808, 1771, 262, 4034, 286, 41737, 511, 21133, 82, 389, 2861, 262, 1575, 286, 1262, 8119, 1660, 4133, 11, 3573, 1141, 257, 18393, 11, 290, 34138, 24692, 284, 2198, 1957, 41737, 8733, 326, 743, 307, 287, 1295, 284, 4179, 12420, 1660, 8748, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 3853, 284, 2555, 41737, 3690, 262, 3931, 1933, 11, 24182, 354, 1025, 5644, 1804, 523, 287, 262, 3329, 11, 618, 19346, 10101, 290, 991, 3403, 4646, 1660, 12, 22462, 2233, 284, 819, 499, 6944, 13, 1649, 340, 2058, 284, 41737, 11, 339, 6688, 326, 257, 922, 3896, 286, 15683, 318, 284, 1660, 7744, 290, 1167, 37971, 13, 198, 447, 250, 49945, 284, 13394, 268, 262, 2323, 355, 2769, 355, 262, 11135, 9117, 656, 262, 9260, 13, 447, 251, 198, 818, 262, 1339, 286, 28064, 1630, 11, 339, 1275, 3508, 326, 13820, 815, 307, 5625, 1141, 262, 3931, 691, 611, 612, 318, 257, 2383, 1917, 13, 198, 447, 250, 8642, 23161, 389, 4075, 422, 3095, 12, 17908, 284, 1903, 3267, 290, 1107, 460, 2465, 617, 21133, 82, 11, 447, 251, 24182, 354, 1025, 531, 11, 10820, 326, 749, 21133, 82, 836, 447, 247, 83, 761, 5079, 1036, 549, 13820, 13, 198, 447, 250, 8642, 23161, 389, 2562, 284, 7564, 780, 484, 4483, 11135, 13, 1002, 345, 460, 4836, 736, 1402, 3006, 286, 29553, 588, 257, 14477, 11, 340, 318, 1884, 4073, 416, 1036, 23161, 13, 447, 251, 198, 43, 1746, 354, 1025, 4893, 326, 618, 285, 7855, 534, 21133, 428, 3931, 11, 8701, 23245, 815, 307, 1364, 257, 1643, 2440, 11, 1022, 513, 284, 513, 12, 16, 14, 17, 8331, 13, 679, 635, 5220, 326, 618, 1744, 11, 285, 7855, 815, 307, 1760, 287, 262, 3608, 286, 262, 6180, 393, 3329, 13, 198, 447, 250, 26302, 2932, 832, 3095, 12, 18517, 318, 281, 16586, 640, 284, 1620, 29553, 29815, 9262, 290, 36011, 11, 523, 890, 355, 534, 21133, 3011, 257, 2270, 1141, 262, 3931, 1933, 11, 447, 251, 339, 531, 13, 564, 250, 2215, 19346, 10101, 1441, 287, 262, 2121, 11, 8701, 274, 1752, 757, 481, 307, 1498, 284, 4077, 290, 284, 1663, 13, 447, 251, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

573

According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), human health and human disease result from three interactive elements -- environmental factors, individual susceptibility, and age. Environmental medicine is the health care specialty concerned with human illnesses or dysfunctions that result from environmental factors. Environmental medicine specialists participate in a wide range of activities in their quest for answers regarding how the environment affects our health. For example, among many other topics, the NIEHS is currently studying breast and testicular cancer; lead poisoning; birth and developmental defects; agricultural pollution; neurologic disorders; sterility; and ways to replace animals as subjects in research. Environmental medicine departments or programs are found in large medical centers throughout the U.S. Some of the many services they offer include local, state, or national disease-prevention programs; epidemiological studies and research; distribution of standards, guidelines, and recommendations. In addition, they partner with other organizations, such as health departments and environmental agencies, to help prevent environmental disease.

[ 4821, 284, 262, 2351, 5136, 286, 13272, 3893, 13473, 357, 45, 10008, 7998, 828, 1692, 1535, 290, 1692, 4369, 1255, 422, 1115, 14333, 4847, 1377, 6142, 5087, 11, 1981, 43304, 11, 290, 2479, 13, 198, 47213, 9007, 318, 262, 1535, 1337, 22847, 5213, 351, 1692, 24024, 393, 13147, 12543, 2733, 326, 1255, 422, 6142, 5087, 13, 13272, 9007, 22447, 8277, 287, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 4568, 287, 511, 1235, 329, 7429, 5115, 703, 262, 2858, 10975, 674, 1535, 13, 198, 1890, 1672, 11, 1871, 867, 584, 10233, 11, 262, 399, 10008, 7998, 318, 3058, 11065, 9296, 290, 1332, 13174, 4890, 26, 1085, 22475, 26, 4082, 290, 23456, 22448, 26, 14240, 12231, 26, 22356, 291, 11916, 26, 12504, 879, 26, 290, 2842, 284, 6330, 4695, 355, 7481, 287, 2267, 13, 198, 47213, 9007, 13346, 393, 4056, 389, 1043, 287, 1588, 3315, 10399, 3690, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2773, 286, 262, 867, 2594, 484, 2897, 2291, 1957, 11, 1181, 11, 393, 2260, 4369, 12, 3866, 4018, 4056, 26, 24574, 15071, 3640, 290, 2267, 26, 6082, 286, 5423, 11, 9949, 11, 290, 10763, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 484, 5212, 351, 584, 5745, 11, 884, 355, 1535, 13346, 290, 6142, 5942, 11, 284, 1037, 2948, 6142, 4369, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

206

Jamestown, it was thought, had simply disappeared. As the first permanent English settlement in North America, Jamestown served as the capital of the Jamestown Colony throughout most of the 17th century. It was there, along Virginia’s James River, that Captain John Smith forged his famous bond with Pocahontas that kept the Jamestown colonists from starving. And it was there that the newly introduced crop of tobacco first flourished in the American colonies. But when the colony’s capital was relocated in 1699 to what is now modern-day Williamsburg, the Jamestown site was largely abandoned and gradually succumbed to erosion. Though many believed that the original fortified town had been washed away, NEH-funded archaeological excavations conducted by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1996 uncovered the original seventeenth-century fort, revealing it to be intact on three sides. The digs also uncovered hundreds of early colonial artifacts, including glass and copper works, giving glimpses of daily life in the first American colony. Learn more about the Jamestown 1607 settlement at another NEH-supported project, Virtual Jamestown. Created by researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, this online resource lets users peruse early colonial legal suits, see John Smith’s 1608 map of Virginia, and visit an interactive 3D recreation of an Indian village.

[ 30380, 395, 593, 11, 340, 373, 1807, 11, 550, 2391, 12120, 13, 198, 1722, 262, 717, 7748, 3594, 9443, 287, 2258, 2253, 11, 9986, 395, 593, 4983, 355, 262, 3139, 286, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 34480, 3690, 749, 286, 262, 1596, 400, 4289, 13, 632, 373, 612, 11, 1863, 6025, 447, 247, 82, 3700, 5866, 11, 326, 8599, 1757, 4176, 24918, 465, 5863, 6314, 351, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 326, 4030, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 43430, 422, 34253, 13, 843, 340, 373, 612, 326, 262, 8308, 5495, 13833, 286, 11219, 717, 45671, 287, 262, 1605, 20848, 13, 198, 1537, 618, 262, 18815, 447, 247, 82, 3139, 373, 34233, 287, 1467, 2079, 284, 644, 318, 783, 3660, 12, 820, 6484, 7423, 11, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 2524, 373, 5688, 9958, 290, 11835, 47290, 284, 29337, 13, 198, 10915, 867, 4762, 326, 262, 2656, 40479, 3240, 550, 587, 18989, 1497, 11, 10635, 39, 12, 18246, 30971, 22659, 602, 5952, 416, 262, 5396, 329, 262, 47805, 286, 6025, 47789, 871, 287, 8235, 18838, 262, 2656, 10037, 28117, 12, 14792, 6285, 11, 13477, 340, 284, 307, 16572, 319, 1115, 5389, 13, 383, 46561, 635, 18838, 5179, 286, 1903, 17091, 20316, 11, 1390, 5405, 290, 15317, 2499, 11, 3501, 41226, 274, 286, 4445, 1204, 287, 262, 717, 1605, 18815, 13, 198, 20238, 517, 546, 262, 9986, 395, 593, 1467, 2998, 9443, 379, 1194, 10635, 39, 12, 15999, 1628, 11, 15595, 9986, 395, 593, 13, 15622, 416, 4837, 379, 6025, 12280, 23873, 291, 5136, 290, 1812, 2059, 11, 428, 2691, 8271, 8781, 2985, 583, 1904, 1903, 17091, 2742, 14803, 11, 766, 1757, 4176, 447, 247, 82, 1467, 2919, 3975, 286, 6025, 11, 290, 3187, 281, 14333, 513, 35, 27702, 286, 281, 3942, 7404, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

289

January 12, 1773 America's First Museum A museum is a building, place, or institution devoted to the acquisition, conservation, study, exhibition, and educational interpretation of objects having scientific, historical, or artistic value. South Carolina was still a British colony when the Charleston Museum was founded in 1773 and is regarded as America's first museum. A fire destroyed many of the original collections in 1778, and operations were suspended during the Revolutionary War and again during the War Between the States.

[ 21339, 1105, 11, 1596, 4790, 198, 18165, 338, 3274, 9594, 198, 32, 13257, 318, 257, 2615, 11, 1295, 11, 393, 9901, 13378, 284, 262, 12673, 11, 14903, 11, 2050, 11, 17127, 11, 290, 9856, 10794, 286, 5563, 1719, 5654, 11, 6754, 11, 393, 17290, 1988, 13, 198, 14942, 5913, 373, 991, 257, 3517, 18815, 618, 262, 26070, 9594, 373, 9393, 287, 1596, 4790, 290, 318, 11987, 355, 2253, 338, 717, 13257, 13, 317, 2046, 6572, 867, 286, 262, 2656, 17268, 287, 1596, 3695, 11, 290, 4560, 547, 9951, 1141, 262, 28105, 1810, 290, 757, 1141, 262, 1810, 14307, 262, 1829, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

102

The canons of Priscillian, prefixed to the Epistles of St. Paul in many (chiefly Spanish) manuscripts, are preceded by an introduction headed "Proœmium sancti Peregrini episcopi in epistolas Pauli Apostoli", in which it is explained that the canons were not written by St. Jerome but by Priscillian, and that they are given in an expurgated edition. The prologue of Priscillian himself to his canons follows; it shows none of the characteristics of style found in the tractates of Priscillian; it has presumably been rewritten by Peregrinus, if the tractates are genuine. The Codex Gothicus of the cathedral of Leon contains a prayer, and the words "et Peregrini f. o karissimi memento". The preface of St. Jerome to his lost translation of the Books of Solomon from the Septuagint occurs in some Manuscripts after his preface to his translation of those books from the Hebrew; in most of these Manuscripts (Spanish, or under Spanish influence) a note is appended explaining that both prefaces are given because, to the Vulgate text which follows, there have been added in the margin the additions found in the Septuagint; then come the words "et idcirco qui legis semper Peregrini memento". The Stowe codex of St. John also has a subscription, in which the writer describes himself as "Sonid Peregrinus". Sonid is said to be Celtic for a warrior; it reminds us of "Vincentius", and St. Vincent of Lérins in fact wrote his Commonitorium under the pseudonym of Peregrinus. But he cannot be identified with the Spanish Peregrinus, as he was not a bishop. The latter has been identified by Schepss, Berger, Fritsche, and Künstle with Bachiarius, a Spaniards who left his country, and is fond of speaking of his peregrinatio; he was accused of Priscillianism, and defended his own orthodoxy; but he was a monk, and we do not know that he ever became a bishop. It is however most probable that the Spanish Peregrinus lived at the beginning of the fifth century, and he cannot be later than the eighth. Künstle is wrong in attributing to him the Pseudo-Jerome's prologue to the Catholic Epistles. SCHEPSS, Priscilliani quæ supersunt, C. S. E. L., XVIII (Vienna, 1889), 179; BERGER, Histoire de la Vulgate (Paris, 1893); FRITSCHE in Zeitschr. für Kirchengesch., XVII (1897), 212; KÜNSTLE, Das Comma Johanneum (Freiburg im Br., 1905); CHAPMAN, Early history of the Vulgate Gospels (Oxford, 1908). APA citation. (1911). Peregrinus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11664b.htm MLA citation. "Peregrinus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11664b.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.

[ 464, 460, 684, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 11, 7694, 2966, 284, 262, 4551, 396, 829, 286, 520, 13, 3362, 287, 867, 357, 17351, 306, 7897, 8, 36578, 11, 389, 27165, 416, 281, 9793, 9153, 366, 2964, 129, 241, 76, 1505, 25417, 72, 17229, 2164, 5362, 2462, 2304, 404, 72, 287, 34795, 12456, 3362, 72, 19295, 11106, 1600, 287, 543, 340, 318, 4893, 326, 262, 460, 684, 547, 407, 3194, 416, 520, 13, 33617, 475, 416, 1736, 2304, 37896, 11, 290, 326, 484, 389, 1813, 287, 281, 1033, 3686, 515, 8313, 13, 383, 13286, 5119, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 2241, 284, 465, 460, 684, 5679, 26, 340, 2523, 4844, 286, 262, 9695, 286, 3918, 1043, 287, 262, 14998, 689, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 26, 340, 468, 14572, 587, 30101, 416, 17229, 2164, 35237, 11, 611, 262, 14998, 689, 389, 8768, 13, 198, 464, 41982, 18827, 24552, 286, 262, 41756, 286, 10592, 4909, 257, 11443, 11, 290, 262, 2456, 366, 316, 17229, 2164, 5362, 277, 13, 267, 479, 283, 747, 25236, 285, 972, 78, 1911, 383, 662, 2550, 286, 520, 13, 33617, 284, 465, 2626, 11059, 286, 262, 13661, 286, 22912, 422, 262, 2362, 84, 363, 600, 8833, 287, 617, 1869, 15817, 82, 706, 465, 662, 2550, 284, 465, 11059, 286, 883, 3835, 422, 262, 16505, 26, 287, 749, 286, 777, 1869, 15817, 82, 357, 43584, 11, 393, 739, 7897, 4588, 8, 257, 3465, 318, 598, 1631, 11170, 326, 1111, 7694, 2114, 389, 1813, 780, 11, 284, 262, 25442, 10494, 2420, 543, 5679, 11, 612, 423, 587, 2087, 287, 262, 10330, 262, 19885, 1043, 287, 262, 2362, 84, 363, 600, 26, 788, 1282, 262, 2456, 366, 316, 4686, 66, 343, 1073, 45567, 1232, 271, 5026, 525, 17229, 2164, 5362, 285, 972, 78, 1911, 383, 520, 47097, 14873, 1069, 286, 520, 13, 1757, 635, 468, 257, 14569, 11, 287, 543, 262, 6260, 8477, 2241, 355, 366, 31056, 312, 17229, 2164, 35237, 1911, 6295, 312, 318, 531, 284, 307, 27986, 329, 257, 16491, 26, 340, 17603, 514, 286, 366, 53, 42816, 3754, 1600, 290, 520, 13, 18653, 286, 406, 42445, 1040, 287, 1109, 2630, 465, 8070, 2072, 1505, 739, 262, 48129, 286, 17229, 2164, 35237, 13, 887, 339, 2314, 307, 5174, 351, 262, 7897, 17229, 2164, 35237, 11, 355, 339, 373, 407, 257, 24233, 13, 383, 6846, 468, 587, 5174, 416, 10011, 79, 824, 11, 33337, 11, 376, 799, 15952, 11, 290, 509, 9116, 77, 301, 293, 351, 347, 14299, 19897, 11, 257, 37506, 1371, 508, 1364, 465, 1499, 11, 290, 318, 16245, 286, 5486, 286, 465, 279, 567, 2164, 259, 39485, 26, 339, 373, 5371, 286, 1736, 2304, 37896, 1042, 11, 290, 13768, 465, 898, 49371, 26, 475, 339, 373, 257, 27266, 11, 290, 356, 466, 407, 760, 326, 339, 1683, 2627, 257, 24233, 13, 632, 318, 2158, 749, 17939, 326, 262, 7897, 17229, 2164, 35237, 5615, 379, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 8150, 4289, 11, 290, 339, 2314, 307, 1568, 621, 262, 16974, 13, 509, 9116, 77, 301, 293, 318, 2642, 287, 24548, 278, 284, 683, 262, 49693, 12003, 12, 36134, 462, 338, 13286, 5119, 284, 262, 7835, 4551, 396, 829, 13, 198, 50, 3398, 36, 3705, 50, 11, 1736, 2304, 359, 25111, 627, 21241, 22754, 2797, 11, 327, 13, 311, 13, 412, 13, 406, 1539, 29922, 10855, 357, 38432, 13713, 11, 49545, 828, 27228, 26, 347, 1137, 30373, 11, 5590, 32177, 390, 8591, 25442, 10494, 357, 40313, 11, 48889, 1776, 8782, 29722, 3398, 36, 287, 9033, 48279, 81, 13, 277, 25151, 509, 1980, 31753, 274, 354, 1539, 29922, 3978, 357, 1507, 5607, 828, 23679, 26, 509, 127, 250, 45, 2257, 2538, 11, 29533, 1520, 64, 16053, 21952, 388, 357, 20366, 571, 3686, 545, 1709, 1539, 37166, 1776, 5870, 2969, 10725, 11, 12556, 2106, 286, 262, 25442, 10494, 402, 41908, 357, 38208, 3841, 11, 40417, 737, 198, 2969, 32, 27860, 13, 357, 1129, 1157, 737, 17229, 2164, 35237, 13, 554, 383, 7835, 36732, 13, 968, 1971, 25, 5199, 4196, 1122, 5834, 13, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 3605, 324, 1151, 13, 2398, 14, 9246, 831, 14, 18298, 2414, 65, 13, 19211, 198, 5805, 32, 27860, 13, 366, 47, 567, 2164, 35237, 526, 383, 7835, 36732, 13, 4709, 13, 1367, 13, 968, 1971, 25, 5199, 4196, 1122, 5834, 11, 32216, 13, 1279, 4023, 1378, 2503, 13, 3605, 324, 1151, 13, 2398, 14, 9246, 831, 14, 18298, 2414, 65, 13, 19211, 28401, 198, 8291, 6820, 13, 770, 2708, 373, 23589, 8725, 329, 968, 33732, 416, 15796, 449, 13, 14179, 13, 35023, 3474, 284, 262, 17380, 8894, 286, 5803, 1951, 13, 198, 36, 535, 46360, 1331, 65, 341, 13, 399, 20898, 1835, 14269, 13, 3945, 352, 11, 32216, 13, 32912, 406, 24515, 11, 311, 13, 51, 13, 35, 1539, 327, 22854, 13, 1846, 19795, 2541, 13, 1343, 7554, 25564, 6755, 1636, 11, 36746, 286, 968, 1971, 13, 198, 17829, 1321, 13, 383, 5464, 286, 968, 33732, 318, 7939, 6700, 13, 2011, 3053, 2209, 318, 7538, 22, 2624, 379, 649, 324, 1151, 13, 2398, 13, 357, 2514, 1037, 1907, 18084, 11, 428, 2209, 1244, 1487, 10491, 2014, 3310, 11489, 1346, 11, 314, 460, 470, 10971, 284, 790, 3850, 11, 475, 314, 9257, 9144, 534, 7538, 851, 2592, 19605, 546, 2170, 17046, 8563, 290, 15679, 9011, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

869

Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg. If you are reading this message, Please click this link to reload this page.(Do not use your browser's "Refresh" button). Please email us if you're running the latest version of your browser and you still see this message. Table of contents Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless data transfer. Bluetooth connectivity is often found in high-end keyboards and mice. Bluetooth generally provide an operating range of up to 30 feet and is less prone to interference in comparison to RF technology. DPI and FPS DPI (dots per inch) and FPS (frames per second) are the number of counts in an inch of movement and the number of times the sensor reads the surface in a second respectively. These figures are measures of the amount of information recorded by the mouse's sensor. The greater the amount of information that is gathered, the more accurately and precisely the surface can be tracked. To detect movement, optical and laser mice use sensors to read beams of light as they are reflected from the tracking surface. Currently 400 and 800 DPI optical mice as well as 800 DPI laser mice are very popular, but some high-end models are capable of 1000, 1600 or even 2000 DPI tracking speeds. The Personal System/2 or PS/2 was the designation for IBM's second generation of personal computers. The PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports were introduced with it. PS/2 ports connect the keyboard and mouse to a computer and are usually color-coded on today's systems - purple for keyboards and green for mice. Most desktop motherboards still provide PS/2 ports, but an increasing number of keyboards and mice are using USB ports. Radio Frequency (RF) is a wireless communication technology. Using RF technology allows keyboards and mice to computers without annoying cables. The USB (Universal Serial Bus) port is a popular I/O interface used for connecting computers and peripherals or other devices. It is capable of supporting up to 127 daisy-chained peripheral devices simultaneously. The latest USB 2.0 specification can deliver 480Mbps data transfer bandwidth. In addition, USB provides plug-and-play capabilities to allow device changes while the computer is powered on. Today, many keyboard and mice use the USB interface.

[ 3791, 33856, 13, 785, 532, 317, 1049, 1295, 284, 2822, 9061, 11, 3644, 3354, 11, 17075, 11, 3788, 11, 18199, 11, 290, 35962, 2691, 13, 2080, 1049, 4536, 11, 3049, 8440, 11, 290, 1353, 12, 4111, 6491, 2139, 532, 1752, 345, 760, 11, 345, 968, 33856, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 3555, 428, 3275, 11, 4222, 3904, 428, 2792, 284, 18126, 428, 2443, 12195, 5211, 407, 779, 534, 6444, 338, 366, 8134, 3447, 1, 4936, 737, 4222, 3053, 514, 611, 345, 821, 2491, 262, 3452, 2196, 286, 534, 6444, 290, 345, 991, 766, 428, 3275, 13, 198, 10962, 286, 10154, 198, 38676, 16271, 318, 281, 7593, 20855, 329, 12521, 1366, 4351, 13, 19263, 19843, 318, 1690, 1043, 287, 1029, 12, 437, 34512, 290, 10693, 13, 19263, 4143, 2148, 281, 5361, 2837, 286, 510, 284, 1542, 3625, 290, 318, 1342, 17592, 284, 14517, 287, 7208, 284, 20445, 3037, 13, 198, 6322, 40, 290, 22082, 198, 6322, 40, 357, 67, 1747, 583, 11111, 8, 290, 22082, 357, 37805, 583, 1218, 8, 389, 262, 1271, 286, 9853, 287, 281, 11111, 286, 3356, 290, 262, 1271, 286, 1661, 262, 12694, 9743, 262, 4417, 287, 257, 1218, 8148, 13, 2312, 5538, 389, 5260, 286, 262, 2033, 286, 1321, 6264, 416, 262, 10211, 338, 12694, 13, 383, 3744, 262, 2033, 286, 1321, 326, 318, 9272, 11, 262, 517, 14351, 290, 10582, 262, 4417, 460, 307, 18283, 13, 1675, 4886, 3356, 11, 18480, 290, 12855, 10693, 779, 15736, 284, 1100, 26741, 286, 1657, 355, 484, 389, 12548, 422, 262, 9646, 4417, 13, 198, 21327, 7337, 290, 10460, 360, 11901, 18480, 10693, 355, 880, 355, 10460, 360, 11901, 12855, 10693, 389, 845, 2968, 11, 475, 617, 1029, 12, 437, 4981, 389, 6007, 286, 8576, 11, 26143, 393, 772, 4751, 360, 11901, 9646, 12055, 13, 198, 464, 15644, 4482, 14, 17, 393, 6599, 14, 17, 373, 262, 22566, 329, 19764, 338, 1218, 5270, 286, 2614, 9061, 13, 383, 6599, 14, 17, 10586, 290, 10211, 14090, 547, 5495, 351, 340, 13, 6599, 14, 17, 14090, 2018, 262, 10586, 290, 10211, 284, 257, 3644, 290, 389, 3221, 3124, 12, 40976, 319, 1909, 338, 3341, 532, 14032, 329, 34512, 290, 4077, 329, 10693, 13, 4042, 11364, 2802, 12821, 991, 2148, 6599, 14, 17, 14090, 11, 475, 281, 3649, 1271, 286, 34512, 290, 10693, 389, 1262, 8450, 14090, 13, 198, 26093, 31902, 357, 32754, 8, 318, 257, 12521, 6946, 3037, 13, 8554, 20445, 3037, 3578, 34512, 290, 10693, 284, 9061, 1231, 15774, 18018, 13, 198, 464, 8450, 357, 38747, 23283, 5869, 8, 2493, 318, 257, 2968, 314, 14, 46, 7071, 973, 329, 14320, 9061, 290, 18375, 874, 393, 584, 4410, 13, 632, 318, 6007, 286, 6493, 510, 284, 18112, 12379, 13560, 12, 354, 1328, 25514, 4410, 11640, 13, 383, 3452, 8450, 362, 13, 15, 20855, 460, 5203, 23487, 47842, 1366, 4351, 19484, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 8450, 3769, 6107, 12, 392, 12, 1759, 9889, 284, 1249, 3335, 2458, 981, 262, 3644, 318, 13232, 319, 13, 6288, 11, 867, 10586, 290, 10693, 779, 262, 8450, 7071, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

504

New Oakland Child-Adolescent and Family Center "Psychoses" are defined as abnormal conditions of the mind, a psychiatric term for a mental state involving a loss of contact with reality. Psychotic disorders cause distorted thinking and awareness and can vary greatly in their severity. The term "psychosis" is very broad and can mean anything from an aberrant experience to a more chronic illness such as schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are: - Delusions: False beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary - Hallucinations: Experiencing images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorders. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities. There are several different types of psychosis but an initial episode won't necessarily determine which type it is. Duration and severity of symptoms along with a comprehensive assessment is more likely to lead to a proper diagnosis. Information from the individual, family history and physical examinations will create a clearer picture. Some of the types of psychosis: - Brief Reactive Psychosis: Psychotic symptoms arise in response to a major stress. A quick recovery is likely - Delusional Disorder: Evidences itself when a person acts on strong beliefs that don't fit conventional reality. - Psychotic Depression: A severe depression with psychotic symptoms happening at the same time - Bipolar Disorder: Extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression) Psychosis can appear during either phase - Schizophrenia: Delusions, hallucinations last six months or more. Contrary to popular belief, a schizophrenic does not have multiple personalities New Oakland Child-Adolescent and Family Center assesses and treats the mental health issues and crises faced by children and adolescents. Immediate action can return well-being to your family. See the "Contact" tab for the nearest New Oakland facility or call the 24 Hour Crisis Stabilization Hot Line: (800) 395-3223

[ 3791, 12369, 5932, 12, 2782, 23406, 290, 7884, 3337, 198, 1, 31923, 4629, 1, 389, 5447, 355, 18801, 3403, 286, 262, 2000, 11, 257, 19906, 3381, 329, 257, 5110, 1181, 7411, 257, 2994, 286, 2800, 351, 3950, 13, 7562, 6210, 11916, 2728, 26987, 3612, 290, 9359, 290, 460, 7565, 9257, 287, 511, 19440, 13, 383, 3381, 366, 23947, 5958, 1, 318, 845, 3154, 290, 460, 1612, 1997, 422, 281, 42499, 5250, 1998, 284, 257, 517, 10726, 8526, 884, 355, 22794, 13, 198, 464, 749, 2219, 7460, 286, 37162, 11916, 389, 25, 198, 12, 4216, 15880, 25, 10352, 9056, 326, 262, 2801, 1048, 18178, 355, 2081, 11, 3805, 2370, 284, 262, 10388, 198, 12, 4789, 1229, 7352, 25, 8170, 2013, 2259, 4263, 393, 5238, 326, 389, 407, 1103, 11, 884, 355, 4854, 10839, 198, 8061, 13456, 37926, 743, 15866, 8806, 2458, 290, 1807, 11916, 13, 23591, 319, 663, 19440, 11, 428, 743, 307, 11791, 416, 8468, 393, 13699, 4069, 11, 355, 880, 355, 8722, 351, 1919, 10375, 290, 23992, 287, 6872, 503, 4445, 1204, 4568, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1811, 1180, 3858, 286, 37926, 475, 281, 4238, 4471, 1839, 470, 6646, 5004, 543, 2099, 340, 318, 13, 22920, 290, 19440, 286, 7460, 1863, 351, 257, 9815, 8922, 318, 517, 1884, 284, 1085, 284, 257, 1774, 13669, 13, 6188, 422, 262, 1981, 11, 1641, 2106, 290, 3518, 37305, 481, 2251, 257, 22363, 4286, 13, 198, 4366, 286, 262, 3858, 286, 37926, 25, 198, 12, 22821, 797, 5275, 7562, 5958, 25, 7562, 6210, 7460, 15058, 287, 2882, 284, 257, 1688, 5503, 13, 317, 2068, 7628, 318, 1884, 198, 12, 4216, 41780, 31162, 25, 4319, 44845, 2346, 618, 257, 1048, 6529, 319, 1913, 9056, 326, 836, 470, 4197, 10224, 3950, 13, 198, 12, 7562, 6210, 22483, 25, 317, 6049, 8862, 351, 37162, 7460, 5836, 379, 262, 976, 640, 198, 12, 347, 49133, 31162, 25, 18111, 28227, 357, 45733, 8, 290, 34119, 357, 10378, 2234, 8, 7562, 5958, 460, 1656, 1141, 2035, 7108, 198, 12, 3059, 18337, 544, 25, 4216, 15880, 11, 40371, 938, 2237, 1933, 393, 517, 13, 43607, 284, 2968, 4901, 11, 257, 19991, 291, 857, 407, 423, 3294, 20929, 198, 3791, 12369, 5932, 12, 2782, 23406, 290, 7884, 3337, 4659, 274, 290, 18432, 262, 5110, 1535, 2428, 290, 25712, 7452, 416, 1751, 290, 25447, 13, 1846, 13857, 2223, 460, 1441, 880, 12, 11873, 284, 534, 1641, 13, 4091, 262, 366, 17829, 1, 7400, 329, 262, 16936, 968, 12369, 6841, 393, 869, 262, 1987, 19123, 18660, 520, 14991, 1634, 6964, 6910, 25, 357, 7410, 8, 42321, 12, 18, 22047, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

427

The Business of America is Business—President Calvin Coolidge, 1925 Do you know the definitions of “commerce,” “entrepreneurship” and/or “free-enterprise?” August, which is National Black Business Month, is a good time for Black Americans to start productive business activities. African-Americans across the U.S. are urged to join the National Black Business Month movement to encourage Blacks to patronize Black-owned businesses. The movement could spark discussions and initiatives that educate Blacks in American capitalism and at the same time revive the country’s Black business districts. For some, the National Black Business Month concept will set off debate about the continued usefulness and fairness of a month and initiative dedicated to one race. What African-Americans need now is a race-based initiative and culture to support Black-owned businesses. Contemporary Blacks’ participation in the American capitalistic system is highly suspect. Blacks show high levels of economic dysfunction and are unique in our lack of internal commerce. Studies show that nowadays, a dollar goes into and out of the Black community in 15 minutes. A poor understanding of capitalism and internal circulation of funds plague Black communities. Money circulates zero to one time within the Black community, compared to a dollar circulation rate of six times among Latino communities, nine times among Asian communities and an unlimited number of times within White and Jewish communities, according to the University of Georgia’s Selig Center for Economic Growth. The National Black Business Month movement will raise the visibility of African-American entrepreneurs as the most promising solutions for the growth of American cities and commerce. National Black Business Month is an ideal time to define: “commerce,” “entrepreneurship” and “free-enterprise” to your friends and family. It can build a pillar for business in Black American culture. The basic concept behind National Black Business Month is for African-Americans to make a commitment to visit a Black-owned business on each of the 31 days of August. The movement has at its base educating the masses of Blacks and other Americans on the advantages of developing and supporting Black business enterprises. NBBM had inaugural events in San Jose in June and in Washington, D.C. and San Francisco in August. Executives at BlackMoney.com are the movement’s primary advocates. Their objective is to motivate “commerce toward, between and among the nation’s Black businesses;” and to urge a show of solidarity to help Black-owned businesses increase their consumer traffic and revenue. “Each one tells one” could be a “force multiplier” for Black businesses and economics. The NBBM needs to grow legs, and you can help. To effectively participate in the NBBM initiative African-Americans are requested: 1.) Visit some of the small businesses in your city or community. 2.) Go inside the business and introduce yourself. 3.) Even if you don’t buy anything, look around to see if there are items, services or products that you may have better use for on another day. John William Templeton is a co-founder of National Black Business Month. A business journalist, Templeton is a nationally recognized author, historian, demographer and financial expert. A graduate of Howard University’s School of Communications, Templeton and his associates tout Black-and Minority-owned businesses as “increasingly important” to America's economy. A business [also known as an enterprise or firm] is an organization engaged in the trade of goods and/ or services to consumers. There are 1.9 million Black-owned businesses in the U.S. Black-owned firms annually employ 921,032 people, and generate $137.5 billion in receipts. These days, minority business operations need ongoing support from their neighbors, local legislatures and corporate brethren. Black-owned businesses are prominent in health care and social assistance (19 percent), repair and maintenance and personal and laundry services (19 percent). Administrative and support services, waste management and remediation services industries account for 11 percent. (William Reed is available for speaking/seminar projects via the Bailey Group.org) Digital Daily Signup Sign up now for the New Pittsburgh Courier Digital Daily newsletter! - Courier, Urban League and Pitt CTSI sponsor community health forum (1) - The end of America’s dominance (1) - Black community not to blame for August Wilson Center crisis (13) - More visits by artists like Beyonce, Jay-Z, needed, says Afro-Cuban filmmaker (2) - Can the Black community change the face of the music industry? (3)

[ 464, 7320, 286, 2253, 318, 7320, 960, 10364, 25017, 15226, 3130, 11, 36864, 198, 5211, 345, 760, 262, 17336, 286, 564, 250, 27061, 11, 447, 251, 564, 250, 298, 10406, 1834, 1056, 447, 251, 290, 14, 273, 564, 250, 5787, 12, 9255, 7919, 30, 447, 251, 198, 17908, 11, 543, 318, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 11, 318, 257, 922, 640, 329, 2619, 3399, 284, 923, 12973, 1597, 4568, 13, 5510, 12, 17636, 1973, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 389, 11643, 284, 4654, 262, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 3356, 284, 7898, 27875, 284, 19686, 1096, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 13, 383, 3356, 714, 9009, 9984, 290, 15446, 326, 20771, 27875, 287, 1605, 12129, 290, 379, 262, 976, 640, 26046, 262, 1499, 447, 247, 82, 2619, 1597, 12815, 13, 198, 1890, 617, 11, 262, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 3721, 481, 900, 572, 4384, 546, 262, 3767, 37496, 290, 22692, 286, 257, 1227, 290, 10219, 7256, 284, 530, 3234, 13, 1867, 5510, 12, 17636, 761, 783, 318, 257, 3234, 12, 3106, 10219, 290, 3968, 284, 1104, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 13, 38698, 27875, 447, 247, 10270, 287, 262, 1605, 3139, 2569, 1080, 318, 4047, 4099, 13, 27875, 905, 1029, 2974, 286, 3034, 19327, 290, 389, 3748, 287, 674, 3092, 286, 5387, 19497, 13, 198, 45833, 905, 326, 26760, 11, 257, 8872, 2925, 656, 290, 503, 286, 262, 2619, 2055, 287, 1315, 2431, 13, 317, 3595, 4547, 286, 12129, 290, 5387, 19133, 286, 5153, 23684, 2619, 5348, 13, 12911, 2498, 15968, 6632, 284, 530, 640, 1626, 262, 2619, 2055, 11, 3688, 284, 257, 8872, 19133, 2494, 286, 2237, 1661, 1871, 20496, 5348, 11, 5193, 1661, 1871, 7740, 5348, 290, 281, 15822, 1271, 286, 1661, 1626, 2635, 290, 5582, 5348, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 2059, 286, 7859, 447, 247, 82, 15300, 328, 3337, 329, 11279, 19045, 13, 198, 464, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 3356, 481, 5298, 262, 20742, 286, 5510, 12, 7437, 17038, 355, 262, 749, 11781, 8136, 329, 262, 3349, 286, 1605, 4736, 290, 19497, 13, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 318, 281, 7306, 640, 284, 8160, 25, 564, 250, 27061, 11, 447, 251, 564, 250, 298, 10406, 1834, 1056, 447, 251, 290, 564, 250, 5787, 12, 9255, 7919, 447, 251, 284, 534, 2460, 290, 1641, 13, 632, 460, 1382, 257, 30042, 329, 1597, 287, 2619, 1605, 3968, 13, 383, 4096, 3721, 2157, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 318, 329, 5510, 12, 17636, 284, 787, 257, 7901, 284, 3187, 257, 2619, 12, 11990, 1597, 319, 1123, 286, 262, 3261, 1528, 286, 2932, 13, 383, 3356, 468, 379, 663, 2779, 36267, 262, 14568, 286, 27875, 290, 584, 3399, 319, 262, 13391, 286, 5922, 290, 6493, 2619, 1597, 23941, 13, 41354, 12261, 550, 26851, 2995, 287, 2986, 5264, 287, 2795, 290, 287, 2669, 11, 360, 13, 34, 13, 290, 2986, 6033, 287, 2932, 13, 198, 23002, 315, 1083, 379, 2619, 26788, 13, 785, 389, 262, 3356, 447, 247, 82, 4165, 11009, 13, 5334, 9432, 318, 284, 35065, 564, 250, 27061, 3812, 11, 1022, 290, 1871, 262, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 2619, 5692, 26, 447, 251, 290, 284, 14960, 257, 905, 286, 17803, 284, 1037, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 2620, 511, 7172, 4979, 290, 6426, 13, 564, 250, 10871, 530, 4952, 530, 447, 251, 714, 307, 257, 564, 250, 3174, 33090, 447, 251, 329, 2619, 5692, 290, 12446, 13, 383, 41354, 12261, 2476, 284, 1663, 7405, 11, 290, 345, 460, 1037, 13, 1675, 6840, 8277, 287, 262, 41354, 12261, 10219, 5510, 12, 17636, 389, 9167, 25, 352, 2014, 16440, 617, 286, 262, 1402, 5692, 287, 534, 1748, 393, 2055, 13, 362, 2014, 1514, 2641, 262, 1597, 290, 10400, 3511, 13, 513, 2014, 3412, 611, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 2822, 1997, 11, 804, 1088, 284, 766, 611, 612, 389, 3709, 11, 2594, 393, 3186, 326, 345, 743, 423, 1365, 779, 329, 319, 1194, 1110, 13, 198, 7554, 3977, 10857, 1122, 318, 257, 763, 12, 15454, 286, 2351, 2619, 7320, 16061, 13, 317, 1597, 10099, 11, 10857, 1122, 318, 257, 18845, 8018, 1772, 11, 18026, 11, 1357, 18539, 290, 3176, 5887, 13, 317, 10428, 286, 8442, 2059, 447, 247, 82, 3961, 286, 14620, 11, 10857, 1122, 290, 465, 20093, 256, 448, 2619, 12, 392, 29980, 12, 11990, 5692, 355, 564, 250, 42647, 306, 1593, 447, 251, 284, 2253, 338, 3773, 13, 198, 32, 1597, 685, 14508, 1900, 355, 281, 13953, 393, 4081, 60, 318, 281, 4009, 7953, 287, 262, 3292, 286, 7017, 290, 14, 393, 2594, 284, 7008, 13, 1318, 389, 352, 13, 24, 1510, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2619, 12, 11990, 9611, 13844, 1873, 860, 2481, 11, 49959, 661, 11, 290, 7716, 720, 19708, 13, 20, 2997, 287, 29946, 13, 2312, 1528, 11, 9137, 1597, 4560, 761, 7044, 1104, 422, 511, 12020, 11, 1957, 38081, 290, 6355, 29644, 13, 2619, 12, 11990, 5692, 389, 9208, 287, 1535, 1337, 290, 1919, 6829, 357, 1129, 1411, 828, 9185, 290, 9262, 290, 2614, 290, 25724, 2594, 357, 1129, 1411, 737, 30048, 290, 1104, 2594, 11, 7030, 4542, 290, 20100, 3920, 2594, 11798, 1848, 329, 1367, 1411, 13, 198, 7, 17121, 16105, 318, 1695, 329, 5486, 14, 325, 1084, 283, 4493, 2884, 262, 20330, 4912, 13, 2398, 8, 198, 27640, 6714, 5865, 929, 198, 11712, 510, 783, 329, 262, 968, 12767, 34268, 10231, 6714, 13129, 0, 198, 12, 34268, 11, 14665, 4041, 290, 10276, 327, 4694, 40, 17487, 2055, 1535, 10041, 357, 16, 8, 198, 12, 383, 886, 286, 2253, 447, 247, 82, 18648, 357, 16, 8, 198, 12, 2619, 2055, 407, 284, 8138, 329, 2932, 8127, 3337, 4902, 357, 1485, 8, 198, 12, 3125, 11864, 416, 7912, 588, 37361, 344, 11, 9180, 12, 57, 11, 2622, 11, 1139, 2483, 305, 12, 43632, 272, 26479, 357, 17, 8, 198, 12, 1680, 262, 2619, 2055, 1487, 262, 1986, 286, 262, 2647, 2831, 30, 357, 18, 8, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

969

Fri Mar 21 18:02:28 GMT 2008 by Gordon Why is it that gamma rays cannot penerate the earth's atmosphere when they will happily travel though thick lead. Fri Mar 21 18:59:29 GMT 2008 by Radek Air in atmosphere corresponds to ... One meter of lead! Fri Mar 21 19:24:17 GMT 2008 by Tony Byron "The atmosphere shields us from cosmic rays about as effectively as a 13-foot layer of concrete,..." "The Earth's atmosphere would soak up most of the gamma rays, Melott says, but their energy would rip apart nitrogen and oxygen molecules, creating a witch's brew of nitrogen oxides, especially the toxic brown gas nitrogen dioxide that colours photochemical smog (see graphic)." (long URL - click here) All comments should respect the New Scientist House Rules. If you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the "Report" link in that comment to report it to us. If you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.

[ 30214, 1526, 2310, 1248, 25, 2999, 25, 2078, 16987, 3648, 416, 11646, 198, 5195, 318, 340, 326, 34236, 24823, 2314, 279, 877, 378, 262, 4534, 338, 8137, 618, 484, 481, 18177, 3067, 996, 6546, 1085, 13, 198, 30214, 1526, 2310, 1248, 25, 3270, 25, 1959, 16987, 3648, 416, 371, 671, 74, 198, 16170, 287, 8137, 24866, 284, 2644, 1881, 16430, 286, 1085, 0, 198, 30214, 1526, 2310, 678, 25, 1731, 25, 1558, 16987, 3648, 416, 8832, 36719, 198, 1, 464, 8137, 21132, 514, 422, 23464, 24823, 546, 355, 6840, 355, 257, 1511, 12, 5898, 7679, 286, 10017, 11, 9313, 198, 1, 464, 3668, 338, 8137, 561, 33182, 510, 749, 286, 262, 34236, 24823, 11, 5616, 1252, 1139, 11, 475, 511, 2568, 561, 18344, 5475, 23417, 290, 11863, 17745, 11, 4441, 257, 16365, 338, 9059, 286, 23417, 12018, 1460, 11, 2592, 262, 11422, 7586, 3623, 23417, 17556, 326, 18915, 2825, 32864, 895, 519, 357, 3826, 13028, 21387, 198, 7, 6511, 10289, 532, 3904, 994, 8, 198, 3237, 3651, 815, 2461, 262, 968, 33374, 2097, 14252, 13, 1002, 345, 892, 257, 1948, 2912, 9457, 777, 3173, 788, 3387, 779, 262, 366, 19100, 1, 2792, 287, 326, 2912, 284, 989, 340, 284, 514, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 1719, 257, 6276, 1917, 10754, 257, 2912, 11, 3387, 2800, 6276, 1104, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

219

Falling Objects and Bouncing Location: Outside U.S. Date: April 2008 I am looking to compare different masses, objects, shapes and compare these to dents made in a specific plate (e.g. polystyrene). For this experiment I would need not only to be able to work out the velocity of the object but also how much air resistance is effecting the object plus the amount of air is jammed between the object and the plate. If possible, I would also be looking for a way to measure how much, for instance, an object would bounce back, or how much weight and height will get me the best results, but I also need to find a formula to see wether any of my results make any sense. I was thinking of letting an object dimensions around 5 x 5 (base) by 5-10 (height) depending on object otherwise for sphere a 3 cm radius object drop from around 3 meters object mass around 250g to 1kg. I do not know if pressure, humidity or temperature matters. It sounds like you're asking for someone to 1. validate your methodology, and 2. suggest any other factors you need to consider. Is that right? (if not, reply and let me know what else). First, the methodology. It sounds like you have an ambitious approach, but I think some organization up front will really help you get good value from your efforts. There is a method known as 'design of experiments' that might help. I am going to walk you through some basic steps, and hopefully it will Step one is to have a hypothesis. What are you trying to prove? It sounds like you are testing something about elastic collisions (such as the relationship between objects and the mark they leave on a plate), but I am not clear what. Step two is to organize and categorize your variables. You have two kinds of variables: independent and dependent. An independent variable is something you can set yourself (such as how high to drop the object, which object with which properties, etc.). A dependent variable, often called a response variable, is one that is determined by independent variables. The mark left on the plate or the height the object bounces might be response variables. A third type of "variable" is a factor that you do not intentionally change (I put "variable" in quotes because sometimes they change and sometimes they do not). There are lots of these factors, some of which you can control and some you cannot. You might always choose to use the same target plate -- that is a factor that you hold constant. You might work outside, and have to deal with wind or temperature changes -- these affect your results, but you cannot control them. It is a good idea to record variables and factors that affect your results -- they may be helpful later in interpreting your Step three is to revisit your hypothesis -- restate your idea in terms of the variables that you can measure. Saying "I want to see what happens....". is not as powerful as saying something like "A change of independent variable A will lead to a change in dependent variable B in this way C." Step four is to set up your equipment to actually test your hypothesis. Keep it simple -- pick materials and equipment that fit what you are trying to test. Remove things that will introduce uncontrollable variables. The more variables you try to change, the harder the experiment will be to run and the harder the results will be to analyze. Sometimes you have to have a lot of variables, but it is often a good idea to start simple first, and then work your way up to more complicated experiments. I strongly recommend you read about 'design of experiments' to help you understand the approach I am suggesting here. The Internet has a ton of information, as would a library too. Now for your specific situation. It sounds like you are trying to do experiments involving colliding objects. Have you studied 'kinetic energy' in physics yet? I would start there. You can get all the equations you need. I would specifically study elastic and inelastic collisions. Usually collisions are not purely one or the other. With a rubber ball, the ball deforms as it strikes a hard object. Some energy is dissipated in the deformation, and some is returned elastically. If you are hitting an expanded Polystyrene ('Styrofoam') target, the energy of the falling object will be partially/mostly absorbed by the Styrofoam. For your objects and distances (~1kg, ~10m), I think you can safely neglect air/wind effects. If you consider objects of different shapes, now you have a very difficult-to-control factor as now the orientation of the object affects how it bounces (I would avoid this variable, to be honest -- stick with spheres). As for weights and masses, it probably does not matter that much unless you use very light, low-density objects (they will be affected by air). Ball bearings, rocks, and other similar 'heavy' objects should all Hope this helps, That is a massively difficult and computationally intensive endeavor you want to undertake! I am afraid that the best answer I can give, is to say that with without a supercomputer running extremely complex Finite Element Analysis software, and a lot of very expensive computer time, there is no way to do what you are suggesting. It is amazing how complex it is to accurately describe something as seemingly simple as dropping a block though air! Further, before you can even think of attempting to see how far an object would bounce off your polystyrene plate, you would need to mathematically characterize the detailed physical characteristics of both the plate and the falling object. So, I am sorry, but to do what you want to do is simply impossible with the resources available to someone like you or even me. You have a pretty complicated project. For a "dropping" distance of ~ 3 meters, air pressure, humidity and temperature will probably be negligible. For a sphere, Stokes' Law says that the shear viscosity is F=6 x pi x a x nu x v (for Reynolds numbers 1 (true for air)). For heavy objects of radius 'a' the velocity 'v' falling through air with a viscosity 'nu' will not be significant I don't think. How bodies of different shape fall is a complicated problem because they tend to tumble, so you should probably stick to spheres. Relating the indentation of the base to the mechanical parameters may be very tricky too. Not all polystyrene, for example, has the same elasticity, which determines how much of the energy of the falling object is absorbed compared to how much is retained by the falling object. Click here to return to the Engineering Archives Update: June 2012

[ 37, 9221, 35832, 290, 347, 18155, 198, 14749, 25, 22151, 471, 13, 50, 13, 198, 10430, 25, 3035, 3648, 198, 40, 716, 2045, 284, 8996, 1180, 14568, 11, 5563, 11, 15268, 198, 392, 8996, 777, 284, 288, 658, 925, 287, 257, 2176, 7480, 357, 68, 13, 70, 13, 198, 35428, 34365, 25924, 737, 1114, 428, 6306, 314, 561, 761, 407, 691, 284, 307, 1498, 198, 1462, 670, 503, 262, 15432, 286, 262, 2134, 475, 635, 703, 881, 1633, 198, 411, 9311, 318, 1245, 278, 262, 2134, 5556, 262, 2033, 286, 1633, 318, 45479, 198, 23395, 262, 2134, 290, 262, 7480, 13, 198, 1532, 1744, 11, 314, 561, 635, 307, 198, 11534, 329, 257, 835, 284, 3953, 703, 881, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 281, 2134, 561, 198, 65, 8652, 736, 11, 393, 703, 881, 3463, 290, 6001, 481, 651, 502, 262, 1266, 198, 43420, 11, 475, 314, 635, 761, 284, 1064, 257, 10451, 284, 766, 266, 6750, 597, 286, 616, 198, 43420, 787, 597, 2565, 13, 314, 373, 3612, 286, 9616, 281, 2134, 198, 27740, 5736, 1088, 642, 2124, 642, 357, 8692, 8, 416, 642, 12, 940, 357, 17015, 8, 6906, 319, 2134, 198, 847, 3083, 329, 16558, 257, 513, 12067, 16874, 2134, 4268, 422, 1088, 513, 10700, 198, 15252, 2347, 1088, 8646, 70, 284, 352, 10025, 13, 314, 466, 407, 760, 611, 3833, 11, 27716, 198, 273, 5951, 6067, 13, 198, 1026, 5238, 588, 345, 821, 4737, 329, 2130, 284, 352, 13, 26571, 534, 20411, 11, 198, 392, 362, 13, 1950, 597, 584, 5087, 345, 761, 284, 2074, 13, 1148, 326, 826, 30, 357, 361, 198, 1662, 11, 10971, 290, 1309, 502, 760, 644, 2073, 737, 198, 5962, 11, 262, 20411, 13, 632, 5238, 588, 345, 423, 281, 14742, 3164, 11, 475, 314, 198, 14925, 617, 4009, 510, 2166, 481, 1107, 1037, 345, 651, 922, 1988, 422, 198, 14108, 4040, 13, 1318, 318, 257, 2446, 1900, 355, 705, 26124, 286, 10256, 6, 326, 1244, 198, 16794, 13, 314, 716, 1016, 284, 2513, 345, 832, 617, 4096, 4831, 11, 290, 11481, 340, 481, 198, 8600, 530, 318, 284, 423, 257, 14078, 13, 1867, 389, 345, 2111, 284, 5879, 30, 632, 5238, 198, 2339, 345, 389, 4856, 1223, 546, 27468, 31998, 357, 10508, 355, 262, 198, 39468, 1056, 1022, 5563, 290, 262, 1317, 484, 2666, 319, 257, 7480, 828, 475, 314, 716, 198, 1662, 1598, 644, 13, 198, 8600, 734, 318, 284, 16481, 290, 17851, 1096, 534, 9633, 13, 921, 423, 734, 6982, 286, 198, 25641, 2977, 25, 4795, 290, 10795, 13, 1052, 4795, 7885, 318, 1223, 198, 5832, 460, 900, 3511, 357, 10508, 355, 703, 1029, 284, 4268, 262, 2134, 11, 543, 2134, 351, 198, 4758, 6608, 11, 3503, 15729, 317, 10795, 7885, 11, 1690, 1444, 257, 2882, 198, 45286, 11, 318, 530, 326, 318, 5295, 416, 4795, 9633, 13, 383, 1317, 1364, 198, 261, 262, 7480, 393, 262, 6001, 262, 2134, 49623, 1244, 307, 2882, 9633, 13, 317, 198, 17089, 2099, 286, 366, 45286, 1, 318, 257, 5766, 326, 345, 466, 407, 16464, 1487, 357, 40, 198, 1996, 366, 45286, 1, 287, 13386, 780, 3360, 484, 1487, 290, 3360, 484, 198, 4598, 407, 737, 1318, 389, 6041, 286, 777, 5087, 11, 617, 286, 543, 345, 460, 1630, 290, 198, 11246, 345, 2314, 13, 921, 1244, 1464, 3853, 284, 779, 262, 976, 2496, 7480, 1377, 198, 5562, 318, 257, 5766, 326, 345, 1745, 6937, 13, 921, 1244, 670, 2354, 11, 290, 423, 284, 198, 31769, 351, 2344, 393, 5951, 2458, 1377, 777, 2689, 534, 2482, 11, 475, 345, 198, 66, 34574, 1630, 606, 13, 632, 318, 257, 922, 2126, 284, 1700, 9633, 290, 5087, 326, 198, 2001, 478, 534, 2482, 1377, 484, 743, 307, 7613, 1568, 287, 35391, 534, 198, 8600, 1115, 318, 284, 32302, 534, 14078, 1377, 1334, 378, 534, 2126, 287, 2846, 286, 198, 1169, 9633, 326, 345, 460, 3953, 13, 49642, 366, 40, 765, 284, 766, 644, 4325, 1106, 1911, 198, 271, 407, 355, 3665, 355, 2282, 1223, 588, 366, 32, 1487, 286, 4795, 198, 45286, 317, 481, 1085, 284, 257, 1487, 287, 10795, 7885, 347, 287, 428, 835, 327, 526, 198, 8600, 1440, 318, 284, 900, 510, 534, 5112, 284, 1682, 1332, 534, 14078, 13, 9175, 198, 270, 2829, 1377, 2298, 5696, 290, 5112, 326, 4197, 644, 345, 389, 2111, 284, 198, 9288, 13, 17220, 1243, 326, 481, 10400, 39483, 540, 9633, 13, 383, 517, 198, 25641, 2977, 345, 1949, 284, 1487, 11, 262, 7069, 262, 6306, 481, 307, 284, 1057, 290, 198, 1169, 7069, 262, 2482, 481, 307, 284, 16602, 13, 8975, 345, 423, 284, 423, 257, 1256, 198, 1659, 9633, 11, 475, 340, 318, 1690, 257, 922, 2126, 284, 923, 2829, 717, 11, 290, 788, 198, 1818, 534, 835, 510, 284, 517, 8253, 10256, 13, 198, 40, 7634, 4313, 345, 1100, 546, 705, 26124, 286, 10256, 6, 284, 1037, 345, 198, 4625, 1481, 262, 3164, 314, 716, 9524, 994, 13, 383, 4455, 468, 257, 5680, 286, 1321, 11, 198, 292, 561, 257, 5888, 1165, 13, 198, 3844, 329, 534, 2176, 3074, 13, 198, 1026, 5238, 588, 345, 389, 2111, 284, 466, 10256, 7411, 2927, 2530, 5563, 13, 198, 11980, 345, 9713, 705, 5116, 5139, 2568, 6, 287, 11887, 1865, 30, 314, 561, 923, 612, 13, 921, 198, 5171, 651, 477, 262, 27490, 345, 761, 13, 314, 561, 5734, 2050, 27468, 290, 198, 20538, 3477, 31998, 13, 19672, 31998, 389, 407, 14177, 530, 393, 262, 584, 13, 198, 3152, 257, 14239, 2613, 11, 262, 2613, 390, 23914, 355, 340, 8956, 257, 1327, 2134, 13, 2773, 198, 22554, 318, 32008, 515, 287, 262, 390, 1161, 11, 290, 617, 318, 4504, 1288, 16607, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 9008, 281, 9902, 12280, 34365, 25924, 19203, 18716, 305, 6513, 321, 11537, 2496, 11, 262, 2568, 286, 262, 198, 7207, 278, 2134, 481, 307, 12387, 14, 29471, 19233, 416, 262, 42378, 305, 6513, 321, 13, 1114, 534, 198, 48205, 290, 18868, 31034, 16, 10025, 11, 5299, 940, 76, 828, 314, 892, 345, 460, 11512, 17985, 1633, 14, 7972, 198, 34435, 13, 1002, 345, 2074, 5563, 286, 1180, 15268, 11, 783, 345, 423, 257, 845, 198, 26069, 2249, 12, 1462, 12, 13716, 5766, 355, 783, 262, 12852, 286, 262, 2134, 10975, 703, 198, 270, 49623, 357, 40, 561, 3368, 428, 7885, 11, 284, 307, 5508, 1377, 4859, 351, 198, 2777, 19079, 737, 1081, 329, 19590, 290, 14568, 11, 340, 2192, 857, 407, 2300, 326, 881, 198, 25252, 345, 779, 845, 1657, 11, 1877, 12, 43337, 5563, 357, 9930, 481, 307, 5676, 416, 198, 958, 737, 6932, 39872, 11, 12586, 11, 290, 584, 2092, 705, 23701, 6, 5563, 815, 477, 198, 34456, 428, 5419, 11, 198, 2504, 318, 257, 28161, 2408, 290, 2653, 15208, 18590, 28251, 198, 5832, 765, 284, 25340, 0, 314, 716, 7787, 326, 262, 1266, 3280, 314, 460, 1577, 11, 318, 198, 1462, 910, 326, 351, 1231, 257, 2208, 33215, 2491, 4457, 3716, 198, 37, 9504, 11703, 14691, 3788, 11, 290, 257, 1256, 286, 845, 5789, 3644, 198, 2435, 11, 612, 318, 645, 835, 284, 466, 644, 345, 389, 9524, 13, 632, 318, 4998, 703, 198, 41887, 340, 318, 284, 14351, 6901, 1223, 355, 9775, 2829, 355, 198, 37554, 257, 2512, 996, 1633, 0, 7735, 11, 878, 345, 460, 772, 892, 286, 198, 1078, 1791, 278, 284, 766, 703, 1290, 281, 2134, 561, 20110, 572, 534, 7514, 34365, 25924, 198, 6816, 11, 345, 561, 761, 284, 2603, 46558, 34404, 262, 6496, 198, 42854, 9695, 286, 1111, 262, 7480, 290, 262, 7463, 2134, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 314, 716, 7926, 11, 475, 284, 466, 644, 345, 765, 284, 466, 318, 2391, 5340, 351, 198, 1169, 4133, 1695, 284, 2130, 588, 345, 393, 772, 502, 13, 198, 1639, 423, 257, 2495, 8253, 1628, 13, 1114, 257, 366, 37554, 1, 5253, 286, 5299, 513, 198, 4164, 364, 11, 1633, 3833, 11, 27716, 290, 5951, 481, 2192, 307, 36480, 13, 198, 1890, 257, 16558, 11, 520, 3369, 6, 3854, 1139, 326, 262, 673, 283, 1490, 6966, 414, 318, 376, 28, 21, 2124, 31028, 2124, 257, 2124, 14364, 198, 87, 410, 357, 1640, 21995, 3146, 352, 357, 7942, 329, 1633, 29720, 1114, 4334, 5563, 286, 16874, 198, 6, 64, 6, 262, 15432, 705, 85, 6, 7463, 832, 1633, 351, 257, 1490, 6966, 414, 705, 28803, 6, 481, 407, 307, 198, 36591, 314, 836, 470, 892, 13, 1374, 5920, 286, 1180, 5485, 2121, 318, 257, 8253, 198, 45573, 780, 484, 4327, 284, 47978, 11, 523, 345, 815, 2192, 4859, 284, 34126, 13, 198, 6892, 803, 262, 33793, 341, 286, 262, 2779, 284, 262, 12370, 10007, 743, 307, 845, 198, 2213, 17479, 1165, 13, 1892, 477, 7514, 34365, 25924, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 468, 262, 976, 27468, 414, 11, 543, 198, 67, 13221, 274, 703, 881, 286, 262, 2568, 286, 262, 7463, 2134, 318, 19233, 3688, 198, 1462, 703, 881, 318, 17383, 416, 262, 7463, 2134, 13, 198, 8164, 994, 284, 1441, 284, 262, 14044, 22275, 198, 10260, 25, 2795, 2321, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,486

This artist developed Florentine Mannerism, influenced by Michelangelo. Figures are muscular and in inventive poses, compressed into a space which has little depth. The painting may contain several stories. Moses is the central pivot for this turbulent composition but also appears in the red drapery rushing to save his future bride. He defends the seven daughters of Jethro from men who have deprived them of water for their flocks.

[ 1212, 6802, 4166, 23347, 429, 500, 1869, 1008, 1042, 11, 12824, 416, 12386, 46525, 13, 36574, 389, 27014, 290, 287, 47602, 17313, 11, 25388, 656, 257, 2272, 543, 468, 1310, 6795, 13, 383, 12036, 743, 3994, 1811, 3923, 13, 19010, 318, 262, 4318, 30355, 329, 428, 42291, 11742, 475, 635, 3568, 287, 262, 2266, 28841, 525, 88, 15795, 284, 3613, 465, 2003, 26619, 13, 679, 33446, 262, 3598, 14850, 286, 449, 2788, 305, 422, 1450, 508, 423, 26215, 606, 286, 1660, 329, 511, 781, 3320, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

87

National air quality has improved since the early 1990's, but many challenges remain in protecting public health and the environment from air quality problems. Since the 1950s, air quality has been a major public health and environmental concern. Local, state, and national programs have helped us learn more about the problems and how to solve them. NH EPHT Program works closely with NH Department of Environmental Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to track air quality data and to better understand how air pollution affects our health. Air Pollution and Your Health Air pollution in the United States poses a public health threat affecting potentially millions of people throughout the country. It is associated with health problems that include increased emergency department visits and hospitals stays for breathing and heart problems, asthma, and increases in illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis, and adverse reproductive outcomes such as low birth weight. Air pollution comes from two main origins: point-sources (factories, construction, houses, businesses, agriculture) and non-point sources (automobiles, trains, buses, vegetation). The EPA lists the most common air pollutants as ground-level ozone, particle pollution (often referred to as particulate matter), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead. Ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are the primary pollutants of concern in New Hampshire as they regularly occur at concentrations which can cause harmful health effects. Other contaminants, such as nitrogen-oxides and sulfur-dioxide, occasionally occur at significant concentrations. Ground level ozone Ozone is created indirectly when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in the presence of heat and sunlight. Your exposure to ozone depends mainly on where you live and work and how much time you spend outside. Everyone can have health problems from ozone. Symptoms might be very mild or more serious. People with lung disease, children, older adults, and people who are active outdoors are at the highest risk of having problems when ozone levels are unhealthy. Many scientific studies have linked ground-level ozone contact to varied problems, such as - lung and throat irritation, - wheezing and breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities, - coughing and pain when taking a deep breath, - aggravation of asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, and - higher chance of getting respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis. Particle pollution, or particulate matter, consists of particles that are in the air, including dust, dirt, soot and smoke, and little drops of liquid. Fine particulates occur from being directly emitted (e.g., from a smokestack or tailpipe) or from secondary reactions in the air (e.g., when water vapor condenses on sulfate ions, which is also a secondary product of combustion). Some particles, such as soot or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen. Other particles are so small that you cannot see them. Small particles are the most concerning because they are most likely to cause health problems. Their small size allows these particles to get into the deep part of your lungs. Being exposed to any kind of particulate matter may cause: - increased emergency department visits and hospital stays for breathing and heart problems, - breathing problems, - asthma symptoms to get worse, - adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, - decreased lung growth in children, - lung cancer, and - early deaths. Sensitive people, including older adults, people with diseases such as asthma or congestive heart disease, and children, are more likely to be affected by contact with PM2.5. Reduce Your Risk EPA's Air Quality Index, or AQI, is a tool to help you quickly learn when air pollution is likely to reach unhealthy levels. Local TV stations, radio programs, and newspapers carry these air quality forecasts to tell you when particle levels are likely to be unhealthy. You can use the AQI to plan your daily activities to reduce exposure to particle pollution. When particle pollution levels are high, you can: - reduce the amount of time you spend outside; - do easier outdoor activities, such as walking instead of running or using a riding lawn mower instead of a push mower; and - exercise away from roads and highways. Particle pollution is usually worse near these areas. If you have one of the following diseases, you may experience some effects from particle pollution: - Lung disease - You may not be able to breathe as deeply or strongly as you usually do. - You may cough more, have chest pain, wheeze, feel like you can’t catch your breath, or be tired more than usual. - Heart disease - Coming in contact with particle pollution can cause serious problems in a short period of time, such as a heart attack without any warning signs. - Symptoms, including chest pain or tightness, fast heartbeat, feeling out of breath, and feeling tired more than usual, may be signs of a serious problem. If you have any of these signs, follow your doctor's advice and contact your doctor if the symptoms last longer than usual or worsen. - Follow your asthma management plan when particle levels are high. Tracking Air Pollution Tracking air pollution can help people understand how often they are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution. Having these data can also help public health professionals or policymakers understand which areas may be most in need of prevention and control activities. NH EPHT is tracking the following indicators about ozone and PM2.5: - Ozone--Days Above Regulatory Standard The number of days in which the daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration exceeds a standard provides an indication of short-term spikes in ozone concentrations. This may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of ozone. - PM2.5--Days Above Regulatory Standard These data help summarize short-term trends in particle pollution concentrations. This may give you an idea of how many days per year you may be exposed to unhealthy levels of particulate matter. - Annual PM2.5 Level These data help summarize long-term trends in particle pollution concentrations. This will give you an idea of what the yearly level of PM2.5 is in an area. For information about specific health risks associated with ozone and particulate matter: To read more about air contaminants: To read more about air pollution and health:

[ 16186, 1633, 3081, 468, 6596, 1201, 262, 1903, 6303, 338, 11, 475, 867, 6459, 3520, 287, 10192, 1171, 1535, 290, 262, 2858, 422, 1633, 3081, 2761, 13, 4619, 262, 11445, 82, 11, 1633, 3081, 468, 587, 257, 1688, 1171, 1535, 290, 6142, 2328, 13, 10714, 11, 1181, 11, 290, 2260, 4056, 423, 4193, 514, 2193, 517, 546, 262, 2761, 290, 703, 284, 8494, 606, 13, 24451, 14724, 6535, 6118, 2499, 7173, 351, 24451, 2732, 286, 13272, 6168, 11, 262, 22223, 329, 17344, 6779, 290, 18313, 357, 47667, 828, 290, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 13272, 9985, 7732, 357, 40906, 8, 284, 2610, 1633, 3081, 1366, 290, 284, 1365, 1833, 703, 1633, 12231, 10975, 674, 1535, 13, 198, 16170, 12868, 1009, 290, 3406, 3893, 198, 16170, 12231, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 17313, 257, 1171, 1535, 2372, 13891, 6196, 5242, 286, 661, 3690, 262, 1499, 13, 632, 318, 3917, 351, 1535, 2761, 326, 2291, 3220, 6334, 5011, 11864, 290, 11301, 14768, 329, 12704, 290, 2612, 2761, 11, 28438, 11, 290, 5732, 287, 24024, 884, 355, 35647, 290, 18443, 354, 11815, 11, 290, 12681, 18391, 10906, 884, 355, 1877, 4082, 3463, 13, 198, 16170, 12231, 2058, 422, 734, 1388, 15587, 25, 966, 12, 82, 2203, 357, 22584, 1749, 11, 5103, 11, 7777, 11, 5692, 11, 14510, 8, 290, 1729, 12, 4122, 4237, 357, 2306, 296, 36329, 11, 13404, 11, 16893, 11, 28459, 737, 383, 10193, 8341, 262, 749, 2219, 1633, 41824, 355, 2323, 12, 5715, 37170, 11, 18758, 12231, 357, 28950, 6412, 284, 355, 1344, 5039, 2300, 828, 23417, 12018, 1460, 11, 37402, 12018, 1460, 11, 6588, 937, 28885, 11, 290, 1085, 13, 198, 46, 11340, 357, 46, 18, 8, 290, 3734, 1344, 5039, 2300, 357, 5868, 17, 13, 20, 8, 389, 262, 4165, 41824, 286, 2328, 287, 968, 13910, 355, 484, 7987, 3051, 379, 14587, 543, 460, 2728, 13568, 1535, 3048, 13, 3819, 46983, 11, 884, 355, 23417, 12, 1140, 1460, 290, 37402, 12, 67, 16671, 11, 10491, 3051, 379, 2383, 14587, 13, 198, 35539, 1241, 37170, 198, 46, 11340, 318, 2727, 20762, 618, 23417, 12018, 1460, 290, 22750, 10469, 16439, 5022, 287, 262, 4931, 286, 4894, 290, 19606, 13, 3406, 7111, 284, 37170, 8338, 8384, 319, 810, 345, 2107, 290, 670, 290, 703, 881, 640, 345, 4341, 2354, 13, 11075, 460, 423, 1535, 2761, 422, 37170, 13, 49559, 1244, 307, 845, 11607, 393, 517, 2726, 13, 4380, 351, 12317, 4369, 11, 1751, 11, 4697, 6490, 11, 290, 661, 508, 389, 4075, 24349, 389, 379, 262, 4511, 2526, 286, 1719, 2761, 618, 37170, 2974, 389, 27942, 13, 198, 7085, 5654, 3640, 423, 6692, 2323, 12, 5715, 37170, 2800, 284, 15641, 2761, 11, 884, 355, 198, 12, 12317, 290, 13589, 35164, 11, 198, 12, 483, 8471, 278, 290, 12704, 13156, 1141, 5517, 393, 15162, 4568, 11, 198, 12, 48308, 290, 2356, 618, 2263, 257, 2769, 8033, 11, 198, 12, 20072, 341, 286, 28438, 11, 18443, 354, 11815, 11, 290, 795, 6883, 325, 2611, 11, 290, 198, 12, 2440, 2863, 286, 1972, 22949, 8526, 884, 355, 35647, 393, 18443, 354, 11815, 13, 198, 7841, 1548, 12231, 11, 393, 1344, 5039, 2300, 11, 10874, 286, 13166, 326, 389, 287, 262, 1633, 11, 1390, 8977, 11, 13647, 11, 523, 313, 290, 7523, 11, 290, 1310, 10532, 286, 8122, 13, 17867, 1344, 15968, 3051, 422, 852, 3264, 31234, 357, 68, 13, 70, 1539, 422, 257, 895, 482, 395, 441, 393, 7894, 34360, 8, 393, 422, 9233, 12737, 287, 262, 1633, 357, 68, 13, 70, 1539, 618, 1660, 20199, 1779, 4541, 319, 22443, 378, 39270, 11, 543, 318, 635, 257, 9233, 1720, 286, 33607, 737, 2773, 13166, 11, 884, 355, 523, 313, 393, 7523, 11, 389, 1588, 393, 3223, 1576, 284, 307, 1775, 13, 3819, 13166, 389, 523, 1402, 326, 345, 2314, 766, 606, 13, 10452, 13166, 389, 262, 749, 9305, 780, 484, 389, 749, 1884, 284, 2728, 1535, 2761, 13, 5334, 1402, 2546, 3578, 777, 13166, 284, 651, 656, 262, 2769, 636, 286, 534, 21726, 13, 11204, 7362, 284, 597, 1611, 286, 1344, 5039, 2300, 743, 2728, 25, 198, 12, 3220, 6334, 5011, 11864, 290, 4436, 14768, 329, 12704, 290, 2612, 2761, 11, 198, 12, 12704, 2761, 11, 198, 12, 28438, 7460, 284, 651, 4785, 11, 198, 12, 12681, 4082, 10906, 11, 884, 355, 1877, 4082, 3463, 11, 198, 12, 11832, 12317, 3349, 287, 1751, 11, 198, 12, 12317, 4890, 11, 290, 198, 12, 1903, 7040, 13, 198, 50, 18464, 661, 11, 1390, 4697, 6490, 11, 661, 351, 10040, 884, 355, 28438, 393, 22791, 425, 2612, 4369, 11, 290, 1751, 11, 389, 517, 1884, 284, 307, 5676, 416, 2800, 351, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 13, 198, 7738, 7234, 3406, 19602, 198, 40906, 338, 3701, 14156, 12901, 11, 393, 39514, 40, 11, 318, 257, 2891, 284, 1037, 345, 2952, 2193, 618, 1633, 12231, 318, 1884, 284, 3151, 27942, 2974, 13, 10714, 3195, 8985, 11, 5243, 4056, 11, 290, 14741, 3283, 777, 1633, 3081, 26119, 284, 1560, 345, 618, 18758, 2974, 389, 1884, 284, 307, 27942, 13, 921, 460, 779, 262, 39514, 40, 284, 1410, 534, 4445, 4568, 284, 4646, 7111, 284, 18758, 12231, 13, 198, 2215, 18758, 12231, 2974, 389, 1029, 11, 345, 460, 25, 198, 12, 4646, 262, 2033, 286, 640, 345, 4341, 2354, 26, 198, 12, 466, 4577, 15162, 4568, 11, 884, 355, 6155, 2427, 286, 2491, 393, 1262, 257, 10311, 21133, 285, 789, 2427, 286, 257, 4574, 285, 789, 26, 290, 198, 12, 5517, 1497, 422, 9725, 290, 27239, 13, 2142, 1548, 12231, 318, 3221, 4785, 1474, 777, 3006, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 530, 286, 262, 1708, 10040, 11, 345, 743, 1998, 617, 3048, 422, 18758, 12231, 25, 198, 12, 39337, 4369, 198, 12, 921, 743, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 18044, 355, 7744, 393, 7634, 355, 345, 3221, 466, 13, 198, 12, 921, 743, 22094, 517, 11, 423, 7721, 2356, 11, 483, 68, 2736, 11, 1254, 588, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 4929, 534, 8033, 11, 393, 307, 10032, 517, 621, 6678, 13, 198, 12, 8894, 4369, 198, 12, 21808, 287, 2800, 351, 18758, 12231, 460, 2728, 2726, 2761, 287, 257, 1790, 2278, 286, 640, 11, 884, 355, 257, 2612, 1368, 1231, 597, 6509, 5895, 13, 198, 12, 49559, 11, 1390, 7721, 2356, 393, 5381, 1108, 11, 3049, 36051, 11, 4203, 503, 286, 8033, 11, 290, 4203, 10032, 517, 621, 6678, 11, 743, 307, 5895, 286, 257, 2726, 1917, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 597, 286, 777, 5895, 11, 1061, 534, 6253, 338, 5608, 290, 2800, 534, 6253, 611, 262, 7460, 938, 2392, 621, 6678, 393, 47058, 13, 198, 12, 7281, 534, 28438, 4542, 1410, 618, 18758, 2974, 389, 1029, 13, 198, 2898, 5430, 3701, 12868, 1009, 198, 2898, 5430, 1633, 12231, 460, 1037, 661, 1833, 703, 1690, 484, 389, 7362, 284, 27942, 2974, 286, 1633, 12231, 13, 11136, 777, 1366, 460, 635, 1037, 1171, 1535, 11153, 393, 29484, 1833, 543, 3006, 743, 307, 749, 287, 761, 286, 14196, 290, 1630, 4568, 13, 198, 33863, 14724, 6535, 318, 9646, 262, 1708, 21337, 546, 37170, 290, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 25, 198, 12, 440, 11340, 438, 38770, 23302, 38018, 8997, 198, 464, 1271, 286, 1528, 287, 543, 262, 4445, 5415, 807, 12, 9769, 2811, 37170, 10368, 21695, 257, 3210, 3769, 281, 12955, 286, 1790, 12, 4354, 27198, 287, 37170, 14587, 13, 770, 743, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 703, 867, 1528, 583, 614, 345, 743, 307, 7362, 284, 27942, 2974, 286, 37170, 13, 198, 12, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 438, 38770, 23302, 38018, 8997, 198, 4711, 1366, 1037, 35743, 1790, 12, 4354, 11257, 287, 18758, 12231, 14587, 13, 770, 743, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 703, 867, 1528, 583, 614, 345, 743, 307, 7362, 284, 27942, 2974, 286, 1344, 5039, 2300, 13, 198, 12, 16328, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 5684, 198, 4711, 1366, 1037, 35743, 890, 12, 4354, 11257, 287, 18758, 12231, 14587, 13, 770, 481, 1577, 345, 281, 2126, 286, 644, 262, 24169, 1241, 286, 3122, 17, 13, 20, 318, 287, 281, 1989, 13, 198, 1890, 1321, 546, 2176, 1535, 7476, 3917, 351, 37170, 290, 1344, 5039, 2300, 25, 198, 2514, 1100, 517, 546, 1633, 46983, 25, 198, 2514, 1100, 517, 546, 1633, 12231, 290, 1535, 25, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,353

Time and Frequency from A to Z: D to Do A number or series of numbers used to identify a given day with the least possible ambiguity. The date is usually expressed as the month, day of month, and year. However, integer numbers such as the Julian Date are also used to express the date. Daylight Saving Time The part of the year when clocks are advanced by one hour, effectively moving an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening. In 2007, the rules for Daylight Saving Time (DST) have changed for the first time since 1986. The new changes were enacted by the The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which extended the length of DST by about one month in the interest of reducing energy consumption. DST will now be in effect for 238 days, or about 65% of the year, although Congress retained the right to revert to the prior law should the change prove unpopular or if energy savings are not significant. Under the current rules, DST in the U.S. begins at 2:00 a.m. on the second Sunday of March and ends at 2:00 a.m. on the first Sunday of November. Daylight Saving Time is not observed in Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the state of Arizona (not including the Navajo Indian Reservation, which does observe). The time that elapses between the end of one measurement and the start of the next measurement. This time interval is generally called dead time only if information is lost. For example, when making measurements with a time interval counter, the minimum amount of dead time is the elapsed time from when a stop pulse is received to the arrival of the next start pulse. If a counter is fast enough to measure every pulse (if it can sample at a rate of 1 kHz, for instance, and the input signals are at 100 Hz), we can say there is no dead time between measurements. Disciplined Oscillator (DO) An oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered (often through the use of a phase locked loop) to agree with an external reference. For example, a GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) usually consists of a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output frequency is continuously steered to agree with signals broadcast by the GPS satellites. The apparent change of frequency caused by the motion of the frequency source (transmitter) relative to the destination (receiver). If the distance between the transmitter and receiver is increasing the frequency apparently decreases. If the distance between the transmitter and receiver is decreasing, the frequency apparently increases. To illustrate this, listen to the sound of a train whistle as a train comes closer to you (the pitch gets higher), or as it moves further away (the pitch gets lower). As you do so, keep in mind that the frequency of the sound produced at the source has not changed.

[ 7575, 290, 31902, 422, 317, 284, 1168, 25, 360, 284, 2141, 198, 32, 1271, 393, 2168, 286, 3146, 973, 284, 5911, 257, 1813, 1110, 351, 262, 1551, 1744, 33985, 13, 383, 3128, 318, 3221, 6241, 355, 262, 1227, 11, 1110, 286, 1227, 11, 290, 614, 13, 2102, 11, 18253, 3146, 884, 355, 262, 18322, 7536, 389, 635, 973, 284, 4911, 262, 3128, 13, 198, 12393, 2971, 34689, 3862, 198, 464, 636, 286, 262, 614, 618, 29906, 389, 6190, 416, 530, 1711, 11, 6840, 3867, 281, 1711, 286, 26010, 422, 262, 3329, 284, 262, 6180, 13, 554, 4343, 11, 262, 3173, 329, 47743, 34689, 3862, 357, 35, 2257, 8, 423, 3421, 329, 262, 717, 640, 1201, 12113, 13, 383, 649, 2458, 547, 17814, 416, 262, 383, 6682, 7820, 2191, 286, 5075, 11, 543, 7083, 262, 4129, 286, 360, 2257, 416, 546, 530, 1227, 287, 262, 1393, 286, 8868, 2568, 7327, 13, 360, 2257, 481, 783, 307, 287, 1245, 329, 32544, 1528, 11, 393, 546, 6135, 4, 286, 262, 614, 11, 3584, 3162, 17383, 262, 826, 284, 34052, 284, 262, 3161, 1099, 815, 262, 1487, 5879, 24166, 393, 611, 2568, 10653, 389, 407, 2383, 13, 4698, 262, 1459, 3173, 11, 360, 2257, 287, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 6140, 379, 362, 25, 405, 257, 13, 76, 13, 319, 262, 1218, 3502, 286, 2805, 290, 5645, 379, 362, 25, 405, 257, 13, 76, 13, 319, 262, 717, 3502, 286, 3389, 13, 198, 12393, 2971, 34689, 3862, 318, 407, 6515, 287, 13708, 11, 1605, 43663, 11, 39282, 11, 15295, 16707, 11, 262, 5283, 12010, 11, 290, 262, 1181, 286, 7943, 357, 1662, 1390, 262, 47380, 3942, 1874, 13208, 11, 543, 857, 12414, 737, 198, 464, 640, 326, 1288, 45903, 1022, 262, 886, 286, 530, 15558, 290, 262, 923, 286, 262, 1306, 15558, 13, 770, 640, 16654, 318, 4143, 1444, 2636, 640, 691, 611, 1321, 318, 2626, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 618, 1642, 13871, 351, 257, 640, 16654, 3753, 11, 262, 5288, 2033, 286, 2636, 640, 318, 262, 42118, 640, 422, 618, 257, 2245, 19445, 318, 2722, 284, 262, 10325, 286, 262, 1306, 923, 19445, 13, 1002, 257, 3753, 318, 3049, 1576, 284, 3953, 790, 19445, 357, 361, 340, 460, 6291, 379, 257, 2494, 286, 352, 37597, 11, 329, 4554, 11, 290, 262, 5128, 10425, 389, 379, 1802, 26109, 828, 356, 460, 910, 612, 318, 645, 2636, 640, 1022, 13871, 13, 198, 7279, 6671, 1389, 440, 22360, 1352, 357, 18227, 8, 198, 2025, 24969, 1352, 3025, 5072, 8373, 318, 17282, 49300, 357, 28950, 832, 262, 779, 286, 257, 7108, 8970, 9052, 8, 284, 4236, 351, 281, 7097, 4941, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 15472, 30654, 24969, 1352, 357, 38, 3705, 18227, 8, 3221, 10874, 286, 257, 47969, 393, 6437, 43523, 24969, 1352, 3025, 5072, 8373, 318, 17282, 49300, 284, 4236, 351, 10425, 7025, 416, 262, 15472, 20372, 13, 198, 464, 4156, 1487, 286, 8373, 4073, 416, 262, 6268, 286, 262, 8373, 2723, 357, 7645, 37974, 8, 3585, 284, 262, 10965, 357, 260, 39729, 737, 1002, 262, 5253, 1022, 262, 35099, 290, 9733, 318, 3649, 262, 8373, 5729, 20638, 13, 1002, 262, 5253, 1022, 262, 35099, 290, 9733, 318, 24030, 11, 262, 8373, 5729, 5732, 13, 1675, 19418, 428, 11, 6004, 284, 262, 2128, 286, 257, 4512, 16121, 355, 257, 4512, 2058, 5699, 284, 345, 357, 1169, 7078, 3011, 2440, 828, 393, 355, 340, 6100, 2252, 1497, 357, 1169, 7078, 3011, 2793, 737, 1081, 345, 466, 523, 11, 1394, 287, 2000, 326, 262, 8373, 286, 262, 2128, 4635, 379, 262, 2723, 468, 407, 3421, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

590

NOAA: December Global Ocean Temperature Second Warmest on Record For the year, 2009 Annual Temperature Tied for Fifth-Warmest January 21, 2010 The global ocean surface temperature was the second warmest on record for December, according to scientists at NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. Based on records going back to 1880, the monthly NCDC analysis is part of the suite of climate services NOAA provides. Scientists also reported the combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record for December. For 2009, global temperatures tied with 2006 as the fifth-warmest on record. Also, the earth’s land surface for 2009 was seventh-warmest (tied with 2003) and the ocean surface was fourth-warmest (tied with 2002 and 2004.) Highlights for December 2009 - The global ocean temperature was the second warmest on record, behind 1997. The temperature anomaly was 0.97 degree F above the 20th century average of 60.4 degrees F. - The combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the eighth warmest on record, at 0.88 degree F above the 20th century average of 54.0 degrees F. - The global land surface temperature was 0.63 degree F above the 20th century average of 38.7 degrees F - the coolest December anomaly since 2002. Global Temperature Highlights for 2009 - For the calendar year 2009, the global combined land and ocean surface temperature of 58.0 degrees F tied with 2006 as the fifth-warmest on record. This value is 1.01 degree F above the 20th century average. - NCDC scientists also noted the average temperature for the decade (2000-09), 57.9 degrees F, was the warmest on record surpassing the 1990-99 average of 57.7 degrees F. value. - Arctic sea ice covered an average of 4.8 million square miles during December. This is 6.6 percent below the 1979-2000 average extent and the fourth lowest December extent since records began in 1979. - Antarctic sea ice extent in December was 2.1 percent above the 1979-2000 average, resulting in the 14th largest December extent on record. December Arctic sea ice extent has decreased by 3.3 percent per decade since 1979, while December Antarctic sea ice extent has increased by 0.6 percent per decade over the same period. - Northern Hemisphere snow cover during December 2009 was the second largest extent, behind 1985, on record. North American snow cover for December 2009 was the largest extent since satellite records began in 1967. NCDC’s preliminary reports, which assess the current state of the climate, are released soon after the end of each month. These analyses are based on preliminary data, which are subject to revision. Additional quality control is applied to the data when late reports are received several weeks after the end of the month and as increased scientific methods improve NCDC’s processing algorithms. Scientists, researchers and leaders in government and industry use NCDC’s monthly reports to help track trends and other changes in the world’s climate. The data have a wide range of practical uses, from helping farmers know what to plant, to guiding resources managers with critical decisions about water, energy and other vital assets. NOAA understands and predicts changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and conserves and manages our coastal and marine resources.

[ 15285, 3838, 25, 3426, 8060, 10692, 34467, 5498, 25692, 395, 319, 13266, 198, 1890, 262, 614, 11, 3717, 16328, 34467, 309, 798, 329, 19383, 12, 54, 1670, 395, 198, 21339, 2310, 11, 3050, 198, 464, 3298, 9151, 4417, 5951, 373, 262, 1218, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 329, 3426, 11, 1864, 284, 5519, 379, 36184, 447, 247, 82, 2351, 28573, 1512, 6060, 3337, 287, 49362, 11, 399, 13, 34, 13, 13403, 319, 4406, 1016, 736, 284, 34865, 11, 262, 9651, 399, 47667, 3781, 318, 636, 286, 262, 18389, 286, 4258, 2594, 36184, 3769, 13, 23782, 635, 2098, 262, 5929, 3298, 1956, 290, 9151, 4417, 5951, 373, 262, 16974, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 329, 3426, 13, 198, 1890, 3717, 11, 3298, 10101, 8165, 351, 4793, 355, 262, 8150, 12, 31975, 395, 319, 1700, 13, 4418, 11, 262, 4534, 447, 247, 82, 1956, 4417, 329, 3717, 373, 14024, 12, 31975, 395, 357, 83, 798, 351, 5816, 8, 290, 262, 9151, 4417, 373, 5544, 12, 31975, 395, 357, 83, 798, 351, 6244, 290, 5472, 2014, 198, 11922, 8091, 329, 3426, 3717, 198, 12, 383, 3298, 9151, 5951, 373, 262, 1218, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 11, 2157, 8309, 13, 383, 5951, 32172, 373, 657, 13, 5607, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 286, 3126, 13, 19, 7370, 376, 13, 198, 12, 383, 5929, 3298, 1956, 290, 9151, 4417, 5951, 373, 262, 16974, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 11, 379, 657, 13, 3459, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 286, 7175, 13, 15, 7370, 376, 13, 198, 12, 383, 3298, 1956, 4417, 5951, 373, 657, 13, 5066, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 286, 4353, 13, 22, 7370, 376, 532, 262, 38889, 3426, 32172, 1201, 6244, 13, 198, 22289, 34467, 30776, 329, 3717, 198, 12, 1114, 262, 11845, 614, 3717, 11, 262, 3298, 5929, 1956, 290, 9151, 4417, 5951, 286, 7618, 13, 15, 7370, 376, 8165, 351, 4793, 355, 262, 8150, 12, 31975, 395, 319, 1700, 13, 770, 1988, 318, 352, 13, 486, 4922, 376, 2029, 262, 1160, 400, 4289, 2811, 13, 198, 12, 399, 47667, 5519, 635, 4367, 262, 2811, 5951, 329, 262, 5707, 357, 11024, 12, 2931, 828, 7632, 13, 24, 7370, 376, 11, 373, 262, 5814, 395, 319, 1700, 17341, 278, 262, 6303, 12, 2079, 2811, 286, 7632, 13, 22, 7370, 376, 13, 1988, 13, 198, 12, 15723, 5417, 4771, 5017, 281, 2811, 286, 604, 13, 23, 1510, 6616, 4608, 1141, 3426, 13, 770, 318, 718, 13, 21, 1411, 2174, 262, 13521, 12, 11024, 2811, 6287, 290, 262, 5544, 9016, 3426, 6287, 1201, 4406, 2540, 287, 13521, 13, 198, 12, 33149, 5417, 4771, 6287, 287, 3426, 373, 362, 13, 16, 1411, 2029, 262, 13521, 12, 11024, 2811, 11, 7186, 287, 262, 1478, 400, 4387, 3426, 6287, 319, 1700, 13, 3426, 15723, 5417, 4771, 6287, 468, 11832, 416, 513, 13, 18, 1411, 583, 5707, 1201, 13521, 11, 981, 3426, 33149, 5417, 4771, 6287, 468, 3220, 416, 657, 13, 21, 1411, 583, 5707, 625, 262, 976, 2278, 13, 198, 12, 8342, 42811, 6729, 3002, 1141, 3426, 3717, 373, 262, 1218, 4387, 6287, 11, 2157, 12863, 11, 319, 1700, 13, 2258, 1605, 6729, 3002, 329, 3426, 3717, 373, 262, 4387, 6287, 1201, 11210, 4406, 2540, 287, 15904, 13, 198, 7792, 9697, 447, 247, 82, 15223, 3136, 11, 543, 4659, 262, 1459, 1181, 286, 262, 4258, 11, 389, 2716, 2582, 706, 262, 886, 286, 1123, 1227, 13, 2312, 13523, 389, 1912, 319, 15223, 1366, 11, 543, 389, 2426, 284, 18440, 13, 15891, 3081, 1630, 318, 5625, 284, 262, 1366, 618, 2739, 3136, 389, 2722, 1811, 2745, 706, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1227, 290, 355, 3220, 5654, 5050, 2987, 399, 47667, 447, 247, 82, 7587, 16113, 13, 198, 29193, 11, 4837, 290, 2766, 287, 1230, 290, 2831, 779, 399, 47667, 447, 247, 82, 9651, 3136, 284, 1037, 2610, 11257, 290, 584, 2458, 287, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 4258, 13, 383, 1366, 423, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 8472, 3544, 11, 422, 5742, 9818, 760, 644, 284, 4618, 11, 284, 26727, 4133, 11663, 351, 4688, 5370, 546, 1660, 11, 2568, 290, 584, 9204, 6798, 13, 198, 15285, 3838, 14759, 290, 26334, 2458, 287, 262, 3668, 338, 2858, 11, 422, 262, 21593, 286, 262, 9151, 284, 262, 4417, 286, 262, 4252, 11, 290, 4055, 274, 290, 15314, 674, 17475, 290, 16050, 4133, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

719

Description not set Skeletal System 6 from the course General Human Anatomy General Human Anatomy - Fall 2006. The functional anatomy of the human body as revealed by gross and microscopic examination. Independence or Dependency 1 from the course World Regions, Peoples, and States This course will provide a framework for recognizing and analyzing the major distinctive regions of the world in comparative context. The most important interrelations between environment, economy, ethnicity, and the national identity and viability of states will be explored. See a Reversal View a computer model simulation from NOVA Online that illustrates what happens during a magnetic field reversal, an infrequent occurrence that may be currently underway. Quarks: Inside the Atom This video segment adapted from NOVA shows how the particle accelerator helped physicists find parts of the atom even smaller than protons and neutrons. When Did the First Americans Arrive? In this video segment adapted from NOVA, recent archaeological evidence leads scientists to revise existing theories about human migrations into the Americas around the time of the last ice age. Good Neighbors and Bad: Religious Differences on the Plains in the Early 20th century The harmony of rural life is often romanticized, but differences among neighbors, whether ethnic, religious or political, could often lead to tension, especially as new groups emigrated west. Ezra and Dan Miller were born in a sod house in North Dakota but migrated with a group of Amish Mennonites to Montana. In this 1981 interview, conducted by Laurie Mercier for the Montana Historical Society, they described how local cowboys reacted to the influx of Amish farmers. "Speak, Garvey, Speak!"A Follower Recalls a Garvey Rally The Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, a brilliant orator and black nationalist leader, turned his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) into the most important black organization in the United States in the early 1920s. Garvey's speeches often drew huge audiences, and stories of Garvey's stubborn resistance in the face of white hostility proliferated among his supporters. In an oral history interview, devotee Audley Moore remembered the Jamaican's defiant behavior at a rally in New Orleans c No Way Out: Two New York City Firemen Testify about the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire One of the greatest industrial tragedies in U.S. history occurred on March 26, 1911, when 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died in a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York City. In this brief excerpt from their testimony before the Factory Investigation Commission, New York City Fire Chief Edward F. Croker and Fire Marshall William Beers commented on the safety lapses--the locking of an exit door, the inadequate fire escapes, and the overcrowded factory floor--that led to Engineering Design Challenges This site presents challenges faced by NASA engineers who are developing the next generation of aerospace vehicles. The challenges: thermal protection systems, spacecraft structures, electrodynamic propulsion systems, propellers, and personal satellite assistants. Students design, build, test, re-design, and re-build models that meet specified design criteria, using the same analytical skills as engineers. Determination of DNA Bases Chemistry: A Discovery-Based Experiment The paper contains details of an electrochemistry lab where students are given the time to explore and design an experiment to identify the different DNA bases. The paper has a very useful compendium of literature relating to electrochemical techniques. School-Home Links Reading Kit Offers 400 activities for strengthening children's reading and writing skills (one kit for each grade level, kindergarten through 3rd grade). These kits, part of the Compact for Reading, not only help improve children's reading skills, but also provide guidance on creating and maintaining school-family partnerships. Helping Your Preschool Child This guide offers fun activities for parents to use during everyday routines to help babies, toddlers, and preschoolers develop skills needed for success in school and life. The booklet also describes behaviors and changes parents can expect to see during these three developmental stages. Kennet Avon Canal Devizes to Bradford on Avon Images on the Kennet & Avon Canal between Devizes and Bradford on Avpm Tonto National Monument: Saving a National Treasure tells the story of the Salado people, who thrived in the Arizona valley where Tonto Creek joins the Salt River (1050-1450 AD). The Salado culture combined customs of several American Indian groups. They channeled the river to create farmland in the desert. They built Pueblo-style buildings. They left no written records. This monument, established in December 1907, was among the first sites protected under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The aim of this lesson is to enable students to be aware of how to manage their approach to studying to reduce stress. It is the fifth lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. The lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. They can be delivered sequentially or used in The aim of this lesson is to enable students to recognize the importance of organizational skills in achieving study goals. It is the second lesson in the study skills series and is intended to support adult learners who are embarking on a course of study and need to acquire skills which will help them to be successful. The lessons are designed as a package with key skills reinforced in each subsequent lesson so that a study culture is developed over time. They can be delivered sequentially or u Show Me a Picture and I'll Tell You a Story: Web Photo Journals Students analyze and evaluate "photo journal" web sites, then create their own Web-based photo journal. Origins of American Animation This site offers 21 animated films and 2 fragments, which span the years 1900 to 1921. The films include clay, puppet, and cut-out animation, as well as pen drawings. They point to a connection between newspaper comic strips and early animated films, as represented by Keeping Up With the Joneses, Krazy Kat, and The Katzenjammer Kids. KS2 Numeracy SATs revision 1 The presentation (introduction) revises some of the different aspects of place value: column headings; multiplying and dividing by powers of 10; adding decimals. The levels test these aspects of place value and also writing words as numbers and ordering decimals. The final level tests all of the skills. Each question is either multiple choice or true/false. The order of questions is randomised. Progress is tracked and numerous awards given for achievement at each level.

[ 11828, 407, 900, 198, 50, 365, 47293, 4482, 718, 422, 262, 1781, 3611, 5524, 28880, 9145, 198, 12218, 5524, 28880, 9145, 532, 7218, 4793, 13, 383, 10345, 33449, 286, 262, 1692, 1767, 355, 4602, 416, 10319, 290, 41858, 12452, 13, 198, 5497, 15091, 393, 37947, 1387, 352, 422, 262, 1781, 2159, 47089, 11, 41770, 11, 290, 1829, 198, 1212, 1781, 481, 2148, 257, 9355, 329, 22650, 290, 22712, 262, 1688, 18778, 7652, 286, 262, 995, 287, 29270, 4732, 13, 383, 749, 1593, 987, 39468, 1022, 2858, 11, 3773, 11, 26289, 11, 290, 262, 2260, 5369, 290, 32141, 286, 2585, 481, 307, 18782, 13, 198, 6214, 257, 797, 690, 282, 198, 7680, 257, 3644, 2746, 18640, 422, 8005, 11731, 7467, 326, 21290, 644, 4325, 1141, 257, 14091, 2214, 27138, 11, 281, 1167, 46018, 19810, 326, 743, 307, 3058, 17715, 13, 198, 4507, 5558, 25, 14384, 262, 33102, 198, 1212, 2008, 10618, 16573, 422, 8005, 11731, 2523, 703, 262, 18758, 44219, 4193, 37898, 1064, 3354, 286, 262, 22037, 772, 4833, 621, 1237, 684, 290, 22190, 12212, 13, 198, 2215, 7731, 262, 3274, 3399, 943, 11590, 30, 198, 818, 428, 2008, 10618, 16573, 422, 8005, 11731, 11, 2274, 30971, 2370, 5983, 5519, 284, 32548, 4683, 10946, 546, 1692, 15720, 602, 656, 262, 25733, 1088, 262, 640, 286, 262, 938, 4771, 2479, 13, 198, 10248, 22505, 32289, 290, 7772, 25, 23945, 41937, 319, 262, 31981, 287, 262, 12556, 1160, 400, 4289, 198, 464, 22471, 286, 10016, 1204, 318, 1690, 14348, 1143, 11, 475, 5400, 1871, 12020, 11, 1771, 9450, 11, 4158, 393, 1964, 11, 714, 1690, 1085, 284, 12097, 11, 2592, 355, 649, 2628, 795, 38769, 7421, 13, 36999, 290, 6035, 7920, 547, 4642, 287, 257, 32581, 2156, 287, 2258, 13336, 475, 40227, 351, 257, 1448, 286, 1703, 680, 337, 1697, 261, 2737, 284, 18311, 13, 554, 428, 14745, 2720, 11, 5952, 416, 40811, 12185, 959, 329, 262, 18311, 23121, 7023, 11, 484, 3417, 703, 1957, 9875, 13202, 22798, 284, 262, 25065, 286, 1703, 680, 9818, 13, 198, 1, 5248, 461, 11, 7164, 3304, 11, 40802, 2474, 32, 376, 47030, 3311, 5691, 257, 7164, 3304, 27752, 198, 464, 21661, 7490, 12, 6286, 17068, 7164, 3304, 11, 257, 10457, 393, 1352, 290, 2042, 19848, 3554, 11, 2900, 465, 14499, 27115, 33764, 5396, 357, 4944, 3539, 8, 656, 262, 749, 1593, 2042, 4009, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 287, 262, 1903, 14062, 82, 13, 7164, 3304, 338, 18138, 1690, 9859, 3236, 15579, 11, 290, 3923, 286, 7164, 3304, 338, 24444, 6625, 287, 262, 1986, 286, 2330, 23594, 19873, 515, 1871, 465, 5941, 13, 554, 281, 12886, 2106, 2720, 11, 24103, 68, 7591, 1636, 8877, 12086, 262, 21661, 7490, 338, 36219, 4069, 379, 257, 7903, 287, 968, 12255, 269, 198, 2949, 6378, 3806, 25, 4930, 968, 1971, 2254, 3764, 3653, 6208, 1958, 546, 262, 32216, 33233, 45180, 10247, 396, 3764, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 6000, 7593, 42546, 287, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2106, 5091, 319, 2805, 2608, 11, 32216, 11, 618, 22986, 3259, 11, 4632, 1862, 15773, 1466, 11, 3724, 287, 257, 2046, 379, 262, 33233, 45180, 10247, 396, 1664, 287, 968, 1971, 2254, 13, 554, 428, 4506, 20911, 422, 511, 9709, 878, 262, 19239, 21505, 4513, 11, 968, 1971, 2254, 3764, 5953, 10443, 376, 13, 9325, 6122, 290, 3764, 13606, 3977, 1355, 364, 16476, 319, 262, 3747, 24590, 274, 438, 1169, 22656, 286, 281, 8420, 3420, 11, 262, 20577, 2046, 32695, 11, 290, 262, 38080, 276, 8860, 4314, 438, 5562, 2957, 284, 198, 13798, 1586, 8495, 44495, 198, 1212, 2524, 10969, 6459, 7452, 416, 8884, 12037, 508, 389, 5922, 262, 1306, 5270, 286, 40439, 5672, 13, 383, 6459, 25, 18411, 4800, 3341, 11, 16807, 8573, 11, 1742, 14892, 28995, 38873, 3341, 11, 44408, 13802, 11, 290, 2614, 11210, 29488, 13, 14882, 1486, 11, 1382, 11, 1332, 11, 302, 12, 26124, 11, 290, 302, 12, 11249, 4981, 326, 1826, 7368, 1486, 9987, 11, 1262, 262, 976, 30063, 4678, 355, 12037, 13, 198, 35, 29610, 286, 7446, 347, 1386, 27867, 25, 317, 23455, 12, 15001, 29544, 198, 464, 3348, 4909, 3307, 286, 281, 15206, 15245, 4592, 2248, 810, 2444, 389, 1813, 262, 640, 284, 7301, 290, 1486, 281, 6306, 284, 5911, 262, 1180, 7446, 12536, 13, 383, 3348, 468, 257, 845, 4465, 552, 49811, 286, 9285, 11270, 284, 15206, 31379, 7605, 13, 198, 26130, 12, 16060, 21691, 11725, 10897, 198, 9362, 364, 7337, 4568, 329, 24175, 1751, 338, 3555, 290, 3597, 4678, 357, 505, 6220, 329, 1123, 9559, 1241, 11, 38717, 832, 513, 4372, 9559, 737, 2312, 19183, 11, 636, 286, 262, 37904, 329, 11725, 11, 407, 691, 1037, 2987, 1751, 338, 3555, 4678, 11, 475, 635, 2148, 11154, 319, 4441, 290, 10941, 1524, 12, 17989, 22867, 13, 198, 12621, 13886, 3406, 1763, 1251, 5932, 198, 1212, 5698, 4394, 1257, 4568, 329, 3397, 284, 779, 1141, 10908, 31878, 284, 1037, 11903, 11, 50142, 11, 290, 38725, 364, 1205, 4678, 2622, 329, 1943, 287, 1524, 290, 1204, 13, 383, 42702, 635, 8477, 14301, 290, 2458, 3397, 460, 1607, 284, 766, 1141, 777, 1115, 23456, 9539, 13, 198, 39324, 316, 5184, 261, 31314, 6245, 4340, 284, 28199, 319, 5184, 261, 198, 29398, 319, 262, 7158, 316, 1222, 5184, 261, 31314, 1022, 6245, 4340, 290, 28199, 319, 5184, 4426, 198, 51, 5957, 2351, 33075, 25, 34689, 257, 2351, 20215, 198, 33331, 82, 262, 1621, 286, 262, 4849, 4533, 661, 11, 508, 19531, 1079, 287, 262, 7943, 19272, 810, 309, 5957, 13509, 15449, 262, 13754, 5866, 357, 940, 1120, 12, 1415, 1120, 5984, 737, 383, 4849, 4533, 3968, 5929, 17112, 286, 1811, 1605, 3942, 2628, 13, 1119, 6518, 276, 262, 7850, 284, 2251, 45723, 287, 262, 10326, 13, 1119, 3170, 350, 45749, 78, 12, 7635, 6832, 13, 1119, 1364, 645, 3194, 4406, 13, 770, 17757, 11, 4920, 287, 3426, 41435, 11, 373, 1871, 262, 717, 5043, 6861, 739, 262, 47789, 871, 2191, 286, 40538, 13, 198, 464, 4031, 286, 428, 11483, 318, 284, 7139, 2444, 284, 307, 3910, 286, 703, 284, 6687, 511, 3164, 284, 11065, 284, 4646, 5503, 13, 632, 318, 262, 8150, 11483, 287, 262, 2050, 4678, 2168, 290, 318, 5292, 284, 1104, 4044, 46184, 508, 389, 21030, 278, 319, 257, 1781, 286, 2050, 290, 761, 284, 12831, 4678, 543, 481, 1037, 606, 284, 307, 4388, 13, 383, 11658, 389, 3562, 355, 257, 5301, 351, 1994, 4678, 23738, 287, 1123, 8840, 11483, 523, 326, 257, 2050, 3968, 318, 4166, 625, 640, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 6793, 4726, 3746, 393, 973, 287, 198, 464, 4031, 286, 428, 11483, 318, 284, 7139, 2444, 284, 7564, 262, 6817, 286, 26564, 4678, 287, 16937, 2050, 4661, 13, 632, 318, 262, 1218, 11483, 287, 262, 2050, 4678, 2168, 290, 318, 5292, 284, 1104, 4044, 46184, 508, 389, 21030, 278, 319, 257, 1781, 286, 2050, 290, 761, 284, 12831, 4678, 543, 481, 1037, 606, 284, 307, 4388, 13, 383, 11658, 389, 3562, 355, 257, 5301, 351, 1994, 4678, 23738, 287, 1123, 8840, 11483, 523, 326, 257, 2050, 3968, 318, 4166, 625, 640, 13, 1119, 460, 307, 6793, 4726, 3746, 393, 334, 198, 15307, 2185, 257, 17741, 290, 314, 1183, 14026, 921, 257, 8362, 25, 5313, 5555, 48608, 198, 28239, 16602, 290, 13446, 366, 23074, 3989, 1, 3992, 5043, 11, 788, 2251, 511, 898, 5313, 12, 3106, 4590, 3989, 13, 198, 11610, 1040, 286, 1605, 23535, 198, 1212, 2524, 4394, 2310, 15108, 7328, 290, 362, 21441, 11, 543, 11506, 262, 812, 21489, 284, 35369, 13, 383, 7328, 2291, 21558, 11, 30095, 11, 290, 2005, 12, 448, 11034, 11, 355, 880, 355, 3112, 23388, 13, 1119, 966, 284, 257, 4637, 1022, 7533, 9048, 22670, 290, 1903, 15108, 7328, 11, 355, 7997, 416, 33311, 3205, 2080, 262, 5437, 274, 11, 509, 5918, 8595, 11, 290, 383, 8595, 4801, 39159, 647, 17476, 13, 198, 27015, 17, 399, 6975, 1590, 29020, 82, 18440, 352, 198, 464, 10470, 357, 27427, 596, 8, 2710, 2696, 617, 286, 262, 1180, 7612, 286, 1295, 1988, 25, 5721, 1182, 654, 26, 48816, 290, 27241, 416, 5635, 286, 838, 26, 4375, 875, 320, 874, 13, 383, 2974, 1332, 777, 7612, 286, 1295, 1988, 290, 635, 3597, 2456, 355, 3146, 290, 16216, 875, 320, 874, 13, 383, 2457, 1241, 5254, 477, 286, 262, 4678, 13, 5501, 1808, 318, 2035, 3294, 3572, 393, 2081, 14, 9562, 13, 383, 1502, 286, 2683, 318, 4738, 1417, 13, 18387, 318, 18283, 290, 6409, 13304, 1813, 329, 13293, 379, 1123, 1241, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,389

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (NUREG/BR-0466) On this page: Download complete document This page includes links to files in non-HTML format. See Plugins, Viewers, and Other Tools for more information. Date Published: February 2010 Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provided the framework for the widespread use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The 1954 Act created the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to both regulate nuclear power and to encourage the use of nuclear energy. In 1974, the Energy Reorganization Act split the two functions of the Atomic Energy Commission. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was created to regulate the safe operation of commercial nuclear power and began operation on January 19, 1975. Initially, the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was created to manage energy research and development, nuclear weapons, and naval reactors programs. In 1977, ERDA was combined with the Federal Energy Administration to form the U.S. Department of Energy.

[ 27743, 286, 19229, 38018, 4992, 357, 45, 11335, 38, 14, 11473, 12, 3023, 2791, 8, 198, 2202, 428, 2443, 25, 198, 10002, 1844, 3188, 198, 1212, 2443, 3407, 6117, 284, 3696, 287, 1729, 12, 28656, 5794, 13, 4091, 22689, 1040, 11, 3582, 364, 11, 290, 3819, 20003, 329, 517, 1321, 13, 198, 10430, 26372, 25, 3945, 3050, 198, 27743, 286, 19229, 38018, 4992, 198, 52, 13, 311, 13, 19229, 38018, 4513, 198, 17402, 11, 6257, 1160, 31046, 12, 18005, 198, 464, 28976, 6682, 2191, 286, 24718, 2810, 262, 9355, 329, 262, 10095, 779, 286, 4523, 2568, 329, 12309, 4959, 13, 383, 24718, 2191, 2727, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 28976, 6682, 4513, 284, 1111, 16697, 4523, 1176, 290, 284, 7898, 262, 779, 286, 4523, 2568, 13, 198, 818, 16489, 11, 262, 6682, 797, 9971, 1634, 2191, 6626, 262, 734, 5499, 286, 262, 28976, 6682, 4513, 13, 383, 471, 13, 50, 13, 19229, 38018, 4513, 357, 45, 7397, 8, 373, 2727, 284, 16697, 262, 3338, 4905, 286, 5068, 4523, 1176, 290, 2540, 4905, 319, 3269, 678, 11, 15231, 13, 30900, 11, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 6682, 4992, 290, 7712, 8694, 357, 1137, 5631, 8, 373, 2727, 284, 6687, 2568, 2267, 290, 2478, 11, 4523, 3777, 11, 290, 19014, 28502, 4056, 13, 554, 15589, 11, 13793, 5631, 373, 5929, 351, 262, 5618, 6682, 8694, 284, 1296, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 6682, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

235

ECE435 Music, Movement, Drama, Dance Lead Faculty: Dr. Judy Mantle Focus on enriching and enhancing young children’s learning through the creative arts. Emphasis on integrating creative experiences within core subjects to create developmentally appropriate experiences. - Demonstrate, in writing and discussion, supportive historical background and developmental perspectives for the use of creative arts in the growth and development of young children. - Demonstrate, in writing and discussion, the effectiveness of music, movement, drama, and dance as teaching-learning strategies with young children. - Demonstrate, in writing and discussion, blending of subject matter in music, movement, drama and dance and integration into an age appropriate dynamic learning curriculum units for young children. - Compile a variety of music, movement, drama and dance resources for use in curriculum unit planning for young children. - Develop skills in improvisation of activities to accompany play activities. - Exhibit personal and social behavior while presenting culturally diverse performing arts – dance and music. - Implement the use of environmental materials to create musical instruments. - Demonstrate core standards for the performing arts as a means of fitness and health promotion. - Demonstrate undergraduate-level written communication. - Demonstrate undergraduate-level oral communication and presentation skills. - Demonstrate undergraduate application of analytical and critical thinking skills. - Demonstrate an awareness and understanding of potential legal and ethical issues in course content.

[ 2943, 36, 40064, 7849, 11, 15477, 11, 30647, 11, 17349, 198, 20451, 35262, 25, 1583, 13, 26395, 337, 16941, 198, 34888, 319, 22465, 278, 290, 27496, 1862, 1751, 447, 247, 82, 4673, 832, 262, 7325, 10848, 13, 2295, 28432, 319, 32029, 7325, 6461, 1626, 4755, 7481, 284, 2251, 2478, 453, 5035, 6461, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 11, 287, 3597, 290, 5114, 11, 16443, 6754, 4469, 290, 23456, 22582, 329, 262, 779, 286, 7325, 10848, 287, 262, 3349, 290, 2478, 286, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 11, 287, 3597, 290, 5114, 11, 262, 13530, 286, 2647, 11, 3356, 11, 10512, 11, 290, 9280, 355, 7743, 12, 40684, 10064, 351, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 11, 287, 3597, 290, 5114, 11, 34863, 286, 2426, 2300, 287, 2647, 11, 3356, 11, 10512, 290, 9280, 290, 11812, 656, 281, 2479, 5035, 8925, 4673, 20583, 4991, 329, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 3082, 576, 257, 4996, 286, 2647, 11, 3356, 11, 10512, 290, 9280, 4133, 329, 779, 287, 20583, 4326, 5410, 329, 1862, 1751, 13, 198, 12, 6013, 4678, 287, 47833, 341, 286, 4568, 284, 13873, 711, 4568, 13, 198, 12, 35880, 2614, 290, 1919, 4069, 981, 17728, 30573, 10084, 9489, 10848, 784, 9280, 290, 2647, 13, 198, 12, 48282, 262, 779, 286, 6142, 5696, 284, 2251, 10530, 12834, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 4755, 5423, 329, 262, 9489, 10848, 355, 257, 1724, 286, 13547, 290, 1535, 12148, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 22952, 12, 5715, 3194, 6946, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 22952, 12, 5715, 12886, 6946, 290, 10470, 4678, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 22952, 3586, 286, 30063, 290, 4688, 3612, 4678, 13, 198, 12, 7814, 23104, 281, 9359, 290, 4547, 286, 2785, 2742, 290, 15028, 2428, 287, 1781, 2695, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

294

III. More Women Arrive In August of 1609, about twenty women arrived on ships sent by the Virginia Company of London. One hundred more women arrived a few months later. Many of the female passengers on the first ships were traveling with their husbands and families. All were recruited by the Virginia Company, a land-development, stock-issuing corporation based in London. For the most part these women’s names are lost, but a few survive in the records. Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley, wife of Captain George Yeardley, landed in 1609 and survived the ensuing “starving time.” The Yeardleys returned to England in 1618 at which time King James I knighted George Yeardley. In 1619 they returned to Virginia, where Sir George was appointed Colonial Governor of Virginia. The Yeardleys became one of the most prominent families in Virginia, owning a large plantation named Flowerdew Hundred, which was Temperance’s surname prior to marriage. Joan Pierce sailed with her husband William and daughter Jane. By all accounts, Joan was a dauntless woman and enjoyed the challenges of living in Virginia. During a visit to England in 1629, she was described as “an honest and industrious woman [who] hath been [in Virginia] nearly 20 years.” She apparently considered the new colony rich in resources; she was quoted as saying that “she can keep a better house in Virginia . . . than in London.”(1) Her daughter, Jane Pierce, married John Rolfe, the widower of Pocahontas. Pocahontas had been the favored daughter of Chief Powhatan, and her marriage to Rolfe in 1614 brought over eight years of peace between the settlers and Native Americans, during which the colony was able to produce profitable tobacco. Pocahontas died in England in 1617, and Rolfe returned to Jamestown. He became active in colonial politics and married Jane Pierce later that year. They had one daughter, Elizabeth, also named for the powerful Virgin Queen.(2) Thomasine Causey sailed to Virginia in 1609 to be with her husband who had made the trip a year before. The specifics of her family and voyage are not known, but many women were in the same situation: while their men took off for the New World, women supported their families and managed the finances. Before leaving England to join their husbands, these women made the decisions about selling property and planning for the long voyage.

[ 10855, 13, 3125, 6926, 943, 11590, 198, 818, 2932, 286, 1467, 2931, 11, 546, 8208, 1466, 5284, 319, 7937, 1908, 416, 262, 6025, 5834, 286, 3576, 13, 1881, 3470, 517, 1466, 5284, 257, 1178, 1933, 1568, 13, 4650, 286, 262, 4048, 10405, 319, 262, 717, 7937, 547, 11300, 351, 511, 27742, 290, 4172, 13, 1439, 547, 18774, 416, 262, 6025, 5834, 11, 257, 1956, 12, 31267, 11, 4283, 12, 747, 4250, 12017, 1912, 287, 3576, 13, 198, 1890, 262, 749, 636, 777, 1466, 447, 247, 82, 3891, 389, 2626, 11, 475, 257, 1178, 7866, 287, 262, 4406, 13, 48125, 590, 20025, 67, 413, 11609, 446, 1636, 11, 3656, 286, 8599, 4502, 11609, 446, 1636, 11, 11406, 287, 1467, 2931, 290, 11803, 262, 29543, 564, 250, 7364, 1075, 640, 13, 447, 251, 383, 11609, 446, 21325, 4504, 284, 4492, 287, 1467, 1507, 379, 543, 640, 2677, 3700, 314, 22062, 276, 4502, 11609, 446, 1636, 13, 554, 1467, 1129, 484, 4504, 284, 6025, 11, 810, 7361, 4502, 373, 9899, 37726, 10807, 286, 6025, 13, 383, 11609, 446, 21325, 2627, 530, 286, 262, 749, 9208, 4172, 287, 6025, 11, 23107, 257, 1588, 43206, 3706, 20025, 67, 413, 40531, 11, 543, 373, 48125, 590, 447, 247, 82, 40358, 3161, 284, 4845, 13, 198, 9908, 272, 23023, 33835, 351, 607, 5229, 3977, 290, 4957, 12091, 13, 2750, 477, 5504, 11, 26640, 373, 257, 288, 12968, 1203, 2415, 290, 8359, 262, 6459, 286, 2877, 287, 6025, 13, 5856, 257, 3187, 284, 4492, 287, 1467, 1959, 11, 673, 373, 3417, 355, 564, 250, 272, 5508, 290, 2226, 32527, 2415, 685, 8727, 60, 22027, 587, 685, 259, 6025, 60, 3016, 1160, 812, 13, 447, 251, 1375, 5729, 3177, 262, 649, 18815, 5527, 287, 4133, 26, 673, 373, 10947, 355, 2282, 326, 564, 250, 7091, 460, 1394, 257, 1365, 2156, 287, 6025, 764, 764, 764, 621, 287, 3576, 13, 447, 251, 7, 16, 8, 198, 9360, 4957, 11, 12091, 23023, 11, 6405, 1757, 371, 4024, 68, 11, 262, 9214, 789, 286, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 13, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 550, 587, 262, 19344, 4957, 286, 5953, 14120, 5183, 272, 11, 290, 607, 4845, 284, 371, 4024, 68, 287, 1467, 1415, 3181, 625, 3624, 812, 286, 4167, 1022, 262, 25371, 290, 12547, 3399, 11, 1141, 543, 262, 18815, 373, 1498, 284, 4439, 17967, 11219, 13, 39375, 993, 756, 292, 3724, 287, 4492, 287, 1467, 1558, 11, 290, 371, 4024, 68, 4504, 284, 9986, 395, 593, 13, 679, 2627, 4075, 287, 17091, 4819, 290, 6405, 12091, 23023, 1568, 326, 614, 13, 1119, 550, 530, 4957, 11, 10674, 11, 635, 3706, 329, 262, 3665, 5283, 7542, 12195, 17, 8, 198, 22405, 500, 24228, 88, 33835, 284, 6025, 287, 1467, 2931, 284, 307, 351, 607, 5229, 508, 550, 925, 262, 5296, 257, 614, 878, 13, 383, 23514, 286, 607, 1641, 290, 31505, 389, 407, 1900, 11, 475, 867, 1466, 547, 287, 262, 976, 3074, 25, 981, 511, 1450, 1718, 572, 329, 262, 968, 2159, 11, 1466, 4855, 511, 4172, 290, 5257, 262, 20903, 13, 7413, 4305, 4492, 284, 4654, 511, 27742, 11, 777, 1466, 925, 262, 5370, 546, 6301, 3119, 290, 5410, 329, 262, 890, 31505, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

526

The Duel in European History: Honour and the Reign of Aristocracy by V.G. Kiernan Oxford University Press, 348 pp., $14.95 (paper) Victor Kiernan is one of the most versatile of British historians. He has written learned monographs on British Diplomacy in China, 1880–1885, on Metcalfe’s Mission to Lahore, 1808–1809, on The Revolution of 1854 in Spanish History, on American imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, on imperialism generally, and on state and society in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He has also written about Wordsworth, nineteenth-century England, central Asia, Africa, India and Pakistan, and about relations between Portugal and Britain. He has translated volumes of Urdu poetry. The story goes that he was once asked by a journal for an article on British imperialism in China. He replied that he had rather lost interest in that subject, but he could let them have a piece on the Jesuits in Paraguay. The article they finally got was on English Evangelicism and the French Revolution. What we are all waiting for is his big book on Shakespeare. The Duel in European History ranges through recorded history, from Gilgamesh, Homer, and Beowulf to the present century. “What has been remembered of the duel,” Kiernan begins, “has been mostly of an anecdotal kind”; and at first sight his seems an anecdotal book. It is stuffed with excellent anecdotes, but there is a steady and consistent theme running through it, implicit rather than explicit. In trying to draw this theme from the material I have quoted freely, since I cannot match Kiernan’s incisive prose. The duel for Kiernan is a conflict between two men, usually accompanied by an “elaborate etiquette…upheld by ‘seconds.’ ” It was, he writes, amidst the chronic warfare of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the modern duel took shape. During that time of transition from medieval to modern, State power and the reign of law were being established by absolutist monarchy; but aristocracy, its half-brother, survived in altered guise, a permanent anachronism, and often canker, in the life of Europe. Private warfare between baronial families or factions was suppressed with difficulty; in France in the second half of the sixteenth century, with religious combustibles added, it flared up into civil war. Madrid in the next century was still disturbed by brawling among noblemen and their retinues…. Compared with these manifestations of the unruly aristocratic temper, the duel can be viewed as an advance towards a more limited trespass on law and order. It can be viewed too as a more decent reprisal than assassination, the poisoning of opponents for instance so much a matter of use and wont in the Italy of the Borgias. By comparison with the blood feud and gang warfare, or with judicial trial by combat, “a well-conducted duel might be deemed part of a civilizing process.” But the emphasis here is on “well-conducted”: a certain level of political organization and enforcement of order is an essential preliminary. So for Kiernan the duel assumed the ascendancy of aristocratic classes, military by vocation or “at least never forgetful of a sword-bearing ancestry.” Liability …

[ 464, 23958, 287, 3427, 7443, 25, 45129, 290, 262, 29297, 286, 23203, 17818, 198, 1525, 569, 13, 38, 13, 39717, 12647, 198, 38208, 3841, 2059, 4332, 11, 44084, 9788, 1539, 720, 1415, 13, 3865, 357, 20189, 8, 198, 21944, 273, 39717, 12647, 318, 530, 286, 262, 749, 21362, 286, 3517, 21262, 13, 679, 468, 3194, 4499, 937, 33492, 319, 3517, 34905, 1590, 287, 2807, 11, 34865, 1906, 1507, 5332, 11, 319, 3395, 66, 1604, 68, 447, 247, 82, 12633, 284, 30693, 382, 11, 1248, 2919, 1906, 1507, 2931, 11, 319, 383, 9303, 286, 1248, 4051, 287, 7897, 7443, 11, 319, 1605, 30988, 287, 262, 29666, 290, 29112, 10675, 11, 319, 30988, 4143, 11, 290, 319, 1181, 290, 3592, 287, 2031, 287, 262, 2237, 20283, 290, 10037, 28117, 10675, 13, 679, 468, 635, 3194, 546, 9678, 30567, 11, 29666, 12, 14792, 4492, 11, 4318, 7229, 11, 5478, 11, 3794, 290, 7648, 11, 290, 546, 2316, 1022, 19101, 290, 5491, 13, 679, 468, 14251, 15343, 286, 8799, 646, 19518, 13, 198, 464, 1621, 2925, 326, 339, 373, 1752, 1965, 416, 257, 3989, 329, 281, 2708, 319, 3517, 30988, 287, 2807, 13, 679, 8712, 326, 339, 550, 2138, 2626, 1393, 287, 326, 2426, 11, 475, 339, 714, 1309, 606, 423, 257, 3704, 319, 262, 4804, 15379, 287, 47268, 323, 13, 383, 2708, 484, 3443, 1392, 373, 319, 3594, 27834, 11965, 290, 262, 4141, 9303, 13, 1867, 356, 389, 477, 4953, 329, 318, 465, 1263, 1492, 319, 22197, 13, 198, 464, 23958, 287, 3427, 7443, 16069, 832, 6264, 2106, 11, 422, 10689, 19966, 71, 11, 28440, 11, 290, 1355, 322, 4754, 284, 262, 1944, 4289, 13, 564, 250, 2061, 468, 587, 12086, 286, 262, 24662, 11, 447, 251, 39717, 12647, 6140, 11, 564, 250, 10134, 587, 4632, 286, 281, 41666, 1611, 447, 251, 26, 290, 379, 717, 6504, 465, 2331, 281, 41666, 1492, 13, 632, 318, 22259, 351, 6275, 44662, 11, 475, 612, 318, 257, 11831, 290, 6414, 7505, 2491, 832, 340, 11, 16992, 2138, 621, 7952, 13, 554, 2111, 284, 3197, 428, 7505, 422, 262, 2587, 314, 423, 10947, 12748, 11, 1201, 314, 2314, 2872, 39717, 12647, 447, 247, 82, 753, 13911, 27149, 13, 383, 24662, 329, 39717, 12647, 318, 257, 5358, 1022, 734, 1450, 11, 3221, 11791, 416, 281, 564, 250, 417, 4820, 378, 49455, 1399, 929, 10217, 416, 564, 246, 43012, 13, 447, 247, 564, 251, 632, 373, 11, 339, 6797, 11, 198, 321, 312, 301, 262, 10726, 15611, 286, 262, 2237, 20283, 290, 10037, 28117, 10675, 326, 262, 3660, 24662, 1718, 5485, 13, 5856, 326, 640, 286, 6801, 422, 19955, 284, 3660, 11, 1812, 1176, 290, 262, 13580, 286, 1099, 547, 852, 4920, 416, 2352, 349, 315, 396, 35184, 26, 475, 50025, 11, 663, 2063, 12, 37343, 11, 11803, 287, 14294, 34731, 11, 257, 7748, 281, 620, 1313, 1042, 11, 290, 1690, 460, 6122, 11, 287, 262, 1204, 286, 2031, 13, 15348, 15611, 1022, 2318, 30752, 4172, 393, 18783, 373, 25822, 351, 8722, 26, 287, 4881, 287, 262, 1218, 2063, 286, 262, 2237, 20283, 4289, 11, 351, 4158, 27500, 18764, 2087, 11, 340, 50017, 510, 656, 3026, 1175, 13, 14708, 287, 262, 1306, 4289, 373, 991, 24069, 416, 275, 18771, 1871, 15581, 3653, 290, 511, 1005, 259, 947, 11580, 27492, 351, 777, 38538, 286, 262, 555, 34715, 28631, 15405, 4124, 11, 262, 24662, 460, 307, 9569, 355, 281, 5963, 3371, 257, 517, 3614, 49192, 319, 1099, 290, 1502, 13, 632, 460, 307, 9569, 1165, 355, 257, 517, 7709, 41575, 28456, 621, 18898, 11, 262, 22475, 286, 7691, 329, 4554, 523, 881, 257, 2300, 286, 779, 290, 28329, 287, 262, 8031, 286, 262, 29004, 4448, 13, 198, 3886, 7208, 351, 262, 2910, 21419, 290, 7706, 15611, 11, 393, 351, 13657, 4473, 416, 5249, 11, 564, 250, 64, 880, 12, 36495, 276, 24662, 1244, 307, 10762, 636, 286, 257, 3026, 2890, 1429, 13, 447, 251, 887, 262, 12476, 994, 318, 319, 564, 250, 4053, 12, 36495, 276, 447, 251, 25, 257, 1728, 1241, 286, 1964, 4009, 290, 5394, 286, 1502, 318, 281, 6393, 15223, 13, 198, 2396, 329, 39717, 12647, 262, 24662, 9672, 262, 34800, 3883, 286, 28631, 15405, 6097, 11, 2422, 416, 410, 5040, 393, 564, 250, 265, 1551, 1239, 6044, 913, 286, 257, 8429, 12, 28655, 29171, 13, 447, 251, 7455, 1799, 3926, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

714

Witnessing a hawk snatch a songbird off your birdfeeder can be quite a shock. Although most of us understand the food chain, backyard birders would prefer these sharks of the sky get their meals elsewhere. Sharp-shinned and Cooper's Hawks are the two most common birds of prey that visit birdfeeders in urban Orange County, says Biologist Scott Thomas, who runs raptor research for the local Sea & Sage Audubon Society. Cooper's Hawks' numbers have grown significantly in California as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas. BRUCE CHAMBERS, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER "Sharp-shinned Hawks are migrants and visit our area from October through March or April, while Cooper's Hawks are here year-round," Thomas said. Both are fast, agile fliers that can maneuver around buildings and trees in a surprise attack. Both species prey chiefly on small birds, while the Cooper's Hawk includes some small mammals in its diet. "About 25 years ago, Cooper's Hawks were on California's special concern list," he said. "At that time they were not very common in neighborhoods." But their numbers have grown significantly as they adapted to finding prey at birdfeeders and nesting in urban areas, he said. "We've tracked them and found the hawks actually fly a circuit every day, going from feeder to feeder," Thomas said. That means once a raptor finds a meal at a feeder, it will likely return. While you can't always protect your backyard birds from an aerial attack, you can give your songbirds an edge by taking a few precautions. "Hang your feeders in a tree so the birds have a better chance of escape," Thomas said. "And don't put feeders up against a window where the small birds may become panicked and fly into it." Add a baffle or an umbrella-type cover over the feeder so the birds will be less visible from aerial predators. And remove dead branches from the trees on your property where hawks may perch for hunting. If a hawk has become a real menace to your backyard birds, take the feeder down for a few weeks. The hawk will move on, but it may also return when the feeder birds return. Keep in mind that this cycle of life will go on whether you have a backyard feeder or not. And to help protect the health of all birds in your yard, Thomas recommends cleaning feeders and birdbaths regularly with 10 percent bleach solution. Hawks are susceptible to certain diseases typically transmitted at birdfeeders. Jennifer J. Meyer is a freelance writer from Mission Viejo. Write to her at [email protected] or visit her blog at jjthebackyardbirder.blogspot.com.

[ 38670, 278, 257, 48710, 43388, 257, 3496, 16944, 572, 534, 6512, 12363, 263, 460, 307, 2407, 257, 6380, 13, 4900, 749, 286, 514, 1833, 262, 2057, 6333, 11, 24296, 6512, 364, 561, 4702, 777, 27476, 286, 262, 6766, 651, 511, 13840, 8057, 13, 198, 44336, 12, 1477, 259, 2817, 290, 10382, 338, 23445, 389, 262, 734, 749, 2219, 10087, 286, 15974, 326, 3187, 6512, 12363, 364, 287, 7876, 11942, 3418, 11, 1139, 8436, 7451, 4746, 5658, 11, 508, 4539, 38404, 273, 2267, 329, 262, 1957, 6896, 1222, 28733, 7591, 549, 261, 7023, 13, 198, 7222, 3575, 338, 23445, 6, 3146, 423, 7334, 5566, 287, 3442, 355, 484, 16573, 284, 4917, 15974, 379, 6512, 12363, 364, 290, 46282, 287, 7876, 3006, 13, 198, 11473, 52, 5222, 5870, 2390, 33, 4877, 11, 3336, 6375, 27746, 41012, 23337, 41517, 198, 1, 44336, 12, 1477, 259, 2817, 23445, 389, 12783, 290, 3187, 674, 1989, 422, 3267, 832, 2805, 393, 3035, 11, 981, 10382, 338, 23445, 389, 994, 614, 12, 744, 553, 5658, 531, 13, 198, 10265, 389, 3049, 11, 36710, 781, 3183, 326, 460, 20186, 1088, 6832, 290, 7150, 287, 257, 5975, 1368, 13, 5747, 4693, 15974, 36305, 319, 1402, 10087, 11, 981, 262, 10382, 338, 26698, 3407, 617, 1402, 23426, 287, 663, 5496, 13, 198, 1, 8585, 1679, 812, 2084, 11, 10382, 338, 23445, 547, 319, 3442, 338, 2041, 2328, 1351, 553, 339, 531, 13, 366, 2953, 326, 640, 484, 547, 407, 845, 2219, 287, 14287, 526, 198, 1537, 511, 3146, 423, 7334, 5566, 355, 484, 16573, 284, 4917, 15974, 379, 6512, 12363, 364, 290, 46282, 287, 7876, 3006, 11, 339, 531, 13, 198, 1, 1135, 1053, 18283, 606, 290, 1043, 262, 23185, 591, 1682, 6129, 257, 10349, 790, 1110, 11, 1016, 422, 3745, 263, 284, 3745, 263, 553, 5658, 531, 13, 1320, 1724, 1752, 257, 38404, 273, 7228, 257, 9799, 379, 257, 3745, 263, 11, 340, 481, 1884, 1441, 13, 198, 3633, 345, 460, 470, 1464, 1805, 534, 24296, 10087, 422, 281, 17789, 1368, 11, 345, 460, 1577, 534, 3496, 32002, 281, 5743, 416, 2263, 257, 1178, 31320, 13, 198, 1, 39, 648, 534, 3745, 364, 287, 257, 5509, 523, 262, 10087, 423, 257, 1365, 2863, 286, 6654, 553, 5658, 531, 13, 366, 1870, 836, 470, 1234, 3745, 364, 510, 1028, 257, 4324, 810, 262, 1402, 10087, 743, 1716, 38225, 290, 6129, 656, 340, 526, 198, 4550, 257, 25989, 293, 393, 281, 25510, 12, 4906, 3002, 625, 262, 3745, 263, 523, 262, 10087, 481, 307, 1342, 7424, 422, 17789, 23311, 13, 843, 4781, 2636, 13737, 422, 262, 7150, 319, 534, 3119, 810, 23185, 591, 743, 583, 354, 329, 10988, 13, 198, 1532, 257, 48710, 468, 1716, 257, 1103, 36292, 284, 534, 24296, 10087, 11, 1011, 262, 3745, 263, 866, 329, 257, 1178, 2745, 13, 383, 48710, 481, 1445, 319, 11, 475, 340, 743, 635, 1441, 618, 262, 3745, 263, 10087, 1441, 13, 9175, 287, 2000, 326, 428, 6772, 286, 1204, 481, 467, 319, 1771, 345, 423, 257, 24296, 3745, 263, 393, 407, 13, 198, 1870, 284, 1037, 1805, 262, 1535, 286, 477, 10087, 287, 534, 12699, 11, 5658, 20829, 12724, 3745, 364, 290, 6512, 65, 33148, 7987, 351, 838, 1411, 49024, 4610, 13, 23445, 389, 22084, 284, 1728, 10040, 6032, 18307, 379, 6512, 12363, 364, 13, 198, 43187, 449, 13, 23975, 318, 257, 27449, 6260, 422, 12633, 47154, 7639, 13, 19430, 284, 607, 379, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 393, 3187, 607, 4130, 379, 474, 73, 1169, 1891, 9413, 65, 343, 1082, 13, 35217, 13, 785, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

590

Classification of Nouns Nouns are categorized by vowels and consonants they include. For the consonants they include nouns are categorized in two groups: 15 Nouns and 16 Nouns. For the vowels they include nouns are categorized in 5 groups: a, ä; å, ø; o, ö; u, y; i, e. 15 Nouns: the first consonant of these nouns are h, j, m, n, r, s, s' 16 Nouns: the first consonant of there nouns are c, d, l, p, t, v, l' Categorizing by vowels depends on how many syllable noun has and what is the vowel in the syllable we have to use. If a noun has 2 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable If a noun has 3 syllable we use the vowel of the third syllable If a noun has 4 syllable we use the vowel of the second syllable ıf a noun has 5 or more syllable we use the vowel of the syllable before the last syllable. Vowel in a syllable can be a single vowel or a diphthong. If the syllable contains a diphthong, we choose the vowel we will use according to following rules: If there is "u" or "y" we use them, If there is a back vowel and "i" we use the back vowel, If there is a front vowel and "i" we use "i", In other diphthongs we use the first vowel.Definite Articles Vi Söllidäävin has10 definite articles. All definite articles are 2 letters. First is a consonant, second a vowel. If a noun is a 15 noun, the first letter of the article is "v" If a noun is a 16 noun, the first letter of the article is "s" we add the vowel according to the rules above to these consonants and make the article. E.g.: tyycciön has 2 syllable. we will use the second syllable and the vowels in it are i and ö. "ö" is a front vowel this means we will use "i". And it is a 16 noun. With these knowledges the article is "si". Si Tyycciön. More examples: vo riol, su vuun, va raceslain, ve hiynnen. We have to use the root word to decide the article of the noun. In a sentence if a noun takes a prefix, that noun does not take article. We use definite article when the noun does not take prefixes and indefinite article.Indefinite Article Vi Söllidäävin has 1 indefinite article and it is a suffix. We add "-me" to the noun. And if a noun takes this suffix, it does not take definite article. E.g.: noidame → a love

[ 9487, 2649, 286, 399, 977, 82, 198, 45, 977, 82, 389, 37661, 416, 23268, 1424, 290, 44278, 1187, 484, 2291, 13, 1114, 262, 44278, 1187, 484, 2291, 23227, 82, 389, 37661, 287, 734, 2628, 25, 1315, 399, 977, 82, 290, 1467, 399, 977, 82, 13, 1114, 262, 23268, 1424, 484, 2291, 23227, 82, 389, 37661, 287, 642, 2628, 25, 257, 11, 6184, 97, 26, 6184, 98, 11, 6184, 116, 26, 267, 11, 6184, 114, 26, 334, 11, 331, 26, 1312, 11, 304, 13, 198, 1314, 399, 977, 82, 25, 262, 717, 44278, 415, 286, 777, 23227, 82, 389, 289, 11, 474, 11, 285, 11, 299, 11, 374, 11, 264, 11, 264, 6, 198, 1433, 399, 977, 82, 25, 262, 717, 44278, 415, 286, 612, 23227, 82, 389, 269, 11, 288, 11, 300, 11, 279, 11, 256, 11, 410, 11, 300, 6, 198, 34, 47467, 2890, 416, 23268, 1424, 8338, 319, 703, 867, 27226, 540, 23227, 468, 290, 644, 318, 262, 48617, 287, 262, 27226, 540, 356, 423, 284, 779, 13, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 468, 362, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 1218, 27226, 540, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 468, 513, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 2368, 27226, 540, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 468, 604, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 1218, 27226, 540, 198, 30102, 69, 257, 23227, 468, 642, 393, 517, 27226, 540, 356, 779, 262, 48617, 286, 262, 27226, 540, 878, 262, 938, 27226, 540, 13, 198, 53, 322, 417, 287, 257, 27226, 540, 460, 307, 257, 2060, 48617, 393, 257, 288, 13323, 400, 506, 13, 1002, 262, 27226, 540, 4909, 257, 288, 13323, 400, 506, 11, 356, 3853, 262, 48617, 356, 481, 779, 1864, 284, 1708, 3173, 25, 198, 1532, 612, 318, 366, 84, 1, 393, 366, 88, 1, 356, 779, 606, 11, 198, 1532, 612, 318, 257, 736, 48617, 290, 366, 72, 1, 356, 779, 262, 736, 48617, 11, 198, 1532, 612, 318, 257, 2166, 48617, 290, 366, 72, 1, 356, 779, 366, 72, 1600, 198, 818, 584, 288, 13323, 400, 28079, 356, 779, 262, 717, 48617, 13, 7469, 9504, 22698, 198, 38432, 311, 9101, 297, 312, 11033, 11033, 7114, 468, 940, 21892, 6685, 13, 1439, 21892, 6685, 389, 362, 7475, 13, 3274, 318, 257, 44278, 415, 11, 1218, 257, 48617, 13, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 318, 257, 1315, 23227, 11, 262, 717, 3850, 286, 262, 2708, 318, 366, 85, 1, 198, 1532, 257, 23227, 318, 257, 1467, 23227, 11, 262, 717, 3850, 286, 262, 2708, 318, 366, 82, 1, 198, 732, 751, 262, 48617, 1864, 284, 262, 3173, 2029, 284, 777, 44278, 1187, 290, 787, 262, 2708, 13, 198, 36, 13, 70, 11207, 1259, 88, 35764, 48863, 468, 362, 27226, 540, 13, 356, 481, 779, 262, 1218, 27226, 540, 290, 262, 23268, 1424, 287, 340, 389, 1312, 290, 6184, 114, 13, 366, 9101, 1, 318, 257, 2166, 48617, 428, 1724, 356, 481, 779, 366, 72, 1911, 843, 340, 318, 257, 1467, 23227, 13, 2080, 777, 760, 992, 3212, 262, 2708, 318, 366, 13396, 1911, 15638, 7039, 88, 35764, 48863, 13, 198, 5167, 6096, 25, 7608, 374, 1669, 11, 424, 410, 84, 403, 11, 46935, 9558, 34277, 11, 1569, 23105, 2047, 38572, 13, 198, 1135, 423, 284, 779, 262, 6808, 1573, 284, 5409, 262, 2708, 286, 262, 23227, 13, 554, 257, 6827, 611, 257, 23227, 2753, 257, 21231, 11, 326, 23227, 857, 407, 1011, 2708, 13, 775, 779, 21892, 2708, 618, 262, 23227, 857, 407, 1011, 21231, 274, 290, 35639, 2708, 13, 5497, 891, 9504, 10172, 198, 38432, 311, 9101, 297, 312, 11033, 11033, 7114, 468, 352, 35639, 2708, 290, 340, 318, 257, 35488, 13, 775, 751, 27444, 1326, 1, 284, 262, 23227, 13, 843, 611, 257, 23227, 2753, 428, 35488, 11, 340, 857, 407, 1011, 21892, 2708, 13, 198, 36, 13, 70, 11207, 645, 312, 480, 15168, 257, 1842, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

643

The War of Independence The violent confrontations between Jews and Arabs in the land of Israel started in the early 1920s. For the most part, the Jews defended themselves against attacks by the Arabs. The Hagana was responsible for defense of the Jewish community, and sometimes British armed forces intervened to end the violence. The Hagana was established in 1920 primarily as a regional organization; in each settlement its members were responsible for its own defense. Every Jewish resident of the land of Israel was eligible to join, the main condition being the person's ability to keep the organization's activities secret. At first the Hagana's limited mobility hindered its capability to carry out attacks. After the 1921 uprisings the Hagana expanded by drafting new members, conducting courses for commanders and accelerating weapons' acquisition. Armaments were purchased abroad or manufactured in factories located primarily in kibbutzim. The Hagana was under the authority of the elected governing institutions of the yishuv (Jewish community in the land of Israel.) In 1936 there was an Arab uprising which called for liberation from British rule. They attacked British forces and Jews as well. In the course of the revolt the British recommended a solution: To divide the land into two states — Arab and Jewish (the Peel Commission Report). The Arab leadership rejected the proposal of partition. The yishuv leadership accepted the principle of partition but opposed the borders suggested by the commission. At the end of World War II, in spite of revelations about the scope of the Jewish Holocaust in Europe and the murder of millions of Jews, Britain refused to permit the establishment of a Jewish state. In postwar Europe there were over 100,000 Jewish refugees who could not return to their homes, but the British refused to allow them to immigrate to the land of Israel. The yishuv fought the decision. Britain, whose resources had been drained by the war, turned the issue of the land of Israel over to the United Nations; the organization appointed a special committee which once more recommended partition as a solution to the problem. On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly, by a large majority, approved the resolution calling for two independent states to be established alongside each other in the land of Israel (Resolution 181). Members of the Jewish community danced in the streets to celebrate but shortly afterward Palestinian Arabs and volunteers from Arab countries that rejected the partition plan attacked, and the war began. The Civil War: December 1947-May 1948 The war that began on November 29, 1947 is known as the War of Independence because it resulted in independence for the Jewish community in the land of Israel, in spite of the fact that at the beginning local Arabs, and then armies from Arab countries tried to prevent it. Local Arab troops and volunteers attacked isolated Jewish communities, Jews in cities with mixed populations and the roads. They also employed terror tactics — all Jewish people, settlements and property were considered to be legitimate targets. The most serious terror attacks were against the Haifa oil refineries, where 39 Jews were murdered in December 1947. At the time Hagana tactics were primarily defensive or focused on specific objectives. Because of Arab attacks, various areas of the yishuv were cut off from the center and became isolated. The Hagana tried to supply besieged areas by means of clandestine convoys. These convoys became the foci of armed confrontations between Jews and Arabs, but in spite of everything, no Jewish settlement was abandoned. Dozens of fighters were killed in attempts to relieve isolated communities. The main efforts were dedicated to bringing supplies to the besieged city of Jerusalem, and this resulted in many victims. In memory of these martyrs, Haim Gouri wrote the poem Bab El-Wad which is the Arabic name for Sha'ar Ha-Gai [gate to the valley] —; a strategic point where convoys began the climb from the coastal plains to the hills of Jerusalem. The Catastrophe [An-Nakbeh] 1948 On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 181, which calls for the partition of Palestine into two states, Arab and Jewish. This was the start of the countdown for the establishment of the state of Israel on May 15, 1948 and the 1948 Catastrophe, which uprooted and dispersed the Palestinian people. The Catastrophe was: 1) the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1948 Palestine War; 2) their acceptance of the truce; 3) the displacement of most of the Palestinian people from their cities and villages; and 4) the emergence of the refugee problem and the Palestinian Diaspora. First and foremost, Britain bears responsibility for the defeat of the Palestinian Arab people in 1948. It received the mandate for Palestine from the League of Nations in 1917, and from the beginning of its occupation of Palestine until it relinquished the territory on May 15, 1948, Britain did all it could to suppress the Palestinian people and to arrest and deport their leaders. The British did not allow Palestinians to exercise their right to defend themselves and their land against the Zionist movement. It suppressed the popular uprisings (intifadas) which followed one after another beginning in 1920 (including those of 1921, 1929, 1930, 1935 and 1936). The rulers considered all forms of Palestinian resistance to be illegal acts of terrorism, extremism and fanaticism, and issued unjust laws against every Palestinian who carried arms or ammunition. Punishments included: "Six years in prison for possessing a revolver, twelve years for a grenade, five years of hard labor for possessing twelve bullets and eighteen months for giving false information to a group of soldiers asking for directions." However, Britain did allow Zionist immigration to Palestine, which led to an economic crisis because of the increasing number of Jews in the land. Britain permitted the Zionist movement to form military forces, such as the Haganah and Etzel and others. Members carried out bombings in Jerusalem, fired on British soldiers and smuggled arms, immigrants, and more. But that wasn't the end of the story. The British allowed the Zionist movement to have its own armed brigade attached to the British Army. It took part in battles of World War II, thereby acquiring training and experience in the techniques of war. In 1939 ten detachments of Zionist settlement police were formed, each led by a British officer — altogether 14,411 men. There were 700 policemen in Tel Aviv and 100 in Haifa, all of whom were members of the Haganah. By 1948 most Jews over the age of 14 had already undergone military training. For these reasons they were militarily superior to the Palestinians during the '48 war. In 1946 one British commander in Palestine told an American journalist that: "If we withdraw British forces, the Haganah will control all of Palestine tomorrow." The journalist asked him if the Haganah could maintain its control of Palestine under such circumstances. He replied: "Certainly, they could do so even if they had to confront the entire Arab world." Before the war broke out and just before they withdrew, the British either turned a blind eye, or actually conspired with the Zionists who seized British arms and equipment. This strengthened the Zionist movement's superiority over the Palestinians. It is worth mentioning that when Britain relinquished its Palestinian Mandate to the UN, it was a very influential member of the international organization. The partition resolution 181 was a revival of the partition plan proposed by Britain in the aftermath of the 1936 Revolution. After Britain, the Arabs and their leaders had the lion's share of responsibility for the defeat. Their war was like a heroic drama, whose hero was a British military officer — Glubb Pasha — who commanded the Transjordanian Arab troops in the war. The Arab armies did not take up their roles in the theater of war until the strength of the Palestinian people was virtually exhausted.

[ 464, 1810, 286, 20153, 198, 464, 6590, 7239, 602, 1022, 6771, 290, 22457, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 2067, 287, 262, 1903, 14062, 82, 13, 1114, 262, 749, 636, 11, 262, 6771, 13768, 2405, 1028, 3434, 416, 262, 22457, 13, 383, 21375, 2271, 373, 4497, 329, 3761, 286, 262, 5582, 2055, 11, 290, 3360, 3517, 6936, 3386, 35018, 284, 886, 262, 3685, 13, 198, 464, 21375, 2271, 373, 4920, 287, 14062, 7525, 355, 257, 7915, 4009, 26, 287, 1123, 9443, 663, 1866, 547, 4497, 329, 663, 898, 3761, 13, 3887, 5582, 6623, 286, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 373, 8867, 284, 4654, 11, 262, 1388, 4006, 852, 262, 1048, 338, 2694, 284, 1394, 262, 4009, 338, 4568, 3200, 13, 1629, 717, 262, 21375, 2271, 338, 3614, 15873, 49186, 663, 12971, 284, 3283, 503, 3434, 13, 2293, 262, 35369, 510, 2442, 654, 262, 21375, 2271, 9902, 416, 26931, 649, 1866, 11, 14523, 10902, 329, 22576, 290, 32253, 3777, 6, 12673, 13, 7057, 12604, 547, 8155, 10522, 393, 15943, 287, 17590, 5140, 7525, 287, 479, 571, 4360, 89, 320, 13, 383, 21375, 2271, 373, 739, 262, 4934, 286, 262, 7018, 15030, 6712, 286, 262, 331, 680, 14795, 357, 28240, 2055, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 2014, 198, 818, 27653, 612, 373, 281, 4498, 26312, 543, 1444, 329, 22256, 422, 3517, 3896, 13, 1119, 7384, 3517, 3386, 290, 6771, 355, 880, 13, 554, 262, 1781, 286, 262, 27360, 262, 3517, 7151, 257, 4610, 25, 1675, 14083, 262, 1956, 656, 734, 2585, 851, 4498, 290, 5582, 357, 1169, 49266, 4513, 6358, 737, 383, 4498, 5531, 8606, 262, 6961, 286, 18398, 13, 383, 331, 680, 14795, 5531, 6292, 262, 7989, 286, 18398, 475, 6886, 262, 11637, 5220, 416, 262, 5810, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 886, 286, 2159, 1810, 2873, 11, 287, 15275, 286, 19111, 546, 262, 8354, 286, 262, 5582, 18661, 287, 2031, 290, 262, 5123, 286, 5242, 286, 6771, 11, 5491, 6520, 284, 8749, 262, 9323, 286, 257, 5582, 1181, 13, 554, 44060, 2031, 612, 547, 625, 1802, 11, 830, 5582, 8015, 508, 714, 407, 1441, 284, 511, 5682, 11, 475, 262, 3517, 6520, 284, 1249, 606, 284, 2296, 42175, 284, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 13, 383, 331, 680, 14795, 8350, 262, 2551, 13, 5491, 11, 3025, 4133, 550, 587, 29738, 416, 262, 1175, 11, 2900, 262, 2071, 286, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 625, 284, 262, 1578, 7973, 26, 262, 4009, 9899, 257, 2041, 5583, 543, 1752, 517, 7151, 18398, 355, 257, 4610, 284, 262, 1917, 13, 198, 2202, 3389, 2808, 11, 21709, 11, 262, 4725, 3611, 10006, 11, 416, 257, 1588, 3741, 11, 6325, 262, 6323, 4585, 329, 734, 4795, 2585, 284, 307, 4920, 7848, 1123, 584, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 357, 4965, 2122, 30110, 737, 12688, 286, 262, 5582, 2055, 39480, 287, 262, 6483, 284, 10648, 475, 8972, 20875, 8501, 22457, 290, 11661, 422, 4498, 2678, 326, 8606, 262, 18398, 1410, 7384, 11, 290, 262, 1175, 2540, 13, 198, 464, 7511, 1810, 25, 3426, 21709, 12, 6747, 21794, 383, 1175, 326, 2540, 319, 3389, 2808, 11, 21709, 318, 1900, 355, 262, 1810, 286, 20153, 780, 340, 8724, 287, 10404, 329, 262, 5582, 2055, 287, 262, 1956, 286, 2692, 11, 287, 15275, 286, 262, 1109, 326, 379, 262, 3726, 1957, 22457, 11, 290, 788, 18837, 422, 4498, 2678, 3088, 284, 2948, 340, 13, 198, 14565, 4498, 6553, 290, 11661, 7384, 11557, 5582, 5348, 11, 6771, 287, 4736, 351, 7668, 9684, 290, 262, 9725, 13, 1119, 635, 9322, 3246, 10815, 851, 477, 5582, 661, 11, 18573, 290, 3119, 547, 3177, 284, 307, 9829, 6670, 13, 383, 749, 2726, 3246, 3434, 547, 1028, 262, 9398, 19215, 3056, 1006, 48858, 11, 810, 5014, 6771, 547, 12864, 287, 3426, 21709, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 640, 21375, 2271, 10815, 547, 7525, 6110, 393, 5670, 319, 2176, 15221, 13, 4362, 286, 4498, 3434, 11, 2972, 3006, 286, 262, 331, 680, 14795, 547, 2005, 572, 422, 262, 3641, 290, 2627, 11557, 13, 383, 21375, 2271, 3088, 284, 5127, 41680, 3006, 416, 1724, 286, 39903, 3063, 19417, 13, 2312, 3063, 19417, 2627, 262, 277, 1733, 286, 6936, 7239, 602, 1022, 6771, 290, 22457, 11, 475, 287, 15275, 286, 2279, 11, 645, 5582, 9443, 373, 9958, 13, 198, 5211, 8247, 286, 8486, 547, 2923, 287, 6370, 284, 26958, 11557, 5348, 13, 383, 1388, 4040, 547, 7256, 284, 6079, 9416, 284, 262, 41680, 1748, 286, 10843, 11, 290, 428, 8724, 287, 867, 4970, 13, 554, 4088, 286, 777, 28009, 82, 11, 367, 1385, 402, 10300, 2630, 262, 21247, 12400, 2574, 12, 54, 324, 543, 318, 262, 17526, 1438, 329, 19413, 6, 283, 9398, 12, 38, 1872, 685, 10494, 284, 262, 19272, 60, 851, 26, 257, 10039, 966, 810, 3063, 19417, 2540, 262, 12080, 422, 262, 17475, 36149, 284, 262, 18639, 286, 10843, 13, 198, 464, 5181, 459, 22599, 685, 2025, 12, 45, 461, 20709, 60, 21794, 198, 2202, 3389, 2808, 11, 21709, 11, 262, 1578, 7973, 3611, 10006, 3804, 22406, 30110, 11, 543, 3848, 329, 262, 18398, 286, 17263, 656, 734, 2585, 11, 4498, 290, 5582, 13, 770, 373, 262, 923, 286, 262, 33970, 329, 262, 9323, 286, 262, 1181, 286, 2692, 319, 1737, 1315, 11, 21794, 290, 262, 21794, 5181, 459, 22599, 11, 543, 31921, 5191, 290, 34646, 262, 8501, 661, 13, 198, 464, 5181, 459, 22599, 373, 25, 352, 8, 262, 7433, 286, 262, 4498, 18837, 287, 262, 21794, 17263, 1810, 26, 362, 8, 511, 13427, 286, 262, 39854, 26, 513, 8, 262, 29358, 286, 749, 286, 262, 8501, 661, 422, 511, 4736, 290, 15425, 26, 290, 604, 8, 262, 22106, 286, 262, 12540, 1917, 290, 262, 8501, 360, 4448, 38851, 13, 198, 5962, 290, 20976, 11, 5491, 13062, 5798, 329, 262, 7433, 286, 262, 8501, 4498, 661, 287, 21794, 13, 632, 2722, 262, 14598, 329, 17263, 422, 262, 4041, 286, 7973, 287, 24168, 11, 290, 422, 262, 3726, 286, 663, 13755, 286, 17263, 1566, 340, 36610, 1348, 262, 7674, 319, 1737, 1315, 11, 21794, 11, 5491, 750, 477, 340, 714, 284, 18175, 262, 8501, 661, 290, 284, 3251, 290, 29489, 511, 2766, 13, 383, 3517, 750, 407, 1249, 12890, 284, 5517, 511, 826, 284, 4404, 2405, 290, 511, 1956, 1028, 262, 29390, 3356, 13, 632, 25822, 262, 2968, 510, 2442, 654, 357, 600, 361, 38768, 8, 543, 3940, 530, 706, 1194, 3726, 287, 14062, 357, 8201, 883, 286, 35369, 11, 31883, 11, 15533, 11, 30704, 290, 27653, 737, 383, 24925, 3177, 477, 5107, 286, 8501, 6625, 284, 307, 5293, 6529, 286, 8649, 11, 25571, 290, 43631, 1042, 11, 290, 4884, 21218, 3657, 1028, 790, 8501, 508, 5281, 5101, 393, 14271, 13, 14944, 680, 902, 3017, 25, 366, 21447, 812, 287, 3770, 329, 25566, 257, 40968, 11, 14104, 812, 329, 257, 26168, 11, 1936, 812, 286, 1327, 4827, 329, 25566, 14104, 16043, 290, 29095, 1933, 329, 3501, 3991, 1321, 284, 257, 1448, 286, 5795, 4737, 329, 11678, 526, 198, 4864, 11, 5491, 750, 1249, 29390, 6272, 284, 17263, 11, 543, 2957, 284, 281, 3034, 4902, 780, 286, 262, 3649, 1271, 286, 6771, 287, 262, 1956, 13, 5491, 10431, 262, 29390, 3356, 284, 1296, 2422, 3386, 11, 884, 355, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 290, 17906, 17396, 290, 1854, 13, 12688, 5281, 503, 26579, 287, 10843, 11, 6294, 319, 3517, 5795, 290, 46738, 5101, 11, 7971, 11, 290, 517, 13, 198, 1537, 326, 2492, 470, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1621, 13, 383, 3517, 3142, 262, 29390, 3356, 284, 423, 663, 898, 6936, 35889, 7223, 284, 262, 3517, 5407, 13, 632, 1718, 636, 287, 10181, 286, 2159, 1810, 2873, 11, 12839, 22488, 3047, 290, 1998, 287, 262, 7605, 286, 1175, 13, 554, 24414, 3478, 48224, 902, 286, 29390, 9443, 1644, 547, 7042, 11, 1123, 2957, 416, 257, 3517, 3818, 851, 13318, 1478, 11, 42224, 1450, 13, 1318, 547, 13037, 33777, 287, 12088, 28890, 290, 1802, 287, 9398, 19215, 11, 477, 286, 4150, 547, 1866, 286, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 13, 2750, 21794, 749, 6771, 625, 262, 2479, 286, 1478, 550, 1541, 29900, 2422, 3047, 13, 1114, 777, 3840, 484, 547, 2036, 3093, 9098, 284, 262, 12890, 1141, 262, 705, 2780, 1175, 13, 198, 818, 22717, 530, 3517, 11561, 287, 17263, 1297, 281, 1605, 10099, 326, 25, 366, 1532, 356, 8399, 3517, 3386, 11, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 481, 1630, 477, 286, 17263, 9439, 526, 383, 10099, 1965, 683, 611, 262, 367, 7329, 993, 714, 5529, 663, 1630, 286, 17263, 739, 884, 5917, 13, 679, 8712, 25, 366, 36001, 11, 484, 714, 466, 523, 772, 611, 484, 550, 284, 7239, 262, 2104, 4498, 995, 526, 198, 8421, 262, 1175, 6265, 503, 290, 655, 878, 484, 25518, 11, 262, 3517, 2035, 2900, 257, 7770, 4151, 11, 393, 1682, 762, 6474, 351, 262, 16899, 1023, 508, 12000, 3517, 5101, 290, 5112, 13, 770, 27324, 262, 29390, 3356, 338, 26883, 625, 262, 12890, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 2861, 20862, 326, 618, 5491, 36610, 1348, 663, 8501, 13314, 378, 284, 262, 4725, 11, 340, 373, 257, 845, 14212, 2888, 286, 262, 3230, 4009, 13, 383, 18398, 6323, 30110, 373, 257, 26624, 286, 262, 18398, 1410, 5150, 416, 5491, 287, 262, 16280, 286, 262, 27653, 9303, 13, 198, 3260, 5491, 11, 262, 22457, 290, 511, 2766, 550, 262, 18744, 338, 2648, 286, 5798, 329, 262, 7433, 13, 5334, 1175, 373, 588, 257, 23523, 10512, 11, 3025, 4293, 373, 257, 3517, 2422, 3818, 851, 2671, 33670, 350, 14715, 851, 508, 22419, 262, 3602, 73, 7350, 666, 4498, 6553, 287, 262, 1175, 13, 383, 4498, 18837, 750, 407, 1011, 510, 511, 9176, 287, 262, 13766, 286, 1175, 1566, 262, 4202, 286, 262, 8501, 661, 373, 9826, 19064, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,587

First, let's get one thing straight. The correct term is "absolute" pitch, not "perfect" pitch. If you are a music lover, what follows here could conceivably save you from being bilked - ironically, by another kind of perfect pitch . First of all, what we will be talking about here is "absolute pitch," which is the correct term for a certain kind of musical talent. Let's begin by talking about what absolute pitch means, and if it is a blessing "or a curse. How can it be a curse? Ask any professional musician, particularly a player of what is called a transposing instrument. Simply stated, a transposing instrument does not sound the note that is written. (We should quit this part while we're ahead!) Absolute pitch refers to the innate ability of someone to recognize the letter name of a pitch , without any frame of reference. Is that impressive? Ask any professional musician. The answer may surprise you! An individual hears a pitch - "daaaaaah" and says "That's an F sharp! And he or she is right! It IS F# ! "VOILA!" If someone uses that French exclamation as a retort to that particular show of talent, it's very likely sarcasm. It's another way of saying "So what!!" All musicians will tell you that a far more important and necessary talent is having a strong sense of "relative" pitch, which means that someone can hear a pitch - "daaaaaah" and immediately say "That's an F sharp!" and be right, IF he or she has a frame of reference; specifically another pitch. This is a necessary ability a competent musician must possess, but you are not apt to hear one sing "daaaaaah" and proclaim "That's an A flat!" Indeed, a real musician will cast an openly snide smile at such a performer. (This, of course, does not include students at a music school. Here is an interesting fact: In an orchestra, the players "tune up" to the note "A" which is played by the principal oboist as a reference. After hearing that tuning note countless times, most players have it memorized, in the sense that its pitch is burned into their psyches. Thus, they have a referential pitch in their noggins and could possibly fake having "perfect pitch at parties, if they wished. (Some just might do that, if they had a couple of drinks and were not dealing with cognoscenti.) What this all adds up to is this. A strong sense of relative pitch is an important prerequisite for all musicians. BUT THERE IS A SCENARIO WHERE ABSOLUTE PITCH IS HELPFUL, IF NOT NECESSARY. Singers are musicians (a good share of the time) and if a singer is performing something called "atonal" music, absolute pitch is almost a must. Ah me, how can I explain this"Let's just say that music is predominantly "tonal" which means any one of the black and white piano keys may serve as a "home base" that the others play games with. In atonal music, there is no "home base." So vocalists are helped immensely by a strong sense of absolute pitch! Okay, I can hear you saying "strong sense?" Look, if athletes can produce varying degrees of skill, why not musicians? Absolute pitch occurs in varying degrees of acuteness. (But please"let me escape from this hole that I've dug. Thanks.) Now, here's the part that many nervous investors are waiting for. Did you spend a lot of dough because someone advertised that you can develop "perfect pitch" with the help of an expensive set of CD's to train your musical ear "to acquire it?" And were you told that your newly acquired musical skills would enable you to do an assortment of wonderful musical things, such as recognizing harmonies (chord changes?) Did you invest? Do you feel that all the money you spent on those training CD's so that you might have "perfect pitch" paid off? Did you swallow all those ecstatic testimonials by new "perfect pitchers?" I'll end my tirade with two words: Caveat Emptor! * Look, even if you could acquire absolute pitch it does not do all of those wonderful things you were told. Just enjoy and love the music with the ears that you were given. It's great to improve your listening skills, but don't count on "perfect pitch." (and save your $$$) * Buyer Beware!

[ 5962, 11, 1309, 338, 651, 530, 1517, 3892, 13, 383, 3376, 3381, 318, 366, 48546, 1, 7078, 11, 407, 366, 25833, 1, 7078, 13, 1002, 345, 389, 257, 2647, 18854, 11, 644, 5679, 994, 714, 8571, 47994, 3613, 345, 422, 852, 47027, 9091, 532, 32532, 11, 416, 1194, 1611, 286, 2818, 7078, 764, 198, 5962, 286, 477, 11, 644, 356, 481, 307, 3375, 546, 994, 318, 366, 48546, 7078, 553, 543, 318, 262, 3376, 3381, 329, 257, 1728, 1611, 286, 10530, 7401, 13, 3914, 338, 2221, 416, 3375, 546, 644, 4112, 7078, 1724, 11, 290, 611, 340, 318, 257, 20027, 366, 273, 257, 17328, 13, 1374, 460, 340, 307, 257, 17328, 30, 16981, 597, 4708, 21623, 11, 3573, 257, 2137, 286, 644, 318, 1444, 257, 1007, 32927, 8875, 13, 17973, 5081, 11, 257, 1007, 32927, 8875, 857, 407, 2128, 262, 3465, 326, 318, 3194, 13, 357, 1135, 815, 11238, 428, 636, 981, 356, 821, 4058, 8133, 198, 24849, 3552, 7078, 10229, 284, 262, 28690, 2694, 286, 2130, 284, 7564, 262, 3850, 1438, 286, 257, 7078, 837, 1231, 597, 5739, 286, 4941, 13, 1148, 326, 8036, 30, 16981, 597, 4708, 21623, 13, 383, 3280, 743, 5975, 345, 0, 198, 2025, 1981, 23180, 257, 7078, 532, 366, 6814, 24794, 993, 1, 290, 1139, 366, 2504, 338, 281, 376, 7786, 0, 843, 339, 393, 673, 318, 826, 0, 632, 3180, 376, 2, 5145, 366, 29516, 47164, 2474, 1002, 2130, 3544, 326, 4141, 409, 20931, 355, 257, 1005, 419, 284, 326, 1948, 905, 286, 7401, 11, 340, 338, 845, 1884, 40638, 8597, 13, 632, 338, 1194, 835, 286, 2282, 366, 2396, 644, 37160, 198, 3237, 17245, 481, 1560, 345, 326, 257, 1290, 517, 1593, 290, 3306, 7401, 318, 1719, 257, 1913, 2565, 286, 366, 43762, 1, 7078, 11, 543, 1724, 326, 2130, 460, 3285, 257, 7078, 532, 366, 6814, 24794, 993, 1, 290, 3393, 910, 366, 2504, 338, 281, 376, 7786, 2474, 290, 307, 826, 11, 16876, 339, 393, 673, 468, 257, 5739, 286, 4941, 26, 5734, 1194, 7078, 13, 198, 1212, 318, 257, 3306, 2694, 257, 19701, 21623, 1276, 8588, 11, 475, 345, 389, 407, 15409, 284, 3285, 530, 1702, 366, 6814, 24794, 993, 1, 290, 23930, 366, 2504, 338, 281, 317, 6228, 2474, 9676, 11, 257, 1103, 21623, 481, 3350, 281, 11764, 3013, 485, 8212, 379, 884, 257, 26960, 13, 357, 1212, 11, 286, 1781, 11, 857, 407, 2291, 2444, 379, 257, 2647, 1524, 13, 198, 4342, 318, 281, 3499, 1109, 25, 554, 281, 40095, 11, 262, 1938, 366, 83, 1726, 510, 1, 284, 262, 3465, 366, 32, 1, 543, 318, 2826, 416, 262, 10033, 909, 78, 396, 355, 257, 4941, 13, 2293, 4854, 326, 24549, 3465, 12925, 1661, 11, 749, 1938, 423, 340, 16181, 1143, 11, 287, 262, 2565, 326, 663, 7078, 318, 11544, 656, 511, 17331, 2052, 13, 6660, 11, 484, 423, 257, 6773, 429, 498, 7078, 287, 511, 299, 10332, 1040, 290, 714, 5457, 8390, 1719, 366, 25833, 7078, 379, 4671, 11, 611, 484, 16555, 13, 357, 4366, 655, 1244, 466, 326, 11, 611, 484, 550, 257, 3155, 286, 11758, 290, 547, 407, 7219, 351, 8866, 418, 1087, 72, 2014, 198, 2061, 428, 477, 6673, 510, 284, 318, 428, 13, 317, 1913, 2565, 286, 3585, 7078, 318, 281, 1593, 43119, 329, 477, 17245, 13, 21728, 34702, 3180, 317, 6374, 1677, 1503, 9399, 33411, 29950, 3535, 37780, 350, 31949, 3180, 36255, 42668, 6239, 11, 16876, 5626, 41804, 7597, 13153, 13, 198, 29974, 364, 389, 17245, 357, 64, 922, 2648, 286, 262, 640, 8, 290, 611, 257, 14015, 318, 9489, 1223, 1444, 366, 13951, 282, 1, 2647, 11, 4112, 7078, 318, 2048, 257, 1276, 13, 198, 10910, 502, 11, 703, 460, 314, 4727, 428, 1, 5756, 338, 655, 910, 326, 2647, 318, 20736, 366, 1122, 282, 1, 543, 1724, 597, 530, 286, 262, 2042, 290, 2330, 19132, 8251, 743, 4691, 355, 257, 366, 11195, 2779, 1, 326, 262, 1854, 711, 1830, 351, 13, 198, 818, 379, 20996, 2647, 11, 612, 318, 645, 366, 11195, 2779, 526, 1406, 12435, 1023, 389, 4193, 29731, 416, 257, 1913, 2565, 286, 4112, 7078, 0, 16805, 11, 314, 460, 3285, 345, 2282, 366, 11576, 2565, 1701, 6803, 11, 611, 10856, 460, 4439, 15874, 7370, 286, 5032, 11, 1521, 407, 17245, 30, 36532, 7078, 8833, 287, 15874, 7370, 286, 936, 7809, 408, 13, 357, 1537, 3387, 1, 1616, 502, 6654, 422, 428, 7604, 326, 314, 1053, 18735, 13, 6930, 2014, 198, 3844, 11, 994, 338, 262, 636, 326, 867, 10927, 7713, 389, 4953, 329, 13, 7731, 345, 4341, 257, 1256, 286, 15756, 780, 2130, 23944, 326, 345, 460, 1205, 366, 25833, 7078, 1, 351, 262, 1037, 286, 281, 5789, 900, 286, 6458, 338, 284, 4512, 534, 10530, 1027, 366, 1462, 12831, 340, 1701, 843, 547, 345, 1297, 326, 534, 8308, 9477, 10530, 4678, 561, 7139, 345, 284, 466, 281, 36168, 286, 7932, 10530, 1243, 11, 884, 355, 22650, 4419, 17300, 357, 354, 585, 2458, 10091, 7731, 345, 1325, 30, 2141, 345, 1254, 326, 477, 262, 1637, 345, 3377, 319, 883, 3047, 6458, 338, 523, 326, 345, 1244, 423, 366, 25833, 7078, 1, 3432, 572, 30, 7731, 345, 26633, 477, 883, 45782, 8844, 261, 8231, 416, 649, 366, 25833, 25259, 1701, 198, 40, 1183, 886, 616, 48965, 671, 351, 734, 2456, 25, 18603, 265, 2295, 457, 273, 0, 1635, 198, 8567, 11, 772, 611, 345, 714, 12831, 4112, 7078, 340, 857, 407, 466, 477, 286, 883, 7932, 1243, 345, 547, 1297, 13, 2329, 2883, 290, 1842, 262, 2647, 351, 262, 11368, 326, 345, 547, 1813, 13, 198, 1026, 338, 1049, 284, 2987, 534, 8680, 4678, 11, 475, 836, 470, 954, 319, 366, 25833, 7078, 526, 357, 392, 3613, 534, 720, 13702, 8, 198, 9, 11763, 263, 49538, 0, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

951

In January 2010, five months after the unmanned moon probe Chandrayaan was abruptly terminated—a year before its completion, since radio contact with the mooncraft was lost—the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) announced a manned mission to outer space. It would take off in 2016 and cost Rs 12,400 crore. Dr K Radhakrishna, additional director of the Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) in Mysore, was then put in charge of another mission: preparing an Indian menu suitable for space. The first items of the space menu are now ready—tiny idlis, the size of Rs 2 coins, accompanied by flaming orange sambhar powder and creamy coconut chutney dust. The idlis are cooked and dried using infrared radiation at a temperature of 700º C, and then further dried by microwaving. The moisture is zapped out of them, but not the taste, smell or nutrients. “They do, however, lose some of their colour,” says Radhakrishna. “It is slightly browned if you notice, not like the jasmine-white idlis you get here.” The idlis and sambhar are to be eaten after adding hot water; the coconut chutney needs only cold water. Each idli is 12 gm and swells to 25 gm when soaked in water. The desiccation makes it impossible for micro organisms like bacteria to grow and increases the idlis’ shelf life to more than a year. The removal of moisture also reduces the weight of food sharply, something crucial to the needs of both Isro and the armed forces. The sambhar and chutney are also dried completely with infrared radiation, a technology that has been used in the preparation of food over the past six years or so. The pack, as it has been designed now, has ten such idlis. It is the equivalent of three normal sized idlis. “It is the perfect snack,” says Anil Dutt Semwal, senior category F scientist at DFRL, “And the cost, though I haven’t calculated it precisely, is minimal: Rs 8 or 10 for a pack.” He worked two months on creating the idli-sambhar-chutney pack and then sent samples to the Army. The reviews, he says, were “very good”. The technology can also be used for cooking vegetables—a powdered mix of spices becomes a curry once water is added to it. Radhakrishna has also been working on space rasgullas. They look like white naphthalene balls and are freeze-dried from cottage cheese. Freeze drying involves chilling foods to temperatures from –20º to –40º C. It lets the moisture evaporate, but not the flavours. The rasgullas are then vacuum packed. The syrup comes separately as a powder that can be dissolved in water. “Rasgullas are ideal for space. They have a beautiful texture that doesn’t disintegrate easily like other sweets. It is compact. In space, it won’t do to have bits of food flying around. Remember, it is zero gravity,” says Radhakrishna. It took him a year-and-a-half to get the rasgullas right, and they have been ready for a while. Nonetheless, he whittles away at the formula from time to time. There is still a battery of tests to be done before they are ready for space. “Chemical analysis to see they smell right and don’t disintegrate, physical analysis to ensure they look right, microbiological trials to confirm there are no micro-organisms, vibration studies to find out whether they can withstand G-forces at the time of launch,” he says, “This is routine for all foods, indeed materials, that are to travel to space.” The programme’s biggest accomplishment, he reckons, is its space yoghurt. This was developed using pulsed electric field technology in which short bursts of electricity are passed through a fluid food. It renders microbes inactive but the tricky part is to keep the good bacteria alive. DFRL’s result, in Radhakrishna’s words, is “beautiful, beautiful”. Radhakrishna is 58 now and due to retire on 31 March 2014. This space food project is his dream, and grants him a pretty good chance of an extension. Six months ago, he gave a 40-slide PowerPoint presentation to Isro on the programme. He asked for a budget of Rs 5 crore, three co-workers and a visit to Nasa’s food facility in the US. “It has been accepted on principle,” says Dr W Selvamurthy, chief controller of the life sciences department at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the parent body of DFRL. “As soon as the Government of India confirms the project, we will be officially a part of it.” By coincidence, this is also Radhakrishna’s chance to finish what he started in his first years at DFRL. In 1983, the Government had commissioned the lab to prepare a couple of dishes for the Intercosmos Programme, the Indo-Soviet joint space flight that had aboard Rakesh Sharma, the first and only Indian astronaut to go to space. The lab was given a timeline of half a year, and pretty much the entire hundred-odd staff was roped in. Radhakrishna was a freshman at DFRL then, a ‘B category scientist’ who had joined after completing his PhD in meat technology at the same institute. He was perhaps the juniormost in the team and also the odd jobs man. They came up with a pineapple juice powder, biscuits that look like cream crackers, and a mango fruit bar. Of these, the Soviet space organisation approved only the mango bar, a variation of the popular Indian treat aam papad, which Rakesh Sharma says was much appreciated up in space. “There, the taste buds somehow seek sharp tastes and this fit the bill well. My Russian colleagues raved about it,” says Sharma. Apart from aam papad, Sharma had a menu of over 80 dishes to choose from in his eight days aboard the spaceship. These included “pilafs, dry fruits, milk preparations, soups, honeyed breads”, all of which came from the Soviet mission kitchen. “I had this idea that astronauts consume some sort of specially potent pill which satisfies their hunger, but I realised when we worked on the Indo-Soviet mission that it is all a myth,” says Radhakrishna. Food has been a part of manned space missions more or less from the start. In 1964-65, Sujoy Guha, professor at IIT Kharagpur, was invited to Nasa as a spectator to group discussions on manned space missions. He was then working on his PhD at St Louis University, and had been selected for a Nasa fellowship. “In those days, astronauts were given a virtually zero fibre content diet because the technology of hygienic defecation in zero gravity had not been worked out,” says Professor Guha, “I think that the almost no passage of stools for many days led to an accumulation of toxic products, which to some extent caused the medical problems the astronauts faced: constipation; accumulation of toxins; and the possibility of peptic ulcers because in zero gravity conditions, the distribution of food and acid mass within the stomach would differ from what it would be on earth.” Before they could live down the triumph of the mango bar, DFRL was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a full menu for an Indo-US seven-day space programme titled ‘Mission 61 I’ slated for May-June 1986. The Indian objective of that programme was to launch satellite Insat 1C, the payload. Two Indians, NC Bhat of Isro and P Radhakrishnan of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, were selected in 1985 to travel to space as payload specialists. They also trained for a secondary assignment of sorts: performing yoga exercises in space as part of DRDO’s life sciences agenda. The lab had 14 months to work on the project and the confidence of a successful mission behind them. Sights were set higher, a comprehensive meal plan from morning tea to dinner with desserts was worked out, and meat was included on the menu. Radhakrishna, with his specialisation in meat, had a more meaningful role this time. As many as 17 dishes were prepared, including chicken pulao, peas pulao, lemon rice, chicken masala, something called peas cheese, chapatis with yeast, kheer, sooji halwa and three types of juice. Thirteen of these were approved by Nasa. “The sooji halwa, especially, was very good. So fresh, just like my wife makes it,” says NC Bhat, over the telephone from Bangalore. In comparison, the food prepared by Nasa that Bhat and P Radhakrishnan tasted on their orientation visits to the US was less memorable. “It was bland. We tasted some juice, pineapple juice I think. They also had some small biscuits. It was good, but not as tasty as the Indian food.” What was more interesting was the gee-wiz packaging of the American food. “We pressed a button and a pouch of biscuits shot out. You had to open it in a certain way. Food for these missions has special packaging that has to be discarded properly. In zero gravity, you can’t have empty packs and leftovers floating around.” Scientific packaging design is an important part of the programme in India too. After the DFRL works out a menu, it figures out the smartest way to pack the food, the kind of material to be used and the sealing technique. It then lays down the specifications, and assigns the actual job to an industrial packing unit. “Our packaging was comparable to Nasa’s,” says Bhat, “We felt we were not far behind [in technology].” “I remember liking the chicken pulao, lime rice, chapati, kheer and fruit juices,” says P Radhakrishnan, the other payload specialist selected for the mission. On 28 January 1986, Nasa’s space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven members on board. ‘Mission 61 I’ was delayed and ultimately shelved. But the exercise was not entirely a waste; DFRL got feedback from Indian astronauts who underwent simulation exercises: they sorely missed buttermilk, yoghurt and pickles. In the years since 1985, it has worked on developing all three as space foods and they are now available for missions. The yoghurt especially makes Radhakrishna beam. His menu also allows for fresh produce. He points out a box of freeze-dried jack fruit on display on the campus; it looks like chunks of desiccated coconut and weighs less than a newspaper. On being watered, it can be eaten like slices of fresh fruit or added to custard or some other pudding. “Of course, the menu will depend on the astronauts selected and their taste preferences. Also, we need to know things like how long the mission will be,” says Radhakrishna. But he is certain that idlis will be on the menu, their being so popular. In 2010, the DFRL’s then director AS Bawa also announced that they might create a dosa for space. “It is quite possible with the technologies we have,” says Radhakrishna, “We need to work out the most convenient size for it. It would be unwieldy to eat a large dosa up there.” Even without a space dosa, Radhakrishna can expect the gratitude of generations of Indian astronauts for all that he’s done over his 28-year career with DFRL. “It’s a matter of national pride that our astronauts can travel to space, and so can our food, which will sustain them,” he says. The effort has had its amusing moments too. In 1985, Radhakrishna had just had an arranged marriage, and as a newbie working on the Indo-US space mission menu, he also had to buy daily groceries for the project (for professional cooks enlisted by DFRL for the initial stage of food preparation). His newly-wed wife noticed that he used to leave home at 6 am, go to the market to buy groceries, and return home only around 10:30 pm. It was enough to arouse her suspicions. And then there was the fact that his father and uncle ran an Udipi restaurant in Mysore. “She thought I shopped in the morning and came home after cooking three meals at the lab. She thought I was a cook,” he says, laughing.

[ 818, 3269, 3050, 11, 1936, 1933, 706, 262, 35272, 8824, 12774, 20631, 2433, 28340, 373, 25891, 23083, 960, 64, 614, 878, 663, 11939, 11, 1201, 5243, 2800, 351, 262, 8824, 3323, 373, 2626, 960, 1169, 3942, 4687, 4992, 30801, 357, 3792, 305, 8, 3414, 257, 34737, 4365, 284, 12076, 2272, 13, 632, 561, 1011, 572, 287, 1584, 290, 1575, 12820, 1105, 11, 7029, 22306, 13, 1583, 509, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 11, 3224, 3437, 286, 262, 16721, 7318, 4992, 18643, 357, 8068, 7836, 8, 287, 337, 893, 382, 11, 373, 788, 1234, 287, 3877, 286, 1194, 4365, 25, 10629, 281, 3942, 6859, 11080, 329, 2272, 13, 198, 464, 717, 3709, 286, 262, 2272, 6859, 389, 783, 3492, 960, 44152, 4686, 27999, 11, 262, 2546, 286, 12820, 362, 10796, 11, 11791, 416, 39518, 10912, 264, 4131, 9869, 11913, 290, 27892, 20132, 442, 315, 1681, 8977, 13, 383, 4686, 27999, 389, 15847, 290, 16577, 1262, 30624, 11881, 379, 257, 5951, 286, 13037, 36165, 327, 11, 290, 788, 2252, 16577, 416, 23479, 2703, 13, 383, 20160, 318, 1976, 6320, 503, 286, 606, 11, 475, 407, 262, 6938, 11, 8508, 393, 20901, 13, 564, 250, 2990, 466, 11, 2158, 11, 4425, 617, 286, 511, 9568, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 318, 4622, 7586, 276, 611, 345, 4003, 11, 407, 588, 262, 474, 292, 3810, 12, 11186, 4686, 27999, 345, 651, 994, 13, 447, 251, 383, 4686, 27999, 290, 264, 4131, 9869, 389, 284, 307, 17065, 706, 4375, 3024, 1660, 26, 262, 20132, 442, 315, 1681, 2476, 691, 4692, 1660, 13, 5501, 4686, 4528, 318, 1105, 308, 76, 290, 1509, 19187, 284, 1679, 308, 76, 618, 33657, 287, 1660, 13, 383, 748, 291, 30907, 1838, 340, 5340, 329, 4580, 20296, 588, 11492, 284, 1663, 290, 5732, 262, 4686, 27999, 447, 247, 18316, 1204, 284, 517, 621, 257, 614, 13, 383, 9934, 286, 20160, 635, 12850, 262, 3463, 286, 2057, 18939, 11, 1223, 8780, 284, 262, 2476, 286, 1111, 1148, 305, 290, 262, 6936, 3386, 13, 383, 264, 4131, 9869, 290, 442, 315, 1681, 389, 635, 16577, 3190, 351, 30624, 11881, 11, 257, 3037, 326, 468, 587, 973, 287, 262, 11824, 286, 2057, 625, 262, 1613, 2237, 812, 393, 523, 13, 198, 464, 2353, 11, 355, 340, 468, 587, 3562, 783, 11, 468, 3478, 884, 4686, 27999, 13, 632, 318, 262, 7548, 286, 1115, 3487, 19943, 4686, 27999, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 318, 262, 2818, 26906, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 1052, 346, 360, 15318, 12449, 16783, 11, 4664, 6536, 376, 11444, 379, 36323, 7836, 11, 564, 250, 1870, 262, 1575, 11, 996, 314, 4398, 447, 247, 83, 10488, 340, 10582, 11, 318, 10926, 25, 12820, 807, 393, 838, 329, 257, 2353, 13, 447, 251, 679, 3111, 734, 1933, 319, 4441, 262, 4686, 4528, 12, 82, 4131, 9869, 12, 354, 315, 1681, 2353, 290, 788, 1908, 8405, 284, 262, 5407, 13, 383, 8088, 11, 339, 1139, 11, 547, 564, 250, 548, 922, 447, 251, 13, 383, 3037, 460, 635, 307, 973, 329, 10801, 13701, 960, 64, 41642, 5022, 286, 27952, 4329, 257, 34611, 1752, 1660, 318, 2087, 284, 340, 13, 198, 15546, 43573, 37518, 2616, 468, 635, 587, 1762, 319, 2272, 374, 292, 70, 724, 292, 13, 1119, 804, 588, 2330, 299, 6570, 11669, 1734, 11333, 290, 389, 16611, 12, 67, 2228, 422, 36856, 9891, 13, 34917, 29621, 9018, 28010, 9013, 284, 10101, 422, 784, 1238, 36165, 284, 784, 1821, 36165, 327, 13, 632, 8781, 262, 20160, 28959, 378, 11, 475, 407, 262, 46946, 13, 383, 374, 292, 70, 724, 292, 389, 788, 17076, 11856, 13, 383, 24208, 2058, 13869, 355, 257, 11913, 326, 460, 307, 26306, 287, 1660, 13, 564, 250, 49, 292, 70, 724, 292, 389, 7306, 329, 2272, 13, 1119, 423, 257, 4950, 11743, 326, 1595, 447, 247, 83, 29930, 4873, 3538, 588, 584, 42402, 13, 632, 318, 16001, 13, 554, 2272, 11, 340, 1839, 447, 247, 83, 466, 284, 423, 10340, 286, 2057, 7348, 1088, 13, 11436, 11, 340, 318, 6632, 13522, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 632, 1718, 683, 257, 614, 12, 392, 12, 64, 12, 13959, 284, 651, 262, 374, 292, 70, 724, 292, 826, 11, 290, 484, 423, 587, 3492, 329, 257, 981, 13, 27251, 11, 339, 348, 715, 829, 1497, 379, 262, 10451, 422, 640, 284, 640, 13, 1318, 318, 991, 257, 6555, 286, 5254, 284, 307, 1760, 878, 484, 389, 3492, 329, 2272, 13, 564, 250, 41829, 605, 3781, 284, 766, 484, 8508, 826, 290, 836, 447, 247, 83, 29930, 4873, 11, 3518, 3781, 284, 4155, 484, 804, 826, 11, 24559, 2770, 9867, 284, 6216, 612, 389, 645, 4580, 12, 45165, 11, 30999, 3640, 284, 1064, 503, 1771, 484, 460, 25073, 402, 12, 27087, 379, 262, 640, 286, 4219, 11, 447, 251, 339, 1139, 11, 564, 250, 1212, 318, 8027, 329, 477, 9013, 11, 5600, 5696, 11, 326, 389, 284, 3067, 284, 2272, 13, 447, 251, 198, 464, 11383, 447, 247, 82, 4094, 29340, 11, 339, 12482, 684, 11, 318, 663, 2272, 27406, 456, 3325, 13, 770, 373, 4166, 1262, 22271, 276, 5186, 2214, 3037, 287, 543, 1790, 29404, 286, 8744, 389, 3804, 832, 257, 11711, 2057, 13, 632, 30111, 33712, 28621, 475, 262, 17198, 636, 318, 284, 1394, 262, 922, 11492, 6776, 13, 36323, 7836, 447, 247, 82, 1255, 11, 287, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 447, 247, 82, 2456, 11, 318, 564, 250, 40544, 4135, 11, 4950, 447, 251, 13, 198, 15546, 43573, 37518, 2616, 318, 7618, 783, 290, 2233, 284, 8058, 319, 3261, 2805, 1946, 13, 770, 2272, 2057, 1628, 318, 465, 4320, 11, 290, 11455, 683, 257, 2495, 922, 2863, 286, 281, 7552, 13, 9699, 1933, 2084, 11, 339, 2921, 257, 2319, 12, 6649, 485, 43563, 10470, 284, 1148, 305, 319, 262, 11383, 13, 679, 1965, 329, 257, 4466, 286, 12820, 642, 22306, 11, 1115, 763, 12, 22896, 290, 257, 3187, 284, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 2057, 6841, 287, 262, 1294, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 468, 587, 6292, 319, 7989, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 1583, 370, 15300, 85, 321, 333, 20057, 11, 4039, 10444, 286, 262, 1204, 19838, 5011, 379, 262, 16721, 4992, 290, 7712, 30801, 357, 7707, 18227, 828, 262, 2560, 1767, 286, 36323, 7836, 13, 564, 250, 1722, 2582, 355, 262, 5070, 286, 3794, 19623, 262, 1628, 11, 356, 481, 307, 8720, 257, 636, 286, 340, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3886, 21083, 11, 428, 318, 635, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 447, 247, 82, 2863, 284, 5461, 644, 339, 2067, 287, 465, 717, 812, 379, 36323, 7836, 13, 554, 13540, 11, 262, 5070, 550, 20462, 262, 2248, 284, 8335, 257, 3155, 286, 16759, 329, 262, 4225, 6966, 16785, 35232, 11, 262, 40136, 12, 40408, 6466, 2272, 5474, 326, 550, 15500, 371, 1124, 71, 40196, 11, 262, 717, 290, 691, 3942, 33779, 284, 467, 284, 2272, 13, 383, 2248, 373, 1813, 257, 15264, 286, 2063, 257, 614, 11, 290, 2495, 881, 262, 2104, 3470, 12, 5088, 3085, 373, 686, 9124, 287, 13, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 373, 257, 18621, 379, 36323, 7836, 788, 11, 257, 564, 246, 33, 6536, 11444, 447, 247, 508, 550, 5399, 706, 14339, 465, 16394, 287, 6174, 3037, 379, 262, 976, 24224, 13, 679, 373, 3737, 262, 10891, 72, 579, 455, 287, 262, 1074, 290, 635, 262, 5629, 3946, 582, 13, 1119, 1625, 510, 351, 257, 45540, 13135, 11913, 11, 50128, 326, 804, 588, 8566, 8469, 364, 11, 290, 257, 49364, 8234, 2318, 13, 3226, 777, 11, 262, 7570, 2272, 12684, 6325, 691, 262, 49364, 2318, 11, 257, 12291, 286, 262, 2968, 3942, 2190, 257, 321, 20461, 324, 11, 543, 371, 1124, 71, 40196, 1139, 373, 881, 16373, 510, 287, 2272, 13, 564, 250, 1858, 11, 262, 6938, 36402, 7599, 5380, 7786, 18221, 290, 428, 4197, 262, 2855, 880, 13, 2011, 3394, 7810, 374, 9586, 546, 340, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 40196, 13, 22596, 422, 257, 321, 20461, 324, 11, 40196, 550, 257, 6859, 286, 625, 4019, 16759, 284, 3853, 422, 287, 465, 3624, 1528, 15500, 262, 40663, 13, 2312, 3017, 564, 250, 79, 346, 1878, 82, 11, 5894, 15921, 11, 7545, 21518, 11, 24049, 862, 11, 12498, 276, 8509, 82, 447, 251, 11, 477, 286, 543, 1625, 422, 262, 7570, 4365, 9592, 13, 198, 447, 250, 40, 550, 428, 2126, 326, 26835, 15000, 617, 3297, 286, 20905, 16739, 9582, 543, 45104, 511, 16460, 11, 475, 314, 19169, 618, 356, 3111, 319, 262, 40136, 12, 40408, 4365, 326, 340, 318, 477, 257, 7918, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 7318, 468, 587, 257, 636, 286, 34737, 2272, 10566, 517, 393, 1342, 422, 262, 923, 13, 554, 17575, 12, 2996, 11, 1778, 2633, 1962, 3099, 11, 6240, 379, 314, 2043, 5311, 29967, 14225, 11, 373, 9392, 284, 48673, 355, 257, 43893, 284, 1448, 9984, 319, 34737, 2272, 10566, 13, 679, 373, 788, 1762, 319, 465, 16394, 379, 520, 5593, 2059, 11, 290, 550, 587, 6163, 329, 257, 48673, 37900, 13, 564, 250, 818, 883, 1528, 11, 26835, 547, 1813, 257, 9826, 6632, 33073, 2695, 5496, 780, 262, 3037, 286, 2537, 70, 2013, 291, 825, 721, 341, 287, 6632, 13522, 550, 407, 587, 3111, 503, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 8129, 1962, 3099, 11, 564, 250, 40, 892, 326, 262, 2048, 645, 10066, 286, 336, 10141, 329, 867, 1528, 2957, 284, 281, 24106, 286, 11422, 3186, 11, 543, 284, 617, 6287, 4073, 262, 3315, 2761, 262, 26835, 7452, 25, 1500, 25857, 26, 24106, 286, 31930, 26, 290, 262, 5885, 286, 613, 17459, 14856, 7999, 780, 287, 6632, 13522, 3403, 11, 262, 6082, 286, 2057, 290, 7408, 2347, 1626, 262, 11384, 561, 13238, 422, 644, 340, 561, 307, 319, 4534, 13, 447, 251, 198, 8421, 484, 714, 2107, 866, 262, 15499, 286, 262, 49364, 2318, 11, 36323, 7836, 373, 20462, 287, 12863, 284, 8335, 257, 1336, 6859, 329, 281, 40136, 12, 2937, 3598, 12, 820, 2272, 11383, 11946, 564, 246, 37057, 8454, 314, 447, 247, 23488, 329, 1737, 12, 15749, 12113, 13, 383, 3942, 9432, 286, 326, 11383, 373, 284, 4219, 11210, 7088, 265, 352, 34, 11, 262, 21437, 13, 4930, 12746, 11, 8823, 347, 5183, 286, 1148, 305, 290, 350, 5325, 43573, 37518, 12647, 286, 262, 10447, 859, 6866, 397, 44488, 4687, 9072, 11, 547, 6163, 287, 12863, 284, 3067, 284, 2272, 355, 21437, 22447, 13, 1119, 635, 8776, 329, 257, 9233, 16237, 286, 10524, 25, 9489, 20351, 13565, 287, 2272, 355, 636, 286, 10560, 18227, 447, 247, 82, 1204, 19838, 8666, 13, 198, 464, 2248, 550, 1478, 1933, 284, 670, 319, 262, 1628, 290, 262, 6628, 286, 257, 4388, 4365, 2157, 606, 13, 311, 2337, 547, 900, 2440, 11, 257, 9815, 9799, 1410, 422, 3329, 8887, 284, 8073, 351, 47950, 373, 3111, 503, 11, 290, 6174, 373, 3017, 319, 262, 6859, 13, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 11, 351, 465, 2041, 5612, 287, 6174, 11, 550, 257, 517, 11570, 2597, 428, 640, 13, 1081, 867, 355, 1596, 16759, 547, 5597, 11, 1390, 9015, 279, 4712, 78, 11, 22589, 279, 4712, 78, 11, 18873, 11464, 11, 9015, 12422, 6081, 11, 1223, 1444, 22589, 9891, 11, 28022, 37749, 351, 20146, 11, 479, 258, 263, 11, 523, 31370, 10284, 10247, 290, 1115, 3858, 286, 13135, 13, 536, 22530, 286, 777, 547, 6325, 416, 48673, 13, 198, 447, 250, 464, 523, 31370, 10284, 10247, 11, 2592, 11, 373, 845, 922, 13, 1406, 4713, 11, 655, 588, 616, 3656, 1838, 340, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 8823, 347, 5183, 11, 625, 262, 11426, 422, 46216, 13, 554, 7208, 11, 262, 2057, 5597, 416, 48673, 326, 347, 5183, 290, 350, 5325, 43573, 37518, 12647, 29187, 319, 511, 12852, 11864, 284, 262, 1294, 373, 1342, 18078, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 373, 34377, 13, 775, 29187, 617, 13135, 11, 45540, 13135, 314, 892, 13, 1119, 635, 550, 617, 1402, 50128, 13, 632, 373, 922, 11, 475, 407, 355, 25103, 355, 262, 3942, 2057, 13, 447, 251, 1867, 373, 517, 3499, 373, 262, 308, 1453, 12, 86, 528, 16846, 286, 262, 1605, 2057, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 12070, 257, 4936, 290, 257, 36594, 286, 50128, 2823, 503, 13, 921, 550, 284, 1280, 340, 287, 257, 1728, 835, 13, 7318, 329, 777, 10566, 468, 2041, 16846, 326, 468, 284, 307, 25148, 6105, 13, 554, 6632, 13522, 11, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 423, 6565, 15186, 290, 1364, 13801, 12462, 1088, 13, 447, 251, 198, 23010, 811, 16846, 1486, 318, 281, 1593, 636, 286, 262, 11383, 287, 3794, 1165, 13, 2293, 262, 36323, 7836, 2499, 503, 257, 6859, 11, 340, 5538, 503, 262, 44730, 835, 284, 2353, 262, 2057, 11, 262, 1611, 286, 2587, 284, 307, 973, 290, 262, 38689, 8173, 13, 632, 788, 26614, 866, 262, 20640, 11, 290, 46974, 262, 4036, 1693, 284, 281, 7593, 24157, 4326, 13, 564, 250, 5122, 16846, 373, 13975, 284, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 347, 5183, 11, 564, 250, 1135, 2936, 356, 547, 407, 1290, 2157, 685, 259, 3037, 4083, 447, 251, 198, 447, 250, 40, 3505, 24976, 262, 9015, 279, 4712, 78, 11, 28738, 11464, 11, 28022, 7246, 11, 479, 258, 263, 290, 8234, 35919, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 350, 5325, 43573, 37518, 12647, 11, 262, 584, 21437, 15670, 6163, 329, 262, 4365, 13, 198, 2202, 2579, 3269, 12113, 11, 48673, 447, 247, 82, 2272, 20992, 39221, 18750, 8854, 4201, 706, 3868, 1462, 487, 11, 5170, 477, 3598, 1866, 319, 3096, 13, 564, 246, 37057, 8454, 314, 447, 247, 373, 11038, 290, 6165, 7497, 1079, 13, 887, 262, 5517, 373, 407, 5000, 257, 7030, 26, 36323, 7836, 1392, 7538, 422, 3942, 26835, 508, 25289, 18640, 13565, 25, 484, 50103, 6825, 475, 4354, 43545, 11, 27406, 456, 3325, 290, 2298, 829, 13, 554, 262, 812, 1201, 12863, 11, 340, 468, 3111, 319, 5922, 477, 1115, 355, 2272, 9013, 290, 484, 389, 783, 1695, 329, 10566, 13, 198, 464, 27406, 456, 3325, 2592, 1838, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 15584, 13, 2399, 6859, 635, 3578, 329, 4713, 4439, 13, 679, 2173, 503, 257, 3091, 286, 16611, 12, 67, 2228, 14509, 8234, 319, 3359, 319, 262, 7611, 26, 340, 3073, 588, 22716, 286, 748, 44240, 515, 20132, 290, 24034, 1342, 621, 257, 7533, 13, 1550, 852, 48024, 11, 340, 460, 307, 17065, 588, 24314, 286, 4713, 8234, 393, 2087, 284, 9378, 446, 393, 617, 584, 44670, 13, 564, 250, 5189, 1781, 11, 262, 6859, 481, 4745, 319, 262, 26835, 6163, 290, 511, 6938, 15387, 13, 4418, 11, 356, 761, 284, 760, 1243, 588, 703, 890, 262, 4365, 481, 307, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 13, 887, 339, 318, 1728, 326, 4686, 27999, 481, 307, 319, 262, 6859, 11, 511, 852, 523, 2968, 13, 554, 3050, 11, 262, 36323, 7836, 447, 247, 82, 788, 3437, 7054, 347, 6909, 635, 3414, 326, 484, 1244, 2251, 257, 288, 8546, 329, 2272, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 318, 2407, 1744, 351, 262, 8514, 356, 423, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 11, 564, 250, 1135, 761, 284, 670, 503, 262, 749, 11282, 2546, 329, 340, 13, 632, 561, 307, 7379, 1164, 88, 284, 4483, 257, 1588, 288, 8546, 510, 612, 13, 447, 251, 198, 6104, 1231, 257, 2272, 288, 8546, 11, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 460, 1607, 262, 24083, 286, 10439, 286, 3942, 26835, 329, 477, 326, 339, 447, 247, 82, 1760, 625, 465, 2579, 12, 1941, 3451, 351, 36323, 7836, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 257, 2300, 286, 2260, 11293, 326, 674, 26835, 460, 3067, 284, 2272, 11, 290, 523, 460, 674, 2057, 11, 543, 481, 8080, 606, 11, 447, 251, 339, 1139, 13, 198, 464, 3626, 468, 550, 663, 28297, 7188, 1165, 13, 554, 12863, 11, 5325, 43573, 37518, 2616, 550, 655, 550, 281, 14921, 4845, 11, 290, 355, 257, 649, 12590, 1762, 319, 262, 40136, 12, 2937, 2272, 4365, 6859, 11, 339, 635, 550, 284, 2822, 4445, 38464, 329, 262, 1628, 357, 1640, 4708, 38383, 30166, 416, 36323, 7836, 329, 262, 4238, 3800, 286, 2057, 11824, 737, 2399, 8308, 12, 19103, 3656, 6810, 326, 339, 973, 284, 2666, 1363, 379, 718, 716, 11, 467, 284, 262, 1910, 284, 2822, 38464, 11, 290, 1441, 1363, 691, 1088, 838, 25, 1270, 9114, 13, 632, 373, 1576, 284, 257, 46494, 607, 30508, 13, 843, 788, 612, 373, 262, 1109, 326, 465, 2988, 290, 7711, 4966, 281, 35774, 541, 72, 7072, 287, 337, 893, 382, 13, 564, 250, 3347, 1807, 314, 7354, 1496, 287, 262, 3329, 290, 1625, 1363, 706, 10801, 1115, 13840, 379, 262, 2248, 13, 1375, 1807, 314, 373, 257, 4255, 11, 447, 251, 339, 1139, 11, 14376, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,739

Report by Ashok Palit, Bhubaneswar: Annapurna Maharana ,The great woman freedom fighter of Odisha passed away on 31st dec.2012. at the age of96. She was another prominent leader in the BHUDANA movement with Vinoba Bhabe. Ms Annapurna Maharana, the niece of Utkalmani Paundit Gopabandhu Das, was born as the second child of Rama Devi and Gopabandhu Choudhur ian eminent freedom fighter of Odisha. She was not only a freedom fighter, but also a strong social activist, literary figure and has spent her entire life for the betterment and uplift women, children and the downtrodden people of the society. Ms Maharana had accompanied Mahatma Gandhi in the historic Harijan Pada Yatra from Puri to Bhadrakh in 1934. She worked among the Harijans to uplift them and for this purpose she spent more than five years in Seva Ghar Ashram in Bari, Cuttack. During the Bhoodan Movement led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave, she had visited extensively in the Chambal Valley to change the hearts of the dacoits to bring them to the national mainstream. Ms Maharana has set up a school for the tribal children in a remote place at Gopalbadi in Rayagada district of Odisha. She was first imprisoned at the age of 14 for her participation in the freedom struggle and also during the Quit India Movement. She has been honoured with many awards like the prestigious Sarala Puraskar, Utkal Ratna and Radhanath Rath Foundation Award. She has been felicitated by the President of India for her participation in Independence Movement. The Central University of Odisha had confer the Degree of Honoris Causa in Literature on eminent freedom fighter and social activist Annapurna Maharana of Odisha at her residence in Cuttack Last year .

[ 19100, 416, 7844, 482, 3175, 270, 11, 16581, 549, 7305, 5767, 25, 5506, 499, 700, 64, 31692, 2271, 837, 464, 1049, 2415, 4925, 10543, 286, 10529, 19388, 3804, 1497, 319, 3261, 301, 875, 13, 6999, 13, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 4846, 13, 1375, 373, 1194, 9208, 3554, 287, 262, 347, 28410, 31574, 3356, 351, 11820, 19981, 347, 5976, 68, 13, 198, 10128, 5506, 499, 700, 64, 31692, 2271, 11, 262, 41803, 286, 7273, 74, 282, 805, 72, 350, 14677, 270, 402, 404, 49248, 13415, 29533, 11, 373, 4642, 355, 262, 1218, 1200, 286, 371, 1689, 47509, 290, 402, 404, 49248, 13415, 609, 2778, 48349, 220, 666, 37820, 4925, 10543, 286, 10529, 19388, 13, 1375, 373, 407, 691, 257, 4925, 10543, 11, 475, 635, 257, 1913, 1919, 11276, 11, 16716, 3785, 290, 468, 3377, 607, 2104, 1204, 329, 262, 1365, 434, 290, 28996, 2135, 1466, 11, 1751, 290, 262, 8039, 305, 4742, 661, 286, 262, 3592, 13, 6997, 31692, 2271, 550, 11791, 8882, 265, 2611, 22081, 287, 262, 9566, 2113, 2926, 272, 350, 4763, 575, 26066, 422, 9330, 72, 284, 16581, 49456, 14636, 287, 29300, 13, 198, 3347, 3111, 1871, 262, 2113, 2926, 504, 284, 28996, 2135, 606, 290, 329, 428, 4007, 673, 3377, 517, 621, 1936, 812, 287, 1001, 6862, 402, 9869, 7844, 859, 287, 2409, 72, 11, 9712, 83, 441, 13, 5856, 262, 347, 2894, 272, 15477, 2957, 416, 26219, 43898, 11820, 19981, 347, 14150, 11, 673, 550, 8672, 20823, 287, 262, 609, 4131, 282, 6916, 284, 1487, 262, 11954, 286, 262, 288, 10602, 896, 284, 2222, 606, 284, 262, 2260, 8661, 13, 6997, 31692, 2271, 468, 900, 510, 257, 1524, 329, 262, 17054, 1751, 287, 257, 6569, 1295, 379, 402, 33067, 65, 9189, 287, 7760, 363, 4763, 4783, 286, 10529, 19388, 13, 198, 3347, 373, 717, 21125, 379, 262, 2479, 286, 1478, 329, 607, 10270, 287, 262, 4925, 6531, 290, 635, 1141, 262, 48887, 3794, 15477, 13, 1375, 468, 587, 45870, 351, 867, 13304, 588, 262, 23566, 6866, 6081, 9330, 2093, 283, 11, 7273, 74, 282, 11738, 2616, 290, 5325, 7637, 776, 26494, 5693, 11289, 13, 1375, 468, 587, 10756, 3628, 515, 416, 262, 1992, 286, 3794, 329, 607, 10270, 287, 20153, 15477, 13, 198, 464, 5694, 2059, 286, 10529, 19388, 550, 35132, 262, 34486, 286, 21071, 271, 6488, 22064, 287, 33818, 319, 37820, 4925, 10543, 290, 1919, 11276, 5506, 499, 700, 64, 31692, 2271, 286, 10529, 19388, 379, 607, 11566, 287, 9712, 83, 441, 4586, 614, 764, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

411

Raising monarchs inside Raising monarchs in aquariums Why do this? For one thing, of course, it's fascinating! For another, though, it's a way to maxmize the number of eggs that actually turn into butterflies. I've read estimates that only 5-10% of the eggs laid survive to butterflyhood. Parasitism, predation, weather, even milkweed latex all take their toll. Of course, low survival rates are common with insects—we'd be overrun if every insect egg laid actually survived to adulthood. But the current situation is not normal. Most of the problems monarchs are encountering are new and human-caused: loss of habitat in general, loss of milkweed specifically, climate change, as well as illegal logging and general turmoil in Mexico's overwintering areas. Here's more on how we raise monarchs. Here are the total numbers of monarchs we've raised and released: |2007||104 (51%)||99 (49%)||0||203| |2008||53 (51%)||50 (49%)||2||105| |2009||58 (55%)||47 (45%)||5||110| |2010||112 (50%)||111 (50%)||1||224| |2011||109 (54%)||91 (46%)||-||200| |2012||123 (49%)||129 (51%)||-||252| (The percentages indicate the percent of each gender, not including the individuals whose gender was not recorded.) So altogether, we've raised 1,119 monarchs from 2006 to 2012. Given that only 5-10% of eggs typically survive to become butterflies, that's at least an additional 999 butterflies! They don't all survive They don't all survive. Perhaps these two had a parasite. Here's a stinkbug nymph dragging away a caterpillar it has killed. I was wondering why my daily caterpillar count was decreasing! Now I'm checking the leaves before I bring them in. This shows the scale of the stinkbug, and thus the caterpillar it attacked. There's a lot of drama in this small world.

[ 21762, 1710, 26464, 82, 2641, 198, 21762, 1710, 26464, 82, 287, 33868, 82, 198, 5195, 466, 428, 30, 1114, 530, 1517, 11, 286, 1781, 11, 340, 338, 13899, 0, 198, 1890, 1194, 11, 996, 11, 340, 338, 257, 835, 284, 3509, 76, 1096, 262, 1271, 286, 9653, 326, 1682, 1210, 656, 44571, 13, 198, 40, 1053, 1100, 7746, 326, 691, 642, 12, 940, 4, 286, 262, 9653, 8104, 7866, 284, 35113, 2894, 13, 45020, 18937, 11, 2747, 341, 11, 6193, 11, 772, 7545, 39054, 47038, 477, 1011, 511, 13592, 13, 3226, 1781, 11, 1877, 9441, 3965, 389, 2219, 351, 19435, 960, 732, 1549, 307, 33713, 611, 790, 12833, 5935, 8104, 1682, 11803, 284, 28003, 13, 198, 1537, 262, 1459, 3074, 318, 407, 3487, 13, 4042, 286, 262, 2761, 26464, 82, 389, 42398, 389, 649, 290, 1692, 12, 6888, 1484, 25, 2994, 286, 20018, 287, 2276, 11, 2994, 286, 7545, 39054, 5734, 11, 4258, 1487, 11, 355, 880, 355, 5293, 18931, 290, 2276, 26962, 287, 5828, 338, 6993, 3849, 278, 3006, 13, 198, 4342, 338, 517, 319, 703, 356, 5298, 26464, 82, 13, 198, 4342, 389, 262, 2472, 3146, 286, 26464, 82, 356, 1053, 4376, 290, 2716, 25, 198, 91, 12726, 15886, 13464, 357, 4349, 4407, 15886, 2079, 357, 2920, 4407, 15886, 15, 15886, 22416, 91, 198, 91, 11528, 15886, 4310, 357, 4349, 4407, 15886, 1120, 357, 2920, 4407, 15886, 17, 15886, 13348, 91, 198, 91, 10531, 15886, 3365, 357, 2816, 4407, 15886, 2857, 357, 2231, 4407, 15886, 20, 15886, 11442, 91, 198, 91, 10333, 15886, 14686, 357, 1120, 4407, 15886, 16243, 357, 1120, 4407, 15886, 16, 15886, 24137, 91, 198, 91, 9804, 15886, 14454, 357, 4051, 4407, 15886, 6420, 357, 3510, 4407, 15886, 12, 15886, 2167, 91, 198, 91, 6999, 15886, 10163, 357, 2920, 4407, 15886, 18741, 357, 4349, 4407, 15886, 12, 15886, 22800, 91, 198, 7, 464, 28071, 7603, 262, 1411, 286, 1123, 5279, 11, 407, 1390, 262, 3925, 3025, 5279, 373, 407, 6264, 2014, 198, 2396, 13318, 11, 356, 1053, 4376, 352, 11, 16315, 26464, 82, 422, 4793, 284, 2321, 13, 11259, 326, 691, 642, 12, 940, 4, 286, 9653, 6032, 7866, 284, 1716, 44571, 11, 326, 338, 379, 1551, 281, 3224, 36006, 44571, 0, 198, 2990, 836, 470, 477, 7866, 198, 2990, 836, 470, 477, 7866, 13, 8673, 777, 734, 550, 257, 38473, 13, 198, 4342, 338, 257, 48305, 25456, 299, 20896, 25046, 1497, 257, 20825, 41643, 340, 468, 2923, 13, 314, 373, 11263, 1521, 616, 4445, 20825, 41643, 954, 373, 24030, 0, 2735, 314, 1101, 10627, 262, 5667, 878, 314, 2222, 606, 287, 13, 198, 1212, 2523, 262, 5046, 286, 262, 48305, 25456, 11, 290, 4145, 262, 20825, 41643, 340, 7384, 13, 1318, 338, 257, 1256, 286, 10512, 287, 428, 1402, 995, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

458

Three years of flooding In 2010 Pakistan was hit by its worst natural disaster - floodwater inundated up to one fifth of the country and affected an estimated 20 million people. Oxfam launched an immediate response to provide aid to more than 2.4 million people. In 2012 fresh flooding in Pakistan's southern Sindh province put millions of people at renewed risk of disease and widespread malnutrition. Oxfam has helped 70,000 people worst affected by renewed flooding.

[ 12510, 812, 286, 17448, 198, 818, 3050, 7648, 373, 2277, 416, 663, 5290, 3288, 9336, 532, 6947, 7050, 43431, 515, 510, 284, 530, 8150, 286, 262, 1499, 290, 5676, 281, 6108, 1160, 1510, 661, 13, 10736, 44769, 5611, 281, 7103, 2882, 284, 2148, 6133, 284, 517, 621, 362, 13, 19, 1510, 661, 13, 198, 818, 2321, 4713, 17448, 287, 7648, 338, 8372, 44830, 71, 8473, 1234, 5242, 286, 661, 379, 16434, 2526, 286, 4369, 290, 10095, 49290, 13, 198, 46, 26152, 321, 468, 4193, 4317, 11, 830, 661, 5290, 5676, 416, 16434, 17448, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

95

The Trobriand Islands are a group of scattered and isolated islands found in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The islands were made famous by Bronsilaw Malinowski, who was an anthropologist who published many studies about the Trobriand culture during the early 1900s. What makes the community unique is its distinct social structure that remains far different from one to be found anywhere else in the country. The islands of Trobriand are about 90 minutes away from the capital of Port Moresby. Ferry services are also available from Alotau by use of Star Ships. The easiest way to get to the group of islands is by air as traveling by vessel may require a lot of time. The Trobriands consist of low-lying coral islands in contrast to their mountain-rich southern neighbors. Trade between the islands has remained to have a strong cultural and economic importance as the pre-European traders have crossed vast districts of open seas to exchange various items. One of the most famous of these trade routes is the Kula Ring. Inhabitants of the Trobriand Island have both Melanesian and Polynesian features and are thought to have arrived from Polynesia by sea more than a thousand years ago. To this day, there are even scattered remains of stone temples that resemble those from Polynesia. The Trobriands are known to be the “Islands of Love” because of a local custom of encouraging young males and females to engage in romantic behavior right after puberty. This culture is widely misinterpreted by westerners as a form of promiscuity, but for the locals, it is a form of courtship and marriage instead. The purpose of the ritual is to help young men and women find a suitable partner to settle down with. Another unique tradition of the tribe is that married couples are allowed to have a fling with other partners with impunity during the annual yam harvest celebration. These romantic customs of the islands, however, do not extend to visitors of the island. Many tourists mistake such rituals as a chance to have a bit of “nookie” but leave disappointed. The Trobriand island people are a very proud people as they value their genetic lines and disapprove of relationships between their people and outsiders. Despite the attempt of many anthropologists, missionaries and TV crews who have followed the works of Malinowski, the Trobriands remain one of the most culturally intact places you could possibly find in the world. One example of the distinct ways of the Trobriands is that their yearly village social calendar is based on the cultivations of the island’s staple food, yam. Although an understanding and use of modern medicine is being used by the locals, the island still maintains a view that in order for women to get pregnant, they must be infused with the spirit of a departed ancestor. Today, the strong culture and ways of the Trobriand Islands still persist. Some claim that it is good manners to let the paramount chief know that you are visiting the island and explain the reason for your visit. Attesting to the local people’s intact cultural ties, you can almost ask anyone of the islanders to pass the message to the chief as it will surely and eventually reach him.

[ 464, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 12010, 389, 257, 1448, 286, 16830, 290, 11557, 14807, 1043, 287, 262, 4460, 710, 4696, 22783, 286, 46117, 968, 22777, 13, 383, 14807, 547, 925, 5863, 416, 1709, 684, 346, 707, 4434, 259, 12079, 11, 508, 373, 281, 17911, 7451, 508, 3199, 867, 3640, 546, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 3968, 1141, 262, 1903, 21489, 82, 13, 1867, 1838, 262, 2055, 3748, 318, 663, 7310, 1919, 4645, 326, 3793, 1290, 1180, 422, 530, 284, 307, 1043, 6609, 2073, 287, 262, 1499, 13, 198, 464, 14807, 286, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 389, 546, 4101, 2431, 1497, 422, 262, 3139, 286, 4347, 337, 2850, 1525, 13, 42609, 2594, 389, 635, 1695, 422, 978, 313, 559, 416, 779, 286, 2907, 34844, 13, 383, 16638, 835, 284, 651, 284, 262, 1448, 286, 14807, 318, 416, 1633, 355, 11300, 416, 8837, 743, 2421, 257, 1256, 286, 640, 13, 383, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 3473, 286, 1877, 12, 3157, 29537, 14807, 287, 6273, 284, 511, 8598, 12, 7527, 8372, 12020, 13, 9601, 1022, 262, 14807, 468, 6150, 284, 423, 257, 1913, 6467, 290, 3034, 6817, 355, 262, 662, 12, 22030, 21703, 423, 12606, 5909, 12815, 286, 1280, 21547, 284, 5163, 2972, 3709, 13, 1881, 286, 262, 749, 5863, 286, 777, 3292, 11926, 318, 262, 509, 4712, 12569, 13, 198, 818, 5976, 270, 1187, 286, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 5451, 423, 1111, 5616, 7305, 666, 290, 12280, 2516, 666, 3033, 290, 389, 1807, 284, 423, 5284, 422, 12280, 31401, 416, 5417, 517, 621, 257, 7319, 812, 2084, 13, 1675, 428, 1110, 11, 612, 389, 772, 16830, 3793, 286, 7815, 27081, 326, 22464, 883, 422, 12280, 31401, 13, 383, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 389, 1900, 284, 307, 262, 564, 250, 3792, 4447, 286, 5896, 447, 251, 780, 286, 257, 1957, 2183, 286, 12577, 1862, 10835, 290, 12366, 284, 8209, 287, 14348, 4069, 826, 706, 35149, 13, 770, 3968, 318, 6768, 40882, 276, 416, 8830, 364, 355, 257, 1296, 286, 1552, 2304, 14834, 11, 475, 329, 262, 17205, 11, 340, 318, 257, 1296, 286, 8028, 1056, 290, 4845, 2427, 13, 383, 4007, 286, 262, 12146, 318, 284, 1037, 1862, 1450, 290, 1466, 1064, 257, 11080, 5212, 284, 12259, 866, 351, 13, 6023, 3748, 6761, 286, 262, 14893, 318, 326, 6405, 11886, 389, 3142, 284, 423, 257, 781, 278, 351, 584, 4887, 351, 37610, 1141, 262, 5079, 331, 321, 13222, 14395, 13, 198, 4711, 14348, 17112, 286, 262, 14807, 11, 2158, 11, 466, 407, 9117, 284, 9692, 286, 262, 7022, 13, 4650, 15930, 7457, 884, 25797, 355, 257, 2863, 284, 423, 257, 1643, 286, 564, 250, 77, 18055, 447, 251, 475, 2666, 11679, 13, 383, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 7022, 661, 389, 257, 845, 6613, 661, 355, 484, 1988, 511, 8513, 3951, 290, 48866, 286, 6958, 1022, 511, 661, 290, 29028, 13, 198, 8332, 262, 2230, 286, 867, 17911, 9251, 11, 37458, 290, 3195, 18936, 508, 423, 3940, 262, 2499, 286, 4434, 259, 12079, 11, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 3520, 530, 286, 262, 749, 30573, 16572, 4113, 345, 714, 5457, 1064, 287, 262, 995, 13, 1881, 1672, 286, 262, 7310, 2842, 286, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 1746, 318, 326, 511, 24169, 7404, 1919, 11845, 318, 1912, 319, 262, 11229, 602, 286, 262, 7022, 447, 247, 82, 25629, 2057, 11, 331, 321, 13, 4900, 281, 4547, 290, 779, 286, 3660, 9007, 318, 852, 973, 416, 262, 17205, 11, 262, 7022, 991, 16047, 257, 1570, 326, 287, 1502, 329, 1466, 284, 651, 10423, 11, 484, 1276, 307, 37681, 351, 262, 4437, 286, 257, 24057, 31836, 13, 198, 8888, 11, 262, 1913, 3968, 290, 2842, 286, 262, 8498, 65, 380, 392, 12010, 991, 21160, 13, 2773, 1624, 326, 340, 318, 922, 33558, 284, 1309, 262, 37352, 4039, 760, 326, 345, 389, 10013, 262, 7022, 290, 4727, 262, 1738, 329, 534, 3187, 13, 3460, 37761, 284, 262, 1957, 661, 447, 247, 82, 16572, 6467, 8470, 11, 345, 460, 2048, 1265, 2687, 286, 262, 7022, 364, 284, 1208, 262, 3275, 284, 262, 4039, 355, 340, 481, 10403, 290, 4191, 3151, 683, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

675

Today's guest blogger, Kedrica Taylor, was a former member of the Unmask the Media Project, a student-run program, developed by the Tulsa, Oklahoma Youth Philanthropy Initiative, that addresses the issue of the media’s negative effects on teenager’s self-perceptions. Her blog is the second in a series of three "Young Voices" blogs, where some of our young friends lend their perspective on what it means to be a digital citizen. Taking Responsibility for Your Online SelfBy Kedrica Taylor, Guest Blogger Privacy is non-existent in social media. There is no other way to explain it. When posting information on the Internet, you have to assume responsibility for both your physical and your cyber self. The idea of being an upright, respectable, competent user of social media is an essential aspect of being a good digital citizen. Social media has created many beneficial opportunities for those who choose to use it. Websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr aid people in presenting their ideas, connecting with others, and presenting themselves to the world in their own way. Through social media, you can be who you want to be, rally for what you want to rally for, and not worry about what others might think--but that's not always the case. [Related: Free Webinar: Teaching Kids to Be Good Digital Citizens.] In February of 2009, Michael Phelps was caught in a scandal that shocked the nation. Just after winning his 7th gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics, Michael was captured on camera smoking marijuana. After this photo went viral, hes lost his contract with Kellogg’s. The image tainted his achievements in the public eye. No longer could Phelps be seen as the young man who had achieved greatness, but as a star who had temporarily fallen from grace. He failed to be fully aware of not only his actions, but how he was going to be presented online. Imagine achieving a great feat, just to have it outshined by a moment of ill judgment, put on the Internet for all to witness. While Phelps’s reputation has recovered, and he has come back to be the most decorated Olympian, there are similar stories that do not end as well. And that picture is still floating around on the Internet. What one puts on the Internet is never truly deleted.Once you share a photo on Instagram, it’s going to be in cyber-space, even after you delete it. Whether it is a comment on Facebook about how rude your waiter was, or a post on your blog about getting a speeding ticket--even after you think it is deleted--it can still be accessed. I believe people fail to realize this, and believe that they can post however they are feeling, at any given moment. There have been numerous stories on how an individual working for a specific company will rant (on Facebook or somewhere else online) about a bad day or an unpleasant customer and immediately be fired from their position because someone in higher management saw what they posted. It is extremely inappropriate to be unprofessional in the cyber world, but because of the assumed anonymity of the net, some believe such actions to be acceptable. As a Resident Assistant leader on my campus, I cannot imagine posting anything online that I wouldn’t say out loud to a fellow resident, or be able to explain in an interview for a potential employer. The vast majority of my residents find it hard to believe that I’m surviving without a Facebook account. I try to explain to them that while social media, if used correctly, can be beneficial in many ways, it is not necessarily needed to live a full and sociable life. I then ask them if what they post online would represent them as an upright citizen, since police can access social media information without a warrant. After this statement, I usually receive a puzzled look. In any case, informing social media users, young or old, about how to be responsible about what they post online is more important today, in our technologically advanced society, than it has ever been. Here’s how I think of it: The same way I would never drive a new Mercedes Benz without insurance and with my license expired, is the same way I would never risk being careless about a status, tweet, post, or blog pertaining to my life. Kedrica Taylor is a sophomore nursing major at the University of Tulsa in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She was a member of Youth Philanthropy Initiative, which created the Unmask the Media Project. She currently holds a housing position at the university as a Resident Assistant for the first year residential experience. She is also actively involved in other campus organizations.

[ 8888, 338, 8319, 23530, 11, 509, 276, 30997, 8121, 11, 373, 257, 1966, 2888, 286, 262, 791, 27932, 262, 6343, 4935, 11, 257, 3710, 12, 5143, 1430, 11, 4166, 416, 262, 36443, 11, 10433, 17582, 4543, 22178, 88, 18362, 11, 326, 9405, 262, 2071, 286, 262, 2056, 447, 247, 82, 4633, 3048, 319, 15287, 447, 247, 82, 2116, 12, 525, 11755, 13, 2332, 4130, 318, 262, 1218, 287, 257, 2168, 286, 1115, 366, 20917, 40440, 1, 19118, 11, 810, 617, 286, 674, 1862, 2460, 22096, 511, 6650, 319, 644, 340, 1724, 284, 307, 257, 4875, 9511, 13, 198, 26556, 42988, 329, 3406, 7467, 12189, 3886, 509, 276, 30997, 8121, 11, 22358, 14001, 1362, 198, 48948, 318, 1729, 12, 32786, 287, 1919, 2056, 13, 1318, 318, 645, 584, 835, 284, 4727, 340, 13, 1649, 10754, 1321, 319, 262, 4455, 11, 345, 423, 284, 7048, 5798, 329, 1111, 534, 3518, 290, 534, 10075, 2116, 13, 383, 2126, 286, 852, 281, 24826, 11, 27721, 11, 19701, 2836, 286, 1919, 2056, 318, 281, 6393, 4843, 286, 852, 257, 922, 4875, 9511, 13, 198, 20636, 2056, 468, 2727, 867, 13205, 6443, 329, 883, 508, 3853, 284, 779, 340, 13, 47736, 2737, 588, 3203, 11, 3009, 11, 290, 24434, 6133, 661, 287, 17728, 511, 4213, 11, 14320, 351, 1854, 11, 290, 17728, 2405, 284, 262, 995, 287, 511, 898, 835, 13, 9561, 1919, 2056, 11, 345, 460, 307, 508, 345, 765, 284, 307, 11, 7903, 329, 644, 345, 765, 284, 7903, 329, 11, 290, 407, 5490, 546, 644, 1854, 1244, 892, 438, 4360, 326, 338, 407, 1464, 262, 1339, 13, 198, 58, 9819, 25, 3232, 5313, 22050, 25, 38094, 17476, 284, 1355, 4599, 10231, 18029, 8183, 198, 818, 3945, 286, 3717, 11, 3899, 40587, 373, 4978, 287, 257, 10731, 326, 11472, 262, 3277, 13, 2329, 706, 5442, 465, 767, 400, 3869, 18279, 287, 262, 3648, 10216, 14935, 11, 3899, 373, 7907, 319, 4676, 9216, 5727, 13, 2293, 428, 4590, 1816, 14416, 11, 10818, 2626, 465, 2775, 351, 25043, 10332, 447, 247, 82, 13, 383, 2939, 36912, 465, 16970, 287, 262, 1171, 4151, 13, 1400, 2392, 714, 40587, 307, 1775, 355, 262, 1862, 582, 508, 550, 8793, 27951, 11, 475, 355, 257, 3491, 508, 550, 13413, 9292, 422, 11542, 13, 679, 4054, 284, 307, 3938, 3910, 286, 407, 691, 465, 4028, 11, 475, 703, 339, 373, 1016, 284, 307, 5545, 2691, 13, 18450, 16937, 257, 1049, 2218, 11, 655, 284, 423, 340, 503, 1477, 1389, 416, 257, 2589, 286, 2801, 8492, 11, 1234, 319, 262, 4455, 329, 477, 284, 4973, 13, 2893, 40587, 447, 247, 82, 8507, 468, 11911, 11, 290, 339, 468, 1282, 736, 284, 307, 262, 749, 24789, 7001, 666, 11, 612, 389, 2092, 3923, 326, 466, 407, 886, 355, 880, 13, 843, 326, 4286, 318, 991, 12462, 1088, 319, 262, 4455, 13, 198, 2061, 530, 7584, 319, 262, 4455, 318, 1239, 4988, 13140, 13, 7454, 345, 2648, 257, 4590, 319, 10767, 11, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1016, 284, 307, 287, 10075, 12, 13200, 11, 772, 706, 345, 12233, 340, 13, 10127, 340, 318, 257, 2912, 319, 3203, 546, 703, 22066, 534, 46612, 373, 11, 393, 257, 1281, 319, 534, 4130, 546, 1972, 257, 26347, 7846, 438, 10197, 706, 345, 892, 340, 318, 13140, 438, 270, 460, 991, 307, 17535, 13, 314, 1975, 661, 2038, 284, 6537, 428, 11, 290, 1975, 326, 484, 460, 1281, 2158, 484, 389, 4203, 11, 379, 597, 1813, 2589, 13, 198, 1858, 423, 587, 6409, 3923, 319, 703, 281, 1981, 1762, 329, 257, 2176, 1664, 481, 30993, 357, 261, 3203, 393, 7382, 2073, 2691, 8, 546, 257, 2089, 1110, 393, 281, 22029, 6491, 290, 3393, 307, 6294, 422, 511, 2292, 780, 2130, 287, 2440, 4542, 2497, 644, 484, 4481, 13, 632, 318, 4457, 15679, 284, 307, 555, 33163, 287, 262, 10075, 995, 11, 475, 780, 286, 262, 9672, 18685, 286, 262, 2010, 11, 617, 1975, 884, 4028, 284, 307, 10909, 13, 198, 1722, 257, 22373, 15286, 3554, 319, 616, 7611, 11, 314, 2314, 5967, 10754, 1997, 2691, 326, 314, 3636, 447, 247, 83, 910, 503, 7812, 284, 257, 5891, 6623, 11, 393, 307, 1498, 284, 4727, 287, 281, 2720, 329, 257, 2785, 9749, 13, 383, 5909, 3741, 286, 616, 5085, 1064, 340, 1327, 284, 1975, 326, 314, 447, 247, 76, 16997, 1231, 257, 3203, 1848, 13, 314, 1949, 284, 4727, 284, 606, 326, 981, 1919, 2056, 11, 611, 973, 9380, 11, 460, 307, 13205, 287, 867, 2842, 11, 340, 318, 407, 6646, 2622, 284, 2107, 257, 1336, 290, 1307, 3379, 1204, 13, 314, 788, 1265, 606, 611, 644, 484, 1281, 2691, 561, 2380, 606, 355, 281, 24826, 9511, 11, 1201, 1644, 460, 1895, 1919, 2056, 1321, 1231, 257, 8084, 13, 2293, 428, 2643, 11, 314, 3221, 3328, 257, 36907, 804, 13, 554, 597, 1339, 11, 29140, 1919, 2056, 2985, 11, 1862, 393, 1468, 11, 546, 703, 284, 307, 4497, 546, 644, 484, 1281, 2691, 318, 517, 1593, 1909, 11, 287, 674, 48299, 6190, 3592, 11, 621, 340, 468, 1683, 587, 13, 198, 4342, 447, 247, 82, 703, 314, 892, 286, 340, 25, 383, 976, 835, 314, 561, 1239, 3708, 257, 649, 21279, 47891, 1231, 5096, 290, 351, 616, 5964, 21350, 11, 318, 262, 976, 835, 314, 561, 1239, 2526, 852, 36138, 546, 257, 3722, 11, 6126, 11, 1281, 11, 393, 4130, 27113, 284, 616, 1204, 13, 198, 42, 276, 30997, 8121, 318, 257, 24505, 19167, 1688, 379, 262, 2059, 286, 36443, 287, 36443, 11, 10433, 13, 1375, 373, 257, 2888, 286, 17582, 4543, 22178, 88, 18362, 11, 543, 2727, 262, 791, 27932, 262, 6343, 4935, 13, 1375, 3058, 6622, 257, 5627, 2292, 379, 262, 6403, 355, 257, 22373, 15286, 329, 262, 717, 614, 12420, 1998, 13, 1375, 318, 635, 10630, 2950, 287, 584, 7611, 5745, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

957

The Benefits of Creative Arts Therapy for Kids Written by Chera Prideaux Step into Seattle art therapist Mineko Takada-Dill’s studio and you’ll find an array of paints, clay, pastels, charcoal and textured papers. She uses these materials to help her clients let their guard down and experience the therapeutic benefits of art. Who hasn’t felt relaxation, focus and a sense of accomplishment while working on a creative project? For a child with special needs, the therapeutic benefits are much greater. Creative arts therapy is a broad field that includes visual arts, music, dance, poetry and drama. The arts are an increasingly popular way for children with special needs to overcome difficulties and take pride in a new skill. Takada-Dill finds that the visual nature of art therapy is especially beneficial for kids who have trouble communicating in other ways. Some of Takada-Dill’s favorite projects include creating storybooks, masks and collages. This is an effective method for getting kids to identify and deal with difficult emotions such as anger, frustration and sadness. Music therapy for kids Children who aren’t as visual may find that music therapy is helpful for improving speech, cognitive development, motor skills and communication. “Music therapy helps children of all ages and disabilities, especially children who are particularly auditory,” says Jennifer Hastings, a Seattle neurologic music therapist. Though some people may think they need natural talent to play music, Hastings disagrees. “I became a music therapist because I wanted to make music accessible to everyone,” she says. She has helped make music an approachable way for kids with special needs to gain skills they may not pick up in a traditional school setting, including communication and social skills. Hastings works with several kids who are more comfortable expressing themselves with music rather than verbally. “An improv music session is very similar to the back-and-forth nature of a social interaction,” she says. Anne Powers’ stepdaughter, who has autism, worked individually with a music therapist. Powers, a Lake Stevens mom, saw tremendous gains from the one-on-one attention her stepdaughter received. “Music kept her very focused and trained her brain to stay on task and filter out distraction,” says Powers. “We saw improvement in her problem-solving ability, frustration tolerance, creative expression and dexterity. She can now play some of her favorite songs and she can express her moods with her playing, something she cannot do verbally.” Best of all, says Powers, music became part of her stepdaughter’s routine. “Music therapy was absolutely the highlight of her week.” Children's dance therapy Music and dance can be a powerful combination. According to the American Dance Therapy Association, dance therapy has been around for more than 50 years and helps connect the body and mind. It’s also effective for individuals with developmental, physical, social, psychological or physiological impairments. Emerald Ballet Theatre (EBT) in Bellevue offers dance classes for kids with special needs. Today, most of these children are successfully integrated into classes with the other dancers. This gives the “exceptional dancers,” as they call them, a way to interact with others and feel included. “It’s remarkable how well the integration works,” says Sarah Jacobsen, an EBT instructor. “We expect all of our students to strive to be inclusive, and it’s really been worth the effort.” Amina Condel’s daughter, who is autistic, has thrived during her participation in classes at Emerald Ballet Theatre. “Even though the dance classes are not technically ‘therapy,’ they have been very therapeutic,” says Condel, who reports that her daughter has improved her gross motor function, memory, social skills, speech and cognitive skills. “She loves being a part of the production and feels valued,” she says. Rosalie Frankel, an arts therapist at Seattle Children’s Hospital, says that finding an arts therapist in Seattle may be difficult compared to other places in the country, but worth the effort. “It’s really beneficial for so many kids.” Children with disabilities often possess creative gifts that they aren’t able to express until they are put in the right environment. “The arts are a magical place where these kids can really shine,” says Jacobsen. Chera Prideaux is a Seattle freelance writer and mother. Creative Arts Therapy Resources for Kids American Music Therapy Association Seattle Children’s Hospital Emerald Ballet Theatre Evergreen Art Therapy Association American Dance Therapy Association

[ 464, 30582, 286, 17404, 11536, 30878, 329, 17476, 198, 25354, 416, 19305, 64, 21735, 14644, 198, 8600, 656, 7312, 1242, 24636, 11517, 7204, 15804, 4763, 12, 35, 359, 447, 247, 82, 8034, 290, 345, 447, 247, 297, 1064, 281, 7177, 286, 32281, 11, 21558, 11, 1613, 1424, 11, 33512, 290, 2420, 1522, 9473, 13, 1375, 3544, 777, 5696, 284, 1037, 607, 7534, 1309, 511, 4860, 866, 290, 1998, 262, 21546, 4034, 286, 1242, 13, 198, 8241, 5818, 447, 247, 83, 2936, 34205, 11, 2962, 290, 257, 2565, 286, 29340, 981, 1762, 319, 257, 7325, 1628, 30, 1114, 257, 1200, 351, 2041, 2476, 11, 262, 21546, 4034, 389, 881, 3744, 13, 17404, 10848, 9102, 318, 257, 3154, 2214, 326, 3407, 5874, 10848, 11, 2647, 11, 9280, 11, 19518, 290, 10512, 13, 383, 10848, 389, 281, 6481, 2968, 835, 329, 1751, 351, 2041, 2476, 284, 10980, 13156, 290, 1011, 11293, 287, 257, 649, 5032, 13, 198, 51, 461, 4763, 12, 35, 359, 7228, 326, 262, 5874, 3450, 286, 1242, 9102, 318, 2592, 13205, 329, 3988, 508, 423, 5876, 22889, 287, 584, 2842, 13, 2773, 286, 15804, 4763, 12, 35, 359, 447, 247, 82, 4004, 4493, 2291, 4441, 1621, 12106, 11, 20680, 290, 2927, 1095, 13, 770, 318, 281, 4050, 2446, 329, 1972, 3988, 284, 5911, 290, 1730, 351, 2408, 10825, 884, 355, 8993, 11, 14285, 290, 25303, 13, 198, 22648, 9102, 329, 3988, 198, 26829, 508, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 355, 5874, 743, 1064, 326, 2647, 9102, 318, 7613, 329, 10068, 4046, 11, 10870, 2478, 11, 5584, 4678, 290, 6946, 13, 564, 250, 22648, 9102, 5419, 1751, 286, 477, 9337, 290, 19358, 11, 2592, 1751, 508, 389, 3573, 38949, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 16348, 38330, 11, 257, 7312, 22356, 291, 2647, 24636, 13, 198, 10915, 617, 661, 743, 892, 484, 761, 3288, 7401, 284, 711, 2647, 11, 38330, 37868, 13, 564, 250, 40, 2627, 257, 2647, 24636, 780, 314, 2227, 284, 787, 2647, 9857, 284, 2506, 11, 447, 251, 673, 1139, 13, 198, 3347, 468, 4193, 787, 2647, 281, 3164, 540, 835, 329, 3988, 351, 2041, 2476, 284, 4461, 4678, 484, 743, 407, 2298, 510, 287, 257, 4569, 1524, 4634, 11, 1390, 6946, 290, 1919, 4678, 13, 38330, 2499, 351, 1811, 3988, 508, 389, 517, 6792, 16621, 2405, 351, 2647, 2138, 621, 38119, 13, 564, 250, 2025, 37080, 2647, 6246, 318, 845, 2092, 284, 262, 736, 12, 392, 12, 25718, 3450, 286, 257, 1919, 10375, 11, 447, 251, 673, 1139, 13, 15397, 20668, 447, 247, 2239, 29642, 11, 508, 468, 15998, 11, 3111, 17033, 351, 257, 2647, 24636, 13, 20668, 11, 257, 6233, 20019, 1995, 11, 2497, 12465, 8810, 422, 262, 530, 12, 261, 12, 505, 3241, 607, 2239, 29642, 2722, 13, 198, 447, 250, 22648, 4030, 607, 845, 5670, 290, 8776, 607, 3632, 284, 2652, 319, 4876, 290, 8106, 503, 24066, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 20668, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 2497, 9025, 287, 607, 1917, 12, 82, 10890, 2694, 11, 14285, 15621, 11, 7325, 5408, 290, 50003, 13, 1375, 460, 783, 711, 617, 286, 607, 4004, 7259, 290, 673, 460, 4911, 607, 10038, 82, 351, 607, 2712, 11, 1223, 673, 2314, 466, 38119, 13, 447, 251, 198, 13014, 286, 477, 11, 1139, 20668, 11, 2647, 2627, 636, 286, 607, 2239, 29642, 447, 247, 82, 8027, 13, 564, 250, 22648, 9102, 373, 5543, 262, 7238, 286, 607, 1285, 13, 447, 251, 198, 26829, 338, 9280, 9102, 198, 22648, 290, 9280, 460, 307, 257, 3665, 6087, 13, 4784, 284, 262, 1605, 17349, 30878, 5396, 11, 9280, 9102, 468, 587, 1088, 329, 517, 621, 2026, 812, 290, 5419, 2018, 262, 1767, 290, 2000, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 635, 4050, 329, 3925, 351, 23456, 11, 3518, 11, 1919, 11, 10590, 393, 25033, 17253, 902, 13, 198, 32779, 1940, 8528, 1616, 15752, 357, 36, 19313, 8, 287, 46643, 518, 4394, 9280, 6097, 329, 3988, 351, 2041, 2476, 13, 6288, 11, 749, 286, 777, 1751, 389, 7675, 11521, 656, 6097, 351, 262, 584, 35837, 13, 770, 3607, 262, 564, 250, 16341, 1538, 35837, 11, 447, 251, 355, 484, 869, 606, 11, 257, 835, 284, 9427, 351, 1854, 290, 1254, 3017, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 11004, 703, 880, 262, 11812, 2499, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 10490, 12806, 6248, 11, 281, 412, 19313, 21187, 13, 564, 250, 1135, 1607, 477, 286, 674, 2444, 284, 22076, 284, 307, 19889, 11, 290, 340, 447, 247, 82, 1107, 587, 2861, 262, 3626, 13, 447, 251, 198, 32, 1084, 64, 9724, 417, 447, 247, 82, 4957, 11, 508, 318, 33686, 11, 468, 19531, 1079, 1141, 607, 10270, 287, 6097, 379, 28909, 8528, 1616, 15752, 13, 564, 250, 6104, 996, 262, 9280, 6097, 389, 407, 14497, 564, 246, 490, 12826, 11, 447, 247, 484, 423, 587, 845, 21546, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 9724, 417, 11, 508, 3136, 326, 607, 4957, 468, 6596, 607, 10319, 5584, 2163, 11, 4088, 11, 1919, 4678, 11, 4046, 290, 10870, 4678, 13, 564, 250, 3347, 10408, 852, 257, 636, 286, 262, 3227, 290, 5300, 17560, 11, 447, 251, 673, 1139, 13, 198, 35740, 282, 494, 12323, 7750, 11, 281, 10848, 24636, 379, 7312, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 9256, 11, 1139, 326, 4917, 281, 10848, 24636, 287, 7312, 743, 307, 2408, 3688, 284, 584, 4113, 287, 262, 1499, 11, 475, 2861, 262, 3626, 13, 564, 250, 1026, 447, 247, 82, 1107, 13205, 329, 523, 867, 3988, 13, 447, 251, 198, 26829, 351, 19358, 1690, 8588, 7325, 13201, 326, 484, 3588, 447, 247, 83, 1498, 284, 4911, 1566, 484, 389, 1234, 287, 262, 826, 2858, 13, 564, 250, 464, 10848, 389, 257, 10883, 1295, 810, 777, 3988, 460, 1107, 18340, 11, 447, 251, 1139, 12806, 6248, 13, 198, 34, 372, 64, 21735, 14644, 318, 257, 7312, 27449, 6260, 290, 2802, 13, 198, 16719, 425, 11536, 30878, 13864, 329, 17476, 198, 7437, 7849, 30878, 5396, 198, 34007, 8990, 447, 247, 82, 9256, 198, 32779, 1940, 8528, 1616, 15752, 198, 23921, 14809, 3683, 30878, 5396, 198, 7437, 17349, 30878, 5396, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

992

A history of the Tonto Apache In May 1926, the director of the State Museum on the campus of the University of Arizona, Tucson, answered a letter of inquiry from a Mrs. Matthews in San Francisco about the Tonto Apaches. In his reply was this comment, "Regarding the Tonto Apaches, I fear I can be of very little help to you. I know of nothing that has been written upon this group. They are now mixed into the other groups in the White Mountain's tribe at Fort Apache and at San Carlos. But I know of no one who has traced their history." If I were to answer Mrs. Matthews I would have to give the same answer today. Much research has been done on the war waged by Euro-Americans against the Apaches, and there have been numerous studies of prehistoric settlement in the territory later occupied by the Tonto Apache. But no one has gathered the available information and provided us with a written history of the small tribe called Tonto Apache. The reason so little has been written about this fascinating subject can be readily understood. When the European culture began its migration westward across America, Arizona was essentially a bridge to California gold. As the Pacific connection grew, so did the necessity for better trails to connect the vast stretches of the continent. As trails became roads and then railroads, they followed routes along the Gila River in the south and across the Colorado Plateau in the north. In either case, they skirted the wilderness of central Arizona and left out the territory of the Tonto Apache. The terrain, with its rugged canyons, ridges and mountains lay in a northwest by southeast direction, and created an impossible barrier for east-west travel. The Apaches who lived in these basins and mountains were, therefore, the last Arizona natives to be threatened by the settlement of those they called "White-eyes." This moniker originated because the white of Caucasian eyeballs contrasts with the coffee color of Indian eyeballs. As for the Apache people, they refer to themselves as "The People." In their language it is Nde, pronounced En-dah, and implies a people set apart and superior to other peoples. When the California gold rush was over and miners began to prospect in the central mountains of Arizona, word got out about the lush grazing lands and the abundance of game waiting to be exploited by ranchers and miners, and those who serviced them. Once these Americans settled in Arizona they began to encroach on Tonto Apache lands. Settlers became prime targets for Apaches and the various Pai groups, who stole livestock for food. This created the need for a military presence to protect the settlers, and it was the beginning of the end for the old way of life among the Tontos. As we shall see, however, they are "The People Who Would Not Be Conquered." Their story deserves to be told, and honor given to their history. As I attempt to put together the exciting and dramatic story of these people who live in the Rim Country and Verde River Valley, credit must go to many who have helped me over the years. The original research of Alan Ferg, Nicolas P. Hauser, Keith Basso, George S. Esper and Thomas Hinton are among those to whom I am deeply indebted. Also the archives of the Arizona Historical Society of Tucson, the Sharlot Hall Museum library in Prescott; the Fort Verde State Park museum in Camp Verde; the Cline Library at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff; the Colter Library of the Northern Arizona Museum, Flagstaff; The Hayden Library, Special Collections, at Arizona State University, Tempe; and the Arizona Historical Foundation in that same location; The Department of Library Archives and Public Records at the state capitol in Phoenix; The Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. and in Laguna Niguel, Calif. In the Payson area, journalist Carroll Cox did much over the years to gather information about the Tonto Apaches and publish it from her several journalistic positions. She deserves much credit for being the first person to systematically write a simple history of the Tonto Apaches, and publish it in a 1987 series in The Mogollon Advisor. I hope the reader will be inspired and enlightened by this story, and that young Tonto Apaches will be encouraged to embrace the heritage they have all but lost. If I were a Tonto Apache and could speak in the tongue of the ancestors, I could better tell the odyssey, the joy, the struggle, and the terror of their story. However, I am White-eyes, and I write as White-eyes. All I can do is ask forgiveness from the people I have come to appreciate so heartily. Next week: The Tontos' story of their beginnings.

[ 32, 2106, 286, 262, 309, 5957, 24843, 198, 818, 1737, 38525, 11, 262, 3437, 286, 262, 1812, 9594, 319, 262, 7611, 286, 262, 2059, 286, 7943, 11, 36805, 11, 9373, 257, 3850, 286, 12069, 422, 257, 9074, 13, 22233, 287, 2986, 6033, 546, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 13, 554, 465, 10971, 373, 428, 2912, 11, 366, 39424, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 11, 314, 3252, 314, 460, 307, 286, 845, 1310, 1037, 284, 345, 13, 314, 760, 286, 2147, 326, 468, 587, 3194, 2402, 428, 1448, 13, 1119, 389, 783, 7668, 656, 262, 584, 2628, 287, 262, 2635, 9638, 338, 14893, 379, 6401, 24843, 290, 379, 2986, 17409, 13, 887, 314, 760, 286, 645, 530, 508, 468, 23246, 511, 2106, 526, 198, 1532, 314, 547, 284, 3280, 9074, 13, 22233, 314, 561, 423, 284, 1577, 262, 976, 3280, 1909, 13, 13111, 2267, 468, 587, 1760, 319, 262, 1175, 34225, 416, 1898, 12, 17636, 1028, 262, 5949, 3694, 11, 290, 612, 423, 587, 6409, 3640, 286, 44741, 9443, 287, 262, 7674, 1568, 12030, 416, 262, 309, 5957, 24843, 13, 887, 645, 530, 468, 9272, 262, 1695, 1321, 290, 2810, 514, 351, 257, 3194, 2106, 286, 262, 1402, 14893, 1444, 309, 5957, 24843, 13, 198, 464, 1738, 523, 1310, 468, 587, 3194, 546, 428, 13899, 2426, 460, 307, 14704, 7247, 13, 1649, 262, 3427, 3968, 2540, 663, 13472, 7421, 904, 1973, 2253, 11, 7943, 373, 6986, 257, 7696, 284, 3442, 3869, 13, 198, 1722, 262, 8211, 4637, 6348, 11, 523, 750, 262, 14564, 329, 1365, 19196, 284, 2018, 262, 5909, 23687, 286, 262, 15549, 13, 1081, 19196, 2627, 9725, 290, 788, 6787, 21372, 11, 484, 3940, 11926, 1863, 262, 402, 10102, 5866, 287, 262, 5366, 290, 1973, 262, 7492, 23648, 559, 287, 262, 5093, 13, 554, 2035, 1339, 11, 484, 1341, 48357, 262, 22775, 286, 4318, 7943, 290, 1364, 503, 262, 7674, 286, 262, 309, 5957, 24843, 13, 383, 15510, 11, 351, 663, 30957, 460, 88, 684, 11, 5755, 3212, 290, 12269, 3830, 287, 257, 24821, 416, 26015, 4571, 11, 290, 2727, 281, 5340, 13054, 329, 7627, 12, 7038, 3067, 13, 383, 5949, 3694, 508, 5615, 287, 777, 1615, 1040, 290, 12269, 547, 11, 4361, 11, 262, 938, 7943, 30962, 284, 307, 8556, 416, 262, 9443, 286, 883, 484, 1444, 366, 12256, 12, 48418, 526, 770, 45237, 20973, 780, 262, 2330, 286, 43172, 16067, 5691, 39469, 351, 262, 6891, 3124, 286, 3942, 16067, 5691, 13, 198, 1722, 329, 262, 24843, 661, 11, 484, 3522, 284, 2405, 355, 366, 464, 4380, 526, 554, 511, 3303, 340, 318, 399, 2934, 11, 16293, 2039, 12, 67, 993, 11, 290, 15565, 257, 661, 900, 5475, 290, 9098, 284, 584, 14366, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 3442, 3869, 10484, 373, 625, 290, 18295, 2540, 284, 6034, 287, 262, 4318, 12269, 286, 7943, 11, 1573, 1392, 503, 546, 262, 37408, 40470, 8604, 290, 262, 20038, 286, 983, 4953, 284, 307, 21514, 416, 32205, 7084, 290, 18295, 11, 290, 883, 508, 1113, 3711, 606, 13, 4874, 777, 3399, 10282, 287, 7943, 484, 2540, 284, 2207, 28562, 319, 309, 5957, 24843, 8604, 13, 198, 50, 3087, 8116, 2627, 6994, 6670, 329, 5949, 3694, 290, 262, 2972, 41626, 2628, 11, 508, 18240, 24424, 329, 2057, 13, 770, 2727, 262, 761, 329, 257, 2422, 4931, 284, 1805, 262, 25371, 11, 290, 340, 373, 262, 3726, 286, 262, 886, 329, 262, 1468, 835, 286, 1204, 1871, 262, 309, 756, 418, 13, 198, 1722, 356, 2236, 766, 11, 2158, 11, 484, 389, 366, 464, 4380, 5338, 10928, 1892, 1355, 1482, 421, 1068, 526, 5334, 1621, 14071, 284, 307, 1297, 11, 290, 7522, 1813, 284, 511, 2106, 13, 198, 1722, 314, 2230, 284, 1234, 1978, 262, 7895, 290, 10092, 1621, 286, 777, 661, 508, 2107, 287, 262, 29542, 12946, 290, 4643, 2934, 5866, 6916, 11, 3884, 1276, 467, 284, 867, 508, 423, 4193, 502, 625, 262, 812, 13, 383, 2656, 2267, 286, 12246, 376, 6422, 11, 29737, 350, 13, 9398, 7220, 11, 14926, 19829, 78, 11, 4502, 311, 13, 42083, 290, 5658, 367, 2371, 389, 1871, 883, 284, 4150, 314, 716, 7744, 37816, 13, 4418, 262, 22415, 286, 262, 7943, 23121, 7023, 286, 36805, 11, 262, 911, 7063, 313, 4789, 9594, 5888, 287, 42555, 26, 262, 6401, 4643, 2934, 1812, 3250, 13257, 287, 5425, 4643, 2934, 26, 262, 1012, 500, 10074, 379, 8342, 7943, 2059, 11, 19762, 28120, 26, 262, 1623, 353, 10074, 286, 262, 8342, 7943, 9594, 11, 19762, 28120, 26, 383, 35805, 10074, 11, 6093, 50004, 11, 379, 7943, 1812, 2059, 11, 5825, 431, 26, 290, 262, 7943, 23121, 5693, 287, 326, 976, 4067, 26, 383, 2732, 286, 10074, 22275, 290, 5094, 13407, 379, 262, 1181, 1451, 11650, 287, 9643, 26, 383, 40131, 29426, 287, 2669, 290, 262, 2351, 22275, 290, 13407, 8694, 287, 2669, 11, 360, 13, 34, 13, 290, 287, 21003, 9613, 13732, 2731, 11, 3192, 13, 198, 818, 262, 350, 34907, 1989, 11, 10099, 21298, 18014, 750, 881, 625, 262, 812, 284, 6431, 1321, 546, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 290, 7715, 340, 422, 607, 1811, 35227, 6116, 13, 1375, 14071, 881, 3884, 329, 852, 262, 717, 1048, 284, 25735, 3551, 257, 2829, 2106, 286, 262, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 11, 290, 7715, 340, 287, 257, 12923, 2168, 287, 383, 30926, 692, 261, 35399, 13, 198, 40, 2911, 262, 9173, 481, 307, 7867, 290, 34964, 416, 428, 1621, 11, 290, 326, 1862, 309, 5957, 5949, 3694, 481, 307, 10085, 284, 12553, 262, 15012, 484, 423, 477, 475, 2626, 13, 1002, 314, 547, 257, 309, 5957, 24843, 290, 714, 2740, 287, 262, 11880, 286, 262, 18668, 11, 314, 714, 1365, 1560, 262, 16298, 23784, 11, 262, 8716, 11, 262, 6531, 11, 290, 262, 3246, 286, 511, 1621, 13, 2102, 11, 314, 716, 2635, 12, 48418, 11, 290, 314, 3551, 355, 2635, 12, 48418, 13, 1439, 314, 460, 466, 318, 1265, 26027, 422, 262, 661, 314, 423, 1282, 284, 9144, 523, 2612, 813, 13, 198, 10019, 1285, 25, 383, 309, 756, 418, 6, 1621, 286, 511, 33875, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

997

Discover the story of how Dale Larson saved 29 schoolchildren during a 1928 tornado in Thurston County, Nebraska. Imagine how the events of that tornado would have been different with the current advances in severe weather warning systems. Details » Witness the growth of plants and the return of animals to Mt. St. Helens following its massive eruption in 1980. Details » Find science, technology, engineering, and math resources for PreK-12 teachers and students. PBS Teachers Live! Webinars feature education technology experts and PBS producers sharing resources and strategies to help teachers use digital media to engage students in rich learning experiences. Recordings of all of our previous events are available on the archive page. Activity Packs are a growing library of theme-based widgets containing links to high-quality PBS resources and activities for multiple grade levels. If you like one, grab it! Learn how medical pioneers who researched antibiotics, genetics and organ transplants have contributed to better treatments and some cures. Investigate the many facets of the oceans, including marine and shore life, ecosystems, extreme weather, and early explorers.

[ 44596, 262, 1621, 286, 703, 20412, 42630, 7448, 2808, 1524, 17197, 1141, 257, 35768, 33718, 287, 36975, 3743, 3418, 11, 18329, 13, 18450, 703, 262, 2995, 286, 326, 33718, 561, 423, 587, 1180, 351, 262, 1459, 14901, 287, 6049, 6193, 6509, 3341, 13, 14890, 13355, 198, 38670, 262, 3349, 286, 6134, 290, 262, 1441, 286, 4695, 284, 18632, 13, 520, 13, 5053, 641, 1708, 663, 4858, 36176, 287, 7169, 13, 14890, 13355, 198, 16742, 3783, 11, 3037, 11, 8705, 11, 290, 10688, 4133, 329, 3771, 42, 12, 1065, 7799, 290, 2444, 13, 198, 47, 4462, 32426, 7547, 0, 5313, 259, 945, 3895, 3707, 3037, 6154, 290, 30051, 11408, 7373, 4133, 290, 10064, 284, 1037, 7799, 779, 4875, 2056, 284, 8209, 2444, 287, 5527, 4673, 6461, 13, 13266, 654, 286, 477, 286, 674, 2180, 2995, 389, 1695, 319, 262, 15424, 2443, 13, 198, 16516, 46780, 389, 257, 3957, 5888, 286, 7505, 12, 3106, 40803, 7268, 6117, 284, 1029, 12, 13237, 30051, 4133, 290, 4568, 329, 3294, 9559, 2974, 13, 1002, 345, 588, 530, 11, 5552, 340, 0, 198, 20238, 703, 3315, 40547, 508, 30066, 22392, 11, 25862, 290, 1618, 37100, 1187, 423, 8639, 284, 1365, 13820, 290, 617, 50019, 13, 198, 19070, 10055, 262, 867, 44497, 286, 262, 23744, 11, 1390, 16050, 290, 15191, 1204, 11, 30020, 11, 3257, 6193, 11, 290, 1903, 45531, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

225

This video details the dangers of rip currents and explains how to identify rip currents, as well as how to stay safe. Swimming in Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada is an ideal way to spend a summer day. But before heading into the water make sure that you and your family know how to break the grip of the rip. Rip currents are powerful, fast-moving seaward currents that can pull even the strongest swimmers out to sea. Be safe. Know how to swim, never swim alone and, when in doubt, don’t go out. If you become caught in a rip current, don’t fight the current; swim out of the current, then to shore. If you can’t escape, float or tread water. If you need help, call or wave for assistance.

[ 1212, 2008, 3307, 262, 16169, 286, 18344, 28629, 290, 6688, 703, 284, 5911, 18344, 28629, 11, 355, 880, 355, 703, 284, 2652, 3338, 13, 2451, 27428, 287, 9005, 10443, 5451, 2351, 3250, 286, 3340, 318, 281, 7306, 835, 284, 4341, 257, 3931, 1110, 13, 887, 878, 9087, 656, 262, 1660, 787, 1654, 326, 345, 290, 534, 1641, 760, 703, 284, 2270, 262, 11762, 286, 262, 18344, 13, 198, 49, 541, 28629, 389, 3665, 11, 3049, 12, 31462, 32085, 446, 28629, 326, 460, 2834, 772, 262, 12841, 1509, 36904, 503, 284, 5417, 13, 1355, 3338, 13, 9365, 703, 284, 9422, 11, 1239, 9422, 3436, 290, 11, 618, 287, 4719, 11, 836, 447, 247, 83, 467, 503, 13, 1002, 345, 1716, 4978, 287, 257, 18344, 1459, 11, 836, 447, 247, 83, 1907, 262, 1459, 26, 9422, 503, 286, 262, 1459, 11, 788, 284, 15191, 13, 1002, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 6654, 11, 12178, 393, 23153, 1660, 13, 1002, 345, 761, 1037, 11, 869, 393, 6769, 329, 6829, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

168

Overview - TOUCH2 LEARN TEXTURE CARDS Touch2 Learn Texture Cards are an excellent learning tool that contains five sets of cards (45 cards), each with its own texture and theme. Each set has cards for the numerals 1-9 and is designed to help you teach number recognition, numeral/quantity association, counting and vocabulary. The back of the cards show the numeral with TouchPoints and Touching/Counting Patterns. Perfect for tactile/kinesthetic learning. • Forest Animals • Sea Life For Pre-K, K, RTI and Special Education.

[ 29064, 532, 309, 2606, 3398, 17, 12509, 1503, 45, 40383, 11335, 17368, 5258, 198, 35211, 17, 14365, 44409, 15824, 389, 281, 6275, 4673, 2891, 326, 4909, 1936, 5621, 286, 4116, 357, 2231, 4116, 828, 1123, 351, 663, 898, 11743, 290, 7505, 13, 5501, 900, 468, 4116, 329, 262, 5470, 874, 352, 12, 24, 290, 318, 3562, 284, 1037, 345, 4545, 1271, 9465, 11, 997, 1691, 14, 40972, 414, 8112, 11, 14143, 290, 25818, 13, 383, 736, 286, 262, 4116, 905, 262, 997, 1691, 351, 15957, 40710, 290, 15957, 278, 14, 12332, 278, 47020, 13, 16374, 329, 48896, 14, 5116, 37531, 4673, 13, 198, 3581, 9115, 25390, 198, 3581, 6896, 5155, 198, 1890, 3771, 12, 42, 11, 509, 11, 11923, 40, 290, 6093, 7868, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

125

Hematemesis (Vomiting Blood) in Dogs By: Dr. Bari Spielman Read By: Pet Lovers Coagulopathies or bleeding disorders should be considered, especially if there is evidence of bleeding from other body sites as well. There are many different types of clotting disorders that can cause hematemesis. Hematemesis is the presence of flakes, streaks or clots of fresh blood in the vomitus, or the presence of digested blood in the vomitus. Digested blood is often described as looking like coffee grounds. Hematemesis may be the only clinical sign, or it may be accompanied by other clinical signs. It is sometimes difficult for the pet owner to distinguish between true hematemesis, which involves bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract, from secondary hematemesis, which involves the vomiting of swallowed blood. Sneezing or coughing blood, and/or blood dripping from the mouth are signs of bleeding that may be swallowed into the stomach, and then secondarily vomited. A careful history and thorough physical examination will help distinguish between them. True hematemesis usually indicates a serious underlying disease, and generally warrants hospitalization, extensive diagnostic testing, and supportive care. It is best to determine the underlying cause, and treat the specific problem, rather than attempting only symptomatic therapy. There are many potential causes for hematemesis. The most common causes are usually diseases or disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, although in some cases, clotting disorders (coagulopathies) may result in bleeding even though the gastrointestinal tract is essentially healthy. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a syndrome seen in dogs whose cause is unknown. The dog usually experiences acute bloody diarrhea, although vomiting and/or hematemesis is may be seen as well. Gastrointestinal ulcerations or erosions are one of the more common causes of hematemesis. These ulcers can occur with many different disorders, such as: The overproduction of stomach acid from stress and certain tumors Infiltrative diseases of the wall of the stomach or upper intestines, such as inflammatory bowel disease Chronic inflammation of the esophagus, especially with regurgitation of acidic stomach contents Chronic inflammation of the stomach, especially from bacteria such as Helicobacter Metabolic diseases, such as kidney failure, chronic liver disease and hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) Administration of drugs that affect the lining of the stomach, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and corticosteroids Gastrointestinal foreign bodies or tumors, especially of the esophagus, stomach, upper small intestine Perioperative hemorrhage (bleeding associated with surgical procedures) as in cases of gastrotomy (cutting into the stomach), gastrostomy (creating an opening in the stomach), or repair of a gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat/torsion) Heavy metal intoxication with arsenic, lead and zinc (uncommon causes of hematemesis) Following anaphylaxis (a severe life-threatening allergic reaction) or septic shock (shock due to an overwhelming bacterial infection)

[ 39, 368, 23900, 9339, 357, 53, 296, 1780, 7235, 8, 287, 21367, 198, 3886, 25, 1583, 13, 2409, 72, 34841, 805, 198, 5569, 2750, 25, 4767, 6706, 690, 198, 7222, 363, 377, 18569, 444, 393, 16832, 11916, 815, 307, 3177, 11, 2592, 611, 612, 318, 2370, 286, 16832, 422, 584, 1767, 5043, 355, 880, 13, 1318, 389, 867, 1180, 3858, 286, 5148, 889, 11916, 326, 460, 2728, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 13, 198, 39, 368, 23900, 9339, 318, 262, 4931, 286, 42330, 11, 48356, 393, 537, 1747, 286, 4713, 2910, 287, 262, 20918, 17506, 11, 393, 262, 4931, 286, 3100, 7287, 2910, 287, 262, 20918, 17506, 13, 7367, 7287, 2910, 318, 1690, 3417, 355, 2045, 588, 6891, 9384, 13, 15617, 23900, 9339, 743, 307, 262, 691, 8668, 1051, 11, 393, 340, 743, 307, 11791, 416, 584, 8668, 5895, 13, 632, 318, 3360, 2408, 329, 262, 4273, 4870, 284, 15714, 1022, 2081, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 11, 543, 9018, 16832, 1626, 262, 40887, 14998, 11, 422, 9233, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 11, 543, 9018, 262, 30874, 286, 27961, 2910, 13, 27065, 8471, 278, 393, 48308, 2910, 11, 290, 14, 273, 2910, 37472, 422, 262, 5422, 389, 5895, 286, 16832, 326, 743, 307, 27961, 656, 262, 11384, 11, 290, 788, 1218, 3093, 20918, 863, 13, 317, 8161, 2106, 290, 9321, 3518, 12452, 481, 1037, 15714, 1022, 606, 13, 198, 17821, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 3221, 9217, 257, 2726, 10238, 4369, 11, 290, 4143, 23070, 4436, 1634, 11, 7667, 23584, 4856, 11, 290, 16443, 1337, 13, 632, 318, 1266, 284, 5004, 262, 10238, 2728, 11, 290, 2190, 262, 2176, 1917, 11, 2138, 621, 9361, 691, 6585, 13730, 9102, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 2785, 5640, 329, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 13, 383, 749, 2219, 5640, 389, 3221, 10040, 393, 11916, 286, 262, 6727, 40887, 14998, 11, 3584, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 5148, 889, 11916, 357, 1073, 363, 377, 18569, 444, 8, 743, 1255, 287, 16832, 772, 996, 262, 40887, 14998, 318, 6986, 5448, 13, 198, 39, 368, 273, 17179, 9083, 33131, 9255, 11815, 357, 39, 8264, 8, 318, 257, 14027, 1775, 287, 6844, 3025, 2728, 318, 6439, 13, 383, 3290, 3221, 6461, 14352, 15222, 36004, 11, 3584, 30874, 290, 14, 273, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 318, 743, 307, 1775, 355, 880, 13, 198, 38, 459, 305, 36387, 14856, 2189, 602, 393, 1931, 418, 507, 389, 530, 286, 262, 517, 2219, 5640, 286, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 13, 2312, 14856, 7999, 460, 3051, 351, 867, 1180, 11916, 11, 884, 355, 25, 198, 464, 625, 25493, 286, 11384, 7408, 422, 5503, 290, 1728, 31155, 198, 818, 10379, 2213, 876, 10040, 286, 262, 3355, 286, 262, 11384, 393, 6727, 20183, 1127, 11, 884, 355, 23760, 35711, 4369, 198, 1925, 4565, 20881, 286, 262, 1658, 2522, 31111, 11, 2592, 351, 842, 3686, 3780, 286, 42987, 11384, 10154, 198, 1925, 4565, 20881, 286, 262, 11384, 11, 2592, 422, 11492, 884, 355, 48574, 672, 7321, 198, 9171, 29304, 10040, 11, 884, 355, 21919, 5287, 11, 10726, 14383, 4369, 290, 5328, 1170, 918, 420, 419, 11965, 357, 4550, 1653, 338, 4369, 8, 198, 41862, 1358, 286, 5010, 326, 2689, 262, 20883, 286, 262, 11384, 11, 1390, 1729, 1706, 47502, 3098, 12, 32272, 6554, 290, 12794, 291, 6197, 10994, 198, 38, 459, 305, 36387, 3215, 5920, 393, 31155, 11, 2592, 286, 262, 1658, 2522, 31111, 11, 11384, 11, 6727, 1402, 45426, 198, 5990, 72, 27173, 42203, 496, 357, 903, 8228, 3917, 351, 21998, 9021, 8, 355, 287, 2663, 286, 21956, 10599, 9145, 357, 29753, 656, 262, 11384, 828, 21956, 23341, 9145, 357, 20123, 278, 281, 4756, 287, 262, 11384, 828, 393, 9185, 286, 257, 21956, 1173, 11844, 265, 341, 2322, 85, 23515, 357, 2436, 15073, 14, 83, 669, 295, 8, 198, 33210, 6147, 44624, 351, 48884, 11, 1085, 290, 31861, 357, 403, 11321, 5640, 286, 339, 6759, 368, 9339, 8, 198, 14291, 281, 6570, 2645, 22704, 357, 64, 6049, 1204, 12, 26159, 31856, 6317, 8, 393, 384, 17459, 6380, 357, 39563, 2233, 284, 281, 9721, 23462, 10280, 8, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

668

Separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the Upper Peninsula (or simply, the “U.P.”) is characterized by dense forests and rugged lakeshores. Bordered by Northern Wisconsin, Southern Ontario, and three of the Great Lakes, the Upper Peninsula makes up almost one-third of Michigan’s land mass. Steep highlands in the western portion of the peninsula give way to flatter lands of the Great Lakes Plain in the east. Marquette is the largest city on the Upper Peninsula, and is a major port on Lake Superior for shipping center for iron ore. The city is also home to Northern Michigan University. Sault Ste. Marie is Michigan’s oldest city, and is separated by its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario by the waters of the St. Mary’s River. The Soo Locks, which allow ships to pass between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes, are located here. Economy and Industry Whereas mining was once the predominant industry in the Upper Peninsula, tourism drives the economy of the region today. The unique geography and remote beauty of the U.P. bring in thousands of visitors from the Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin every year. With huge stretches of land and low population densities, the peninsula is a prime spot for camping, hiking, fishing, boating, snowmobiling and hunting. Logging also remains a key business for the U.P. as well. Sometimes referred to as “The Mitten” or “The Hand” because of its shape, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan is generally flat and comprises two-thirds of Michigan’s land mass. The Lower Peninsula is often divided into the sub regions of Northern Michigan, West Michigan, Mid-Michigan, Southeast Michigan and the Flint/Tri Cities area (also known as “the Thumb”). The peninsula is marked by many lakes, marshes and inland rivers. Detroit is the largest city in Michigan and is famous as both the Motor City and Motown. Detroit is also the only U.S. city that bordered by a Canadian city on the South. Grand Rapids is the second largest city in Michigan and the primary urban center in the Western half of the state. The city has long been a major manufacturing center. Lansing is Michigan's capital city and is home to Michigan State University. The area is an important center for government, educational and research institutions. Best known as the home of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor is a known for high tech industry and a vibrant arts and entertainment scene. Dearborn the hometown of Henry Ford and is the location of the Ford Motor company’s headquarters. Known as the nation’s center for the automobile industry, Michigan is also a leader in information technology, business and manufacturing. Mining remains important in the state, in particular limestone, salt, and iron ore. The vast majority of Michigan’s farmlands can be found in the Lower Peninsula. Among the most important crops in the state are corn, soybeans, wheat and sugarbeets. The state’s lakes and waterways provide ample opportunity for fishing and boating, and in the summer thousands flock to beaches and lake front resorts. Outdoor enthusiasts enjoy 99 state parks and thousands of miles of hiking and bike trails. Hunting is a major pastime in Michigan, and peninsulas offer excellent opportunities to hunt big game, small game, waterfowl and upland game birds. Michigan is also a fantastic place for golfers, with over 900 golf courses (more than any other state) long summer hours and a persistent autumn season. All of the major professional sports leagues have a team that call Michigan home, and heated college rivalries keep sports fans entertained all year long. Each winter Michigan transforms into a snow covered landscape ideal for winter sports. Michigan boasts some the Midwest’s best downhill skiing and snowboarding resorts, miles of cross-country and snowmobile trails and even the U.S. National Ski & Snowboard Hall of Fame and Museum. All told, some 840 runs, and 40 terrain parks can be found within Michigan’s peninsulas. Michigan also boasts world-class educational institutions, outstanding museums and extensive public libraries throughout the state. There are at least 7 symphony orchestras in the state, and many cities host individual concert seasons. Over 45 wineries can be found in Michigan, located in some of the most beautiful areas of the state.

[ 19117, 283, 515, 422, 262, 16048, 24078, 416, 262, 15195, 896, 286, 16640, 259, 330, 11, 262, 20390, 24078, 357, 273, 2391, 11, 262, 564, 250, 52, 13, 47, 13, 447, 251, 8, 318, 16264, 416, 15715, 17039, 290, 30957, 24768, 71, 2850, 13, 347, 24071, 416, 8342, 9279, 11, 8050, 10553, 11, 290, 1115, 286, 262, 3878, 24153, 11, 262, 20390, 24078, 1838, 510, 2048, 530, 12, 17089, 286, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 1956, 2347, 13, 2441, 538, 1029, 4447, 287, 262, 8830, 6903, 286, 262, 28080, 1577, 835, 284, 781, 1436, 8604, 286, 262, 3878, 24153, 28847, 287, 262, 7627, 13, 198, 7676, 421, 5857, 318, 262, 4387, 1748, 319, 262, 20390, 24078, 11, 290, 318, 257, 1688, 2493, 319, 6233, 22953, 329, 8440, 3641, 329, 6953, 23751, 13, 383, 1748, 318, 635, 1363, 284, 8342, 7055, 2059, 13, 311, 1721, 2441, 13, 20492, 318, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 13325, 1748, 11, 290, 318, 11266, 416, 663, 15203, 1748, 286, 311, 1721, 2441, 13, 20492, 11, 10553, 416, 262, 10150, 286, 262, 520, 13, 5335, 447, 247, 82, 5866, 13, 383, 1406, 78, 406, 3320, 11, 543, 1249, 7937, 284, 1208, 1022, 6233, 22953, 290, 262, 2793, 3878, 24153, 11, 389, 5140, 994, 13, 198, 28489, 88, 290, 17420, 198, 48494, 9691, 373, 1752, 262, 45718, 2831, 287, 262, 20390, 24078, 11, 19277, 10182, 262, 3773, 286, 262, 3814, 1909, 13, 383, 3748, 27876, 290, 6569, 8737, 286, 262, 471, 13, 47, 13, 2222, 287, 4138, 286, 9692, 422, 262, 16048, 24078, 290, 9279, 790, 614, 13, 2080, 3236, 23687, 286, 1956, 290, 1877, 3265, 29509, 871, 11, 262, 28080, 318, 257, 6994, 4136, 329, 22498, 11, 24522, 11, 12478, 11, 1489, 803, 11, 6729, 39949, 4386, 290, 10988, 13, 5972, 2667, 635, 3793, 257, 1994, 1597, 329, 262, 471, 13, 47, 13, 355, 880, 13, 198, 15468, 6412, 284, 355, 564, 250, 464, 337, 2621, 447, 251, 393, 564, 250, 464, 7157, 447, 251, 780, 286, 663, 5485, 11, 262, 16048, 24078, 286, 7055, 318, 4143, 6228, 290, 28800, 734, 12, 17936, 286, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 1956, 2347, 13, 383, 16048, 24078, 318, 1690, 9086, 656, 262, 850, 7652, 286, 8342, 7055, 11, 2688, 7055, 11, 7215, 12, 40610, 11, 21199, 7055, 290, 262, 21660, 14, 14824, 20830, 1989, 357, 14508, 1900, 355, 564, 250, 1169, 536, 2178, 447, 251, 737, 383, 28080, 318, 7498, 416, 867, 24768, 11, 48962, 956, 290, 37874, 18180, 13, 198, 40404, 318, 262, 4387, 1748, 287, 7055, 290, 318, 5863, 355, 1111, 262, 12533, 2254, 290, 6543, 593, 13, 8488, 318, 635, 262, 691, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1748, 326, 275, 24071, 416, 257, 5398, 1748, 319, 262, 2520, 13, 5675, 27466, 318, 262, 1218, 4387, 1748, 287, 7055, 290, 262, 4165, 7876, 3641, 287, 262, 4885, 2063, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 383, 1748, 468, 890, 587, 257, 1688, 9138, 3641, 13, 49860, 318, 7055, 338, 3139, 1748, 290, 318, 1363, 284, 7055, 1812, 2059, 13, 383, 1989, 318, 281, 1593, 3641, 329, 1230, 11, 9856, 290, 2267, 6712, 13, 6705, 1900, 355, 262, 1363, 286, 262, 2059, 286, 7055, 11, 5506, 30455, 318, 257, 1900, 329, 1029, 7261, 2831, 290, 257, 21266, 10848, 290, 9739, 3715, 13, 23420, 6286, 262, 20994, 286, 8616, 8092, 290, 318, 262, 4067, 286, 262, 8092, 12533, 1664, 447, 247, 82, 10043, 13, 198, 29870, 355, 262, 3277, 447, 247, 82, 3641, 329, 262, 27930, 2831, 11, 7055, 318, 635, 257, 3554, 287, 1321, 3037, 11, 1597, 290, 9138, 13, 29269, 3793, 1593, 287, 262, 1181, 11, 287, 1948, 48520, 11, 8268, 11, 290, 6953, 23751, 13, 383, 5909, 3741, 286, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 5318, 4447, 460, 307, 1043, 287, 262, 16048, 24078, 13, 9754, 262, 749, 1593, 14450, 287, 262, 1181, 389, 11676, 11, 17797, 44749, 11, 17135, 290, 7543, 1350, 1039, 13, 198, 464, 1181, 447, 247, 82, 24768, 290, 47518, 2148, 23933, 3663, 329, 12478, 290, 1489, 803, 11, 290, 287, 262, 3931, 4138, 29556, 284, 25585, 290, 13546, 2166, 43017, 13, 43047, 23099, 2883, 7388, 1181, 14860, 290, 4138, 286, 4608, 286, 24522, 290, 7161, 19196, 13, 22059, 318, 257, 1688, 1613, 524, 287, 7055, 11, 290, 3112, 1040, 25283, 2897, 6275, 6443, 284, 12601, 1263, 983, 11, 1402, 983, 11, 1660, 69, 4883, 290, 28996, 392, 983, 10087, 13, 7055, 318, 635, 257, 9623, 1295, 329, 13126, 364, 11, 351, 625, 15897, 13126, 10902, 357, 3549, 621, 597, 584, 1181, 8, 890, 3931, 2250, 290, 257, 16218, 23608, 1622, 13, 1439, 286, 262, 1688, 4708, 5701, 16861, 423, 257, 1074, 326, 869, 7055, 1363, 11, 290, 16968, 4152, 8976, 1678, 1394, 5701, 3296, 34988, 477, 614, 890, 13, 198, 10871, 7374, 7055, 31408, 656, 257, 6729, 5017, 10747, 7306, 329, 7374, 5701, 13, 7055, 22103, 617, 262, 25701, 447, 247, 82, 1266, 35390, 41348, 290, 6729, 27794, 43017, 11, 4608, 286, 3272, 12, 19315, 290, 6729, 24896, 19196, 290, 772, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2351, 38809, 1222, 7967, 3526, 4789, 286, 18864, 290, 9594, 13, 1439, 1297, 11, 617, 48777, 4539, 11, 290, 2319, 15510, 14860, 460, 307, 1043, 1626, 7055, 447, 247, 82, 3112, 1040, 25283, 13, 198, 40610, 635, 22103, 995, 12, 4871, 9856, 6712, 11, 11660, 30794, 290, 7667, 1171, 12782, 3690, 262, 1181, 13, 1318, 389, 379, 1551, 767, 5659, 23021, 28127, 292, 287, 262, 1181, 11, 290, 867, 4736, 2583, 1981, 10010, 7028, 13, 3827, 4153, 1592, 10640, 460, 307, 1043, 287, 7055, 11, 5140, 287, 617, 286, 262, 749, 4950, 3006, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

925

Redistricting 2010: Reforming the Process of Distributing Political Power Publication Date: February 2009 Publisher(s): Public Affairs Research Council of Louisiana, inc. Author(s): Ann Williamson-Heath Keywords: Apportionment; Redistricting The U.S. Constitution requires that a national population census be taken every 10 years to determine how many congressional representatives each state should have. Thereafter, census data are reported to the U.S. President and individual states as required by federal law. Those data provide the basis for drawing congressional and state legislative district maps. The next reapportionment and redistricting cycle will be significant for Louisiana. Since the last census count in 2000, Louisiana has lost a significant amount of its populace to other states. Further, residents who have remained in Louisiana have moved away from the once densely populated New Orleans area toward other parts of the state. The state's inability to maintain population or grow as fast as its peers in the new millennium, combined with the devastating storms of 2005, has all but ensured the loss of one congressional seat in 2010 and the transfer of some state legislative power from the New Orleans area to faster growing parishes. Drawing district lines in 2010 will be politically charged; because of population changes, protecting minority districts and balancing political power will be bigger issues than they have been in the past. Along with 15 other states, Louisiana's district maps must be pre-approved by the U.S. Department of Justice or federal courts before taking effect. The state's history of voting inequities for minorities creates an air of mistrust in government and the state's redistricting process. Completely eliminating political influence or potential abuse of power from the process is not likely. However, Louisiana can transform its redistricting model into one that will have less potential for conflict of interest, be more transparent and accountable to the public, and place greater controls on those who have the power to move district lines. Reapportionment is the redistribution of congressional representatives among the states based on each decennial census, while redistricting is the redrawing of the states' congressional and legislative district maps to reflect population changes. At the federal level, each state is guaranteed two U.S. Senate seats and one U.S. House seat. The remaining 385 House seats are reapportioned every 10 years based on each state's population in proportion to the nation overall. Like 27 other states, Louisiana relies solely on its state legislators for congressional and legislative redistricting and gives them great power over the process, which is loosely defined by state House and Senate rules. In Louisiana, district lines for members of the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE), Public Service Commission (PSC) and state Supreme Court also are determined by the Legislature. Yet few legislative practices offer greater potential for conflict of interest or less accountability to the people than redistricting. The U.S. Supreme Court has said that even the most fundamental rights are illusory if the right to vote is compromised. As such, government works to ensure that all persons are afforded an equal opportunity to vote and participate in government. For the election process to be genuine it must be competitive, where any person has the chance to run for office and be elected. It is easy to overlook or misunderstand the impact that redistricting can have on electoral competition. However, decisions made during the mapping process can shape citizen representation and political control far into the future. Although modern redistricting has been made more objective through the use of consultants and redistricting software, bodies responsible for redistricting still have great power to affect the types of people who can be elected by crafting districts that favor some more than others. It is imperative that redistricting be entrusted to those who are not directly affected by its outcomes and that the process be well controlled to limit the freedom that line drawers are given. Certain redistricting models are better than others in terms of independence from political manipulation. In an effort to depoliticize the process, one state entrusts redistricting to nonpartisan legislative staff, 13 states give primary responsibility to appointed boards or commissions and eight states use commissions in an advisory or backup role. Nationwide, there is a growing interest in removing legislatures from the redistricting process. Since 2005, 18 of the 28 states that use only their legislatures for redistricting have tried to create independent redistricting commissions or to expand the duties of existing state commissions (used for other purposes) to include the task of redistricting. Redistricting commissions are not necessarily more or less effective than legislatures in terms of avoiding litigation. Creating maps that no group will challenge is unlikely. Regardless of who participates in the line drawing process, litigation can take several years to resolve and redistricting bodies may spend as much time justifying their plans as they did creating them. However, given Louisiana's past treatment of minorities, current population shifts and recent battles over ethics reform, redistricting stakes will be higher this time. The state should seize this opportunity to upgrade its business-as-usual approach to drawing district lines. Entrusting redistricting to an independent body that will not benefit directly from the lines drawn clearly is a better option in terms of enhancing citizen confidence and building a legacy of public trust. Further, implementing a more definitive, tightly controlled and transparent process can significantly increase the chance for the state's plans to survive future legal scrutiny. This report offers an overview of redistricting processes nationwide and recommends the following improvements to Louisiana's redistricting method: Recommendation 1: Assign the task of congressional and legislative redistricting to an independent commission, whose powers, duties and redistricting principles are firmly established in law. Recommendation 2: Require all commission meetings, documents, communications and work product to be subject to Louisiana's open meetings and public records laws, as well as posted and archived on the commission's Web site. Recommendation 3: Begin the assignment of redistricting power immediately to ensure a ready and able commission for the next redistricting cycle.

[ 7738, 396, 42870, 3050, 25, 797, 15464, 262, 10854, 286, 46567, 278, 14611, 4333, 198, 15202, 341, 7536, 25, 3945, 3717, 198, 46471, 7, 82, 2599, 5094, 10665, 4992, 4281, 286, 13340, 11, 753, 13, 198, 13838, 7, 82, 2599, 5506, 34974, 12, 1544, 776, 198, 9218, 10879, 25, 2034, 5817, 434, 26, 2297, 396, 42870, 198, 464, 471, 13, 50, 13, 7965, 4433, 326, 257, 2260, 3265, 21649, 307, 2077, 790, 838, 812, 284, 5004, 703, 867, 11702, 10826, 1123, 1181, 815, 423, 13, 198, 1858, 8499, 11, 21649, 1366, 389, 2098, 284, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 1992, 290, 1981, 2585, 355, 2672, 416, 2717, 1099, 13, 5845, 1366, 2148, 262, 4308, 329, 8263, 11702, 290, 1181, 10828, 4783, 8739, 13, 198, 464, 1306, 24578, 5817, 434, 290, 17678, 42870, 6772, 481, 307, 2383, 329, 13340, 13, 4619, 262, 938, 21649, 954, 287, 4751, 11, 13340, 468, 2626, 257, 2383, 2033, 286, 663, 39003, 284, 584, 2585, 13, 7735, 11, 5085, 508, 423, 6150, 287, 13340, 423, 3888, 1497, 422, 262, 1752, 42255, 22331, 968, 12255, 1989, 3812, 584, 3354, 286, 262, 1181, 13, 383, 1181, 338, 16612, 284, 5529, 3265, 393, 1663, 355, 3049, 355, 663, 14495, 287, 262, 649, 39210, 11, 5929, 351, 262, 14101, 20228, 286, 5075, 11, 468, 477, 475, 30169, 262, 2994, 286, 530, 11702, 5852, 287, 3050, 290, 262, 4351, 286, 617, 1181, 10828, 1176, 422, 262, 968, 12255, 1989, 284, 5443, 3957, 1582, 5614, 13, 198, 25302, 278, 4783, 3951, 287, 3050, 481, 307, 11889, 5047, 26, 780, 286, 3265, 2458, 11, 10192, 9137, 12815, 290, 22486, 1964, 1176, 481, 307, 5749, 2428, 621, 484, 423, 587, 287, 262, 1613, 13, 198, 24035, 351, 1315, 584, 2585, 11, 13340, 338, 4783, 8739, 1276, 307, 662, 12, 29137, 416, 262, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2732, 286, 4796, 393, 2717, 8028, 878, 2263, 1245, 13, 383, 1181, 338, 2106, 286, 6709, 11082, 871, 329, 15557, 8075, 281, 1633, 286, 48611, 287, 1230, 290, 262, 1181, 338, 17678, 42870, 1429, 13, 198, 20988, 306, 18591, 1964, 4588, 393, 2785, 5076, 286, 1176, 422, 262, 1429, 318, 407, 1884, 13, 2102, 11, 13340, 460, 6121, 663, 17678, 42870, 2746, 656, 530, 326, 481, 423, 1342, 2785, 329, 5358, 286, 1393, 11, 307, 517, 13245, 290, 16689, 284, 262, 1171, 11, 290, 1295, 3744, 6973, 319, 883, 508, 423, 262, 1176, 284, 1445, 4783, 3951, 13, 198, 3041, 1324, 5817, 434, 318, 262, 41425, 286, 11702, 10826, 1871, 262, 2585, 1912, 319, 1123, 875, 27779, 21649, 11, 981, 17678, 42870, 318, 262, 2266, 1831, 278, 286, 262, 2585, 6, 11702, 290, 10828, 4783, 8739, 284, 4079, 3265, 2458, 13, 1629, 262, 2717, 1241, 11, 1123, 1181, 318, 11462, 734, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3845, 8632, 290, 530, 471, 13, 50, 13, 2097, 5852, 13, 383, 5637, 44826, 2097, 8632, 389, 24578, 5817, 276, 790, 838, 812, 1912, 319, 1123, 1181, 338, 3265, 287, 9823, 284, 262, 3277, 4045, 13, 198, 7594, 2681, 584, 2585, 11, 13340, 16507, 9944, 319, 663, 1181, 19964, 329, 11702, 290, 10828, 17678, 42870, 290, 3607, 606, 1049, 1176, 625, 262, 1429, 11, 543, 318, 28845, 5447, 416, 1181, 2097, 290, 3845, 3173, 13, 554, 13340, 11, 4783, 3951, 329, 1866, 286, 262, 5926, 286, 25335, 290, 29521, 7868, 357, 33, 33635, 828, 5094, 4809, 4513, 357, 3705, 34, 8, 290, 1181, 5617, 3078, 635, 389, 5295, 416, 262, 20815, 13, 6430, 1178, 10828, 6593, 2897, 3744, 2785, 329, 5358, 286, 1393, 393, 1342, 18241, 284, 262, 661, 621, 17678, 42870, 13, 198, 464, 471, 13, 50, 13, 5617, 3078, 468, 531, 326, 772, 262, 749, 7531, 2489, 389, 2801, 385, 652, 611, 262, 826, 284, 3015, 318, 19066, 13, 1081, 884, 11, 1230, 2499, 284, 4155, 326, 477, 6506, 389, 28109, 281, 4961, 3663, 284, 3015, 290, 8277, 287, 1230, 13, 1114, 262, 3071, 1429, 284, 307, 8768, 340, 1276, 307, 7606, 11, 810, 597, 1048, 468, 262, 2863, 284, 1057, 329, 2607, 290, 307, 7018, 13, 632, 318, 2562, 284, 15677, 393, 39653, 262, 2928, 326, 17678, 42870, 460, 423, 319, 13901, 5449, 13, 2102, 11, 5370, 925, 1141, 262, 16855, 1429, 460, 5485, 9511, 10552, 290, 1964, 1630, 1290, 656, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 7003, 3660, 17678, 42870, 468, 587, 925, 517, 9432, 832, 262, 779, 286, 29597, 290, 17678, 42870, 3788, 11, 5920, 4497, 329, 17678, 42870, 991, 423, 1049, 1176, 284, 2689, 262, 3858, 286, 661, 508, 460, 307, 7018, 416, 21671, 12815, 326, 2661, 617, 517, 621, 1854, 13, 632, 318, 23602, 326, 17678, 42870, 307, 37984, 284, 883, 508, 389, 407, 3264, 5676, 416, 663, 10906, 290, 326, 262, 1429, 307, 880, 6856, 284, 4179, 262, 4925, 326, 1627, 3197, 364, 389, 1813, 13, 198, 26469, 17678, 42870, 4981, 389, 1365, 621, 1854, 287, 2846, 286, 10404, 422, 1964, 17512, 13, 554, 281, 3626, 284, 1207, 6212, 291, 1096, 262, 1429, 11, 530, 1181, 920, 11469, 82, 17678, 42870, 284, 42157, 10828, 3085, 11, 1511, 2585, 1577, 4165, 5798, 284, 9899, 11490, 393, 30421, 290, 3624, 2585, 779, 30421, 287, 281, 20852, 393, 11559, 2597, 13, 198, 46108, 4421, 11, 612, 318, 257, 3957, 1393, 287, 10829, 38081, 422, 262, 17678, 42870, 1429, 13, 4619, 5075, 11, 1248, 286, 262, 2579, 2585, 326, 779, 691, 511, 38081, 329, 17678, 42870, 423, 3088, 284, 2251, 4795, 17678, 42870, 30421, 393, 284, 4292, 262, 10741, 286, 4683, 1181, 30421, 357, 1484, 329, 584, 4959, 8, 284, 2291, 262, 4876, 286, 17678, 42870, 13, 198, 7738, 396, 42870, 30421, 389, 407, 6646, 517, 393, 1342, 4050, 621, 38081, 287, 2846, 286, 14928, 19284, 13, 30481, 8739, 326, 645, 1448, 481, 4427, 318, 7485, 13, 22250, 286, 508, 49567, 287, 262, 1627, 8263, 1429, 11, 19284, 460, 1011, 1811, 812, 284, 10568, 290, 17678, 42870, 5920, 743, 4341, 355, 881, 640, 46235, 511, 3352, 355, 484, 750, 4441, 606, 13, 2102, 11, 1813, 13340, 338, 1613, 3513, 286, 15557, 11, 1459, 3265, 15381, 290, 2274, 10181, 625, 14458, 4975, 11, 17678, 42870, 21147, 481, 307, 2440, 428, 640, 13, 198, 464, 1181, 815, 21031, 428, 3663, 284, 8515, 663, 1597, 12, 292, 12, 37850, 3164, 284, 8263, 4783, 3951, 13, 7232, 11469, 278, 17678, 42870, 284, 281, 4795, 1767, 326, 481, 407, 4414, 3264, 422, 262, 3951, 7428, 4084, 318, 257, 1365, 3038, 287, 2846, 286, 27496, 9511, 6628, 290, 2615, 257, 10655, 286, 1171, 3774, 13, 7735, 11, 15427, 257, 517, 17347, 11, 17707, 6856, 290, 13245, 1429, 460, 5566, 2620, 262, 2863, 329, 262, 1181, 338, 3352, 284, 7866, 2003, 2742, 14521, 13, 198, 1212, 989, 4394, 281, 16700, 286, 17678, 42870, 7767, 13673, 290, 20829, 262, 1708, 8561, 284, 13340, 338, 17678, 42870, 2446, 25, 198, 41248, 341, 352, 25, 2195, 570, 262, 4876, 286, 11702, 290, 10828, 17678, 42870, 284, 281, 4795, 5810, 11, 3025, 5635, 11, 10741, 290, 17678, 42870, 7811, 389, 14245, 4920, 287, 1099, 13, 198, 41248, 341, 362, 25, 9394, 557, 477, 5810, 8292, 11, 4963, 11, 8062, 290, 670, 1720, 284, 307, 2426, 284, 13340, 338, 1280, 8292, 290, 1171, 4406, 3657, 11, 355, 880, 355, 4481, 290, 33962, 319, 262, 5810, 338, 5313, 2524, 13, 198, 41248, 341, 513, 25, 16623, 262, 16237, 286, 17678, 42870, 1176, 3393, 284, 4155, 257, 3492, 290, 1498, 5810, 329, 262, 1306, 17678, 42870, 6772, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,224

During the next two weeks, you can help build a map of global light pollution, assisting scientists and astronomers as they monitor the loss of virgin night skies. You just have to look at the stars and write down what you see — or, more likely, what you don’t see. Imagine if every time you needed to officially identify yourself you had to be sedated and knocked out cold. This might sound only slightly less stressful than checking through security at the airport, but for animals being tracked by wildlife authorities and researchers it’s a regularity that is not only stressful, but potentially harmful. Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.

[ 7191, 262, 1306, 734, 2745, 11, 345, 460, 1037, 1382, 257, 3975, 286, 3298, 1657, 12231, 11, 26508, 5519, 290, 33162, 355, 484, 5671, 262, 2994, 286, 21772, 1755, 24091, 13, 921, 655, 423, 284, 804, 379, 262, 5788, 290, 3551, 866, 644, 345, 766, 851, 393, 11, 517, 1884, 11, 644, 345, 836, 447, 247, 83, 766, 13, 198, 25153, 611, 790, 640, 345, 2622, 284, 8720, 5911, 3511, 345, 550, 284, 307, 10081, 515, 290, 13642, 503, 4692, 13, 770, 1244, 2128, 691, 4622, 1342, 27177, 621, 10627, 832, 2324, 379, 262, 9003, 11, 475, 329, 4695, 852, 18283, 416, 15599, 4773, 290, 4837, 340, 447, 247, 82, 257, 3218, 414, 326, 318, 407, 691, 27177, 11, 475, 6196, 13568, 13, 198, 20029, 4998, 11, 3424, 8514, 326, 481, 900, 514, 1479, 11, 287, 428, 1227, 338, 2568, 12, 18143, 2071, 13, 4418, 25, 703, 284, 1382, 257, 1365, 5194, 31029, 11, 262, 25810, 14958, 326, 389, 8620, 534, 1751, 11, 257, 1692, 48786, 11, 262, 995, 338, 18197, 27210, 11, 290, 881, 517, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

178

Term: January 21, 1879 - January 16, 1883 Born: June 8, 1830 Died: December 1, 1892 Henry Martyn Hoyt was the third straight Civil War general to serve in the state's highest office. Hoyt was born June 8, 1830, on a farm in Kingston, Luzerne County, to a Presbyterian family with Connecticut roots dating back to about 1629. His father, Ziba Hoyt, was a farmer who had fought at Lake Erie during the War of 1812, and his mother, Nancy Herbert, is believed to have been related to General William T. Sherman. Hoyt was educated at old Wilkes-Barre Academy, Wyoming Seminary, Lafayette College, and Williams College (Massachusetts). After graduating in 1849 from Williams, Hoyt taught school at the Towanda Academy, followed by a school in Memphis, Tennessee, and then was professor of mathematics at Wyoming Seminary. At the same time, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853. On September 25, 1855, he married Mary Loveland and raised one son and two daughters. Hoyt was active in the Whig Party, ran for district attorney, and campaigned in 1856 for the Whig presidential candidate, John Fremont. When the Civil War broke out, he became the colonel in charge of the 52nd Pennsylvania Volunteers, but was imprisoned during the expedition against Charleston, South Carolina. On July 3, 1864, Hoyt led about 1,000 troops by boat on the James River to Fort Johnson where they successfully entered the fort. However, Union reinforcements did not arrive in time. Hoyt's men could not hold the fort and Hoyt was captured. An attempt to escape was thwarted when bloodhounds ran him down, but later, a prisoner exchange allowed him to return to the 52nd until the end of the war when he was brevetted brigadier general. After returning to his law practice, Hoyt resumed his climb on the political ladder. He was first elected to the school board of Wilkes-Barre in 1866 and then appointed as a law judge of Luzerne County in 1867, but lost an election for the same position after being nominated by the Republicans. In 1869, he was appointed collector of internal revenue for Luzerne and Susquehanna Counties. In 1875-76, he served as state Republican chairman, which, along with his Civil War hero status, helped position him to be nominated as governor. The Republican influence was weakening with the economic downturn that dated back to the Panic of 1873. After the Republicans lost control of both the General Assembly and a U.S. Senate seat, it appeared as though the Democrats might win the governor's race. The Democrats, however, were counting on a coalition with the new National-Greenback Party, a party that appealed to the huge voting block of farmers and labor. In the end, Republican Party bosses Robert Mackey and Matthew S. Quay convinced the Greenback Party to back off from supporting the Democratic candidate, Andrew H. Dill, and instead put forth their own candidate, Samuel R. Mason. Hoyt won by 22,000 votes. Hoyt's administration did not begin smoothly. In the spring of 1879, public outcry met the passage of the General Assembly's "riot bill" that appropriated four million dollars to compensate Pennsylvania Railroad for property damages in the riots of 1877. Allegheny County had responsibility for the damage, but Pittsburgh politicians and special interests succeeded in placing the burden on all of Pennsylvania's taxpayers. A legislative investigation concluded that at least eight persons, including three members of the General Assembly, were guilty of criminal solicitation on behalf of the bill. The legislators were sent to jail, but the attorney general pardoned them. A second scandal involved Matthew Quay, by then serving as secretary of the Commonwealth. Quay's choice for state treasurer, Samuel Butler, turned out to be an embarrassment for Quay and the former treasurer, Amos Noye. Butler proved to be a high-minded individual who demanded a strict accounting of state funds. He found that Quay and the former treasurer had engaged in speculation with state funds, which led Hoyt to cut his ties to the Quay machine. The Constitution of 1874 prohibited the governor from succeeding himself, but otherwise permitted reelection in the future. However, Hoyt's move toward independent Republicans resulted in alienation from the Quay-Cameron machine, thus his political career ended with his one term as governor. Even so, Hoyt's administration still managed a number of accomplishments. Under Hoyt's governorship, state debt was reduced by one and half million dollars; mitigation reformed the cruel Pennsylvania solitary confinement prison system; the charters of "diploma mill" medical schools were revoked; a state medical board was established; delinquent taxes were collected; and railroads were prosecuted for rate schedules that were discriminatory. To give additional young male first offenders, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, a second chance, a new reformatory was built where they were taught a trade and allowed to further their education. Also during his administration, the Second State Geological Survey was launched, and the legislature banned school segregation. On yielding his office to the first Democratic governor since the 1850s, Hoyt congratulated the people for taking government out of the hands of professional politicians and, therefore, seeking solutions that might conceivably restore honesty to the political scene. Hoyt was also known for his 1879 published study of land claims in Controversy Between Connecticut and Pennsylvania and an 1885 book, Protection Versus Free Trade . Henry Hoyt returned to his law practice for several years before he died in Wilkes-Barre on December 1, 1892, from a protracted illness. He is buried in the Forty Fort Cemetery in Luzerne County.

[ 40596, 25, 3269, 2310, 11, 1248, 3720, 532, 3269, 1467, 11, 1248, 5999, 198, 28524, 25, 2795, 807, 11, 45440, 198, 35, 798, 25, 3426, 352, 11, 1248, 5892, 198, 32476, 3981, 2047, 49873, 83, 373, 262, 2368, 3892, 7511, 1810, 2276, 284, 4691, 287, 262, 1181, 338, 4511, 2607, 13, 49873, 83, 373, 4642, 2795, 807, 11, 45440, 11, 319, 257, 5318, 287, 34612, 11, 6026, 9107, 710, 3418, 11, 284, 257, 44150, 1641, 351, 14493, 11135, 10691, 736, 284, 546, 1467, 1959, 13, 2399, 2988, 11, 1168, 23718, 49873, 83, 11, 373, 257, 18739, 508, 550, 8350, 379, 6233, 40911, 1141, 262, 1810, 286, 1248, 1065, 11, 290, 465, 2802, 11, 18496, 28648, 11, 318, 4762, 284, 423, 587, 3519, 284, 3611, 3977, 309, 13, 23198, 13, 198, 39, 726, 83, 373, 15657, 379, 1468, 5187, 5209, 12, 33, 9624, 8581, 11, 24533, 12449, 3219, 11, 41388, 5535, 11, 290, 6484, 5535, 357, 20273, 9770, 737, 2293, 30024, 287, 1248, 2920, 422, 6484, 11, 49873, 83, 7817, 1524, 379, 262, 24324, 5282, 8581, 11, 3940, 416, 257, 1524, 287, 20522, 11, 11287, 11, 290, 788, 373, 6240, 286, 19473, 379, 24533, 12449, 3219, 13, 1629, 262, 976, 640, 11, 339, 9713, 1099, 290, 373, 6848, 284, 262, 2318, 287, 1248, 4310, 13, 1550, 2693, 1679, 11, 1248, 2816, 11, 339, 6405, 5335, 6706, 9731, 290, 4376, 530, 3367, 290, 734, 14850, 13, 49873, 83, 373, 4075, 287, 262, 854, 328, 3615, 11, 4966, 329, 4783, 6136, 11, 290, 32853, 287, 1248, 3980, 329, 262, 854, 328, 4787, 4540, 11, 1757, 38433, 756, 13, 198, 2215, 262, 7511, 1810, 6265, 503, 11, 339, 2627, 262, 46969, 287, 3877, 286, 262, 6740, 358, 9589, 45646, 11, 475, 373, 21125, 1141, 262, 22817, 1028, 26070, 11, 2520, 5913, 13, 1550, 2901, 513, 11, 1248, 2414, 11, 49873, 83, 2957, 546, 352, 11, 830, 6553, 416, 8848, 319, 262, 3700, 5866, 284, 6401, 5030, 810, 484, 7675, 5982, 262, 6285, 13, 2102, 11, 4479, 38578, 750, 407, 9240, 287, 640, 13, 49873, 83, 338, 1450, 714, 407, 1745, 262, 6285, 290, 49873, 83, 373, 7907, 13, 1052, 2230, 284, 6654, 373, 44200, 618, 2910, 71, 3733, 4966, 683, 866, 11, 475, 1568, 11, 257, 17234, 5163, 3142, 683, 284, 1441, 284, 262, 6740, 358, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 618, 339, 373, 1449, 303, 28734, 24393, 38868, 2276, 13, 198, 3260, 8024, 284, 465, 1099, 3357, 11, 49873, 83, 28291, 465, 12080, 319, 262, 1964, 18002, 13, 679, 373, 717, 7018, 284, 262, 1524, 3096, 286, 5187, 5209, 12, 33, 9624, 287, 1248, 2791, 290, 788, 9899, 355, 257, 1099, 5052, 286, 6026, 9107, 710, 3418, 287, 1248, 3134, 11, 475, 2626, 281, 3071, 329, 262, 976, 2292, 706, 852, 19332, 416, 262, 4734, 13, 554, 1248, 3388, 11, 339, 373, 9899, 22967, 286, 5387, 6426, 329, 6026, 9107, 710, 290, 8932, 4188, 71, 7697, 2764, 444, 13, 554, 1248, 2425, 12, 4304, 11, 339, 4983, 355, 1181, 3415, 8900, 11, 543, 11, 1863, 351, 465, 7511, 1810, 4293, 3722, 11, 4193, 2292, 683, 284, 307, 19332, 355, 8153, 13, 383, 3415, 4588, 373, 34992, 351, 262, 3034, 34540, 326, 14567, 736, 284, 262, 34478, 286, 1248, 4790, 13, 2293, 262, 4734, 2626, 1630, 286, 1111, 262, 3611, 10006, 290, 257, 471, 13, 50, 13, 3845, 5852, 11, 340, 4120, 355, 996, 262, 4956, 1244, 1592, 262, 8153, 338, 3234, 13, 383, 4956, 11, 2158, 11, 547, 14143, 319, 257, 9906, 351, 262, 649, 2351, 12, 13719, 1891, 3615, 11, 257, 2151, 326, 22280, 284, 262, 3236, 6709, 2512, 286, 9818, 290, 4827, 13, 554, 262, 886, 11, 3415, 3615, 17317, 5199, 4100, 2539, 290, 9308, 311, 13, 2264, 323, 9431, 262, 3469, 1891, 3615, 284, 736, 572, 422, 6493, 262, 4390, 4540, 11, 6858, 367, 13, 44322, 11, 290, 2427, 1234, 6071, 511, 898, 4540, 11, 17100, 371, 13, 14737, 13, 49873, 83, 1839, 416, 2534, 11, 830, 5690, 13, 198, 39, 726, 83, 338, 3662, 750, 407, 2221, 21461, 13, 554, 262, 6076, 286, 1248, 3720, 11, 1171, 34334, 1138, 262, 10066, 286, 262, 3611, 10006, 338, 366, 36671, 2855, 1, 326, 32316, 1440, 1510, 5054, 284, 21392, 9589, 36289, 329, 3119, 12616, 287, 262, 23766, 286, 1248, 3324, 13, 26326, 47413, 3418, 550, 5798, 329, 262, 2465, 11, 475, 12767, 7602, 290, 2041, 5353, 14131, 287, 12560, 262, 10538, 319, 477, 286, 9589, 338, 14086, 13, 317, 10828, 3645, 8391, 326, 379, 1551, 3624, 6506, 11, 1390, 1115, 1866, 286, 262, 3611, 10006, 11, 547, 6717, 286, 4301, 47770, 319, 8378, 286, 262, 2855, 13, 383, 19964, 547, 1908, 284, 7356, 11, 475, 262, 6136, 2276, 41746, 12004, 606, 13, 198, 32, 1218, 10731, 2950, 9308, 2264, 323, 11, 416, 788, 7351, 355, 7705, 286, 262, 17165, 13, 2264, 323, 338, 3572, 329, 1181, 43428, 11, 17100, 17389, 11, 2900, 503, 284, 307, 281, 24655, 329, 2264, 323, 290, 262, 1966, 43428, 11, 49104, 399, 726, 68, 13, 17389, 8302, 284, 307, 257, 1029, 12, 14543, 1981, 508, 12284, 257, 7646, 14317, 286, 1181, 5153, 13, 679, 1043, 326, 2264, 323, 290, 262, 1966, 43428, 550, 7953, 287, 13367, 351, 1181, 5153, 11, 543, 2957, 49873, 83, 284, 2005, 465, 8470, 284, 262, 2264, 323, 4572, 13, 383, 7965, 286, 1248, 4524, 12244, 262, 8153, 422, 34195, 2241, 11, 475, 4306, 10431, 36630, 287, 262, 2003, 13, 2102, 11, 49873, 83, 338, 1445, 3812, 4795, 4734, 8724, 287, 44984, 422, 262, 2264, 323, 12, 34, 41639, 4572, 11, 4145, 465, 1964, 3451, 4444, 351, 465, 530, 3381, 355, 8153, 13, 3412, 523, 11, 49873, 83, 338, 3662, 991, 5257, 257, 1271, 286, 26516, 13, 198, 9203, 49873, 83, 338, 1089, 11094, 11, 1181, 5057, 373, 5322, 416, 530, 290, 2063, 1510, 5054, 26, 33585, 42878, 262, 12177, 9589, 25565, 28739, 3770, 1080, 26, 262, 1149, 1010, 286, 366, 10989, 35728, 3939, 1, 3315, 4266, 547, 30809, 26, 257, 1181, 3315, 3096, 373, 4920, 26, 46026, 5704, 547, 7723, 26, 290, 6787, 21372, 547, 23086, 329, 2494, 24025, 326, 547, 27200, 13, 1675, 1577, 3224, 1862, 4257, 717, 17120, 11, 1022, 262, 9337, 286, 17280, 290, 8208, 12, 13261, 11, 257, 1218, 2863, 11, 257, 649, 4975, 2870, 373, 3170, 810, 484, 547, 7817, 257, 3292, 290, 3142, 284, 2252, 511, 3707, 13, 4418, 1141, 465, 3662, 11, 262, 5498, 1812, 34246, 13084, 373, 5611, 11, 290, 262, 15928, 9301, 1524, 26718, 13, 198, 2202, 39127, 465, 2607, 284, 262, 717, 4390, 8153, 1201, 262, 35745, 82, 11, 49873, 83, 47630, 262, 661, 329, 2263, 1230, 503, 286, 262, 2832, 286, 4708, 7602, 290, 11, 4361, 11, 6095, 8136, 326, 1244, 8571, 47994, 11169, 24345, 284, 262, 1964, 3715, 13, 198, 39, 726, 83, 373, 635, 1900, 329, 465, 1248, 3720, 3199, 2050, 286, 1956, 3667, 287, 198, 4264, 31257, 88, 14307, 14493, 290, 9589, 198, 392, 281, 1248, 5332, 1492, 11, 198, 19703, 3213, 44079, 3232, 9601, 198, 13, 8616, 49873, 83, 4504, 284, 465, 1099, 3357, 329, 1811, 812, 878, 339, 3724, 287, 5187, 5209, 12, 33, 9624, 319, 3426, 352, 11, 1248, 5892, 11, 422, 257, 44466, 8526, 13, 679, 318, 11694, 287, 262, 38223, 6401, 35637, 287, 6026, 9107, 710, 3418, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,208

Evolution in the light of intelligent design - New entries Appendix (human appendix) - despite it's name, no longer considered superfluous or rudimentary (Tyler) Acritarchs - oldest known protists (Tyler) The picture emerging of the Late Archaean is one that includes prokaryotes and eukaryotes, photosynthesis, an oxygenated atmosphere and lots of biological activity. This is a big contrast from the picture even 10 years ago. The significance for our thinking about origins is that the eons of time demanded by Darwinian processes are not available. Archaea - horizontal gene transfer - review of The Archaea's Tale (Tyler) He presents evidence that Darwinian evolution does not go back to the beginning of life. When we compare genomes of ancient lineages of living creatures, we find evidence of numerous transfers of genetic information from one lineage to another. In early times, horizontal gene transfer, the sharing of genes between unrelated species, was prevalent. It becomes more prevalent the further back you go in time. - Freeman Dyson Butterfly sex ratios in Samoa - and natural selection (Tyler) Sex ratios are distorted by the presence of a maternally inherited bacterium which has the effect of selectively killing male embryos. The authors report ratios of >99% female to nearly 1:1. These were different on different islands and at different times. The genetics of this shift of sex ratios is summarised in one paragraph with some supporting online data. There is not enough information here for anyone to either confirm or challenge their conclusions. Cell - molecular recognition - advantages of cellular key-lock not being an exact fit. (Tyler) So, something that could have been interpreted as evidence for tinkering evolution is discovered to have advantages after all. Furthermore, it has potential for the design of human systems operating in noisy environments. By invoking "evolutionary selection", the authors suggest an evolutionary context for their work. However, there is no evidence that evolutionary selection was involved, and the link with evolutionary theory is gratuitous. Central dogma (Tyler) Casual observers might say they find chaos in the emerging picture of the genome, but systems biology is tracking down extraordinary sophistication at the molecular biology level, indicating that theories (like Darwinism) that are undirected and stochastic have little to offer 21st Century biology. Exoplanets - atmospheres (Tyler) Gecko - feet a standard for adhesion (Tyler) ... the gecko does not demonstrate just a single trait with enhanced performance. There are issues of adhesion and delamination, self-cleaning, and achieving a sustained adhesive performance. What we have in the gecko is exquisite design and, for that, biomimetics needs a methodology that can relate well to intelligent engineering design concepts. Molecular recognition in the cell (Tyler) Protists - oldest known protists (Tyler) Sensory perception - advanced perception in Permian amniotes (Tyler) The discovery of a highly-evolved auditory apparatus in Middle Permian parareptiles even further emphasizes that the entire groundplan for the impressive evolutionary history of amniotes was already largely in place by the end of the Paleozoic; what followed was in fact only a subsequent tinkering of earlier inventions." Darwinism needs time, but the fossil record no longer provides it. Stasis - tribolites (Tyler) Trilobites - variation and stasis as a pattern The research documented both rapid morphological variation and subsequent stasis. ... One hypothesis is that radiations occur because organisms are designed to vary, but the process results in genetic impoverishment that leads to stasis. Variation - tribolites (Tyler)

[ 15200, 2122, 287, 262, 1657, 286, 12661, 1486, 532, 968, 12784, 198, 4677, 19573, 357, 10734, 43600, 8, 532, 3805, 340, 338, 1438, 11, 645, 2392, 3177, 48713, 516, 393, 47381, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 12832, 799, 34592, 532, 13325, 1900, 1237, 1023, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 464, 4286, 11823, 286, 262, 18319, 32187, 272, 318, 530, 326, 3407, 386, 74, 560, 6421, 290, 304, 2724, 560, 6421, 11, 5205, 44411, 11, 281, 11863, 515, 8137, 290, 6041, 286, 10685, 3842, 13, 770, 318, 257, 1263, 6273, 422, 262, 4286, 772, 838, 812, 2084, 13, 383, 12085, 329, 674, 3612, 546, 15587, 318, 326, 262, 304, 684, 286, 640, 12284, 416, 21450, 666, 7767, 389, 407, 1695, 13, 198, 19895, 44705, 532, 16021, 9779, 4351, 532, 2423, 286, 383, 32187, 64, 338, 17388, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 1544, 10969, 2370, 326, 21450, 666, 6954, 857, 407, 467, 736, 284, 262, 3726, 286, 1204, 13, 1649, 356, 8996, 42136, 286, 6156, 1627, 1095, 286, 2877, 8109, 11, 356, 1064, 2370, 286, 6409, 16395, 286, 8513, 1321, 422, 530, 31144, 284, 1194, 13, 554, 1903, 1661, 11, 16021, 9779, 4351, 11, 262, 7373, 286, 10812, 1022, 19938, 4693, 11, 373, 21854, 13, 632, 4329, 517, 21854, 262, 2252, 736, 345, 467, 287, 640, 13, 532, 22394, 360, 19699, 198, 1537, 353, 12254, 1714, 22423, 287, 43663, 532, 290, 3288, 6356, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 23398, 22423, 389, 26987, 416, 262, 4931, 286, 257, 285, 9205, 453, 19552, 19241, 1505, 543, 468, 262, 1245, 286, 39119, 5170, 4257, 39966, 13, 383, 7035, 989, 22423, 286, 1875, 2079, 4, 4048, 284, 3016, 352, 25, 16, 13, 2312, 547, 1180, 319, 1180, 14807, 290, 379, 1180, 1661, 13, 383, 25862, 286, 428, 6482, 286, 1714, 22423, 318, 15676, 1417, 287, 530, 7322, 351, 617, 6493, 2691, 1366, 13, 1318, 318, 407, 1576, 1321, 994, 329, 2687, 284, 2035, 6216, 393, 4427, 511, 13242, 13, 198, 28780, 532, 18955, 9465, 532, 13391, 286, 19824, 1994, 12, 5354, 407, 852, 281, 2748, 4197, 13, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 2396, 11, 1223, 326, 714, 423, 587, 16173, 355, 2370, 329, 44569, 1586, 6954, 318, 5071, 284, 423, 13391, 706, 477, 13, 11399, 11, 340, 468, 2785, 329, 262, 1486, 286, 1692, 3341, 5361, 287, 31210, 12493, 13, 2750, 39744, 366, 1990, 2122, 560, 6356, 1600, 262, 7035, 1950, 281, 16673, 4732, 329, 511, 670, 13, 2102, 11, 612, 318, 645, 2370, 326, 16673, 6356, 373, 2950, 11, 290, 262, 2792, 351, 16673, 4583, 318, 14586, 42412, 13, 198, 30645, 40937, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 35155, 723, 17984, 1244, 910, 484, 1064, 11918, 287, 262, 11823, 4286, 286, 262, 19270, 11, 475, 3341, 17219, 318, 9646, 866, 11359, 44809, 379, 262, 18955, 17219, 1241, 11, 12739, 326, 10946, 357, 2339, 21450, 1042, 8, 326, 389, 3318, 1060, 276, 290, 3995, 354, 3477, 423, 1310, 284, 2897, 2310, 301, 13641, 17219, 13, 198, 3109, 46853, 1039, 532, 6904, 19079, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 10082, 37549, 532, 3625, 257, 3210, 329, 512, 32582, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 986, 262, 4903, 37549, 857, 407, 10176, 655, 257, 2060, 16708, 351, 13105, 2854, 13, 1318, 389, 2428, 286, 512, 32582, 290, 1619, 24979, 11, 2116, 12, 2375, 7574, 11, 290, 16937, 257, 12605, 43608, 2854, 13, 1867, 356, 423, 287, 262, 4903, 37549, 318, 40123, 1486, 290, 11, 329, 326, 11, 27488, 320, 14596, 2476, 257, 20411, 326, 460, 15124, 880, 284, 12661, 8705, 1486, 10838, 13, 198, 44, 2305, 10440, 9465, 287, 262, 2685, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 19703, 1023, 532, 13325, 1900, 1237, 1023, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 50, 641, 652, 11202, 532, 6190, 11202, 287, 2448, 76, 666, 716, 77, 5151, 274, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 464, 9412, 286, 257, 4047, 12, 1990, 5634, 38949, 21152, 287, 6046, 2448, 76, 666, 1582, 533, 457, 2915, 772, 2252, 31648, 326, 262, 2104, 2323, 11578, 329, 262, 8036, 16673, 2106, 286, 716, 77, 5151, 274, 373, 1541, 5688, 287, 1295, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 21706, 45149, 291, 26, 644, 3940, 373, 287, 1109, 691, 257, 8840, 44569, 1586, 286, 2961, 39405, 526, 21450, 1042, 2476, 640, 11, 475, 262, 12584, 1700, 645, 2392, 3769, 340, 13, 198, 1273, 17765, 532, 8433, 349, 2737, 357, 46807, 8, 198, 2898, 346, 672, 2737, 532, 12291, 290, 336, 17765, 355, 257, 3912, 198, 464, 2267, 12395, 1111, 5801, 17488, 2770, 12291, 290, 8840, 336, 17765, 13, 2644, 1881, 14078, 318, 326, 19772, 602, 3051, 780, 20296, 389, 3562, 284, 7565, 11, 475, 262, 1429, 2482, 287, 8513, 30956, 17862, 326, 5983, 284, 336, 17765, 13, 198, 23907, 341, 532, 8433, 349, 2737, 357, 46807, 8, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

772

The first thing to note about the psqlODBC driver (or any ODBC driver) is that there must exist a driver manager on the system where the ODBC driver is to be used. There exists a free ODBC driver for Unix called iODBC which can be obtained via http://www.iodbc.org. Instructions for installing iODBC are contained in the iODBC distribution. Having said that, any driver manager that you can find for your platform should support the psqlODBC driver, or any other ODBC driver for that matter. To install psqlODBC you simply need to supply the --enable-odbc option to the configure script when you are building the entire PostgreSQL distribution. The library and header files will then automatically be built and installed with the rest of the programs. If you forget that option or want to build the ODBC driver later you can change into the directory src/interfaces/odbc and do make and make install there. The installation-wide configuration file odbcinst.ini will be installed into the directory /usr/local/pgsql/etc/, or equivalent, depending on what --prefix and/or --sysconfdir options you supplied to configure. Since this file can also be shared between different ODBC drivers you can also install it in a shared location. To do that, override the location of this file with the --with-odbcinst option. Additionally, you should install the ODBC catalog extensions. That will provide a number of functions mandated by the ODBC standard that are not supplied by PostgreSQL by default. The file /usr/local/pgsql/share/odbc.sql (in the default installation layout) contains the appropriate definitions, which you can install as follows: psql -d template1 -f LOCATION/odbc.sqlwhere specifying template1 as the target database will ensure that all subsequent new databases will have these same definitions. psqlODBC has been built and tested on Linux. There have been reports of success with FreeBSD and with Solaris. There are no known restrictions on the basic code for other platforms which already support Postgres.

[ 464, 717, 1517, 284, 3465, 546, 262, 279, 25410, 3727, 2749, 4639, 357, 273, 597, 31245, 2749, 4639, 8, 318, 326, 612, 1276, 2152, 257, 4639, 4706, 319, 262, 1080, 810, 262, 31245, 2749, 4639, 318, 284, 307, 973, 13, 1318, 7160, 257, 1479, 31245, 2749, 4639, 329, 33501, 1444, 1312, 3727, 2749, 543, 460, 307, 6492, 2884, 2638, 1378, 2503, 13, 2101, 15630, 13, 2398, 13, 27759, 329, 15975, 1312, 3727, 2749, 389, 7763, 287, 262, 1312, 3727, 2749, 6082, 13, 11136, 531, 326, 11, 597, 4639, 4706, 326, 345, 460, 1064, 329, 534, 3859, 815, 1104, 262, 279, 25410, 3727, 2749, 4639, 11, 393, 597, 584, 31245, 2749, 4639, 329, 326, 2300, 13, 198, 2514, 2721, 279, 25410, 3727, 2749, 345, 2391, 761, 284, 5127, 262, 1377, 21633, 12, 375, 15630, 3038, 284, 262, 17425, 4226, 618, 345, 389, 2615, 262, 2104, 2947, 47701, 6082, 13, 383, 5888, 290, 13639, 3696, 481, 788, 6338, 307, 3170, 290, 6589, 351, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 4056, 13, 1002, 345, 6044, 326, 3038, 393, 765, 284, 1382, 262, 31245, 2749, 4639, 1568, 345, 460, 1487, 656, 262, 8619, 12351, 14, 3849, 32186, 14, 375, 15630, 290, 466, 787, 290, 787, 2721, 612, 13, 198, 464, 9988, 12, 4421, 8398, 2393, 267, 9945, 66, 8625, 13, 5362, 481, 307, 6589, 656, 262, 8619, 1220, 14629, 14, 12001, 14, 6024, 25410, 14, 14784, 47454, 393, 7548, 11, 6906, 319, 644, 1377, 40290, 290, 14, 273, 1377, 17597, 10414, 15908, 3689, 345, 14275, 284, 17425, 13, 4619, 428, 2393, 460, 635, 307, 4888, 1022, 1180, 31245, 2749, 6643, 345, 460, 635, 2721, 340, 287, 257, 4888, 4067, 13, 1675, 466, 326, 11, 20957, 262, 4067, 286, 428, 2393, 351, 262, 1377, 4480, 12, 375, 15630, 8625, 3038, 13, 198, 23216, 11, 345, 815, 2721, 262, 31245, 2749, 18388, 18366, 13, 1320, 481, 2148, 257, 1271, 286, 5499, 28853, 416, 262, 31245, 2749, 3210, 326, 389, 407, 14275, 416, 2947, 47701, 416, 4277, 13, 383, 2393, 1220, 14629, 14, 12001, 14, 6024, 25410, 14, 20077, 14, 375, 15630, 13, 25410, 357, 259, 262, 4277, 9988, 12461, 8, 4909, 262, 5035, 17336, 11, 543, 345, 460, 2721, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 862, 13976, 532, 67, 11055, 16, 532, 69, 37347, 6234, 14, 375, 15630, 13, 25410, 3003, 31577, 11055, 16, 355, 262, 2496, 6831, 481, 4155, 326, 477, 8840, 649, 20083, 481, 423, 777, 976, 17336, 13, 198, 862, 13976, 3727, 2749, 468, 587, 3170, 290, 6789, 319, 7020, 13, 1318, 423, 587, 3136, 286, 1943, 351, 35841, 290, 351, 12347, 271, 13, 1318, 389, 645, 1900, 8733, 319, 262, 4096, 2438, 329, 584, 9554, 543, 1541, 1104, 2947, 34239, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

446

Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, intended to encourage good programming practices using so called structured programming and data structuring. : What is the reason for this problem? If I leave pascal doing anything : in loop, After ~30 secs loop is runiing slower than before, but loop returns at normal speed when i move mouse or press a... : Hi There : I'm using Turbo Pascal for Windows 1.5, and using WinCrt in my program. : 1. How can I use color text or color background? I try to use : Textcolor(1); Textbackground(4);, but it... : when using this code: : procedure TForm1.ApplicationEvents1Message(var Msg: tagMSG; : var Handled: Boolean); : if (Msg.message = wm_KeyUp) or (Msg.message=wm_KeyDown) then There are a lot of applications where speed is a critical factor -- such as real-time programs. MS Windows and Unix are not real-time operating systems, so speed is not all that... Is there any way in Pascal (or asm) to shut down the computer (you know, as in Windows - you press shut down and its turning itself off power). I'd be grateful.

[ 47, 27747, 318, 281, 14212, 23602, 290, 27931, 8300, 3303, 11, 5292, 284, 7898, 922, 8300, 6593, 1262, 523, 1444, 20793, 8300, 290, 1366, 2878, 870, 13, 198, 25, 1867, 318, 262, 1738, 329, 428, 1917, 30, 1002, 314, 2666, 279, 27747, 1804, 1997, 198, 25, 287, 9052, 11, 2293, 5299, 1270, 792, 82, 9052, 318, 1057, 72, 278, 13611, 621, 878, 11, 475, 9052, 5860, 379, 3487, 2866, 618, 1312, 1445, 10211, 393, 1803, 257, 986, 198, 25, 15902, 1318, 198, 25, 314, 1101, 1262, 22278, 35163, 329, 3964, 352, 13, 20, 11, 290, 1262, 7178, 13916, 83, 287, 616, 1430, 13, 198, 25, 352, 13, 1374, 460, 314, 779, 3124, 2420, 393, 3124, 4469, 30, 314, 1949, 284, 779, 198, 25, 8255, 8043, 7, 16, 1776, 8255, 25249, 7, 19, 1776, 11, 475, 340, 986, 198, 25, 618, 1262, 428, 2438, 25, 198, 25, 8771, 309, 8479, 16, 13, 23416, 37103, 16, 12837, 7, 7785, 6997, 70, 25, 7621, 5653, 38, 26, 198, 25, 1401, 7157, 992, 25, 41146, 1776, 198, 25, 611, 357, 50108, 13, 20500, 796, 266, 76, 62, 9218, 4933, 8, 393, 357, 50108, 13, 20500, 28, 26377, 62, 9218, 8048, 8, 788, 198, 1858, 389, 257, 1256, 286, 5479, 810, 2866, 318, 257, 4688, 5766, 1377, 884, 355, 1103, 12, 2435, 4056, 13, 6579, 3964, 290, 33501, 389, 407, 1103, 12, 2435, 5361, 3341, 11, 523, 2866, 318, 407, 477, 326, 986, 198, 3792, 612, 597, 835, 287, 35163, 357, 273, 355, 76, 8, 284, 4423, 866, 262, 3644, 357, 5832, 760, 11, 355, 287, 3964, 532, 345, 1803, 4423, 866, 290, 663, 6225, 2346, 572, 1176, 737, 198, 40, 1549, 307, 14066, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

281

Nucleic acid binding proteins are required for many processes in living organisms. Transcription factors play an important role in regulating transcription of DNA by binding to specific recognition sites on the chromosome. This regulation is required for cell viability, differentiation and growth(1) . The ability to detect and confirm the interaction of such proteins with various nucleic acid targets provides valuable information about the cell signaling cascades that govern the ability of a cell to divide, migrate, interact with its neighbors, develop and maintain specialized functions, and terminate viability at the appropriate time. Two common techniques used to detect the interaction of nucleic acid binding proteins with nucleic acids are the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and fluorescence anisotropy assay(3) . EMSA involves binding protein to a radiolabeled DNA probe followed by resolution on a polyacrylamide gel. Due to the increase in mass, protein:probe complexes migrate slower than free probe, allowing comparison of free versus bound probe. The specificity of such complexes is determined using competition experiments with unlabeled specific and nonspecific oligos. This method works best with purified protein and can be quite labor intensive, particularly when numerous samples are being processed. In fluorescence anisotropy, a DNA binding protein is bound to a DNA substrate containing a fluorophore. Polarized light is shined onto the sample and then the emitted light is detected. Because a DNA:protein complex tumbles in solution more slowly than the free DNA, there is less deflected light. This method works best with purified protein and requires special equipment. Protein chips have emerged as an approach for identification of DNA:protein interactions(5) . Functional protein microarrays are composed of arrays containing full-length functional proteins or protein domains. Fluorescently labeled DNA is used to probe the array and identify proteins that bind to that specific probe. Protein microarrays provide a method for high-throughput identification of DNA:protein interactions. However, microarrays are not easily adaptable. The HaloLink™ Protein Array System offers solutions to these challenges, as described in following paragraph, and certain issues have been specifically addressed. These include preventing false positives. The HaloLink™ Array System is an alternative approach for analysis of DNA:protein interactions. This system captures nucleic acid binding proteins on a slide surface (Figure 1) and previously has been shown to be a successful method for studying protein:protein interactions and enzymatic reactions(8) . The system requires the generation of a fusion protein between the DNA-binding protein and the HaloTag® protein(8) . The HaloTag® protein is a 34kDa modified hydrolase enzyme that can form a rapid, specific and covalent bond with its chloroalkane ligand(10) . Synthesizing the HaloTag® fusion-DNA-binding protein in cell-free systems adds to the speed and flexibility of the assay. The HaloLink™ Protein Array slides are hydrogel-coated glass slides containing immobilized HaloTag® ligand. Fifty individual wells are created by adding a silicon gasket to the slide. The expressed fusion protein can be bound to the surface covalently, allowing stringent washing and subsequent analysis of DNA binding by adding a DNA probe. This technique is rapid, requires no purified protein, provides a moderate data set (n = 50) and is adaptable to different throughputs. We used the Rel/NF-κB transcription factor, p50(11) , as a model DNA binding protein to show that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide provides a tool for analyzing DNA-binding protein:DNA interactions. Dimers of NF-κB proteins regulate transcription by directly binding enhancer sequences, referred to as κB DNA sequences, which are located in the regulatory regions of numerous genes. HaloLink™ Protein Array Experimental Design Figure 1 outlines the experimental design of the HaloLink™ Protein Array System. A HaloTag® fusion protein is expressed with a cell-free expression system and then covalently attached to the slide surface through the HaloTag® protein’s interaction with the HaloTag® ligand (see supplementary information for details). After washing and drying, the slide is processed to determine protein concentration, and is then used to analyze the DNA: protein interaction. To detect the HaloTag® fusion protein, certain wells of the slide are probed with anti-HaloTag® antibody (Cat.# G9281). After a second wash followed with a drying step, the slide is probed with Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit antibody and analyzed on a Typhoon® 9410 slide scanner to detect the HaloTag® fusion protein. In addition, other wells have a fluorophore-labeled DNA probe added to them. After incubation, the slide is washed, dried, and scanned to detect the DNA:protein interaction. HaloTag®-p50 binds to the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide and has DNA binding activity. Two human p50 proteins were expressed as N-terminal HaloTag® fusion proteins in a high-yield wheat germ cell-free protein expression system. One p50 protein contains the DNA binding domain, dimerization domain, and the nuclear localization sequence of the human p50 protein, while the second p50 protein (–DNA BD) has the DNA binding domain removed. Expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the HaloTag® TMR Ligand (Cat.# G8251)(12) followed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 2, Panel A). Figure 2. HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein attaches to the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide and shows DNA binding activity. Panel A. TMR-labeled SDS-PAGE of HaloTag® fusions. One microliter of both HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) fusion proteins expressed in a cell-free system was labeled with the HaloTag® TMR Ligand and separated using SDS-PAGE. A marker was used to assay for size. Panel B. HaloLink™ Protein Array slide. The numbers correspond to wells, and the letters correspond to columns. Column A: wells 1–10, 5μl of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at 0, 1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 10.5, 21, 42, 83, 166, and 332nM, respectively, was added to each well. Each well was then probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column B: wells 1–3, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein was added to each well; wells 5-7, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) fusion protein was added to each well. These wells were then probed with Anti- HaloTag® pAb followed with the Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column C: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein was added to each well. WT-DNA was added to the wells at 0, 1, 1.9, 3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250nM, respectively. Column D: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein was added to each well. Mut-DNA was added at the same concentrations as those in Column C. Column E: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein (–DNA BD) added to each well. WT-DNA was added at the same concentrations as those in Column C. Panel C. Graph showing binding of HaloTag®-p50 fusion proteins to DNA. Densities for each well were determined using GenePix® software. The concentration of the DNA was plotted versus the density of each well. To test DNA binding activity of p50, we used the HaloLink™ Protein Array System. Extract expressing HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) were added to the slide (Figure 2, Panel B). Three wells for each protein were probed with anti-HaloTag® antibody followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody to verify that each protein was bound to the slide (Figure 2, Column B; wells 1–3 for HaloTag®-p50 and wells 5–7 for HaloTag®-p50 [–DNA BD]). A dilution series of the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at known concentrations was added to the slide to make a titration curve for bound HaloTag® protein (Figure 2, Panel B; Column A). A titration series of wild-type-DNA (WT-DNA) and mutated-DNA (Mut-DNA) both containing Alexa Fluor® 647 was added to the slide. Following scanning, the fluorescence intensity of each well was determined and plotted (Figure 2, Panel C). The HaloTag®-p50 protein bound the WT-DNA to near saturation levels, and did not significantly bind the Mut-DNA. The HaloTag®-p50 (–DNA BD) protein had no detectable DNA binding activity. Probing with a 32P-labeled nucleotide gave similar results (data not shown). This experiment shows that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide is able to bind HaloTag®-fusion proteins and is capable of analyzing DNA:protein interactions. To test further the specificity of the HaloTag®-p50/WT-DNA interaction, we performed a competition assay using unlabeled WT-DNA. Replicates of the HaloTag®-p50 protein expressed in a wheat germ cell-free protein expression system and the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein (20μg/ml) were bound to a HaloLink™ Protein Array slide (Figure 3, Panel A). The slide was then probed with Alexa Fluor® 647-labeled WT-DNA and mixed with increasing amounts of unlabeled WT-DNA. The binding signal decreased as the amount of unlabeled competitor increased. A plot of the fluorescent intensity of each HaloTag®-p50 well versus the percent of competitor DNA shows a linear decrease in signal (Figure 3, Panel B). The HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein did not bind the WT-DNA. This competition assay shows that the HaloTag®-p50 interaction is specific for the WT-DNA and that competition assays can be performed on the HaloLink™ Protein Array slides. IκBα Interferes with the DNA Binding Activity of HaloTag®-p50 IκBα is an ankyrin repeat protein that inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity by sequestering NF-κB outside of the nucleus in resting cells. IκBα forms a very stable complex with NF-κB by binding tightly to the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and weakly to the DNA-binding domain(13) . In the absence of IκBα, we have shown that the p50 protein can bind the WT-DNA using the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide. We hypothesized that there will be a decrease in the binding of the p50 protein to the WT-DNA when IκBα is bound to the p50 protein. To detect IκBα, a T7 epitope tag was added to the N-terminus. We expressed both the p50 protein and p50 co-expressed with IκBα in a wheat germ cell-free protein expression system. A Western blot using the T7 antibody verified the expression of IκBα (Figure 4, Panel A). A dilution series of the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein, the HaloTag®-p50 lysate, and the HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα lysate were added to three HaloLink™ Protein Array slides (Figure 4, Panel C). One slide was probed for HaloTag® fusion protein binding using the Anti-HaloTag® pAb. Another slide was probed for IκBα using the anti-T7 epitope antibody. The third slide was probed with WT-DNA at a concentration of 100nM. After scanning each slide, fluorescent intensities for each well were determined. The concentrations of HaloTag®-p50 in columns B and C were calculated from a titration curve determined using the HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein. These concentrations were plotted versus fluorescent intensities of each spot on slide 3. DNA binding was normalized to compensate for a small decrease in HaloTag®-p50 in column 3 versus column 2 on slide 1. Probing with anti-T7 antibody shows the presence of IκBα in column 3. DNA binding of p50 decreased about threefold when IκBα was present, which is consistent with the reported values(13) Figure 4. IkappaBalpha inhibits the binding of p50 to DNA. Panel A. Western Blot analysis of lysate expressing both HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein and IκBα. IκBα contains a T7 epitope tag, which was used for analysis. Panel B. HaloLink™ Protein Array slides. Three slides were imprinted identically with HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein and lysate expressing either HaloTag®-p50 or HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα proteins. Column A: wells 1–9, 5μl of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at 0, 2.6, 5.2, 10.5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nM, respectively, was added to the wells. Column B: wells 1–9, 0, 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 or 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50, respectively, was added to the wells. Column C: rows 1–9 had 0, 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, or 5μl lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα, respectively, was added to the wells. Slide 1 was then probed Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Slide 2 was probed with anti-T7 antibody followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-mouse IgG antibody. Slide 3 was probed with WT-DNA (100nM). Panel C. DNA binding of HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein with and without IκBα was plotted. Densities for each well were determined using GenePix® software. The concentration of the HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein in each well was determined using a calibration curve of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein. The concentrations were plotted versus the density of each well. The DNA binding signal of HaloTag®-p50 + IκBα proteins was normalized to that of HaloTag®-p50 fusion protein alone to compensate for the small decrease in HaloTag®®-p50 in Column C. HaloTag®-p50 binds WT-DNA with a greater affinity than HaloTag®-p65 To compare the binding of a similar DNA binding protein, p65, to p50, we expressed p65 (amino acids 19–325) and p50 as HaloTag® fusion proteins in a cell-free protein expression system. Expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the HaloTag® TMR Ligand followed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 5, Panel A). To test the ability of these proteins to bind DNA while bound to the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide, we first added lysates expressing HaloTag®-p50 or HaloTag®-65 to the slide (Figure 5, Panel B). Three wells for each protein were probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody to verify that each protein was properly bound to the slide (Figure 5, Column B, wells 1–3 for HaloTag®-50 and wells 5 and 6 for HaloTag®-p65). The concentrations of the HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p65 proteins were calculated to be nearly identical on the slide. Varying concentrations of WT-DNA were added to the slide as shown in Figure 5. After scanning the slide, the densities of each well were determined and fit to a graph. Both proteins bound the WT-DNA, with HaloTag®-p50 binding about twofold better than HaloTag®-p65. These results agree with those reported previously (using fluorescence anisotropy and EMSA)(13) Figure 5. Binding affinity of p50 and p65 proteins for wildtype DNA. Panel A. TMR-labeled SDS-PAGE of HaloTag® fusion proteins. One microliter of both HaloTag®-p50 and HaloTag®-p65 fusion proteins expressed in a cell-free expression system was labeled with the HaloTag® TMR Ligand and separated using SDS-PAGE. A marker was used to assay for size. Panel B. HaloLink™ Protein Array slide. Column A: wells 1–10, 5μl of HaloTag®-GST Standard Protein at 0, 1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 10.5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nM, respectively, was added to each well. Each well was then probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column B: wells 1–3, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 was added to each. Wells 5–7, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-65 was added to each well. Wells 1–3 and 5–7 were then probed with Anti-HaloTag® pAb followed by Alexa Fluor® 647 anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Column C: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p50 was added to each well. WT-DNA was added at to the rows as 0, 1, 1.9, 3.9, 7.8, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125 or 250nM, respectively. Column D: wells 1–10, 5μl of lysate expressing HaloTag®-p65 added to each. WT-DNA was added at the same concentrations as Column C. The slide was scanned with a GenePix® slide scanner at a wavelength of 635nm. Panel C. The densities for each well were determined using GenePix® software. The concentration of the DNA was plotted versus the density of each well. The three main components of the HaloLink™ Protein Array system are cell-free expression, the HaloTag® protein and the HaloLink™ Slides. All three contribute to the efficiency, robustness and overall speed of the assay. This system can also be used for functional characterization of purified recombinant protein. In a previous study, the Halolink Protein array system was used to study protein: protein interactions found in the NF-kB complex(17) . We have shown that the HaloLink™ Protein Array System can be used to analyze Protein: DNA interactions using p50 and p65 transcription factors as model DNA-binding proteins. First, cell-free translation systems, such as the TNT® SP6 High-Yield Wheat Germ Protein Expression System or the TNT® Rabbit Reticulocyte System, allow for rapid protein production directly from DNA. In addition, protein can be produced in less than two hours using cell-free systems, versus days for production from E. coli-based systems. Cell-free systems also eliminate the expression difficulties some transcription factors have in E. coli-based systems. This adds the flexibility of quickly expressing protein truncations, mutations, or fusions and testing them for activity. Second, the HaloTag® protein enables covalent and oriented capture of proteins on solid surfaces directly from the cell-free expression system without any prior purification step. The HaloTag® protein forms a covalent bond with its HaloTag® ligand. A HaloTag® ligand with reactive end group is used to activate hydrogel-coated glass slides and, subsequently, to capture proteins of interest expressed as HaloTag®-fusion proteins in cell-free protein expression systems. This approach eliminates the need for protein purification, and allows the fused protein of interest to be oriented for maximum biological activity. Third, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated glass slides are known to resist nonspecific adsorption of unwanted protein and to prevent surface-induced denaturation of specific proteins. The low-background binding of the HaloLink™ Slides allows the detection of low abundant binding proteins. A silicone gasket creates 50 wells on the glass slide, so that multiple assays can be performed manually on the same slide without any specialized equipment. This offers an improvement over EMSA, which generally allows approximately 15 reactions per gel. Using the HaloLink™ Protein Array System, we found that p50 bound WT-DNA specifically, and p50 that is lacking its DNA binding domain had no DNA binding activity. This highlights one advantage of using cell-free lysates, truncation and expression is quick, and many different mutations can be tested. The DNA probes used in the experiments were generated synthetically, adding to the speed of the assay. Multiple DNA probes can be tested quickly for binding to one protein, or multiple proteins can be tested for binding to one probe. The DNA can be detected using a fluorophore (as shown in these experiments) or a radiolabeled DNA probe. Both detection methods have similar sensitivity. Using a mutated DNA in a competition assay with wild-type, unlabeled DNA, we showed that the interaction is specific and the HaloLink Protein Array slides have little background binding to the DNA probes. Furthermore, we compared the binding of two different DNA binding proteins, p50 and p65 and showed that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites, which agrees with previous studies(11) The HaloLink™ Protein Array slides also provide a platform to study protein:protein:nucleic acid binding. Using the p50 protein and its inhibitor IκBα, we were able to show a decrease in p50 binding to WT-DNA when the inhibitor was present and showed that the HaloLink™ Protein Array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites. This decrease in binding was previously observed(13) . The HaloLink™ Protein Array slide system can be used to analyze the effect that one protein has on the DNA binding activity of another protein. HaloLink™ Protein Array slides provide a medium-throughput assay for analyzing protein:protein, protein:nucleic acid, and protein:small molecule interactions. Unlike conventional protein arrays, HaloLink™ Protein Array slides allow flexibility of content printing. The user can easily create protein mutations and truncations to assay important binding regions on a protein. Using these slides, a user can screen quickly a number of different potential targets, determine important binding regions and determine the even amino acids required for the interaction.

[ 45, 14913, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 389, 2672, 329, 867, 7767, 287, 2877, 20296, 13, 3602, 6820, 5087, 711, 281, 1593, 2597, 287, 26379, 26955, 286, 7446, 416, 12765, 284, 2176, 9465, 5043, 319, 262, 34348, 13, 770, 9001, 318, 2672, 329, 2685, 32141, 11, 32488, 290, 3349, 7, 16, 8, 198, 13, 383, 2694, 284, 4886, 290, 6216, 262, 10375, 286, 884, 15568, 351, 2972, 17751, 291, 7408, 6670, 3769, 8119, 1321, 546, 262, 2685, 22049, 49164, 2367, 326, 1089, 262, 2694, 286, 257, 2685, 284, 14083, 11, 32492, 11, 9427, 351, 663, 12020, 11, 1205, 290, 5529, 16976, 5499, 11, 290, 23654, 32141, 379, 262, 5035, 640, 13, 198, 7571, 2219, 7605, 973, 284, 4886, 262, 10375, 286, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 351, 17751, 291, 17045, 389, 262, 1742, 10051, 9997, 291, 15873, 6482, 40575, 357, 3620, 4090, 8, 290, 6562, 48699, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 40575, 7, 18, 8, 198, 13, 17228, 4090, 9018, 12765, 7532, 284, 257, 2511, 1669, 9608, 276, 7446, 12774, 3940, 416, 6323, 319, 257, 7514, 330, 563, 2543, 485, 20383, 13, 14444, 284, 262, 2620, 287, 2347, 11, 7532, 25, 1676, 1350, 42665, 32492, 13611, 621, 1479, 12774, 11, 5086, 7208, 286, 1479, 9051, 5421, 12774, 13, 383, 40763, 286, 884, 42665, 318, 5295, 1262, 5449, 10256, 351, 9642, 9608, 276, 2176, 290, 14011, 431, 7790, 24869, 418, 13, 770, 2446, 2499, 1266, 351, 46075, 7532, 290, 460, 307, 2407, 4827, 18590, 11, 3573, 618, 6409, 8405, 389, 852, 13686, 13, 554, 6562, 48699, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 11, 257, 7446, 12765, 7532, 318, 5421, 284, 257, 7446, 32305, 7268, 257, 26967, 2522, 382, 13, 32909, 1143, 1657, 318, 427, 1389, 4291, 262, 6291, 290, 788, 262, 31234, 1657, 318, 12326, 13, 4362, 257, 7446, 25, 48693, 3716, 256, 25329, 287, 4610, 517, 6364, 621, 262, 1479, 7446, 11, 612, 318, 1342, 825, 12609, 1657, 13, 770, 2446, 2499, 1266, 351, 46075, 7532, 290, 4433, 2041, 5112, 13, 198, 47, 35574, 12014, 423, 9349, 355, 281, 3164, 329, 11795, 286, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 7, 20, 8, 198, 13, 44224, 7532, 4580, 3258, 592, 389, 13160, 286, 26515, 7268, 1336, 12, 13664, 10345, 15568, 393, 7532, 18209, 13, 34070, 35414, 306, 15494, 7446, 318, 973, 284, 12774, 262, 7177, 290, 5911, 15568, 326, 11007, 284, 326, 2176, 12774, 13, 31702, 4580, 3258, 592, 2148, 257, 2446, 329, 1029, 12, 9579, 1996, 11795, 286, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 13, 2102, 11, 4580, 3258, 592, 389, 407, 3538, 6068, 540, 13, 383, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 4394, 8136, 284, 777, 6459, 11, 355, 3417, 287, 1708, 7322, 11, 290, 1728, 2428, 423, 587, 5734, 9469, 13, 2312, 2291, 12174, 3991, 38548, 13, 198, 464, 18597, 11280, 8151, 15690, 4482, 318, 281, 5559, 3164, 329, 3781, 286, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 13, 770, 1080, 23007, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 319, 257, 10649, 4417, 357, 11337, 352, 8, 290, 4271, 468, 587, 3402, 284, 307, 257, 4388, 2446, 329, 11065, 7532, 25, 48693, 12213, 290, 26365, 4948, 1512, 12737, 7, 23, 8, 198, 13, 383, 1080, 4433, 262, 5270, 286, 257, 21748, 7532, 1022, 262, 7446, 12, 30786, 7532, 290, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 7, 23, 8, 198, 13, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 318, 257, 4974, 74, 26531, 9518, 7409, 3225, 589, 27679, 326, 460, 1296, 257, 5801, 11, 2176, 290, 269, 8325, 298, 6314, 351, 663, 20207, 78, 971, 1531, 26106, 392, 7, 940, 8, 198, 13, 26375, 956, 2890, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 12, 28886, 12, 30786, 7532, 287, 2685, 12, 5787, 3341, 6673, 284, 262, 2866, 290, 13688, 286, 262, 40575, 13, 383, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 389, 7409, 3828, 417, 12, 1073, 515, 5405, 19392, 7268, 47800, 1143, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 13, 35351, 1981, 22571, 389, 2727, 416, 4375, 257, 29867, 308, 11715, 284, 262, 10649, 13, 383, 6241, 21748, 7532, 460, 307, 5421, 284, 262, 4417, 269, 8325, 1473, 11, 5086, 32791, 20518, 290, 8840, 3781, 286, 7446, 12765, 416, 4375, 257, 7446, 12774, 13, 770, 8173, 318, 5801, 11, 4433, 645, 46075, 7532, 11, 3769, 257, 10768, 1366, 900, 357, 77, 796, 2026, 8, 290, 318, 6068, 540, 284, 1180, 41997, 82, 13, 198, 1135, 973, 262, 4718, 14, 21870, 12, 43000, 33, 26955, 5766, 11, 279, 1120, 7, 1157, 8, 198, 11, 355, 257, 2746, 7446, 12765, 7532, 284, 905, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 3769, 257, 2891, 329, 22712, 7446, 12, 30786, 7532, 25, 28886, 12213, 13, 14048, 364, 286, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 15568, 16697, 26955, 416, 3264, 12765, 5881, 8250, 16311, 11, 6412, 284, 355, 7377, 118, 33, 7446, 16311, 11, 543, 389, 5140, 287, 262, 11344, 7652, 286, 6409, 10812, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 32286, 8495, 198, 11337, 352, 27430, 262, 11992, 1486, 286, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 13, 317, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 318, 6241, 351, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 1080, 290, 788, 269, 8325, 1473, 7223, 284, 262, 10649, 4417, 832, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 447, 247, 82, 10375, 351, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 357, 3826, 43871, 1321, 329, 3307, 737, 2293, 20518, 290, 29621, 11, 262, 10649, 318, 13686, 284, 5004, 7532, 10368, 11, 290, 318, 788, 973, 284, 16602, 262, 7446, 25, 7532, 10375, 13, 1675, 4886, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 11, 1728, 22571, 286, 262, 10649, 389, 1861, 276, 351, 3098, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 35757, 357, 21979, 32535, 402, 24, 30368, 737, 2293, 257, 1218, 13502, 3940, 351, 257, 29621, 2239, 11, 262, 10649, 318, 1861, 276, 351, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 35757, 290, 15475, 319, 257, 38468, 7461, 10048, 940, 10649, 27474, 284, 4886, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 584, 22571, 423, 257, 26967, 2522, 382, 12, 18242, 276, 7446, 12774, 2087, 284, 606, 13, 2293, 25543, 341, 11, 262, 10649, 318, 18989, 11, 16577, 11, 290, 28660, 284, 4886, 262, 7446, 25, 48693, 10375, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 37354, 284, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 290, 468, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 198, 7571, 1692, 279, 1120, 15568, 547, 6241, 355, 399, 12, 23705, 282, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 15568, 287, 257, 1029, 12, 88, 1164, 17135, 41171, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 13, 1881, 279, 1120, 7532, 4909, 262, 7446, 12765, 7386, 11, 5391, 263, 1634, 7386, 11, 290, 262, 4523, 42842, 8379, 286, 262, 1692, 279, 1120, 7532, 11, 981, 262, 1218, 279, 1120, 7532, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 468, 262, 7446, 12765, 7386, 4615, 13, 41986, 286, 262, 9380, 19943, 21748, 15568, 373, 19000, 1262, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 357, 21979, 32535, 402, 23, 28072, 5769, 1065, 8, 198, 27780, 276, 416, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 198, 11337, 362, 13, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 48262, 284, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 290, 2523, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 198, 26639, 317, 13, 309, 13599, 12, 18242, 276, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 277, 15880, 13, 1881, 4580, 17201, 286, 1111, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 21748, 15568, 6241, 287, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 1080, 373, 15494, 351, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 290, 11266, 1262, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 13, 317, 18364, 373, 973, 284, 40575, 329, 2546, 13, 18810, 347, 13, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 13, 383, 3146, 6053, 284, 22571, 11, 290, 262, 7475, 6053, 284, 15180, 13, 29201, 317, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 657, 11, 352, 13, 18, 11, 362, 13, 21, 11, 642, 13, 17, 11, 838, 13, 20, 11, 2310, 11, 5433, 11, 9698, 11, 26753, 11, 290, 41423, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 5501, 880, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 347, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 26, 22571, 642, 12, 22, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 2312, 22571, 547, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 18597, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 351, 262, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 327, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 379, 657, 11, 352, 11, 352, 13, 24, 11, 513, 13, 24, 11, 767, 13, 23, 11, 1315, 13, 21, 11, 3261, 13, 1495, 11, 8190, 13, 20, 11, 13151, 11, 8646, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 13, 29201, 360, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 13859, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 262, 976, 14587, 355, 883, 287, 29201, 327, 13, 29201, 412, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 262, 976, 14587, 355, 883, 287, 29201, 327, 13, 18810, 327, 13, 29681, 4478, 12765, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 15568, 284, 7446, 13, 360, 641, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 1262, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 3788, 13, 383, 10368, 286, 262, 7446, 373, 37515, 9051, 262, 12109, 286, 1123, 880, 13, 198, 2514, 1332, 7446, 12765, 3842, 286, 279, 1120, 11, 356, 973, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 13, 29677, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 547, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 347, 737, 7683, 22571, 329, 1123, 7532, 547, 1861, 276, 351, 3098, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 35757, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 284, 11767, 326, 1123, 7532, 373, 5421, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 29201, 347, 26, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 22571, 642, 1906, 22, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 685, 1906, 28886, 28023, 35944, 317, 11844, 1009, 2168, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 1900, 14587, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 284, 787, 257, 5259, 1358, 12133, 329, 5421, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 347, 26, 29201, 317, 737, 317, 5259, 1358, 2168, 286, 4295, 12, 4906, 12, 28886, 357, 39386, 12, 28886, 8, 290, 48865, 12, 28886, 357, 41603, 12, 28886, 8, 1111, 7268, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 13, 14207, 21976, 11, 262, 6562, 48699, 12245, 286, 1123, 880, 373, 5295, 290, 37515, 357, 11337, 362, 11, 18810, 327, 737, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 7532, 5421, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 284, 1474, 36275, 2974, 11, 290, 750, 407, 5566, 11007, 262, 13859, 12, 28886, 13, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 357, 1906, 28886, 28023, 8, 7532, 550, 645, 44187, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 1041, 4623, 351, 257, 3933, 47, 12, 18242, 276, 17751, 45608, 2921, 2092, 2482, 357, 7890, 407, 3402, 737, 770, 6306, 2523, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 318, 1498, 284, 11007, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 69, 4241, 15568, 290, 318, 6007, 286, 22712, 7446, 25, 48693, 12213, 13, 198, 2514, 1332, 2252, 262, 40763, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 14, 39386, 12, 28886, 10375, 11, 356, 6157, 257, 5449, 40575, 1262, 9642, 9608, 276, 41281, 12, 28886, 13, 18407, 16856, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 7532, 6241, 287, 257, 17135, 41171, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 290, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 357, 1238, 34703, 70, 14, 4029, 8, 547, 5421, 284, 257, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 357, 11337, 513, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 383, 10649, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 12, 18242, 276, 41281, 12, 28886, 290, 7668, 351, 3649, 6867, 286, 9642, 9608, 276, 41281, 12, 28886, 13, 383, 12765, 6737, 11832, 355, 262, 2033, 286, 9642, 9608, 276, 20319, 3220, 13, 317, 7110, 286, 262, 42309, 12245, 286, 1123, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 880, 9051, 262, 1411, 286, 20319, 7446, 2523, 257, 14174, 10070, 287, 6737, 357, 11337, 513, 11, 18810, 347, 737, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 750, 407, 11007, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 13, 770, 5449, 40575, 2523, 326, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 10375, 318, 2176, 329, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 290, 326, 5449, 840, 592, 460, 307, 6157, 319, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 13, 198, 40, 43000, 33, 17394, 4225, 5036, 411, 351, 262, 7446, 38904, 24641, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 198, 40, 43000, 33, 17394, 318, 281, 16553, 2417, 259, 9585, 7532, 326, 49543, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 26955, 282, 3842, 416, 4726, 7834, 278, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 2354, 286, 262, 29984, 287, 19186, 4778, 13, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 5107, 257, 845, 8245, 3716, 351, 41288, 12, 43000, 33, 416, 12765, 17707, 284, 262, 4523, 42842, 8379, 357, 45, 6561, 8, 290, 4939, 306, 284, 262, 7446, 12, 30786, 7386, 7, 1485, 8, 198, 13, 554, 262, 8889, 286, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 356, 423, 3402, 326, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 460, 11007, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 1262, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 13, 775, 43714, 326, 612, 481, 307, 257, 10070, 287, 262, 12765, 286, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 284, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 618, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 318, 5421, 284, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 13, 198, 2514, 4886, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 257, 309, 22, 21240, 3008, 7621, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 399, 12, 23705, 385, 13, 775, 6241, 1111, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 290, 279, 1120, 763, 12, 11201, 2790, 351, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 287, 257, 17135, 41171, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 13, 317, 4885, 43182, 1262, 262, 309, 22, 35757, 19000, 262, 5408, 286, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 357, 11337, 604, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 317, 11844, 1009, 2168, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 11, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 300, 893, 378, 11, 290, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 300, 893, 378, 547, 2087, 284, 1115, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 357, 11337, 604, 11, 18810, 327, 737, 1881, 10649, 373, 1861, 276, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 7532, 12765, 1262, 262, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 13, 6023, 10649, 373, 1861, 276, 329, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 1262, 262, 3098, 12, 51, 22, 21240, 3008, 35757, 13, 383, 2368, 10649, 373, 1861, 276, 351, 41281, 12, 28886, 379, 257, 10368, 286, 1802, 77, 44, 13, 2293, 21976, 1123, 10649, 11, 42309, 17509, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 13, 383, 14587, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 287, 15180, 347, 290, 327, 547, 10488, 422, 257, 5259, 1358, 12133, 5295, 1262, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 13, 2312, 14587, 547, 37515, 9051, 42309, 17509, 871, 286, 1123, 4136, 319, 10649, 513, 13, 7446, 12765, 373, 39279, 284, 21392, 329, 257, 1402, 10070, 287, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 287, 5721, 513, 9051, 5721, 362, 319, 10649, 352, 13, 1041, 4623, 351, 3098, 12, 51, 22, 35757, 2523, 262, 4931, 286, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 287, 5721, 513, 13, 7446, 12765, 286, 279, 1120, 11832, 546, 1115, 11379, 618, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 373, 1944, 11, 543, 318, 6414, 351, 262, 2098, 3815, 7, 1485, 8, 198, 11337, 604, 13, 32840, 20975, 24597, 7566, 49543, 262, 12765, 286, 279, 1120, 284, 7446, 13, 198, 26639, 317, 13, 4885, 1086, 313, 3781, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 1111, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 290, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 13, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 4909, 257, 309, 22, 21240, 3008, 7621, 11, 543, 373, 973, 329, 3781, 13, 18810, 347, 13, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 13, 7683, 19392, 547, 29122, 276, 1852, 1146, 351, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 290, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 2035, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 393, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 15568, 13, 29201, 317, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 24, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 657, 11, 362, 13, 21, 11, 642, 13, 17, 11, 838, 13, 20, 11, 2310, 11, 5433, 11, 9698, 11, 26753, 393, 41423, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 13, 29201, 347, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 24, 11, 657, 11, 657, 13, 15, 2670, 11, 657, 13, 2998, 23, 11, 657, 13, 21599, 11, 657, 13, 18, 11623, 11, 657, 13, 26704, 11, 352, 13, 1495, 11, 362, 13, 20, 393, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 13, 29201, 327, 25, 15274, 352, 1906, 24, 550, 657, 11, 657, 13, 15, 2670, 11, 657, 13, 2998, 23, 11, 657, 13, 21599, 11, 657, 13, 18, 11623, 11, 657, 13, 26704, 11, 352, 13, 1495, 11, 362, 13, 20, 11, 393, 642, 34703, 75, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 262, 22571, 13, 37651, 352, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 37651, 362, 373, 1861, 276, 351, 3098, 12, 51, 22, 35757, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 35888, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 37651, 513, 373, 1861, 276, 351, 41281, 12, 28886, 357, 3064, 77, 44, 737, 18810, 327, 13, 7446, 12765, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 351, 290, 1231, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 373, 37515, 13, 360, 641, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 1262, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 3788, 13, 383, 10368, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 287, 1123, 880, 373, 5295, 1262, 257, 36537, 12133, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 13, 383, 14587, 547, 37515, 9051, 262, 12109, 286, 1123, 880, 13, 383, 7446, 12765, 6737, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 1343, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 15568, 373, 39279, 284, 326, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 21748, 7532, 3436, 284, 21392, 329, 262, 1402, 10070, 287, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 287, 29201, 327, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 37354, 41281, 12, 28886, 351, 257, 3744, 28430, 621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 198, 2514, 8996, 262, 12765, 286, 257, 2092, 7446, 12765, 7532, 11, 279, 2996, 11, 284, 279, 1120, 11, 356, 6241, 279, 2996, 357, 321, 2879, 17045, 678, 1906, 26582, 8, 290, 279, 1120, 355, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 15568, 287, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 1080, 13, 41986, 286, 262, 9380, 19943, 21748, 15568, 373, 19000, 1262, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 3940, 416, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 357, 11337, 642, 11, 18810, 317, 737, 1675, 1332, 262, 2694, 286, 777, 15568, 284, 11007, 7446, 981, 5421, 284, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 11, 356, 717, 2087, 300, 893, 689, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 393, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 2996, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 642, 11, 18810, 347, 737, 7683, 22571, 329, 1123, 7532, 547, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 284, 11767, 326, 1123, 7532, 373, 6105, 5421, 284, 262, 10649, 357, 11337, 642, 11, 29201, 347, 11, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 1120, 290, 22571, 642, 290, 718, 329, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 737, 383, 14587, 286, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 15568, 547, 10488, 284, 307, 3016, 10411, 319, 262, 10649, 13, 569, 560, 278, 14587, 286, 41281, 12, 28886, 547, 2087, 284, 262, 10649, 355, 3402, 287, 11291, 642, 13, 2293, 21976, 262, 10649, 11, 262, 29509, 871, 286, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 290, 4197, 284, 257, 4823, 13, 5747, 15568, 5421, 262, 41281, 12, 28886, 11, 351, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 12765, 546, 734, 11379, 1365, 621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 13, 2312, 2482, 4236, 351, 883, 2098, 4271, 357, 3500, 6562, 48699, 281, 271, 313, 28338, 290, 17228, 4090, 5769, 1485, 8, 198, 11337, 642, 13, 38904, 28430, 286, 279, 1120, 290, 279, 2996, 15568, 329, 4295, 4906, 7446, 13, 198, 26639, 317, 13, 309, 13599, 12, 18242, 276, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 21748, 15568, 13, 1881, 4580, 17201, 286, 1111, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 290, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 21748, 15568, 6241, 287, 257, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 1080, 373, 15494, 351, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 309, 13599, 406, 328, 392, 290, 11266, 1262, 311, 5258, 12, 4537, 8264, 13, 317, 18364, 373, 973, 284, 40575, 329, 2546, 13, 18810, 347, 13, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 13, 29201, 317, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 38, 2257, 8997, 31702, 379, 657, 11, 352, 13, 18, 11, 362, 13, 21, 11, 642, 13, 17, 11, 838, 13, 20, 11, 2310, 11, 5433, 11, 9698, 11, 26753, 393, 41423, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 11, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 5501, 880, 373, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 347, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 18, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 13, 18292, 642, 1906, 22, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 2996, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 18292, 352, 1906, 18, 290, 642, 1906, 22, 547, 788, 1861, 276, 351, 12297, 12, 39, 7335, 24835, 7461, 279, 4826, 3940, 416, 34630, 34070, 273, 7461, 718, 2857, 3098, 12, 81, 14229, 28818, 38, 35757, 13, 29201, 327, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 1120, 373, 2087, 284, 1123, 880, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 284, 262, 15274, 355, 657, 11, 352, 11, 352, 13, 24, 11, 513, 13, 24, 11, 767, 13, 23, 11, 1315, 13, 21, 11, 3261, 13, 1495, 11, 8190, 13, 20, 11, 13151, 393, 8646, 77, 44, 11, 8148, 13, 29201, 360, 25, 22571, 352, 1906, 940, 11, 642, 34703, 75, 286, 300, 893, 378, 16621, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 79, 2996, 2087, 284, 1123, 13, 41281, 12, 28886, 373, 2087, 379, 262, 976, 14587, 355, 29201, 327, 13, 383, 10649, 373, 28660, 351, 257, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 10649, 27474, 379, 257, 28400, 286, 718, 2327, 21533, 13, 18810, 327, 13, 383, 29509, 871, 329, 1123, 880, 547, 5295, 1262, 13005, 47, 844, 7461, 3788, 13, 383, 10368, 286, 262, 7446, 373, 37515, 9051, 262, 12109, 286, 1123, 880, 13, 198, 464, 1115, 1388, 6805, 286, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 1080, 389, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 11, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 290, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 3454, 1460, 13, 1439, 1115, 8676, 284, 262, 9332, 11, 12373, 1108, 290, 4045, 2866, 286, 262, 40575, 13, 770, 1080, 460, 635, 307, 973, 329, 10345, 32799, 286, 46075, 44759, 42483, 7532, 13, 554, 257, 2180, 2050, 11, 262, 11023, 349, 676, 31702, 7177, 1080, 373, 973, 284, 2050, 7532, 25, 7532, 12213, 1043, 287, 262, 41288, 12, 38841, 3716, 7, 1558, 8, 198, 13, 775, 423, 3402, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 460, 307, 973, 284, 16602, 31702, 25, 7446, 12213, 1262, 279, 1120, 290, 279, 2996, 26955, 5087, 355, 2746, 7446, 12, 30786, 15568, 13, 198, 5962, 11, 2685, 12, 5787, 11059, 3341, 11, 884, 355, 262, 42490, 7461, 6226, 21, 3334, 12, 56, 1164, 34744, 14164, 31702, 41986, 4482, 393, 262, 42490, 7461, 25498, 4990, 291, 377, 43320, 4482, 11, 1249, 329, 5801, 7532, 3227, 3264, 422, 7446, 13, 554, 3090, 11, 7532, 460, 307, 4635, 287, 1342, 621, 734, 2250, 1262, 2685, 12, 5787, 3341, 11, 9051, 1528, 329, 3227, 422, 412, 13, 40395, 12, 3106, 3341, 13, 12440, 12, 5787, 3341, 635, 11005, 262, 5408, 13156, 617, 26955, 5087, 423, 287, 412, 13, 40395, 12, 3106, 3341, 13, 770, 6673, 262, 13688, 286, 2952, 16621, 7532, 40122, 602, 11, 23005, 11, 393, 277, 15880, 290, 4856, 606, 329, 3842, 13, 198, 12211, 11, 262, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 13536, 269, 8325, 298, 290, 25921, 8006, 286, 15568, 319, 4735, 16649, 3264, 422, 262, 2685, 12, 5787, 5408, 1080, 1231, 597, 3161, 1308, 2649, 2239, 13, 383, 18597, 24835, 7461, 7532, 5107, 257, 269, 8325, 298, 6314, 351, 663, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 13, 317, 18597, 24835, 7461, 26106, 392, 351, 32242, 886, 1448, 318, 973, 284, 15155, 7409, 3828, 417, 12, 1073, 515, 5405, 19392, 290, 11, 12412, 11, 284, 8006, 15568, 286, 1393, 6241, 355, 18597, 24835, 7461, 12, 69, 4241, 15568, 287, 2685, 12, 5787, 7532, 5408, 3341, 13, 770, 3164, 32311, 262, 761, 329, 7532, 1308, 2649, 11, 290, 3578, 262, 43954, 7532, 286, 1393, 284, 307, 25921, 329, 5415, 10685, 3842, 13, 198, 22747, 11, 7514, 21610, 1734, 13874, 4033, 357, 47, 7156, 13219, 1073, 515, 5405, 19392, 389, 1900, 284, 4180, 14011, 431, 7790, 9011, 273, 1159, 286, 19125, 7532, 290, 284, 2948, 4417, 12, 17223, 2853, 36921, 286, 2176, 15568, 13, 383, 1877, 12, 25249, 12765, 286, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 3454, 1460, 3578, 262, 13326, 286, 1877, 23263, 12765, 15568, 13, 317, 35804, 308, 11715, 8075, 2026, 22571, 319, 262, 5405, 10649, 11, 523, 326, 3294, 840, 592, 460, 307, 6157, 14500, 319, 262, 976, 10649, 1231, 597, 16976, 5112, 13, 770, 4394, 281, 9025, 625, 17228, 4090, 11, 543, 4143, 3578, 6702, 1315, 12737, 583, 20383, 13, 198, 12814, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 4482, 11, 356, 1043, 326, 279, 1120, 5421, 41281, 12, 28886, 5734, 11, 290, 279, 1120, 326, 318, 14394, 663, 7446, 12765, 7386, 550, 645, 7446, 12765, 3842, 13, 770, 11330, 530, 4621, 286, 1262, 2685, 12, 5787, 300, 893, 689, 11, 40122, 341, 290, 5408, 318, 2068, 11, 290, 867, 1180, 23005, 460, 307, 6789, 13, 383, 7446, 33124, 973, 287, 262, 10256, 547, 7560, 7419, 31786, 11, 4375, 284, 262, 2866, 286, 262, 40575, 13, 20401, 7446, 33124, 460, 307, 6789, 2952, 329, 12765, 284, 530, 7532, 11, 393, 3294, 15568, 460, 307, 6789, 329, 12765, 284, 530, 12774, 13, 383, 7446, 460, 307, 12326, 1262, 257, 26967, 2522, 382, 357, 292, 3402, 287, 777, 10256, 8, 393, 257, 2511, 1669, 9608, 276, 7446, 12774, 13, 5747, 13326, 5050, 423, 2092, 14233, 13, 8554, 257, 48865, 7446, 287, 257, 5449, 40575, 351, 4295, 12, 4906, 11, 9642, 9608, 276, 7446, 11, 356, 3751, 326, 262, 10375, 318, 2176, 290, 262, 18597, 11280, 31702, 15690, 19392, 423, 1310, 4469, 12765, 284, 262, 7446, 33124, 13, 198, 24951, 11, 356, 3688, 262, 12765, 286, 734, 1180, 7446, 12765, 15568, 11, 279, 1120, 290, 279, 2996, 290, 3751, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 468, 262, 14233, 284, 905, 12765, 5400, 1022, 1180, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 290, 2496, 12765, 5043, 11, 543, 14386, 351, 2180, 3640, 7, 1157, 8, 198, 464, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 635, 2148, 257, 3859, 284, 2050, 7532, 25, 48693, 25, 77, 14913, 291, 7408, 12765, 13, 8554, 262, 279, 1120, 7532, 290, 663, 41704, 314, 43000, 33, 17394, 11, 356, 547, 1498, 284, 905, 257, 10070, 287, 279, 1120, 12765, 284, 41281, 12, 28886, 618, 262, 41704, 373, 1944, 290, 3751, 326, 262, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 468, 262, 14233, 284, 905, 12765, 5400, 1022, 1180, 17751, 291, 7408, 12765, 15568, 290, 2496, 12765, 5043, 13, 770, 10070, 287, 12765, 373, 4271, 6515, 7, 1485, 8, 198, 13, 383, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 10649, 1080, 460, 307, 973, 284, 16602, 262, 1245, 326, 530, 7532, 468, 319, 262, 7446, 12765, 3842, 286, 1194, 7532, 13, 198, 39, 7335, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 2148, 257, 7090, 12, 9579, 1996, 40575, 329, 22712, 7532, 25, 48693, 11, 7532, 25, 77, 14913, 291, 7408, 11, 290, 7532, 25, 17470, 27756, 12213, 13, 12101, 10224, 7532, 26515, 11, 18597, 11280, 8151, 31702, 15690, 19392, 1249, 13688, 286, 2695, 13570, 13, 383, 2836, 460, 3538, 2251, 7532, 23005, 290, 40122, 602, 284, 40575, 1593, 12765, 7652, 319, 257, 7532, 13, 8554, 777, 19392, 11, 257, 2836, 460, 3159, 2952, 257, 1271, 286, 1180, 2785, 6670, 11, 5004, 1593, 12765, 7652, 290, 5004, 262, 772, 23206, 17045, 2672, 329, 262, 10375, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

4,986

Dementia can also be caused by endocrine disorders. If hypothyroidism is left untreated, for example, dementia can appear, and aggressive thyroid replacement may not return a patient to his or her previous level of cognitive functioning. The dementia with untreated hypothyroidism is also accompanied by irritability, paranoia, and depression. Cushing disease and Addison disease may lead to dementia. Hypoparathyroidism is the most common cause of basal ganglia calcification with dementia. Hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism may also lead to dementia. Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to dementia in the absence of anemia or megaloblastosis. Vitamin B12 replacement may improve cognition, but dementia may still continue. High-dose vitamin B supplements do not slow cognitive decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer dementia.14 Head trauma may cause dementia from diffuse axonal injury secondary to shearing forces, focal contusions, hemorrhages, lacerations, and hypoxic ischemia. Symptoms include anterograde and retrograde amnesia, deficiencies in encoding and retrieval of new information, disorganized thinking, poor concentration, and fluent aphasia. Dementia pugilistica, a syndrome caused by repeated head trauma in boxers, leads to a clinical picture of dementia and ataxia. A study of retired National Football League players found that the incidence of diseases of memory (dementia, Alzheimer disease [AD], or other memory-related disease) was higher in retired players than in the general population.15 However, cognitive tests and neurological examinations were not completed, which significantly limits interpretation of these results. A chronic subdural hematoma may be caused by mild head trauma in elderly patients and can lead to a clinical picture of dementia. Associated symptoms may include headache, slowed thinking, hemiparesis, change in personality, seizures, and aphasia. Any patient with a subdural hematoma must receive immediate neurosurgical evaluation. Surgical drainage may or may not be required, but an acute bleed can occur, and the pa-tient may have further neurological deterioration.16 Infectious processes can cause a clinical picture of dementia. Neurosyphilis can cause dementia even after 20 years from the time of infection. General paresis, a subtype of neurosyphilis, may present as a progressive dementia, changes in speech, irritability, grandiose delusions, and hallucinations.5,17 The rapid plasma reagin test has a high false-positive rate and results may be negative in late syphilis. A fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test may be a better tool for diagnosis. HIV-associated dementia affects subcortical structures while sparing the cortex. Forgetfulness, poor concentration, and slowed thinking are early symptoms. Apathy and social withdrawal may arise, and psychosis occurs occasionally. Patients with AIDS may have infections, CNS malignancies, or systemic illness that may lead to cognitive impairment. Toxins can cause a clinical picture of dementia. Long-term alcohol(Drug information on alcohol) use can lead to alcoholic dementia, which includes anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Alcoholic dementia is mild and slowly progressive; it is associated with impairments on initial letter fluency, fine motor control, and free recall. Comprehensive treatment planning Patients with dementia need a comprehensive treatment plan, including biological, psychotherapeutic, social, and family interventions (Table 4). Biological interventions include treatment of any underlying medical disorders and the appropriate use of medications for target symptoms. Psychotherapeutic interventions can be generally divided into 4 categories: Although many psychotherapeutic interventions are commonly used in clinical practice, only a few of these interventions have undergone double-blind randomized evaluation.7 Social interventions include assessments of the patient’s living environment, his ability to drive, risk level for abuse and/or neglect, availability of daytime/nighttime supervision, and occupational therapy to ensure home safety. Services such as a home health aide, a house cleaner, and Meals on Wheels may be needed to assist with basic activities of daily living. A discussion about financial/estate planning, health care power of attorney/advanced care directives, and long-term–care facilities may be needed as the dementia progresses. Family interventions to help prevent caregiver burnout include supporting family caregivers with psychoeducation, respite care, and referral to local support groups through national associations. A list of print and Internet resources that may be useful for those who care for patients with dementia is posted on www.psychiatrictimes.com in the online version of this article. Table 5 highlights key clinical and neuropsychological features of certain diseases that may cause dementia. The following discussion focuses primarily on cognitive aspects. The most common cause of dementia in North America and Europe is AD; approximately 4 million persons in the United States have AD.18 Risk factors include increasing age, traumatic brain injury, reduced brain reserve capacity, limited educational/occupational achievement, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, athero-sclerosis, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, smoking, obesity, and diabetes.

[ 35, 972, 544, 460, 635, 307, 4073, 416, 886, 38658, 11916, 13, 1002, 5328, 14863, 3882, 1042, 318, 1364, 41539, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 27886, 460, 1656, 11, 290, 8361, 30523, 9014, 743, 407, 1441, 257, 5827, 284, 465, 393, 607, 2180, 1241, 286, 10870, 15025, 13, 383, 27886, 351, 41539, 5328, 14863, 3882, 1042, 318, 635, 11791, 416, 14709, 1799, 11, 34370, 11, 290, 8862, 13, 327, 8023, 4369, 290, 3060, 1653, 4369, 743, 1085, 284, 27886, 13, 21209, 404, 283, 10036, 3882, 1042, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 41202, 7706, 24660, 42302, 2649, 351, 27886, 13, 15079, 20057, 3882, 1042, 290, 8718, 1845, 10036, 3882, 1042, 743, 635, 1085, 284, 27886, 13, 198, 35792, 15978, 14411, 347, 1065, 23580, 460, 1085, 284, 27886, 287, 262, 8889, 286, 281, 22859, 393, 502, 13528, 672, 12957, 5958, 13, 27533, 347, 1065, 9014, 743, 2987, 31119, 11, 475, 27886, 743, 991, 2555, 13, 3334, 12, 34436, 14411, 347, 20864, 466, 407, 3105, 10870, 7794, 287, 3871, 351, 11607, 284, 10768, 22434, 27886, 13, 1415, 198, 13847, 14649, 743, 2728, 27886, 422, 42864, 7877, 20996, 5095, 9233, 284, 673, 1723, 3386, 11, 25397, 542, 15880, 11, 42203, 1095, 11, 300, 11736, 602, 11, 290, 5328, 18047, 318, 15245, 544, 13, 49559, 2291, 281, 353, 519, 27585, 290, 12175, 9526, 716, 31401, 11, 33589, 287, 21004, 290, 45069, 286, 649, 1321, 11, 595, 30280, 3612, 11, 3595, 10368, 11, 290, 43472, 257, 5902, 544, 13, 198, 35, 972, 544, 279, 1018, 346, 2569, 64, 11, 257, 14027, 4073, 416, 5100, 1182, 14649, 287, 3091, 364, 11, 5983, 284, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 290, 379, 897, 544, 13, 317, 2050, 286, 9880, 2351, 9957, 4041, 1938, 1043, 326, 262, 18349, 286, 10040, 286, 4088, 357, 67, 972, 544, 11, 22434, 4369, 685, 2885, 4357, 393, 584, 4088, 12, 5363, 4369, 8, 373, 2440, 287, 9880, 1938, 621, 287, 262, 2276, 3265, 13, 1314, 2102, 11, 10870, 5254, 290, 30232, 37305, 547, 407, 5668, 11, 543, 5566, 7095, 10794, 286, 777, 2482, 13, 198, 32, 10726, 850, 67, 1523, 339, 6759, 6086, 743, 307, 4073, 416, 11607, 1182, 14649, 287, 13830, 3871, 290, 460, 1085, 284, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 13, 10575, 7460, 743, 2291, 24902, 11, 20955, 3612, 11, 16869, 541, 3565, 271, 11, 1487, 287, 8806, 11, 24715, 11, 290, 257, 5902, 544, 13, 4377, 5827, 351, 257, 850, 67, 1523, 339, 6759, 6086, 1276, 3328, 7103, 7669, 82, 31839, 12660, 13, 311, 31839, 37664, 743, 393, 743, 407, 307, 2672, 11, 475, 281, 14352, 30182, 460, 3051, 11, 290, 262, 14187, 12, 83, 1153, 743, 423, 2252, 30232, 38495, 13, 1433, 198, 818, 2309, 699, 7767, 460, 2728, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 13, 13782, 1837, 49613, 460, 2728, 27886, 772, 706, 1160, 812, 422, 262, 640, 286, 10280, 13, 3611, 279, 3565, 271, 11, 257, 850, 4906, 286, 7669, 1837, 49613, 11, 743, 1944, 355, 257, 10393, 27886, 11, 2458, 287, 4046, 11, 14709, 1799, 11, 4490, 72, 577, 47456, 11, 290, 40371, 13, 20, 11, 1558, 383, 5801, 16074, 302, 23183, 1332, 468, 257, 1029, 3991, 12, 24561, 2494, 290, 2482, 743, 307, 4633, 287, 2739, 827, 49613, 13, 317, 42309, 2054, 79, 261, 368, 282, 35757, 24774, 1332, 743, 307, 257, 1365, 2891, 329, 13669, 13, 198, 39, 3824, 12, 32852, 27886, 10975, 850, 66, 419, 605, 8573, 981, 43110, 262, 20223, 13, 29624, 15538, 11, 3595, 10368, 11, 290, 20955, 3612, 389, 1903, 7460, 13, 5949, 10036, 290, 1919, 15220, 743, 15058, 11, 290, 37926, 8833, 10491, 13, 28021, 351, 20408, 743, 423, 16079, 11, 48935, 6428, 570, 16183, 11, 393, 21971, 8526, 326, 743, 1085, 284, 10870, 23992, 13, 198, 51, 1140, 1040, 460, 2728, 257, 8668, 4286, 286, 27886, 13, 5882, 12, 4354, 5548, 7, 37943, 1321, 319, 5548, 8, 779, 460, 1085, 284, 26016, 27886, 11, 543, 3407, 281, 353, 519, 27585, 290, 12175, 9526, 716, 31401, 13, 21051, 291, 27886, 318, 11607, 290, 6364, 10393, 26, 340, 318, 3917, 351, 17253, 902, 319, 4238, 3850, 6562, 1387, 11, 3734, 5584, 1630, 11, 290, 1479, 10014, 13, 198, 7293, 36321, 3513, 5410, 198, 12130, 2334, 351, 27886, 761, 257, 9815, 3513, 1410, 11, 1390, 10685, 11, 3795, 847, 1758, 18089, 11, 1919, 11, 290, 1641, 19901, 357, 10962, 604, 737, 198, 33, 15071, 19901, 2291, 3513, 286, 597, 10238, 3315, 11916, 290, 262, 5035, 779, 286, 17638, 329, 2496, 7460, 13, 7562, 847, 1758, 18089, 19901, 460, 307, 4143, 9086, 656, 604, 9376, 25, 198, 7003, 867, 3795, 847, 1758, 18089, 19901, 389, 8811, 973, 287, 8668, 3357, 11, 691, 257, 1178, 286, 777, 19901, 423, 29900, 4274, 12, 27461, 23925, 12660, 13, 22, 198, 20636, 19901, 2291, 21837, 286, 262, 5827, 447, 247, 82, 2877, 2858, 11, 465, 2694, 284, 3708, 11, 2526, 1241, 329, 5076, 290, 14, 273, 17985, 11, 11500, 286, 32899, 14, 3847, 2435, 20865, 11, 290, 34266, 9102, 284, 4155, 1363, 3747, 13, 6168, 884, 355, 257, 1363, 1535, 18727, 11, 257, 2156, 21723, 11, 290, 2185, 874, 319, 37416, 743, 307, 2622, 284, 3342, 351, 4096, 4568, 286, 4445, 2877, 13, 317, 5114, 546, 3176, 14, 44146, 5410, 11, 1535, 1337, 1176, 286, 6136, 14, 32225, 2903, 1337, 34819, 11, 290, 890, 12, 4354, 1906, 6651, 7291, 743, 307, 2622, 355, 262, 27886, 33226, 13, 198, 24094, 19901, 284, 1037, 2948, 32386, 1428, 4245, 448, 2291, 6493, 1641, 45044, 351, 30731, 40796, 11, 1217, 578, 1337, 11, 290, 31413, 284, 1957, 1104, 2628, 832, 2260, 15814, 13, 317, 1351, 286, 3601, 290, 4455, 4133, 326, 743, 307, 4465, 329, 883, 508, 1337, 329, 3871, 351, 27886, 318, 4481, 319, 7324, 13, 23947, 5375, 2012, 999, 13, 785, 287, 262, 2691, 2196, 286, 428, 2708, 13, 198, 10962, 642, 11330, 1994, 8668, 290, 7669, 23947, 2770, 3033, 286, 1728, 10040, 326, 743, 2728, 27886, 13, 383, 1708, 5114, 13692, 7525, 319, 10870, 7612, 13, 198, 464, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 27886, 287, 2258, 2253, 290, 2031, 318, 5984, 26, 6702, 604, 1510, 6506, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 423, 5984, 13, 1507, 19602, 5087, 2291, 3649, 2479, 11, 25115, 3632, 5095, 11, 5322, 3632, 11515, 5339, 11, 3614, 9856, 14, 19596, 864, 13293, 11, 6736, 7957, 85, 14767, 4369, 11, 8718, 40712, 312, 22859, 11, 37454, 11, 379, 11718, 12, 82, 31399, 11, 37151, 2612, 4369, 11, 379, 4454, 277, 2889, 40903, 11, 9216, 11, 13825, 11, 290, 12593, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,073

Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation Text links are shown below - Home Page - - About this site - - Quick Menu - - Main Menu - - Members' Area - - What's New - - Help Needed - - Online Store - - Reunions - - Contact Me - - Sign Guest Book - - View Guest Book - - Glossary - - Bibliography - Formed at Hainault Farm as a night fighter unit on 12 June 1918 by taking a flight from Nos 44, 78 and 112 Squadrons. The first flight moved to France on 16 June and ten days later the rest of the squadron was also in France. It operated Camels in defence of British bases in the area and by the end of the war had destroyed 26 enemy aircraft. It also introduced the principle of night intrusion, when it made attacks against German bombers returning to their airfields. Having returned to Britain in February 1919, it disbanded at Drem on 10 September. The squadron reformed on 4 August 1936 at North Weald, equipped with Gauntlets from a detachment of No 56 Squadron. Hurricanes began to arrive in December 1938 and conversion was completed in February 1939. Unlike many Hurricane units, it remained in Britain on defensive duties, instead of going to France. It then covered the Dunkirk evacuation and took part in most of the Battle of Britain, before moving to Digby in September 1940. The following November, it was decided to transfer the squadron to the night fighting role and it moved to Bramcote where it also received Defiants. Night operations were commenced in February 1941 from its base at Wittering and a detachment at Coltishall. In April 1942, Mosquitos began to arrive and the Hurricanes were immediately retired although it was July before the Defiants left, leaving the squadron solely equipped with the Mosquito. From April 1943, as a result of the declining night interceptions being made, the squadron moved to Colerne, from where it began intruder operations. In October 1944, a move to Castle Camps led to it adopting the bomber support role and these were continued from East Anglia until the end of the war. A few days later the squadron moved back to the West Country, disbanding at Weston Zoyland on 10 October 1946. From 11 February 1949 until 14 September 1951, the squadron number was linked to No 23 Squadron, but on the 15th, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at Leuchars as a Vampire night fighter unit. In April 1953 Meteor NF Mk 11s replaced the Vampires and in July 1955, these were replaced by Venom NF Mk 3s. The squadron's role changed in July 1957, when it became an all-weather fighter unit on re-equipping with Javelins, these being retained until 19 September 1961, when the squadron disbanded, still being at Leuchars. Its final incarnation lasted from 1 January 1962 to 25 May 1963, when the Signals Command Development Squadron was given the number. Bases at Watton, this unit operated a range of aircraft including Lincolns, Hastings, Varsities and Canberras on radar research and development. The squadron was disbanded by being renumbered No 97 Squadron. Motto: Foy Pour Devoir (Fidelity unto duty) Squadron Codes used: - Formed as a night fighter unit equipped with Camels at Rochford on 1 June 1918, it moved to France in October, but saw little action in the remaining three weeks of the war, returning to Drem in February 1919, where it disbanded on 30 June. The squadron reformed at Acklington on 1 October 1939 equipped with Gladiators. Conversion to Spitfires began in January 1940 and this process was complete by February. Initially retained in the North-East for defensive duties, it moved south in July 1940 to Warmwell, where it remained throughout the Battle of Britain. It flew convoy patrols from Portreath from April 1941 before moving to East Anglia in August, from were it flew escort missions. In January 1942, it moved to Northern Ireland, in August it was back on convoy patrols from Angle but in September it moved to Wittering and began preparing fro embarkation overseas. The squadron took part in the Allied landing in North Africa in November and from the 14th of that month it moved onto airfields in Algeria. During the early part of this campaign, it provided fighter cover to fighter-bombers supported 1st Army's advance. March 1943 saw the squadron adopting the fighter-bomber role itself, which it conducted until the end of the campaign. In preparation for the landings on Sicily, the squadron moved to Malta in June 1943, moving onto the island in July and then Italy in September. However, in November it was on the move to another operational theatre, when it was advised to transfer to India. Arriving in December it re-equipped Spitfire VIIIs and immediately began fighter patrols until April 1944 when it went back to fighter-bomber operations. It was involved in the Battle of Imphal and continued to support 14th Army for the rest of the war. Following VJ-Day, the squadron moved to Singapore, where it disbanded on 10 March 1946. Two months later on 8 May 1946, No 136 Squadron was renumbered 152. Equipped with Spitfire XIVs, it received Tempests in June but a spares shortage limited flying and the disbanded again on 15 January 1947. From 11 February 1949 until 31 May 1954, the squadron number was linked to No 19 Squadron, but on 1 June 1954, the squadron regained its independence, when it reformed at Wattisham as a Meteor night fighter unit. It disbanded on 31 July 1958. However, on 29 September 1958, No 1417 Flight was raised to squadron status as No 152 Squadron. It was equipped with Pembrokes and Twin Pioneers for communications duties in the Persian Gulf. It finally disbanded on 9 December 1967. Motto: Faithful Ally Squadron Codes used: - There is No 152 Squadron Association but Richard Castle, 1 Battle Close, Sarisbury Green, Southampton, Hampshire, SO31 7ZF: tel 01489 601937 is in contact with some members; e-mail: [email protected] Formed at Hainault Farm as a night fighter unit on 4 November 1918, but the Armistice seven days later prevented the squadron becoming operational or receiving any aircraft, but it was 13 June 1919, before it actually disbanded. The squadron eventually formed on 24 October 1941 at Ballyhalbert from 'A' Flight of No 256 Squadron, which had moved there on 14 October from Squires Gate. It operated Defiants on night fighter duties until May 1942 but in December, a Blenheim arrived for training and in January the process of converting the squadron onto Beaufighters began in ernest. Following conversion the squadron continued to provide night defence of Northern Ireland until December when it moved to North Africa. In North Africa, the squadron provide night cover to Allied forces as well as providing protection to convoys from a range of advanced bases. From July 1944, the squadron was bases in Sardinia, from where it added night intruder operations to its duties. These were conducted against targets in Southern France and Northern Italy and in August, the squadron received a few Spitfires and Hurricanes for use in dawn patrols, but on 5 September the squadron disbanded. The following month (7 October), the squadron reformed at Kirmington from a nucleus supplied by No 166 Squadron as a Lancaster equipped bomber unit, but almost immediately moved to Scampton. Until the end of the war, it operated as part of Bomber Command's Main Force and then carried out trooping flights to Italy, disbanding on 28 September 1945. The squadron has far been reformed for one other period, 28 February 1955 to 2 July 1958. This was in its original role as a night fighter unit, being based at West Malling with Meteor NF Mk 12 and 14s for the entire period. Motto: Noctividus (Seeing by night) Squadron Codes used: - On 9 May 1918, it was proposed to form the squadron for deployment to France with Bristol F2Bs in October but these plans were cancelled on 4 July. Its formation was immediately rescheduled to form on 3 August for deployment on 3 October, but this plan was suspended on 29 July. Eventually the squadron was formed at Chingford on 7 August for deployment on 29 October, but having received no aircraft, it was disbanded on 11 September. The squadron reformed at Fowlmere on 17 November 1941, being declared operational in February 1942. Equipped with Spitfires, it moved to Churchstanton in May for convoy escort duties and Hornchurch in June where it began offensive operations over France. However, on 30 August, it flew its last mission and was taken off operations, moving to Welligore the next day to prepare for movement overseas. The ground echelon left on 1 November by sea, whilst the air echelon flew out to Gibraltar, operating from there until the two components were able to re-assemble in Algeria on 21 November. The squadron provided air defence of the Allied forces along the North African coast until the end of the campaign. After this it moved to Malta, from where it supported the invasion of Sicily, moving onto the island itself on 18 July 1943. In September the squadron moved to Italy but in December it moved to Palestine and the n Cyprus, from where it took part in operations in Syria. April 1944 saw te squadron operating from Corsica and in August it provided cover for Operation 'Dragoon', the Allied invasion of Southern France. It then remained in France provided air cover to the advancing Allied armies until the end of September, when it returned to Italy, disbanding at Naples on 1 November 1944. Two weeks late (16 November), the squadron reformed at Biggin Hill, acquiring No 131 Squadron's Spitfire VIIs. These were used to provide long range bomber escorts, which was made easier from February 1945, when Mustangs replaced the Spitfires but on 31 March 1945, the squadron disbanded at its latest base of Hunsdon. Motto: His modis ad victoriam (By this means to Victory) Squadron Codes used: - On 9 May 1918, it was proposed to form the squadron for deployment to France with DH9As in September and then October but these plans were cancelled on 4 July. Its formation was immediately rescheduled to form on 6 September for deployment on 6 November, but this plan was suspended on 29 July. It eventually formed as a night bomber squadron at Feltham on 14 September 1918, it received some DH9As but having failed to achieve operational status was disbanded on 7 December. No 155 reformed on 1 April 1942 at Peshawar, equipped with Curtiss Mohawks, however it was September before the squadron became operational. It was involved in air defence operations and coastal patrols around Madras, but the following month it was transferred to Bengal, where it began to operate over Burma. The squadron retained its Mohawks on a vareity of operations including ground attack, recce and escort duties until January 1944, when it eventually received more modern equipment in the form of Spitfires. With these it was employed on air defence as well as its previous roles. With the Japanese surrender the squadron moved to Singapore and then in May 1946 it moved to Sumatra, where it disbanded on 31 October 1946. At the time of writing (2002), the squadron's final incarnation began on 1 September 1954, when it reformed at Seletar as a Whirlwind helicopter squadron. It flew these aircraft in the light transport and casualty evacuation roles during Operation 'Firedog' supporting both the army and police in their fight against Communist terrorist. However, on 3 June 1959, the squadron was disbanded when it was amalgamated with No 194 to form No 110 Squadron. Motto: Eternal vigilance Squadron Codes used: - All Squadron badges on this page are courtesy of Steve Clements © Crown Copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Directorate of Intellectual Property Rights This page was last updated on 30/12/11 using FrontPage XP© Sqns 156 - 160 [Top of Page] Sqns 156 - 160

[ 16170, 286, 11416, 532, 317, 7443, 286, 28168, 30801, 198, 8206, 6117, 389, 3402, 2174, 198, 12, 5995, 7873, 532, 198, 12, 7994, 428, 2524, 532, 198, 12, 12029, 21860, 532, 198, 12, 8774, 21860, 532, 198, 12, 12688, 6, 9498, 532, 198, 12, 1867, 338, 968, 532, 198, 12, 10478, 10664, 276, 532, 198, 12, 7467, 9363, 532, 198, 12, 797, 403, 507, 532, 198, 12, 14039, 2185, 532, 198, 12, 5865, 22358, 4897, 532, 198, 12, 3582, 22358, 4897, 532, 198, 12, 45970, 560, 532, 198, 12, 347, 45689, 532, 198, 8479, 276, 379, 367, 391, 1721, 11272, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 319, 1105, 2795, 25859, 416, 2263, 257, 5474, 422, 32798, 5846, 11, 8699, 290, 13539, 11630, 12212, 13, 383, 717, 5474, 3888, 284, 4881, 319, 1467, 2795, 290, 3478, 1528, 1568, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 40733, 373, 635, 287, 4881, 13, 632, 12228, 7298, 1424, 287, 9366, 286, 3517, 12536, 287, 262, 1989, 290, 416, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 550, 6572, 2608, 4472, 6215, 13, 632, 635, 5495, 262, 7989, 286, 1755, 34396, 11, 618, 340, 925, 3434, 1028, 2679, 26127, 8024, 284, 511, 1633, 25747, 13, 11136, 4504, 284, 5491, 287, 3945, 30992, 11, 340, 47302, 379, 360, 2787, 319, 838, 2693, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 42878, 319, 604, 2932, 27653, 379, 2258, 775, 1940, 11, 10911, 351, 402, 39695, 422, 257, 42925, 286, 1400, 7265, 27242, 13, 39419, 2540, 284, 9240, 287, 3426, 28017, 290, 11315, 373, 5668, 287, 3945, 24414, 13, 12101, 867, 16004, 4991, 11, 340, 6150, 287, 5491, 319, 6110, 10741, 11, 2427, 286, 1016, 284, 4881, 13, 632, 788, 5017, 262, 39303, 14232, 24663, 290, 1718, 636, 287, 749, 286, 262, 5838, 286, 5491, 11, 878, 3867, 284, 7367, 1525, 287, 2693, 16236, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 3389, 11, 340, 373, 3066, 284, 4351, 262, 40733, 284, 262, 1755, 4330, 2597, 290, 340, 3888, 284, 35315, 66, 1258, 810, 340, 635, 2722, 2896, 17883, 13, 5265, 4560, 547, 32400, 287, 3945, 23234, 422, 663, 2779, 379, 370, 1967, 278, 290, 257, 42925, 379, 37360, 680, 439, 13, 554, 3035, 22458, 11, 5826, 47391, 418, 2540, 284, 9240, 290, 262, 39419, 547, 3393, 9880, 3584, 340, 373, 2901, 878, 262, 2896, 17883, 1364, 11, 4305, 262, 40733, 9944, 10911, 351, 262, 5826, 421, 10094, 13, 3574, 3035, 21577, 11, 355, 257, 1255, 286, 262, 18080, 1755, 28891, 852, 925, 11, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 1623, 263, 710, 11, 422, 810, 340, 2540, 48927, 4560, 13, 554, 3267, 16994, 11, 257, 1445, 284, 11312, 5425, 82, 2957, 284, 340, 22868, 262, 24065, 1104, 2597, 290, 777, 547, 3767, 422, 3687, 2895, 24660, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 317, 1178, 1528, 1568, 262, 40733, 3888, 736, 284, 262, 2688, 12946, 11, 35758, 278, 379, 46949, 1168, 726, 1044, 319, 838, 3267, 22717, 13, 198, 4863, 1367, 3945, 24977, 1566, 1478, 2693, 27937, 11, 262, 40733, 1271, 373, 6692, 284, 1400, 2242, 27242, 11, 475, 319, 262, 1315, 400, 11, 262, 40733, 35049, 663, 10404, 11, 618, 340, 42878, 379, 1004, 794, 945, 355, 257, 21463, 1755, 10543, 4326, 13, 554, 3035, 24217, 25582, 41288, 24798, 1367, 82, 6928, 262, 569, 27933, 290, 287, 2901, 25325, 11, 777, 547, 6928, 416, 33284, 41288, 24798, 513, 82, 13, 383, 40733, 338, 2597, 3421, 287, 2901, 25177, 11, 618, 340, 2627, 281, 477, 12, 23563, 10543, 4326, 319, 302, 12, 4853, 4501, 351, 13790, 626, 1040, 11, 777, 852, 17383, 1566, 678, 2693, 20510, 11, 618, 262, 40733, 47302, 11, 991, 852, 379, 1004, 794, 945, 13, 198, 20459, 2457, 29185, 15436, 422, 352, 3269, 20033, 284, 1679, 1737, 19342, 11, 618, 262, 5865, 874, 9455, 7712, 27242, 373, 1813, 262, 1271, 13, 347, 1386, 379, 30263, 261, 11, 428, 4326, 12228, 257, 2837, 286, 6215, 1390, 406, 1939, 349, 5907, 11, 38330, 11, 569, 945, 871, 290, 1680, 527, 8847, 319, 13428, 2267, 290, 2478, 13, 383, 40733, 373, 47302, 416, 852, 8851, 26584, 1400, 10111, 27242, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 376, 726, 39128, 6245, 10840, 357, 37, 23091, 12722, 7077, 8, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 8479, 276, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 10911, 351, 7298, 1424, 379, 371, 5374, 3841, 319, 352, 2795, 25859, 11, 340, 3888, 284, 4881, 287, 3267, 11, 475, 2497, 1310, 2223, 287, 262, 5637, 1115, 2745, 286, 262, 1175, 11, 8024, 284, 360, 2787, 287, 3945, 30992, 11, 810, 340, 47302, 319, 1542, 2795, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 42878, 379, 36031, 17299, 319, 352, 3267, 24414, 10911, 351, 2671, 9189, 2024, 13, 44101, 284, 48377, 27312, 2540, 287, 3269, 16236, 290, 428, 1429, 373, 1844, 416, 3945, 13, 30900, 17383, 287, 262, 2258, 12, 25234, 329, 6110, 10741, 11, 340, 3888, 5366, 287, 2901, 16236, 284, 25692, 4053, 11, 810, 340, 6150, 3690, 262, 5838, 286, 5491, 13, 632, 13112, 32860, 34141, 422, 4347, 19367, 422, 3035, 23234, 878, 3867, 284, 3687, 2895, 24660, 287, 2932, 11, 422, 547, 340, 13112, 27675, 10566, 13, 554, 3269, 22458, 11, 340, 3888, 284, 8342, 7517, 11, 287, 2932, 340, 373, 736, 319, 32860, 34141, 422, 42375, 475, 287, 2693, 340, 3888, 284, 370, 1967, 278, 290, 2540, 10629, 8400, 21030, 341, 11292, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 1718, 636, 287, 262, 28234, 9581, 287, 2258, 5478, 287, 3389, 290, 422, 262, 1478, 400, 286, 326, 1227, 340, 3888, 4291, 1633, 25747, 287, 36498, 13, 5856, 262, 1903, 636, 286, 428, 1923, 11, 340, 2810, 10543, 3002, 284, 10543, 12, 65, 296, 1213, 4855, 352, 301, 5407, 338, 5963, 13, 2805, 21577, 2497, 262, 40733, 22868, 262, 10543, 12, 65, 296, 527, 2597, 2346, 11, 543, 340, 5952, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1923, 13, 554, 11824, 329, 262, 1956, 654, 319, 49301, 11, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 35206, 287, 2795, 21577, 11, 3867, 4291, 262, 7022, 287, 2901, 290, 788, 8031, 287, 2693, 13, 198, 4864, 11, 287, 3389, 340, 373, 319, 262, 1445, 284, 1194, 13919, 21421, 11, 618, 340, 373, 13030, 284, 4351, 284, 3794, 13, 27350, 1075, 287, 3426, 340, 302, 12, 40617, 48377, 6495, 19691, 3792, 290, 3393, 2540, 10543, 34141, 1566, 3035, 16994, 618, 340, 1816, 736, 284, 10543, 12, 65, 296, 527, 4560, 13, 632, 373, 2950, 287, 262, 5838, 286, 1846, 27451, 290, 3767, 284, 1104, 1478, 400, 5407, 329, 262, 1334, 286, 262, 1175, 13, 14207, 569, 41, 12, 12393, 11, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 12551, 11, 810, 340, 47302, 319, 838, 2805, 22717, 13, 198, 7571, 1933, 1568, 319, 807, 1737, 22717, 11, 1400, 21056, 27242, 373, 8851, 26584, 24848, 13, 7889, 3949, 351, 48377, 6495, 42667, 82, 11, 340, 2722, 24189, 3558, 287, 2795, 475, 257, 599, 3565, 18772, 3614, 7348, 290, 262, 47302, 757, 319, 1315, 3269, 21709, 13, 3574, 1367, 3945, 24977, 1566, 3261, 1737, 24718, 11, 262, 40733, 1271, 373, 6692, 284, 1400, 678, 27242, 11, 475, 319, 352, 2795, 24718, 11, 262, 40733, 35049, 663, 10404, 11, 618, 340, 42878, 379, 30263, 680, 321, 355, 257, 25582, 1755, 10543, 4326, 13, 632, 47302, 319, 3261, 2901, 24648, 13, 2102, 11, 319, 2808, 2693, 24648, 11, 1400, 1478, 1558, 13365, 373, 4376, 284, 40733, 3722, 355, 1400, 24848, 27242, 13, 632, 373, 10911, 351, 350, 368, 7957, 5209, 290, 14968, 27507, 364, 329, 8062, 10741, 287, 262, 22035, 12108, 13, 632, 3443, 47302, 319, 860, 3426, 15904, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 16463, 913, 43039, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 1858, 318, 1400, 24848, 27242, 5396, 475, 6219, 11312, 11, 352, 5838, 13872, 11, 6866, 47967, 3469, 11, 30035, 11, 13910, 11, 12809, 3132, 767, 57, 37, 25, 13632, 5534, 35890, 718, 30484, 2718, 318, 287, 2800, 351, 617, 1866, 26, 304, 12, 4529, 25, 717, 3672, 13, 12957, 3672, 31, 20688, 13, 2398, 198, 8479, 276, 379, 367, 391, 1721, 11272, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 319, 604, 3389, 25859, 11, 475, 262, 7057, 396, 501, 3598, 1528, 1568, 13351, 262, 40733, 5033, 13919, 393, 6464, 597, 6215, 11, 475, 340, 373, 1511, 2795, 30992, 11, 878, 340, 1682, 47302, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 4191, 7042, 319, 1987, 3267, 23234, 379, 347, 453, 14201, 4835, 422, 705, 32, 6, 13365, 286, 1400, 17759, 27242, 11, 543, 550, 3888, 612, 319, 1478, 3267, 422, 5056, 2387, 12816, 13, 632, 12228, 2896, 17883, 319, 1755, 10543, 10741, 1566, 1737, 22458, 475, 287, 3426, 11, 257, 1086, 268, 9096, 5284, 329, 3047, 290, 287, 3269, 262, 1429, 286, 23202, 262, 40733, 4291, 32831, 17114, 2540, 287, 220, 1142, 395, 13, 14207, 11315, 262, 40733, 3767, 284, 2148, 1755, 9366, 286, 8342, 7517, 1566, 3426, 618, 340, 3888, 284, 2258, 5478, 13, 198, 818, 2258, 5478, 11, 262, 40733, 2148, 1755, 3002, 284, 28234, 3386, 355, 880, 355, 4955, 4800, 284, 3063, 19417, 422, 257, 2837, 286, 6190, 12536, 13, 3574, 2901, 16994, 11, 262, 40733, 373, 12536, 287, 46997, 43168, 11, 422, 810, 340, 2087, 1755, 48927, 4560, 284, 663, 10741, 13, 2312, 547, 5952, 1028, 6670, 287, 8050, 4881, 290, 8342, 8031, 290, 287, 2932, 11, 262, 40733, 2722, 257, 1178, 48377, 27312, 290, 39419, 329, 779, 287, 17577, 34141, 11, 475, 319, 642, 2693, 262, 40733, 47302, 13, 198, 464, 1708, 1227, 357, 22, 3267, 828, 262, 40733, 42878, 379, 7385, 39773, 422, 257, 29984, 14275, 416, 1400, 26753, 27242, 355, 257, 38167, 10911, 24065, 4326, 11, 475, 2048, 3393, 3888, 284, 1446, 23427, 13, 14303, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1175, 11, 340, 12228, 355, 636, 286, 38474, 9455, 338, 8774, 5221, 290, 788, 5281, 503, 4161, 15816, 13956, 284, 8031, 11, 35758, 278, 319, 2579, 2693, 15761, 13, 383, 40733, 468, 1290, 587, 42878, 329, 530, 584, 2278, 11, 2579, 3945, 25325, 284, 362, 2901, 24648, 13, 770, 373, 287, 663, 2656, 2597, 355, 257, 1755, 10543, 4326, 11, 852, 1912, 379, 2688, 337, 9221, 351, 25582, 41288, 24798, 1105, 290, 1478, 82, 329, 262, 2104, 2278, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 32809, 1699, 385, 357, 36314, 416, 1755, 8, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 2202, 860, 1737, 25859, 11, 340, 373, 5150, 284, 1296, 262, 40733, 329, 14833, 284, 4881, 351, 25040, 376, 17, 37000, 287, 3267, 475, 777, 3352, 547, 16769, 319, 604, 2901, 13, 6363, 9978, 373, 3393, 581, 1740, 6309, 284, 1296, 319, 513, 2932, 329, 14833, 319, 513, 3267, 11, 475, 428, 1410, 373, 9951, 319, 2808, 2901, 13, 16178, 262, 40733, 373, 7042, 379, 609, 278, 3841, 319, 767, 2932, 329, 14833, 319, 2808, 3267, 11, 475, 1719, 2722, 645, 6215, 11, 340, 373, 47302, 319, 1367, 2693, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 42878, 379, 376, 4883, 34671, 319, 1596, 3389, 23234, 11, 852, 6875, 13919, 287, 3945, 22458, 13, 7889, 3949, 351, 48377, 27312, 11, 340, 3888, 284, 4564, 18797, 261, 287, 1737, 329, 32860, 27675, 10741, 290, 13549, 36964, 287, 2795, 810, 340, 2540, 5859, 4560, 625, 4881, 13, 2102, 11, 319, 1542, 2932, 11, 340, 13112, 663, 938, 4365, 290, 373, 2077, 572, 4560, 11, 3867, 284, 370, 2976, 382, 262, 1306, 1110, 284, 8335, 329, 3356, 11292, 13, 198, 464, 2323, 304, 2395, 14995, 1364, 319, 352, 3389, 416, 5417, 11, 14590, 262, 1633, 304, 2395, 14995, 13112, 503, 284, 47403, 11, 5361, 422, 612, 1566, 262, 734, 6805, 547, 1498, 284, 302, 12, 292, 15140, 287, 36498, 319, 2310, 3389, 13, 383, 40733, 2810, 1633, 9366, 286, 262, 28234, 3386, 1863, 262, 2258, 5510, 7051, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 262, 1923, 13, 2293, 428, 340, 3888, 284, 35206, 11, 422, 810, 340, 4855, 262, 11796, 286, 49301, 11, 3867, 4291, 262, 7022, 2346, 319, 1248, 2901, 21577, 13, 554, 2693, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 8031, 475, 287, 3426, 340, 3888, 284, 17263, 290, 262, 299, 27885, 11, 422, 810, 340, 1718, 636, 287, 4560, 287, 4392, 13, 3035, 16994, 2497, 573, 40733, 5361, 422, 26978, 3970, 290, 287, 2932, 340, 2810, 3002, 329, 14680, 705, 46022, 2049, 3256, 262, 28234, 11796, 286, 8050, 4881, 13, 632, 788, 6150, 287, 4881, 2810, 1633, 3002, 284, 262, 19988, 28234, 18837, 1566, 262, 886, 286, 2693, 11, 618, 340, 4504, 284, 8031, 11, 35758, 278, 379, 49404, 319, 352, 3389, 16994, 13, 198, 7571, 2745, 2739, 357, 1433, 3389, 828, 262, 40733, 42878, 379, 4403, 1655, 3327, 11, 22488, 1400, 23134, 27242, 338, 48377, 6495, 13889, 3792, 13, 2312, 547, 973, 284, 2148, 890, 2837, 24065, 3671, 2096, 11, 543, 373, 925, 4577, 422, 3945, 15761, 11, 618, 12039, 27725, 6928, 262, 48377, 27312, 475, 319, 3261, 2805, 15761, 11, 262, 40733, 47302, 379, 663, 3452, 2779, 286, 5900, 82, 9099, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 2399, 953, 271, 512, 2210, 273, 1789, 357, 3886, 428, 1724, 284, 21203, 8, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 2202, 860, 1737, 25859, 11, 340, 373, 5150, 284, 1296, 262, 40733, 329, 14833, 284, 4881, 351, 23809, 24, 1722, 287, 2693, 290, 788, 3267, 475, 777, 3352, 547, 16769, 319, 604, 2901, 13, 6363, 9978, 373, 3393, 581, 1740, 6309, 284, 1296, 319, 718, 2693, 329, 14833, 319, 718, 3389, 11, 475, 428, 1410, 373, 9951, 319, 2808, 2901, 13, 632, 4191, 7042, 355, 257, 1755, 24065, 40733, 379, 13937, 400, 321, 319, 1478, 2693, 25859, 11, 340, 2722, 617, 23809, 24, 1722, 475, 1719, 4054, 284, 4620, 13919, 3722, 373, 47302, 319, 767, 3426, 13, 198, 2949, 20708, 42878, 319, 352, 3035, 22458, 379, 39654, 48841, 11, 10911, 351, 19569, 747, 9719, 11890, 11, 2158, 340, 373, 2693, 878, 262, 40733, 2627, 13919, 13, 632, 373, 2950, 287, 1633, 9366, 4560, 290, 17475, 34141, 1088, 4627, 8847, 11, 475, 262, 1708, 1227, 340, 373, 11172, 284, 28630, 11, 810, 340, 2540, 284, 8076, 625, 40306, 13, 198, 464, 40733, 17383, 663, 9719, 11890, 319, 257, 410, 533, 414, 286, 4560, 1390, 2323, 1368, 11, 664, 344, 290, 27675, 10741, 1566, 3269, 16994, 11, 618, 340, 4191, 2722, 517, 3660, 5112, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 48377, 27312, 13, 2080, 777, 340, 373, 9322, 319, 1633, 9366, 355, 880, 355, 663, 2180, 9176, 13, 2080, 262, 4960, 16908, 262, 40733, 3888, 284, 12551, 290, 788, 287, 1737, 22717, 340, 3888, 284, 5060, 26066, 11, 810, 340, 47302, 319, 3261, 3267, 22717, 13, 198, 2953, 262, 640, 286, 3597, 357, 16942, 828, 262, 40733, 338, 2457, 29185, 2540, 319, 352, 2693, 24718, 11, 618, 340, 42878, 379, 1001, 1616, 283, 355, 257, 854, 32785, 15392, 40733, 13, 632, 13112, 777, 6215, 287, 262, 1657, 4839, 290, 39068, 24663, 9176, 1141, 14680, 705, 37, 1202, 519, 6, 6493, 1111, 262, 5428, 290, 1644, 287, 511, 1907, 1028, 14884, 7417, 13, 2102, 11, 319, 513, 2795, 23859, 11, 262, 40733, 373, 47302, 618, 340, 373, 45541, 321, 515, 351, 1400, 30483, 284, 1296, 1400, 9796, 27242, 13, 198, 44, 17631, 25, 21475, 49202, 198, 22266, 324, 1313, 44380, 973, 25, 532, 198, 3237, 27242, 37583, 319, 428, 2443, 389, 12537, 286, 6542, 327, 3639, 198, 16224, 12223, 15069, 318, 31759, 351, 262, 7170, 286, 262, 44437, 286, 42443, 14161, 6923, 198, 1212, 2443, 373, 938, 6153, 319, 1542, 14, 1065, 14, 1157, 1262, 8880, 9876, 11961, 16224, 198, 50, 80, 5907, 23871, 532, 13454, 198, 58, 9126, 286, 7873, 60, 311, 80, 5907, 23871, 532, 13454, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,540

A reader writes: "I struggle with reoccurring yeast infections. The doctor gave me an oral medication for them about 5 years ago and I didn't have them for a year. Then my body started to be allergic to that medicine."I've always known I can change my diet, but you know how hard that is! I know I need to cut out refined sugar and starches. Again not so easy! "Can you give me some ideas as to what to eat for breakfast? It's hard to go to the store with four kids and actually read the labels." Dear Reader, Fascinating information out there about this condition. Suffice it to say, some diet changes can help prevent yeast infections. But it may not be as drastic as you have been led to believe. Here's why: Yeasts are everywhere. They live in soil. They reside on the skins of fruit and berries. And they live in the body. Some yeasts are good and others are not. The yeast most often responsible for infections in the body is Candida albicans (aka Candida). Although a normal resident of the body, Candida is considered an "opportunistic pathogen" which means it is only harmful if it is allowed to grow out of control. The most common cause of yeast infections? Antibiotic use, say experts. Antibiotics kill good bacteria (which protect the body from yeast overgrowth) as well as bad bacteria. Other conditions that may promote the abnormal growth of yeast in the body include pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, diabetes and HIV infections. Yeasts in food, however, are entirely different species from the pathogen Candida albicans. Nutritional yeasts are "friendly fungi" much like mushrooms and other "organisms" we add to food for one reason or other. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (abbreviated S. cerevisiae) is a common yeast that has been used to make bread for thousands of years. Other strains of Saccharomyces are used to ferment grape juice into wine. Kombucha is a fermented sweetened tea made with a nutritional yeast. Some yeasts are even used to turn corn into ethanol fuel. But I digress. Although the internet is full of diet advice on how to prevent yeast infections (one site says you must eliminate everything but garlic, spices, herbs and vegetables), here are some reliable remedies: Increase your intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). These good bacteria in the gut keep Candida yeast cells from growing out of control. Sorry, but you will need to look at food labels to find foods such as milk, kefir, or yogurt that contain Lactobacillus acidophilus as an ingredient. Keep up your defenses. Protein-containing foods strengthen our immune system so it can thwart the growth of wayward yeast cells. Include at least one of these at each meal: fish, poultry, meat, eggs, low-fat cheese, yogurt, milk, beans, nuts or nut butters. Make half your plate vegetables. (Have we heard this before?) Cooked or raw, these foods feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut that keep the bad Candida boys under control. Add some raw garlic to your diet. Garlic has proven anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Smash it up and add it to salad dressings and other fresh foods. Consider taking a probiotic supplement that contains Lactobacillus - the good guys shown to control the growth of Candida. One trustworthy brand is Culturelle which, contains Lactobacillus GG. Cut extra sugar from your diet. Eat whole fruit and avoid excessive amounts of juice and other sugared beverages. This is a good recommendation for all of us. Ideas for breakfast? Try plain or low-sugar yogurt made with Lactobacillus "live active" cultures. And sprinkle with some raw garlic ... just kidding. Bottom line: Avoid the overuse of antibiotics. Replenish your gut with good bacteria in the form of active live Lactobacillus-containing foods. Eat some protein at each meal. Load up with vegetables. If you haven't already, let your doctor know about your symptoms so he can prescribe necessary medical therapy. And don't believe everything you read on the internet. (Barbara Quinn is a registered dietitian and certified diabetes educator at the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula. ©2012 The Monterey County Herald Distributed by Mclatchy-Tribune News Service. |Printable Version||E-mail a Friend|

[ 32, 9173, 6797, 25, 366, 40, 6531, 351, 302, 13966, 14924, 20146, 16079, 13, 383, 6253, 2921, 502, 281, 12886, 14103, 329, 606, 546, 642, 812, 2084, 290, 314, 1422, 470, 423, 606, 329, 257, 614, 13, 3244, 616, 1767, 2067, 284, 307, 31856, 284, 326, 9007, 526, 40, 1053, 1464, 1900, 314, 460, 1487, 616, 5496, 11, 475, 345, 760, 703, 1327, 326, 318, 0, 314, 760, 314, 761, 284, 2005, 503, 20449, 7543, 290, 3491, 2052, 13, 6521, 407, 523, 2562, 0, 366, 6090, 345, 1577, 502, 617, 4213, 355, 284, 644, 284, 4483, 329, 12607, 30, 632, 338, 1327, 284, 467, 284, 262, 3650, 351, 1440, 3988, 290, 1682, 1100, 262, 14722, 526, 23420, 25342, 11, 41467, 6010, 1321, 503, 612, 546, 428, 4006, 13, 24974, 501, 340, 284, 910, 11, 617, 5496, 2458, 460, 1037, 2948, 20146, 16079, 13, 887, 340, 743, 407, 307, 355, 27069, 355, 345, 423, 587, 2957, 284, 1975, 13, 3423, 338, 1521, 25, 11609, 5773, 389, 8347, 13, 1119, 2107, 287, 9260, 13, 1119, 26412, 319, 262, 25873, 286, 8234, 290, 36322, 13, 843, 484, 2107, 287, 262, 1767, 13, 2773, 9838, 5773, 389, 922, 290, 1854, 389, 407, 13, 383, 20146, 749, 1690, 4497, 329, 16079, 287, 262, 1767, 318, 15518, 3755, 435, 65, 22398, 357, 8130, 15518, 3755, 737, 4900, 257, 3487, 6623, 286, 262, 1767, 11, 15518, 3755, 318, 3177, 281, 366, 10365, 1922, 2569, 3108, 6644, 1, 543, 1724, 340, 318, 691, 13568, 611, 340, 318, 3142, 284, 1663, 503, 286, 1630, 13, 383, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 20146, 16079, 30, 3738, 571, 16357, 779, 11, 910, 6154, 13, 3738, 571, 18296, 1494, 922, 11492, 357, 4758, 1805, 262, 1767, 422, 20146, 625, 27922, 8, 355, 880, 355, 2089, 11492, 13, 3819, 3403, 326, 743, 7719, 262, 18801, 3349, 286, 20146, 287, 262, 1767, 2291, 10241, 11, 17770, 9014, 9102, 11, 12593, 290, 10498, 16079, 13, 11609, 5773, 287, 2057, 11, 2158, 11, 389, 5000, 1180, 4693, 422, 262, 3108, 6644, 15518, 3755, 435, 65, 22398, 13, 11959, 21297, 9838, 5773, 389, 366, 13120, 38467, 1, 881, 588, 23452, 290, 584, 366, 45165, 1, 356, 751, 284, 2057, 329, 530, 1738, 393, 584, 13, 9295, 10641, 9145, 728, 6736, 4703, 33100, 357, 397, 4679, 8903, 515, 311, 13, 6736, 4703, 33100, 8, 318, 257, 2219, 20146, 326, 468, 587, 973, 284, 787, 8509, 329, 4138, 286, 812, 13, 3819, 21245, 286, 9295, 10641, 9145, 728, 389, 973, 284, 38797, 30777, 13135, 656, 8237, 13, 509, 2381, 48022, 318, 257, 44543, 6029, 2945, 8887, 925, 351, 257, 24000, 20146, 13, 2773, 9838, 5773, 389, 772, 973, 284, 1210, 11676, 656, 28829, 5252, 13, 887, 314, 3100, 601, 13, 4900, 262, 5230, 318, 1336, 286, 5496, 5608, 319, 703, 284, 2948, 20146, 16079, 357, 505, 2524, 1139, 345, 1276, 11005, 2279, 475, 17644, 11, 27952, 11, 25411, 290, 13701, 828, 994, 389, 617, 9314, 29604, 25, 25285, 534, 10337, 286, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 7408, 2522, 35815, 357, 43, 13, 7408, 2522, 35815, 737, 2312, 922, 11492, 287, 262, 12500, 1394, 15518, 3755, 20146, 4778, 422, 3957, 503, 286, 1630, 13, 19061, 11, 475, 345, 481, 761, 284, 804, 379, 2057, 14722, 284, 1064, 9013, 884, 355, 7545, 11, 885, 69, 343, 11, 393, 32132, 326, 3994, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 7408, 2522, 35815, 355, 281, 18734, 13, 9175, 510, 534, 18370, 13, 31702, 12, 38301, 9013, 12160, 674, 10900, 1080, 523, 340, 460, 36162, 262, 3349, 286, 835, 904, 20146, 4778, 13, 40348, 379, 1551, 530, 286, 777, 379, 1123, 9799, 25, 5916, 11, 34101, 11, 6174, 11, 9653, 11, 1877, 12, 17359, 9891, 11, 32132, 11, 7545, 11, 16567, 11, 14380, 393, 6701, 475, 1010, 13, 6889, 2063, 534, 7480, 13701, 13, 357, 11980, 356, 2982, 428, 878, 10091, 8261, 276, 393, 8246, 11, 777, 9013, 3745, 262, 13205, 11492, 287, 262, 12500, 326, 1394, 262, 2089, 15518, 3755, 6510, 739, 1630, 13, 3060, 617, 8246, 17644, 284, 534, 5496, 13, 7164, 677, 468, 9157, 3098, 12, 69, 2150, 282, 290, 3098, 12, 65, 44965, 6608, 13, 18214, 340, 510, 290, 751, 340, 284, 20698, 6576, 654, 290, 584, 4713, 9013, 13, 12642, 2263, 257, 1861, 16357, 10327, 326, 4909, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 532, 262, 922, 3730, 3402, 284, 1630, 262, 3349, 286, 15518, 3755, 13, 1881, 34412, 4508, 318, 17346, 75, 293, 543, 11, 4909, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 37442, 13, 9712, 3131, 7543, 422, 534, 5496, 13, 27574, 2187, 8234, 290, 3368, 13181, 6867, 286, 13135, 290, 584, 424, 70, 1144, 24173, 13, 770, 318, 257, 922, 15602, 329, 477, 286, 514, 13, 35365, 329, 12607, 30, 9993, 8631, 393, 1877, 12, 82, 35652, 32132, 925, 351, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 366, 12583, 4075, 1, 13817, 13, 843, 45799, 351, 617, 8246, 17644, 2644, 655, 26471, 13, 24530, 1627, 25, 24390, 262, 625, 1904, 286, 22392, 13, 18407, 268, 680, 534, 12500, 351, 922, 11492, 287, 262, 1296, 286, 4075, 2107, 406, 529, 672, 330, 44342, 12, 38301, 9013, 13, 27574, 617, 7532, 379, 1123, 9799, 13, 8778, 510, 351, 13701, 13, 1002, 345, 4398, 470, 1541, 11, 1309, 534, 6253, 760, 546, 534, 7460, 523, 339, 460, 32651, 3306, 3315, 9102, 13, 843, 836, 470, 1975, 2279, 345, 1100, 319, 262, 5230, 13, 357, 10374, 39389, 16109, 318, 257, 6823, 5496, 270, 666, 290, 15704, 12593, 45562, 379, 262, 8108, 9256, 286, 262, 5575, 48023, 24078, 13, 198, 16224, 6999, 383, 5575, 48023, 3418, 18277, 4307, 6169, 416, 337, 565, 963, 88, 12, 51, 44130, 3000, 4809, 13, 198, 91, 18557, 540, 10628, 15886, 36, 12, 4529, 257, 9182, 91, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

943

Hansen is threatening humanity again with climate dice Perceptions of Climate Change: The New Climate Dice We conclude that extreme heat waves, such as that in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010, were “caused” by global warming Hansen has been holding the dice since he had a full head of hair, and has been coming up snake-eyes for 25 years. July, 1936 was the hottest month in US history. Did global warming cause the heat wave?

[ 39, 33807, 318, 11123, 9265, 757, 351, 4258, 17963, 198, 5990, 11755, 286, 13963, 9794, 25, 383, 968, 13963, 34381, 198, 1135, 13796, 326, 3257, 4894, 9813, 11, 884, 355, 326, 287, 3936, 290, 10433, 287, 2813, 290, 9070, 287, 3050, 11, 547, 564, 250, 6888, 1484, 447, 251, 416, 3298, 9917, 198, 39, 33807, 468, 587, 4769, 262, 17963, 1201, 339, 550, 257, 1336, 1182, 286, 4190, 11, 290, 468, 587, 2406, 510, 17522, 12, 48418, 329, 1679, 812, 13, 198, 16157, 11, 27653, 373, 262, 26896, 1227, 287, 1294, 2106, 13, 7731, 3298, 9917, 2728, 262, 4894, 6769, 30, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

102

In a first-of-its-kind effort to illuminate the biochemical impact of trauma, researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center have discovered a connection between the quantity of cannabinoid receptors in the human brain, known as CB1 receptors, and post-traumatic stress disorder, the… • May 15, 13 • Psychiatry and Mental Health News » Depression impacts an astounding 20% - 23% of women at some point in their lives, thus qualifying as one of the most common public health problems in the world (Kessler et al. 1994b). This high prevalence in women is probably multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of genetic, neuroendocrine, psychosocial, and stress factors (Bifulco et al. 1998; Heim and Nemeroff 1999). In this chapter, we examine the impact of gender on recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD), emphasizing the clinical features and treatment of the illness during three key periods of hormone transition: adolescence, pregnancy and the postpartum period, and the menopausal period. Clinical features and sex differences are described first, followed by a focus on recurrences and strategies for prevention.

[ 818, 257, 717, 12, 1659, 12, 896, 12, 11031, 3626, 284, 38407, 262, 47685, 2928, 286, 14649, 11, 4837, 379, 48166, 16332, 505, 8366, 3337, 423, 5071, 257, 4637, 1022, 262, 12040, 286, 48175, 20099, 287, 262, 1692, 3632, 11, 1900, 355, 10078, 16, 20099, 11, 290, 1281, 12, 41521, 5503, 8967, 11, 262, 1399, 198, 3581, 1737, 1315, 11, 1511, 5595, 28897, 290, 21235, 3893, 3000, 13355, 198, 12156, 2234, 12751, 281, 34328, 1160, 4, 532, 2242, 4, 286, 1466, 379, 617, 966, 287, 511, 3160, 11, 4145, 18677, 355, 530, 286, 262, 749, 2219, 1171, 1535, 2761, 287, 262, 995, 357, 42, 33730, 2123, 435, 13, 9162, 65, 737, 770, 1029, 16815, 287, 1466, 318, 2192, 1963, 29660, 5132, 11, 7411, 257, 3716, 987, 1759, 286, 8513, 11, 7669, 437, 38658, 11, 3795, 418, 9402, 11, 290, 5503, 5087, 357, 33, 4135, 1073, 2123, 435, 13, 7795, 26, 679, 320, 290, 22547, 263, 2364, 7358, 737, 198, 818, 428, 6843, 11, 356, 10716, 262, 2928, 286, 5279, 319, 42465, 1688, 36568, 8967, 357, 12740, 35, 828, 36360, 262, 8668, 3033, 290, 3513, 286, 262, 8526, 1141, 1115, 1994, 9574, 286, 17770, 6801, 25, 37258, 11, 10241, 290, 262, 1281, 3911, 388, 2278, 11, 290, 262, 1450, 47637, 2278, 13, 21234, 3033, 290, 1714, 5400, 389, 3417, 717, 11, 3940, 416, 257, 2962, 319, 664, 333, 34303, 290, 10064, 329, 14196, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

234

Far north within the Arctic Circle off the northern coast of Norway lies a small chain of islands known as Svalbard. These craggy islands have been scoured into shape by ice and sea. The effect of glacial activity can be seen in this image of the northern tip of the island of Spitsbergen. Here, glaciers have carved out a fjord, a U-shaped valley that has been flooded with sea water. Called Bockfjorden, the fjord is located at almost 80 degrees north, and it is still being affected by glaciers. The effect is most obvious in this image in the tan layer of silty freshwater that floats atop the denser blue water of the Arctic Ocean. The fresh water melts off land-bound glaciers and flows over the sandstone, collecting fine red-toned silt. In this image, the tan-colored fresh water flows northward up the fjord and is being pushed to the east side of the fjord by the rotation of the Earth. Glaciers here and elsewhere on Spitsbergen are cold bottom glaciers, which means that they are frozen to the ground rather than floating on top of a thin layer of melt water. The glaciers are also land glaciers since their terminus (end) lies on land, rather than floating on the water (a tidewater glacier). Land glaciers grow and retreat slowly, balancing fresh snow with the melting and draining of old ice. Their rate of growth or retreat can be affected by global warming. In most cases, including the glaciers around Bockfjorden, global warming has caused glaciers to retreat from increased melting. On the eastern side of Svalbard, however, glaciers are growing from enhanced snowfall. The reason for this pattern remains only one of many intriguing unanswered questions of Arctic science in the islands. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, (ASTER) on NASA's Terra satellite captured this false-color image on June 26, 2001.

[ 21428, 5093, 1626, 262, 15723, 16291, 572, 262, 7840, 7051, 286, 15238, 7363, 257, 1402, 6333, 286, 14807, 1900, 355, 311, 2100, 23024, 13, 2312, 1067, 363, 1360, 14807, 423, 587, 629, 8167, 656, 5485, 416, 4771, 290, 5417, 13, 383, 1245, 286, 1278, 18150, 3842, 460, 307, 1775, 287, 428, 2939, 286, 262, 7840, 8171, 286, 262, 7022, 286, 1338, 896, 3900, 268, 13, 3423, 11, 40509, 423, 23470, 503, 257, 277, 73, 585, 11, 257, 471, 12, 16760, 19272, 326, 468, 587, 21050, 351, 5417, 1660, 13, 34099, 347, 735, 69, 73, 585, 268, 11, 262, 277, 73, 585, 318, 5140, 379, 2048, 4019, 7370, 5093, 11, 290, 340, 318, 991, 852, 5676, 416, 40509, 13, 383, 1245, 318, 749, 3489, 287, 428, 2939, 287, 262, 25706, 7679, 286, 3313, 774, 40941, 326, 36016, 20156, 262, 29509, 263, 4171, 1660, 286, 262, 15723, 10692, 13, 383, 4713, 1660, 48813, 572, 1956, 12, 7784, 40509, 290, 15623, 625, 262, 6450, 6440, 11, 13157, 3734, 2266, 12, 1122, 276, 264, 2326, 13, 554, 428, 2939, 11, 262, 25706, 12, 25717, 4713, 1660, 15623, 5093, 904, 510, 262, 277, 73, 585, 290, 318, 852, 7121, 284, 262, 7627, 1735, 286, 262, 277, 73, 585, 416, 262, 13179, 286, 262, 3668, 13, 198, 9861, 330, 3183, 994, 290, 8057, 319, 1338, 896, 3900, 268, 389, 4692, 4220, 40509, 11, 543, 1724, 326, 484, 389, 12912, 284, 262, 2323, 2138, 621, 12462, 319, 1353, 286, 257, 7888, 7679, 286, 16867, 1660, 13, 383, 40509, 389, 635, 1956, 40509, 1201, 511, 5651, 385, 357, 437, 8, 7363, 319, 1956, 11, 2138, 621, 12462, 319, 262, 1660, 357, 64, 29770, 21422, 44539, 737, 6379, 40509, 1663, 290, 13703, 6364, 11, 22486, 4713, 6729, 351, 262, 24203, 290, 35939, 286, 1468, 4771, 13, 5334, 2494, 286, 3349, 393, 13703, 460, 307, 5676, 416, 3298, 9917, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 1390, 262, 40509, 1088, 347, 735, 69, 73, 585, 268, 11, 3298, 9917, 468, 4073, 40509, 284, 13703, 422, 3220, 24203, 13, 1550, 262, 10183, 1735, 286, 311, 2100, 23024, 11, 2158, 11, 40509, 389, 3957, 422, 13105, 6729, 7207, 13, 383, 1738, 329, 428, 3912, 3793, 691, 530, 286, 867, 19827, 34001, 2683, 286, 15723, 3783, 287, 262, 14807, 13, 198, 464, 13435, 4687, 13555, 41590, 2295, 1480, 290, 6524, 1564, 5325, 72, 15635, 11, 357, 1921, 5781, 8, 319, 8884, 338, 24118, 11210, 7907, 428, 3991, 12, 8043, 2939, 319, 2795, 2608, 11, 5878, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

412

The Future of Baseload Power Generation Michael Crumbliss for RedOrbit.com The annual MIT Energy Conference has grown to be the premier energy conference of its kind, drawing participants from around the world to discuss the current and future state of energy production, use, and technology. The conference in its seventh year still entirely planned, managed, and led by students from the college. In my opinion the students’ direct involvement keeps the conference honest, progressive, and productive. Every talk or panel I attended was at full capacity with young inventors, entrepreneurs, and college freshman sitting beside CEO’s of multinational corporations and industry veterans of all types. The first panel of the MIT Energy Conference met on Friday March 16 on the MIT Campus to discuss “The Future of Baseload Power Generation.” Included In the panel were representatives from large regional power companies, General Electric in their capacity as a worldwide power generator, and academia. Baseload power refers to the minimum amount of power that must be produced to maintain power to the grid at all times. Baseload is what makes the lights come on when you hit the switch first thing in the morning after the typically low power use early in the AM hours. The grid is constantly energized at a pre-determined minimum level. Failure to maintain this level leads to brown-outs and black-outs. In almost all current cases baseload power is produced using coal, gas, oil, and nuclear facilities. These power plants are large and meant to operate with a stable output. Increasingly as intermittent sources of power like wind and solar are added it becomes important for baseload plants to be capable of ramping production up and down more than in the past, and turning on and off in some cases. Chief among concerns about these plants are known levels of pollution, especially in the case of coal upon which much of the world’s baseload depends. In the case of nuclear power, catastrophic meltdowns are possible. All these plants produce large amounts of toxic waste. Providing fuels requires extensive and ongoing mining, drilling and transport. The members of the panel discussed the future of baseload under increased environmental scrutiny. All agreed that gas is the only near term solution with nuclear plants taking too long to build, and with coal is on the way to much reduced use. Coal causes 40% of harmful emissions in the US alone: The Representative from the Southern Company spoke of a new 500MW coal plant in Mississippi. This was the only new coal plant mentioned in the panel. Southern is currently constructing the Vogtle nuclear plants #3 and #4 in Georgia. Each of these two new units will produce 1100MW. The representative from PSEG spoke of the company’s involvement with wholesale, retail, and renewable power in the Northeast (NJ, PA, NY, DE, MD). PSEG uses nuclear, coal, and combined cycle plants, and relatively small but growing renewable input. PSEG is building no more coal plants and closing down old ones. 1500 MW will be taken off-line in the near future. Gas and possibly nuclear is the future for PSEG. The proposed nuclear site is in Southern New Jersey. On a national scale the speaker states that 30-35 GW of coal will be retired. The representative from IHS used Texas as an example of the future of energy consumption. Texas has a separate power grid and can be seen as a single customer. Texas has also led the way with integration of new power sources and updating of its grid and power management systems. This speaker confirmed mentioned that gas is going to replace coal in some large portion in the near future. He also spoke to the possibilities of emerging large-scale storage technology (batteries). The panel agreed that technology and fuel choice can effect carbon release in the United States and other developed countries, but have little or no confidence that China, India, and third world countries will make any effort at all in reducing emissions.

[ 464, 10898, 286, 6455, 417, 1170, 4333, 16588, 198, 13256, 3864, 2178, 75, 747, 329, 2297, 5574, 2545, 13, 785, 198, 464, 5079, 17168, 6682, 8785, 468, 7334, 284, 307, 262, 18256, 2568, 4495, 286, 663, 1611, 11, 8263, 6809, 422, 1088, 262, 995, 284, 2112, 262, 1459, 290, 2003, 1181, 286, 2568, 3227, 11, 779, 11, 290, 3037, 13, 383, 4495, 287, 663, 14024, 614, 991, 5000, 6027, 11, 5257, 11, 290, 2957, 416, 2444, 422, 262, 4152, 13, 554, 616, 4459, 262, 2444, 447, 247, 1277, 9750, 7622, 262, 4495, 5508, 11, 10393, 11, 290, 12973, 13, 3887, 1561, 393, 6103, 314, 9141, 373, 379, 1336, 5339, 351, 1862, 8067, 669, 11, 17038, 11, 290, 4152, 18621, 5586, 13970, 6123, 447, 247, 82, 286, 28061, 10225, 290, 2831, 11255, 286, 477, 3858, 13, 198, 464, 717, 6103, 286, 262, 17168, 6682, 8785, 1138, 319, 3217, 2805, 1467, 319, 262, 17168, 25005, 284, 2112, 564, 250, 464, 10898, 286, 6455, 417, 1170, 4333, 16588, 13, 447, 251, 34774, 554, 262, 6103, 547, 10826, 422, 1588, 7915, 1176, 2706, 11, 3611, 13944, 287, 511, 5339, 355, 257, 8688, 1176, 17301, 11, 290, 34326, 13, 198, 15522, 417, 1170, 1176, 10229, 284, 262, 5288, 2033, 286, 1176, 326, 1276, 307, 4635, 284, 5529, 1176, 284, 262, 10706, 379, 477, 1661, 13, 6455, 417, 1170, 318, 644, 1838, 262, 7588, 1282, 319, 618, 345, 2277, 262, 5078, 717, 1517, 287, 262, 3329, 706, 262, 6032, 1877, 1176, 779, 1903, 287, 262, 3001, 2250, 13, 383, 10706, 318, 7558, 19647, 1143, 379, 257, 662, 12, 67, 23444, 5288, 1241, 13, 25743, 284, 5529, 428, 1241, 5983, 284, 7586, 12, 5269, 290, 2042, 12, 5269, 13, 198, 818, 2048, 477, 1459, 2663, 1615, 417, 1170, 1176, 318, 4635, 1262, 5655, 11, 3623, 11, 3056, 11, 290, 4523, 7291, 13, 2312, 1176, 6134, 389, 1588, 290, 4001, 284, 8076, 351, 257, 8245, 5072, 13, 38921, 306, 355, 38361, 4237, 286, 1176, 588, 2344, 290, 6591, 389, 2087, 340, 4329, 1593, 329, 1615, 417, 1170, 6134, 284, 307, 6007, 286, 10454, 278, 3227, 510, 290, 866, 517, 621, 287, 262, 1613, 11, 290, 6225, 319, 290, 572, 287, 617, 2663, 13, 198, 23675, 1871, 4786, 546, 777, 6134, 389, 1900, 2974, 286, 12231, 11, 2592, 287, 262, 1339, 286, 5655, 2402, 543, 881, 286, 262, 995, 447, 247, 82, 1615, 417, 1170, 8338, 13, 554, 262, 1339, 286, 4523, 1176, 11, 22694, 16867, 30371, 389, 1744, 13, 1439, 777, 6134, 4439, 1588, 6867, 286, 11422, 7030, 13, 7518, 2530, 18017, 4433, 7667, 290, 7044, 9691, 11, 19747, 290, 4839, 13, 198, 464, 1866, 286, 262, 6103, 6693, 262, 2003, 286, 1615, 417, 1170, 739, 3220, 6142, 14521, 13, 1439, 4987, 326, 3623, 318, 262, 691, 1474, 3381, 4610, 351, 4523, 6134, 2263, 1165, 890, 284, 1382, 11, 290, 351, 5655, 318, 319, 262, 835, 284, 881, 5322, 779, 13, 12896, 5640, 2319, 4, 286, 13568, 8971, 287, 262, 1294, 3436, 25, 198, 464, 19920, 422, 262, 8050, 5834, 5158, 286, 257, 649, 5323, 14326, 5655, 4618, 287, 13797, 13, 770, 373, 262, 691, 649, 5655, 4618, 4750, 287, 262, 6103, 13, 8050, 318, 3058, 30580, 262, 35421, 7100, 4523, 6134, 1303, 18, 290, 1303, 19, 287, 7859, 13, 5501, 286, 777, 734, 649, 4991, 481, 4439, 36566, 14326, 13, 198, 464, 8852, 422, 350, 5188, 38, 5158, 286, 262, 1664, 447, 247, 82, 9750, 351, 24005, 11, 6308, 11, 290, 15713, 1176, 287, 262, 26315, 357, 41074, 11, 8147, 11, 6645, 11, 5550, 11, 10670, 737, 350, 5188, 38, 3544, 4523, 11, 5655, 11, 290, 5929, 6772, 6134, 11, 290, 5365, 1402, 475, 3957, 15713, 5128, 13, 350, 5188, 38, 318, 2615, 645, 517, 5655, 6134, 290, 9605, 866, 1468, 3392, 13, 20007, 29961, 481, 307, 2077, 572, 12, 1370, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 14345, 290, 5457, 4523, 318, 262, 2003, 329, 350, 5188, 38, 13, 383, 5150, 4523, 2524, 318, 287, 8050, 968, 8221, 13, 1550, 257, 2260, 5046, 262, 10834, 2585, 326, 1542, 12, 2327, 27164, 286, 5655, 481, 307, 9880, 13, 198, 464, 8852, 422, 314, 7998, 973, 3936, 355, 281, 1672, 286, 262, 2003, 286, 2568, 7327, 13, 3936, 468, 257, 4553, 1176, 10706, 290, 460, 307, 1775, 355, 257, 2060, 6491, 13, 3936, 468, 635, 2957, 262, 835, 351, 11812, 286, 649, 1176, 4237, 290, 19698, 286, 663, 10706, 290, 1176, 4542, 3341, 13, 770, 10834, 4999, 4750, 326, 3623, 318, 1016, 284, 6330, 5655, 287, 617, 1588, 6903, 287, 262, 1474, 2003, 13, 679, 635, 5158, 284, 262, 12779, 286, 11823, 1588, 12, 9888, 6143, 3037, 357, 65, 1436, 444, 737, 198, 464, 6103, 4987, 326, 3037, 290, 5252, 3572, 460, 1245, 6588, 2650, 287, 262, 1578, 1829, 290, 584, 4166, 2678, 11, 475, 423, 1310, 393, 645, 6628, 326, 2807, 11, 3794, 11, 290, 2368, 995, 2678, 481, 787, 597, 3626, 379, 477, 287, 8868, 8971, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

820

André’s PromISSe Mission Extended ESA astronaut André Kuipers will stay on the International Space Station for more than a month longer than originally planned. In addition to his normal routine he will spend some of the extra time conducting scientific experiments. The Station partners have agreed that this expedition will be prolonged following a delay in the launch of the next Soyuz crew ferry. Routine testing revealed problems in the original Soyuz spacecraft, requiring that it be replaced. The new date for André and his crewmates to return to Earth is 1 July – he will now stay on the Space Station for over six months. The extra time André has in space does not mean he will have time for extra work because the science and maintenance activities continue regardless of which astronaut is available to do the job. Owing to the delay, the Space Station will operate with only three crewmembers for a longer period than originally planned. André has already completed some of his experiments. He was the tenth astronaut to follow the special SOLO diet to understand why astronauts lose bone density in space. For five days, André ate only a third of the salt found in a normal diet. The results may offer insights into how bones age on Earth and could be used to combat diseases such as osteoporosis. André completed the DSC experiment in the European-built Microgravity Science Glovebox, looking at temperature changes in mixtures of different fluids. The results of this experiment will contribute to improving computer models used in oil drilling. André recently shared a picture from the Space Station wearing what looked like a bathing cap. Worn for the Neurospat experiment, it is actually a complex network of electrodes for measuring his brain waves. A total of 64 electrodes were carefully and precisely placed on André’s head by colleague Don Pettit. The goal is to understand if the brain processes some tasks differently in space. André has also finished the Roald2 biology experiment on human immune cells. Astronauts’ immune systems work less effectively in space and scientists are trying to find out why. Immune cells taken from volunteers on Earth were chemically frozen on the Space Station at specific intervals. By looking closely at the cells once they return to Earth, scientists hope to gain insight into the workings of the human immune system. There are many scientific experiments still to finish. Maintenance work waits for no one so André and his crewmates will be busy keeping the Space Station running smoothly. In the highly unlikely possibility that André has time to spare, the scientists on Earth have a set of ‘back-pocket’ activities available that could be conducted at short notice should the opportunity arise. Image 1: The Soyzu TMA-03M spacecraft that bought ESA astronaut André Kuipers and crewmates to the International Space Station in December 2011. André will stay on the Station for over six months as part of his PromISSe mission. Credits: ESA/NASA Image 2: Some food that ESA astronaut André Kuipers ate on the International Space Station during his PromISSe mission. He was the tenth astronaut to follow the special SOLO diet to understand why astronauts lose bone density in space. For five days, André ate only a third of the salt found in a normal diet. The results may offer insights into how bones age on Earth and could be used to combat diseases such as osteoporosis. Credits: ESA/NASA Image 3: ESA astronaut André Kuipers is conducting many experiments during his PromISSe mission. Here, André is recording his brain waves through 64 electrodes as part of ESA’s Neurospat experiment. The goal is to understand if the brain processes tasks differently in space. Credits: ESA/NASA On the Net:

[ 1870, 29350, 447, 247, 82, 10335, 1797, 4653, 12633, 24204, 198, 43279, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 481, 2652, 319, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 329, 517, 621, 257, 1227, 2392, 621, 6198, 6027, 13, 554, 3090, 284, 465, 3487, 8027, 339, 481, 4341, 617, 286, 262, 3131, 640, 14523, 5654, 10256, 13, 198, 464, 9327, 4887, 423, 4987, 326, 428, 22817, 481, 307, 20573, 1708, 257, 5711, 287, 262, 4219, 286, 262, 1306, 30022, 10277, 5462, 26450, 13, 198, 49, 28399, 4856, 4602, 2761, 287, 262, 2656, 30022, 10277, 16807, 11, 10616, 326, 340, 307, 6928, 13, 383, 649, 3128, 329, 843, 29350, 290, 465, 5462, 7300, 284, 1441, 284, 3668, 318, 352, 2901, 784, 339, 481, 783, 2652, 319, 262, 4687, 9327, 329, 625, 2237, 1933, 13, 198, 464, 3131, 640, 843, 29350, 468, 287, 2272, 857, 407, 1612, 339, 481, 423, 640, 329, 3131, 670, 780, 262, 3783, 290, 9262, 4568, 2555, 7692, 286, 543, 33779, 318, 1695, 284, 466, 262, 1693, 13, 198, 46, 5469, 284, 262, 5711, 11, 262, 4687, 9327, 481, 8076, 351, 691, 1115, 5462, 30814, 329, 257, 2392, 2278, 621, 6198, 6027, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 468, 1541, 5668, 617, 286, 465, 10256, 13, 679, 373, 262, 24395, 33779, 284, 1061, 262, 2041, 36817, 46, 5496, 284, 1833, 1521, 26835, 4425, 9970, 12109, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 1890, 1936, 1528, 11, 843, 29350, 15063, 691, 257, 2368, 286, 262, 8268, 1043, 287, 257, 3487, 5496, 13, 383, 2482, 743, 2897, 17218, 656, 703, 11945, 2479, 319, 3668, 290, 714, 307, 973, 284, 5249, 10040, 884, 355, 32674, 404, 273, 5958, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 5668, 262, 360, 6173, 6306, 287, 262, 3427, 12, 18780, 4527, 46453, 5800, 2671, 659, 3524, 11, 2045, 379, 5951, 2458, 287, 285, 25506, 286, 1180, 28704, 13, 198, 464, 2482, 286, 428, 6306, 481, 8676, 284, 10068, 3644, 4981, 973, 287, 3056, 19747, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 2904, 4888, 257, 4286, 422, 262, 4687, 9327, 5762, 644, 3114, 588, 257, 39153, 1451, 13, 370, 1211, 329, 262, 13782, 2777, 265, 6306, 11, 340, 318, 1682, 257, 3716, 3127, 286, 39780, 329, 15964, 465, 3632, 9813, 13, 198, 32, 2472, 286, 5598, 39780, 547, 7773, 290, 10582, 4624, 319, 843, 29350, 447, 247, 82, 1182, 416, 16008, 2094, 35043, 270, 13, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 1833, 611, 262, 3632, 7767, 617, 8861, 10338, 287, 2272, 13, 198, 1870, 29350, 468, 635, 5201, 262, 5564, 1940, 17, 17219, 6306, 319, 1692, 10900, 4778, 13, 25398, 17712, 447, 247, 10900, 3341, 670, 1342, 6840, 287, 2272, 290, 5519, 389, 2111, 284, 1064, 503, 1521, 13, 198, 24675, 1726, 4778, 2077, 422, 11661, 319, 3668, 547, 49966, 12912, 319, 262, 4687, 9327, 379, 2176, 20016, 13, 2750, 2045, 7173, 379, 262, 4778, 1752, 484, 1441, 284, 3668, 11, 5519, 2911, 284, 4461, 11281, 656, 262, 35084, 286, 262, 1692, 10900, 1080, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 5654, 10256, 991, 284, 5461, 13, 34857, 670, 28364, 329, 645, 530, 523, 843, 29350, 290, 465, 5462, 7300, 481, 307, 8179, 5291, 262, 4687, 9327, 2491, 21461, 13, 198, 818, 262, 4047, 7485, 5885, 326, 843, 29350, 468, 640, 284, 13952, 11, 262, 5519, 319, 3668, 423, 257, 900, 286, 564, 246, 1891, 12, 31991, 447, 247, 4568, 1695, 326, 714, 307, 5952, 379, 1790, 4003, 815, 262, 3663, 15058, 13, 198, 5159, 352, 25, 383, 30022, 27624, 309, 5673, 12, 3070, 44, 16807, 326, 5839, 42212, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 290, 5462, 7300, 284, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 287, 3426, 2813, 13, 843, 29350, 481, 2652, 319, 262, 9327, 329, 625, 2237, 1933, 355, 636, 286, 465, 10335, 1797, 4653, 4365, 13, 29501, 25, 42212, 14, 29998, 198, 5159, 362, 25, 2773, 2057, 326, 42212, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 15063, 319, 262, 4037, 4687, 9327, 1141, 465, 10335, 1797, 4653, 4365, 13, 679, 373, 262, 24395, 33779, 284, 1061, 262, 2041, 36817, 46, 5496, 284, 1833, 1521, 26835, 4425, 9970, 12109, 287, 2272, 13, 1114, 1936, 1528, 11, 843, 29350, 15063, 691, 257, 2368, 286, 262, 8268, 1043, 287, 257, 3487, 5496, 13, 383, 2482, 743, 2897, 17218, 656, 703, 11945, 2479, 319, 3668, 290, 714, 307, 973, 284, 5249, 10040, 884, 355, 32674, 404, 273, 5958, 13, 29501, 25, 42212, 14, 29998, 198, 5159, 513, 25, 42212, 33779, 843, 29350, 12554, 29288, 318, 14523, 867, 10256, 1141, 465, 10335, 1797, 4653, 4365, 13, 3423, 11, 843, 29350, 318, 8296, 465, 3632, 9813, 832, 5598, 39780, 355, 636, 286, 42212, 447, 247, 82, 13782, 2777, 265, 6306, 13, 383, 3061, 318, 284, 1833, 611, 262, 3632, 7767, 8861, 10338, 287, 2272, 13, 29501, 25, 42212, 14, 29998, 198, 2202, 262, 3433, 25, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

781

Race Relations Act 1976 The act provides the basis of the law in Great Britain that defines and outlaws racial discrimination and gives individuals the right to seek legal redress for acts of racial discrimination. The RRA makes it unlawful to discriminate against a person directly or indirectly on racial grounds. It is unlawful to discriminate in either employment matters or in the provision of goods, facilities or services. The Act defines racial grounds as related to race, colour, ethnic origin, national origin or nationality (including citizenship). Everyone is protected and no one is exempt. All pages in this section:

[ 35157, 13883, 2191, 15408, 198, 464, 719, 3769, 262, 4308, 286, 262, 1099, 287, 3878, 5491, 326, 15738, 290, 23716, 82, 8425, 8839, 290, 3607, 3925, 262, 826, 284, 5380, 2742, 48586, 329, 6529, 286, 8425, 8839, 13, 383, 371, 3861, 1838, 340, 18236, 284, 28433, 1028, 257, 1048, 3264, 393, 20762, 319, 8425, 9384, 13, 632, 318, 18236, 284, 28433, 287, 2035, 7184, 6067, 393, 287, 262, 8287, 286, 7017, 11, 7291, 393, 2594, 13, 383, 2191, 15738, 8425, 9384, 355, 3519, 284, 3234, 11, 9568, 11, 9450, 8159, 11, 2260, 8159, 393, 29835, 357, 8201, 14218, 737, 11075, 318, 6861, 290, 645, 530, 318, 13068, 13, 198, 3237, 5468, 287, 428, 2665, 25, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

116

When making a drive conversion or designing a new power transmission system, maintenance managers and design engineers have three broad options: roller chain drives, V-belt drives and synchronous belt drives. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, along with cost considerations that may not be immediately apparent. ROLLER CHAIN DRIVES The popularity of chain drives stems from their ability to transmit high torque levels in a small package, at relatively low cost, while utilizing readily available stock components. While initial costs of standard roller chain drives can be quite low, the cost of maintaining them can be substantial. Proper maintenance is essential for optimal roller chain drive performance and includes the following cost factors: According to chain industry estimates, roller chain drives operating without lubrication wear approximately 300 times faster than comparable drives that are properly lubricated. And yet, roller chain manufacturers estimate that 90 to 95 percent of all installed drives are either improperly lubricated or not lubricated at all. Determining the type of lubrication method needed is a major design consideration with cost implications of its own. An oil-retaining chain housing, for example, can represent up to 75 percent of total chain drive system cost. In addition to lubrication, proper sprocket alignment and chain tensioning are critical to increasing roller chain life. Another maintenance factor with cost implications is drive component replacement. A major weakness of a roller chain drive is chain wear, which results in stretching or elongation. Manufacturers recommend roller chain replacement when elongation of approximately 3 percent occurs. Most roller chain manufacturers also recommend replacing sprockets with each new roller chain because the metal-to-metal contact generates severe sprocket wear. Power rating tables published within the roller chain industry are based on a theoretical design life of 15,000 hours, assuming proper drive design, alignment, lubrication, maintenance, etc. But in a typical operating environment, actual drive life rarely approaches the ideal. Unlubricated roller chain drives operating under harsh conditions can be as short-lived as 100 hours. The cost of the maintenance requirements noted above, added to the initial cost, approximates the true cost of a standard roller chain drive. However, beyond the cost of lubricant and drive component replacement is the labor expense of frequent retensioning, which requires shutting down the drive, resulting in production downtime. Also, standard roller chain drives operate at 91 to 94 percent efficiency, depending on the application, so energy costs must be taken into account. Maintenance and energy costs notwithstanding, roller chain drives offer designers and users some advantages over V-belt or synchronous belt drive systems: Versatility (functional attachments can be added to convey products, trip switches, actuate levers, etc.) The ability to create any length of chain with connecting links V-belt drives transmit power through friction between the belt and pulley. With efficiencies ranging from 95 to 98 percent at installation, these drives use energy more efficiently than roller chain drives, and somewhat less efficiently than synchronous belt drives. V-belt drives are an industry standard, offering a wide range of sizes at relatively low cost, along with ease of installation and quiet operation. V-belt drive replacement parts may be less costly than roller chain or synchronous drive components, but regular retensioning of V-belts can add to maintenance expenses. V-belts are manufactured in a variety of materials, cross-sections and reinforcement materials, and are often used singly, in matched sets or in joined configurations. They are well-suited for severe duty applications, such as those involving shock loads and high starting loads. Standard V-belt drives operate best in applications of 500 RPM or greater, speed ratios of up to 6:1, and within an operating temperature range of minus-40 to 130 degrees Fahrenheit. Because V-belts slip when overloaded, they help protect more expensive equipment from load surges. They also allow flexibility in the positioning of the motor and the load. In a suitable application, the service life of a properly installed and maintained V-belt drive ranges from 20,000 to 25,000 hours. The components of a simple V-belt drive are relatively inexpensive to purchase, install, replace and maintain. After they are installed properly and tensioned to the belt manufacturer’s recommended values, these drives require very little service, except for retensioning during the normal maintenance schedule. Due to belt slippage, they lose up to 5 percent of their efficiency after installation. V-belts stretch as they wear, making slippage worse, which can decrease efficiency by as much as 10 percent unless corrected by periodic retensioning. Cogged or notched V-belts can increase efficiency by 2 percent over standard designs. SYNCHRONOUS BELT DRIVES Synchronous belts work on the tooth-grip principle. Round, square or modified curvilinear belt teeth mesh with grooves on sprockets to provide positive power transmission on high-torque applications with high and low speeds. If drive size is a problem, many synchronous belt drive systems now have have an equivalent capacity to roller chain drives in the same width. The components of a synchronous belt drive system typically cost more initially than those of a comparable standard roller chain or V-belt drive. By contrast, synchronous belt drives don’t have the maintenance costs associated with roller chain drives. They require no lubrication and no lubrication system, only basic safety guarding. While roller chain requires frequent retensioning and V-belts require periodic retensioning, a synchronous belt typically requires no retensioning for the life of the belt. To illustrate the amount of elongation that can occur in a roller chain, recommended center distance take-up allowances for belt drives can be compared to center distance take-up needed for a roller chain in the same length. Assuming a length of 100 inches, a roller chain, V-belt and synchronous belt can be compared as follows: Roller chain: A roller chain will elongate approximately 3 inches (or 3 percent) over its life, requiring about 1.5 inches of center distance take-up. V-belt: A V-belt requires 1.5 to 2.5 inches of center distance take-up over its life, depending on the cross section and belt manufacturer. Synchronous belt: A synchronous belt typically requires only .04 inches of center distance take-up over its life, depending on the belt type and manufacturer. Chain and sprocket wear are significant cost factors in a roller chain drive. Synchronous belts and sprockets experience dramatically less wear. In a synchronous drive system, for example, the belt outlasts a comparable roller chain on the order of 3 to 1, and the sprockets outlast roller chain sprockets 10 to 1. Figure 1. Required center distance take-up due to lifetime elongation (in inches). Like roller chain drives, synchronous belt drives are sensitive to misalignment and shouldn’t be used on systems where it’s inherent to the drive operation. Misalignment leads to inconsistent belt wear and premature tensile failure due to unequal tensile member loading. And while a synchronous belt is resistant to abrasion, corrosion and the caustic washdown solutions used in the food handling/processing industry, it may not be suitable for certain highly corrosive environments where corrosion-resistant chain may be a better choice. One misconception about synchronous belts is that they are unsuitable for serpentine drives. Design engineers may think roller chain is the only option when a load must be driven off both sides; however, double-sided synchronous rubber belts offer many of the same cost-saving advantages over roller chain as their single-sided cousins. Due to their high efficiency ratings (as high as 99 percent on a continuous basis for some drive systems), synchronous belt drives can also lower energy costs compared with roller chain or V-belt drives. When considered on a cost-of-ownership basis, a synchronous belt drive system can be more cost-effective than a comparable roller chain drive or V-belt drive system. While a synchronous drive system may initially cost an average of 30 percent more than a comparable standard roller chain drive, it has many cost-saving advantages for maintenance managers and design engineers. In the MRO market, synchronous drives can greatly reduce day-to-day operational costs, and increase production output compared to the downtime and lost productivity resulting from the frequent maintenance and replacement of roller chain and V-belt drives. Drive system design engineers who select a synchronous drive can give their products a competitive edge by providing better-performing, longer-lasting, cleaner, quieter and maintenance-free products that operate at a lower overall cost. This article was written by the power transmission product application department at Gates Corporation. To learn more about this subject, visit www.gates.com.

[ 2215, 1642, 257, 3708, 11315, 393, 18492, 257, 649, 1176, 11478, 1080, 11, 9262, 11663, 290, 1486, 12037, 423, 1115, 3154, 3689, 25, 24471, 6333, 10182, 11, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 290, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 13, 198, 10871, 468, 663, 898, 13391, 290, 38457, 11, 1863, 351, 1575, 18506, 326, 743, 407, 307, 3393, 4156, 13, 198, 13252, 3069, 1137, 5870, 29833, 10560, 42472, 198, 464, 11533, 286, 6333, 10182, 21552, 422, 511, 2694, 284, 21937, 1029, 26415, 2974, 287, 257, 1402, 5301, 11, 379, 5365, 1877, 1575, 11, 981, 25137, 14704, 1695, 4283, 6805, 13, 2893, 4238, 3484, 286, 3210, 24471, 6333, 10182, 460, 307, 2407, 1877, 11, 262, 1575, 286, 10941, 606, 460, 307, 8904, 13, 45989, 9262, 318, 6393, 329, 16586, 24471, 6333, 3708, 2854, 290, 3407, 262, 1708, 1575, 5087, 25, 198, 4821, 284, 6333, 2831, 7746, 11, 24471, 6333, 10182, 5361, 1231, 33211, 341, 5806, 6702, 5867, 1661, 5443, 621, 13975, 10182, 326, 389, 6105, 33211, 515, 13, 843, 1865, 11, 24471, 6333, 11372, 8636, 326, 4101, 284, 6957, 1411, 286, 477, 6589, 10182, 389, 2035, 34250, 33211, 515, 393, 407, 33211, 515, 379, 477, 13, 360, 13221, 278, 262, 2099, 286, 33211, 341, 2446, 2622, 318, 257, 1688, 1486, 9110, 351, 1575, 10939, 286, 663, 898, 13, 1052, 3056, 12, 1186, 1397, 6333, 5627, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 460, 2380, 510, 284, 5441, 1411, 286, 2472, 6333, 3708, 1080, 1575, 13, 554, 3090, 284, 33211, 341, 11, 1774, 599, 30431, 19114, 290, 6333, 12097, 278, 389, 4688, 284, 3649, 24471, 6333, 1204, 13, 198, 6610, 9262, 5766, 351, 1575, 10939, 318, 3708, 7515, 9014, 13, 317, 1688, 10453, 286, 257, 24471, 6333, 3708, 318, 6333, 5806, 11, 543, 2482, 287, 20880, 393, 39696, 341, 13, 17858, 17496, 4313, 24471, 6333, 9014, 618, 39696, 341, 286, 6702, 513, 1411, 8833, 13, 4042, 24471, 6333, 11372, 635, 4313, 13586, 599, 10823, 1039, 351, 1123, 649, 24471, 6333, 780, 262, 6147, 12, 1462, 12, 28469, 2800, 18616, 6049, 599, 30431, 5806, 13, 198, 13434, 7955, 8893, 3199, 1626, 262, 24471, 6333, 2831, 389, 1912, 319, 257, 16200, 1486, 1204, 286, 1315, 11, 830, 2250, 11, 13148, 1774, 3708, 1486, 11, 19114, 11, 33211, 341, 11, 9262, 11, 3503, 13, 887, 287, 257, 7226, 5361, 2858, 11, 4036, 3708, 1204, 8365, 10581, 262, 7306, 13, 791, 75, 29812, 515, 24471, 6333, 10182, 5361, 739, 11859, 3403, 460, 307, 355, 1790, 12, 24489, 355, 1802, 2250, 13, 198, 464, 1575, 286, 262, 9262, 5359, 4367, 2029, 11, 2087, 284, 262, 4238, 1575, 11, 5561, 26748, 262, 2081, 1575, 286, 257, 3210, 24471, 6333, 3708, 13, 2102, 11, 3675, 262, 1575, 286, 33211, 415, 290, 3708, 7515, 9014, 318, 262, 4827, 10907, 286, 10792, 1005, 3004, 278, 11, 543, 4433, 25136, 866, 262, 3708, 11, 7186, 287, 3227, 45832, 13, 4418, 11, 3210, 24471, 6333, 10182, 8076, 379, 10495, 284, 10048, 1411, 9332, 11, 6906, 319, 262, 3586, 11, 523, 2568, 3484, 1276, 307, 2077, 656, 1848, 13, 198, 13383, 8219, 290, 2568, 3484, 29951, 11, 24471, 6333, 10182, 2897, 15441, 290, 2985, 617, 13391, 625, 569, 12, 37976, 393, 18305, 516, 10999, 3708, 3341, 25, 198, 34947, 18486, 357, 45124, 32161, 460, 307, 2087, 284, 13878, 3186, 11, 5296, 18225, 11, 719, 4985, 48872, 11, 3503, 2014, 198, 464, 2694, 284, 2251, 597, 4129, 286, 6333, 351, 14320, 6117, 198, 53, 12, 37976, 10182, 21937, 1176, 832, 23822, 1022, 262, 10999, 290, 17472, 1636, 13, 2080, 4396, 22139, 12897, 422, 6957, 284, 9661, 1411, 379, 9988, 11, 777, 10182, 779, 2568, 517, 18306, 621, 24471, 6333, 10182, 11, 290, 6454, 1342, 18306, 621, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 13, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 389, 281, 2831, 3210, 11, 6011, 257, 3094, 2837, 286, 10620, 379, 5365, 1877, 1575, 11, 1863, 351, 10152, 286, 9988, 290, 5897, 4905, 13, 198, 53, 12, 37976, 3708, 9014, 3354, 743, 307, 1342, 198, 15805, 306, 621, 24471, 6333, 393, 18305, 516, 3708, 198, 5589, 3906, 11, 475, 3218, 1005, 3004, 278, 286, 198, 53, 12, 6667, 912, 460, 751, 284, 9262, 9307, 13, 198, 53, 12, 6667, 912, 389, 15943, 287, 257, 4996, 286, 5696, 11, 3272, 12, 23946, 290, 37414, 5696, 11, 290, 389, 1690, 973, 1702, 306, 11, 287, 14451, 5621, 393, 287, 5399, 25412, 13, 1119, 389, 880, 12, 2385, 863, 329, 6049, 7077, 5479, 11, 884, 355, 883, 7411, 6380, 15989, 290, 1029, 3599, 15989, 13, 8997, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 8076, 1266, 287, 5479, 286, 5323, 32381, 393, 3744, 11, 2866, 22423, 286, 510, 284, 718, 25, 16, 11, 290, 1626, 281, 5361, 5951, 2837, 286, 20208, 12, 1821, 284, 11323, 7370, 35935, 13, 4362, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 13819, 618, 50068, 11, 484, 1037, 1805, 517, 5789, 5112, 422, 3440, 47433, 13, 1119, 635, 1249, 13688, 287, 262, 22097, 286, 262, 5584, 290, 262, 3440, 13, 198, 818, 257, 11080, 3586, 11, 262, 2139, 1204, 286, 257, 6105, 6589, 290, 9456, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 16069, 422, 1160, 11, 830, 284, 1679, 11, 830, 2250, 13, 383, 6805, 286, 257, 2829, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 389, 5365, 24475, 284, 5001, 11, 2721, 11, 6330, 290, 5529, 13, 2293, 484, 389, 6589, 6105, 290, 12097, 276, 284, 262, 10999, 11554, 447, 247, 82, 7151, 3815, 11, 777, 10182, 2421, 845, 1310, 2139, 11, 2845, 329, 1005, 3004, 278, 1141, 262, 3487, 9262, 7269, 13, 14444, 284, 10999, 1017, 3974, 496, 11, 484, 4425, 510, 284, 642, 1411, 286, 511, 9332, 706, 9988, 13, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 7539, 355, 484, 5806, 11, 1642, 1017, 3974, 496, 4785, 11, 543, 460, 10070, 9332, 416, 355, 881, 355, 838, 1411, 4556, 19267, 416, 27458, 1005, 3004, 278, 13, 327, 42545, 393, 407, 1740, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 460, 2620, 9332, 416, 362, 1411, 625, 3210, 9824, 13, 198, 23060, 45, 37846, 1340, 20958, 29991, 51, 10560, 42472, 198, 50, 31301, 28617, 670, 319, 262, 16162, 12, 70, 5528, 7989, 13, 10485, 11, 6616, 393, 9518, 1090, 2991, 259, 451, 10999, 9941, 19609, 351, 7128, 5241, 319, 599, 10823, 1039, 284, 2148, 3967, 1176, 11478, 319, 1029, 12, 13165, 4188, 5479, 351, 1029, 290, 1877, 12055, 13, 198, 1532, 3708, 2546, 318, 257, 1917, 11, 867, 18305, 516, 198, 37976, 3708, 3341, 783, 423, 423, 281, 7548, 198, 42404, 284, 24471, 6333, 10182, 287, 262, 976, 9647, 13, 198, 464, 6805, 286, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 3708, 1080, 6032, 1575, 517, 7317, 621, 883, 286, 257, 13975, 3210, 24471, 6333, 393, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 13, 2750, 6273, 11, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 836, 447, 247, 83, 423, 262, 9262, 3484, 3917, 351, 24471, 6333, 10182, 13, 1119, 2421, 645, 33211, 341, 290, 645, 33211, 341, 1080, 11, 691, 4096, 3747, 33294, 13, 2893, 24471, 6333, 4433, 10792, 1005, 3004, 278, 290, 569, 12, 6667, 912, 2421, 27458, 1005, 3004, 278, 11, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 6032, 4433, 645, 1005, 3004, 278, 329, 262, 1204, 286, 262, 10999, 13, 198, 2514, 19418, 262, 2033, 286, 39696, 341, 326, 460, 3051, 287, 257, 24471, 6333, 11, 7151, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 42290, 329, 10999, 10182, 460, 307, 3688, 284, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 2622, 329, 257, 24471, 6333, 287, 262, 976, 4129, 13, 33238, 257, 4129, 286, 1802, 8331, 11, 257, 24471, 6333, 11, 569, 12, 37976, 290, 18305, 516, 10999, 460, 307, 3688, 355, 5679, 25, 198, 26869, 263, 6333, 25, 317, 24471, 6333, 481, 39696, 378, 6702, 513, 8331, 357, 273, 513, 1411, 8, 625, 663, 1204, 11, 10616, 546, 352, 13, 20, 8331, 286, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 13, 198, 53, 12, 37976, 25, 317, 569, 12, 37976, 4433, 352, 13, 20, 284, 362, 13, 20, 8331, 286, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 625, 663, 1204, 11, 6906, 319, 262, 3272, 2665, 290, 10999, 11554, 13, 198, 50, 31301, 10999, 25, 317, 18305, 516, 10999, 6032, 4433, 691, 764, 3023, 8331, 286, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 625, 663, 1204, 11, 6906, 319, 262, 10999, 2099, 290, 11554, 13, 198, 35491, 290, 599, 30431, 5806, 389, 2383, 1575, 5087, 287, 257, 24471, 6333, 3708, 13, 16065, 11413, 516, 28617, 290, 599, 10823, 1039, 1998, 12034, 1342, 5806, 13, 554, 257, 18305, 516, 3708, 1080, 11, 329, 1672, 11, 262, 10999, 41528, 5773, 257, 13975, 24471, 6333, 319, 262, 1502, 286, 513, 284, 352, 11, 290, 262, 599, 10823, 1039, 503, 12957, 24471, 6333, 599, 10823, 1039, 838, 284, 352, 13, 198, 11337, 352, 13, 20906, 3641, 5253, 1011, 12, 929, 2233, 284, 10869, 39696, 341, 357, 259, 8331, 737, 198, 7594, 24471, 6333, 10182, 11, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 389, 8564, 284, 2984, 282, 16747, 290, 6584, 447, 247, 83, 307, 973, 319, 3341, 810, 340, 447, 247, 82, 11519, 284, 262, 3708, 4905, 13, 14136, 282, 16747, 5983, 284, 18326, 10999, 5806, 290, 19905, 11192, 576, 5287, 2233, 284, 37334, 11192, 576, 2888, 11046, 13, 843, 981, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 318, 18290, 284, 450, 81, 4247, 11, 41677, 290, 262, 1275, 436, 291, 13502, 2902, 8136, 973, 287, 262, 2057, 9041, 14, 36948, 2831, 11, 340, 743, 407, 307, 11080, 329, 1728, 4047, 30329, 425, 12493, 810, 41677, 12, 26128, 6333, 743, 307, 257, 1365, 3572, 13, 198, 3198, 43122, 546, 18305, 516, 28617, 318, 326, 484, 389, 48092, 4674, 329, 33727, 500, 10182, 13, 8495, 12037, 743, 892, 24471, 6333, 318, 262, 691, 3038, 618, 257, 3440, 1276, 307, 7986, 572, 1111, 5389, 26, 2158, 11, 4274, 12, 22339, 18305, 516, 14239, 28617, 2897, 867, 286, 262, 976, 1575, 12, 29336, 13391, 625, 24471, 6333, 355, 511, 2060, 12, 22339, 28706, 13, 198, 22229, 284, 511, 1029, 9332, 10109, 357, 292, 1029, 355, 7388, 1411, 319, 257, 12948, 4308, 329, 617, 3708, 3341, 828, 18305, 516, 10999, 10182, 460, 635, 2793, 2568, 3484, 3688, 351, 24471, 6333, 393, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 13, 198, 2215, 3177, 319, 257, 1575, 12, 1659, 12, 15605, 1056, 4308, 11, 257, 18305, 516, 10999, 3708, 1080, 460, 307, 517, 1575, 12, 16803, 621, 257, 13975, 24471, 6333, 3708, 393, 569, 12, 37976, 3708, 1080, 13, 2893, 257, 18305, 516, 3708, 1080, 743, 7317, 1575, 281, 2811, 286, 1542, 1411, 517, 621, 257, 13975, 3210, 24471, 6333, 3708, 11, 340, 468, 867, 1575, 12, 29336, 13391, 329, 9262, 11663, 290, 1486, 12037, 13, 198, 818, 262, 337, 13252, 1910, 11, 18305, 516, 10182, 460, 9257, 4646, 1110, 12, 1462, 12, 820, 13919, 3484, 11, 290, 2620, 3227, 5072, 3688, 284, 262, 45832, 290, 2626, 13714, 7186, 422, 262, 10792, 9262, 290, 9014, 286, 24471, 6333, 290, 569, 12, 37976, 10182, 13, 9974, 1080, 1486, 12037, 508, 2922, 257, 18305, 516, 3708, 460, 1577, 511, 3186, 257, 7606, 5743, 416, 4955, 1365, 12, 37440, 11, 2392, 12, 24810, 11, 21723, 11, 43880, 290, 9262, 12, 5787, 3186, 326, 8076, 379, 257, 2793, 4045, 1575, 13, 198, 1212, 2708, 373, 3194, 416, 262, 1176, 11478, 1720, 3586, 5011, 379, 15953, 10501, 13, 1675, 2193, 517, 546, 428, 2426, 11, 3187, 7324, 13, 70, 689, 13, 785, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,838

About one-third of Americans older than age 60 have hearing problems. About half the people who are 85 and older have hearing loss. Whether a hearing loss is small (missing certain sounds) or large (being profoundly deaf), it is a serious concern. If left untreated, problems can get worse. Hearing loss can affect your life in many ways. You may miss out on talks with friends and family. On the telephone, you may find it hard to hear what the caller is saying. At the doctor’s office, you may not catch the doctor’s words. Sometimes hearing problems can make you feel embarrassed, upset, and lonely. It’s easy to withdraw when you can’t follow a conversation at the dinner table or in a restaurant. It’s also easy for friends and family to think you are confused, uncaring, or difficult, when the problem may be that you just can’t hear well. If you have trouble hearing, there is help. Start by seeing your doctor. Depending on the type and extent of your hearing loss, there are many treatment choices that may help. Hearing loss does not have to get in the way of your ability to enjoy life. How Do I Know if I Have a Hearing Loss? See your doctor if you: - Have trouble hearing over the telephone, - Find it hard to follow conversations when two or more people are talking, - Need to turn up the TV volume so loud that others complain, - Have a problem hearing because of background noise, - Sense that others seem to mumble, or - Can’t understand when women and children speak to you. What Should I Do? If you have trouble hearing, see your doctor. Sometimes the diagnosis and treatment can take place in the doctor’s office. Or your doctor may refer you to an otolaryngologist (oh-toh-layr-ehn-GOL-luh-jist), a doctor who specializes in the ear, nose, and throat. The otolaryngologist will take a medical history, ask if other family members have hearing problems, do a thorough exam, and suggest any needed tests. You may be referred to an audiologist (aw-dee-AH-luh-jist). Audiologists are health care professionals trained to measure hearing. The audiologist will use an audiometer to test your ability to hear sounds of different pitch and loudness. These tests are painless. Audiologists can help if you need a hearing aid. They can help select the best hearing aid for you and help you learn to get the most from it. What Causes Hearing Loss? Hearing loss can have many different causes, including the aging process, ear wax buildup, exposure to very loud noises over a long period of time, viral or bacterial infections, heart conditions or stroke, head injuries, tumors, certain medicines, and heredity. What Different Types of Hearing Loss Are There? Presbycusis (prez-bee-KYOO-sis) is age-related hearing loss. It is common in people over the age of 50. People with this kind of hearing loss may have a hard time hearing what others are saying or may be unable to stand loud sounds. The decline is slow. Just as hair turns gray at different rates, presbycusis can develop at different rates. It canbe caused by sensorineural (sen-soh-ree-NOO-ruhl) hearing loss. This type of hearing loss results from damage to parts of the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or hearing pathways in the brain. Presbycusis may be caused by aging, loud noise, heredity, head injury, infection, illness, certain prescription drugs, and circulation problems such as high blood pressure. The degree of hearing loss varies from person to person. Also, a person can have a different amount of hearing loss in each ear. Tinnitus (tih-NIE-tuhs) accompanies many forms of hearing loss, including those that sometimes come with aging. People with tinnitus may hear a ringing, roaring, or some other noise inside their ears. Tinnitus may be caused by loud noise, hearing loss, certain medicines, and other health problems, such as allergies and problems in the heart and blood vessels. Often it is unclear why the ringing happens. Tinnitus can come and go, it can stop completely, or it can stay. Some medicines may help ease the problem. Wearing a hearing aid makes it easier for some people to hear the sounds they need to hear by making them louder. Maskers, small devices that use sound to make tinnitus less noticeable, help other people. Music also can be soothing and can sometimes mask the sounds caused by the condition. It also helps to avoid things that might make tinnitus worse, like smoking, alcohol, and loud noises. Conductive hearing loss happens when something blocks the sounds that are carried from the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to the inner ear. Ear wax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, abnormal bone growth, a punctured eardrum, or a middle ear infection can cause this type of hearing loss. If ear wax blockage is a problem for you, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery suggests using mild treatments, such as mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or commercial ear drops to soften ear wax. If you think you may have a hole in your eardrum, however, you should see your doctor. How Can I Help a Person with Hearing Loss? Here are some tips you can use when talking with someone who has a hearing problem: - Face the person and talk clearly - Speak at a reasonable speed; do not hide your mouth, eat, or chew gum. - Stand in good lighting and reduce background noises. - Use facial expressions or gestures to give useful clues. - Repeat yourself if necessary, using different words. - Include the hearing-impaired person when talking. Talk with the person, not about the person, when you are with others. This helps keep the hearing-impaired person from feeling alone and excluded. - Be patient; stay positive and relaxed. - Ask how you can help. What Can I Do if I Have Trouble Hearing? - Let people know that you have trouble hearing. - Ask people to face you, and to speak more slowly and clearly; also ask them to speak without shouting. - Pay attention to what is being said and to facial expressions or gestures. - Let the person talking know if you do not understand. - Ask people to reword a sentence and try again. What Devices or Treatments Can Help? What will help you depends on your hearing problem. Some common solutions include: - Hearing aids. These are small devices you wear in or behind your ear. Hearing aids can help some kinds of hearing loss by making sounds louder. However, they sometimes pick up background noises — for example, traffic noise in the street or people talking at other tables in a crowded restaurant. This can affect how well you hear in certain situations. Before buying a hearing aid, check to find out if your insurance will cover the cost. There are many kinds of hearing aids. An audiologist can help fit you with the hearing aid that will work best for you. You can ask the audiologist about having a trial period to try out a few different aids. Remember, when you buy a hearing aid, you are buying a product and a service. Find a hearing aid dealer (called a dispenser) who has the patience and skill to help you during the month or so it takes to get used to the new hearing aid. You may need to have several fittings of your hearing aid, and you will need to get directions on how to use it. Hearing aids use batteries, which you will need to change on a regular basis. They also may need repairs from time to time. Buy a hearing aid that has only the features you need. - Assistive/Adaptive Devices. There are many products that can help you live well with less-than-perfect hearing. The list below includes some examples of the many choices: - Telephone amplifying devices range from a special type of telephone receiver that makes sounds louder to special phones that work with hearing aids. - TV and radio listening systems can be used with or without hearing aids. You do not have to turn the volume up high. - Assistive listening devices are available in some public places such as auditoriums, movie theaters, churches, synagogues, and meeting places. - Alerts such as doorbells, smoke detectors, and alarm clocks can give you a signal that you can see or a vibration that you can feel. For example, a flashing light could let you know someone is at the door or that the phone is ringing. - Cochlear implants. If your deafness is severe, a doctor may suggest cochlear implants. In this surgery, the doctor puts a small electronic device under the skin behind the ear. The device sends the message past the non-working part of the inner ear and on to the brain. This process helps some people hear. These implants are not helpful for all types of deafness or hearing loss. There are many things you can do about hearing loss. The first step is to check with your doctor. You also can get more information from the following groups: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) NIDCD Information Clearinghouse National Institutes of Health 31 Center Drive, MSC 2320 Bethesda, MD 20892-2320 Phone: 1-800-241-1044 (toll-free) American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. (AAO-HNS) 1 Prince Street Alexandria, VA 22314-3357 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) 10801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 Phone: 1-800-638-8255 (toll-free/voice/TTY) American Tinnitus Association (ATA) P.O. Box 5 Portland, OR 97207-0005 Phone: 1-800-634-8978 (toll-free) Self Help for Hard of Hearing People, Inc. (SHHH) 7910 Woodmont Avenue Bethesda, MD 20814 Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center 800 Florida Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20002-3695 Phone: 202-651-5000 (voice and TTY) For more information about health and aging contact: National Institute on Aging P.O. Box 8057 Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8057 Phone: 1-800-222-2225 (toll-free) National Institute on Aging U. S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health This publication sourced from the National Institute on Aging.

[ 8585, 530, 12, 17089, 286, 3399, 4697, 621, 2479, 3126, 423, 4854, 2761, 13, 7994, 2063, 262, 661, 508, 389, 7600, 290, 4697, 423, 4854, 2994, 13, 10127, 257, 4854, 2994, 318, 1402, 357, 45688, 1728, 5238, 8, 393, 1588, 357, 11873, 27377, 21815, 828, 340, 318, 257, 2726, 2328, 13, 1002, 1364, 41539, 11, 2761, 460, 651, 4785, 13, 198, 39, 6648, 2994, 460, 2689, 534, 1204, 287, 867, 2842, 13, 921, 743, 2051, 503, 319, 6130, 351, 2460, 290, 1641, 13, 1550, 262, 11426, 11, 345, 743, 1064, 340, 1327, 284, 3285, 644, 262, 24955, 318, 2282, 13, 1629, 262, 6253, 447, 247, 82, 2607, 11, 345, 743, 407, 4929, 262, 6253, 447, 247, 82, 2456, 13, 198, 15468, 4854, 2761, 460, 787, 345, 1254, 21100, 11, 9247, 11, 290, 21757, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 2562, 284, 8399, 618, 345, 460, 447, 247, 83, 1061, 257, 5273, 379, 262, 8073, 3084, 393, 287, 257, 7072, 13, 632, 447, 247, 82, 635, 2562, 329, 2460, 290, 1641, 284, 892, 345, 389, 10416, 11, 4591, 1723, 11, 393, 2408, 11, 618, 262, 1917, 743, 307, 326, 345, 655, 460, 447, 247, 83, 3285, 880, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 5876, 4854, 11, 612, 318, 1037, 13, 7253, 416, 4379, 534, 6253, 13, 23591, 319, 262, 2099, 290, 6287, 286, 534, 4854, 2994, 11, 612, 389, 867, 3513, 7747, 326, 743, 1037, 13, 34663, 2994, 857, 407, 423, 284, 651, 287, 262, 835, 286, 534, 2694, 284, 2883, 1204, 13, 198, 2437, 2141, 314, 9365, 611, 314, 8192, 257, 34663, 22014, 30, 198, 6214, 534, 6253, 611, 345, 25, 198, 12, 8192, 5876, 4854, 625, 262, 11426, 11, 198, 12, 9938, 340, 1327, 284, 1061, 10275, 618, 734, 393, 517, 661, 389, 3375, 11, 198, 12, 10664, 284, 1210, 510, 262, 3195, 6115, 523, 7812, 326, 1854, 13121, 11, 198, 12, 8192, 257, 1917, 4854, 780, 286, 4469, 7838, 11, 198, 12, 24956, 326, 1854, 1283, 284, 285, 10344, 11, 393, 198, 12, 1680, 447, 247, 83, 1833, 618, 1466, 290, 1751, 2740, 284, 345, 13, 198, 2061, 10358, 314, 2141, 30, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 5876, 4854, 11, 766, 534, 6253, 13, 8975, 262, 13669, 290, 3513, 460, 1011, 1295, 287, 262, 6253, 447, 247, 82, 2607, 13, 1471, 534, 6253, 743, 3522, 345, 284, 281, 30972, 349, 560, 782, 7451, 357, 1219, 12, 83, 1219, 12, 10724, 81, 12, 17231, 77, 12, 38, 3535, 12, 2290, 71, 12, 73, 396, 828, 257, 6253, 508, 29786, 287, 262, 1027, 11, 9686, 11, 290, 13589, 13, 383, 30972, 349, 560, 782, 7451, 481, 1011, 257, 3315, 2106, 11, 1265, 611, 584, 1641, 1866, 423, 4854, 2761, 11, 466, 257, 9321, 2814, 11, 290, 1950, 597, 2622, 5254, 13, 921, 743, 307, 6412, 284, 281, 2709, 31599, 357, 707, 12, 67, 1453, 12, 18429, 12, 2290, 71, 12, 73, 396, 737, 26686, 9251, 389, 1535, 1337, 11153, 8776, 284, 3953, 4854, 13, 383, 2709, 31599, 481, 779, 281, 40504, 15635, 284, 1332, 534, 2694, 284, 3285, 5238, 286, 1180, 7078, 290, 7812, 1108, 13, 2312, 5254, 389, 2356, 1203, 13, 26686, 9251, 460, 1037, 611, 345, 761, 257, 4854, 6133, 13, 1119, 460, 1037, 2922, 262, 1266, 4854, 6133, 329, 345, 290, 1037, 345, 2193, 284, 651, 262, 749, 422, 340, 13, 198, 2061, 46865, 34663, 22014, 30, 198, 39, 6648, 2994, 460, 423, 867, 1180, 5640, 11, 1390, 262, 14736, 1429, 11, 1027, 20302, 40502, 11, 7111, 284, 845, 7812, 26782, 625, 257, 890, 2278, 286, 640, 11, 14416, 393, 23462, 16079, 11, 2612, 3403, 393, 14000, 11, 1182, 6821, 11, 31155, 11, 1728, 23533, 11, 290, 339, 445, 414, 13, 198, 2061, 20615, 24897, 286, 34663, 22014, 4231, 1318, 30, 198, 25460, 1525, 9042, 271, 357, 3866, 89, 12, 20963, 12, 31159, 6684, 12, 13429, 8, 318, 2479, 12, 5363, 4854, 2994, 13, 632, 318, 2219, 287, 661, 625, 262, 2479, 286, 2026, 13, 4380, 351, 428, 1611, 286, 4854, 2994, 743, 423, 257, 1327, 640, 4854, 644, 1854, 389, 2282, 393, 743, 307, 5906, 284, 1302, 7812, 5238, 13, 383, 7794, 318, 3105, 13, 2329, 355, 4190, 4962, 12768, 379, 1180, 3965, 11, 906, 1525, 9042, 271, 460, 1205, 379, 1180, 3965, 13, 632, 460, 1350, 4073, 416, 12694, 500, 1523, 357, 6248, 12, 568, 71, 12, 631, 12, 45, 6684, 12, 622, 18519, 8, 4854, 2994, 13, 770, 2099, 286, 4854, 2994, 2482, 422, 2465, 284, 3354, 286, 262, 8434, 1027, 11, 262, 38949, 16384, 11, 393, 4854, 22963, 287, 262, 3632, 13, 1763, 1525, 9042, 271, 743, 307, 4073, 416, 14736, 11, 7812, 7838, 11, 339, 445, 414, 11, 1182, 5095, 11, 10280, 11, 8526, 11, 1728, 15077, 5010, 11, 290, 19133, 2761, 884, 355, 1029, 2910, 3833, 13, 383, 4922, 286, 4854, 2994, 17806, 422, 1048, 284, 1048, 13, 4418, 11, 257, 1048, 460, 423, 257, 1180, 2033, 286, 4854, 2994, 287, 1123, 1027, 13, 198, 51, 3732, 17506, 357, 83, 4449, 12, 45, 10008, 12, 83, 7456, 82, 8, 48159, 867, 5107, 286, 4854, 2994, 11, 1390, 883, 326, 3360, 1282, 351, 14736, 13, 4380, 351, 256, 3732, 17506, 743, 3285, 257, 32333, 11, 43170, 11, 393, 617, 584, 7838, 2641, 511, 11368, 13, 309, 3732, 17506, 743, 307, 4073, 416, 7812, 7838, 11, 4854, 2994, 11, 1728, 23533, 11, 290, 584, 1535, 2761, 11, 884, 355, 36665, 290, 2761, 287, 262, 2612, 290, 2910, 14891, 13, 18023, 340, 318, 10061, 1521, 262, 32333, 4325, 13, 309, 3732, 17506, 460, 1282, 290, 467, 11, 340, 460, 2245, 3190, 11, 393, 340, 460, 2652, 13, 2773, 23533, 743, 1037, 10152, 262, 1917, 13, 370, 6648, 257, 4854, 6133, 1838, 340, 4577, 329, 617, 661, 284, 3285, 262, 5238, 484, 761, 284, 3285, 416, 1642, 606, 27089, 13, 18007, 364, 11, 1402, 4410, 326, 779, 2128, 284, 787, 256, 3732, 17506, 1342, 19787, 11, 1037, 584, 661, 13, 7849, 635, 460, 307, 40836, 290, 460, 3360, 9335, 262, 5238, 4073, 416, 262, 4006, 13, 632, 635, 5419, 284, 3368, 1243, 326, 1244, 787, 256, 3732, 17506, 4785, 11, 588, 9216, 11, 5548, 11, 290, 7812, 26782, 13, 198, 34, 12920, 425, 4854, 2994, 4325, 618, 1223, 7021, 262, 5238, 326, 389, 5281, 422, 262, 304, 446, 6582, 357, 774, 3149, 26277, 25019, 8, 284, 262, 8434, 1027, 13, 2905, 20302, 40502, 11, 11711, 287, 262, 3504, 1027, 11, 18801, 9970, 3349, 11, 257, 21025, 1522, 304, 446, 6582, 11, 393, 257, 3504, 1027, 10280, 460, 2728, 428, 2099, 286, 4854, 2994, 13, 1002, 1027, 20302, 2512, 496, 318, 257, 1917, 329, 345, 11, 262, 1605, 8581, 286, 19740, 349, 560, 782, 1435, 12, 13847, 290, 34726, 39037, 5644, 1262, 11607, 13820, 11, 884, 355, 18352, 3056, 11, 5156, 3056, 11, 13874, 2189, 259, 11, 393, 5068, 1027, 10532, 284, 39536, 1027, 20302, 13, 1002, 345, 892, 345, 743, 423, 257, 7604, 287, 534, 304, 446, 6582, 11, 2158, 11, 345, 815, 766, 534, 6253, 13, 198, 2437, 1680, 314, 10478, 257, 7755, 351, 34663, 22014, 30, 198, 4342, 389, 617, 9040, 345, 460, 779, 618, 3375, 351, 2130, 508, 468, 257, 4854, 1917, 25, 198, 12, 15399, 262, 1048, 290, 1561, 4084, 198, 12, 40802, 379, 257, 6397, 2866, 26, 466, 407, 7808, 534, 5422, 11, 4483, 11, 393, 34722, 27142, 13, 198, 12, 5751, 287, 922, 12019, 290, 4646, 4469, 26782, 13, 198, 12, 5765, 16324, 14700, 393, 24621, 284, 1577, 4465, 20195, 13, 198, 12, 30021, 3511, 611, 3306, 11, 1262, 1180, 2456, 13, 198, 12, 40348, 262, 4854, 12, 320, 8957, 1202, 1048, 618, 3375, 13, 12167, 351, 262, 1048, 11, 407, 546, 262, 1048, 11, 618, 345, 389, 351, 1854, 13, 770, 5419, 1394, 262, 4854, 12, 320, 8957, 1202, 1048, 422, 4203, 3436, 290, 15009, 13, 198, 12, 1355, 5827, 26, 2652, 3967, 290, 18397, 13, 198, 12, 16981, 703, 345, 460, 1037, 13, 198, 2061, 1680, 314, 2141, 611, 314, 8192, 34179, 34663, 30, 198, 12, 3914, 661, 760, 326, 345, 423, 5876, 4854, 13, 198, 12, 16981, 661, 284, 1986, 345, 11, 290, 284, 2740, 517, 6364, 290, 4084, 26, 635, 1265, 606, 284, 2740, 1231, 19642, 13, 198, 12, 7119, 3241, 284, 644, 318, 852, 531, 290, 284, 16324, 14700, 393, 24621, 13, 198, 12, 3914, 262, 1048, 3375, 760, 611, 345, 466, 407, 1833, 13, 198, 12, 16981, 661, 284, 302, 4775, 257, 6827, 290, 1949, 757, 13, 198, 2061, 29362, 393, 11217, 902, 1680, 10478, 30, 198, 2061, 481, 1037, 345, 8338, 319, 534, 4854, 1917, 13, 2773, 2219, 8136, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 34663, 31378, 13, 198, 4711, 389, 1402, 4410, 345, 5806, 287, 393, 2157, 534, 1027, 13, 34663, 31378, 460, 1037, 617, 6982, 286, 4854, 2994, 416, 1642, 5238, 27089, 13, 2102, 11, 484, 3360, 2298, 510, 4469, 26782, 851, 329, 1672, 11, 4979, 7838, 287, 262, 4675, 393, 661, 3375, 379, 584, 8893, 287, 257, 18012, 7072, 13, 770, 460, 2689, 703, 880, 345, 3285, 287, 1728, 7445, 13, 7413, 7067, 257, 4854, 6133, 11, 2198, 284, 1064, 503, 611, 534, 5096, 481, 3002, 262, 1575, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 6982, 286, 4854, 31378, 13, 1052, 2709, 31599, 460, 1037, 4197, 345, 351, 262, 4854, 6133, 326, 481, 670, 1266, 329, 345, 13, 921, 460, 1265, 262, 2709, 31599, 546, 1719, 257, 4473, 2278, 284, 1949, 503, 257, 1178, 1180, 31378, 13, 198, 16676, 11, 618, 345, 2822, 257, 4854, 6133, 11, 345, 389, 7067, 257, 1720, 290, 257, 2139, 13, 9938, 257, 4854, 6133, 16456, 357, 7174, 257, 18905, 263, 8, 508, 468, 262, 16336, 290, 5032, 284, 1037, 345, 1141, 262, 1227, 393, 523, 340, 2753, 284, 651, 973, 284, 262, 649, 4854, 6133, 13, 198, 1639, 743, 761, 284, 423, 1811, 43500, 654, 286, 534, 4854, 6133, 11, 290, 345, 481, 761, 284, 651, 11678, 319, 703, 284, 779, 340, 13, 34663, 31378, 779, 13591, 11, 543, 345, 481, 761, 284, 1487, 319, 257, 3218, 4308, 13, 1119, 635, 743, 761, 20097, 422, 640, 284, 640, 13, 11763, 257, 4854, 6133, 326, 468, 691, 262, 3033, 345, 761, 13, 198, 12, 43627, 425, 14, 48003, 425, 29362, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 3186, 326, 460, 1037, 345, 2107, 880, 351, 1342, 12, 14813, 12, 25833, 4854, 13, 383, 1351, 2174, 3407, 617, 6096, 286, 262, 867, 7747, 25, 198, 12, 44735, 12306, 4035, 4410, 2837, 422, 257, 2041, 2099, 286, 11426, 9733, 326, 1838, 5238, 27089, 284, 2041, 9512, 326, 670, 351, 4854, 31378, 13, 198, 12, 3195, 290, 5243, 8680, 3341, 460, 307, 973, 351, 393, 1231, 4854, 31378, 13, 921, 466, 407, 423, 284, 1210, 262, 6115, 510, 1029, 13, 198, 12, 43627, 425, 8680, 4410, 389, 1695, 287, 617, 1171, 4113, 884, 355, 30625, 1505, 82, 11, 3807, 20550, 11, 14422, 11, 6171, 37300, 947, 11, 290, 3249, 4113, 13, 198, 12, 23276, 82, 884, 355, 3420, 7923, 82, 11, 7523, 40471, 11, 290, 10436, 29906, 460, 1577, 345, 257, 6737, 326, 345, 460, 766, 393, 257, 30999, 326, 345, 460, 1254, 13, 1114, 1672, 11, 257, 25293, 1657, 714, 1309, 345, 760, 2130, 318, 379, 262, 3420, 393, 326, 262, 3072, 318, 32333, 13, 198, 12, 33005, 3238, 35223, 13, 198, 1532, 534, 21815, 1108, 318, 6049, 11, 257, 6253, 743, 1950, 763, 354, 3238, 35223, 13, 554, 428, 8185, 11, 262, 6253, 7584, 257, 1402, 7914, 3335, 739, 262, 4168, 2157, 262, 1027, 13, 383, 3335, 12800, 262, 3275, 1613, 262, 1729, 12, 16090, 636, 286, 262, 8434, 1027, 290, 319, 284, 262, 3632, 13, 770, 1429, 5419, 617, 661, 3285, 13, 2312, 35223, 389, 407, 7613, 329, 477, 3858, 286, 21815, 1108, 393, 4854, 2994, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 867, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 546, 4854, 2994, 13, 383, 717, 2239, 318, 284, 2198, 351, 534, 6253, 13, 921, 635, 460, 651, 517, 1321, 422, 262, 1708, 2628, 25, 198, 16186, 5136, 319, 1024, 1878, 1108, 290, 3819, 26117, 37966, 357, 45, 2389, 8610, 8, 198, 45, 2389, 8610, 6188, 3779, 1723, 4803, 198, 16186, 33656, 286, 3893, 198, 3132, 3337, 9974, 11, 337, 6173, 2242, 1238, 198, 13056, 30049, 11, 10670, 1160, 4531, 17, 12, 1954, 1238, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 28872, 12, 940, 2598, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 8, 198, 7437, 8581, 286, 19740, 349, 560, 782, 1435, 12, 13847, 290, 34726, 39037, 11, 3457, 13, 357, 3838, 46, 12, 39, 8035, 8, 198, 16, 9005, 3530, 198, 15309, 392, 7496, 11, 13753, 30299, 1415, 12, 2091, 3553, 198, 7437, 24709, 12, 32065, 12, 39, 6648, 5396, 357, 1921, 7801, 8, 198, 15711, 486, 4631, 4244, 29539, 198, 19665, 4244, 11, 10670, 27121, 4309, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 21, 2548, 12, 23, 13381, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 14, 38888, 14, 51, 9936, 8, 198, 7437, 309, 3732, 17506, 5396, 357, 13563, 8, 198, 47, 13, 46, 13, 8315, 642, 198, 45330, 11, 6375, 10111, 22745, 12, 830, 20, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 21, 2682, 12, 4531, 3695, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 8, 198, 24704, 10478, 329, 6912, 286, 34663, 4380, 11, 3457, 13, 357, 9693, 16768, 8, 198, 3720, 940, 5326, 8691, 8878, 198, 13056, 30049, 11, 10670, 27121, 1415, 198, 14772, 495, 429, 1012, 2798, 2351, 1024, 1878, 7868, 3337, 198, 7410, 4744, 8878, 11, 10635, 198, 17402, 11, 6257, 4751, 17, 12, 2623, 3865, 198, 6132, 25, 22131, 12, 40639, 12, 27641, 357, 38888, 290, 309, 9936, 8, 198, 1890, 517, 1321, 546, 1535, 290, 14736, 2800, 25, 198, 16186, 5136, 319, 44581, 198, 47, 13, 46, 13, 8315, 807, 43526, 198, 35389, 1555, 30359, 11, 10670, 27121, 4089, 12, 1795, 3553, 198, 6132, 25, 352, 12, 7410, 12, 23148, 12, 1828, 1495, 357, 83, 692, 12, 5787, 8, 198, 16186, 5136, 319, 44581, 198, 52, 13, 311, 13, 2732, 286, 3893, 290, 5524, 6168, 198, 16186, 33656, 286, 3893, 198, 1212, 9207, 18229, 422, 262, 2351, 5136, 319, 44581, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

2,326

Last month, we started a list of "hot astronomy links" for the net-surfers, and said that we'd continue the list this month. If I may beg off for another month, let me share with you a continuation of a story we were telling last year at this time. January 6th is celebrated in most western churches as the Feast of the Epiphany, commemorating the arrival of the Magi in Bethlehem. Matthew's gospel tells us that they were led on their journey by a "star." Astronomers and other scholars have been trying to identify the "star" ever since, with theories ranging from a supernova blast to Halley's Comet. Last year at this time, I suggested that a series of planetary conjunctions in 7-6 BC would have attracted the attention of Persian astrologers. Historians have traditionally placed the death of Herod in 4 BC, and suggest that a 4 year error by the monks who first counted back to the events surrounding the Nativity (essentially skipping the rule of Octavian before he became Augustus) would also place the Nativity in this time frame. We also mentioned a book by Ernest Martin, "The Star That Astonished the World," which argues for a 1 BC death of Herod, making a spectacular conjunction of Jupiter and Venus a likely candidate for the "Star of Bethlehem." His arguments are based on accounts by Jewish/Roman historian Flavius Josephus, which detail the events surrounding the death of Herod, and make the 4 BC scenario unlikely. A 1999 book by astronomer Mark Kidger, "The Star of Bethlehem," presents a different argument, again suggesting 4 BC as the time of the star. Chinese and Korean court astrologers reported a "guest star" near the constellation Aquila on the same date in either 4 or 5 BC - one of the records is apparently a transcription error - which persisted for over 70 days visibility. As seen from Babylon or Persia, this guest star would have been first seen after midnight "in the East." If these astrologers had been primed by the conjunctions of 7 - 6 BC to look for a sign, this would have been something of which to take note. Perhaps it would be sufficiently noteworthy to pack up and go searching for a new King of the Jews, presaged by the planets and confirmed by this "new star." An overland journey from Persia would be just possible in 70 days, if they were already primed to leave. Such a journey from Babylon would take less time, allowing for preparations after first sighting the star. By the time the Magi arrived at Jerusalem, the star would appear to the south, just because of the normal shift in constellations with the seasons. Bethlehem lies due south of Jerusalem, so they might think of the star going before them, and "stopping over the house where the Child was." Which scenario is correct? I doubt that we'll ever know for sure. But, in a larger sense, does it really matter? The central story of Christmas and Epiphany is not about the star, but about the interaction between humanity and the transcendent - and the details of the story pale before that. Lunar phases for January 2001: First Quarter on the 2nd, at 5:31 pm; Full Moon on the 9th, at 3:24 pm; Last Quarter at 7:35 am on the 16th; New Moon on the 24th, at 8:07 pm. The Full Moon will be accompanied by a total lunar eclipse, but the Moon will be directly overhead for observers in Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula. We won't see it from Virginia! Evening twilight will find Venus very bright to the southwest, with Jupiter and Saturn high and to the southeast. Mercury will be hard to find, but will be below and to the right of Venus. Early risers can view Mars to the southeast before dawn. Our midmonth overhead view at about 8:00 pm finds Jupiter and Saturn almost directly overhead, just a bit south of zenith. They're in the constellation Taurus, near the bright star Aldebaran, and the open cluster of the Pleiades. A line drawn straight to the southeast horizon from Aldebaran takes your line of sight through Orion to the bright star Sirius in Canis Major. Castor and Pollux, in Gemini, lie above the eastern horizon. Directly above the Twins, closer to zenith you will find Capella, in the constellation Auriga. Mirfak, in Perseus is just a bit higher. The wide, nearly-empty square of Pegasus is to the west, with the Andromeda Galaxy visible on a clear, moonless night just above. Deneb, the bright star at the tail of the Swan (Cygnus) is just off the northwest horizon. The sweep of the Milky Way runs almost directly from Deneb to Sirius, bisecting the sky from northwest to southeast. George F. Spagna, Jr.

[ 5956, 1227, 11, 356, 2067, 257, 1351, 286, 366, 8940, 37145, 6117, 1, 329, 262, 2010, 12, 11793, 69, 364, 11, 290, 531, 326, 356, 1549, 2555, 262, 1351, 428, 1227, 13, 1002, 314, 743, 4123, 572, 329, 1194, 1227, 11, 1309, 502, 2648, 351, 345, 257, 24659, 286, 257, 1621, 356, 547, 5149, 938, 614, 379, 428, 640, 13, 198, 21339, 718, 400, 318, 13943, 287, 749, 8830, 14422, 355, 262, 42936, 286, 262, 4551, 49915, 11, 28723, 803, 262, 10325, 286, 262, 2944, 72, 287, 46930, 13, 9308, 338, 21443, 4952, 514, 326, 484, 547, 2957, 319, 511, 7002, 416, 257, 366, 7364, 526, 25398, 21499, 290, 584, 9123, 423, 587, 2111, 284, 5911, 262, 366, 7364, 1, 1683, 1201, 11, 351, 10946, 12897, 422, 257, 2208, 38438, 11975, 284, 11023, 1636, 338, 36238, 13, 198, 5956, 614, 379, 428, 640, 11, 314, 5220, 326, 257, 2168, 286, 27047, 11644, 46797, 287, 767, 12, 21, 11843, 561, 423, 12725, 262, 3241, 286, 22035, 6468, 40329, 364, 13, 5590, 45825, 423, 16083, 4624, 262, 1918, 286, 48084, 287, 604, 11843, 11, 290, 1950, 326, 257, 604, 614, 4049, 416, 262, 27646, 508, 717, 14789, 736, 284, 262, 2995, 7346, 262, 14393, 3458, 357, 408, 3746, 31017, 262, 3896, 286, 2556, 615, 666, 878, 339, 2627, 48339, 8, 561, 635, 1295, 262, 14393, 3458, 287, 428, 640, 5739, 13, 775, 635, 4750, 257, 1492, 416, 34705, 5780, 11, 366, 464, 2907, 1320, 33644, 1348, 262, 2159, 553, 543, 11673, 329, 257, 352, 11843, 1918, 286, 48084, 11, 1642, 257, 15013, 17856, 286, 22721, 290, 21094, 257, 1884, 4540, 329, 262, 366, 8248, 286, 46930, 526, 2399, 7159, 389, 1912, 319, 5504, 416, 5582, 14, 32454, 18026, 33026, 3754, 7212, 385, 11, 543, 3703, 262, 2995, 7346, 262, 1918, 286, 48084, 11, 290, 787, 262, 604, 11843, 8883, 7485, 13, 198, 32, 7358, 1492, 416, 47603, 2940, 16828, 1362, 11, 366, 464, 2907, 286, 46930, 553, 10969, 257, 1180, 4578, 11, 757, 9524, 604, 11843, 355, 262, 640, 286, 262, 3491, 13, 3999, 290, 6983, 2184, 6468, 40329, 364, 2098, 257, 366, 5162, 395, 3491, 1, 1474, 262, 38712, 11446, 10102, 319, 262, 976, 3128, 287, 2035, 604, 393, 642, 11843, 532, 530, 286, 262, 4406, 318, 5729, 257, 26955, 4049, 532, 543, 33264, 329, 625, 4317, 1528, 20742, 13, 1081, 1775, 422, 28028, 393, 46452, 11, 428, 8319, 3491, 561, 423, 587, 717, 1775, 706, 15896, 366, 259, 262, 3687, 526, 1002, 777, 6468, 40329, 364, 550, 587, 46959, 416, 262, 11644, 46797, 286, 767, 532, 718, 11843, 284, 804, 329, 257, 1051, 11, 428, 561, 423, 587, 1223, 286, 543, 284, 1011, 3465, 13, 8673, 340, 561, 307, 17338, 30902, 284, 2353, 510, 290, 467, 10342, 329, 257, 649, 2677, 286, 262, 6771, 11, 906, 1886, 416, 262, 14705, 290, 4999, 416, 428, 366, 3605, 3491, 526, 198, 2025, 625, 1044, 7002, 422, 46452, 561, 307, 655, 1744, 287, 4317, 1528, 11, 611, 484, 547, 1541, 46959, 284, 2666, 13, 8013, 257, 7002, 422, 28028, 561, 1011, 1342, 640, 11, 5086, 329, 21518, 706, 717, 42110, 262, 3491, 13, 2750, 262, 640, 262, 2944, 72, 5284, 379, 10843, 11, 262, 3491, 561, 1656, 284, 262, 5366, 11, 655, 780, 286, 262, 3487, 6482, 287, 1500, 695, 602, 351, 262, 7028, 13, 46930, 7363, 2233, 5366, 286, 10843, 11, 523, 484, 1244, 892, 286, 262, 3491, 1016, 878, 606, 11, 290, 366, 301, 33307, 625, 262, 2156, 810, 262, 5932, 373, 526, 198, 13828, 8883, 318, 3376, 30, 314, 4719, 326, 356, 1183, 1683, 760, 329, 1654, 13, 887, 11, 287, 257, 4025, 2565, 11, 857, 340, 1107, 2300, 30, 383, 4318, 1621, 286, 6786, 290, 4551, 49915, 318, 407, 546, 262, 3491, 11, 475, 546, 262, 10375, 1022, 9265, 290, 262, 26231, 298, 532, 290, 262, 3307, 286, 262, 1621, 14005, 878, 326, 13, 198, 43, 403, 283, 21164, 329, 3269, 5878, 25, 3274, 17264, 319, 262, 362, 358, 11, 379, 642, 25, 3132, 9114, 26, 6462, 6869, 319, 262, 860, 400, 11, 379, 513, 25, 1731, 9114, 26, 4586, 17264, 379, 767, 25, 2327, 716, 319, 262, 1467, 400, 26, 968, 6869, 319, 262, 1987, 400, 11, 379, 807, 25, 2998, 9114, 13, 383, 6462, 6869, 481, 307, 11791, 416, 257, 2472, 25572, 25872, 11, 475, 262, 6869, 481, 307, 3264, 16965, 329, 17984, 287, 41782, 11, 319, 262, 33081, 24078, 13, 775, 1839, 470, 766, 340, 422, 6025, 0, 198, 6104, 278, 45493, 481, 1064, 21094, 845, 6016, 284, 262, 26283, 11, 351, 22721, 290, 23135, 1029, 290, 284, 262, 26015, 13, 21673, 481, 307, 1327, 284, 1064, 11, 475, 481, 307, 2174, 290, 284, 262, 826, 286, 21094, 13, 12556, 6106, 364, 460, 1570, 8706, 284, 262, 26015, 878, 17577, 13, 198, 5122, 3095, 8424, 16965, 1570, 379, 546, 807, 25, 405, 9114, 7228, 22721, 290, 23135, 2048, 3264, 16965, 11, 655, 257, 1643, 5366, 286, 1976, 268, 342, 13, 1119, 821, 287, 262, 38712, 309, 22302, 11, 1474, 262, 6016, 3491, 15586, 1765, 19173, 11, 290, 262, 1280, 13946, 286, 262, 18063, 72, 2367, 13, 317, 1627, 7428, 3892, 284, 262, 26015, 17810, 422, 15586, 1765, 19173, 2753, 534, 1627, 286, 6504, 832, 26153, 284, 262, 6016, 3491, 21795, 287, 1680, 271, 8386, 13, 5833, 273, 290, 12868, 2821, 11, 287, 35495, 11, 6486, 2029, 262, 10183, 17810, 13, 4128, 306, 2029, 262, 29640, 11, 5699, 284, 1976, 268, 342, 345, 481, 1064, 15725, 8466, 11, 287, 262, 38712, 15412, 13827, 13, 7381, 69, 461, 11, 287, 31544, 385, 318, 655, 257, 1643, 2440, 13, 383, 3094, 11, 3016, 12, 28920, 6616, 286, 48188, 318, 284, 262, 7421, 11, 351, 262, 34542, 9252, 7424, 319, 257, 1598, 11, 8824, 1203, 1755, 655, 2029, 13, 360, 1734, 65, 11, 262, 6016, 3491, 379, 262, 7894, 286, 262, 21491, 357, 20418, 4593, 385, 8, 318, 655, 572, 262, 24821, 17810, 13, 383, 16085, 286, 262, 34822, 6378, 4539, 2048, 3264, 422, 360, 1734, 65, 284, 21795, 11, 47457, 478, 278, 262, 6766, 422, 24821, 284, 26015, 13, 198, 20191, 376, 13, 1338, 48669, 11, 7504, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,020

© Duane A. Cline 2002 Click here to return to the Main Page of The Pilgrims & Following the decimation of the Native American population in King Philips War in 1675, the Native population was so reduced and dispersed that their language was finally lost. The Native Americans who survived were so fearful of the European settlers that they tried to conceal their Native American heritage and take on the appearance and speech of the settlers. PRESERVATION OF THE INDIAN LANGUAGE As a result, the Native American language of the Wampanoag people slowly became extinct. The language of the Wampanoag people has not been spoken as a common language for about seven generations. Only recently has there been a renewed interest in trying to retrieve the language of the Wampanoag – a daunting task, indeed. Fortunately the entire Bible and a few other writings had been translated into the Massachusett language by John Eliot while it was still a vital language. Through great effort, it is hoped the language can be revived. John Eliot was born about 1604 in Widford, Hertfordshire, England, the son of Bennett Eliot, a yeoman who was a landholder in the parishes of Ware, Widford, Hansdon and Estweeke. John was baptized on 5 August 1604. He matriculated at Jesus College Cambridge University on 20 March 1619 as a “pensioner,” which meant he paid his own expenses at Jesus College. His father died the year before John received his A.B. degree from Cambridge in 1622. In his father’s will John was provided financial assistance for his maintenance at Cambridge, “where he is a Scholar.” After leaving Cambridge, John taught for nine years in a grammar school which had been established by Rev. Thomas Hooker at Little Braddow, near Chelmsford, England. There he came under the Puritan influence and decided to become a minister. Since the Church of England was still dealing harshly with anyone who did not conform to its doctrines and ordinances, John emigrated to New England, landing in Boston on 4 November 1631. On his arrival in New England John pastored a church in Boston for a while before he was ordained to serve the church at Roxbury, Mass. Apparently, John had become engaged to a woman before leaving England. She came to New England in 1632 and they were married at Roxbury on 4 September 1632. During the next few years, John developed a deep interest in the neighboring Indians, their language and their culture. In collaboration with his colleague, Rev. Thomas Mather, and neighbor, Rev, Richard Mather, of nearby Dorchester, Eliot translated “The Psalms of David” into the Indian language. He began to preach to the Indians in 1646. There is an account of his first meeting with the Indians in his book, “The Daybreaking, if not Sunrising, of the Gospel with the Indians in New England,” London, 1647. He tells how on 28 October 1646 four of them went to the wigwam of Waaubon at Nonantum, which was located in the northeast corner of Newton (about five miles from Roxbury). There they met with a group of Indian men, women and children who had gathered from the surrounding area. John opened the meeting with a prayer in English and proceeded to preach for an hour and a quarter in their own language, following which there was a period of questions and answers. The meeting lasted about three hours, during which apples were given to women and children and tobacco to the men. By 1651 Natick had been selected as the place for an Indian church and community to be organized for the settlement of the “praying Indians” from the surrounding area. It was seventeen miles from Boston and some distance from the groups of early settlers. In 1653 or 1654 Eliot produced his “Catechism,“ which was probably the first book to be printed in the Indian language. By 1655 Eliot had prepared the “Book of Genesis” and the “Gospel of Matthew.” They were printed at Cambridge in 1662. The Natick church was formed and a civil government established in 1660. The new Indian community was opposed by a number of Indians and colonists alike. Eliot organized towns for Indian converts where they could preserve their own language and culture and live by their own laws. Through the next few years fourteen of those towns were established with the total converts numbering about four thousand. By 1674 each of the communities had a school where the Indians were taught English and handicrafts. While the towns prospered, Eliot prepared Indians to become missionaries to their own people. Daniel Takawambpait became the first Indian minister in New England when he was ordained at Natick in 1681. The establishment of those Indian towns met with angry opposition from many of the Indians and settlers alike. However, they prospered until 1675 when King Philip’s War created havoc. After the war four of the communities were re-established, but did not continue long. The Natick church, which was originally established in 1660, managed to continue until the death of their last pastor, Daniel Takawambpait, in 1716. In 1660 Thomas Thorowgood made the first reference to John Eliot as the “Indian Apostle,” a designation which has continued to be associated with Eliot to this day. The entire New Testament was printed at Cambridge in 1661, and the next year a second edition of the “Catechism” was printed there. A small edition of “The Psalms of David” was published at Cambridge in 1662 , and the same year a second edition of the “Catechism” was printed. In 1663 “The Old Testament” was printed and bound together with a metrical version of the “Psalms.” This has been considered the first Bible printed in America. A second edition of “The New Testament” was printed in 1680, and in 1685 it was printed and bound with the “Old Testament.” Other books written by Eliot were: “The Christian Commonwealth,” 1659; “The Communion of the Churches,” 1665; The Indian Primer” 1669; “Harmony of the Gospels,” 1678; and in 1689 his Indian translation of “The Sincere Convert” by Rev. Thomas Shepard was published. He had also been a major contributor to the “Bay Psalm Book.” After a long illness, John Eliot died at Roxbury, Mass., on 21 May 1690. In Eliot’s honor, May 21 is celebrated by some as “Saint Day of John Eliot.” Last modified October 2, 2002 Webmaster Dave Lossos

[ 16224, 10343, 1531, 317, 13, 1012, 500, 6244, 198, 8164, 994, 284, 1441, 284, 262, 8774, 7873, 286, 383, 12693, 2164, 12078, 1222, 198, 14291, 262, 875, 18991, 286, 262, 12547, 1605, 3265, 287, 2677, 46905, 1810, 287, 1467, 2425, 11, 262, 12547, 3265, 373, 523, 5322, 290, 34646, 326, 511, 3303, 373, 3443, 2626, 13, 383, 12547, 3399, 508, 11803, 547, 523, 26844, 286, 262, 3427, 25371, 326, 484, 3088, 284, 21363, 511, 12547, 1605, 15012, 290, 1011, 319, 262, 5585, 290, 4046, 286, 262, 25371, 13, 198, 48296, 1137, 53, 6234, 3963, 3336, 24413, 16868, 406, 15567, 52, 11879, 198, 1722, 257, 1255, 11, 262, 12547, 1605, 3303, 286, 262, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 661, 6364, 2627, 28881, 13, 383, 3303, 286, 262, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 661, 468, 407, 587, 9635, 355, 257, 2219, 3303, 329, 546, 3598, 10439, 13, 5514, 2904, 468, 612, 587, 257, 16434, 1393, 287, 2111, 284, 19818, 262, 3303, 286, 262, 370, 696, 5733, 363, 784, 257, 30496, 4876, 11, 5600, 13, 20525, 262, 2104, 9111, 290, 257, 1178, 584, 19336, 550, 587, 14251, 656, 262, 5674, 9523, 3087, 3303, 416, 1757, 46082, 981, 340, 373, 991, 257, 9204, 3303, 13, 9561, 1049, 3626, 11, 340, 318, 10719, 262, 3303, 460, 307, 28910, 13, 198, 7554, 46082, 373, 4642, 546, 1467, 3023, 287, 24801, 3841, 11, 40030, 3841, 10932, 11, 4492, 11, 262, 3367, 286, 17468, 46082, 11, 257, 9838, 5185, 508, 373, 257, 1956, 13829, 287, 262, 1582, 5614, 286, 28593, 11, 24801, 3841, 11, 13071, 9099, 290, 10062, 732, 68, 365, 13, 1757, 373, 40357, 319, 642, 2932, 1467, 3023, 13, 198, 1544, 2603, 1173, 4817, 379, 5803, 5535, 14457, 2059, 319, 1160, 2805, 1467, 1129, 355, 257, 564, 250, 79, 3004, 263, 11, 447, 251, 543, 4001, 339, 3432, 465, 898, 9307, 379, 5803, 5535, 13, 2399, 2988, 3724, 262, 614, 878, 1757, 2722, 465, 317, 13, 33, 13, 4922, 422, 14457, 287, 1467, 1828, 13, 554, 465, 2988, 447, 247, 82, 481, 1757, 373, 2810, 3176, 6829, 329, 465, 9262, 379, 14457, 11, 564, 250, 3003, 339, 318, 257, 11713, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3260, 4305, 14457, 11, 1757, 7817, 329, 5193, 812, 287, 257, 23491, 1524, 543, 550, 587, 4920, 416, 5416, 13, 5658, 18531, 263, 379, 7703, 1709, 2860, 322, 11, 1474, 11425, 907, 3841, 11, 4492, 13, 1318, 339, 1625, 739, 262, 9330, 18642, 4588, 290, 3066, 284, 1716, 257, 5342, 13, 198, 6385, 262, 4564, 286, 4492, 373, 991, 7219, 43123, 351, 2687, 508, 750, 407, 17216, 284, 663, 32645, 290, 36968, 11, 1757, 795, 38769, 284, 968, 4492, 11, 9581, 287, 6182, 319, 604, 3389, 1467, 3132, 13, 1550, 465, 10325, 287, 968, 4492, 1757, 1613, 1850, 257, 4928, 287, 6182, 329, 257, 981, 878, 339, 373, 36777, 284, 4691, 262, 4928, 379, 34821, 10711, 11, 5674, 13, 198, 30402, 11, 1757, 550, 1716, 7953, 284, 257, 2415, 878, 4305, 4492, 13, 1375, 1625, 284, 968, 4492, 287, 1467, 2624, 290, 484, 547, 6405, 379, 34821, 10711, 319, 604, 2693, 1467, 2624, 13, 198, 7191, 262, 1306, 1178, 812, 11, 1757, 4166, 257, 2769, 1393, 287, 262, 19651, 12746, 11, 511, 3303, 290, 511, 3968, 13, 554, 12438, 351, 465, 16008, 11, 5416, 13, 5658, 337, 1032, 11, 290, 4780, 11, 5416, 11, 6219, 337, 1032, 11, 286, 6716, 12528, 35983, 11, 46082, 14251, 564, 250, 464, 40601, 907, 286, 3271, 447, 251, 656, 262, 3942, 3303, 13, 679, 2540, 284, 32950, 284, 262, 12746, 287, 1467, 3510, 13, 198, 1858, 318, 281, 1848, 286, 465, 717, 3249, 351, 262, 12746, 287, 465, 1492, 11, 564, 250, 464, 3596, 13395, 11, 611, 407, 3825, 22610, 11, 286, 262, 23244, 351, 262, 12746, 287, 968, 4492, 11, 447, 251, 3576, 11, 1467, 2857, 13, 679, 4952, 703, 319, 2579, 3267, 1467, 3510, 1440, 286, 606, 1816, 284, 262, 45678, 86, 321, 286, 370, 7252, 549, 261, 379, 8504, 415, 388, 11, 543, 373, 5140, 287, 262, 24287, 5228, 286, 17321, 357, 10755, 1936, 4608, 422, 34821, 10711, 737, 1318, 484, 1138, 351, 257, 1448, 286, 3942, 1450, 11, 1466, 290, 1751, 508, 550, 9272, 422, 262, 7346, 1989, 13, 1757, 4721, 262, 3249, 351, 257, 11443, 287, 3594, 290, 18814, 284, 32950, 329, 281, 1711, 290, 257, 3860, 287, 511, 898, 3303, 11, 1708, 543, 612, 373, 257, 2278, 286, 2683, 290, 7429, 13, 383, 3249, 15436, 546, 1115, 2250, 11, 1141, 543, 22514, 547, 1813, 284, 1466, 290, 1751, 290, 11219, 284, 262, 1450, 13, 198, 3886, 1467, 4349, 14393, 624, 550, 587, 6163, 355, 262, 1295, 329, 281, 3942, 4928, 290, 2055, 284, 307, 8389, 329, 262, 9443, 286, 262, 564, 250, 1050, 8369, 12746, 447, 251, 422, 262, 7346, 1989, 13, 632, 373, 38741, 4608, 422, 6182, 290, 617, 5253, 422, 262, 2628, 286, 1903, 25371, 13, 554, 1467, 4310, 393, 1467, 4051, 46082, 4635, 465, 564, 250, 34, 40340, 1042, 11, 447, 250, 543, 373, 2192, 262, 717, 1492, 284, 307, 10398, 287, 262, 3942, 3303, 13, 2750, 1467, 2816, 46082, 550, 5597, 262, 564, 250, 10482, 286, 18993, 447, 251, 290, 262, 564, 250, 38, 13994, 286, 9308, 13, 447, 251, 1119, 547, 10398, 379, 14457, 287, 1467, 5237, 13, 198, 464, 14393, 624, 4928, 373, 7042, 290, 257, 3026, 1230, 4920, 287, 1467, 1899, 13, 383, 649, 3942, 2055, 373, 6886, 416, 257, 1271, 286, 12746, 290, 43430, 12936, 13, 46082, 8389, 11684, 329, 3942, 26161, 810, 484, 714, 12201, 511, 898, 3303, 290, 3968, 290, 2107, 416, 511, 898, 3657, 13, 9561, 262, 1306, 1178, 812, 29167, 286, 883, 11684, 547, 4920, 351, 262, 2472, 26161, 47622, 546, 1440, 7319, 13, 2750, 1467, 4524, 1123, 286, 262, 5348, 550, 257, 1524, 810, 262, 12746, 547, 7817, 3594, 290, 29103, 1617, 82, 13, 2893, 262, 11684, 386, 4125, 445, 11, 46082, 5597, 12746, 284, 1716, 37458, 284, 511, 898, 661, 13, 7806, 15804, 707, 4131, 79, 4548, 2627, 262, 717, 3942, 5342, 287, 968, 4492, 618, 339, 373, 36777, 379, 14393, 624, 287, 1467, 6659, 13, 198, 464, 9323, 286, 883, 3942, 11684, 1138, 351, 7954, 5471, 422, 867, 286, 262, 12746, 290, 25371, 12936, 13, 2102, 11, 484, 386, 4125, 445, 1566, 1467, 2425, 618, 2677, 14576, 447, 247, 82, 1810, 2727, 29860, 13, 2293, 262, 1175, 1440, 286, 262, 5348, 547, 302, 12, 27718, 11, 475, 750, 407, 2555, 890, 13, 383, 14393, 624, 4928, 11, 543, 373, 6198, 4920, 287, 1467, 1899, 11, 5257, 284, 2555, 1566, 262, 1918, 286, 511, 938, 22175, 11, 7806, 15804, 707, 4131, 79, 4548, 11, 287, 1596, 1433, 13, 198, 818, 1467, 1899, 5658, 13002, 322, 11274, 925, 262, 717, 4941, 284, 1757, 46082, 355, 262, 564, 250, 30821, 29748, 11, 447, 251, 257, 22566, 543, 468, 3767, 284, 307, 3917, 351, 46082, 284, 428, 1110, 13, 198, 464, 2104, 968, 18318, 373, 10398, 379, 14457, 287, 1467, 5333, 11, 290, 262, 1306, 614, 257, 1218, 8313, 286, 262, 564, 250, 34, 40340, 1042, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 612, 13, 198, 32, 1402, 8313, 286, 564, 250, 464, 40601, 907, 286, 3271, 447, 251, 373, 3199, 379, 14457, 287, 1467, 5237, 837, 290, 262, 976, 614, 257, 1218, 8313, 286, 262, 564, 250, 34, 40340, 1042, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 13, 198, 818, 1467, 5066, 564, 250, 464, 5706, 18318, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 290, 5421, 1978, 351, 257, 1138, 8143, 2196, 286, 262, 564, 250, 12016, 282, 907, 13, 447, 251, 770, 468, 587, 3177, 262, 717, 9111, 10398, 287, 2253, 13, 317, 1218, 8313, 286, 564, 250, 464, 968, 18318, 447, 251, 373, 10398, 287, 1467, 1795, 11, 290, 287, 1467, 5332, 340, 373, 10398, 290, 5421, 351, 262, 564, 250, 19620, 18318, 13, 447, 251, 198, 6395, 3835, 3194, 416, 46082, 547, 25, 564, 250, 464, 4302, 17165, 11, 447, 251, 1467, 3270, 26, 564, 250, 464, 4440, 295, 286, 262, 46446, 11, 447, 251, 1467, 2996, 26, 383, 3942, 11460, 263, 447, 251, 1467, 3388, 26, 564, 250, 39, 1670, 1647, 286, 262, 402, 41908, 11, 447, 251, 1467, 3695, 26, 290, 287, 1467, 4531, 465, 3942, 11059, 286, 564, 250, 464, 4619, 260, 38240, 447, 251, 416, 5416, 13, 5658, 28606, 373, 3199, 13, 198, 1544, 550, 635, 587, 257, 1688, 18920, 284, 262, 564, 250, 15262, 40601, 76, 4897, 13, 447, 251, 198, 3260, 257, 890, 8526, 11, 1757, 46082, 3724, 379, 34821, 10711, 11, 5674, 1539, 319, 2310, 1737, 1467, 3829, 13, 554, 46082, 447, 247, 82, 7522, 11, 1737, 2310, 318, 13943, 416, 617, 355, 564, 250, 48615, 3596, 286, 1757, 46082, 13, 447, 251, 198, 5956, 9518, 3267, 362, 11, 6244, 198, 13908, 9866, 9935, 22014, 418, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,448

How do I decide whether or not to take part? You need to feel you have been given enough information to help you decide whether or not to take part in a clinical trial. The main benefits of taking part in a clinical trial include: - you may receive a new treatment before it becomes widely available - you will be closely monitored (patients on clinical trials often receive more attention) - helping future patients with cancer. The disadvantages of taking part in a clinical trial include: - you may have more appointments at the hospital than if you weren’t in a clinical trial - new treatments may have side effects or risks that doctors were not expecting - participants in randomised trials will not be able to choose which treatment they receive. The importance of information Trials need to be a team effort to make sure they are successful. If you decide to take part, you are an essential member of this team. You must be given all the information you want, you must understand what will happen, and you must freely agree to take part. Your doctor or researcher should discuss the following points with you: - what type of trial it is, why it is being done and how it was planned - an explanation of how the trial will affect you; for example, how long the trial will last or any extra tests or hospital visits - the meaning of the words and phrases that are used - the benefits, risks and all other treatment options available to you - the safeguards which exist to protect you - who you should contact if you have any concerns or problems - how to find out the results of the research, if you want to do so. See a list of other questions you should consider. You may find it helpful to discuss the details of a trial with a research nurse. If you wish to know more or don’t understand what has been said, please ask.

[ 2437, 466, 314, 5409, 1771, 393, 407, 284, 1011, 636, 30, 198, 1639, 761, 284, 1254, 345, 423, 587, 1813, 1576, 1321, 284, 1037, 345, 5409, 1771, 393, 407, 284, 1011, 636, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 13, 198, 464, 1388, 4034, 286, 2263, 636, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 345, 743, 3328, 257, 649, 3513, 878, 340, 4329, 6768, 1695, 198, 12, 345, 481, 307, 7173, 20738, 357, 8071, 2334, 319, 8668, 9867, 1690, 3328, 517, 3241, 8, 198, 12, 5742, 2003, 3871, 351, 4890, 13, 198, 464, 38457, 286, 2263, 636, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 345, 743, 423, 517, 23976, 379, 262, 4436, 621, 611, 345, 6304, 447, 247, 83, 287, 257, 8668, 4473, 198, 12, 649, 13820, 743, 423, 1735, 3048, 393, 7476, 326, 7519, 547, 407, 12451, 198, 12, 6809, 287, 4738, 1417, 9867, 481, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 3853, 543, 3513, 484, 3328, 13, 198, 464, 6817, 286, 1321, 198, 14824, 874, 761, 284, 307, 257, 1074, 3626, 284, 787, 1654, 484, 389, 4388, 13, 1002, 345, 5409, 284, 1011, 636, 11, 345, 389, 281, 6393, 2888, 286, 428, 1074, 13, 921, 1276, 307, 1813, 477, 262, 1321, 345, 765, 11, 345, 1276, 1833, 644, 481, 1645, 11, 290, 345, 1276, 12748, 4236, 284, 1011, 636, 13, 198, 7120, 6253, 393, 13453, 815, 2112, 262, 1708, 2173, 351, 345, 25, 198, 12, 644, 2099, 286, 4473, 340, 318, 11, 1521, 340, 318, 852, 1760, 290, 703, 340, 373, 6027, 198, 12, 281, 7468, 286, 703, 262, 4473, 481, 2689, 345, 26, 329, 1672, 11, 703, 890, 262, 4473, 481, 938, 393, 597, 3131, 5254, 393, 4436, 11864, 198, 12, 262, 3616, 286, 262, 2456, 290, 20144, 326, 389, 973, 198, 12, 262, 4034, 11, 7476, 290, 477, 584, 3513, 3689, 1695, 284, 345, 198, 12, 262, 32673, 543, 2152, 284, 1805, 345, 198, 12, 508, 345, 815, 2800, 611, 345, 423, 597, 4786, 393, 2761, 198, 12, 703, 284, 1064, 503, 262, 2482, 286, 262, 2267, 11, 611, 345, 765, 284, 466, 523, 13, 198, 6214, 257, 1351, 286, 584, 2683, 345, 815, 2074, 13, 198, 1639, 743, 1064, 340, 7613, 284, 2112, 262, 3307, 286, 257, 4473, 351, 257, 2267, 15849, 13, 1002, 345, 4601, 284, 760, 517, 393, 836, 447, 247, 83, 1833, 644, 468, 587, 531, 11, 3387, 1265, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

395

Definition of Pharmacologic stress test Pharmacologic stress test: There are a diversity of pharmacologic stress tests. Here this refers specifically to a pharmacologic cardiac stress test in which certain medications are administered that stimulate the heart to mimic the physiologic effects of exercise. One of the medications used in a pharmacologic stress test is dobutamine, which is similar to adrenaline. Dobutamine is carefully administered to gradually increase the heart rate and strength of the contractions of the heart muscle. Simultaneously, echocardiography or radionucleide imaging is performed. Alternatively, a medicine called adenosine is administered, which simulates the physiology of the coronary artery circulation during exercise. Adenosine is combined with radionucleide isotope imaging to provide a very accurate test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Pharmacological stress testing is commonly performed in patients who are thought to be at high risk for significant CAD and who are scheduled for major non-cardiac surgical procedures. These patients are often unable to perform exercise stress testing due to the underlying condition for which they require surgery. In this setting, pharmacological stress testing is invaluable in assessing the cardiac risk of patients prior to surgery.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012 Get the latest treatment options.

[ 36621, 286, 37908, 20781, 5503, 1332, 198, 2725, 32813, 20781, 5503, 1332, 25, 1318, 389, 257, 9573, 286, 25702, 20781, 5503, 5254, 13, 3423, 428, 10229, 5734, 284, 257, 25702, 20781, 26077, 5503, 1332, 287, 543, 1728, 17638, 389, 17169, 326, 26020, 262, 2612, 284, 26332, 262, 42087, 20781, 3048, 286, 5517, 13, 198, 3198, 286, 262, 17638, 973, 287, 257, 25702, 20781, 5503, 1332, 318, 466, 4360, 9862, 11, 543, 318, 2092, 284, 37607, 13, 30947, 315, 9862, 318, 7773, 17169, 284, 11835, 2620, 262, 2612, 2494, 290, 4202, 286, 262, 2775, 507, 286, 262, 2612, 8280, 13, 3184, 9560, 3481, 11, 304, 354, 420, 22490, 4867, 393, 2511, 295, 14913, 485, 19560, 318, 6157, 13, 198, 44163, 11, 257, 9007, 1444, 512, 28380, 500, 318, 17169, 11, 543, 985, 15968, 262, 38033, 286, 262, 37151, 37646, 19133, 1141, 5517, 13, 1215, 28380, 500, 318, 5929, 351, 2511, 295, 14913, 485, 31624, 3008, 19560, 284, 2148, 257, 845, 7187, 1332, 329, 262, 13326, 286, 2383, 37151, 37646, 4369, 357, 34, 2885, 737, 198, 2725, 32813, 2770, 5503, 4856, 318, 8811, 6157, 287, 3871, 508, 389, 1807, 284, 307, 379, 1029, 2526, 329, 2383, 37292, 290, 508, 389, 7530, 329, 1688, 1729, 12, 9517, 9607, 21998, 9021, 13, 2312, 3871, 389, 1690, 5906, 284, 1620, 5517, 5503, 4856, 2233, 284, 262, 10238, 4006, 329, 543, 484, 2421, 8185, 13, 554, 428, 4634, 11, 25702, 2770, 5503, 4856, 318, 30438, 287, 24171, 262, 26077, 2526, 286, 3871, 3161, 284, 8185, 13, 7416, 25, 2019, 15156, 907, 8151, 8366, 28261, 198, 5956, 39525, 6602, 25, 718, 14, 1415, 14, 6999, 198, 3855, 262, 3452, 3513, 3689, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

276

It's hard enough to keep track of your daily responsibilities. It's even harder to plan for events years down the road. But if you have diabetes, you must start taking steps now to possibly avoid complications in the future. Diabetes is a serious and complex disease that can lead to a number of complications, including blindness and kidney disease. Fortunately, these complications are possibly preventable. As diabetes-related complications can take decades to develop, you might find it hard to think about them today. But now is the time to make important lifestyle changes. You have the power to prevent or delay the complications of diabetes by keeping an eye out for certain symptoms, controlling your blood sugar, and maintaining a conversation with your diabetes health care team. What complications are associated with diabetes? People can live long, fruitful lives with diabetes. However, if your diabetes is left unchecked, you are at risk for a variety of health problems, including: - eye problems - foot problems - skin problems - heart disease - high blood pressure - kidney disease - ketoacidosis, or high levels of blood acids called ketones This article will give you an explanation of these common complications and provide tips on how to avoid them. Eye problems are common in people with diabetes. In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), most diabetes patients will get some kind of retinopathy, a disorder of the retina. Even though people with diabetes have a higher risk of blindness than others, most diabetes patients are faced with only minor eye problems. For those who develop major eye problems, there are treatments that can help. As with all complications of diabetes, the best way to prevent eye problems is to keep your blood sugar under control. It is also crucial to get a regular eye exam at least once a year. What eye problems develop in diabetes patients? Diabetes patients have a 40 percent higher risk of developing glaucoma, and that risk increases the longer someone has diabetes. Older patients are also more likely to suffer from glaucoma. The front part of the eye contains a clear fluid called aqueous humor. This fluid is always being made behind the iris (the colored part of the eye). In a healthy eye, the fluid is regularly drained. In glaucoma, however, the aqueous humor cannot drain, which causes a buildup of pressure. This pressure can cause damage to the optic nerve (carrier of messages from the retina to the brain). Over time, a person will lose vision because the retina and optic nerve are damaged. There are both medical and surgical treatments for glaucoma designed to relieve pressure in the eye. Cataracts are common among people with and without diabetes alike. However, the eye condition is 60 percent more common in people with diabetes. In most people, the lens of the eye is clear. Much like a camera lens, it focuses light as it passes to the back of the eye. In people with cataracts, this clear lens becomes clouded, blocking light and reduces vision. Cataracts usually develop in older people. With diabetes, they tend to form at a younger age and to progress more rapidly. Patients with mild cataracts often wear protective eyewear like sunglasses or glare-control lenses in their corrective glasses. If cataracts are severe, a doctor may decide to remove the lens of the eye. The retina is the part of the eye that records images, and then turns those images into electrical signals to be sent to the brain. Diabetic retinopathy is a term used to describe all retina disorders caused by diabetes. These disorders can range from mild to severe. There are two main types of retinopathy: nonproliferative and proliferative. In nonproliferative retinopathy, capillaries in the back of the eye swell up and form pouches. In many cases, nonproliferative retinopathy does not require treatment. However, when fluid leaks into the macula (the part of the eye where focusing happens), macula edema can occur. Macula edema causes blurry vision and, in some cases, total vision loss. Patients with macula edema must seek treatment. Fortunately, treatment usually stops or reverses vision loss. Over time, retinopathy can get worse, eventually leading to proliferative retinopathy. In patients with this form of retinopathy, the blood vessels become completely closed off, causing new vessels to grow. These new vessels are not as strong as the old and tend to leak blood, which can block vision. This condition is called vitreous hemorrhage. In some cases, the new blood vessels cause scar tissue to develop, which can warp or knock the retina out of place. This condition is called retinal detachment. One reason eye exams are so important is that people with retinopathy often have no symptoms until it is too late. How can I prevent eye problems? Keeping your blood sugar under tight control is the most important step you can take to prevent eye complications. Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial showed that diabetes patients who kept their blood sugar levels close to normal were four times less likely to get retinopathy than patients on standard treatment. Blood pressure control is also key to maintaining your vision, as high blood pressure intensify your eye problems. It's probably something you have heard before, but here it is again: quit smoking now! It will help preserve your vision in addition to improving your overall health. Get regular checkups from an eye care professional at least once a year. It may be time to see an eye specialist now if you have: - blurry vision - difficulty reading books or street signs - double vision - pain in one or both of your eyes - redness in your eyes that does not go away - pressure in your eyes - spots in your vision - trouble seeing straight lines as straight - trouble seeing things to your side Diabetes-related foot complications come in many forms. Nerve damage, or neuropathy, is the most common cause of foot problems in people with diabetes. Problems also can be caused by poor blood flow or changes in the shape of your feet. What foot problems develop in diabetes patients? For some people, diabetic nerve damage can hurt. Most often, it makes it harder to feel pain or temperature. Since you cannot feel, you might not notice if you have hurt your foot. You could have an open wound all day that, if left ignored, could get infected. Neuropathy can also cause your feet and toes to change shape. If this happens to you, your doctor may recommend special shoes. Poor Blood Flow Diabetes can cause the blood vessels in your legs and feet to harden and narrow, leading to poor circulation. If you have poor blood flow, your feet are more prone to infection and less able to heal. There are a few things you can do on your own to prevent poor blood flow. First, quit smoking. Smoking makes your arteries harden faster. Keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol under control also can improve your circulation. Some people with diabetes develop foot ulcers, or wounds or open sores that do not heal or keep coming back. In most cases, diabetes patients get ulcers on the ball of the foot or bottom of the big toe. Not every ulcer will hurt. But even if there is no pain, you should get every ulcer checked by your doctor. If left untreated, ulcers can lead to infection and possibly amputation. If you have a foot ulcer, let it heal. Stay off your feet as much as possible. Your doctor may even recommend you wear a special shoe or other device. You might have heard that people with diabetes have a higher risk than others of foot and leg amputations. Unfortunately, that is true. So, why are diabetes patients more likely to have an amputation? For one, many diabetes patients have artery disease, which makes it hard for blood to flow to the feet. Another reason is nerve damage, which makes it harder to feel pain or any problems in the feet and legs. The good news is that amputations, and all other diabetes-related foot complications, are possibly avoidable. How can I prevent foot problems? Anyone with diabetes should get a complete foot exam at least once a year. If you already have foot problems, you should get your feet checked even more often. If you injure your foot, get care from your doctor as soon as possible. You should always let your doctor know if you have cut or broken the skin of your foot, even if it is just an ingrown toenail. It is also important to tell your doctor if you see in changes to the color or shape of your foot. There are a number of ways to prevent foot complications and to maintain healthy feet, including: - keeping your blood sugar under control - checking your feet daily for spots, cuts, swelling, or blisters - staying active - wearing special therapeutic shoes - washing your feet every day - using lotion to keep the skin of your feet soft and smooth - trimming your toenails - protecting your feet with socks and shoes - protecting your feet from extreme heat and cold, as you might not be able to feel temperature - keeping your blood flowing to your feet by putting your feet up while sitting, moving your toes and ankles multiple times a day - quitting smoking According to the ADA, about 33 percent of people will have a diabetes-related skin problem at some point in their lives. Some of these skin problems can happen to anyone, while others mainly affect only those with diabetes. People with diabetes have a higher risk for a number of general skin conditions. Examples of bacterial infections affecting diabetes patients include: - styes, or infections of eyelid glands - folliculitis, or hair follicle infections - carbuncles, or deep tissue skin infections - infections around the nails People with diabetes are also at risk of fungal infections. In most cases, fungal infections are caused by Candida albicans, a yeast-like fungus that can lead to itchy, red, and moist rashes, small blisters and scaly skin. Other common fungal infections include: - athlete's foot - jock itch - vaginal infection Diabetes-specific Skin Conditions Some skin conditions are mostly or only seen in people with diabetes. These include: - diabetic dermopathy - changes in small blood vessels that cause light brown, scaly patches most often on the front of the legs - necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum - changes in blood vessels that cause spots that look like those of diabetic dermopathy, but bigger, deeper, and fewer - atherosclerosis - a hardening of the blood vessels that can make the skin hairless, thin, cool, and shiny, and can make it hard for sores to heal - eruptive xanthomatosis - a condition that causes hard, yellow, itchy growths on the back, hands, feet, arms, legs, and buttocks - digital sclerosis - the development of tight, thick, waxy skin on the back of the hands, toes, forehead - disseminated granuloma annular - raised rings or arcs usually occurring on parts of the body away from the trunk, such as fingers or ears - acanthosis nigricans - tan or brown raised areas of skin on the neck, armpits, and groin that usually occur in people who are overweight How can I prevent skin problems? Diabetes-related skin conditions can be irritating and, sometimes, very dangerous. Luckily, most of them are both preventable and treatable. Carefully managing your diabetes is the most important part of preventing skin conditions associated with diabetes. By following your doctor's instructions about diet, exercise, and medications, you can keep your blood sugar down and control your weight. Doing these things will help you avoid most diabetes-related skin problems. You should also take care of your skin by avoiding too much sun and using lotions approved by your doctor. People with diabetes have a higher risk of having heart-related problems, compared to people without diabetes. In fact, heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in diabetes patients. It is certainly scary to think about the possibility of suffering a heart attack or stroke. But if you take the proper steps, you can protect yourself from these potentially deadly complications. How can I prevent heart disease? Getting your diabetes under control is crucial in preventing heart disease. Your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol all play a role in the development and prevention of heart disease. In order to lessen heart disease risk, you must first get your blood sugar under control. Your doctor likely has given you a target goal for your levels of HbA1C, a measure of blood sugar over three months. Carefully managing your blood sugar to reach that goal is key in the management of heart disease risk. Generally, people with diabetes should aim for an HbA1C of seven percent or less. Your doctor will advise you of your personal goal. Secondly, you should keep an eye on your blood pressure. It is recommended that most diabetes patients aim for a blood pressure level below 130/80 mm Hg. Make sure your doctor checks your blood pressure at every regular appointment. Lastly, it is important to watch your cholesterol. Basically, you want to reduce your levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol and increase your levels of HDL, or "good" cholesterol. Your kidneys are amazing filter systems. When we eat and digest, our bodies create waste. While useful substances like proteins stay in our blood, these waste products our filter out through the kidneys into our urine. Diabetes can put a strain on our kidneys. High blood sugar levels make our kidneys filter too much blood. Over time, a diabetes patient can start to lose useful proteins in the urine. Small levels of protein in the urine is called microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria are an early sign of kidney disease. If your doctor can spot kidney disease early, there are treatments that can keep it from getting worse. If you already have high levels of protein in your urine (macroalbuminuria), you may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. How can I prevent kidney disease? Tight blood sugar control is your key to avoiding kidney disease. Studies have shown that diabetes patients who practice tight control of blood sugar may lower their risk of kidney disease by as much as one third. Some research has suggested that tight blood sugar control may even reverse microalbuminuria. Another serious complication of diabetes is called diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition that occurs when your body makes very high levels of blood acids called ketones. Toxic ketones may enter your blood stream when you have too little insulin in your body. This may eventually lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. If you are suffering from ketoacidosis, you may experience: - excessive thirst - frequent urination - abdominal pain - loss of appetite - shortness of breath - breath that smells like fruit How can I prevent diabetic ketoacidosis? Controlling your blood sugar and managing your insulin levels are key to preventing diabetic ketoacidosis. Carefully monitor your blood sugar levels throughout the day. You may need to change your insulin dosage. Based on your diet, level of exercise, and other health conditions, ask your doctor what insulin dosage is right for you. Plan for Your Future It's not easy to hear your doctor give you a diagnosis of diabetes. But don't freak out. It's not the end of the world. You can live a long, relatively healthy life with the condition. For some people, it even may be possible to reverse the disease. Follow your health care provider's instructions about diet, regular exercise, and drug treatments. Controlling blood sugar, losing weight, and quitting smoking will help you avoid complications.

[ 1026, 338, 1327, 1576, 284, 1394, 2610, 286, 534, 4445, 15171, 13, 632, 338, 772, 7069, 284, 1410, 329, 2995, 812, 866, 262, 2975, 13, 887, 611, 345, 423, 12593, 11, 345, 1276, 923, 2263, 4831, 783, 284, 5457, 3368, 19481, 287, 262, 2003, 13, 198, 18683, 11064, 318, 257, 2726, 290, 3716, 4369, 326, 460, 1085, 284, 257, 1271, 286, 19481, 11, 1390, 37673, 290, 21919, 4369, 13, 20525, 11, 777, 19481, 389, 5457, 2948, 540, 13, 198, 1722, 12593, 12, 5363, 19481, 460, 1011, 4647, 284, 1205, 11, 345, 1244, 1064, 340, 1327, 284, 892, 546, 606, 1909, 13, 887, 783, 318, 262, 640, 284, 787, 1593, 12263, 2458, 13, 198, 1639, 423, 262, 1176, 284, 2948, 393, 5711, 262, 19481, 286, 12593, 416, 5291, 281, 4151, 503, 329, 1728, 7460, 11, 12755, 534, 2910, 7543, 11, 290, 10941, 257, 5273, 351, 534, 12593, 1535, 1337, 1074, 13, 198, 2061, 19481, 389, 3917, 351, 12593, 30, 198, 8061, 460, 2107, 890, 11, 44474, 3160, 351, 12593, 13, 2102, 11, 611, 534, 12593, 318, 1364, 40032, 11, 345, 389, 379, 2526, 329, 257, 4996, 286, 1535, 2761, 11, 1390, 25, 198, 12, 4151, 2761, 198, 12, 2366, 2761, 198, 12, 4168, 2761, 198, 12, 2612, 4369, 198, 12, 1029, 2910, 3833, 198, 12, 21919, 4369, 198, 12, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 11, 393, 1029, 2974, 286, 2910, 17045, 1444, 22354, 1952, 198, 1212, 2708, 481, 1577, 345, 281, 7468, 286, 777, 2219, 19481, 290, 2148, 9040, 319, 703, 284, 3368, 606, 13, 198, 24876, 2761, 389, 2219, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 1605, 39569, 5396, 357, 26853, 828, 749, 12593, 3871, 481, 651, 617, 1611, 286, 1005, 259, 27189, 11, 257, 8967, 286, 262, 45804, 13, 198, 6104, 996, 661, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 286, 37673, 621, 1854, 11, 749, 12593, 3871, 389, 7452, 351, 691, 4159, 4151, 2761, 13, 1114, 883, 508, 1205, 1688, 4151, 2761, 11, 612, 389, 13820, 326, 460, 1037, 13, 198, 1722, 351, 477, 19481, 286, 12593, 11, 262, 1266, 835, 284, 2948, 4151, 2761, 318, 284, 1394, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 1630, 13, 632, 318, 635, 8780, 284, 651, 257, 3218, 4151, 2814, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 198, 2061, 4151, 2761, 1205, 287, 12593, 3871, 30, 198, 18683, 11064, 3871, 423, 257, 2319, 1411, 2440, 2526, 286, 5922, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 11, 290, 326, 2526, 5732, 262, 2392, 2130, 468, 12593, 13, 35527, 3871, 389, 635, 517, 1884, 284, 8659, 422, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 13, 198, 464, 2166, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 4909, 257, 1598, 11711, 1444, 257, 4188, 516, 14733, 13, 770, 11711, 318, 1464, 852, 925, 2157, 262, 4173, 271, 357, 1169, 16396, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 737, 554, 257, 5448, 4151, 11, 262, 11711, 318, 7987, 29738, 13, 554, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 11, 2158, 11, 262, 257, 4188, 516, 14733, 2314, 14782, 11, 543, 5640, 257, 40502, 286, 3833, 13, 770, 3833, 460, 2728, 2465, 284, 262, 43151, 16384, 357, 7718, 5277, 286, 6218, 422, 262, 45804, 284, 262, 3632, 737, 3827, 640, 11, 257, 1048, 481, 4425, 5761, 780, 262, 45804, 290, 43151, 16384, 389, 9694, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 1111, 3315, 290, 21998, 13820, 329, 1278, 559, 785, 64, 3562, 284, 26958, 3833, 287, 262, 4151, 13, 198, 34, 9459, 8656, 389, 2219, 1871, 661, 351, 290, 1231, 12593, 12936, 13, 2102, 11, 262, 4151, 4006, 318, 3126, 1411, 517, 2219, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 198, 818, 749, 661, 11, 262, 10317, 286, 262, 4151, 318, 1598, 13, 13111, 588, 257, 4676, 10317, 11, 340, 13692, 1657, 355, 340, 8318, 284, 262, 736, 286, 262, 4151, 13, 554, 661, 351, 3797, 283, 8656, 11, 428, 1598, 10317, 4329, 6279, 276, 11, 12013, 1657, 290, 12850, 5761, 13, 198, 34, 9459, 8656, 3221, 1205, 287, 4697, 661, 13, 2080, 12593, 11, 484, 4327, 284, 1296, 379, 257, 7099, 2479, 290, 284, 4371, 517, 8902, 13, 198, 12130, 2334, 351, 11607, 3797, 283, 8656, 1690, 5806, 14153, 1926, 413, 451, 588, 36251, 393, 36785, 12, 13716, 18405, 287, 511, 46534, 15232, 13, 1002, 3797, 283, 8656, 389, 6049, 11, 257, 6253, 743, 5409, 284, 4781, 262, 10317, 286, 262, 4151, 13, 198, 464, 45804, 318, 262, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 326, 4406, 4263, 11, 290, 788, 4962, 883, 4263, 656, 12278, 10425, 284, 307, 1908, 284, 262, 3632, 13, 198, 18683, 33312, 1005, 259, 27189, 318, 257, 3381, 973, 284, 6901, 477, 45804, 11916, 4073, 416, 12593, 13, 2312, 11916, 460, 2837, 422, 11607, 284, 6049, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 734, 1388, 3858, 286, 1005, 259, 27189, 25, 1729, 1676, 75, 7087, 876, 290, 19873, 876, 13, 198, 818, 1729, 1676, 75, 7087, 876, 1005, 259, 27189, 11, 1451, 359, 3166, 287, 262, 736, 286, 262, 4151, 36214, 510, 290, 1296, 279, 280, 2052, 13, 554, 867, 2663, 11, 1729, 1676, 75, 7087, 876, 1005, 259, 27189, 857, 407, 2421, 3513, 13, 2102, 11, 618, 11711, 17316, 656, 262, 8352, 4712, 357, 1169, 636, 286, 262, 4151, 810, 10759, 4325, 828, 8352, 4712, 1225, 19687, 460, 3051, 13, 198, 14155, 4712, 1225, 19687, 5640, 44701, 5761, 290, 11, 287, 617, 2663, 11, 2472, 5761, 2994, 13, 28021, 351, 8352, 4712, 1225, 19687, 1276, 5380, 3513, 13, 20525, 11, 3513, 3221, 9911, 393, 10372, 274, 5761, 2994, 13, 198, 5886, 640, 11, 1005, 259, 27189, 460, 651, 4785, 11, 4191, 3756, 284, 19873, 876, 1005, 259, 27189, 13, 554, 3871, 351, 428, 1296, 286, 1005, 259, 27189, 11, 262, 2910, 14891, 1716, 3190, 4838, 572, 11, 6666, 649, 14891, 284, 1663, 13, 2312, 649, 14891, 389, 407, 355, 1913, 355, 262, 1468, 290, 4327, 284, 13044, 2910, 11, 543, 460, 2512, 5761, 13, 770, 4006, 318, 1444, 9090, 260, 516, 42203, 496, 13, 198, 818, 617, 2663, 11, 262, 649, 2910, 14891, 2728, 10153, 10712, 284, 1205, 11, 543, 460, 25825, 393, 10643, 262, 45804, 503, 286, 1295, 13, 770, 4006, 318, 1444, 1005, 1292, 42925, 13, 198, 3198, 1738, 4151, 26420, 389, 523, 1593, 318, 326, 661, 351, 1005, 259, 27189, 1690, 423, 645, 7460, 1566, 340, 318, 1165, 2739, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 4151, 2761, 30, 198, 44815, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 5381, 1630, 318, 262, 749, 1593, 2239, 345, 460, 1011, 284, 2948, 4151, 19481, 13, 15691, 422, 262, 39569, 6779, 290, 20011, 3736, 21960, 3751, 326, 12593, 3871, 508, 4030, 511, 2910, 7543, 2974, 1969, 284, 3487, 547, 1440, 1661, 1342, 1884, 284, 651, 1005, 259, 27189, 621, 3871, 319, 3210, 3513, 13, 198, 21659, 3833, 1630, 318, 635, 1994, 284, 10941, 534, 5761, 11, 355, 1029, 2910, 3833, 47697, 534, 4151, 2761, 13, 198, 1026, 338, 2192, 1223, 345, 423, 2982, 878, 11, 475, 994, 340, 318, 757, 25, 11238, 9216, 783, 0, 632, 481, 1037, 12201, 534, 5761, 287, 3090, 284, 10068, 534, 4045, 1535, 13, 198, 3855, 3218, 2198, 4739, 422, 281, 4151, 1337, 4708, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 632, 743, 307, 640, 284, 766, 281, 4151, 15670, 783, 611, 345, 423, 25, 198, 12, 44701, 5761, 198, 12, 8722, 3555, 3835, 393, 4675, 5895, 198, 12, 4274, 5761, 198, 12, 2356, 287, 530, 393, 1111, 286, 534, 2951, 198, 12, 2266, 1108, 287, 534, 2951, 326, 857, 407, 467, 1497, 198, 12, 3833, 287, 534, 2951, 198, 12, 10222, 287, 534, 5761, 198, 12, 5876, 4379, 3892, 3951, 355, 3892, 198, 12, 5876, 4379, 1243, 284, 534, 1735, 198, 18683, 11064, 12, 5363, 2366, 19481, 1282, 287, 867, 5107, 13, 399, 3760, 2465, 11, 393, 7669, 16786, 11, 318, 262, 749, 2219, 2728, 286, 2366, 2761, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 32093, 635, 460, 307, 4073, 416, 3595, 2910, 5202, 393, 2458, 287, 262, 5485, 286, 534, 3625, 13, 198, 2061, 2366, 2761, 1205, 287, 12593, 3871, 30, 198, 1890, 617, 661, 11, 44016, 16384, 2465, 460, 5938, 13, 4042, 1690, 11, 340, 1838, 340, 7069, 284, 1254, 2356, 393, 5951, 13, 4619, 345, 2314, 1254, 11, 345, 1244, 407, 4003, 611, 345, 423, 5938, 534, 2366, 13, 921, 714, 423, 281, 1280, 11699, 477, 1110, 326, 11, 611, 1364, 9514, 11, 714, 651, 14112, 13, 198, 8199, 1434, 16786, 460, 635, 2728, 534, 3625, 290, 23932, 284, 1487, 5485, 13, 1002, 428, 4325, 284, 345, 11, 534, 6253, 743, 4313, 2041, 10012, 13, 198, 43920, 7235, 27782, 198, 18683, 11064, 460, 2728, 262, 2910, 14891, 287, 534, 7405, 290, 3625, 284, 1327, 268, 290, 7135, 11, 3756, 284, 3595, 19133, 13, 1002, 345, 423, 3595, 2910, 5202, 11, 534, 3625, 389, 517, 17592, 284, 10280, 290, 1342, 1498, 284, 12035, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 257, 1178, 1243, 345, 460, 466, 319, 534, 898, 284, 2948, 3595, 2910, 5202, 13, 3274, 11, 11238, 9216, 13, 39801, 1838, 534, 45894, 1327, 268, 5443, 13, 33311, 534, 2910, 3833, 290, 18759, 739, 1630, 635, 460, 2987, 534, 19133, 13, 198, 4366, 661, 351, 12593, 1205, 2366, 14856, 7999, 11, 393, 14129, 393, 1280, 264, 2850, 326, 466, 407, 12035, 393, 1394, 2406, 736, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 12593, 3871, 651, 14856, 7999, 319, 262, 2613, 286, 262, 2366, 393, 4220, 286, 262, 1263, 21189, 13, 198, 3673, 790, 14856, 2189, 481, 5938, 13, 887, 772, 611, 612, 318, 645, 2356, 11, 345, 815, 651, 790, 14856, 2189, 10667, 416, 534, 6253, 13, 1002, 1364, 41539, 11, 14856, 7999, 460, 1085, 284, 10280, 290, 5457, 40338, 341, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 423, 257, 2366, 14856, 2189, 11, 1309, 340, 12035, 13, 16160, 572, 534, 3625, 355, 881, 355, 1744, 13, 3406, 6253, 743, 772, 4313, 345, 5806, 257, 2041, 17292, 393, 584, 3335, 13, 198, 1639, 1244, 423, 2982, 326, 661, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 621, 1854, 286, 2366, 290, 1232, 40338, 602, 13, 8989, 11, 326, 318, 2081, 13, 198, 2396, 11, 1521, 389, 12593, 3871, 517, 1884, 284, 423, 281, 40338, 341, 30, 198, 1890, 530, 11, 867, 12593, 3871, 423, 37646, 4369, 11, 543, 1838, 340, 1327, 329, 2910, 284, 5202, 284, 262, 3625, 13, 6023, 1738, 318, 16384, 2465, 11, 543, 1838, 340, 7069, 284, 1254, 2356, 393, 597, 2761, 287, 262, 3625, 290, 7405, 13, 198, 464, 922, 1705, 318, 326, 40338, 602, 11, 290, 477, 584, 12593, 12, 5363, 2366, 19481, 11, 389, 5457, 3368, 540, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 2366, 2761, 30, 198, 21129, 351, 12593, 815, 651, 257, 1844, 2366, 2814, 379, 1551, 1752, 257, 614, 13, 1002, 345, 1541, 423, 2366, 2761, 11, 345, 815, 651, 534, 3625, 10667, 772, 517, 1690, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 42206, 534, 2366, 11, 651, 1337, 422, 534, 6253, 355, 2582, 355, 1744, 13, 921, 815, 1464, 1309, 534, 6253, 760, 611, 345, 423, 2005, 393, 5445, 262, 4168, 286, 534, 2366, 11, 772, 611, 340, 318, 655, 281, 5347, 2053, 284, 268, 603, 13, 632, 318, 635, 1593, 284, 1560, 534, 6253, 611, 345, 766, 287, 2458, 284, 262, 3124, 393, 5485, 286, 534, 2366, 13, 198, 1858, 389, 257, 1271, 286, 2842, 284, 2948, 2366, 19481, 290, 284, 5529, 5448, 3625, 11, 1390, 25, 198, 12, 5291, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 1630, 198, 12, 10627, 534, 3625, 4445, 329, 10222, 11, 6630, 11, 29844, 11, 393, 698, 6223, 198, 12, 10589, 4075, 198, 12, 5762, 2041, 21546, 10012, 198, 12, 20518, 534, 3625, 790, 1110, 198, 12, 1262, 1256, 295, 284, 1394, 262, 4168, 286, 534, 3625, 2705, 290, 7209, 198, 12, 15797, 2229, 534, 284, 268, 1768, 198, 12, 10192, 534, 3625, 351, 24359, 290, 10012, 198, 12, 10192, 534, 3625, 422, 3257, 4894, 290, 4692, 11, 355, 345, 1244, 407, 307, 1498, 284, 1254, 5951, 198, 12, 5291, 534, 2910, 17609, 284, 534, 3625, 416, 5137, 534, 3625, 510, 981, 5586, 11, 3867, 534, 23932, 290, 42415, 3294, 1661, 257, 1110, 198, 12, 34161, 9216, 198, 4821, 284, 262, 46460, 11, 546, 4747, 1411, 286, 661, 481, 423, 257, 12593, 12, 5363, 4168, 1917, 379, 617, 966, 287, 511, 3160, 13, 2773, 286, 777, 4168, 2761, 460, 1645, 284, 2687, 11, 981, 1854, 8384, 2689, 691, 883, 351, 12593, 13, 198, 8061, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 329, 257, 1271, 286, 2276, 4168, 3403, 13, 21066, 286, 23462, 16079, 13891, 12593, 3871, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 336, 8505, 11, 393, 16079, 286, 29708, 312, 42093, 198, 12, 22752, 291, 377, 11815, 11, 393, 4190, 22752, 1548, 16079, 198, 12, 13265, 403, 5427, 11, 393, 2769, 10712, 4168, 16079, 198, 12, 16079, 1088, 262, 23361, 198, 8061, 351, 12593, 389, 635, 379, 2526, 286, 1257, 13528, 16079, 13, 554, 749, 2663, 11, 1257, 13528, 16079, 389, 4073, 416, 15518, 3755, 435, 65, 22398, 11, 257, 20146, 12, 2339, 39526, 326, 460, 1085, 284, 340, 29658, 11, 2266, 11, 290, 13394, 374, 7465, 11, 1402, 698, 6223, 290, 629, 3400, 4168, 13, 198, 6395, 2219, 1257, 13528, 16079, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 16076, 338, 2366, 198, 12, 474, 735, 49700, 198, 12, 30131, 10280, 198, 18683, 11064, 12, 11423, 17847, 27617, 198, 4366, 4168, 3403, 389, 4632, 393, 691, 1775, 287, 661, 351, 12593, 13, 2312, 2291, 25, 198, 12, 44016, 4587, 76, 27189, 532, 2458, 287, 1402, 2910, 14891, 326, 2728, 1657, 7586, 11, 629, 3400, 16082, 749, 1690, 319, 262, 2166, 286, 262, 7405, 198, 12, 497, 19915, 65, 42960, 10645, 1868, 3970, 44016, 19220, 532, 2458, 287, 2910, 14891, 326, 2728, 10222, 326, 804, 588, 883, 286, 44016, 4587, 76, 27189, 11, 475, 5749, 11, 9211, 11, 290, 7380, 198, 12, 13366, 4951, 31399, 532, 257, 1327, 3101, 286, 262, 2910, 14891, 326, 460, 787, 262, 4168, 4190, 1203, 11, 7888, 11, 3608, 11, 290, 22441, 11, 290, 460, 787, 340, 1327, 329, 264, 2850, 284, 12035, 198, 12, 17866, 425, 2124, 29313, 296, 265, 5958, 532, 257, 4006, 326, 5640, 1327, 11, 7872, 11, 340, 29658, 3349, 82, 319, 262, 736, 11, 2832, 11, 3625, 11, 5101, 11, 7405, 11, 290, 50193, 198, 12, 4875, 46225, 532, 262, 2478, 286, 5381, 11, 6546, 11, 266, 6969, 4168, 319, 262, 736, 286, 262, 2832, 11, 23932, 11, 22645, 198, 12, 30548, 515, 19468, 377, 6086, 1529, 934, 532, 4376, 13917, 393, 44606, 3221, 14963, 319, 3354, 286, 262, 1767, 1497, 422, 262, 21427, 11, 884, 355, 9353, 393, 11368, 198, 12, 936, 29313, 5958, 44873, 1173, 504, 532, 25706, 393, 7586, 4376, 3006, 286, 4168, 319, 262, 7393, 11, 610, 3149, 896, 11, 290, 42247, 326, 3221, 3051, 287, 661, 508, 389, 22652, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 4168, 2761, 30, 198, 18683, 11064, 12, 5363, 4168, 3403, 460, 307, 42010, 290, 11, 3360, 11, 845, 4923, 13, 24262, 11, 749, 286, 606, 389, 1111, 2948, 540, 290, 2190, 540, 13, 198, 17784, 2759, 11149, 534, 12593, 318, 262, 749, 1593, 636, 286, 12174, 4168, 3403, 3917, 351, 12593, 13, 2750, 1708, 534, 6253, 338, 7729, 546, 5496, 11, 5517, 11, 290, 17638, 11, 345, 460, 1394, 534, 2910, 7543, 866, 290, 1630, 534, 3463, 13, 25327, 777, 1243, 481, 1037, 345, 3368, 749, 12593, 12, 5363, 4168, 2761, 13, 921, 815, 635, 1011, 1337, 286, 534, 4168, 416, 14928, 1165, 881, 4252, 290, 1262, 1256, 507, 6325, 416, 534, 6253, 13, 198, 8061, 351, 12593, 423, 257, 2440, 2526, 286, 1719, 2612, 12, 5363, 2761, 11, 3688, 284, 661, 1231, 12593, 13, 554, 1109, 11, 2612, 4369, 318, 530, 286, 262, 3756, 5640, 286, 1918, 287, 12593, 3871, 13, 198, 1026, 318, 3729, 14343, 284, 892, 546, 262, 5885, 286, 7195, 257, 2612, 1368, 393, 14000, 13, 887, 611, 345, 1011, 262, 1774, 4831, 11, 345, 460, 1805, 3511, 422, 777, 6196, 10309, 19481, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 2612, 4369, 30, 198, 20570, 534, 12593, 739, 1630, 318, 8780, 287, 12174, 2612, 4369, 13, 3406, 2910, 7543, 11, 2910, 3833, 11, 290, 18759, 477, 711, 257, 2597, 287, 262, 2478, 290, 14196, 286, 2612, 4369, 13, 198, 818, 1502, 284, 40856, 2612, 4369, 2526, 11, 345, 1276, 717, 651, 534, 2910, 7543, 739, 1630, 13, 3406, 6253, 1884, 468, 1813, 345, 257, 2496, 3061, 329, 534, 2974, 286, 367, 65, 32, 16, 34, 11, 257, 3953, 286, 2910, 7543, 625, 1115, 1933, 13, 7276, 2759, 11149, 534, 2910, 7543, 284, 3151, 326, 3061, 318, 1994, 287, 262, 4542, 286, 2612, 4369, 2526, 13, 23904, 11, 661, 351, 12593, 815, 4031, 329, 281, 367, 65, 32, 16, 34, 286, 3598, 1411, 393, 1342, 13, 3406, 6253, 481, 18595, 345, 286, 534, 2614, 3061, 13, 198, 44276, 11, 345, 815, 1394, 281, 4151, 319, 534, 2910, 3833, 13, 632, 318, 7151, 326, 749, 12593, 3871, 4031, 329, 257, 2910, 3833, 1241, 2174, 11323, 14, 1795, 8085, 367, 70, 13, 6889, 1654, 534, 6253, 8794, 534, 2910, 3833, 379, 790, 3218, 12557, 13, 198, 37511, 11, 340, 318, 1593, 284, 2342, 534, 18759, 13, 20759, 11, 345, 765, 284, 4646, 534, 2974, 286, 37654, 11, 393, 366, 14774, 1, 18759, 290, 2620, 534, 2974, 286, 48867, 11, 393, 366, 11274, 1, 18759, 13, 198, 7120, 41395, 389, 4998, 8106, 3341, 13, 1649, 356, 4483, 290, 16274, 11, 674, 5920, 2251, 7030, 13, 2893, 4465, 15938, 588, 15568, 2652, 287, 674, 2910, 11, 777, 7030, 3186, 674, 8106, 503, 832, 262, 41395, 656, 674, 18922, 13, 198, 18683, 11064, 460, 1234, 257, 14022, 319, 674, 41395, 13, 3334, 2910, 7543, 2974, 787, 674, 41395, 8106, 1165, 881, 2910, 13, 3827, 640, 11, 257, 12593, 5827, 460, 923, 284, 4425, 4465, 15568, 287, 262, 18922, 13, 10452, 2974, 286, 7532, 287, 262, 18922, 318, 1444, 4580, 40916, 259, 34484, 13, 198, 13031, 40916, 259, 34484, 389, 281, 1903, 1051, 286, 21919, 4369, 13, 1002, 534, 6253, 460, 4136, 21919, 4369, 1903, 11, 612, 389, 13820, 326, 460, 1394, 340, 422, 1972, 4785, 13, 1002, 345, 1541, 423, 1029, 2974, 286, 7532, 287, 534, 18922, 357, 20285, 305, 40916, 259, 34484, 828, 345, 743, 1205, 21919, 5287, 290, 761, 5980, 3097, 13, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 21919, 4369, 30, 198, 51, 432, 2910, 7543, 1630, 318, 534, 1994, 284, 14928, 21919, 4369, 13, 10422, 423, 3402, 326, 12593, 3871, 508, 3357, 5381, 1630, 286, 2910, 7543, 743, 2793, 511, 2526, 286, 21919, 4369, 416, 355, 881, 355, 530, 2368, 13, 2773, 2267, 468, 5220, 326, 5381, 2910, 7543, 1630, 743, 772, 9575, 4580, 40916, 259, 34484, 13, 198, 6610, 2726, 45185, 286, 12593, 318, 1444, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 11, 257, 4006, 326, 8833, 618, 534, 1767, 1838, 845, 1029, 2974, 286, 2910, 17045, 1444, 22354, 1952, 13, 198, 51, 18047, 22354, 1952, 743, 3802, 534, 2910, 4269, 618, 345, 423, 1165, 1310, 14588, 287, 534, 1767, 13, 770, 743, 4191, 1085, 284, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 13, 198, 1532, 345, 389, 7195, 422, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 11, 345, 743, 1998, 25, 198, 12, 13181, 24613, 198, 12, 10792, 2956, 1883, 198, 12, 32692, 2356, 198, 12, 2994, 286, 20788, 198, 12, 1790, 1108, 286, 8033, 198, 12, 8033, 326, 25760, 588, 8234, 198, 2437, 460, 314, 2948, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 30, 198, 4264, 18886, 534, 2910, 7543, 290, 11149, 534, 14588, 2974, 389, 1994, 284, 12174, 44016, 22354, 78, 46309, 5958, 13, 7276, 2759, 5671, 534, 2910, 7543, 2974, 3690, 262, 1110, 13, 921, 743, 761, 284, 1487, 534, 14588, 35997, 13, 13403, 319, 534, 5496, 11, 1241, 286, 5517, 11, 290, 584, 1535, 3403, 11, 1265, 534, 6253, 644, 14588, 35997, 318, 826, 329, 345, 13, 198, 20854, 329, 3406, 10898, 198, 1026, 338, 407, 2562, 284, 3285, 534, 6253, 1577, 345, 257, 13669, 286, 12593, 13, 887, 836, 470, 22601, 503, 13, 632, 338, 407, 262, 886, 286, 262, 995, 13, 921, 460, 2107, 257, 890, 11, 5365, 5448, 1204, 351, 262, 4006, 13, 1114, 617, 661, 11, 340, 772, 743, 307, 1744, 284, 9575, 262, 4369, 13, 198, 7155, 534, 1535, 1337, 10131, 338, 7729, 546, 5496, 11, 3218, 5517, 11, 290, 2563, 13820, 13, 2345, 18886, 2910, 7543, 11, 6078, 3463, 11, 290, 34161, 9216, 481, 1037, 345, 3368, 19481, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

3,338

Biber, Heinrich Johann Franz von 1644 - He was born on the 12th of August in Wartenberg, Germany. - He was first a violinist at the castle of Kromìøíž and the Salzburg court. 1660 - He entered the service of the Prince-Bishop of Olomouc who maintained an excellent Kapelle at his KromYíž castle. 1672 - He composed new music for large ceremonial events, and he felt secure enough to marry Maria Weiss, a member of one of Salzburg's prominent merchant families. 1684 - He became Kapellmeister in Salzburg. - Biber wrote as the "Nightwatchman" Serenade and "Harmonia Artificiosa." 1904 - Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber died on the 3rd of May. Page last updated: 4:11pm, 07th Aug '07

[ 33, 1856, 11, 26431, 7527, 28056, 38323, 18042, 198, 1433, 2598, 532, 679, 373, 4642, 319, 262, 1105, 400, 286, 2932, 287, 370, 433, 23140, 11, 4486, 13, 198, 12, 679, 373, 717, 257, 38283, 396, 379, 262, 16669, 286, 509, 398, 127, 105, 24172, 8836, 129, 122, 290, 262, 4849, 89, 7423, 2184, 13, 198, 1433, 1899, 532, 679, 5982, 262, 2139, 286, 262, 9005, 12, 33, 10124, 286, 6544, 296, 280, 66, 508, 9456, 281, 6275, 27344, 13485, 379, 465, 509, 398, 56, 8836, 129, 122, 16669, 13, 198, 1433, 4761, 532, 679, 13160, 649, 2647, 329, 1588, 39490, 2995, 11, 290, 339, 2936, 5713, 1576, 284, 12479, 14200, 16152, 11, 257, 2888, 286, 530, 286, 4849, 89, 7423, 338, 9208, 20729, 4172, 13, 198, 1433, 5705, 532, 679, 2627, 509, 1758, 297, 1326, 1694, 287, 4849, 89, 7423, 13, 198, 12, 347, 1856, 2630, 355, 262, 366, 24732, 8340, 805, 1, 311, 14226, 671, 290, 366, 39, 1670, 11339, 3683, 811, 4267, 64, 526, 198, 1129, 3023, 532, 26431, 7527, 16583, 1031, 38323, 18042, 347, 1856, 3724, 319, 262, 513, 4372, 286, 1737, 13, 198, 9876, 938, 6153, 25, 604, 25, 1157, 4426, 11, 8753, 400, 2447, 705, 2998, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

203

|The Open Door Web Site| Whigs and Tories Gradually there emerged a group of MP's and Lords who wanted Parliament to be stronger than the king. They hated and feared Catholics and sympathised with Puritan Non-conformists. They began to call themselves the Country Party (opposed to the Court Party). Their enemies nicknamed them "Whigs" after some Scottish Puritan outlaws. The other political group, the Court Party, were for the king and believed in Divine Rights. They were also in favour of the Church of England with all its ceremonies and bishops. They hated Non conformists. The Whigs suspected that they were pro-Catholic and nicknamed them after Irish Catholic outlaws : the "Tories". The Whigs and Tories were the world's first political parties and over the years to come they were to share government and opposition in a dual party system. The Whigs became the Liberal Party in the 19th century and the Tories became the Conservative Party. Both still exist today, although the Liberal Party is now called the Social Democratic Party. The Habeas Corpus Act This Act, passed in May 1679, allowed a prisoner to demand that he should be brought before a court and have his case examined. It was passed during the reign of Charles II and meant that even a political prisoner, an opponent of the king, as well as a common criminal, could have a fair trial and not just be thrown into prison to be forgotten about. It provided a dramatic contrast to the notorious "lettres de cachet" of Louis XIV which existed in France at the same time and allowed the French king to imprison someone indefinitely, without any legal redress. Habeas Corpus literally means "bringing the body of an individual before a court of justice". This right had existed in England in early Norman times. (Article 36 of the Magna Carta of 1215 says that this right should "not be refused". At that time it meant that an accused person could avoid a terrible trial by ordeal.) Once before a court, an accused person has his case examined and is then allowed bail (is freed on condition that he leaves a sum of money and promises to return for further hearings), or he is imprisoned again because the evidence against him is so great. By the time of Charles I kings were saying that a simple royal order was sufficient to overrule a writ of Habeas Corpus. It was for this reason that, in the late 17th century, Parliament wanted the law clearly and irrevocably written down. The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 was largely the work of Lord Shaftesbury, after whom it was named. Occasionally, it is suspended, for example in time of war or when there is a terrorist threat, but suspension of Habeas Corpus has to be voted by Parliament and for a limited period only. All modern democracies have a law equivalent to Habeas Corpus written into their constitutions.

[ 91, 464, 4946, 19821, 5313, 14413, 91, 198, 1199, 9235, 290, 25098, 198, 42731, 935, 612, 9349, 257, 1448, 286, 4904, 338, 290, 18651, 508, 2227, 8411, 284, 307, 7387, 621, 262, 5822, 13, 1119, 16563, 290, 15240, 21374, 290, 23860, 1417, 351, 9330, 18642, 8504, 12, 1102, 687, 1023, 13, 1119, 2540, 284, 869, 2405, 262, 12946, 3615, 357, 10365, 1335, 284, 262, 3078, 3615, 737, 5334, 5775, 35786, 606, 366, 1199, 9235, 1, 706, 617, 11905, 9330, 18642, 23716, 82, 13, 198, 464, 584, 1964, 1448, 11, 262, 3078, 3615, 11, 547, 329, 262, 5822, 290, 4762, 287, 13009, 6923, 13, 1119, 547, 635, 287, 7075, 286, 262, 4564, 286, 4492, 351, 477, 663, 27340, 290, 27538, 13, 1119, 16563, 8504, 17216, 1023, 13, 383, 854, 9235, 9885, 326, 484, 547, 386, 12, 48919, 290, 35786, 606, 706, 8685, 7835, 23716, 82, 1058, 262, 366, 51, 1749, 1911, 198, 464, 854, 9235, 290, 25098, 547, 262, 995, 338, 717, 1964, 4671, 290, 625, 262, 812, 284, 1282, 484, 547, 284, 2648, 1230, 290, 5471, 287, 257, 10668, 2151, 1080, 13, 383, 854, 9235, 2627, 262, 12266, 3615, 287, 262, 678, 400, 4289, 290, 262, 25098, 2627, 262, 11132, 3615, 13, 5747, 991, 2152, 1909, 11, 3584, 262, 12266, 3615, 318, 783, 1444, 262, 5483, 4390, 3615, 13, 198, 464, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 2191, 198, 1212, 2191, 11, 3804, 287, 1737, 1467, 3720, 11, 3142, 257, 17234, 284, 3512, 326, 339, 815, 307, 3181, 878, 257, 2184, 290, 423, 465, 1339, 11068, 13, 632, 373, 3804, 1141, 262, 13580, 286, 7516, 2873, 290, 4001, 326, 772, 257, 1964, 17234, 11, 281, 6125, 286, 262, 5822, 11, 355, 880, 355, 257, 2219, 4301, 11, 714, 423, 257, 3148, 4473, 290, 407, 655, 307, 8754, 656, 3770, 284, 307, 11564, 546, 13, 632, 2810, 257, 10092, 6273, 284, 262, 18192, 366, 15503, 411, 390, 40428, 3202, 1, 286, 5593, 42667, 543, 11196, 287, 4881, 379, 262, 976, 640, 290, 3142, 262, 4141, 5822, 284, 11116, 2130, 24391, 11, 1231, 597, 2742, 48586, 13, 198, 39, 11231, 292, 44874, 7360, 1724, 366, 35749, 262, 1767, 286, 281, 1981, 878, 257, 2184, 286, 5316, 1911, 770, 826, 550, 11196, 287, 4492, 287, 1903, 19636, 1661, 13, 357, 14906, 4570, 286, 262, 2944, 2616, 13690, 64, 286, 1105, 1314, 1139, 326, 428, 826, 815, 366, 1662, 307, 6520, 1911, 1629, 326, 640, 340, 4001, 326, 281, 5371, 1048, 714, 3368, 257, 7818, 4473, 416, 30600, 2014, 4874, 878, 257, 2184, 11, 281, 5371, 1048, 468, 465, 1339, 11068, 290, 318, 788, 3142, 12274, 357, 271, 13459, 319, 4006, 326, 339, 5667, 257, 2160, 286, 1637, 290, 10497, 284, 1441, 329, 2252, 18921, 828, 393, 339, 318, 21125, 757, 780, 262, 2370, 1028, 683, 318, 523, 1049, 13, 198, 3886, 262, 640, 286, 7516, 314, 21557, 547, 2282, 326, 257, 2829, 15100, 1502, 373, 6751, 284, 625, 25135, 257, 1991, 286, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 13, 632, 373, 329, 428, 1738, 326, 11, 287, 262, 2739, 1596, 400, 4289, 11, 8411, 2227, 262, 1099, 4084, 290, 11331, 18893, 1346, 3194, 866, 13, 198, 464, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 2191, 286, 1467, 3720, 373, 5688, 262, 670, 286, 4453, 911, 14940, 274, 10711, 11, 706, 4150, 340, 373, 3706, 13, 40659, 11, 340, 318, 9951, 11, 329, 1672, 287, 640, 286, 1175, 393, 618, 612, 318, 257, 7417, 2372, 11, 475, 11461, 286, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 468, 284, 307, 7052, 416, 8411, 290, 329, 257, 3614, 2278, 691, 13, 198, 3237, 3660, 40416, 423, 257, 1099, 7548, 284, 367, 11231, 292, 44874, 3194, 656, 511, 7892, 3508, 13, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

605

Chapter XV.—The Souls Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man. In the first place, (we must determine) whether there be in the soul some supreme principle of vitality and intelligence 1583 which they call “the ruling power of the soul”—τὸ ἡγεμονικόν for if this be not admitted, the whole condition of the soul is put in jeopardy. Indeed, those men who say that there is no such directing faculty, have begun by supposing that the soul itself is simply a nonentity. One Dicæarchus, a Messenian, and amongst the medical profession Andreas and Asclepiades, have thus destroyed the (souls) directing power, by actually placing in the mind the senses, for which they claim the ruling faculty. Asclepiades rides rough-shod over us with even this argument, that very many animals, after losing those parts of their body in which the souls principle of vitality and sensation is thought mainly to exist, still retain life in a considerable degree, as well as sensation: as in the case of flies, and wasps, and locusts, when you have cut off their heads; and of she-goats, and tortoises, and eels, when you have pulled out their hearts. (He concludes), therefore, that there is no especial principle or power of the p. 194 soul; for if there were, the souls vigour and strength could not continue when it was removed with its domiciles (or corporeal organs). However, Dicæarchus has several authorities against him—and philosophers too—Plato, Strato, Epicurus, Democritus, Empedocles, Socrates, Aristotle; whilst in opposition to Andreas and Asclepiades (may be placed their brother) physicians Herophilus, Erasistratus, Diocles, Hippocrates, and Soranus himself; and better than all others, there are our Christian authorities. We are taught by God concerning both these questions—viz. that there is a ruling power in the soul, and that it is enshrined 1584 in one particular recess of the body. For, when one reads of God as being “the searcher and witness of the heart;” 1585 when His prophet is reproved by His discovering to him the secrets of the heart; 1586 when God Himself anticipates in His people the thoughts of their heart, 1587 “Why think ye evil in your hearts?” 1588 when David prays “Create in me a clean heart, O God,” 1589 and Paul declares, “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness,” 1590 and John says, “By his own heart is each man condemned;” 1591 when, lastly, “he who looketh on a woman so as to lust after her, hath already committed adultery with her in his heart,” 1592 —then both points are cleared fully up, that there is a directing faculty of the soul, with which the purpose of God may agree; in other words, a supreme principle of intelligence and vitality (for where there is intelligence, there must be vitality), and that it resides in that most precious part 1593 of our body to which God especially looks: so that you must not suppose, with Heraclitus, that this sovereign faculty of which we are treating is moved by some external force; nor with Moschion, 1594 that it floats about through the whole body; nor with Plato, that it is enclosed in the head; nor with Zenophanes, that it culminates in the crown of the head; nor that it reposes in the brain, according to the opinion of Hippocrates; nor around the basis of the brain, as Herophilus thought; nor in the membranes thereof, as Strato and Erasistratus said; nor in the space between the eyebrows, as Strato the physician held; nor within the enclosure 1595 of the breast, according to Epicurus: but rather, as the Egyptians have always taught, especially such of them as were accounted the expounders of sacred truths; 1596 in accordance, too, with that verse of Orpheus or Empedocles: “Namque homini sanguis circumcordialis est sensus.” 1597 “Man has his (supreme) sensation in the blood around his heart.” Even Protagoras 1598 likewise, and Apollodorus, and Chrysippus, entertain this same view, so that (our friend) Asclepiades may go in quest of his goats bleating without a heart, and hunt his flies without their heads; and let all those (worthies), too, who have predetermined the character of the human soul from the condition of brute animals, be quite sure that it is themselves rather who are alive in a heartless and brainless state. Wisd. i. 6.194:1586 Prov. xxiv. 12.194:1587 Ps. cxxxix. 23.194:1588 Matt. ix. 4.194:1589 Ps. li. 12.194:1590 Rom. x. 10.194:1591 1 John iii. 20.194:1592 Matt. v. 28.194:1593 In eo thesauro.194:1594 Not Suidas philosopher of that name, but a renowned physician mentioned by Galen and Pliny (Oehler).194:1595 The Egyptian hierophants.194:1597 The original, as given in Stobæus, Eclog. i. p. 1026, is this hexameter: Αἶμα γὰρ ἀνθρώποις περικάρδιόν ἐστι νόημα.194:1598 Or probably that Praxagoras the physician who is often mentioned by Athenæus and by Pliny (Pamel.).

[ 14126, 29922, 13402, 464, 18541, 28476, 414, 290, 9345, 13, 6363, 15684, 290, 26682, 287, 1869, 13, 198, 818, 262, 717, 1295, 11, 357, 732, 1276, 5004, 8, 1771, 612, 307, 287, 262, 5848, 617, 17700, 7989, 286, 41687, 290, 4430, 1315, 5999, 543, 484, 869, 564, 250, 1169, 6922, 1176, 286, 262, 5848, 447, 251, 960, 32830, 45495, 116, 28053, 120, 94, 42063, 30950, 34703, 26517, 26180, 29945, 43000, 139, 234, 26180, 329, 611, 428, 307, 407, 6848, 11, 262, 2187, 4006, 286, 262, 5848, 318, 1234, 287, 38606, 13, 9676, 11, 883, 1450, 508, 910, 326, 612, 318, 645, 884, 21024, 12829, 11, 423, 9258, 416, 802, 2752, 326, 262, 5848, 2346, 318, 2391, 257, 1729, 26858, 13, 1881, 360, 291, 21241, 998, 385, 11, 257, 10626, 268, 666, 11, 290, 12077, 262, 3315, 7573, 33728, 290, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 11, 423, 4145, 6572, 262, 357, 82, 42033, 8, 21024, 1176, 11, 416, 1682, 12560, 287, 262, 2000, 262, 17627, 11, 329, 543, 484, 1624, 262, 6922, 12829, 13, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 17445, 5210, 12, 1477, 375, 625, 514, 351, 772, 428, 4578, 11, 326, 845, 867, 4695, 11, 706, 6078, 883, 3354, 286, 511, 1767, 287, 543, 262, 15625, 7989, 286, 41687, 290, 18098, 318, 1807, 8384, 284, 2152, 11, 991, 12377, 1204, 287, 257, 11091, 4922, 11, 355, 880, 355, 18098, 25, 355, 287, 262, 1339, 286, 17607, 11, 290, 373, 862, 11, 290, 1179, 436, 82, 11, 618, 345, 423, 2005, 572, 511, 6665, 26, 290, 286, 673, 12, 2188, 1381, 11, 290, 7619, 78, 2696, 11, 290, 304, 1424, 11, 618, 345, 423, 5954, 503, 511, 11954, 13, 357, 1544, 18978, 828, 4361, 11, 326, 612, 318, 645, 1658, 431, 2413, 7989, 393, 1176, 286, 262, 279, 13, 30483, 5848, 26, 329, 611, 612, 547, 11, 262, 15625, 10539, 454, 290, 4202, 714, 407, 2555, 618, 340, 373, 4615, 351, 663, 2401, 291, 2915, 357, 273, 24614, 39396, 16613, 737, 2102, 11, 360, 291, 21241, 998, 385, 468, 1811, 4773, 1028, 683, 960, 392, 24858, 1165, 960, 3646, 5549, 11, 4285, 5549, 11, 16781, 31891, 11, 1897, 420, 799, 385, 11, 2295, 9124, 420, 829, 11, 41242, 11, 34067, 26, 14590, 287, 5471, 284, 33728, 290, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 357, 11261, 307, 4624, 511, 3956, 8, 17206, 2332, 2522, 35815, 11, 5256, 292, 396, 81, 7240, 11, 6031, 420, 829, 11, 33812, 34095, 11, 290, 15423, 41141, 2241, 26, 290, 1365, 621, 477, 1854, 11, 612, 389, 674, 4302, 4773, 13, 775, 389, 7817, 416, 1793, 9305, 1111, 777, 2683, 960, 85, 528, 13, 326, 612, 318, 257, 6922, 1176, 287, 262, 5848, 11, 290, 326, 340, 318, 46919, 1389, 1315, 5705, 287, 530, 1948, 28836, 286, 262, 1767, 13, 1114, 11, 618, 530, 9743, 286, 1793, 355, 852, 564, 250, 1169, 9622, 2044, 290, 4973, 286, 262, 2612, 26, 447, 251, 1315, 5332, 618, 2399, 22298, 318, 43969, 1079, 416, 2399, 21611, 284, 683, 262, 13141, 286, 262, 2612, 26, 1315, 4521, 618, 1793, 31657, 8462, 689, 287, 2399, 661, 262, 6066, 286, 511, 2612, 11, 1315, 5774, 564, 250, 5195, 892, 9838, 6181, 287, 534, 11954, 30, 447, 251, 1315, 3459, 618, 3271, 778, 592, 564, 250, 16447, 287, 502, 257, 3424, 2612, 11, 440, 1793, 11, 447, 251, 1315, 4531, 290, 3362, 24183, 11, 564, 250, 3152, 262, 2612, 582, 1975, 400, 12722, 33738, 11, 447, 251, 1315, 3829, 290, 1757, 1139, 11, 564, 250, 3886, 465, 898, 2612, 318, 1123, 582, 15006, 26, 447, 251, 1315, 6420, 618, 11, 938, 306, 11, 564, 250, 258, 508, 804, 2788, 319, 257, 2415, 523, 355, 284, 22279, 706, 607, 11, 22027, 1541, 5364, 38713, 351, 607, 287, 465, 2612, 11, 447, 251, 1315, 5892, 851, 8524, 1111, 2173, 389, 12539, 3938, 510, 11, 326, 612, 318, 257, 21024, 12829, 286, 262, 5848, 11, 351, 543, 262, 4007, 286, 1793, 743, 4236, 26, 287, 584, 2456, 11, 257, 17700, 7989, 286, 4430, 290, 41687, 357, 1640, 810, 612, 318, 4430, 11, 612, 1276, 307, 41687, 828, 290, 326, 340, 29076, 287, 326, 749, 14186, 636, 1315, 6052, 286, 674, 1767, 284, 543, 1793, 2592, 3073, 25, 523, 326, 345, 1276, 407, 11691, 11, 351, 2332, 37779, 17506, 11, 326, 428, 18901, 12829, 286, 543, 356, 389, 13622, 318, 3888, 416, 617, 7097, 2700, 26, 4249, 351, 5826, 354, 295, 11, 1315, 5824, 326, 340, 36016, 546, 832, 262, 2187, 1767, 26, 4249, 351, 32976, 11, 326, 340, 318, 28543, 287, 262, 1182, 26, 4249, 351, 14760, 2522, 7305, 11, 326, 340, 24642, 689, 287, 262, 12389, 286, 262, 1182, 26, 4249, 326, 340, 1128, 4629, 287, 262, 3632, 11, 1864, 284, 262, 4459, 286, 33812, 34095, 26, 4249, 1088, 262, 4308, 286, 262, 3632, 11, 355, 2332, 2522, 35815, 1807, 26, 4249, 287, 262, 43447, 15370, 11, 355, 4285, 5549, 290, 5256, 292, 396, 81, 7240, 531, 26, 4249, 287, 262, 2272, 1022, 262, 26928, 11, 355, 4285, 5549, 262, 14325, 2714, 26, 4249, 1626, 262, 30685, 1315, 3865, 286, 262, 9296, 11, 1864, 284, 16781, 31891, 25, 475, 2138, 11, 355, 262, 32658, 423, 1464, 7817, 11, 2592, 884, 286, 606, 355, 547, 17830, 262, 1033, 633, 364, 286, 13626, 24279, 26, 1315, 4846, 287, 10213, 11, 1165, 11, 351, 326, 18527, 286, 1471, 46421, 393, 2295, 9124, 420, 829, 25, 198, 447, 250, 45, 321, 4188, 3488, 5362, 264, 2303, 271, 4456, 66, 31223, 271, 1556, 3054, 385, 13, 447, 251, 1315, 5607, 198, 447, 250, 5124, 468, 465, 357, 37330, 2182, 8, 18098, 287, 262, 2910, 1088, 465, 2612, 13, 447, 251, 198, 6104, 5038, 363, 41043, 1315, 4089, 20467, 11, 290, 5949, 692, 375, 15125, 11, 290, 27856, 3974, 385, 11, 8204, 428, 976, 1570, 11, 523, 326, 357, 454, 1545, 8, 1081, 2375, 14415, 2367, 743, 467, 287, 1235, 286, 465, 35199, 7245, 803, 1231, 257, 2612, 11, 290, 12601, 465, 17607, 1231, 511, 6665, 26, 290, 1309, 477, 883, 357, 9268, 444, 828, 1165, 11, 508, 423, 45574, 262, 2095, 286, 262, 1692, 5848, 422, 262, 4006, 286, 33908, 4695, 11, 307, 2407, 1654, 326, 340, 318, 2405, 2138, 508, 389, 6776, 287, 257, 2612, 1203, 290, 3632, 1203, 1181, 13, 198, 54, 9409, 13, 1312, 13, 718, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 4521, 198, 15946, 13, 31383, 452, 13, 1105, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5774, 198, 12016, 13, 269, 31811, 844, 13, 2242, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 3459, 198, 13448, 13, 220, 844, 13, 604, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 4531, 198, 12016, 13, 7649, 13, 1105, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 3829, 198, 22834, 13, 2124, 13, 838, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 6420, 198, 16, 1757, 46955, 13, 1160, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5892, 198, 13448, 13, 410, 13, 2579, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 6052, 198, 818, 304, 78, 262, 82, 559, 305, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5824, 198, 3673, 1778, 24496, 23723, 286, 326, 1438, 11, 475, 257, 22140, 14325, 4750, 416, 5027, 268, 290, 1345, 3541, 357, 46, 17231, 1754, 737, 22913, 25, 1314, 3865, 198, 464, 14075, 13550, 2522, 1187, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 5607, 198, 464, 2656, 11, 355, 1813, 287, 520, 672, 21241, 385, 11, 412, 565, 519, 13, 1312, 13, 279, 13, 838, 2075, 11, 318, 428, 17910, 321, 2357, 25, 7377, 239, 157, 120, 114, 34703, 17394, 7377, 111, 45495, 108, 33643, 28053, 120, 222, 26180, 138, 116, 33643, 139, 236, 46582, 26517, 29945, 35558, 18074, 222, 30950, 33643, 29945, 43000, 138, 105, 33643, 138, 112, 29945, 139, 234, 26180, 28053, 120, 238, 38392, 32830, 29945, 7377, 121, 139, 234, 138, 115, 34703, 17394, 13, 22913, 25, 1314, 4089, 198, 5574, 2192, 326, 21127, 87, 363, 41043, 262, 14325, 508, 318, 1690, 4750, 416, 18001, 21241, 385, 290, 416, 1345, 3541, 357, 47, 17983, 15729, 50256 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

1,298