text
stringlengths 282
520k
| input_ids
sequencelengths 67
124k
| attention_mask
sequencelengths 67
124k
| length
int64 67
124k
|
|---|---|---|---|
Jewish Fairy Tales and Legends, by Aunt Naomi (pseud. Gertrude Landa), , at sacred-texts.com
Click to enlarge
The gates opened from within and the Arab stood before them. (P.185).
Ibrahim, the most learned and pious man of the city, whom everybody held in esteem, fell on troubled days. To none did he speak of his sufferings, for he was proud and would have been compelled to refuse the help which he knew would have been offered to him. His noble wife and five faithful sons suffered in silence, but Ibrahim was sorely troubled when he saw their clothes wearing away to rags and their bodies wasting with hunger.
One day Ibrahim was seated in front of the Holy Book, but he saw not the words on its pages. His eyes were dimmed with tears and his thoughts were far away. He was day-dreaming of a region where hunger and thirst and lack of clothes and shelter were unknown. He sighed heavily and his wife heard.
"My dear husband," she said to him gently, "we are starving. You must go forth to seek work for the sake of our five little sons."
"Yes, yes," he replied, sadly, "and for you, too, my devoted wife, but"--and he pointed to his tattered garments--"how can I go out in these? Who will employ a man so miserably clad?"
"I will ask our kind neighbors to lend you some raiment," said his wife, and although he made some demur at first, she did so and was successful in obtaining the loan of a cloak which completely covered Ibrahim and restored to him his dignified appearance.
His good wife cheered him with brave words. He took his staff and set out with head erect and his heart filled with a great hope. All people saluted the learned Ibrahim, for it was not often he was seen abroad in the busy streets of the city. He returned their greetings with kindly smiles, but halted not in his walk. He had no wish to make any claims upon his fellow citizens, who would no doubt have gladly assisted him. He desired to go among strangers and work so that he should not be beholden to anyone.
Beyond the city gates, where the palm trees grew and the camels trudged lazily toward the distant desert, he was suddenly accosted by a stranger dressed as an Arab.
"O learned and holy man of the city," he said, "command me, for I am thy slave." At the same time he made a low bow before Ibrahim.
"My slave!" returned Ibrahim, in surprise. "You mock me, stranger. I am wretchedly poor. I seek but the opportunity to sell myself, even as a slave, to any man who will provide food and clothing for my wife and children."
"Sell not thyself," said the Arab. "Offer me for sale instead. I am a marvelous builder. Behold these plans and models, specimens of my skill and handiwork."
From beneath the folds of his ample robes, the Arab produced a scroll and a box and held them out to Ibrahim. The latter took them, wonderingly. On the scroll were traced designs of stately buildings. Within the box was an exquisite model of a palace, a marvelous piece of work, perfect in detail and workmanship. Ibrahim examined it with great care.
"I have never seen anything so beautiful," he admitted. "It is wrought and fashioned with exceeding good taste. It is in itself a work of art. You must indeed be a wondrous craftsman. Whence come you?"
"What matters that?" replied the Arab. "I
am thy slave. Is there not in this city some rich merchant or nobleman who needs the services of such talents as I possess? Seek him out and dispose of me to him. To thee he will give ear; to me he will not listen."
Ibrahim pondered over this strange request for a while.
"Agreed!" he said, at length.
Together they returned to the city. There Ibrahim made inquiries in the bazaar where the wealthy traders met to discuss their affairs, and soon learned of a rich dealer in precious stones, a man of a multitude of charitable deeds, who was anxious to erect an imposing residence. He called upon the jeweler.
"Noble sir," he said, "I hear that it is thy intention to erect a palace the like of which this city has not yet seen, an edifice that will be an everlasting joy to its possessor, a delight to all who gaze upon it, and which will bring renown to this city."
"That is so," said the merchant. "You have interpreted the desire of my heart as if you had read its secret. I would fain dedicate to the uses of the ruler of this city a palace that will shed luster on his name."
"It is well," returned Ibrahim. "I have brought
thee an architect and builder of genius. Examine his plans and designs. If they please thee, as assuredly they will, purchase the man from me, for he is my slave."
The jeweler could not understand the plans on the scroll, but on the model in the box he feasted his eyes for several minutes in speechless amazement.
"It is indeed remarkable," he said at last. "I will give thee eighty thousand gold pieces for thy slave, who must build for me just such a palace."
Ibrahim immediately informed the Arab, who at once consented to perform the task, and then the pious man hastened home to his wife and children with the good news and the money, which made him rich for the rest of his days.
To the Arab the jeweler said, "Thou wilt regain thy liberty if thou wilt succeed in thy under-taking. Begin at once. I will forthwith engage the workmen."
"I need no workmen," was the Arab's singular reply. "Take me to the land whereon I must build, and to-morrow thy palace shall be complete."
"Even as I say," answered the Arab.
The sun was setting in golden glory when they reached the ground, and pointing to the sky the Arab said: "Tomorrow, when the great orb of light rises above the distant hills, its rays will strike the minarets and domes and towers of thy palace, noble sir. Leave me now. I must pray."
In perfect bewilderment, the merchant left the stranger. From a distance he watched the man devoutly praying. He had made up his mind to watch all the night; but when the moon rose, deep sleep overcame him and he dreamed. He dreamed that he saw myriads of men swarming about strange machines and scaffolding which grew higher and higher, hiding a vast structure.
Ibrahim dreamed, too, but in his vision one figure, that of the Arab, stood out above all other things. Ibrahim scanned the features of the stranger closely; he followed, as it were, the man's every movement. He noticed how all the workmen and particularly the supervisors did the stranger great honor, showing him the deference due to one of the highest position. And with grave and dignified mien, the Arab responded kindly. From the heavens a bright light shone upon the scene, the radiance being softest wherever the Arab stood.
In his dream, it so appeared to Ibrahim, he
rose from his bed, went out into the night, and approached the palace magically rising from the waste ground beyond the city. Nearer and nearer his footsteps took him, until he stood beside the Arab again. One of the chief workmen approached and addressed the stranger--by name!
Then it was Ibrahim understood--and he awoke. The sun was streaming in through the lattice of his bedroom. He sprang from his bed and looked out upon a magnificent spectacle. Beyond the city the sun's rays were reflected by a dazzling array of gilded cupolas and glittering spires, the towers of the palace of marble that he had seen builded in his dream. Instantly he went out and made haste to the palace to assure himself that his dream was really over. Ibrahim and the jeweler arrived before the gates at the same moment. They stood speechless with amazement and admiration before the model of the Arab grown to immense proportions.
Almost at the same moment, the gates, ornamented with beaten gold, opened from within and the Arab stood before them. Ibrahim bent low his head.
The Arab addressed the merchant.
"Have I fulfilled my promise and earned my freedom?" he asked.
"Verily thou hast," answered the merchant.
"Then farewell, and may blessings rest on thee and the good Ibrahim and on all your works."
Thus spoke the Arab, raising his hands in benediction. Then he disappeared within the golden doors.
The jeweler and Ibrahim followed quickly, but though they hastened through the halls and corridors of many colored marbles, in and out of rooms lighted by windows of clearest crystal, and up and down staircases of burnished metal, they could find no one. Emerging into the open again, they saw a huge crowd standing in wonderment before the gates.
"Tell me," said the jeweler, "who was the builder of this magic palace."
"Elijah, the Prophet," said Ibrahim, "the benefactor of mankind, who revisits the earth to assist in their distress those deemed worthy. Blessed am I, and blessed art thou for thy good deeds, for we have been truly honored."
To show his gratitude, the merchant gave a banquet in his palace to all the people in the city and scattered gold and silver pieces among the crowds that thronged the streets. | [
28240,
17746,
15214,
290,
14270,
11,
416,
38074,
40474,
357,
7752,
463,
13,
402,
861,
81,
2507,
406,
5282,
828,
837,
379,
13626,
12,
5239,
82,
13,
785,
198,
8164,
284,
27475,
198,
464,
17435,
4721,
422,
1626,
290,
262,
4498,
6204,
878,
606,
13,
357,
47,
13,
21652,
737,
198,
40,
65,
26922,
11,
262,
749,
4499,
290,
45979,
582,
286,
262,
1748,
11,
4150,
7288,
2714,
287,
42213,
11,
3214,
319,
17840,
1528,
13,
1675,
4844,
750,
339,
2740,
286,
465,
8659,
654,
11,
329,
339,
373,
6613,
290,
561,
423,
587,
20232,
284,
11148,
262,
1037,
543,
339,
2993,
561,
423,
587,
4438,
284,
683,
13,
2399,
15581,
3656,
290,
1936,
17074,
11989,
6989,
287,
9550,
11,
475,
30917,
373,
50103,
17840,
618,
339,
2497,
511,
8242,
5762,
1497,
284,
374,
3775,
290,
511,
5920,
24430,
351,
16460,
13,
198,
3198,
1110,
30917,
373,
21639,
287,
2166,
286,
262,
7439,
4897,
11,
475,
339,
2497,
407,
262,
2456,
319,
663,
5468,
13,
2399,
2951,
547,
5391,
1150,
351,
10953,
290,
465,
6066,
547,
1290,
1497,
13,
679,
373,
1110,
12,
25966,
278,
286,
257,
3814,
810,
16460,
290,
24613,
290,
3092,
286,
8242,
290,
11772,
547,
6439,
13,
679,
21893,
7272,
290,
465,
3656,
2982,
13,
198,
1,
3666,
13674,
5229,
553,
673,
531,
284,
683,
15165,
11,
366,
732,
389,
34253,
13,
921,
1276,
467,
6071,
284,
5380,
670,
329,
262,
11060,
286,
674,
1936,
1310,
11989,
526,
198,
1,
5297,
11,
3763,
553,
339,
8712,
11,
21098,
11,
366,
392,
329,
345,
11,
1165,
11,
616,
13378,
3656,
11,
475,
1,
438,
392,
339,
6235,
284,
465,
256,
10228,
36097,
438,
1,
4919,
460,
314,
467,
503,
287,
777,
30,
5338,
481,
1873,
257,
582,
523,
18790,
1346,
38186,
1701,
198,
1,
40,
481,
1265,
674,
1611,
12020,
284,
22096,
345,
617,
374,
1385,
298,
553,
531,
465,
3656,
11,
290,
3584,
339,
925,
617,
1357,
333,
379,
717,
11,
673,
750,
523,
290,
373,
4388,
287,
16727,
262,
8063,
286,
257,
24117,
543,
3190,
5017,
30917,
290,
15032,
284,
683,
465,
13469,
1431,
5585,
13,
198,
6653,
922,
3656,
34767,
683,
351,
14802,
2456,
13,
679,
1718,
465,
3085,
290,
900,
503,
351,
1182,
16417,
290,
465,
2612,
5901,
351,
257,
1049,
2911,
13,
1439,
661,
3664,
7241,
262,
4499,
30917,
11,
329,
340,
373,
407,
1690,
339,
373,
1775,
10522,
287,
262,
8179,
6483,
286,
262,
1748,
13,
679,
4504,
511,
12589,
654,
351,
26820,
21845,
11,
475,
27771,
407,
287,
465,
2513,
13,
679,
550,
645,
4601,
284,
787,
597,
3667,
2402,
465,
5891,
4290,
11,
508,
561,
645,
4719,
423,
35092,
18419,
683,
13,
679,
10348,
284,
467,
1871,
18981,
290,
670,
523,
326,
339,
815,
407,
307,
23700,
268,
284,
2687,
13,
198,
24102,
262,
1748,
17435,
11,
810,
262,
18057,
7150,
6348,
290,
262,
12172,
1424,
491,
463,
2004,
37296,
813,
3812,
262,
12899,
10326,
11,
339,
373,
6451,
697,
455,
276,
416,
257,
16195,
12049,
355,
281,
4498,
13,
198,
1,
46,
4499,
290,
11386,
582,
286,
262,
1748,
553,
339,
531,
11,
366,
21812,
502,
11,
329,
314,
716,
11906,
11778,
526,
1629,
262,
976,
640,
339,
925,
257,
1877,
9563,
878,
30917,
13,
198,
1,
3666,
11778,
2474,
4504,
30917,
11,
287,
5975,
13,
366,
1639,
15290,
502,
11,
16195,
13,
314,
716,
41857,
306,
3595,
13,
314,
5380,
475,
262,
3663,
284,
3677,
3589,
11,
772,
355,
257,
11778,
11,
284,
597,
582,
508,
481,
2148,
2057,
290,
9528,
329,
616,
3656,
290,
1751,
526,
198,
1,
50,
695,
407,
11906,
944,
553,
531,
262,
4498,
13,
366,
9362,
263,
502,
329,
5466,
2427,
13,
314,
716,
257,
43937,
27098,
13,
1355,
2946,
777,
3352,
290,
4981,
11,
27569,
286,
616,
5032,
290,
1021,
72,
1818,
526,
198,
4863,
11061,
262,
38744,
286,
465,
23933,
32970,
11,
262,
4498,
4635,
257,
10743,
290,
257,
3091,
290,
2714,
606,
503,
284,
30917,
13,
383,
6846,
1718,
606,
11,
11263,
306,
13,
1550,
262,
10743,
547,
23246,
9824,
286,
1181,
306,
6832,
13,
12511,
262,
3091,
373,
281,
40123,
2746,
286,
257,
20562,
11,
257,
43937,
3704,
286,
670,
11,
2818,
287,
3703,
290,
670,
25428,
13,
30917,
11068,
340,
351,
1049,
1337,
13,
198,
1,
40,
423,
1239,
1775,
1997,
523,
4950,
553,
339,
6848,
13,
366,
1026,
318,
38733,
290,
35458,
351,
23353,
922,
6938,
13,
632,
318,
287,
2346,
257,
670,
286,
1242,
13,
921,
1276,
5600,
307,
257,
3135,
7596,
28229,
805,
13,
1649,
344,
1282,
345,
1701,
198,
1,
2061,
6067,
326,
1701,
8712,
262,
4498,
13,
366,
40,
198,
321,
11906,
11778,
13,
1148,
612,
407,
287,
428,
1748,
617,
5527,
20729,
393,
15581,
805,
508,
2476,
262,
2594,
286,
884,
18054,
355,
314,
8588,
30,
40749,
683,
503,
290,
34291,
286,
502,
284,
683,
13,
1675,
17903,
339,
481,
1577,
1027,
26,
284,
502,
339,
481,
407,
6004,
526,
198,
40,
65,
26922,
16723,
1068,
625,
428,
6283,
2581,
329,
257,
981,
13,
198,
1,
10262,
15977,
2474,
339,
531,
11,
379,
4129,
13,
198,
41631,
484,
4504,
284,
262,
1748,
13,
1318,
30917,
925,
23538,
287,
262,
275,
34485,
810,
262,
11574,
21703,
1138,
284,
2112,
511,
9674,
11,
290,
2582,
4499,
286,
257,
5527,
16456,
287,
14186,
14966,
11,
257,
582,
286,
257,
24124,
286,
21803,
23777,
11,
508,
373,
18116,
284,
16417,
281,
20814,
11566,
13,
679,
1444,
2402,
262,
16927,
263,
13,
198,
1,
21191,
293,
15967,
553,
339,
531,
11,
366,
40,
3285,
326,
340,
318,
11906,
6778,
284,
16417,
257,
20562,
262,
588,
286,
543,
428,
1748,
468,
407,
1865,
1775,
11,
281,
1225,
9680,
326,
481,
307,
281,
45697,
8716,
284,
663,
1184,
5987,
11,
257,
10974,
284,
477,
508,
17841,
2402,
340,
11,
290,
543,
481,
2222,
20287,
284,
428,
1748,
526,
198,
1,
2504,
318,
523,
553,
531,
262,
20729,
13,
366,
1639,
423,
16173,
262,
6227,
286,
616,
2612,
355,
611,
345,
550,
1100,
663,
3200,
13,
314,
561,
277,
391,
39383,
284,
262,
3544,
286,
262,
22740,
286,
428,
1748,
257,
20562,
326,
481,
14999,
300,
5819,
319,
465,
1438,
526,
198,
1,
1026,
318,
880,
553,
4504,
30917,
13,
366,
40,
423,
3181,
198,
1169,
68,
281,
7068,
290,
27098,
286,
15632,
13,
1475,
9862,
465,
3352,
290,
9824,
13,
1002,
484,
3387,
17903,
11,
355,
13933,
306,
484,
481,
11,
5001,
262,
582,
422,
502,
11,
329,
339,
318,
616,
11778,
526,
198,
464,
16927,
263,
714,
407,
1833,
262,
3352,
319,
262,
10743,
11,
475,
319,
262,
2746,
287,
262,
3091,
339,
730,
8992,
465,
2951,
329,
1811,
2431,
287,
4046,
1203,
40642,
972,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
318,
5600,
11004,
553,
339,
531,
379,
938,
13,
366,
40,
481,
1577,
17903,
37516,
7319,
3869,
5207,
329,
11906,
11778,
11,
508,
1276,
1382,
329,
502,
655,
884,
257,
20562,
526,
198,
40,
65,
26922,
3393,
7981,
262,
4498,
11,
508,
379,
1752,
762,
4714,
284,
1620,
262,
4876,
11,
290,
788,
262,
45979,
582,
19338,
2945,
1363,
284,
465,
3656,
290,
1751,
351,
262,
922,
1705,
290,
262,
1637,
11,
543,
925,
683,
5527,
329,
262,
1334,
286,
465,
1528,
13,
198,
2514,
262,
4498,
262,
16927,
263,
531,
11,
366,
817,
280,
266,
2326,
21509,
11906,
12354,
611,
14210,
266,
2326,
6758,
287,
11906,
739,
12,
26103,
13,
16623,
379,
1752,
13,
314,
481,
6071,
4480,
8209,
262,
670,
3653,
526,
198,
1,
40,
761,
645,
670,
3653,
553,
373,
262,
4498,
338,
18032,
10971,
13,
366,
12322,
502,
284,
262,
1956,
810,
261,
314,
1276,
1382,
11,
290,
284,
12,
9201,
11906,
20562,
2236,
307,
1844,
526,
198,
1,
6104,
355,
314,
910,
553,
9373,
262,
4498,
13,
198,
464,
4252,
373,
4634,
287,
10861,
13476,
618,
484,
4251,
262,
2323,
11,
290,
10609,
284,
262,
6766,
262,
4498,
531,
25,
366,
49488,
11,
618,
262,
1049,
15769,
286,
1657,
16736,
2029,
262,
12899,
18639,
11,
663,
24823,
481,
5587,
262,
949,
533,
912,
290,
2401,
274,
290,
18028,
286,
11906,
20562,
11,
15581,
15967,
13,
17446,
502,
783,
13,
314,
1276,
12472,
526,
198,
818,
2818,
34672,
263,
434,
11,
262,
20729,
1364,
262,
16195,
13,
3574,
257,
5253,
339,
7342,
262,
582,
38440,
306,
26002,
13,
679,
550,
925,
510,
465,
2000,
284,
2342,
477,
262,
1755,
26,
475,
618,
262,
8824,
8278,
11,
2769,
3993,
49490,
683,
290,
339,
27947,
13,
679,
27947,
326,
339,
2497,
616,
380,
5643,
286,
1450,
1509,
18052,
546,
6283,
8217,
290,
41498,
33266,
543,
6348,
2440,
290,
2440,
11,
11816,
257,
5909,
4645,
13,
198,
40,
65,
26922,
27947,
11,
1165,
11,
475,
287,
465,
5761,
530,
3785,
11,
326,
286,
262,
4498,
11,
6204,
503,
2029,
477,
584,
1243,
13,
30917,
28660,
262,
3033,
286,
262,
16195,
7173,
26,
339,
3940,
11,
355,
340,
547,
11,
262,
582,
338,
790,
3356,
13,
679,
6810,
703,
477,
262,
670,
3653,
290,
3573,
262,
36520,
750,
262,
16195,
1049,
7522,
11,
4478,
683,
262,
825,
1945,
2233,
284,
530,
286,
262,
4511,
2292,
13,
843,
351,
12296,
290,
13469,
1431,
285,
2013,
11,
262,
4498,
7082,
26820,
13,
3574,
262,
27636,
257,
6016,
1657,
44193,
2402,
262,
3715,
11,
262,
2511,
3610,
852,
2705,
395,
14530,
262,
4498,
6204,
13,
198,
818,
465,
4320,
11,
340,
523,
4120,
284,
30917,
11,
339,
198,
13698,
422,
465,
3996,
11,
1816,
503,
656,
262,
1755,
11,
290,
10448,
262,
20562,
34850,
7396,
422,
262,
7030,
2323,
3675,
262,
1748,
13,
3169,
11258,
290,
40671,
465,
27146,
1718,
683,
11,
1566,
339,
6204,
13970,
262,
4498,
757,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
4039,
670,
3653,
10448,
290,
9469,
262,
16195,
438,
1525,
1438,
0,
198,
6423,
340,
373,
30917,
7247,
438,
392,
339,
43363,
13,
383,
4252,
373,
11305,
287,
832,
262,
47240,
501,
286,
465,
14043,
13,
679,
43908,
422,
465,
3996,
290,
3114,
503,
2402,
257,
25023,
27519,
13,
12197,
262,
1748,
262,
4252,
338,
24823,
547,
12548,
416,
257,
41535,
7177,
286,
308,
46158,
6508,
12456,
290,
31133,
278,
599,
2387,
11,
262,
18028,
286,
262,
20562,
286,
30623,
326,
339,
550,
1775,
1382,
276,
287,
465,
4320,
13,
2262,
3875,
339,
1816,
503,
290,
925,
36797,
284,
262,
20562,
284,
19832,
2241,
326,
465,
4320,
373,
1107,
625,
13,
30917,
290,
262,
16927,
263,
5284,
878,
262,
17435,
379,
262,
976,
2589,
13,
1119,
6204,
4046,
1203,
351,
40642,
972,
290,
28506,
878,
262,
2746,
286,
262,
4498,
7334,
284,
13964,
23250,
13,
198,
23379,
379,
262,
976,
2589,
11,
262,
17435,
11,
45618,
276,
351,
13125,
3869,
11,
4721,
422,
1626,
290,
262,
4498,
6204,
878,
606,
13,
30917,
17157,
1877,
465,
1182,
13,
198,
464,
4498,
9469,
262,
20729,
13,
198,
1,
11980,
314,
23085,
616,
6991,
290,
7366,
616,
4925,
1701,
339,
1965,
13,
198,
1,
13414,
813,
14210,
19338,
553,
9373,
262,
20729,
13,
198,
1,
6423,
33458,
11,
290,
743,
28388,
1334,
319,
17903,
290,
262,
922,
30917,
290,
319,
477,
534,
2499,
526,
198,
19093,
5158,
262,
4498,
11,
8620,
465,
2832,
287,
1888,
276,
2867,
13,
3244,
339,
12120,
1626,
262,
10861,
8215,
13,
198,
464,
16927,
263,
290,
30917,
3940,
2952,
11,
475,
996,
484,
19338,
2945,
832,
262,
24350,
290,
32807,
286,
867,
16396,
1667,
7689,
11,
287,
290,
503,
286,
9519,
1657,
276,
416,
9168,
286,
1190,
12423,
15121,
11,
290,
510,
290,
866,
18761,
33964,
286,
4245,
1348,
6147,
11,
484,
714,
1064,
645,
530,
13,
48297,
656,
262,
1280,
757,
11,
484,
2497,
257,
3236,
4315,
5055,
287,
4240,
434,
878,
262,
17435,
13,
198,
1,
24446,
502,
553,
531,
262,
16927,
263,
11,
366,
8727,
373,
262,
27098,
286,
428,
5536,
20562,
526,
198,
1,
9527,
32778,
11,
262,
13583,
553,
531,
30917,
11,
366,
1169,
2204,
11218,
286,
18019,
11,
508,
22124,
896,
262,
4534,
284,
3342,
287,
511,
17087,
883,
10762,
12733,
13,
33398,
716,
314,
11,
290,
18259,
1242,
14210,
329,
11906,
922,
23777,
11,
329,
356,
423,
587,
4988,
21014,
526,
198,
2514,
905,
465,
24083,
11,
262,
20729,
2921,
257,
47600,
287,
465,
20562,
284,
477,
262,
661,
287,
262,
1748,
290,
16830,
3869,
290,
8465,
5207,
1871,
262,
15779,
326,
5636,
506,
276,
262,
6483,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,040 |
© Mamoun Sakkal 2000/2008
There have been many attempts to modify the Arabic script in the 20th century.
The purposes of these attempts were usually stated to be:
1. To make reading Arabic easier by fixing in the written text all vowels and sounds of the spoken language.
2. To make writing Arabic easier by reducing the number of letter form variations. This always referred to letter form variations based on the letter position in the word, but also referred sometimes to the different styles of Arabic calligraphy.
3. To make typesetting Arabic easier by reducing the number of letter form variations. Different solutions were sought for different technologies.
4. To make Arabic more responsive to expressing new words resulting from inventions, products, and technologies.
5. To make Arabic more contemporary and modern. This usually included vague notions of what is modern or contemporary, and in many cases did not include any notions of these concepts at all, as if they were defined and accepted in the minds of the writers and readers of such proposals.
Some of the early attempts were initiated by the Academy of Arabic Language in Egypt (Majmaa al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah, Cairo) in 1938 in its desire to solve the problem of typesetting Arabic in an efficient way, that would also allow for accurate rendering and reading of the language. Proposals by Ali al-Jarem, Mahmoud Taimour, and Elias Akkawi, among others, focused on devising a method to incorporate the tashkeel vowel marks into the writing of the words on a consistent basis, and reducing the number of letter forms to a minimum, which meant getting rid of the different forms of each letter based on its location in the word. Abdul Aziz Fahmi suggested replacing the Arabic script with the Latin script as was done in Turkey a few years earlier. This proposal to use the Latin script to write Arabic has been already advanced in Egypt in 1880 by Wilhelm Spitta [An Egyptian 2], in 1890 by Karl Vollers, both directors of the Egyptian National Library (Dar Al-kutub al-misriyya).
In 1947 the Lebanese-born architect and artist Nasri
Khattar designed a simplified script for printing he named the Unified Arabic
(al abjadiah al muwahhadah). His work on this project for more than thirty years was supported by a Ford Foundation grant to promote his proposal. Khattar described
his project as follows:
Unified alphabet is not a new alphabet. It may be described as a new style, which as such does not exhibit any greater differences than those found among the traditional and current Arabic styles in use... It does not alter or replace, but complements the styles of handwriting and the beautiful art of calligraphy, which remain in their present form. Arabic, like English, will now have a method of writing in which the letters of a word are attached to each other, and a different method for printing in which the letters of a word appear disconnected... For the non-Arab, as well as for the child or the illiterate, the greatest obstacle in learning Arabic has been the complicated script.
The work of Ahmad Lakhdar Ghazal also started in
the 1950s in Morocco. With the support of the Moroccan government he developed
a Standard alphabet where each letter has one form that can be modified by simple
endings, but remained very close to the forms of traditional Naskh used for
typesetting Arabic books and magazines. Lakhdar Ghazal believes that part of
the problems of Arabic stem from misunderstanding the printing requirements,
and the difference between written and typeset text. His work in adapting the
Arabic script to printing demands was based on four principles:
1. No major changes to the form of traditional Arabic letters.
2. Use of only one shape for each letter in the different positions of the word.
3. Allowing tashkeel (vocalization) marks to be an essential part of the typeset text.
4. Adapting this reform to all printing technologies from typesetting, to typing, to wire transfers. [Tarabieh 77].
A somewhat similar approach was proposed by Roberto Hamm in 1975 where the letters have two forms each instead of the typical four, and connected to each other with Kashida extensions to allow for the presentation of connected text. These connections also carry the tashkeel vowel marks and are used as tails to indicate final or isolated letter forms. [Hamm]. However, the font designs proposed by Hamm were foreign looking and not very successful, consequently his proposal did not did not have a lasting impact.
Mohammrd Said al Saggar from Baghdad and my own work in Aleppo, Syria, in the 1970s also aimed at producing simplified typefaces with a limited number of letter forms. Saggars work retained many qualities of the traditional scripts both in Kufi and Naskhi, and continued to develop his typeface designs until the 1990s with Diwan of London. My own work started in a minimalist way where all the letters have uniform shapes, the same height, large x-height, separate rather than connected letters. This work developed into my typeface Shilia which is more traditional.
Murad Boutros published an article about his Arabic Simplified Typeface in Apple Magazine in Nov. 1993. Again using one form for each letter, and allowing for either connecting or separating the letters when typeset. His font has a traditional Naskhi character.
In recent years, a number of proposals connected one way or another with computers
have also been advanced. Abdelmalek Bouhadjera,
an Algerian engineer, used Square Kufi to design a printing alphabet with separate
letters he named El-Abdjadia El-Mouwahada which means Standardised or Unified
Alphabet. Although his early work deviated substantially from traditional forms,
his later proposal comes very close to the typical shapes of letters in Square
Kufi calligraphy used mostly to decorate buildings.
Other proposals include Dawud Chalabis invitation to use separated letters in Iraq in 1885, a book published using separated letters in London in 1890 by the Ambassador of Iran to England, and Ibrahim al Yaziji and Kamel Marwas work on simplifying letter shapes. Albashir Bin Salamah presented a proposal in his book Arabic Language and Writing Problems in 1971, Afif Bahnasi presented another proposal in his book Arabic Calligraphy: its Origins, Rise, and Spread in 1984, still another proposal was made in a book titled Arabic Calligraphy.
Other work related to simplification of Arabic script include:
A proposal to use the Latin script by the Lebanese Sa'eed Aql in his book Yara published in Beirut in 1961. He published his book "Al-Khumasiyyat" using his proposal, Qadmus Publishing, Beirut, 1978.
A proposal to write vowels as letters included always in written text by Abdul Almajeed Al-Taji Al-Farouki published in his book "Tatawuru dabti al-kitabati al-Arabiyati" (The Evolution of Regulating Arabic Writing), Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1962. The same author published another book on the same proposal in 1959 mentioned in Sabri book below.
A proposal to use Latin script by Uthman Sabri published in his book "Nahwa Abjadiyaten Jadida" (Towards a New Alphabet), 1964.
Proceedings of 8th conference for Standards in the Middle East, Cairo 1/30/1961. Reference from Zain al Din, Naji: Badaii al-Khatt al-Arabi (The Beauties of Arabic Calligraphy), Baghdad 1971.
Final report on the experiment to simplify Arabic writing by The Arab League Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization published in October, 1978 in Cairo.
"The Mutamathil Script" a proposal by Saad Abulhab for symmetrical Arabic letters that can be typed from right to left of left to right.1998. http://arabetics.com/mutamathil/
Although the list above may give the impression that Arabic typography indeed needs reform, the fact that most of the proposals above did not meet with users' acceptance for the past seventy years clearly indicates that none produced a better way of writing than the system already in place. Some simplification of the script is adapted in various modern printing and computer fonts, however, much of the arguments about the technical difficulties of typesetting Arabic are now irrelevant due to the developments in contemporary type technology including the adaptation of OpenType standards. Most of the above proposals are reviewed and critiqued by Imil Ya'qub in his excellent book: "Al-khatt al-Arabi: nash'atuhu, tatawuruhu, mushkilatutu, da'awat islahihi" (Arabic Script: Origin, Development, Problems, and Solutions), Jarus Press, Tripoli, Lebanon, 1986.
For relevant articles please see:
Modern Arabic Typography: Challenges and Opportunities
OpenType for Fine Arabic Typography
| Bibliography |
| Arabic Calligraphy |
Dr. Mamoun Sakkal is a calligrapher and type designer. He lived and worked in Aleppo, Syria, and now resides in the State of Washington, USA. He taught courses on Islamic art and architecture at the University of Washington.
SAKKAL DESIGN 1523 175th Place SE, Bothell, WA 98012,USA Updated 10/23/2008 | [
16224,
29926,
977,
13231,
74,
282,
4751,
14,
11528,
198,
1858,
423,
587,
867,
6370,
284,
13096,
262,
17526,
4226,
287,
262,
1160,
400,
4289,
13,
198,
464,
4959,
286,
777,
6370,
547,
3221,
5081,
284,
307,
25,
198,
16,
13,
1675,
787,
3555,
17526,
4577,
416,
18682,
287,
262,
3194,
2420,
477,
23268,
1424,
290,
5238,
286,
262,
9635,
3303,
13,
198,
17,
13,
1675,
787,
3597,
17526,
4577,
416,
8868,
262,
1271,
286,
3850,
1296,
13991,
13,
770,
1464,
6412,
284,
3850,
1296,
13991,
1912,
319,
262,
3850,
2292,
287,
262,
1573,
11,
475,
635,
6412,
3360,
284,
262,
1180,
12186,
286,
17526,
869,
45920,
88,
13,
198,
18,
13,
1675,
787,
3858,
35463,
17526,
4577,
416,
8868,
262,
1271,
286,
3850,
1296,
13991,
13,
20615,
8136,
547,
7194,
329,
1180,
8514,
13,
198,
19,
13,
1675,
787,
17526,
517,
21802,
284,
16621,
649,
2456,
7186,
422,
39405,
11,
3186,
11,
290,
8514,
13,
198,
20,
13,
1675,
787,
17526,
517,
11811,
290,
3660,
13,
770,
3221,
3017,
13443,
26226,
286,
644,
318,
3660,
393,
11811,
11,
290,
287,
867,
2663,
750,
407,
2291,
597,
26226,
286,
777,
10838,
379,
477,
11,
355,
611,
484,
547,
5447,
290,
6292,
287,
262,
9017,
286,
262,
8786,
290,
7183,
286,
884,
11628,
13,
198,
4366,
286,
262,
1903,
6370,
547,
16862,
416,
262,
8581,
286,
17526,
15417,
287,
6365,
357,
44,
1228,
2611,
64,
435,
12,
43,
6724,
993,
435,
12,
31602,
7745,
46848,
11,
23732,
8,
287,
28017,
287,
663,
6227,
284,
8494,
262,
1917,
286,
3858,
35463,
17526,
287,
281,
6942,
835,
11,
326,
561,
635,
1249,
329,
7187,
14837,
290,
3555,
286,
262,
3303,
13,
1041,
1930,
874,
416,
12104,
435,
12,
41,
533,
76,
11,
38554,
309,
1385,
454,
11,
290,
41462,
9084,
74,
23368,
11,
1871,
1854,
11,
5670,
319,
1614,
1710,
257,
2446,
284,
19330,
262,
256,
1077,
365,
417,
48617,
8849,
656,
262,
3597,
286,
262,
2456,
319,
257,
6414,
4308,
11,
290,
8868,
262,
1271,
286,
3850,
5107,
284,
257,
5288,
11,
543,
4001,
1972,
5755,
286,
262,
1180,
5107,
286,
1123,
3850,
1912,
319,
663,
4067,
287,
262,
1573,
13,
23547,
7578,
528,
27361,
11632,
5220,
13586,
262,
17526,
4226,
351,
262,
9133,
4226,
355,
373,
1760,
287,
7137,
257,
1178,
812,
2961,
13,
770,
6961,
284,
779,
262,
9133,
4226,
284,
3551,
17526,
468,
587,
1541,
6190,
287,
6365,
287,
34865,
416,
50031,
1338,
48519,
685,
2025,
14075,
362,
4357,
287,
31982,
416,
15415,
569,
692,
364,
11,
1111,
13445,
286,
262,
14075,
2351,
10074,
357,
32708,
978,
12,
74,
315,
549,
435,
12,
25413,
380,
88,
3972,
737,
198,
818,
21709,
262,
28076,
12,
6286,
7068,
290,
6802,
22767,
380,
198,
42,
11653,
283,
3562,
257,
27009,
4226,
329,
13570,
339,
3706,
262,
42225,
17526,
198,
7,
282,
450,
38442,
9520,
435,
38779,
86,
993,
18108,
993,
737,
2399,
670,
319,
428,
1628,
329,
517,
621,
12277,
812,
373,
4855,
416,
257,
8092,
5693,
7264,
284,
7719,
465,
6961,
13,
5311,
1078,
283,
3417,
198,
14363,
1628,
355,
5679,
25,
198,
3118,
1431,
24830,
318,
407,
257,
649,
24830,
13,
632,
743,
307,
3417,
355,
257,
649,
3918,
11,
543,
355,
884,
857,
407,
15866,
597,
3744,
5400,
621,
883,
1043,
1871,
262,
4569,
290,
1459,
17526,
12186,
287,
779,
986,
632,
857,
407,
8343,
393,
6330,
11,
475,
1224,
902,
262,
12186,
286,
44396,
290,
262,
4950,
1242,
286,
869,
45920,
88,
11,
543,
3520,
287,
511,
1944,
1296,
13,
17526,
11,
588,
3594,
11,
481,
783,
423,
257,
2446,
286,
3597,
287,
543,
262,
7475,
286,
257,
1573,
389,
7223,
284,
1123,
584,
11,
290,
257,
1180,
2446,
329,
13570,
287,
543,
262,
7475,
286,
257,
1573,
1656,
28597,
986,
1114,
262,
1729,
12,
31602,
11,
355,
880,
355,
329,
262,
1200,
393,
262,
45029,
378,
11,
262,
6000,
22007,
287,
4673,
17526,
468,
587,
262,
8253,
4226,
13,
198,
464,
670,
286,
24152,
406,
11322,
27455,
11972,
1031,
282,
635,
2067,
287,
198,
1169,
11445,
82,
287,
29638,
13,
2080,
262,
1104,
286,
262,
49323,
1230,
339,
4166,
198,
64,
8997,
24830,
810,
1123,
3850,
468,
530,
1296,
326,
460,
307,
9518,
416,
2829,
198,
437,
654,
11,
475,
6150,
845,
1969,
284,
262,
5107,
286,
4569,
399,
2093,
71,
973,
329,
198,
19199,
35463,
17526,
3835,
290,
16695,
13,
406,
11322,
27455,
11972,
1031,
282,
5804,
326,
636,
286,
198,
1169,
2761,
286,
17526,
10717,
422,
29789,
262,
13570,
5359,
11,
198,
392,
262,
3580,
1022,
3194,
290,
3858,
316,
2420,
13,
2399,
670,
287,
35135,
262,
198,
31602,
291,
4226,
284,
13570,
8665,
373,
1912,
319,
1440,
7811,
25,
198,
16,
13,
1400,
1688,
2458,
284,
262,
1296,
286,
4569,
17526,
7475,
13,
198,
17,
13,
5765,
286,
691,
530,
5485,
329,
1123,
3850,
287,
262,
1180,
6116,
286,
262,
1573,
13,
198,
18,
13,
1439,
7855,
256,
1077,
365,
417,
357,
85,
4374,
1634,
8,
8849,
284,
307,
281,
6393,
636,
286,
262,
3858,
316,
2420,
13,
198,
19,
13,
30019,
278,
428,
4975,
284,
477,
13570,
8514,
422,
3858,
35463,
11,
284,
19720,
11,
284,
6503,
16395,
13,
685,
47079,
397,
494,
71,
8541,
4083,
198,
32,
6454,
2092,
3164,
373,
5150,
416,
32076,
40801,
287,
15231,
810,
262,
7475,
423,
734,
5107,
1123,
2427,
286,
262,
7226,
1440,
11,
290,
5884,
284,
1123,
584,
351,
20578,
3755,
18366,
284,
1249,
329,
262,
10470,
286,
5884,
2420,
13,
2312,
8787,
635,
3283,
262,
256,
1077,
365,
417,
48617,
8849,
290,
389,
973,
355,
30514,
284,
7603,
2457,
393,
11557,
3850,
5107,
13,
685,
39,
6475,
4083,
2102,
11,
262,
10369,
9824,
5150,
416,
40801,
547,
3215,
2045,
290,
407,
845,
4388,
11,
25578,
465,
6961,
750,
407,
750,
407,
423,
257,
15727,
2928,
13,
198,
38443,
6475,
4372,
23885,
435,
25605,
4563,
422,
19761,
290,
616,
898,
670,
287,
18593,
11,
4392,
11,
287,
262,
8069,
82,
635,
8998,
379,
9194,
27009,
2099,
32186,
351,
257,
3614,
1271,
286,
3850,
5107,
13,
311,
9460,
945,
670,
17383,
867,
14482,
286,
262,
4569,
14750,
1111,
287,
509,
3046,
72,
290,
399,
2093,
5303,
11,
290,
3767,
284,
1205,
465,
2099,
2550,
9824,
1566,
262,
6303,
82,
351,
6031,
8149,
286,
3576,
13,
2011,
898,
670,
2067,
287,
257,
44693,
835,
810,
477,
262,
7475,
423,
8187,
15268,
11,
262,
976,
6001,
11,
1588,
2124,
12,
17015,
11,
4553,
2138,
621,
5884,
7475,
13,
770,
670,
4166,
656,
616,
2099,
2550,
911,
17517,
543,
318,
517,
4569,
13,
198,
23830,
324,
40808,
4951,
3199,
281,
2708,
546,
465,
17526,
45157,
1431,
5994,
2550,
287,
4196,
11175,
287,
5267,
13,
9656,
13,
6521,
1262,
530,
1296,
329,
1123,
3850,
11,
290,
5086,
329,
2035,
14320,
393,
27259,
262,
7475,
618,
3858,
316,
13,
2399,
10369,
468,
257,
4569,
399,
2093,
5303,
2095,
13,
198,
818,
2274,
812,
11,
257,
1271,
286,
11628,
5884,
530,
835,
393,
1194,
351,
9061,
198,
14150,
635,
587,
6190,
13,
38758,
7617,
988,
14551,
18108,
73,
8607,
11,
198,
272,
26832,
666,
11949,
11,
973,
9276,
509,
3046,
72,
284,
1486,
257,
13570,
24830,
351,
4553,
198,
15653,
339,
3706,
2574,
12,
4826,
28241,
29523,
2574,
12,
44,
280,
86,
993,
4763,
543,
1724,
8997,
1417,
393,
42225,
198,
2348,
19557,
13,
4900,
465,
1903,
670,
1614,
12931,
13788,
422,
4569,
5107,
11,
198,
14363,
1568,
6961,
2058,
845,
1969,
284,
262,
7226,
15268,
286,
7475,
287,
9276,
198,
42,
3046,
72,
869,
45920,
88,
973,
4632,
284,
11705,
378,
6832,
13,
198,
6395,
11628,
2291,
17552,
463,
30529,
8102,
17023,
284,
779,
11266,
7475,
287,
3908,
287,
1248,
5332,
11,
257,
1492,
3199,
1262,
11266,
7475,
287,
3576,
287,
31982,
416,
262,
20656,
286,
4068,
284,
4492,
11,
290,
30917,
435,
35856,
20770,
290,
12670,
417,
1526,
9776,
670,
319,
7106,
4035,
3850,
15268,
13,
17399,
1077,
343,
20828,
38170,
993,
5545,
257,
6961,
287,
465,
1492,
17526,
15417,
290,
22183,
32093,
287,
16382,
11,
2483,
361,
13081,
77,
17053,
5545,
1194,
6961,
287,
465,
1492,
17526,
4889,
45920,
88,
25,
663,
24079,
11,
15648,
11,
290,
31843,
287,
12844,
11,
991,
1194,
6961,
373,
925,
287,
257,
1492,
11946,
17526,
4889,
45920,
88,
13,
198,
6395,
670,
3519,
284,
7106,
2649,
286,
17526,
4226,
2291,
25,
198,
32,
6961,
284,
779,
262,
9133,
4226,
416,
262,
28076,
10318,
6,
2308,
317,
13976,
287,
465,
1492,
575,
3301,
3199,
287,
40702,
287,
20510,
13,
679,
3199,
465,
1492,
366,
2348,
12,
42,
17047,
292,
7745,
88,
265,
1,
1262,
465,
6961,
11,
1195,
324,
14664,
23499,
11,
40702,
11,
15524,
13,
198,
32,
6961,
284,
3551,
23268,
1424,
355,
7475,
3017,
1464,
287,
3194,
2420,
416,
23547,
25009,
1228,
2308,
978,
12,
51,
26436,
978,
12,
21428,
280,
4106,
3199,
287,
465,
1492,
366,
51,
265,
707,
14717,
45553,
20259,
435,
12,
15813,
397,
7246,
435,
12,
31602,
7745,
7246,
1,
357,
464,
15815,
286,
3310,
8306,
17526,
22183,
828,
22410,
2402,
7039,
710,
11,
4492,
11,
20033,
13,
383,
976,
1772,
3199,
1194,
1492,
319,
262,
976,
6961,
287,
23859,
4750,
287,
9910,
380,
1492,
2174,
13,
198,
32,
6961,
284,
779,
9133,
4226,
416,
471,
400,
805,
9910,
380,
3199,
287,
465,
1492,
366,
45,
993,
10247,
2275,
38442,
7745,
36686,
449,
324,
3755,
1,
357,
51,
322,
1371,
257,
968,
45695,
828,
17575,
13,
198,
2964,
2707,
654,
286,
807,
400,
4495,
329,
20130,
287,
262,
6046,
3687,
11,
23732,
352,
14,
1270,
14,
1129,
5333,
13,
20984,
422,
1168,
391,
435,
23448,
11,
399,
26436,
25,
7772,
42648,
435,
12,
42,
11653,
435,
12,
3163,
17914,
357,
464,
13711,
444,
286,
17526,
4889,
45920,
88,
828,
19761,
16382,
13,
198,
19006,
989,
319,
262,
6306,
284,
30276,
17526,
3597,
416,
383,
4498,
4041,
30038,
11,
23897,
11,
290,
22060,
12275,
3199,
287,
3267,
11,
15524,
287,
23732,
13,
198,
1,
464,
13859,
321,
776,
346,
12327,
1,
257,
6961,
416,
10318,
324,
2275,
377,
5976,
329,
23606,
34546,
17526,
7475,
326,
460,
307,
25683,
422,
826,
284,
1364,
286,
1364,
284,
826,
13,
21113,
13,
2638,
1378,
283,
8380,
873,
13,
785,
14,
21973,
321,
776,
346,
14,
198,
7003,
262,
1351,
2029,
743,
1577,
262,
10647,
326,
17526,
2170,
4867,
5600,
2476,
4975,
11,
262,
1109,
326,
749,
286,
262,
11628,
2029,
750,
407,
1826,
351,
2985,
6,
13427,
329,
262,
1613,
31989,
812,
4084,
9217,
326,
4844,
4635,
257,
1365,
835,
286,
3597,
621,
262,
1080,
1541,
287,
1295,
13,
2773,
7106,
2649,
286,
262,
4226,
318,
16573,
287,
2972,
3660,
13570,
290,
3644,
26806,
11,
2158,
11,
881,
286,
262,
7159,
546,
262,
6276,
13156,
286,
3858,
35463,
17526,
389,
783,
18046,
2233,
284,
262,
13312,
287,
11811,
2099,
3037,
1390,
262,
16711,
286,
4946,
6030,
5423,
13,
4042,
286,
262,
2029,
11628,
389,
11765,
290,
1955,
1557,
276,
416,
1846,
346,
26421,
6,
421,
65,
287,
465,
6275,
1492,
25,
366,
2348,
12,
74,
11653,
435,
12,
3163,
17914,
25,
299,
1077,
6,
265,
7456,
84,
11,
256,
265,
707,
333,
7456,
84,
11,
15026,
34553,
265,
315,
84,
11,
12379,
6,
707,
265,
318,
9271,
4449,
72,
1,
357,
31602,
291,
12327,
25,
19349,
11,
7712,
11,
32093,
11,
290,
23555,
828,
15374,
385,
4332,
11,
47318,
11,
16849,
11,
12113,
13,
198,
1890,
5981,
6685,
3387,
766,
25,
198,
31439,
17526,
17134,
4867,
25,
44495,
290,
24922,
871,
198,
11505,
6030,
329,
17867,
17526,
17134,
4867,
198,
91,
347,
45689,
930,
198,
91,
17526,
4889,
45920,
88,
930,
198,
6187,
13,
29926,
977,
13231,
74,
282,
318,
257,
869,
328,
2416,
372,
290,
2099,
11915,
13,
679,
5615,
290,
3111,
287,
18593,
11,
4392,
11,
290,
783,
29076,
287,
262,
1812,
286,
2669,
11,
4916,
13,
679,
7817,
10902,
319,
5533,
1242,
290,
10959,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
2669,
13,
198,
4090,
16601,
1847,
22196,
16284,
1315,
1954,
19038,
400,
8474,
7946,
11,
18579,
12758,
11,
16400,
9661,
30206,
11,
14053,
19433,
838,
14,
1954,
14,
11528,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,999 |
Hypotonia is a state of reduced muscle tone, usually related to the skeletal muscles. Hypotonia ranges from mild to severe in people who have Down syndrome, although muscles tend to strengthen with age.
Young children with Down syndrome often have hypotonia throughout their bodies.
Babies with Down syndrome often have delays in reaching physical developmental milestones, such as rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking. Constipation may also frequently occur, caused by weak intestinal muscles that move stools more slowly through the digestive tract.
Last Revised: March 29, 2012
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics & Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | [
49926,
313,
11339,
318,
257,
1181,
286,
5322,
8280,
8216,
11,
3221,
3519,
284,
262,
30142,
12749,
13,
21209,
313,
11339,
16069,
422,
11607,
284,
6049,
287,
661,
508,
423,
5588,
14027,
11,
3584,
12749,
4327,
284,
12160,
351,
2479,
13,
198,
20917,
1751,
351,
5588,
14027,
1690,
423,
8813,
11339,
3690,
511,
5920,
13,
198,
33,
43256,
351,
5588,
14027,
1690,
423,
16119,
287,
8978,
3518,
23456,
41926,
11,
884,
355,
10708,
625,
11,
5586,
510,
11,
34499,
11,
393,
6155,
13,
4757,
25857,
743,
635,
6777,
3051,
11,
4073,
416,
4939,
32031,
12749,
326,
1445,
336,
10141,
517,
6364,
832,
262,
34616,
14998,
13,
198,
5956,
31492,
25,
2805,
2808,
11,
2321,
198,
13838,
25,
3893,
3083,
9983,
198,
37158,
6602,
25,
14919,
327,
13,
6502,
11,
10670,
532,
46776,
1222,
5593,
12903,
1455,
81,
2879,
11,
10670,
532,
7712,
282,
46776,
198,
2514,
2193,
517,
3187,
3893,
3083,
13,
2398,
198,
16224,
8735,
12,
6999,
3893,
3083,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
3893,
3083,
11,
3893,
3083,
329,
790,
1535,
2551,
11,
290,
262,
3893,
3083,
11112,
389,
27346,
286,
3893,
3083,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 189 |
The " Generale Verenigde Geoktrooijeerde Nedelandse Oos - Indiese Compagnie " later called the " V O C " ( Verenigde Oos-Indiese Compagnie ) was formed in Amsterdam in 1602. It was managed by 17 directors known as Here XVII. Their achieved aim was the gain of political, cultural and economic influence in the Indian Ocean Areas from the Cape to Japan. They were very successful and gathered enormous riches.
During 1651, the VOC decided to start an outpost at the Kaap de Goeie Hoop resulting in Jan van Riebeeck arriving at Table Bay on 6 April 1652, with his three sail ships - Dromedaris, de Rijger and de Goede Hoop . The outpost was successful and they became aware of the mineral riches of AFRICA and subsequently decided to extend their domain.
On 25 July 1719, a decision was made in Amsterdam to take occupation of Delagoa Bay. Two ships the Gouda and Zeelandia were sent of and arrived at the now Maputo bay on 21 March 1721, loaded with whatever they thought that may be required for establishing a base at Monomotapa for the treasure trade, of gold and ivory.
A suitable site was selected and the building of a earth and wood fort commenced. Fort de Lagoa later renamed to Fort Lijdzaamheid was completed within a few months, in the meantime treaties were agreed upon and signed with the local native leaders.
With the fort completed, the gardens flourishing, the plans for an inland expedition started taking shape.
The first group to move inland was under the leadership of Sergeant J.C. Steffler and 19 other soldiers. They moved to the Lebombo Mountains bordering Swaziland. While crossing, the group was attacked by a Swazi Impi and in the skirmish Steffler and another NCO were killed. The survivors withdrew to Fort de Lagoa.
The de Cuiper Expedition - Part 1
Jan van de Capelle was appointed Comander of the Fort de Lagoa base in 1725, being ambitious and very patriotic he made plans for an expedition into the interior which was put to the Here XVII, to investigate the mineral riches of Monomotapa.
The proposal was accepted and preparations commenced, 31 men were selected, the expedition under comand of Frans de Cuiper, set off on 27 June 1725. The supplies packed onto oxen. Eight natives who would act as interpreters also joined the group.
They moved in a northwesterly direction along the Matola River, through the sandy hot East African soil. after about four days, they reached the Inkomati River at Moamba. The expedition reached the now Rezano Garcia on 4 July 1725 where camp was pitched.
A small group was sent out on 5 July 1725 - the first Europeans to enter the Transvaal, to make contact with of the local native chiefs .
The expedition struck camp and set off on 6 July 1725, the Inkomati was crossed the same day. They soon realised that they were not welcome. They tried to get a local guide, but were not successful as Chief Coupanne had given strict instructions that no assistance may be rendered.
On 9 July the expedition arrived at a big kraal consisting of about 100 huts. After long negotiations with Chief Sweni, the latter appointed a guide to accompany the expedition. A second was recruited from the kraal of Alari Motsari ( chief Coupanne's father ) on the Moetji River, a branch of the Monganje ( now Crocodile ) River south of Komati Poort.
The expedition crossed the Monganje River on 10 July 1725 about 3 km east of the now Crocodile Bridge Rest Camp in the KRUGER NATIONAL PARK - the first Europeans to put foot to the now KRUGER NATIONAL PARK. Here on the northern banks the expedition met Chief Pande.
Very soon an Impi of about five hundred warriors, shouting war cries and drumming on their shields, surrounded the little group, claiming that the guides be relieved of their duties. De Cuiper realised that trouble was brooding and agreed that the guides could return, the Impi then dispersed.
The expedition then set off, soon a native approached them, offering to guide them to the kraal of Chief Dawano on the banks of the Vurhami River.
They camped and rested on 11 July, here one of their oxen died of a mysterious disease. They questioned the locals about the route to Ciremandelle ( Phalaborwa ) and Thowelle ( Zimbabwe ), everyone questioned, had a different story and it was then realised that they either did not know or were deliberately trying to mislead them.
That evening an old man came to the encampment and informed de Cuiper that he knew the two routes and explained that a day's trek would bring them to the Sabe ( River of Fear ) River, a further day would bring them to the kraal of Massawane, a further day to Matonie and a further two days to Ciramandelle where there was no gold but plenty of copper to exchange. There was plenty of gold, copper and ivory for exchange at Simangale in the Thowelle Area.
He explained that Thowele was about eight days of hard trekking from the kraal of Dawano and that many traders came up the Great Zambezi River, to barter the riches in the land of Tsouke.
Of the Rivers mentioned were the Sabe, Matintonde ( Nwasintsontso - river that flows into the sand ), Matiwati ( Timbavati - Bitter water ), Moutomme ( Ntomene - Jackalberry), Imbaloele ( Balule - faraway river, now the Olifants ) .
Frans de Kuiper now realised that they were not sufficiently equiped for an expedition to either Ciremandelle or Thowelle.
Suddenly on 12 July the group was surrounded by an aggressive mass of shouting, horn blowing natives, from Chief Dawano, comand was given to form a battle formation and defend themselves. The Impi attacked with their assegais, during the initial onslaught, two of de Cuiper's men were wounded, while six of the Impi were killed and ten wounded. All their cattle had been killed. The expedition realised that they had better retreat, they were followed up to sunset while many more of the Impi were shot and killed. De Cuiper ordered that they were to retreat untill they had crossed the Lebombo Mountains. A commemorative plaque has been erected at Gomondwane on the site of this battle, and is still to be viewed.
The Following morning 13 July the troops were again confronted by an Impi threatening to kill them ,for moving through their land. In the ensueing battle a few more members of the Impi were wounded and killed. Eventually the troops reached and crossed the Inkomati River ( estimated at the now Incomati station in Mozambique ), while being followed by a threatening Impi.
I participate because I care - CUSTOS NATURAE
Convenor of the AIKONA Group.
No to Hotels in and commercialization of our National Parks.
Done 141 visits to National Parks.
What a wonderful privilege.
Last edited by gmlsmit on Thu Apr 16, 2009 5:12 pm, edited 3 times in total. | [
464,
366,
2980,
1000,
569,
14226,
328,
2934,
2269,
482,
23528,
78,
2926,
28153,
2934,
35754,
8822,
325,
440,
418,
532,
42556,
68,
3082,
4660,
494,
366,
1568,
1444,
262,
366,
569,
440,
327,
366,
357,
569,
14226,
328,
2934,
440,
418,
12,
5497,
444,
68,
3082,
4660,
494,
1267,
373,
7042,
287,
24377,
287,
1467,
2999,
13,
632,
373,
5257,
416,
1596,
13445,
1900,
355,
3423,
29922,
3978,
13,
5334,
8793,
4031,
373,
262,
4461,
286,
1964,
11,
6467,
290,
3034,
4588,
287,
262,
3942,
10692,
38662,
422,
262,
15725,
284,
2869,
13,
1119,
547,
845,
4388,
290,
9272,
9812,
35000,
13,
198,
7191,
1467,
4349,
11,
262,
569,
4503,
3066,
284,
923,
281,
38327,
379,
262,
11611,
499,
390,
1514,
68,
494,
9544,
404,
7186,
287,
2365,
5719,
371,
494,
20963,
694,
14820,
379,
8655,
4696,
319,
718,
3035,
1467,
4309,
11,
351,
465,
1115,
14936,
7937,
532,
360,
398,
276,
20066,
11,
390,
371,
2926,
1362,
290,
390,
1514,
18654,
9544,
404,
764,
383,
38327,
373,
4388,
290,
484,
2627,
3910,
286,
262,
18352,
35000,
286,
317,
10913,
25241,
290,
12412,
3066,
284,
9117,
511,
7386,
13,
198,
2202,
1679,
2901,
1596,
1129,
11,
257,
2551,
373,
925,
287,
24377,
284,
1011,
13755,
286,
4216,
3839,
64,
4696,
13,
4930,
7937,
262,
402,
2778,
64,
290,
9033,
8822,
544,
547,
1908,
286,
290,
5284,
379,
262,
783,
9347,
9390,
15489,
319,
2310,
2805,
1596,
2481,
11,
9639,
351,
4232,
484,
1807,
326,
743,
307,
2672,
329,
15010,
257,
2779,
379,
2892,
296,
313,
32678,
329,
262,
14068,
3292,
11,
286,
3869,
290,
32630,
13,
198,
32,
11080,
2524,
373,
6163,
290,
262,
2615,
286,
257,
4534,
290,
4898,
6285,
32400,
13,
6401,
390,
406,
3839,
64,
1568,
25121,
284,
6401,
406,
2926,
67,
4496,
321,
28420,
373,
5668,
1626,
257,
1178,
1933,
11,
287,
262,
14324,
30734,
547,
4987,
2402,
290,
4488,
351,
262,
1957,
6868,
2766,
13,
198,
3152,
262,
6285,
5668,
11,
262,
25476,
46240,
11,
262,
3352,
329,
281,
37874,
22817,
2067,
2263,
5485,
13,
198,
464,
717,
1448,
284,
1445,
37874,
373,
739,
262,
5531,
286,
26541,
449,
13,
34,
13,
2441,
487,
1754,
290,
678,
584,
5795,
13,
1119,
3888,
284,
262,
1004,
65,
47265,
21124,
48622,
2451,
1031,
40855,
13,
2893,
12538,
11,
262,
1448,
373,
7384,
416,
257,
2451,
7761,
9855,
72,
290,
287,
262,
37238,
680,
2441,
487,
1754,
290,
1194,
399,
8220,
547,
2923,
13,
383,
13644,
25518,
284,
6401,
390,
406,
3839,
64,
13,
198,
464,
390,
327,
9019,
525,
38076,
532,
2142,
352,
198,
12128,
5719,
390,
4476,
13485,
373,
9899,
955,
4066,
286,
262,
6401,
390,
406,
3839,
64,
2779,
287,
1596,
1495,
11,
852,
14742,
290,
845,
33453,
339,
925,
3352,
329,
281,
22817,
656,
262,
11087,
543,
373,
1234,
284,
262,
3423,
29922,
3978,
11,
284,
9161,
262,
18352,
35000,
286,
2892,
296,
313,
32678,
13,
198,
464,
6961,
373,
6292,
290,
21518,
32400,
11,
3261,
1450,
547,
6163,
11,
262,
22817,
739,
401,
392,
286,
1305,
504,
390,
327,
9019,
525,
11,
900,
572,
319,
2681,
2795,
1596,
1495,
13,
383,
9416,
11856,
4291,
12018,
268,
13,
18087,
30962,
508,
561,
719,
355,
16795,
1010,
635,
5399,
262,
1448,
13,
198,
2990,
3888,
287,
257,
5093,
86,
7834,
306,
4571,
1863,
262,
6550,
5708,
5866,
11,
832,
262,
44039,
3024,
3687,
5510,
9260,
13,
706,
546,
1440,
1528,
11,
484,
4251,
262,
33068,
296,
7246,
5866,
379,
4270,
31842,
13,
383,
22817,
4251,
262,
783,
47753,
5733,
18555,
319,
604,
2901,
1596,
1495,
810,
1413,
373,
21730,
13,
198,
32,
1402,
1448,
373,
1908,
503,
319,
642,
2901,
1596,
1495,
532,
262,
717,
20006,
284,
3802,
262,
3602,
6862,
282,
11,
284,
787,
2800,
351,
286,
262,
1957,
6868,
30217,
764,
198,
464,
22817,
7425,
1413,
290,
900,
572,
319,
718,
2901,
1596,
1495,
11,
262,
33068,
296,
7246,
373,
12606,
262,
976,
1110,
13,
1119,
2582,
19169,
326,
484,
547,
407,
7062,
13,
1119,
3088,
284,
651,
257,
1957,
5698,
11,
475,
547,
407,
4388,
355,
5953,
15062,
6839,
710,
550,
1813,
7646,
7729,
326,
645,
6829,
743,
307,
15111,
13,
198,
2202,
860,
2901,
262,
22817,
5284,
379,
257,
1263,
479,
430,
282,
17747,
286,
546,
1802,
289,
5500,
13,
2293,
890,
9825,
351,
5953,
2451,
43850,
11,
262,
6846,
9899,
257,
5698,
284,
13873,
262,
22817,
13,
317,
1218,
373,
18774,
422,
262,
479,
430,
282,
286,
978,
2743,
337,
1747,
2743,
357,
4039,
15062,
6839,
710,
338,
2988,
1267,
319,
262,
4270,
316,
7285,
5866,
11,
257,
8478,
286,
262,
18428,
272,
18015,
357,
783,
9325,
19815,
576,
1267,
5866,
5366,
286,
32364,
7246,
7695,
419,
13,
198,
464,
22817,
12606,
262,
18428,
272,
18015,
5866,
319,
838,
2901,
1596,
1495,
546,
513,
10571,
7627,
286,
262,
783,
9325,
19815,
576,
10290,
8324,
5425,
287,
262,
29430,
7340,
1137,
399,
29912,
42358,
532,
262,
717,
20006,
284,
1234,
2366,
284,
262,
783,
29430,
7340,
1137,
399,
29912,
42358,
13,
3423,
319,
262,
7840,
6341,
262,
22817,
1138,
5953,
16492,
68,
13,
198,
16371,
2582,
281,
9855,
72,
286,
546,
1936,
3470,
17119,
11,
19642,
1175,
24691,
290,
13026,
2229,
319,
511,
21132,
11,
11191,
262,
1310,
1448,
11,
8512,
326,
262,
17555,
307,
22598,
286,
511,
10741,
13,
1024,
327,
9019,
525,
19169,
326,
5876,
373,
1379,
7656,
290,
4987,
326,
262,
17555,
714,
1441,
11,
262,
9855,
72,
788,
34646,
13,
198,
464,
22817,
788,
900,
572,
11,
2582,
257,
6868,
10448,
606,
11,
6011,
284,
5698,
606,
284,
262,
479,
430,
282,
286,
5953,
17552,
5733,
319,
262,
6341,
286,
262,
569,
333,
2763,
72,
5866,
13,
198,
2990,
1413,
276,
290,
29263,
319,
1367,
2901,
11,
994,
530,
286,
511,
12018,
268,
3724,
286,
257,
11428,
4369,
13,
1119,
11434,
262,
17205,
546,
262,
6339,
284,
327,
557,
22249,
13485,
357,
1380,
282,
4820,
10247,
1267,
290,
536,
322,
13485,
357,
28589,
10612,
2506,
11434,
11,
550,
257,
1180,
1621,
290,
340,
373,
788,
19169,
326,
484,
2035,
750,
407,
760,
393,
547,
14593,
2111,
284,
42154,
606,
13,
198,
2504,
6180,
281,
1468,
582,
1625,
284,
262,
48020,
434,
290,
7981,
390,
327,
9019,
525,
326,
339,
2993,
262,
734,
11926,
290,
4893,
326,
257,
1110,
338,
30784,
561,
2222,
606,
284,
262,
9910,
68,
357,
5866,
286,
16132,
1267,
5866,
11,
257,
2252,
1110,
561,
2222,
606,
284,
262,
479,
430,
282,
286,
5674,
707,
1531,
11,
257,
2252,
1110,
284,
6550,
261,
494,
290,
257,
2252,
734,
1528,
284,
21239,
321,
392,
13485,
810,
612,
373,
645,
3869,
475,
6088,
286,
15317,
284,
5163,
13,
1318,
373,
6088,
286,
3869,
11,
15317,
290,
32630,
329,
5163,
379,
3184,
648,
1000,
287,
262,
536,
322,
13485,
9498,
13,
198,
1544,
4893,
326,
536,
322,
11129,
373,
546,
3624,
1528,
286,
1327,
30784,
3364,
422,
262,
479,
430,
282,
286,
17552,
5733,
290,
326,
867,
21703,
1625,
510,
262,
3878,
38343,
1350,
17027,
5866,
11,
284,
2318,
353,
262,
35000,
287,
262,
1956,
286,
13146,
280,
365,
13,
198,
5189,
262,
18280,
4750,
547,
262,
9910,
68,
11,
6550,
600,
14378,
357,
399,
9776,
29503,
756,
568,
532,
7850,
326,
15623,
656,
262,
6450,
10612,
6550,
14246,
7246,
357,
5045,
65,
615,
7246,
532,
347,
1967,
1660,
10612,
337,
448,
296,
1326,
357,
399,
39532,
1734,
532,
3619,
282,
8396,
828,
1846,
6893,
2577,
293,
357,
8528,
2261,
532,
1290,
8272,
7850,
11,
783,
262,
6544,
361,
1187,
1267,
764,
198,
6732,
504,
390,
509,
9019,
525,
783,
19169,
326,
484,
547,
407,
17338,
25725,
276,
329,
281,
22817,
284,
2035,
327,
557,
22249,
13485,
393,
536,
322,
13485,
13,
198,
38582,
319,
1105,
2901,
262,
1448,
373,
11191,
416,
281,
8361,
2347,
286,
19642,
11,
12718,
19280,
30962,
11,
422,
5953,
17552,
5733,
11,
401,
392,
373,
1813,
284,
1296,
257,
3344,
9978,
290,
4404,
2405,
13,
383,
9855,
72,
7384,
351,
511,
355,
325,
4908,
271,
11,
1141,
262,
4238,
36847,
11,
734,
286,
390,
327,
9019,
525,
338,
1450,
547,
10657,
11,
981,
2237,
286,
262,
9855,
72,
547,
2923,
290,
3478,
10657,
13,
1439,
511,
17025,
550,
587,
2923,
13,
383,
22817,
19169,
326,
484,
550,
1365,
13703,
11,
484,
547,
3940,
510,
284,
26428,
981,
867,
517,
286,
262,
9855,
72,
547,
2823,
290,
2923,
13,
1024,
327,
9019,
525,
6149,
326,
484,
547,
284,
13703,
1418,
359,
484,
550,
12606,
262,
1004,
65,
47265,
21124,
13,
317,
28723,
876,
35127,
468,
587,
28415,
379,
402,
296,
623,
86,
1531,
319,
262,
2524,
286,
428,
3344,
11,
290,
318,
991,
284,
307,
9569,
13,
198,
464,
14207,
3329,
1511,
2901,
262,
6553,
547,
757,
16675,
416,
281,
9855,
72,
11123,
284,
1494,
606,
837,
1640,
3867,
832,
511,
1956,
13,
554,
262,
3140,
518,
278,
3344,
257,
1178,
517,
1866,
286,
262,
9855,
72,
547,
10657,
290,
2923,
13,
16178,
262,
6553,
4251,
290,
12606,
262,
33068,
296,
7246,
5866,
357,
6108,
379,
262,
783,
554,
785,
7246,
4429,
287,
28036,
4131,
2350,
10612,
981,
852,
3940,
416,
257,
11123,
9855,
72,
13,
198,
40,
8277,
780,
314,
1337,
532,
327,
7759,
2640,
10149,
45570,
36,
198,
3103,
574,
273,
286,
262,
9552,
42,
1340,
32,
4912,
13,
198,
2949,
284,
6964,
1424,
287,
290,
5068,
1634,
286,
674,
2351,
20604,
13,
198,
45677,
25500,
11864,
284,
2351,
20604,
13,
198,
2061,
257,
7932,
11941,
13,
198,
5956,
13012,
416,
308,
4029,
82,
2781,
319,
26223,
2758,
1467,
11,
3717,
642,
25,
1065,
9114,
11,
13012,
513,
1661,
287,
2472,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,593 |
THE HISTORY OF THE AREA
Before the Park’s inception.
Of the first black tribes to penetrate the northern Kalahari were the Kgalagadi who lived in comparative peace with the San. They were eventually out but the name gave the area was to remain. (Kalahari is derived from the Kgalagadi work Makgadikgadi, meaning saltpans or the great thirstland). The first white people entering the area came to trade with the Kalahari people, usually paying for their goods with livestock.
In 1891, the Park area as well as the area to the southwest presently known as The Mier, was annexed to British Bechuanaland. Approximately ten years later, just across the border, the Hottentots rebelled against the German colonial rule in South West Africa (Present-day Namibia). Although well inside British territory, German troops had set up a station at Groot Kolk to transmit messages to South West Africa. An enormous camel thorn tree served as an ideal lookout post but despite the Hottentots, under leader Captain Dirk Filander, attacked at daybreak killing the Germans as they rose from their beds. Unfortunately, the tree, still bearing horseshoes, which the Germans nailed to the trunk as a ladder, burnt down in a large veldfire in 1976. After World War 1 was over, Scottish born Rodger “Malkop” Jackson surveyed the region and a theoretical subdivision was made into farms of 10 200 and 12 800 hectares. Jackson named many of the farms after landmarks in homeland Scotland, most of which are still in use today as boreholes in the Park. Several white farmers settled as borehole caretakers along the Auob River and they stayed rent-free as long as the boreholes were kept in good repair.
Additional farms were allocated to more white farmers along the Auob and along the Nossob River. However, this is a harsh environment and neither these farmers nor their coloured counterparts, to whom the land was eventually given, could make a comfortable living. If not for the tsama melons, an essential plant in this semi-arid ecosystem, which in dry times are the principle source of water, many would not have survived. Under very dry conditions, even the tsamas disappear and only animals that are well adapted to the harsh conditions survive.
They therefore took to hunting and they, and biltong hunters from further a field, gradually denuded the game.
Only in the more remote reaches of the upper Nossob River was the balance of nature maintained, for here the San lived in harmony with animals and plants.
If this remarkable eco-system was to survive a conservation plan of action had to come into play……
A short history of the Park
A short history would give some perspective on the sequence of events that relate to the history of the farms. It is necessary to briefly underline the historic events and dates leading up to the proclamation of the park (in 1931) and the events that happened after the Park’s proclamation. These events had bearing on time frames and may suggest the origins of the structures along the Auob River, artefacts and ruins in the Park.
Before White settlements, or exploitation, of the Area now included in the Park, the land was part of the San people’s domain for hunting and gathering food. During the 19th century, explorers discovered that the riverbeds of the Auob and Nossob were easier to follow by wagon, than trying to cross the sand dunes. For years, no government claimed the land and the San were the only people residing here. One of the last and oldest sources on the times relating to that era is Regopstaan Kruiper who died in 1996 at the age of 96. Eventually the land became attached to the Cape Colony. The government, from 1897, began to survey the land and subdividing it into farms for White settlers.
In 1904, the authorities in German South West Africa (Namibia) sent soldiers to blockade the water holes in the Nossob and force Khoikhoi rebels into submission. Unfortunately for them, at Grootkolk, an entire German patrol was slaughtered. The White settlers were slow to take advantage of the newly surveyed farms and the Cape Government decided to give them to Coloured (“Basters”) farmers instead. The farms had names like KoKo, Kameelsleep, Kaspers Draai en Kwang.
In 1884, the Germans occupied South West Africa and it was during these years that Stoffel (Christoffel) le Riche first ventured into the Kalahari. In 1899, he and his wife Martie moved from Rietfontein, just south of the existing Park. In 1899 there first son Johannes and in 1904 their second son Joseph (Later known as Joep) was born.
With the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914, the (Union of) South Africa (n) Government drilled a series of boreholes along the Auob to provide their troops with water in case South Africa wanted to use corridor to invade South West Africa. Guards were recruited mainly from the local community and hired to protect and maintain the boreholes. They were permitted to settle next to the holes with their families and livestock. It was expected that they would live of the veld (with dire consequences to the environment). Because of lack of firewood and appropriate clay
To make bricks they erected timber frame structures as dwellings and stock shelters. Dwellings that are more permanent were erected with the locally abundant calcrete stone. None of the timber frame shelters were recorded and nothing remained. The only evidence of these times are the calcrete walls of circular cattle kraals, the foundations of square and rectangular huts and some larger multi roomed dwellings.
This corridor was never used to invade South West Africa and the borehole guards stayed on, largely forgotten by the authorities. Instead, the Government appointed a Scottish land surveyor Rodger “Malkop” Duke Jackson to survey the area and divide it into farms. About this time, six farms were purchased by the South African Government, but were not occupied before the Government decided that Coloured people should rather settle the region. The British Government, then already in control of Bechuanaland, had already settled Coulred people on the east bank of the Nossob between Rooiputs and its confluence with the Auob River (the ruins of an old dwelling is still located at Rooiputs).
Biltong hunters penetrated the area and by the late 1920s, several species were in danger of becoming extinct. Two conservationists invited the then Minister of Lands, Piet Grobler to inspect the region. Grobler piloted the National Parks Act through parliament and played a major role in the proclamation of Kruger National Park in 1926. By 1931, Piet Grobler had decided to proclaim the area between the Nossob River and the Auob River and the SWA Border a national park. Land was purchased south of the Park to resettle “Coloured” people and the borehole structures were abandoned. All but a few farms that had been sold by the Government were brought back and the Park was finally proclaimed in 1931.
Johannes le Riche (the son of a local trader Christoffel, Francois, Albertyn Le Riche), the first warden of the Park (and his family), settled at Gemsbok Plain (later referred to as Gemsbok plein) in a house, which had been abandoned by a borehole guard. From this point, onwards Le Riche and his assistant Gert Januarie became involved in the protection of wildlife in the area. For three years, they patrolled the Park on horseback. In 1934, the park experienced an exceptional rainy season and both the Nossob and Auob came down in flood. This was followed by an epidemic of malaria and both Le Riche and Januarie died of this illness. A few days later after their death Le Riche’s brother Joep was appointed ranger in his place.
In 1935, a row of farms along the southern bank of the Auob River was purchased by the Union Government to ensure that both banks of the river would have national conservation protection. Twee Rivieren was also bought to include the confluence of the rivers into the Park. The resulting jagged boundary was straightened through “give-and-take” between the Government and neighbouring farmers.
In 1935, a corrugated iron house was built for the Warden at Samevloeiing and shortly afterwards a brick house built at Twee Rivieren. Joep le Riche who was supposed to be appointed temporarily eventually stayed in the post for 36 years. He and his assistant Gert Mouton re-commissioned the old boreholes in the riverbeds in order to “persuade” the animals to remain in the Park instead of leaving the unfenced boundaries where they were poached and killed.
In 1938 the British Government proclaimed a new game reserve across the Nossob in what is today Botswana. Joep le Riche was put in charge. During World War 11
Poachers were short of bullets and game numbers increased dramatically. After the War, game fences were erected along the Park’s western and southern boundaries. The eastern boundary remained unfenced leaving this border open to animals that needed to migrate from east to west. From the 1950s, more emphasis was put in 1940 near the confluence of the Nossob and Auob.
The Botswana Gemsbok National Park was proclaimed in 1938 by what was then called Bechuanaland. Mabuasehube Game Reserve was added in 1971 and was incorporated into Gembok National Park in 1992.
Head: Field Guiding
Kgalagadi Transfrontier [email protected] | [
10970,
367,
42480,
3963,
3336,
15986,
32,
198,
8421,
262,
3250,
447,
247,
82,
30839,
13,
198,
5189,
262,
717,
2042,
15663,
284,
28302,
262,
7840,
12612,
993,
2743,
547,
262,
509,
13528,
363,
9189,
508,
5615,
287,
29270,
4167,
351,
262,
2986,
13,
1119,
547,
4191,
503,
475,
262,
1438,
2921,
262,
1989,
373,
284,
3520,
13,
357,
41428,
993,
2743,
318,
10944,
422,
262,
509,
13528,
363,
9189,
670,
15841,
70,
324,
1134,
70,
9189,
11,
3616,
8268,
79,
504,
393,
262,
1049,
24613,
1044,
737,
383,
717,
2330,
661,
8218,
262,
1989,
1625,
284,
3292,
351,
262,
12612,
993,
2743,
661,
11,
3221,
5989,
329,
511,
7017,
351,
24424,
13,
198,
818,
1248,
6420,
11,
262,
3250,
1989,
355,
880,
355,
262,
1989,
284,
262,
26283,
27606,
1900,
355,
383,
337,
959,
11,
373,
49181,
284,
3517,
1355,
354,
7258,
282,
392,
13,
40453,
3478,
812,
1568,
11,
655,
1973,
262,
4865,
11,
262,
367,
1252,
298,
1747,
3405,
11978,
1028,
262,
2679,
17091,
3896,
287,
2520,
2688,
5478,
357,
34695,
12,
820,
17871,
41145,
737,
4900,
880,
2641,
3517,
7674,
11,
2679,
6553,
550,
900,
510,
257,
4429,
379,
10299,
313,
509,
13597,
284,
21937,
6218,
284,
2520,
2688,
5478,
13,
1052,
9812,
41021,
38999,
5509,
4983,
355,
281,
7306,
40497,
1281,
475,
3805,
262,
367,
1252,
298,
1747,
11,
739,
3554,
8599,
42761,
7066,
4066,
11,
7384,
379,
1110,
9032,
5170,
262,
16064,
355,
484,
8278,
422,
511,
20237,
13,
8989,
11,
262,
5509,
11,
991,
14121,
45334,
5069,
3028,
11,
543,
262,
16064,
37708,
284,
262,
21427,
355,
257,
18002,
11,
22999,
866,
287,
257,
1588,
1569,
335,
6495,
287,
15408,
13,
2293,
2159,
1810,
352,
373,
625,
11,
11905,
4642,
6882,
1362,
564,
250,
44,
971,
404,
447,
251,
6612,
20840,
262,
3814,
290,
257,
16200,
29648,
373,
925,
656,
15893,
286,
838,
939,
290,
1105,
10460,
43025,
13,
6612,
3706,
867,
286,
262,
15893,
706,
41532,
287,
23184,
8838,
11,
749,
286,
543,
389,
991,
287,
779,
1909,
355,
18631,
28439,
287,
262,
3250,
13,
12168,
2330,
9818,
10282,
355,
18631,
13207,
1337,
83,
3979,
1863,
262,
40666,
672,
5866,
290,
484,
9658,
5602,
12,
5787,
355,
890,
355,
262,
18631,
28439,
547,
4030,
287,
922,
9185,
13,
198,
17699,
15893,
547,
19171,
284,
517,
2330,
9818,
1863,
262,
40666,
672,
290,
1863,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
5866,
13,
2102,
11,
428,
318,
257,
11859,
2858,
290,
6159,
777,
9818,
4249,
511,
34746,
16054,
11,
284,
4150,
262,
1956,
373,
4191,
1813,
11,
714,
787,
257,
6792,
2877,
13,
1002,
407,
329,
262,
256,
33843,
7758,
684,
11,
281,
6393,
4618,
287,
428,
10663,
12,
283,
312,
13187,
11,
543,
287,
5894,
1661,
389,
262,
7989,
2723,
286,
1660,
11,
867,
561,
407,
423,
11803,
13,
4698,
845,
5894,
3403,
11,
772,
262,
40379,
17485,
10921,
290,
691,
4695,
326,
389,
880,
16573,
284,
262,
11859,
3403,
7866,
13,
198,
2990,
4361,
1718,
284,
10988,
290,
484,
11,
290,
275,
2326,
506,
21490,
422,
2252,
257,
2214,
11,
11835,
2853,
19289,
262,
983,
13,
198,
10049,
287,
262,
517,
6569,
12229,
286,
262,
6727,
32798,
568,
65,
5866,
373,
262,
5236,
286,
3450,
9456,
11,
329,
994,
262,
2986,
5615,
287,
22471,
351,
4695,
290,
6134,
13,
198,
1532,
428,
11004,
34286,
12,
10057,
373,
284,
7866,
257,
14903,
1410,
286,
2223,
550,
284,
1282,
656,
711,
7398,
198,
32,
1790,
2106,
286,
262,
3250,
198,
32,
1790,
2106,
561,
1577,
617,
6650,
319,
262,
8379,
286,
2995,
326,
15124,
284,
262,
2106,
286,
262,
15893,
13,
632,
318,
3306,
284,
11589,
739,
1370,
262,
9566,
2995,
290,
9667,
3756,
510,
284,
262,
39862,
286,
262,
3952,
357,
259,
34625,
8,
290,
262,
2995,
326,
3022,
706,
262,
3250,
447,
247,
82,
39862,
13,
2312,
2995,
550,
14121,
319,
640,
13431,
290,
743,
1950,
262,
15587,
286,
262,
8573,
1863,
262,
40666,
672,
5866,
11,
46252,
37473,
290,
20073,
287,
262,
3250,
13,
198,
8421,
2635,
18573,
11,
393,
17238,
11,
286,
262,
9498,
783,
3017,
287,
262,
3250,
11,
262,
1956,
373,
636,
286,
262,
2986,
661,
447,
247,
82,
7386,
329,
10988,
290,
11228,
2057,
13,
5856,
262,
678,
400,
4289,
11,
45531,
5071,
326,
262,
7850,
3077,
82,
286,
262,
40666,
672,
290,
32798,
568,
65,
547,
4577,
284,
1061,
416,
31860,
11,
621,
2111,
284,
3272,
262,
6450,
288,
4015,
13,
1114,
812,
11,
645,
1230,
4752,
262,
1956,
290,
262,
2986,
547,
262,
691,
661,
35173,
994,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
938,
290,
13325,
4237,
319,
262,
1661,
11270,
284,
326,
6980,
318,
3310,
404,
301,
28340,
33909,
9346,
508,
3724,
287,
8235,
379,
262,
2479,
286,
9907,
13,
16178,
262,
1956,
2627,
7223,
284,
262,
15725,
34480,
13,
383,
1230,
11,
422,
49429,
11,
2540,
284,
5526,
262,
1956,
290,
850,
67,
1699,
278,
340,
656,
15893,
329,
2635,
25371,
13,
198,
818,
43785,
11,
262,
4773,
287,
2679,
2520,
2688,
5478,
357,
45,
321,
41145,
8,
1908,
5795,
284,
30974,
262,
1660,
10421,
287,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
290,
2700,
5311,
78,
1134,
8873,
72,
12669,
656,
14498,
13,
8989,
329,
606,
11,
379,
10299,
313,
74,
13597,
11,
281,
2104,
2679,
13969,
373,
33850,
13,
383,
2635,
25371,
547,
3105,
284,
1011,
4621,
286,
262,
8308,
20840,
15893,
290,
262,
15725,
5070,
3066,
284,
1577,
606,
284,
1623,
8167,
357,
447,
250,
33,
7060,
447,
251,
8,
9818,
2427,
13,
383,
15893,
550,
3891,
588,
17634,
48735,
11,
509,
480,
1424,
8892,
11,
509,
49412,
12458,
1872,
551,
31767,
648,
13,
198,
818,
1248,
5705,
11,
262,
16064,
12030,
2520,
2688,
5478,
290,
340,
373,
1141,
777,
812,
326,
520,
2364,
417,
357,
10684,
2364,
417,
8,
443,
371,
14234,
717,
44716,
656,
262,
12612,
993,
2743,
13,
554,
47465,
11,
339,
290,
465,
3656,
3981,
494,
3888,
422,
371,
1155,
69,
261,
22006,
11,
655,
5366,
286,
262,
4683,
3250,
13,
554,
47465,
612,
717,
3367,
38579,
290,
287,
43785,
511,
1218,
3367,
7212,
357,
18602,
1900,
355,
5302,
538,
8,
373,
4642,
13,
198,
3152,
262,
17645,
286,
2159,
1810,
352,
287,
26833,
11,
262,
357,
38176,
286,
8,
2520,
5478,
357,
77,
8,
5070,
34936,
257,
2168,
286,
18631,
28439,
1863,
262,
40666,
672,
284,
2148,
511,
6553,
351,
1660,
287,
1339,
2520,
5478,
2227,
284,
779,
20749,
284,
30419,
2520,
2688,
5478,
13,
28135,
547,
18774,
8384,
422,
262,
1957,
2055,
290,
9657,
284,
1805,
290,
5529,
262,
18631,
28439,
13,
1119,
547,
10431,
284,
12259,
1306,
284,
262,
10421,
351,
511,
4172,
290,
24424,
13,
632,
373,
2938,
326,
484,
561,
2107,
286,
262,
1569,
335,
357,
4480,
19958,
6948,
284,
262,
2858,
737,
4362,
286,
3092,
286,
2046,
3822,
290,
5035,
21558,
198,
2514,
787,
28902,
484,
28415,
30605,
5739,
8573,
355,
50078,
290,
4283,
23629,
13,
42979,
654,
326,
389,
517,
7748,
547,
28415,
351,
262,
15726,
23263,
2386,
38669,
7815,
13,
6045,
286,
262,
30605,
5739,
23629,
547,
6264,
290,
2147,
6150,
13,
383,
691,
2370,
286,
777,
1661,
389,
262,
2386,
38669,
7714,
286,
18620,
17025,
479,
430,
874,
11,
262,
19369,
286,
6616,
290,
36954,
289,
5500,
290,
617,
4025,
5021,
2119,
276,
50078,
13,
198,
1212,
20749,
373,
1239,
973,
284,
30419,
2520,
2688,
5478,
290,
262,
18631,
13207,
10942,
9658,
319,
11,
5688,
11564,
416,
262,
4773,
13,
5455,
11,
262,
5070,
9899,
257,
11905,
1956,
5526,
273,
6882,
1362,
564,
250,
44,
971,
404,
447,
251,
11083,
6612,
284,
5526,
262,
1989,
290,
14083,
340,
656,
15893,
13,
7994,
428,
640,
11,
2237,
15893,
547,
8155,
416,
262,
2520,
5510,
5070,
11,
475,
547,
407,
12030,
878,
262,
5070,
3066,
326,
1623,
8167,
661,
815,
2138,
12259,
262,
3814,
13,
383,
3517,
5070,
11,
788,
1541,
287,
1630,
286,
1355,
354,
7258,
282,
392,
11,
550,
1541,
10282,
27854,
445,
661,
319,
262,
7627,
3331,
286,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
1022,
371,
2238,
541,
5500,
290,
663,
1013,
23079,
351,
262,
40666,
672,
5866,
357,
1169,
20073,
286,
281,
1468,
26765,
318,
991,
5140,
379,
371,
2238,
541,
5500,
737,
198,
33,
2326,
506,
21490,
41847,
262,
1989,
290,
416,
262,
2739,
14062,
82,
11,
1811,
4693,
547,
287,
3514,
286,
5033,
28881,
13,
4930,
14903,
1023,
9392,
262,
788,
4139,
286,
24182,
11,
36548,
10299,
43400,
284,
10104,
262,
3814,
13,
10299,
43400,
5560,
5191,
262,
2351,
20604,
2191,
832,
8540,
290,
2826,
257,
1688,
2597,
287,
262,
39862,
286,
33909,
1362,
2351,
3250,
287,
38525,
13,
2750,
34625,
11,
36548,
10299,
43400,
550,
3066,
284,
23930,
262,
1989,
1022,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
5866,
290,
262,
40666,
672,
5866,
290,
262,
12672,
32,
15443,
257,
2260,
3952,
13,
6379,
373,
8155,
5366,
286,
262,
3250,
284,
581,
23570,
564,
250,
5216,
8167,
447,
251,
661,
290,
262,
18631,
13207,
8573,
547,
9958,
13,
1439,
475,
257,
1178,
15893,
326,
550,
587,
2702,
416,
262,
5070,
547,
3181,
736,
290,
262,
3250,
373,
3443,
25546,
287,
34625,
13,
198,
41,
1219,
1236,
274,
443,
371,
14234,
357,
1169,
3367,
286,
257,
1957,
31791,
1951,
2364,
417,
11,
40419,
11,
978,
527,
774,
77,
1004,
371,
14234,
828,
262,
717,
266,
5872,
286,
262,
3250,
357,
392,
465,
1641,
828,
10282,
379,
30196,
65,
482,
28847,
357,
36760,
6412,
284,
355,
30196,
65,
482,
3339,
259,
8,
287,
257,
2156,
11,
543,
550,
587,
9958,
416,
257,
18631,
13207,
4860,
13,
3574,
428,
966,
11,
31719,
1004,
371,
14234,
290,
465,
8796,
402,
861,
2365,
84,
49173,
2627,
2950,
287,
262,
4800,
286,
15599,
287,
262,
1989,
13,
1114,
1115,
812,
11,
484,
1458,
8375,
262,
3250,
319,
8223,
1891,
13,
554,
29300,
11,
262,
3952,
5924,
281,
15313,
37259,
1622,
290,
1111,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
290,
40666,
672,
1625,
866,
287,
6947,
13,
770,
373,
3940,
416,
281,
18195,
286,
33917,
290,
1111,
1004,
371,
14234,
290,
2365,
84,
49173,
3724,
286,
428,
8526,
13,
317,
1178,
1528,
1568,
706,
511,
1918,
1004,
371,
14234,
447,
247,
82,
3956,
5302,
538,
373,
9899,
43570,
287,
465,
1295,
13,
198,
818,
30704,
11,
257,
5752,
286,
15893,
1863,
262,
8372,
3331,
286,
262,
40666,
672,
5866,
373,
8155,
416,
262,
4479,
5070,
284,
4155,
326,
1111,
6341,
286,
262,
7850,
561,
423,
2260,
14903,
4800,
13,
24205,
68,
34686,
494,
918,
373,
635,
5839,
284,
2291,
262,
1013,
23079,
286,
262,
18180,
656,
262,
3250,
13,
383,
7186,
474,
14655,
18645,
373,
3892,
2945,
832,
564,
250,
26535,
12,
392,
12,
20657,
447,
251,
1022,
262,
5070,
290,
29272,
9818,
13,
198,
818,
30704,
11,
257,
1162,
2143,
515,
6953,
2156,
373,
3170,
329,
262,
38498,
379,
16766,
19279,
2577,
72,
278,
290,
8972,
12979,
257,
17214,
2156,
3170,
379,
24205,
68,
34686,
494,
918,
13,
5302,
538,
443,
371,
14234,
508,
373,
4385,
284,
307,
9899,
13413,
4191,
9658,
287,
262,
1281,
329,
4570,
812,
13,
679,
290,
465,
8796,
402,
861,
337,
448,
261,
302,
12,
785,
3411,
276,
262,
1468,
18631,
28439,
287,
262,
7850,
3077,
82,
287,
1502,
284,
564,
250,
19276,
84,
671,
447,
251,
262,
4695,
284,
3520,
287,
262,
3250,
2427,
286,
4305,
262,
3684,
5864,
13215,
810,
484,
547,
745,
2317,
290,
2923,
13,
198,
818,
28017,
262,
3517,
5070,
25546,
257,
649,
983,
11515,
1973,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
287,
644,
318,
1909,
40946,
49484,
13,
5302,
538,
443,
371,
14234,
373,
1234,
287,
3877,
13,
5856,
2159,
1810,
1367,
198,
18833,
17892,
547,
1790,
286,
16043,
290,
983,
3146,
3220,
12034,
13,
2293,
262,
1810,
11,
983,
35771,
547,
28415,
1863,
262,
3250,
447,
247,
82,
8830,
290,
8372,
13215,
13,
383,
10183,
18645,
6150,
3684,
5864,
4305,
428,
4865,
1280,
284,
4695,
326,
2622,
284,
32492,
422,
7627,
284,
7421,
13,
3574,
262,
11445,
82,
11,
517,
12476,
373,
1234,
287,
16236,
1474,
262,
1013,
23079,
286,
262,
32798,
568,
65,
290,
40666,
672,
13,
198,
464,
40946,
49484,
30196,
65,
482,
2351,
3250,
373,
25546,
287,
28017,
416,
644,
373,
788,
1444,
1355,
354,
7258,
282,
392,
13,
337,
397,
84,
589,
71,
3266,
3776,
12224,
373,
2087,
287,
16382,
290,
373,
16560,
656,
15669,
65,
482,
2351,
3250,
287,
9768,
13,
198,
13847,
25,
7663,
1962,
2530,
198,
42,
13528,
363,
9189,
3602,
8534,
959,
3250,
13881,
13,
11085,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,061 |
GOLDFIELD, Nev. — The Esmeralda County School District has adopted a policy that allows students to speak Spanish while riding the school bus, revoking a ban that was approved by its school board in October.
The prohibition on speaking Spanish had affected about a dozen students from a farming and ranching community in Esmeralda County, who are bused by the district to a high school in neighboring Nye County.
The district implemented the new policy — which states, “There is no general rule prohibiting Spanish on any of our buses” — after it received a letter from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
“The school district understands that students have a constitutional right to free speech,” said Gary Peck, executive director of the ACLU of Nevada. “Once the superintendent was informed that prohibiting students from speaking Spanish violated their rights, the school district was very willing to work out a policy that both encourages students to practice their English skills and allows them to speak their native language.”
On the bus ride that the students take to return to Esmeralda County, there is an academic period for the first 45 minutes in which the students are required to do homework, study or read. During this period, the district asks that all students practice their English skills.
Students who are more proficient in English may speak Spanish while assisting those whose English is more limited. Students who are developing their English skills will work with a tutor who rides with them.
The second 45-minute period of the evening ride is considered free time, and students may speak to one another in any language they choose. Students may also speak to each other in the language of their choice during the morning bus ride.
When communicating with the bus driver and tutors, the district asks that students speak in English or ask another student to interpret if necessary, because the bus driver and the tutors don't speak Spanish. | [
38,
3535,
8068,
49979,
11,
9873,
13,
851,
383,
8678,
647,
1940,
64,
3418,
3961,
5665,
468,
8197,
257,
2450,
326,
3578,
2444,
284,
2740,
7897,
981,
10311,
262,
1524,
1323,
11,
2710,
5730,
257,
3958,
326,
373,
6325,
416,
663,
1524,
3096,
287,
3267,
13,
198,
464,
19548,
319,
5486,
7897,
550,
5676,
546,
257,
8667,
2444,
422,
257,
16035,
290,
28752,
278,
2055,
287,
8678,
647,
1940,
64,
3418,
11,
508,
389,
1323,
276,
416,
262,
4783,
284,
257,
1029,
1524,
287,
19651,
399,
5948,
3418,
13,
198,
464,
4783,
9177,
262,
649,
2450,
851,
543,
2585,
11,
564,
250,
1858,
318,
645,
2276,
3896,
30363,
7897,
319,
597,
286,
674,
16893,
447,
251,
851,
706,
340,
2722,
257,
3850,
422,
262,
1605,
7511,
34226,
4479,
357,
2246,
41596,
737,
198,
447,
250,
464,
1524,
4783,
14759,
326,
2444,
423,
257,
9758,
826,
284,
1479,
4046,
11,
447,
251,
531,
10936,
48434,
11,
4640,
3437,
286,
262,
24381,
286,
12087,
13,
564,
250,
7454,
262,
32958,
373,
7981,
326,
30363,
2444,
422,
5486,
7897,
13998,
511,
2489,
11,
262,
1524,
4783,
373,
845,
4684,
284,
670,
503,
257,
2450,
326,
1111,
18656,
2444,
284,
3357,
511,
3594,
4678,
290,
3578,
606,
284,
2740,
511,
6868,
3303,
13,
447,
251,
198,
2202,
262,
1323,
6594,
326,
262,
2444,
1011,
284,
1441,
284,
8678,
647,
1940,
64,
3418,
11,
612,
318,
281,
8233,
2278,
329,
262,
717,
4153,
2431,
287,
543,
262,
2444,
389,
2672,
284,
466,
26131,
11,
2050,
393,
1100,
13,
5856,
428,
2278,
11,
262,
4783,
7893,
326,
477,
2444,
3357,
511,
3594,
4678,
13,
198,
28239,
508,
389,
517,
39318,
287,
3594,
743,
2740,
7897,
981,
26508,
883,
3025,
3594,
318,
517,
3614,
13,
14882,
508,
389,
5922,
511,
3594,
4678,
481,
670,
351,
257,
48680,
508,
17445,
351,
606,
13,
198,
464,
1218,
4153,
12,
11374,
2278,
286,
262,
6180,
6594,
318,
3177,
1479,
640,
11,
290,
2444,
743,
2740,
284,
530,
1194,
287,
597,
3303,
484,
3853,
13,
14882,
743,
635,
2740,
284,
1123,
584,
287,
262,
3303,
286,
511,
3572,
1141,
262,
3329,
1323,
6594,
13,
198,
2215,
22889,
351,
262,
1323,
4639,
290,
9732,
669,
11,
262,
4783,
7893,
326,
2444,
2740,
287,
3594,
393,
1265,
1194,
3710,
284,
6179,
611,
3306,
11,
780,
262,
1323,
4639,
290,
262,
9732,
669,
836,
470,
2740,
7897,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 395 |
Oct. 30, 1997 DALLAS, Oct. 21 - If more people would take an aspirin when they experience chest pain or other symptoms of a severe heart attack, 5,000 to 10,000 lives could be saved in the United States each year, according to an American Heart Association scientific statement published today in the association's journal Circulation.
"There is clear and conclusive evidence of the benefits of aspirin," says Charles Hennekens, M.D., one of three internationally recognized medical leaders on heart disease and stroke who authored the statement titled, "Aspirin as a Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Disease."
"It doesn't matter what brand, just as long as aspirin is used," says Hennekens, chief of preventive medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Individuals undergoing a heart attack should take a full tablet (325 milligrams) of aspirin to obtain a "rapid clinical effect," he adds. For those who have had a heart attack and want to prevent another one, "it appears that 50 to 100 milligrams a day or a commercial baby aspirin is sufficient." Aspirin prevents blood platelets from sticking together and forming blood clot masses. By blocking blood vessels, these clots can cause heart attacks and strokes.
The American Heart Association issued the statement, also authored by Mark L. Dyken, M.D., and Valentin Fuster, M.D., to guide physicians on the use of aspirin in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease, the nation's No. 1 killer. It also encourages more doctors to recommend aspirin to patients whom research studies have shown could benefit from this relatively inexpensive over-the-counter drug.
The association's statement calls for a wider use of aspirin than does the Food and Drug Administration. While the FDA has approved package labeling that points out that aspirin can help prevent another heart attack in individuals who have already survived one, the AHA recommends that aspirin be taken by anyone with atherosclerosis, regardless of whether he or she has had a heart attack. Atherosclerosis is the disease process that creates the obstructions in the blood vessels that can impair blood flow to the heart and brain, thus causing a heart attack or stroke. Blood vessels in the limbs, as well as to the heart and brain, are vulnerable to atherosclerosis.
Along with several other health organizations, the AHA has asked the FDA to expand its approved uses of aspirin.
Two studies in the past decade have revealed that 23 to 39 percent of heart attack survivors did not receive aspirin, despite its proven benefits. "We have a challenge to increase the use of aspirin in individuals having a heart attack as well as those who have a wide range of blood vessel, or vascular, diseases," says Hennekens.
The American Heart Association recommends that aspirin be taken when a heart attack occurs and to prevent repeat heart attack in survivors. Since heart attack survivors are at risk for stroke, taking an aspirin daily also can lower risk for suffering a "brain attack," the No. 1 cause of major disability in the United States.
Research studies have not clearly demonstrated aspirin's value in preventing heart attack and stroke in healthy people without cardiovascular disease. "Additional data are needed for complete assessment of aspirin's benefit-to-risk ratio in apparently healthy persons," says Hennekens.
In deciding whether to recommend aspirin to a patient, physicians should consider the patient's risk for cardiovascular disease, the benefits of aspirin and side effects. However, no one should regard aspirin as a substitute for a heart-healthy lifestyle that includes a low saturated-fat diet, regular physical activity and no cigarette smoking.
"Unfortunately in the United States people would rather pop a pill, than change their unhealthy lifestyles," says Hennekens. "Individuals should check with their doctors to determine whether they are candidates for aspirin and the dose they should take," he says. "Aspirin has the best benefit-to-risk ratio as well as benefit-to-cost ratio of any drug therapy for heart disease."
The American Heart Association does recommend that people who have not suffered a heart attack or stroke but who have experienced repeated episodes of unstable chest pain or mini-strokes (transient ischemic attacks) should take aspirin to reduce their risk for having a heart attack or stroke.
Individuals whose coronary arteries are obstructed by atherosclerosis and who undergo angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery to restore blood flow to the heart also should take aspirin, according to the statement.
In writing the scientific statement, Drs. Hennekens, Dyken and Fuster reviewed studies on the role of aspirin therapy. One such study, the Antiplatelet Trial Collaboration overview, which analyzed results of randomized trials of therapy to prevent platelets from accumulating in 54,000 individuals who were at high risk for heart disease, found aspirin therapy reduced by one-fourth the risk of subsequent non-fatal heart attacks and strokes.
Other studies, comparing other antiplatelet agents to aspirin showed that use of ticlopidine resulted in a 21 percent decrease in stroke over aspirin at three years. However, ticlopidine is more expensive and causes more side effects than aspirin.
Another study showed that clopidogrel used in people with heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease produced a slightly lower rate of death with no major differences in side effects than aspirin.
But the use of aspirin to prevent heart or stroke in those who are healthy remains less clear. In the U.S. Physician's Health Study, 22,071 physicians were given an alternate day dose of 325 milligrams of aspirin, resulting in a 44 percent reduction in the risk of first heart attack.
The findings for stroke and overall heart and stroke death rates were inconclusive, but raised the possibility of small increased risk of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain, says Hennekens.
A British trial among male physicians found no significant effects of aspirin, but the trial had only one-fourth the number of physicians as the U.S. trial. Combined, the two trials report a 32 percent reduction in the risk of heart attack by taking aspirin.
An ongoing trial of low dose 50 milligrams aspirin in 40,000 U.S. female health-care professionals -- the Women's Health Study -- will provide further information to develop a rational policy for recommending aspirin use in healthy people to prevent first heart attacks.
Dyken is professor of neurology, Indiana University; and Fuster, president-elect of the AHA, is professor of medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Heart Association.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
12349,
13,
1542,
11,
8309,
360,
7036,
1921,
11,
2556,
13,
2310,
532,
1002,
517,
661,
561,
1011,
281,
49550,
618,
484,
1998,
7721,
2356,
393,
584,
7460,
286,
257,
6049,
2612,
1368,
11,
642,
11,
830,
284,
838,
11,
830,
3160,
714,
307,
7448,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
1123,
614,
11,
1864,
284,
281,
1605,
8894,
5396,
5654,
2643,
3199,
1909,
287,
262,
8112,
338,
3989,
7672,
1741,
13,
198,
1,
1858,
318,
1598,
290,
39689,
2370,
286,
262,
4034,
286,
49550,
553,
1139,
7516,
6752,
710,
14972,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
530,
286,
1115,
19765,
8018,
3315,
2766,
319,
2612,
4369,
290,
14000,
508,
33941,
262,
2643,
11946,
11,
366,
1722,
4063,
259,
355,
257,
12634,
1758,
18089,
15906,
287,
5172,
19381,
17344,
526,
198,
1,
1026,
1595,
470,
2300,
644,
4508,
11,
655,
355,
890,
355,
49550,
318,
973,
553,
1139,
6752,
710,
14972,
11,
4039,
286,
37197,
9007,
379,
37434,
290,
6926,
338,
9256,
290,
6240,
286,
9007,
379,
11131,
8366,
3961,
13,
198,
35392,
82,
23247,
257,
2612,
1368,
815,
1011,
257,
1336,
14147,
357,
26582,
3939,
328,
9474,
8,
286,
49550,
284,
7330,
257,
366,
2416,
312,
8668,
1245,
553,
339,
6673,
13,
1114,
883,
508,
423,
550,
257,
2612,
1368,
290,
765,
284,
2948,
1194,
530,
11,
366,
270,
3568,
326,
2026,
284,
1802,
3939,
328,
9474,
257,
1110,
393,
257,
5068,
5156,
49550,
318,
6751,
526,
1081,
4063,
259,
15174,
2910,
7480,
5289,
422,
17274,
1978,
290,
14583,
2910,
5148,
14568,
13,
2750,
12013,
2910,
14891,
11,
777,
537,
1747,
460,
2728,
2612,
3434,
290,
29483,
13,
198,
464,
1605,
8894,
5396,
4884,
262,
2643,
11,
635,
33941,
416,
2940,
406,
13,
23524,
3464,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
290,
17284,
259,
376,
5819,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
284,
5698,
17206,
319,
262,
779,
286,
49550,
287,
262,
3513,
290,
14196,
286,
21134,
4369,
11,
262,
3277,
338,
1400,
13,
352,
11868,
13,
632,
635,
18656,
517,
7519,
284,
4313,
49550,
284,
3871,
4150,
2267,
3640,
423,
3402,
714,
4414,
422,
428,
5365,
24475,
625,
12,
1169,
12,
24588,
2563,
13,
198,
464,
8112,
338,
2643,
3848,
329,
257,
10595,
779,
286,
49550,
621,
857,
262,
7318,
290,
11095,
8694,
13,
2893,
262,
14672,
468,
6325,
5301,
27393,
326,
2173,
503,
326,
49550,
460,
1037,
2948,
1194,
2612,
1368,
287,
3925,
508,
423,
1541,
11803,
530,
11,
262,
317,
7801,
20829,
326,
49550,
307,
2077,
416,
2687,
351,
13366,
4951,
31399,
11,
7692,
286,
1771,
339,
393,
673,
468,
550,
257,
2612,
1368,
13,
27751,
4951,
31399,
318,
262,
4369,
1429,
326,
8075,
262,
26520,
507,
287,
262,
2910,
14891,
326,
460,
17253,
2910,
5202,
284,
262,
2612,
290,
3632,
11,
4145,
6666,
257,
2612,
1368,
393,
14000,
13,
7235,
14891,
287,
262,
21755,
11,
355,
880,
355,
284,
262,
2612,
290,
3632,
11,
389,
8826,
284,
13366,
4951,
31399,
13,
198,
24035,
351,
1811,
584,
1535,
5745,
11,
262,
317,
7801,
468,
1965,
262,
14672,
284,
4292,
663,
6325,
3544,
286,
49550,
13,
198,
7571,
3640,
287,
262,
1613,
5707,
423,
4602,
326,
2242,
284,
5014,
1411,
286,
2612,
1368,
13644,
750,
407,
3328,
49550,
11,
3805,
663,
9157,
4034,
13,
366,
1135,
423,
257,
4427,
284,
2620,
262,
779,
286,
49550,
287,
3925,
1719,
257,
2612,
1368,
355,
880,
355,
883,
508,
423,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
2910,
8837,
11,
393,
39495,
11,
10040,
553,
1139,
6752,
710,
14972,
13,
198,
464,
1605,
8894,
5396,
20829,
326,
49550,
307,
2077,
618,
257,
2612,
1368,
8833,
290,
284,
2948,
9585,
2612,
1368,
287,
13644,
13,
4619,
2612,
1368,
13644,
389,
379,
2526,
329,
14000,
11,
2263,
281,
49550,
4445,
635,
460,
2793,
2526,
329,
7195,
257,
366,
27825,
1368,
553,
262,
1400,
13,
352,
2728,
286,
1688,
14013,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
198,
25104,
3640,
423,
407,
4084,
9555,
49550,
338,
1988,
287,
12174,
2612,
1368,
290,
14000,
287,
5448,
661,
1231,
21134,
4369,
13,
366,
17699,
1366,
389,
2622,
329,
1844,
8922,
286,
49550,
338,
4414,
12,
1462,
12,
19121,
8064,
287,
5729,
5448,
6506,
553,
1139,
6752,
710,
14972,
13,
198,
818,
14615,
1771,
284,
4313,
49550,
284,
257,
5827,
11,
17206,
815,
2074,
262,
5827,
338,
2526,
329,
21134,
4369,
11,
262,
4034,
286,
49550,
290,
1735,
3048,
13,
2102,
11,
645,
530,
815,
2754,
49550,
355,
257,
15373,
329,
257,
2612,
12,
22796,
12263,
326,
3407,
257,
1877,
24725,
12,
17359,
5496,
11,
3218,
3518,
3842,
290,
645,
17779,
9216,
13,
198,
1,
13898,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
661,
561,
2138,
1461,
257,
9582,
11,
621,
1487,
511,
27942,
43644,
553,
1139,
6752,
710,
14972,
13,
366,
35392,
82,
815,
2198,
351,
511,
7519,
284,
5004,
1771,
484,
389,
5871,
329,
49550,
290,
262,
10742,
484,
815,
1011,
553,
339,
1139,
13,
366,
1722,
4063,
259,
468,
262,
1266,
4414,
12,
1462,
12,
19121,
8064,
355,
880,
355,
4414,
12,
1462,
12,
15805,
8064,
286,
597,
2563,
9102,
329,
2612,
4369,
526,
198,
464,
1605,
8894,
5396,
857,
4313,
326,
661,
508,
423,
407,
6989,
257,
2612,
1368,
393,
14000,
475,
508,
423,
5924,
5100,
8640,
286,
21354,
7721,
2356,
393,
9927,
12,
20661,
5209,
357,
7645,
1153,
318,
2395,
9383,
3434,
8,
815,
1011,
49550,
284,
4646,
511,
2526,
329,
1719,
257,
2612,
1368,
393,
14000,
13,
198,
35392,
82,
3025,
37151,
45894,
389,
909,
16242,
416,
13366,
4951,
31399,
290,
508,
17777,
3550,
14922,
75,
7833,
290,
37151,
17286,
8185,
284,
11169,
2910,
5202,
284,
262,
2612,
635,
815,
1011,
49550,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
2643,
13,
198,
818,
3597,
262,
5654,
2643,
11,
1583,
82,
13,
6752,
710,
14972,
11,
23524,
3464,
290,
376,
5819,
11765,
3640,
319,
262,
2597,
286,
49550,
9102,
13,
1881,
884,
2050,
11,
262,
12297,
6816,
1616,
21960,
37322,
341,
16700,
11,
543,
15475,
2482,
286,
23925,
9867,
286,
9102,
284,
2948,
7480,
5289,
422,
44657,
287,
7175,
11,
830,
3925,
508,
547,
379,
1029,
2526,
329,
2612,
4369,
11,
1043,
49550,
9102,
5322,
416,
530,
12,
49393,
262,
2526,
286,
8840,
1729,
12,
69,
10254,
2612,
3434,
290,
29483,
13,
198,
6395,
3640,
11,
14176,
584,
3098,
6816,
1616,
6554,
284,
49550,
3751,
326,
779,
286,
256,
291,
75,
404,
39422,
8724,
287,
257,
2310,
1411,
10070,
287,
14000,
625,
49550,
379,
1115,
812,
13,
2102,
11,
256,
291,
75,
404,
39422,
318,
517,
5789,
290,
5640,
517,
1735,
3048,
621,
49550,
13,
198,
6610,
2050,
3751,
326,
537,
404,
312,
519,
2411,
973,
287,
661,
351,
2612,
1368,
11,
14000,
290,
25514,
39495,
4369,
4635,
257,
4622,
2793,
2494,
286,
1918,
351,
645,
1688,
5400,
287,
1735,
3048,
621,
49550,
13,
198,
1537,
262,
779,
286,
49550,
284,
2948,
2612,
393,
14000,
287,
883,
508,
389,
5448,
3793,
1342,
1598,
13,
554,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
8687,
6749,
338,
3893,
12481,
11,
2534,
11,
2998,
16,
17206,
547,
1813,
281,
13527,
1110,
10742,
286,
29524,
3939,
328,
9474,
286,
49550,
11,
7186,
287,
257,
5846,
1411,
7741,
287,
262,
2526,
286,
717,
2612,
1368,
13,
198,
464,
6373,
329,
14000,
290,
4045,
2612,
290,
14000,
1918,
3965,
547,
15861,
5731,
11,
475,
4376,
262,
5885,
286,
1402,
3220,
2526,
286,
14000,
4073,
416,
16832,
287,
262,
3632,
11,
1139,
6752,
710,
14972,
13,
198,
32,
3517,
4473,
1871,
4257,
17206,
1043,
645,
2383,
3048,
286,
49550,
11,
475,
262,
4473,
550,
691,
530,
12,
49393,
262,
1271,
286,
17206,
355,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
4473,
13,
32028,
11,
262,
734,
9867,
989,
257,
3933,
1411,
7741,
287,
262,
2526,
286,
2612,
1368,
416,
2263,
49550,
13,
198,
2025,
7044,
4473,
286,
1877,
10742,
2026,
3939,
328,
9474,
49550,
287,
2319,
11,
830,
471,
13,
50,
13,
4048,
1535,
12,
6651,
11153,
1377,
262,
6926,
338,
3893,
12481,
1377,
481,
2148,
2252,
1321,
284,
1205,
257,
9377,
2450,
329,
34639,
49550,
779,
287,
5448,
661,
284,
2948,
717,
2612,
3434,
13,
198,
35,
88,
3464,
318,
6240,
286,
22356,
88,
11,
10278,
2059,
26,
290,
376,
5819,
11,
1893,
12,
9509,
286,
262,
317,
7801,
11,
318,
6240,
286,
9007,
11,
5628,
33745,
8366,
3337,
13,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
464,
2029,
1621,
318,
44362,
422,
5696,
2810,
416,
1605,
8894,
5396,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
24310,
743,
307,
13012,
329,
2695,
290,
4129,
13,
1114,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
2723,
9181,
2029,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,415 |
Nov. 30, 2000 PITTSBURGH, Nov. 27 – Using sophisticated techniques, University of Pittsburgh scientists have engineered perhaps the best gene therapy to date for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the catastrophic muscle wasting disease that strikes thousands of boys in the United States each year.
The research, conducted in animals and reported in the Nov. 28 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is remarkable on several fronts. The Pittsburgh team managed to whittle down the largest gene ever found (14 kilobases) and packaged its most important components (less than 4.2 kilobases) into the smallest – and arguably the safest – viral vector ever used for gene therapy.
With this work, the investigators demonstrated, for the first time, the minimal amount of the dystrophin gene needed to achieve functional muscle. The gene vector used was a genetically engineered form of adeno-associated virus, or AAV.
When injected into the calf muscles of mice unable to naturally produce the dystrophin protein, the “mini-gene” construct resulted in the expression of functional dystrophin protein in almost 90 percent of the muscle tissue treated. The dystrophin expression lasted at least one year – the duration of the experiments.
“Our research showed that we could introduce functional dystrophin into muscle tissue with AAV. This gives us great hope that we can use this gene therapy strategy in a larger animal model of DMD and eventually treat patients within several years,” said Xiao Xiao, Ph.D., assistant professor in the department of molecular genetics and biochemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. “We were excited to see that mice treated with the mini-dystrophin gene did not show evidence of muscle breakdown many months after treatment, and even after the treated mice exercised, as was seen in untreated mice that lack dystrophin.”
“With this work, Dr. Xiao and his laboratory have really taken the AAV vector to a new level in its application to the treatment of DMD,” said Joseph Glorioso, Ph.D., chairman of the department of molecular biochemistry and genetics at the University of Pittsburgh and vice president of the American Society of Gene Therapy. “At the same time, he has shown exactly what components of the dystrophin gene product are necessary for its localization and functional activity in muscle cell membranes. His design of a novel dystrophin mini-gene that both fits into this AAV and which corrects the dystrophin deficiency in the DMD mouse model is a significant achievement.”
The mini-gene AAV and a new technology recently developed in Dr. Xiao’s laboratory may also be applicable to other genetic disorders involving unusually large genes, according to the Pitt researchers.
Considered the most common genetic ailment, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, or DMD, is an X-linked disorder that strikes one of every 3,500 boys worldwide. It causes progressive muscle weakening and death, usually before age 20. No effective therapy exists for the disease.
In boys lacking dystrophin, muscles function abnormally, at first enlarging, then degenerating so that fat and scar tissue take over. Boys with DMD lose muscle function throughout their bodies, until either the heart or the muscles that control breathing are compromised to the point where they no longer sustain life.
“This news moves us one step closer to a cure and for now provides real hope to further help these boys,” said Ms. Pat Furlong, president of the Parent Project for Muscular Dystrophy Inc., which provided partial funding for this research.
Central to this research accomplishment was the work of Bing Wang, M.D., Ph.D., research associate, and Juan Li, M.D., senior research associate. Drs. Wang and Li treated DMD mice with one of three mini-gene constructs. Each mini-gene construct contained a truncated version of the full dystrophin gene. Based on investigations performed previously in other university laboratories, Dr. Xiao’s group selected certain sections of the dystrophin gene known to produce regions of the protein essential to its function. DMD mice treated with the mini-gene constructs showed evidence of stable, functional dystrophin, and their muscles did not degenerate, as typically is the case. Although all three mini-gene constructs were effective in terms of reducing signs of muscle regeneration, one mini-gene in particular was best at entering the greatest number of muscle cells.
Dystrophin plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of muscles located throughout the body. Within each muscle cell are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. Stacked on one another, the actin and myosin proteins move back and forth in a plane, thereby effecting muscle contraction. Dystrophin forms a bridge between the muscle cell membrane and each of these contractile bundles of actin and myosin. Like a spring, each dystrophin protein allows the actin and myosin to move smoothly and effectively, while they remain anchored to the cell’s interior.
By maintaining the muscle cells’ integrity, dystrophin also prevents muscle cells from becoming “leaky” to surrounding molecules. Muscle cells from DMD mice – and patients – show this increased “leakiness,” which eventually contributes to their demise and replacement with fat and scar tissue.
Dr. Xiao’s group truncated the dystrophin genetic sequence that codes for a long series of repeat units in the middle of the dystrophin protein. Dr. Xiao’s mini-gene construct effectively shortened the “spring” by removing some of the repeats within it. Even with much fewer repeat units, the protein’s function was nonetheless remarkably preserved. The “spring” apparently remained flexible enough to perform its function. The mini-dystrophin gene also contained structures for this series of repeats to remain anchored effectively on one end to the muscle cell membrane and on the other end to an actin filament.
For many years, adeno-associated viruses were virtually ignored by researchers because they mistakenly thought these tiny microbes failed to infect non-dividing cells and because they could only carry a small genetic payload. Yet, scientists are now quite excited by the biological properties of AAV, according to Dr. Xiao.
The AAV vector is considered ideal for clinical gene therapy for many reasons, according to Dr. Xiao. The virus from which the AAV vector is produced does not cause any diseases and is disabled so that it cannot reproduce. The AAV vector is easily manufactured and stable. It can be targeted to specific tissues and produces long-lasting gene expression. Moreover, it does not provoke an immune response against cells that it enters. This type of immune response has been seen in gene therapies using other virus types.
In a next step, Dr. Xiao’s laboratory will collaborate with other investigators in testing the AAV mini-gene construct in a dog model of DMD. Other research initiatives include developing the best ways at delivering the DMD mini-gene systemically, as opposed to performing localized injections.
In addition to the support from the Parent Project, this research also received grant support from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
The Parent Project is a national organization founded in 1996 and managed by parents whose children have Duchenne (du-shen) or Becker Muscular Dystrophy. The organization works in conjunction with the “Kids for Kids Project” to provide support, cutting-edge research, treatment and hope.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University Of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
20795,
13,
1542,
11,
4751,
49040,
4694,
38926,
17511,
11,
5267,
13,
2681,
784,
8554,
13767,
7605,
11,
2059,
286,
12767,
5519,
423,
23371,
3737,
262,
1266,
9779,
9102,
284,
3128,
329,
24165,
831,
710,
2629,
10440,
23524,
20661,
6883,
357,
35,
12740,
828,
262,
22694,
8280,
24430,
4369,
326,
8956,
4138,
286,
6510,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
1123,
614,
13,
198,
464,
2267,
11,
5952,
287,
4695,
290,
2098,
287,
262,
5267,
13,
2579,
2071,
286,
262,
30641,
286,
262,
2351,
8581,
286,
13473,
11,
318,
11004,
319,
1811,
29324,
13,
383,
12767,
1074,
5257,
284,
348,
1206,
866,
262,
4387,
9779,
1683,
1043,
357,
1415,
8769,
672,
1386,
8,
290,
25555,
663,
749,
1593,
6805,
357,
1203,
621,
604,
13,
17,
8769,
672,
1386,
8,
656,
262,
18197,
784,
290,
15242,
262,
33630,
784,
14416,
15879,
1683,
973,
329,
9779,
9102,
13,
198,
3152,
428,
670,
11,
262,
10093,
9555,
11,
329,
262,
717,
640,
11,
262,
10926,
2033,
286,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
9779,
2622,
284,
4620,
10345,
8280,
13,
383,
9779,
15879,
973,
373,
257,
20807,
23371,
1296,
286,
512,
23397,
12,
32852,
9471,
11,
393,
317,
10116,
13,
198,
2215,
25077,
656,
262,
31134,
12749,
286,
10693,
5906,
284,
8752,
4439,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
7532,
11,
262,
564,
250,
45313,
12,
70,
1734,
447,
251,
5678,
8724,
287,
262,
5408,
286,
10345,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
7532,
287,
2048,
4101,
1411,
286,
262,
8280,
10712,
5716,
13,
383,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
5408,
15436,
379,
1551,
530,
614,
784,
262,
9478,
286,
262,
10256,
13,
198,
447,
250,
5122,
2267,
3751,
326,
356,
714,
10400,
10345,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
656,
8280,
10712,
351,
317,
10116,
13,
770,
3607,
514,
1049,
2911,
326,
356,
460,
779,
428,
9779,
9102,
4811,
287,
257,
4025,
5044,
2746,
286,
360,
12740,
290,
4191,
2190,
3871,
1626,
1811,
812,
11,
447,
251,
531,
28249,
28249,
11,
1380,
13,
35,
1539,
8796,
6240,
287,
262,
5011,
286,
18955,
25862,
290,
3182,
37074,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
12767,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
547,
6568,
284,
766,
326,
10693,
5716,
351,
262,
9927,
12,
9892,
301,
10051,
259,
9779,
750,
407,
905,
2370,
286,
8280,
14608,
867,
1933,
706,
3513,
11,
290,
772,
706,
262,
5716,
10693,
25805,
11,
355,
373,
1775,
287,
41539,
10693,
326,
3092,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
13,
447,
251,
198,
447,
250,
3152,
428,
670,
11,
1583,
13,
28249,
290,
465,
14010,
423,
1107,
2077,
262,
317,
10116,
15879,
284,
257,
649,
1241,
287,
663,
3586,
284,
262,
3513,
286,
360,
12740,
11,
447,
251,
531,
7212,
2671,
273,
4267,
78,
11,
1380,
13,
35,
1539,
8900,
286,
262,
5011,
286,
18955,
3182,
37074,
290,
25862,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
12767,
290,
7927,
1893,
286,
262,
1605,
7023,
286,
13005,
30878,
13,
564,
250,
2953,
262,
976,
640,
11,
339,
468,
3402,
3446,
644,
6805,
286,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
9779,
1720,
389,
3306,
329,
663,
42842,
290,
10345,
3842,
287,
8280,
2685,
43447,
13,
2399,
1486,
286,
257,
5337,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
326,
1111,
11414,
656,
428,
317,
10116,
290,
543,
3376,
82,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
23580,
287,
262,
360,
12740,
10211,
2746,
318,
257,
2383,
13293,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
317,
10116,
290,
257,
649,
3037,
2904,
4166,
287,
1583,
13,
28249,
447,
247,
82,
14010,
743,
635,
307,
9723,
284,
584,
8513,
11916,
7411,
23708,
1588,
10812,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
10276,
4837,
13,
198,
9444,
3089,
262,
749,
2219,
8513,
31907,
434,
11,
24165,
831,
710,
2629,
10440,
23524,
20661,
6883,
11,
393,
360,
12740,
11,
318,
281,
1395,
12,
25614,
8967,
326,
8956,
530,
286,
790,
513,
11,
4059,
6510,
8688,
13,
632,
5640,
10393,
8280,
34992,
290,
1918,
11,
3221,
878,
2479,
1160,
13,
1400,
4050,
9102,
7160,
329,
262,
4369,
13,
198,
818,
6510,
14394,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
11,
12749,
2163,
42364,
453,
11,
379,
717,
26537,
278,
11,
788,
25419,
803,
523,
326,
3735,
290,
10153,
10712,
1011,
625,
13,
17528,
351,
360,
12740,
4425,
8280,
2163,
3690,
511,
5920,
11,
1566,
2035,
262,
2612,
393,
262,
12749,
326,
1630,
12704,
389,
19066,
284,
262,
966,
810,
484,
645,
2392,
8080,
1204,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1212,
1705,
6100,
514,
530,
2239,
5699,
284,
257,
13996,
290,
329,
783,
3769,
1103,
2911,
284,
2252,
1037,
777,
6510,
11,
447,
251,
531,
6997,
13,
3208,
376,
6371,
506,
11,
1893,
286,
262,
16774,
4935,
329,
2629,
10440,
23524,
20661,
6883,
3457,
1539,
543,
2810,
13027,
4918,
329,
428,
2267,
13,
198,
30645,
284,
428,
2267,
29340,
373,
262,
670,
286,
21631,
15233,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
1380,
13,
35,
1539,
2267,
11602,
11,
290,
16852,
7455,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
4664,
2267,
11602,
13,
1583,
82,
13,
15233,
290,
7455,
5716,
360,
12740,
10693,
351,
530,
286,
1115,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
34175,
13,
5501,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
5678,
7763,
257,
40122,
515,
2196,
286,
262,
1336,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
9779,
13,
13403,
319,
10986,
6157,
4271,
287,
584,
6403,
35650,
11,
1583,
13,
28249,
447,
247,
82,
1448,
6163,
1728,
9004,
286,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
9779,
1900,
284,
4439,
7652,
286,
262,
7532,
6393,
284,
663,
2163,
13,
360,
12740,
10693,
5716,
351,
262,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
34175,
3751,
2370,
286,
8245,
11,
10345,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
11,
290,
511,
12749,
750,
407,
25419,
378,
11,
355,
6032,
318,
262,
1339,
13,
4900,
477,
1115,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
34175,
547,
4050,
287,
2846,
286,
8868,
5895,
286,
8280,
27597,
11,
530,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
287,
1948,
373,
1266,
379,
8218,
262,
6000,
1271,
286,
8280,
4778,
13,
198,
35,
88,
301,
10051,
259,
5341,
257,
4688,
2597,
287,
10941,
262,
11540,
286,
12749,
5140,
3690,
262,
1767,
13,
12511,
1123,
8280,
2685,
389,
36344,
286,
719,
259,
290,
616,
418,
259,
1226,
12604,
13,
520,
6021,
319,
530,
1194,
11,
262,
719,
259,
290,
616,
418,
259,
15568,
1445,
736,
290,
6071,
287,
257,
6614,
11,
12839,
1245,
278,
8280,
36246,
13,
23524,
301,
10051,
259,
5107,
257,
7696,
1022,
262,
8280,
2685,
25019,
290,
1123,
286,
777,
2775,
576,
36344,
286,
719,
259,
290,
616,
418,
259,
13,
4525,
257,
6076,
11,
1123,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
7532,
3578,
262,
719,
259,
290,
616,
418,
259,
284,
1445,
21461,
290,
6840,
11,
981,
484,
3520,
39871,
284,
262,
2685,
447,
247,
82,
11087,
13,
198,
3886,
10941,
262,
8280,
4778,
447,
247,
11540,
11,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
635,
15174,
8280,
4778,
422,
5033,
564,
250,
293,
15492,
447,
251,
284,
7346,
17745,
13,
43683,
4778,
422,
360,
12740,
10693,
784,
290,
3871,
784,
905,
428,
3220,
564,
250,
293,
461,
1272,
11,
447,
251,
543,
4191,
22625,
284,
511,
25403,
290,
9014,
351,
3735,
290,
10153,
10712,
13,
198,
6187,
13,
28249,
447,
247,
82,
1448,
40122,
515,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
8513,
8379,
326,
12416,
329,
257,
890,
2168,
286,
9585,
4991,
287,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
20268,
301,
10051,
259,
7532,
13,
1583,
13,
28249,
447,
247,
82,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
5678,
6840,
34464,
262,
564,
250,
16469,
447,
251,
416,
10829,
617,
286,
262,
29819,
1626,
340,
13,
3412,
351,
881,
7380,
9585,
4991,
11,
262,
7532,
447,
247,
82,
2163,
373,
19018,
21196,
17232,
13,
383,
564,
250,
16469,
447,
251,
5729,
6150,
12846,
1576,
284,
1620,
663,
2163,
13,
383,
9927,
12,
9892,
301,
10051,
259,
9779,
635,
7763,
8573,
329,
428,
2168,
286,
29819,
284,
3520,
39871,
6840,
319,
530,
886,
284,
262,
8280,
2685,
25019,
290,
319,
262,
584,
886,
284,
281,
719,
259,
46538,
13,
198,
1890,
867,
812,
11,
512,
23397,
12,
32852,
20547,
547,
9826,
9514,
416,
4837,
780,
484,
33168,
1807,
777,
7009,
33712,
4054,
284,
7580,
1729,
12,
67,
1699,
278,
4778,
290,
780,
484,
714,
691,
3283,
257,
1402,
8513,
21437,
13,
6430,
11,
5519,
389,
783,
2407,
6568,
416,
262,
10685,
6608,
286,
317,
10116,
11,
1864,
284,
1583,
13,
28249,
13,
198,
464,
317,
10116,
15879,
318,
3177,
7306,
329,
8668,
9779,
9102,
329,
867,
3840,
11,
1864,
284,
1583,
13,
28249,
13,
383,
9471,
422,
543,
262,
317,
10116,
15879,
318,
4635,
857,
407,
2728,
597,
10040,
290,
318,
10058,
523,
326,
340,
2314,
22919,
13,
383,
317,
10116,
15879,
318,
3538,
15943,
290,
8245,
13,
632,
460,
307,
7977,
284,
2176,
21379,
290,
11073,
890,
12,
24810,
9779,
5408,
13,
10968,
11,
340,
857,
407,
29791,
281,
10900,
2882,
1028,
4778,
326,
340,
14170,
13,
770,
2099,
286,
10900,
2882,
468,
587,
1775,
287,
9779,
29596,
1262,
584,
9471,
3858,
13,
198,
818,
257,
1306,
2239,
11,
1583,
13,
28249,
447,
247,
82,
14010,
481,
30081,
351,
584,
10093,
287,
4856,
262,
317,
10116,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
5678,
287,
257,
3290,
2746,
286,
360,
12740,
13,
3819,
2267,
15446,
2291,
5922,
262,
1266,
2842,
379,
13630,
262,
360,
12740,
9927,
12,
70,
1734,
1080,
1146,
11,
355,
6886,
284,
9489,
36618,
35849,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
284,
262,
1104,
422,
262,
16774,
4935,
11,
428,
2267,
635,
2722,
7264,
1104,
422,
262,
2351,
5136,
286,
943,
34043,
290,
2629,
3129,
418,
365,
47293,
290,
17847,
39988,
13,
198,
464,
16774,
4935,
318,
257,
2260,
4009,
9393,
287,
8235,
290,
5257,
416,
3397,
3025,
1751,
423,
24165,
831,
710,
357,
646,
12,
82,
831,
8,
393,
40765,
2629,
10440,
23524,
20661,
6883,
13,
383,
4009,
2499,
287,
17856,
351,
262,
564,
250,
40229,
329,
17476,
4935,
447,
251,
284,
2148,
1104,
11,
7720,
12,
14907,
2267,
11,
3513,
290,
2911,
13,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
464,
2029,
1621,
318,
44362,
422,
5696,
2810,
416,
2059,
3226,
12767,
8366,
3337,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
24310,
743,
307,
13012,
329,
2695,
290,
4129,
13,
1114,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
2723,
9181,
2029,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,674 |
May 24, 2004 PROVIDENCE, R.I. -- Male bullfrogs communicate with other bullfrogs through calls made up of a series of croaks, some of which contain stutters, according to a new Brown University study which describes a pattern not previously identified in scientific literature.
Researchers recorded 2,536 calls from 32 male bullfrogs in natural chorus and analyzed the number of croaks in each call and the number of stutters in each croak. It is known that the male bullfrog's call attracts females for mating, maintains territorial boundaries with other males, and indicates that the frog is healthy and aggressive.
"Some animals have evolved large, complex vocabularies to communicate, while others say a lot with very limited numbers of calls," said Andrea Simmons, professor of psychology, who presented the findings at 75th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America Monday, May 24, 2004. "A fundamental question in the study of communication by sound is 'how much information can a sender convey in a single sound'?"
Within a single vocalization, the frogs exhibited a pattern of croaks with and without stutters that appeared to have a communication function and did not simply represent that a male was getting tired, Simmons said.
An acoustic analysis showed the stutters followed certain rules: 100 percent of the recorded calls began with a croak containing no stutters; when the frogs started stuttering they generally did so within a croak that contained one stutter only; when they increased or decreased stutters from croak-to-croak, they did so by only a single stutter.
Stuttering did not occur because a frog was "running out of breath," said the researchers. If that were the case, a less structured pattern of stutters would occur. More likely, the frog inserted stutters in the call to extend the length of his individual calls while reducing the amount of air exchange needed, similar to what occurs when opera singers insert vibrato in extended notes.
To determine how the frog's calls were perceived, researchers played pre-recorded stuttering and non-stuttering calls through a loudspeaker to individual males. The frogs appeared to use non-stuttered calls for aggressive or territorial purposes. Males produced the stuttered calls more frequently at certain points during the breeding season, indicating the stuttering may be involved in attracting a mate.
Simmons conducted the study with Dianne Suggs, a graduating senior in psychology, who used it as the basis of her undergraduate honors thesis. Suggs was supported by a grant through the Undergraduate Teaching and Research Assistantship (UTRA) program. Simmons' laboratory is supported by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
6747,
1987,
11,
5472,
36592,
2389,
18310,
11,
371,
13,
40,
13,
1377,
12674,
6473,
49956,
82,
10996,
351,
584,
6473,
49956,
82,
832,
3848,
925,
510,
286,
257,
2168,
286,
6763,
4730,
11,
617,
286,
543,
3994,
336,
46973,
11,
1864,
284,
257,
649,
4373,
2059,
2050,
543,
8477,
257,
3912,
407,
4271,
5174,
287,
5654,
9285,
13,
198,
25606,
6264,
362,
11,
44468,
3848,
422,
3933,
4257,
6473,
49956,
82,
287,
3288,
26441,
290,
15475,
262,
1271,
286,
6763,
4730,
287,
1123,
869,
290,
262,
1271,
286,
336,
46973,
287,
1123,
6763,
461,
13,
632,
318,
1900,
326,
262,
4257,
6473,
49956,
338,
869,
33174,
12366,
329,
31993,
11,
16047,
22414,
13215,
351,
584,
10835,
11,
290,
9217,
326,
262,
21264,
318,
5448,
290,
8361,
13,
198,
1,
4366,
4695,
423,
12572,
1588,
11,
3716,
12776,
397,
934,
444,
284,
10996,
11,
981,
1854,
910,
257,
1256,
351,
845,
3614,
3146,
286,
3848,
553,
531,
23174,
22553,
11,
6240,
286,
15119,
11,
508,
5545,
262,
6373,
379,
5441,
400,
3249,
286,
262,
4013,
23968,
605,
7023,
286,
2253,
3321,
11,
1737,
1987,
11,
5472,
13,
366,
32,
7531,
1808,
287,
262,
2050,
286,
6946,
416,
2128,
318,
705,
4919,
881,
1321,
460,
257,
29788,
13878,
287,
257,
2060,
2128,
6,
1701,
198,
22005,
257,
2060,
12435,
1634,
11,
262,
37475,
25212,
257,
3912,
286,
6763,
4730,
351,
290,
1231,
336,
46973,
326,
4120,
284,
423,
257,
6946,
2163,
290,
750,
407,
2391,
2380,
326,
257,
4257,
373,
1972,
10032,
11,
22553,
531,
13,
198,
2025,
26071,
3781,
3751,
262,
336,
46973,
3940,
1728,
3173,
25,
1802,
1411,
286,
262,
6264,
3848,
2540,
351,
257,
6763,
461,
7268,
645,
336,
46973,
26,
618,
262,
37475,
2067,
336,
33598,
484,
4143,
750,
523,
1626,
257,
6763,
461,
326,
7763,
530,
336,
10381,
691,
26,
618,
484,
3220,
393,
11832,
336,
46973,
422,
6763,
461,
12,
1462,
12,
19915,
461,
11,
484,
750,
523,
416,
691,
257,
2060,
336,
10381,
13,
198,
1273,
33598,
750,
407,
3051,
780,
257,
21264,
373,
366,
20270,
503,
286,
8033,
553,
531,
262,
4837,
13,
1002,
326,
547,
262,
1339,
11,
257,
1342,
20793,
3912,
286,
336,
46973,
561,
3051,
13,
3125,
1884,
11,
262,
21264,
18846,
336,
46973,
287,
262,
869,
284,
9117,
262,
4129,
286,
465,
1981,
3848,
981,
8868,
262,
2033,
286,
1633,
5163,
2622,
11,
2092,
284,
644,
8833,
618,
27296,
39113,
7550,
12611,
5549,
287,
7083,
4710,
13,
198,
2514,
5004,
703,
262,
21264,
338,
3848,
547,
11067,
11,
4837,
2826,
662,
12,
47398,
336,
33598,
290,
1729,
12,
301,
33598,
3848,
832,
257,
48792,
3110,
284,
1981,
10835,
13,
383,
37475,
4120,
284,
779,
1729,
12,
301,
46322,
3848,
329,
8361,
393,
22414,
4959,
13,
43404,
4635,
262,
336,
46322,
3848,
517,
6777,
379,
1728,
2173,
1141,
262,
18954,
1622,
11,
12739,
262,
336,
33598,
743,
307,
2950,
287,
25142,
257,
16133,
13,
198,
50,
8608,
684,
5952,
262,
2050,
351,
49197,
311,
6837,
82,
11,
257,
30024,
4664,
287,
15119,
11,
508,
973,
340,
355,
262,
4308,
286,
607,
22952,
25279,
21554,
13,
311,
6837,
82,
373,
4855,
416,
257,
7264,
832,
262,
4698,
17680,
38094,
290,
4992,
43627,
1187,
1056,
357,
3843,
3861,
8,
1430,
13,
22553,
6,
14010,
318,
4855,
416,
257,
2267,
7264,
422,
262,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
13,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
6425,
25,
24310,
743,
307,
13012,
329,
2695,
290,
4129,
13,
1114,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
262,
2723,
9181,
2029,
13,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 603 |
Mar. 1, 2005 Scientists have turned to the brightest brains in Britain in a bid to understand the link between intelligence and dementia.
A team of researchers from The University of Manchester will be asking members of the high-IQ society Mensa for DNA samples in what will be the world's most sophisticated study of brainpower.
The research will allow the team to find genes associated with intelligence and examine how they interact with each other.
"When you look at the genes in combination you reduce the statistical power of the research considerably," explained Dr Tony Payton, who works in the University's Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research (CIGMR) and is leading the research.
"Selecting individuals who represent the extreme end of the IQ distribution increases this power dramatically. For example, 200 volunteers with an IQ of 145 is equivalent to using 100,000 unselected volunteers."
The results of the Mensa research will complement data collected from an earlier University of Manchester study of some 2,500 elderly people that has taken place over the last 20 years.
That research has already uncovered two genes associated with general cognitive ability, while work elsewhere over the past eight years has identified a further 10 other `intelligence genes'.
"The study of intelligence is shrouded by historical, biological, ethical and descriptive complexities that have made a mockery of its intended definition `to reason and understand'," said Dr Payton.
"Although our understanding of the biological basis of intelligence is still at an early stage, a general consensus about the role genes play in determining the level of intelligence has now been reached.
"All of us possess the same genes but there are variations within the genes themselves, known as `polymorphisms', which are largely responsible for what makes us all unique.
"They have an important influence on factors such as our behaviour and susceptibility to disease and, of the genes implicated in intelligence, the associated polymorphism has been shown to alter the function of the gene."
Theoretically, the research with Mensa will be the most powerful approach to studies in this field ever adopted.
The study of 2,500 elderly people over 20 years has created the second largest DNA archive in the world - the Dyne Steele DNA bank - and is unique in that it assessed volunteers for changes in cognitive function.
"Combining this study with the Mensa research will take cognitive genetic research to an altogether new level and maintain The University of Manchester's position as a world leader in the field," said Dr Payton.
"Scientists are interested in intelligence genes because high intelligence protects against the onset of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease.
"A greater understanding of the role that genes play in regulating intelligence may help in the development of new diagnostic tests and more effective treatments designed to combat cognitive impairment in the elderly."
Mensa has more than 25,500 members in the United Kingdom and Ireland, all of whom have an IQ that is measured in the top 2% of the population.
The aim of the project is to initially recruit at least 1,000 members and investigate if there is a difference between their genetic polymorphisms and those found in average IQ individuals using the Dyne Steele DNA bank.
Most studies to date have only investigated single polymorphisms in single genes but given there are more than 33,000 human genes these approaches are incredibly expensive and time consuming.
Using cutting-edge technology, known as `Affymetrix Microarray', Dr Payton's team will be able to investigate more than 100,000 polymorphisms at a time and hope to identify many intelligence genes in a short time.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
7676,
13,
352,
11,
5075,
23782,
423,
2900,
284,
262,
33871,
14290,
287,
5491,
287,
257,
8406,
284,
1833,
262,
2792,
1022,
4430,
290,
27886,
13,
198,
32,
1074,
286,
4837,
422,
383,
2059,
286,
9502,
481,
307,
4737,
1866,
286,
262,
1029,
12,
33866,
3592,
43103,
64,
329,
7446,
8405,
287,
644,
481,
307,
262,
995,
338,
749,
13767,
2050,
286,
3632,
6477,
13,
198,
464,
2267,
481,
1249,
262,
1074,
284,
1064,
10812,
3917,
351,
4430,
290,
10716,
703,
484,
9427,
351,
1123,
584,
13,
198,
1,
2215,
345,
804,
379,
262,
10812,
287,
6087,
345,
4646,
262,
13905,
1176,
286,
262,
2267,
15394,
553,
4893,
1583,
8832,
49338,
11,
508,
2499,
287,
262,
2059,
338,
9072,
329,
35432,
5215,
10179,
8366,
4992,
357,
34,
3528,
13599,
8,
290,
318,
3756,
262,
2267,
13,
198,
1,
17563,
278,
3925,
508,
2380,
262,
3257,
886,
286,
262,
18248,
6082,
5732,
428,
1176,
12034,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
939,
11661,
351,
281,
18248,
286,
20299,
318,
7548,
284,
1262,
1802,
11,
830,
555,
34213,
11661,
526,
198,
464,
2482,
286,
262,
43103,
64,
2267,
481,
16829,
1366,
7723,
422,
281,
2961,
2059,
286,
9502,
2050,
286,
617,
362,
11,
4059,
13830,
661,
326,
468,
2077,
1295,
625,
262,
938,
1160,
812,
13,
198,
2504,
2267,
468,
1541,
18838,
734,
10812,
3917,
351,
2276,
10870,
2694,
11,
981,
670,
8057,
625,
262,
1613,
3624,
812,
468,
5174,
257,
2252,
838,
584,
4600,
32683,
10812,
4458,
198,
1,
464,
2050,
286,
4430,
318,
50197,
416,
6754,
11,
10685,
11,
15028,
290,
35644,
42292,
326,
423,
925,
257,
42935,
286,
663,
5292,
6770,
4600,
1462,
1738,
290,
1833,
40264,
531,
1583,
49338,
13,
198,
1,
7003,
674,
4547,
286,
262,
10685,
4308,
286,
4430,
318,
991,
379,
281,
1903,
3800,
11,
257,
2276,
11529,
546,
262,
2597,
10812,
711,
287,
13213,
262,
1241,
286,
4430,
468,
783,
587,
4251,
13,
198,
1,
3237,
286,
514,
8588,
262,
976,
10812,
475,
612,
389,
13991,
1626,
262,
10812,
2405,
11,
1900,
355,
4600,
35428,
24503,
6583,
3256,
543,
389,
5688,
4497,
329,
644,
1838,
514,
477,
3748,
13,
198,
1,
2990,
423,
281,
1593,
4588,
319,
5087,
884,
355,
674,
9172,
290,
43304,
284,
4369,
290,
11,
286,
262,
10812,
28344,
287,
4430,
11,
262,
3917,
34196,
1042,
468,
587,
3402,
284,
8343,
262,
2163,
286,
262,
9779,
526,
198,
464,
9997,
1146,
11,
262,
2267,
351,
43103,
64,
481,
307,
262,
749,
3665,
3164,
284,
3640,
287,
428,
2214,
1683,
8197,
13,
198,
464,
2050,
286,
362,
11,
4059,
13830,
661,
625,
1160,
812,
468,
2727,
262,
1218,
4387,
7446,
15424,
287,
262,
995,
532,
262,
23524,
710,
28549,
7446,
3331,
532,
290,
318,
3748,
287,
326,
340,
15276,
11661,
329,
2458,
287,
10870,
2163,
13,
198,
1,
20575,
3191,
428,
2050,
351,
262,
43103,
64,
2267,
481,
1011,
10870,
8513,
2267,
284,
281,
13318,
649,
1241,
290,
5529,
383,
2059,
286,
9502,
338,
2292,
355,
257,
995,
3554,
287,
262,
2214,
553,
531,
1583,
49338,
13,
198,
1,
29193,
389,
4609,
287,
4430,
10812,
780,
1029,
4430,
17289,
1028,
262,
21228,
286,
24251,
4448,
884,
355,
22434,
338,
4369,
13,
198,
1,
32,
3744,
4547,
286,
262,
2597,
326,
10812,
711,
287,
26379,
4430,
743,
1037,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
649,
23584,
5254,
290,
517,
4050,
13820,
3562,
284,
5249,
10870,
23992,
287,
262,
13830,
526,
198,
44,
641,
64,
468,
517,
621,
1679,
11,
4059,
1866,
287,
262,
1578,
7526,
290,
7517,
11,
477,
286,
4150,
423,
281,
18248,
326,
318,
8630,
287,
262,
1353,
362,
4,
286,
262,
3265,
13,
198,
464,
4031,
286,
262,
1628,
318,
284,
7317,
10960,
379,
1551,
352,
11,
830,
1866,
290,
9161,
611,
612,
318,
257,
3580,
1022,
511,
8513,
34196,
6583,
290,
883,
1043,
287,
2811,
18248,
3925,
1262,
262,
23524,
710,
28549,
7446,
3331,
13,
198,
6943,
3640,
284,
3128,
423,
691,
12565,
2060,
34196,
6583,
287,
2060,
10812,
475,
1813,
612,
389,
517,
621,
4747,
11,
830,
1692,
10812,
777,
10581,
389,
8131,
5789,
290,
640,
18587,
13,
198,
12814,
7720,
12,
14907,
3037,
11,
1900,
355,
4600,
35191,
88,
4164,
8609,
4527,
18747,
3256,
1583,
49338,
338,
1074,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
9161,
517,
621,
1802,
11,
830,
34196,
6583,
379,
257,
640,
290,
2911,
284,
5911,
867,
4430,
10812,
287,
257,
1790,
640,
13,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 749 |
Jan. 31, 2008 Drugs derived from cinchona bark, known as cinchona alkaloids, have been used in healing from ancient times. The most prominent representative of this group is quinine, a bitter substance contained in beverages such as tonic water and used in modern medicine to combat malaria. As early as 1945, Robert Burns Woodward and William von Eggers Doering (Harvard University) described how to synthesize quinine in the laboratory.
The last step of this “formal” total synthesis, a three-step reaction procedure previously described by Paul Rabe and Karl Kindler in 1918, has continued to be the subject of much controversy to this day. Aaron C. Smith and Robert M. Williams at Colorado State University (USA) have now successfully reproduced the Rabe–Kindler protocol. As described in an Angewandte Chemie article dedicated to Doering on his 90th birthday, they repeated the entire procedure without employing any modern methods.
Had they done it or not? That has been the question for decades. Woodward and Doering published the synthesis of d-quinotoxine in 1944. Based on the conversion of d-quinotoxine into quinine described by Rabe and Kindler in 1918, they claimed to have derived the total synthesis of quinine, though they had not actually completed this last step themselves before publishing. Their “formal” total synthesis was strongly challenged and was even dismissed as a “myth” by Gilbert Stork (Columbia University) in 2001.
“Quinine and the cinchona bark alkaloids play an important role in modern medicine. It is thus amazing that no attempts to reproduce the Rabe–Kindler conversion of quinotoxine into quinine have been published,” marvels Williams. Smith and Williams reviewed the old publications, researched further references, and set themselves the task of repeating the procedure outlined by Rabe and Kindler—and with techniques available at the time. Initially, the yield of quinine they obtained was far too low.
The key turned out to be the aluminum powder used as a reducing agent in the last step. It must not be too fresh, instead it must be exposed to air for a while first to produce a small amount of aluminum oxide. This results in yields of quinine in agreement with those in the old publications.
“Analytically pure quinine can be isolated from this reaction by the selective crystallization of the corresponding tartrate salt, just as described by Rabe in 1939,” says Williams. “We have thus corroborated Rabe and Kindler’s 1918 publication. Woodward and Doering could theoretically also have followed this procedure in 1944.”
Journal article: Rabe Rest in Peace: Confirmation of the Rabe-Kindler Conversion of d-Quinotoxine to Quinine: Experimental Affirmation of the Woodward-Doering Formal Total Synthesis of Quinine. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , doi: 10.1002/anie.200705421
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | [
12128,
13,
3261,
11,
3648,
26722,
10944,
422,
269,
8589,
4450,
21405,
11,
1900,
355,
269,
8589,
4450,
32915,
282,
10994,
11,
423,
587,
973,
287,
11516,
422,
6156,
1661,
13,
383,
749,
9208,
8852,
286,
428,
1448,
318,
627,
259,
500,
11,
257,
12922,
9136,
7763,
287,
24173,
884,
355,
5680,
291,
1660,
290,
973,
287,
3660,
9007,
284,
5249,
33917,
13,
1081,
1903,
355,
15761,
11,
5199,
23592,
40782,
290,
3977,
18042,
14562,
364,
2141,
1586,
357,
13587,
10187,
2059,
8,
3417,
703,
284,
24983,
1096,
627,
259,
500,
287,
262,
14010,
13,
198,
464,
938,
2239,
286,
428,
564,
250,
687,
282,
447,
251,
2472,
21263,
11,
257,
1115,
12,
9662,
6317,
8771,
4271,
3417,
416,
3362,
371,
11231,
290,
15415,
14927,
1754,
287,
25859,
11,
468,
3767,
284,
307,
262,
2426,
286,
881,
10386,
284,
428,
1110,
13,
12139,
327,
13,
4176,
290,
5199,
337,
13,
6484,
379,
7492,
1812,
2059,
357,
14053,
8,
423,
783,
7675,
31759,
262,
371,
11231,
1906,
35854,
1754,
8435,
13,
1081,
3417,
287,
281,
2895,
413,
392,
660,
12870,
494,
2708,
7256,
284,
2141,
1586,
319,
465,
4101,
400,
10955,
11,
484,
5100,
262,
2104,
8771,
1231,
26490,
597,
3660,
5050,
13,
198,
25383,
484,
1760,
340,
393,
407,
30,
1320,
468,
587,
262,
1808,
329,
4647,
13,
40782,
290,
2141,
1586,
3199,
262,
21263,
286,
288,
12,
21915,
313,
1140,
500,
287,
16994,
13,
13403,
319,
262,
11315,
286,
288,
12,
21915,
313,
1140,
500,
656,
627,
259,
500,
3417,
416,
371,
11231,
290,
14927,
1754,
287,
25859,
11,
484,
4752,
284,
423,
10944,
262,
2472,
21263,
286,
627,
259,
500,
11,
996,
484,
550,
407,
1682,
5668,
428,
938,
2239,
2405,
878,
12407,
13,
5334,
564,
250,
687,
282,
447,
251,
2472,
21263,
373,
7634,
12827,
290,
373,
772,
11126,
355,
257,
564,
250,
1820,
400,
447,
251,
416,
24023,
520,
967,
357,
36063,
544,
2059,
8,
287,
5878,
13,
198,
447,
250,
4507,
259,
500,
290,
262,
269,
8589,
4450,
21405,
32915,
282,
10994,
711,
281,
1593,
2597,
287,
3660,
9007,
13,
632,
318,
4145,
4998,
326,
645,
6370,
284,
22919,
262,
371,
11231,
1906,
35854,
1754,
11315,
286,
627,
259,
313,
1140,
500,
656,
627,
259,
500,
423,
587,
3199,
11,
447,
251,
22672,
82,
6484,
13,
4176,
290,
6484,
11765,
262,
1468,
16125,
11,
30066,
2252,
10288,
11,
290,
900,
2405,
262,
4876,
286,
20394,
262,
8771,
16493,
416,
371,
11231,
290,
14927,
1754,
960,
392,
351,
7605,
1695,
379,
262,
640,
13,
30900,
11,
262,
7800,
286,
627,
259,
500,
484,
6492,
373,
1290,
1165,
1877,
13,
198,
464,
1994,
2900,
503,
284,
307,
262,
15955,
11913,
973,
355,
257,
8868,
5797,
287,
262,
938,
2239,
13,
632,
1276,
407,
307,
1165,
4713,
11,
2427,
340,
1276,
307,
7362,
284,
1633,
329,
257,
981,
717,
284,
4439,
257,
1402,
2033,
286,
15955,
30788,
13,
770,
2482,
287,
19299,
286,
627,
259,
500,
287,
4381,
351,
883,
287,
262,
1468,
16125,
13,
198,
447,
250,
37702,
83,
1146,
5899,
627,
259,
500,
460,
307,
11557,
422,
428,
6317,
416,
262,
21792,
31578,
1634,
286,
262,
11188,
35842,
4873,
8268,
11,
655,
355,
3417,
416,
371,
11231,
287,
24414,
11,
447,
251,
1139,
6484,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
423,
4145,
30220,
515,
371,
11231,
290,
14927,
1754,
447,
247,
82,
25859,
9207,
13,
40782,
290,
2141,
1586,
714,
26787,
635,
423,
3940,
428,
8771,
287,
16994,
13,
447,
251,
198,
25296,
2708,
25,
371,
11231,
8324,
287,
12689,
25,
7326,
36241,
286,
262,
371,
11231,
12,
35854,
1754,
44101,
286,
288,
12,
4507,
259,
313,
1140,
500,
284,
29338,
500,
25,
32286,
6708,
36241,
286,
262,
40782,
12,
5211,
1586,
5178,
282,
7472,
26375,
8497,
286,
29338,
500,
13,
2895,
413,
392,
660,
12870,
494,
4037,
5061,
837,
23899,
25,
838,
13,
3064,
17,
14,
34166,
13,
2167,
2154,
4051,
2481,
198,
6395,
1919,
44007,
278,
290,
7373,
4899,
25,
198,
6425,
25,
1002,
645,
1772,
318,
1813,
11,
262,
2723,
318,
9181,
2427,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 670 |
Web edition: May 18, 2007
Posted May 18, 2007, this is the second of a two-part series.
Part I: "Childhood Vitamin D—A Dark Side?" is available here.
Asthma incidence has been rising among people of all ages, but especially children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, its prevalence among youngsters rose from 3.6 percent in 1980 to 6.2 percent in 1996. It's the third leading cause of hospitalization in U.S. children, and treatment costs for the potentially lethal disease now run some $3.2 billion a year. There are currently no preventive measures or cure. But two new studies suggest ensuring that children get plenty of the sunshine vitamin might limit its toll.
The idea that vitamin D might be helpful came to Carlos A. Camargo Jr., of the Harvard Medical School during a colleague's lecture. While looking at a U.S. map that displayed the geographical distributions of vitamin D deficiency and a cancer it's been linked to, he recalls, "I realized it also looked like a map of asthma."
His group had already been at work on a study probing for possible dietary links to asthma—such as low consumption of fish or antioxidants—among 1,194 Boston-area youngsters. But during the lecture, he says, the proverbial light bulb switched on.
He thought: Which segment of the population makes the least vitamin D? Answer: people in northern states such as Massachusetts, where, for much of the year, sunlight isn't strong enough to trigger the vitamin's production by skin. Who consumes the least vitamin D? Blacks, the same ethnic group that makes the least vitamin D, because their heavily pigmented skin screens out much of the ultraviolet light needed to trigger vitamin D production. Blacks also experience the highest rates of asthma.
Immediately following the lecture, Camargo decided to investigate vitamin D intake among the children his group had been studying. "And boom! There it was," he told Science News Online. Children with frequent bouts of wheeze—an early indicator of asthma—were far more likely to have had mothers whose vitamin D intake during pregnancy fell well below average.
Some members of Camargo's team worked with researchers in Scotland. After seeing the link in their Boston data, these scientists asked their colleagues at the University of Aberdeen to investigate whether a similar association existed in their data.
To their great surprise, Camargo says, the Scottish researchers turned up the same trend as seen in the Boston children. Both groups wrote up their findings and submitted them simultaneously to the same journal. Those papers both appeared in the March American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Why look at wheeze?
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by intermittent episodes of airway obstruction that lead to wheeze, cough, and shortness of breath.
Unfortunately, Camargo notes, "It's really difficult to diagnose asthma in very young children." They can't perform the diagnostic tests, such as one in which they deliberately breathe as hard and as long as they can into a machine. That's why physicians either put off a diagnosis until children become old enough to perform the exhalation tests—or offer a preliminary diagnosis on the basis of symptoms such as wheezing.
The Boston team used wheeze as a marker for potential asthma in the children it studied from birth through age 3. These kids came from middle-class homes and most of the mothers had a college education. Their average vitamin D intake during pregnancy was about 550 international units (IU) per day—above the 300 IU/day average for U.S. women. The highest intake—1,145 IU/day—was nearly 20 times as great as the lowest intake.
The researchers periodically asked moms to describe respiratory illnesses that their youngsters had recently experienced. The researchers categorized a child as potentially asthmatic if his or her parents had taken the child to a doctor at least once a year for some illness that involved wheezing.
"If you don't want to call this asthma, that's fine," Camargo says. "But we're telling people more and more that if they have recurrent wheezing, it might very well be asthma."
In the Boston study, a 100-IU increase in a mom's daily vitamin D intake during pregnancy corresponded to a 20 percent reduction in risk of recurrent wheezing events in her child. This held up whether that vitamin D had come from diet or from supplements. The researchers didn't have data on the children's sun exposure, so they don't know how much of the vitamin the kids' bodies made from sunlight. But young, middle-class children don't get much sun these days, Camargo notes, owing to their parents' propensity to slather them with sunscreen creams before letting them play outside.
In Scotland, Graham Devereux's team in Aberdeen collected data on a woman's diet during her eighth month of pregnancy. When the 1,200 children these researchers were following reached age 5, the team compared a mom's vitamin D intake with her child's history of wheeze-related respiratory illnesses. Here, too, moms whose pregnancy diets had been richest in the sunshine vitamin were least likely to have a child that experienced wheezing events.
In fact, their kids were only a third as likely to experience recurrent wheeze as were children whose moms' vitamin D intakes during pregnancy had been in the bottom 20 percent.
What's behind the benefit?
There's no way to know, from these epidemiological studies, what mechanism might make vitamin D protective against respiratory disease, Camargo says. However, he notes that a spate of recent studies have found that a deficiency in the vitamin appears to render people more susceptible to autoimmune disease (SN: 10/9/04, p. 232) and infections (SN: 11/11/06, p. 312). So, he speculates, any protection afforded by the vitamin may reflect some immune enhancement.
A study published about a year and a half ago offers further support to the idea that vitamin D is good for lung health. Its authors analyzed data collected from a representative sampling of 14,000 U.S. adults. Among these people, consumption of ample amounts of vitamin D was correlated with an individual's ability to breathe deeper and more easily. This trend held even for people suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see Breathing Easier with Vitamin D).
As for Camargo's group, they're going to continue studying their youngsters. By the time these children reach age 5, the Boston researchers may be able to validate whether the wheeze they're tallying now was indeed a marker for asthma risk in the low-D group.
Part I: "Childhood Vitamin D—A Dark Side?" is available at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070512/food.asp.
If you would like to comment on this Food for Thought, please see the blog version.
Carlos A. Camargo Jr.
Center for D-Receptor Activation Research
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
326 Cambridge Street, Suite 410
Boston, MA 02114
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
University of Aberdeen
Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZP
Raloff, J. 2007. Childhood vitamin DA dark side? Science News Online (May 12). Available at [Go to].
______. 2006. The antibiotic vitamin. Science News 170(Nov. 11):312-317. Available at [Go to].
______. 2005. Breathing easier with vitamin D. Science News Online (Dec. 17). Available at [Go to].
______. 2005. Vitamin D boosts calcium potency. Science News Online (Nov. 12). Available at [Go to].
______. 2005. Understanding vitamin D deficiency. Science News Online (April 30). Available at [Go to].
______. 2004. Vitamin D: What's enough? Science News 166(Oct. 16):248-249. Available at [Go to].
______. 2004. Vitamin boost. Science News 166(Oct. 9):232-233. Available at [Go to].
______. 2004. Should foods be fortified even more? Science News Online (Sept. 11). Available at [Go to].
______. 2001. Lead therapy won't help most kids. Science News 159(May 12):292. Available at [Go to].
______. 2001. Even low lead in kids has a high IQ cost. Science News 159(May 5):277. Available to subscribers at [Go to]. | [
13908,
8313,
25,
1737,
1248,
11,
4343,
198,
14231,
1737,
1248,
11,
4343,
11,
428,
318,
262,
1218,
286,
257,
734,
12,
3911,
2168,
13,
198,
7841,
314,
25,
366,
16424,
2894,
27533,
360,
960,
32,
3801,
12075,
1701,
318,
1695,
994,
13,
198,
33751,
21720,
18349,
468,
587,
7396,
1871,
661,
286,
477,
9337,
11,
475,
2592,
1751,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
11,
663,
16815,
1871,
33167,
8278,
422,
513,
13,
21,
1411,
287,
7169,
284,
718,
13,
17,
1411,
287,
8235,
13,
632,
338,
262,
2368,
3756,
2728,
286,
4436,
1634,
287,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1751,
11,
290,
3513,
3484,
329,
262,
6196,
17769,
4369,
783,
1057,
617,
720,
18,
13,
17,
2997,
257,
614,
13,
1318,
389,
3058,
645,
37197,
5260,
393,
13996,
13,
887,
734,
649,
3640,
1950,
13359,
326,
1751,
651,
6088,
286,
262,
34488,
14411,
1244,
4179,
663,
13592,
13,
198,
464,
2126,
326,
14411,
360,
1244,
307,
7613,
1625,
284,
17409,
317,
13,
7298,
9448,
7504,
1539,
286,
262,
11131,
8366,
3961,
1141,
257,
16008,
338,
19143,
13,
2893,
2045,
379,
257,
471,
13,
50,
13,
3975,
326,
9066,
262,
27465,
24570,
286,
14411,
360,
23580,
290,
257,
4890,
340,
338,
587,
6692,
284,
11,
339,
16865,
11,
366,
40,
6939,
340,
635,
3114,
588,
257,
3975,
286,
28438,
526,
198,
6653,
1448,
550,
1541,
587,
379,
670,
319,
257,
2050,
41034,
329,
1744,
15429,
6117,
284,
28438,
960,
10508,
355,
1877,
7327,
286,
5916,
393,
49148,
960,
35131,
352,
11,
22913,
6182,
12,
20337,
33167,
13,
887,
1141,
262,
19143,
11,
339,
1139,
11,
262,
47327,
1657,
28287,
15293,
319,
13,
198,
1544,
1807,
25,
9022,
10618,
286,
262,
3265,
1838,
262,
1551,
14411,
360,
30,
23998,
25,
661,
287,
7840,
2585,
884,
355,
10140,
11,
810,
11,
329,
881,
286,
262,
614,
11,
19606,
2125,
470,
1913,
1576,
284,
7616,
262,
14411,
338,
3227,
416,
4168,
13,
5338,
37225,
262,
1551,
14411,
360,
30,
27875,
11,
262,
976,
9450,
1448,
326,
1838,
262,
1551,
14411,
360,
11,
780,
511,
7272,
12967,
12061,
4168,
8947,
503,
881,
286,
262,
49961,
1657,
2622,
284,
7616,
14411,
360,
3227,
13,
27875,
635,
1998,
262,
4511,
3965,
286,
28438,
13,
198,
3546,
23802,
1708,
262,
19143,
11,
7298,
9448,
3066,
284,
9161,
14411,
360,
10337,
1871,
262,
1751,
465,
1448,
550,
587,
11065,
13,
366,
1870,
14166,
0,
1318,
340,
373,
553,
339,
1297,
5800,
3000,
7467,
13,
8990,
351,
10792,
41764,
286,
483,
68,
2736,
960,
272,
1903,
16916,
286,
28438,
960,
22474,
1290,
517,
1884,
284,
423,
550,
12289,
3025,
14411,
360,
10337,
1141,
10241,
3214,
880,
2174,
2811,
13,
198,
4366,
1866,
286,
7298,
9448,
338,
1074,
3111,
351,
4837,
287,
8838,
13,
2293,
4379,
262,
2792,
287,
511,
6182,
1366,
11,
777,
5519,
1965,
511,
7810,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
44985,
284,
9161,
1771,
257,
2092,
8112,
11196,
287,
511,
1366,
13,
198,
2514,
511,
1049,
5975,
11,
7298,
9448,
1139,
11,
262,
11905,
4837,
2900,
510,
262,
976,
5182,
355,
1775,
287,
262,
6182,
1751,
13,
5747,
2628,
2630,
510,
511,
6373,
290,
8948,
606,
11640,
284,
262,
976,
3989,
13,
5845,
9473,
1111,
4120,
287,
262,
2805,
1605,
4913,
286,
21234,
23285,
13,
198,
5195,
804,
379,
483,
68,
2736,
30,
198,
33751,
21720,
318,
257,
10726,
12317,
4369,
16264,
416,
38361,
8640,
286,
1633,
1014,
28118,
326,
1085,
284,
483,
68,
2736,
11,
22094,
11,
290,
1790,
1108,
286,
8033,
13,
198,
13898,
11,
7298,
9448,
4710,
11,
366,
1026,
338,
1107,
2408,
284,
37489,
28438,
287,
845,
1862,
1751,
526,
1119,
460,
470,
1620,
262,
23584,
5254,
11,
884,
355,
530,
287,
543,
484,
14593,
18044,
355,
1327,
290,
355,
890,
355,
484,
460,
656,
257,
4572,
13,
1320,
338,
1521,
17206,
2035,
1234,
572,
257,
13669,
1566,
1751,
1716,
1468,
1576,
284,
1620,
262,
409,
14201,
341,
5254,
960,
273,
2897,
257,
15223,
13669,
319,
262,
4308,
286,
7460,
884,
355,
483,
8471,
278,
13,
198,
464,
6182,
1074,
973,
483,
68,
2736,
355,
257,
18364,
329,
2785,
28438,
287,
262,
1751,
340,
9713,
422,
4082,
832,
2479,
513,
13,
2312,
3988,
1625,
422,
3504,
12,
4871,
5682,
290,
749,
286,
262,
12289,
550,
257,
4152,
3707,
13,
5334,
2811,
14411,
360,
10337,
1141,
10241,
373,
546,
25240,
3230,
4991,
357,
44958,
8,
583,
1110,
960,
29370,
262,
5867,
42564,
14,
820,
2811,
329,
471,
13,
50,
13,
1466,
13,
383,
4511,
10337,
960,
16,
11,
18781,
42564,
14,
820,
960,
9776,
3016,
1160,
1661,
355,
1049,
355,
262,
9016,
10337,
13,
198,
464,
4837,
26034,
1965,
34015,
284,
6901,
22949,
24024,
326,
511,
33167,
550,
2904,
5924,
13,
383,
4837,
37661,
257,
1200,
355,
6196,
6468,
71,
13849,
611,
465,
393,
607,
3397,
550,
2077,
262,
1200,
284,
257,
6253,
379,
1551,
1752,
257,
614,
329,
617,
8526,
326,
2950,
483,
8471,
278,
13,
198,
1,
1532,
345,
836,
470,
765,
284,
869,
428,
28438,
11,
326,
338,
3734,
553,
7298,
9448,
1139,
13,
366,
1537,
356,
821,
5149,
661,
517,
290,
517,
326,
611,
484,
423,
42465,
483,
8471,
278,
11,
340,
1244,
845,
880,
307,
28438,
526,
198,
818,
262,
6182,
2050,
11,
257,
1802,
12,
44958,
2620,
287,
257,
1995,
338,
4445,
14411,
360,
10337,
1141,
10241,
6053,
276,
284,
257,
1160,
1411,
7741,
287,
2526,
286,
42465,
483,
8471,
278,
2995,
287,
607,
1200,
13,
770,
2714,
510,
1771,
326,
14411,
360,
550,
1282,
422,
5496,
393,
422,
20864,
13,
383,
4837,
1422,
470,
423,
1366,
319,
262,
1751,
338,
4252,
7111,
11,
523,
484,
836,
470,
760,
703,
881,
286,
262,
14411,
262,
3988,
6,
5920,
925,
422,
19606,
13,
887,
1862,
11,
3504,
12,
4871,
1751,
836,
470,
651,
881,
4252,
777,
1528,
11,
7298,
9448,
4710,
11,
27120,
284,
511,
3397,
6,
41121,
284,
1017,
1032,
606,
351,
44221,
1126,
4105,
878,
9616,
606,
711,
2354,
13,
198,
818,
8838,
11,
11520,
1024,
4119,
2821,
338,
1074,
287,
44985,
7723,
1366,
319,
257,
2415,
338,
5496,
1141,
607,
16974,
1227,
286,
10241,
13,
1649,
262,
352,
11,
2167,
1751,
777,
4837,
547,
1708,
4251,
2479,
642,
11,
262,
1074,
3688,
257,
1995,
338,
14411,
360,
10337,
351,
607,
1200,
338,
2106,
286,
483,
68,
2736,
12,
5363,
22949,
24024,
13,
3423,
11,
1165,
11,
34015,
3025,
10241,
18977,
550,
587,
24348,
287,
262,
34488,
14411,
547,
1551,
1884,
284,
423,
257,
1200,
326,
5924,
483,
8471,
278,
2995,
13,
198,
818,
1109,
11,
511,
3988,
547,
691,
257,
2368,
355,
1884,
284,
1998,
42465,
483,
68,
2736,
355,
547,
1751,
3025,
34015,
6,
14411,
360,
42219,
1141,
10241,
550,
587,
287,
262,
4220,
1160,
1411,
13,
198,
2061,
338,
2157,
262,
4414,
30,
198,
1858,
338,
645,
835,
284,
760,
11,
422,
777,
24574,
15071,
3640,
11,
644,
9030,
1244,
787,
14411,
360,
14153,
1028,
22949,
4369,
11,
7298,
9448,
1139,
13,
2102,
11,
339,
4710,
326,
257,
48831,
286,
2274,
3640,
423,
1043,
326,
257,
23580,
287,
262,
14411,
3568,
284,
8543,
661,
517,
22084,
284,
46938,
4369,
357,
15571,
25,
838,
14,
24,
14,
3023,
11,
279,
13,
31773,
8,
290,
16079,
357,
15571,
25,
1367,
14,
1157,
14,
3312,
11,
279,
13,
34465,
737,
1406,
11,
339,
1020,
15968,
11,
597,
4800,
28109,
416,
262,
14411,
743,
4079,
617,
10900,
28554,
13,
198,
32,
2050,
3199,
546,
257,
614,
290,
257,
2063,
2084,
4394,
2252,
1104,
284,
262,
2126,
326,
14411,
360,
318,
922,
329,
12317,
1535,
13,
6363,
7035,
15475,
1366,
7723,
422,
257,
8852,
19232,
286,
1478,
11,
830,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6490,
13,
9754,
777,
661,
11,
7327,
286,
23933,
6867,
286,
14411,
360,
373,
23551,
351,
281,
1981,
338,
2694,
284,
18044,
9211,
290,
517,
3538,
13,
770,
5182,
2714,
772,
329,
661,
7195,
422,
10726,
26520,
425,
45105,
4369,
357,
3826,
40285,
722,
38647,
959,
351,
27533,
360,
737,
198,
1722,
329,
7298,
9448,
338,
1448,
11,
484,
821,
1016,
284,
2555,
11065,
511,
33167,
13,
2750,
262,
640,
777,
1751,
3151,
2479,
642,
11,
262,
6182,
4837,
743,
307,
1498,
284,
26571,
1771,
262,
483,
68,
2736,
484,
821,
26767,
278,
783,
373,
5600,
257,
18364,
329,
28438,
2526,
287,
262,
1877,
12,
35,
1448,
13,
198,
7841,
314,
25,
366,
16424,
2894,
27533,
360,
960,
32,
3801,
12075,
1701,
318,
1695,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
36216,
12685,
268,
15515,
13,
2398,
14,
26845,
14,
2167,
2154,
25836,
14,
19425,
13,
5126,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
561,
588,
284,
2912,
319,
428,
7318,
329,
27522,
11,
3387,
766,
262,
4130,
2196,
13,
198,
26886,
418,
317,
13,
7298,
9448,
7504,
13,
198,
23656,
329,
360,
12,
3041,
49492,
13144,
341,
4992,
198,
20273,
9770,
3611,
9256,
198,
13587,
10187,
8366,
3961,
198,
39195,
14457,
3530,
11,
26264,
32921,
198,
31710,
11,
8779,
7816,
16562,
198,
36261,
286,
13272,
290,
15227,
864,
11558,
198,
21009,
286,
44985,
198,
32,
527,
39060,
11,
8838,
9564,
1495,
362,
57,
47,
198,
49,
282,
2364,
11,
449,
13,
4343,
13,
40992,
14411,
17051,
3223,
1735,
30,
5800,
3000,
7467,
357,
6747,
1105,
737,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
4793,
13,
383,
29883,
14411,
13,
5800,
3000,
16677,
7,
20795,
13,
1367,
2599,
27970,
12,
34125,
13,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5075,
13,
40285,
722,
4577,
351,
14411,
360,
13,
5800,
3000,
7467,
357,
10707,
13,
1596,
737,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5075,
13,
27533,
360,
31822,
19700,
35950,
13,
5800,
3000,
7467,
357,
20795,
13,
1105,
737,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5075,
13,
28491,
14411,
360,
23580,
13,
5800,
3000,
7467,
357,
16784,
1542,
737,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5472,
13,
27533,
360,
25,
1867,
338,
1576,
30,
5800,
3000,
26753,
7,
12349,
13,
1467,
2599,
23045,
12,
21626,
13,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5472,
13,
27533,
5750,
13,
5800,
3000,
26753,
7,
12349,
13,
860,
2599,
24339,
12,
25429,
13,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5472,
13,
10358,
9013,
307,
40479,
772,
517,
30,
5800,
3000,
7467,
357,
14635,
13,
1367,
737,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5878,
13,
20116,
9102,
1839,
470,
1037,
749,
3988,
13,
5800,
3000,
26422,
7,
6747,
1105,
2599,
32759,
13,
14898,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
198,
25947,
13,
5878,
13,
3412,
1877,
1085,
287,
3988,
468,
257,
1029,
18248,
1575,
13,
5800,
3000,
26422,
7,
6747,
642,
2599,
27019,
13,
14898,
284,
18327,
379,
685,
5247,
284,
4083,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,770 |
Antimatter came about as a solution to the fact that the equation describing a free particle in motion (the relativistic relation between energy, momentum and mass) has not only positive energy solutions, but negative ones as well! If this were true, nothing would stop a particle from falling down to infinite negative energy states, emitting an infinite amount of energy in the process--something which does not happen. In 1928, Paul Dirac postulated the existence of positively charged electrons. The result was an equation describing both matter and antimatter in terms of quantum fields. This work was a truly historic triumph, because it was experimentally confirmed and it inaugurated a new way of thinking about particles and fields.
In 1932, Carl Anderson discovered the positron while measuring cosmic rays in a Wilson chamber experiment. In 1955 at the Berkeley Bevatron, Emilio Segre, Owen Chamberlain, Clyde Wiegand and Thomas Ypsilantis discovered the antiproton. And in 1995 at CERN, scientists synthesized anti-hydrogen atoms for the first time.
When a particle and its anti-particle collide, they annihilate into energy, which is carried by "force messenger" particles that can subsequently decay into other particles. For example, when a proton and anti-proton annihilate at high energies, a top-anti-top quark pair can be created!
An intriguing puzzle arises when we consider that the laws of physics treat matter and antimatter almost symmetrically. Why then don't we have encounters with anti-people made of anti-atoms? Why is it that the stars, dust and everything else we observe is made of matter? If the cosmos began with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, where is the antimatter?
Experimentally, the absence of annihilation radiation from the Virgo cluster shows that little antimatter can be found within ~20 Megaparsecs (Mpc), the typical size of galactic clusters. Even so, a rich program of searches for antimatter in cosmic radiation exists. Among others, results form the High-Energy Antimatter Telescope, a balloon cosmic ray experiment, as well as those from 100 hours worth of data from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer aboard NASA's Space Shuttle, support the matter dominance in our Universe. Results from NASA's orbiting Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , however, are uncovering what might be clouds and fountains of antimatter in the Galactic Center.
We stated that there is an approximate symmetry between matter and antimatter. The small asymmetry is thought to be at least partly responsible for the fact that matter outlives antimatter in our universe. Recently both the NA48 experiment at CERN and the KTeV experiment at Fermilab have directly measured this asymmetry with enough precision to establish it. And a number of experiments, including the BaBar experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Belle at KEK in Japan, will confront the same question in different particle systems.
Antimatter at lower energies is used in Positron Emission Tomography (see this PET image of the brain).
But antimatter has captured public interest mainly as fuel for the fictional starship Enterprise on Star Trek.
In fact, NASA is paying attention to antimatter as a possible fuel for interstellar propulsion. At Penn State
University, the Antimatter Space Propulsion group is addressing the challenge of using antimatter
annihilation as source of energy for propulsion. See you on Mars?
Answer originally posted October 18, 1999 | [
13217,
320,
1436,
1625,
546,
355,
257,
4610,
284,
262,
1109,
326,
262,
16022,
12059,
257,
1479,
18758,
287,
6268,
357,
1169,
48993,
452,
2569,
8695,
1022,
2568,
11,
12858,
290,
2347,
8,
468,
407,
691,
3967,
2568,
8136,
11,
475,
4633,
3392,
355,
880,
0,
1002,
428,
547,
2081,
11,
2147,
561,
2245,
257,
18758,
422,
7463,
866,
284,
15541,
4633,
2568,
2585,
11,
48143,
281,
15541,
2033,
286,
2568,
287,
262,
1429,
438,
18927,
543,
857,
407,
1645,
13,
554,
35768,
11,
3362,
36202,
330,
1281,
4817,
262,
6224,
286,
19888,
5047,
28722,
13,
383,
1255,
373,
281,
16022,
12059,
1111,
2300,
290,
37802,
1436,
287,
2846,
286,
14821,
7032,
13,
770,
670,
373,
257,
4988,
9566,
15499,
11,
780,
340,
373,
6306,
453,
4999,
290,
340,
14243,
49293,
257,
649,
835,
286,
3612,
546,
13166,
290,
7032,
13,
198,
818,
32471,
11,
8124,
9918,
5071,
262,
46436,
1313,
981,
15964,
23464,
24823,
287,
257,
8127,
11847,
6306,
13,
554,
25325,
379,
262,
14727,
1355,
85,
23484,
11,
44272,
952,
1001,
16694,
11,
22605,
45918,
11,
46922,
370,
15702,
392,
290,
5658,
575,
862,
346,
20836,
5071,
262,
32867,
305,
1122,
13,
843,
287,
8735,
379,
327,
28778,
11,
5519,
24983,
1143,
3098,
12,
15511,
8648,
23235,
329,
262,
717,
640,
13,
198,
2215,
257,
18758,
290,
663,
3098,
12,
3911,
1548,
46592,
11,
484,
36572,
378,
656,
2568,
11,
543,
318,
5281,
416,
366,
3174,
31228,
1,
13166,
326,
460,
12412,
22119,
656,
584,
13166,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
618,
257,
386,
1122,
290,
3098,
12,
1676,
1122,
36572,
378,
379,
1029,
27598,
11,
257,
1353,
12,
17096,
12,
4852,
627,
668,
5166,
460,
307,
2727,
0,
198,
2025,
19827,
15027,
22068,
618,
356,
2074,
326,
262,
3657,
286,
11887,
2190,
2300,
290,
37802,
1436,
2048,
23606,
21879,
1146,
13,
4162,
788,
836,
470,
356,
423,
16925,
351,
3098,
12,
15332,
925,
286,
3098,
12,
265,
3150,
30,
4162,
318,
340,
326,
262,
5788,
11,
8977,
290,
2279,
2073,
356,
12414,
318,
925,
286,
2300,
30,
1002,
262,
39385,
2540,
351,
4961,
6867,
286,
2300,
290,
37802,
1436,
11,
810,
318,
262,
37802,
1436,
30,
198,
20468,
3681,
453,
11,
262,
8889,
286,
49972,
11881,
422,
262,
16310,
2188,
13946,
2523,
326,
1310,
37802,
1436,
460,
307,
1043,
1626,
5299,
1238,
8336,
499,
283,
2363,
82,
357,
44,
14751,
828,
262,
7226,
2546,
286,
44280,
23163,
13,
3412,
523,
11,
257,
5527,
1430,
286,
15455,
329,
37802,
1436,
287,
23464,
11881,
7160,
13,
9754,
1854,
11,
2482,
1296,
262,
3334,
12,
28925,
3738,
320,
1436,
36789,
11,
257,
21190,
23464,
26842,
6306,
11,
355,
880,
355,
883,
422,
1802,
2250,
2861,
286,
1366,
422,
262,
12995,
44629,
13058,
398,
2357,
15500,
8884,
338,
4687,
35143,
11,
1104,
262,
2300,
18648,
287,
674,
11950,
13,
15691,
422,
8884,
338,
40462,
47062,
43595,
7760,
25758,
837,
2158,
11,
389,
23658,
278,
644,
1244,
307,
15114,
290,
277,
608,
1299,
286,
37802,
1436,
287,
262,
23509,
3337,
13,
198,
1135,
5081,
326,
612,
318,
281,
27665,
40686,
1022,
2300,
290,
37802,
1436,
13,
383,
1402,
30372,
11973,
318,
1807,
284,
307,
379,
1551,
11476,
4497,
329,
262,
1109,
326,
2300,
41528,
1083,
37802,
1436,
287,
674,
6881,
13,
23413,
1111,
262,
11746,
2780,
6306,
379,
327,
28778,
290,
262,
509,
6767,
53,
6306,
379,
376,
7780,
346,
397,
423,
3264,
8630,
428,
30372,
11973,
351,
1576,
15440,
284,
4474,
340,
13,
843,
257,
1271,
286,
10256,
11,
1390,
262,
8999,
10374,
6306,
379,
262,
13863,
44800,
29805,
1352,
3337,
290,
31974,
379,
47134,
42,
287,
2869,
11,
481,
7239,
262,
976,
1808,
287,
1180,
18758,
3341,
13,
198,
13217,
320,
1436,
379,
2793,
27598,
318,
973,
287,
350,
7434,
1313,
2295,
1480,
4186,
4867,
357,
3826,
428,
32043,
2939,
286,
262,
3632,
737,
198,
1537,
37802,
1436,
468,
7907,
1171,
1393,
8384,
355,
5252,
329,
262,
19812,
48744,
14973,
319,
2907,
12338,
13,
198,
818,
1109,
11,
8884,
318,
5989,
3241,
284,
37802,
1436,
355,
257,
1744,
5252,
329,
48851,
38873,
13,
1629,
6595,
1812,
198,
21009,
11,
262,
3738,
320,
1436,
4687,
8772,
15204,
1448,
318,
13593,
262,
4427,
286,
1262,
37802,
1436,
198,
1236,
33299,
355,
2723,
286,
2568,
329,
38873,
13,
4091,
345,
319,
8706,
30,
198,
33706,
6198,
4481,
3267,
1248,
11,
7358,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 718 |
- Nostalgia, a sentimental yearning for the past, consists of particularly intense, complex and vivid memories.
- Although nostalgia was once considered an unhealthy preoccupation, new research reveals that it improves people’s moods and is a sign of emotional well-being.
- Nostalgia can promote a sense of social integration in people who are sad or feel alone.
Do you have wistful memories of the cookies that came from your grandmother’s oven? Do you enjoy recalling the jokes and pranks that you and your school friends used to find hilarious? On a restless night, does the whoosh of a train on a long-ago journey linger in your mind? If your recollections sometimes evoke a sentimental yearning for the past, then you know what it means to experience nostalgia.
You are in good company, too. In a 2006 study conducted at the University of Southampton in England, 79 percent of the 172 students surveyed said that they have nostalgic thoughts at least once a week; 16 percent reported having such moments every day. Nostalgia is not limited to any culture, stage of life or state of mental health. Our Southampton team has found the emotion in healthy adults and children, as well as patients suffering from dementia.
This article was originally published with the title Yearning for Yesterday. | [
12,
48150,
47111,
11,
257,
46908,
614,
768,
329,
262,
1613,
11,
10874,
286,
3573,
8157,
11,
3716,
290,
21002,
9846,
13,
198,
12,
4900,
30889,
373,
1752,
3177,
281,
27942,
662,
19596,
341,
11,
649,
2267,
10069,
326,
340,
19575,
661,
447,
247,
82,
10038,
82,
290,
318,
257,
1051,
286,
7016,
880,
12,
11873,
13,
198,
12,
48150,
47111,
460,
7719,
257,
2565,
286,
1919,
11812,
287,
661,
508,
389,
6507,
393,
1254,
3436,
13,
198,
5211,
345,
423,
266,
396,
913,
9846,
286,
262,
14746,
326,
1625,
422,
534,
18410,
447,
247,
82,
14361,
30,
2141,
345,
2883,
38203,
262,
14532,
290,
778,
2283,
326,
345,
290,
534,
1524,
2460,
973,
284,
1064,
20105,
30,
1550,
257,
42537,
1755,
11,
857,
262,
508,
3768,
286,
257,
4512,
319,
257,
890,
12,
3839,
7002,
31402,
287,
534,
2000,
30,
1002,
534,
26330,
26448,
3360,
44672,
257,
46908,
614,
768,
329,
262,
1613,
11,
788,
345,
760,
644,
340,
1724,
284,
1998,
30889,
13,
198,
1639,
389,
287,
922,
1664,
11,
1165,
13,
554,
257,
4793,
2050,
5952,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
30035,
287,
4492,
11,
9225,
1411,
286,
262,
23120,
2444,
20840,
531,
326,
484,
423,
40459,
6066,
379,
1551,
1752,
257,
1285,
26,
1467,
1411,
2098,
1719,
884,
7188,
790,
1110,
13,
48150,
47111,
318,
407,
3614,
284,
597,
3968,
11,
3800,
286,
1204,
393,
1181,
286,
5110,
1535,
13,
3954,
30035,
1074,
468,
1043,
262,
9942,
287,
5448,
6490,
290,
1751,
11,
355,
880,
355,
3871,
7195,
422,
27886,
13,
198,
1212,
2708,
373,
6198,
3199,
351,
262,
3670,
6280,
768,
329,
34668,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 269 |
Exceptional Beginner Chemistry Set
Can you make dazzling colors in flame tests? Create your own mini fire extinguisher? With these hands-on lab sets, you will perform highly rewarding experiments while building a strong foundation in chemistry. The 80-page, full-color experiment manual guides aspiring young chemists through each of the 125 experiments. Kit includes safety glasses, professional-quality equipment and enough chemicals for repeated experiments. Uses a 9-volt battery (not included).
Learn about indicators with litmus solution and write a secret message in invisible ink. Test the inks from your colored markers on the chromatography racetrack to reveal their different color components. Experiment with air pressure, surface tension, and the physical properties of fluids.
Experiment with two well-known metals, iron and copper. Investigate carbon dioxide. Dissolve metals with electrochemical reactions. Explore water and its elements, saturated and unsaturated solutions, and crystals. Split water into hydrogen and oxygen with electrolysis, and form oxygen from hydrogen peroxide.
Experiment with soaps, detergents, and emulsions of water and oil. Investigate chemistry in the kitchen by experimenting with sugar, honey, starch, eggs and proteins, fatty acids, and calcium.
Begin to build a strong foundation in chemistry with exposure to a broad range of chemical phenomena and hands-on laboratory experiences. This kit provides clear instructions for preparing and performing the experiments, offers safety advice, offers explanations for the observed occurrences, and asks and answers questions about the results.
Ages 10 and up.
- Protective goggles
- Two dropper pipettes
- Clip for 9-volt battery
- Safety cap with dropper insert for litmus bottle
- Copper wire
- Two large graduated beakers
- Two lids for large graduated beakers
- Four test tubes
- Test tube brush
- Rubber stopper with hole
- Rubber stopper without hole
- Sodium carbonate
- Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
- Calcium hydroxide
- Ammonium iron(III) sulfate
- Copper(II) sulfate
- Citric acid
- Litmus powder
- Small bottle for litmus solution
- Lid opener
- Double-headed measuring spoon
- Angled tube
- Experiment station (part of the polystyrene insert)
WARNING! — This set contains chemicals that may be harmful if misused. Read cautions on individual containers carefully. Not to be used by children except under adult supervision. | [
30313,
1538,
16623,
1008,
27867,
5345,
198,
6090,
345,
787,
41535,
7577,
287,
16506,
5254,
30,
13610,
534,
898,
9927,
2046,
24995,
4828,
30,
2080,
777,
2832,
12,
261,
2248,
5621,
11,
345,
481,
1620,
4047,
23404,
10256,
981,
2615,
257,
1913,
8489,
287,
16585,
13,
383,
4019,
12,
7700,
11,
1336,
12,
8043,
6306,
10107,
17555,
31483,
1862,
4607,
1023,
832,
1123,
286,
262,
13151,
10256,
13,
10897,
3407,
3747,
15232,
11,
4708,
12,
13237,
5112,
290,
1576,
12910,
329,
5100,
10256,
13,
36965,
257,
860,
12,
37764,
6555,
357,
1662,
3017,
737,
198,
20238,
546,
21337,
351,
6578,
14664,
4610,
290,
3551,
257,
3200,
3275,
287,
14836,
16882,
13,
6208,
262,
287,
591,
422,
534,
16396,
19736,
319,
262,
15358,
45501,
3444,
21879,
441,
284,
7766,
511,
1180,
3124,
6805,
13,
29544,
351,
1633,
3833,
11,
4417,
12097,
11,
290,
262,
3518,
6608,
286,
28704,
13,
198,
20468,
3681,
351,
734,
880,
12,
4002,
21782,
11,
6953,
290,
15317,
13,
7488,
10055,
6588,
17556,
13,
35305,
6442,
21782,
351,
15206,
31379,
12737,
13,
41401,
1660,
290,
663,
4847,
11,
24725,
290,
5576,
30192,
8136,
11,
290,
24770,
13,
27758,
1660,
656,
17669,
290,
11863,
351,
39450,
13429,
11,
290,
1296,
11863,
422,
17669,
583,
28885,
13,
198,
20468,
3681,
351,
523,
1686,
11,
2206,
70,
658,
11,
290,
795,
5753,
507,
286,
1660,
290,
3056,
13,
7488,
10055,
16585,
287,
262,
9592,
416,
27826,
351,
7543,
11,
12498,
11,
39515,
11,
9653,
290,
15568,
11,
19251,
17045,
11,
290,
19700,
13,
198,
44140,
284,
1382,
257,
1913,
8489,
287,
16585,
351,
7111,
284,
257,
3154,
2837,
286,
5931,
19428,
290,
2832,
12,
261,
14010,
6461,
13,
770,
6220,
3769,
1598,
7729,
329,
10629,
290,
9489,
262,
10256,
11,
4394,
3747,
5608,
11,
4394,
18681,
329,
262,
6515,
40279,
11,
290,
7893,
290,
7429,
2683,
546,
262,
2482,
13,
198,
32,
3212,
838,
290,
510,
13,
198,
12,
45004,
42762,
198,
12,
4930,
3102,
2848,
7347,
23014,
198,
12,
42512,
329,
860,
12,
37764,
6555,
198,
12,
11233,
1451,
351,
3102,
2848,
7550,
329,
6578,
14664,
9294,
198,
12,
27157,
6503,
198,
12,
4930,
1588,
18303,
307,
3979,
198,
12,
4930,
300,
2340,
329,
1588,
18303,
307,
3979,
198,
12,
6675,
1332,
21103,
198,
12,
6208,
12403,
14093,
198,
12,
42972,
3995,
2848,
351,
7604,
198,
12,
42972,
3995,
2848,
1231,
7604,
198,
12,
47942,
6588,
378,
198,
12,
6902,
26663,
17910,
1590,
272,
30288,
4873,
7,
3978,
8,
198,
12,
2199,
16910,
7409,
13907,
485,
198,
12,
1703,
2144,
1505,
6953,
7,
10855,
8,
22443,
378,
198,
12,
27157,
7,
3978,
8,
22443,
378,
198,
12,
15792,
1173,
7408,
198,
12,
25659,
14664,
11913,
198,
12,
10452,
9294,
329,
6578,
14664,
4610,
198,
12,
406,
312,
21996,
198,
12,
11198,
12,
15353,
15964,
24556,
198,
12,
2895,
992,
12403,
198,
12,
29544,
4429,
357,
3911,
286,
262,
7514,
34365,
25924,
7550,
8,
198,
31502,
0,
851,
770,
900,
4909,
12910,
326,
743,
307,
13568,
611,
2984,
1484,
13,
4149,
1275,
3508,
319,
1981,
16472,
7773,
13,
1892,
284,
307,
973,
416,
1751,
2845,
739,
4044,
20865,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 520 |
SECTION 2: What?
What can be shared?
Although it is widely acknowledged that the industry definition of Shared Services refers to the sharing of business processes, business functions or expertise, it is recognised that many different aspects of an organisation can be shared, each in themselves providing incremental benefits to a participating organisation. Sharing may start with collaboration and adoption of best practice. The more detailed level of sharing leads to greater levels of efficiencies, higher quality service and an increased ability to react to market or legislative change. However these benefits come coupled with higher risk and need for a strong change management culture.
Shared Services is a journey without a fixed end point, but has an agreed vision of what good looks like, for an organisation and the strategy defined to deliver that vision. It needs measurable milestones to mark achievements and the journey involves collaboration, change management, change of culture regardless of the level of sharing.
There are numerous areas and levels of sharing that can and do occur on a Shared Services journey. They start with collaboration and shared practices. Many stop at the early stage as they entail the least risk and organisational and cultural change. Others go on in accordance with their strategy or build on their initial experiences to achieve the full level of Shared Services.
Most Shared Services efforts begin by focusing on Centres of Scale: volume-based services - transactional, processing and administrative, those that are delivered to most employees or to external customers and can be maximised by aligning economies of scale.
Glasgow City Council have implemented an internal Shared Service for financial, HR and procurement processes
Typically, success in these areas leads organisations to search for other services where similar operational efficiencies and cost reductions can be achieved. The logical choices for this second stage are Centres of Expertise: knowledge-based services - specialised expertise, consultative and integrated solutions, supported by common business processes to provide consistent delivery.
The Advanced Procurement for Universities and Colleges programme (APUC) is creating a centre of expertise for procurement for further education and higher education institutions
Centres of Expertise and Scale are candidates for Shared Services because they provide the greatest opportunities for leveraging efficiency and effectiveness.
Listed below are examples of the types of sharing and collaboration that can occur, with different levels of benefits being achieved, depending on the nature and extent of the sharing. They all encompass many of the attributes and skills required to achieve Shared Services, e.g. collaboration of requirements, negotiation, change of culture and process review, all of which are invaluable on the journey to Shared Services and achieve incremental benefits as well as credibility and experience. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list but should give an indication of the types of sharing that can occur and further examples of sharing across the public sector in Scotland are listed in Appendix B.
Level of Sharing
Common business processes and shared execution
Commercial model, Service Level Agreement, performance measures,Sharing of requirements, operating model, design and ICT operational configuration.
NSS Health procurement
South Lanarkshire Payroll Services
Common business process design (Best Practice)
Sharing of requirements and design (Best Practice)
Local Authority CRM system procurement
Sharing of requirements and remit for tendering, producing one tender document, lowering cost of procurement
ICT Software and Infrastructure Standards
Operating Systems and application software and standards, executing on a shared ICT infrastructure
Provides common operational standards and practices, consistency in execution and increased service levels, affords different working cycles up to 24/7
Uni) Edinburgh High Performance Computing Facilities ( UK , JANET
OSIAF Approved Stds; SEAS
Property Gazetteer; Entitlement Card
data centres, hardware, networks, telecoms, disc management,ICT Infrastructure:
Sharing of ICT skills and knowledge at a lower cost, less risk of attrition effecting business
Common operational standards and practices, consistency in execution and increased service levels, affords different working cycles up to 24/7
South Lanarkshire ICT Hosting
Property, co-location and sharing of buildings and services
Sharing of building and utility costs, sharing of services e.g. transport, vehicle maintenance
Highland Service Point Network
e.g. Legal, IT skills, trading standards, procurement, pension, IS, medicalCentres of Expertise, working to standards, accreditation, providing expertise in subject matter
Excel; APUC; National Collections collaboration
Definition of Terms for Service Provision
The industry wide definition of Shared Services can be summarised as the convergence and streamlining of an organisation or organisations functions to ensure that they deliver the services required of them as effectively as possible.
Shared Services are more than just centralisation or consolidation of similar activities in one location. Shared Services mean running these service activities like a business and delivering services to customers at a cost, quality and timeliness that is competitive with alternatives.
South Lanarkshire Council provide a Shared Service delivering Payroll services to several organisations within their community
Is the process by which the activities of an organisation or organisations, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group. There are two types of centralisation, the first involves organising workers into groups that support business processes for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. The second organises workers by specific skill set and experience to provide services for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. Provides economy of scale, reducing costs and overheads whilst providing resilience and can be used as a step in the direction of providing a full Shared Services model or an end state operational model in itself.
SEAS (Scottish Executive Accounting Service) provide a centralised Financial service for Scottish Executive, Agencies and NDPBs
There are many and varied types of services that are often associated with Shared Services and sometimes confused as being Shared Services. The section below defines some of the most common service provisions and their definitions. All of the services listed can be used to support a Shared Services operation, and equally all can be used to support centralised and distributed operations as well.
Became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and often refers to the delegation of non-core operations from internal production to an external entity specialising in the management of that operation. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of worldwide labour, capital, technology and resources. Fundamentally and historically, outsourcing is a term relative to the organisation of labour within and between societies.
Over the years various forms of outsourcing services have evolved and provide services for all type of business operations, eg Shared Services, Distributed and Centralised. Further definitions of outsourcing are as follows:
CapGemini provide ICT outsource services to customer across the UK from the Highland Region
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the contracting of a specific business process, such as payroll, to a third-party service provider. Usually, BPO is implemented as a cost-saving measure for tasks that a company requires but does not depend upon to maintain its position in the marketplace. BPO is often divided into two categories: back office outsourcing, which includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing, and front office outsourcing, which includes customer-related services such as marketing or technical support.
Use of a BPO as opposed to an Application Service Provider (ASP) usually also means that a certain amount of risk is transferred to the company that is running the process elements on behalf of the outsourcer. BPO includes the software, the process management, and the people to operate the service, while a typical ASP model includes only the provision of access to functionalities and features provided or 'served up' through the use of software, usually via web browser to the customer. The most common examples of BPO are call centres, human resources, accounting and payroll outsourcing.
BT use Accenture and Xansa as BPO providers for Financial processes
Application service provider (ASP) is a business that provides computer-based services to customers over a network. Software offered using an ASP model is also sometimes called On-demand software or software as a service (SaaS). The most limited sense of this business is that of providing access to a particular application program (such as medical billing) using a standard protocol such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a communications protocol used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web.
The need for ASPs has evolved from the increasing costs of specialised software that have far exceeded the price range of small to medium sized businesses. As well, the growing complexities of software have led to huge costs in distributing the software to end-users. Through ASPs, the complexities and costs of such software can be cut down. In addition, the issues of upgrading have been eliminated from the end-firm by placing the onus on the ASP to maintain up-to-date services, 24 x 7 technical support, physical and electronic security and in-built support for business continuity and flexible working. Customers of ASP services include businesses, government organisations, non-profits, and membership organisations.
The Covalent performance management system is used by a large number of councils across Scotland and UK
Hosted Service Provider (Xsp) is a business that delivers a combination of traditional IT functions such as infrastructure, applications (Software as a Service), security, monitoring, storage, Web development, website hosting and email, over the Internet or other wide area networks (WAN). An Xsp combines the abilities of an application service provider(ASP) and an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
This approach enables customers to consolidate and outsource much of their IT needs for a predictable recurring fee. XSPs that integrate Web publishing give customers a central repository to rapidly and efficiently distribute information and resources among employees, customers, partners and the general public.
Hosted Service Providers benefit from economies of scale and operate on a one-to-many business model, delivering the same software and services to many customers at once. Customers are charged on a subscription basis.
South Lanarkshire Council provide hosted IT services for the Customer First programme and a University
is the practice of transferring day-to-day related management responsibility as a strategic method for improved effective and efficient operations. The person or organisation who owns or has direct oversight of the organisation or system being managed is referred to as the client, or customer. The person or organisation that accepts and provides the managed service is regarded as the service provider. Typically, the client remains accountable for the functionality and performance of managed service and does not relinquish the overall management responsibility of the organisation or system.
City of Edinburgh City Council use BT to provide a Managed Service for the majority of their ICT functions | [
50,
24565,
362,
25,
1867,
30,
198,
2061,
460,
307,
4888,
30,
198,
7003,
340,
318,
6768,
10810,
326,
262,
2831,
6770,
286,
39403,
6168,
10229,
284,
262,
7373,
286,
1597,
7767,
11,
1597,
5499,
393,
13572,
11,
340,
318,
20915,
326,
867,
1180,
7612,
286,
281,
12684,
460,
307,
4888,
11,
1123,
287,
2405,
4955,
29497,
4034,
284,
257,
11983,
12684,
13,
36644,
743,
923,
351,
12438,
290,
12695,
286,
1266,
3357,
13,
383,
517,
6496,
1241,
286,
7373,
5983,
284,
3744,
2974,
286,
4396,
22139,
11,
2440,
3081,
2139,
290,
281,
3220,
2694,
284,
6324,
284,
1910,
393,
10828,
1487,
13,
2102,
777,
4034,
1282,
18064,
351,
2440,
2526,
290,
761,
329,
257,
1913,
1487,
4542,
3968,
13,
198,
2484,
1144,
6168,
318,
257,
7002,
1231,
257,
5969,
886,
966,
11,
475,
468,
281,
4987,
5761,
286,
644,
922,
3073,
588,
11,
329,
281,
12684,
290,
262,
4811,
5447,
284,
5203,
326,
5761,
13,
632,
2476,
40757,
41926,
284,
1317,
16970,
290,
262,
7002,
9018,
12438,
11,
1487,
4542,
11,
1487,
286,
3968,
7692,
286,
262,
1241,
286,
7373,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
6409,
3006,
290,
2974,
286,
7373,
326,
460,
290,
466,
3051,
319,
257,
39403,
6168,
7002,
13,
1119,
923,
351,
12438,
290,
4888,
6593,
13,
4650,
2245,
379,
262,
1903,
3800,
355,
484,
39793,
262,
1551,
2526,
290,
13867,
864,
290,
6467,
1487,
13,
12691,
467,
319,
287,
10213,
351,
511,
4811,
393,
1382,
319,
511,
4238,
6461,
284,
4620,
262,
1336,
1241,
286,
39403,
6168,
13,
198,
6943,
39403,
6168,
4040,
2221,
416,
10759,
319,
1979,
411,
286,
21589,
25,
6115,
12,
3106,
2594,
532,
48878,
1538,
11,
7587,
290,
11553,
11,
883,
326,
389,
6793,
284,
749,
4409,
393,
284,
7097,
4297,
290,
460,
307,
12991,
1417,
416,
10548,
278,
16533,
286,
5046,
13,
198,
9861,
292,
21175,
2254,
4281,
423,
9177,
281,
5387,
39403,
4809,
329,
3176,
11,
15172,
290,
31156,
7767,
198,
49321,
11,
1943,
287,
777,
3006,
5983,
16435,
284,
2989,
329,
584,
2594,
810,
2092,
13919,
4396,
22139,
290,
1575,
20691,
460,
307,
8793,
13,
383,
12219,
7747,
329,
428,
1218,
3800,
389,
1979,
411,
286,
25516,
786,
25,
3725,
12,
3106,
2594,
532,
2041,
1417,
13572,
11,
5725,
876,
290,
11521,
8136,
11,
4855,
416,
2219,
1597,
7767,
284,
2148,
6414,
7585,
13,
198,
464,
13435,
31345,
495,
434,
329,
42571,
290,
49727,
11383,
357,
2969,
9598,
8,
318,
4441,
257,
7372,
286,
13572,
329,
31156,
329,
2252,
3707,
290,
2440,
3707,
6712,
198,
19085,
411,
286,
25516,
786,
290,
21589,
389,
5871,
329,
39403,
6168,
780,
484,
2148,
262,
6000,
6443,
329,
42389,
9332,
290,
13530,
13,
198,
43,
6347,
2174,
389,
6096,
286,
262,
3858,
286,
7373,
290,
12438,
326,
460,
3051,
11,
351,
1180,
2974,
286,
4034,
852,
8793,
11,
6906,
319,
262,
3450,
290,
6287,
286,
262,
7373,
13,
1119,
477,
44006,
867,
286,
262,
12608,
290,
4678,
2672,
284,
4620,
39403,
6168,
11,
304,
13,
70,
13,
12438,
286,
5359,
11,
24462,
11,
1487,
286,
3968,
290,
1429,
2423,
11,
477,
286,
543,
389,
30438,
319,
262,
7002,
284,
39403,
6168,
290,
4620,
29497,
4034,
355,
880,
355,
16532,
290,
1998,
13,
770,
318,
407,
5292,
284,
307,
281,
36049,
1351,
475,
815,
1577,
281,
12955,
286,
262,
3858,
286,
7373,
326,
460,
3051,
290,
2252,
6096,
286,
7373,
1973,
262,
1171,
6567,
287,
8838,
389,
5610,
287,
30378,
347,
13,
198,
4971,
286,
36644,
198,
17227,
1597,
7767,
290,
4888,
9706,
198,
48401,
2746,
11,
4809,
5684,
12729,
11,
2854,
5260,
11,
2484,
1723,
286,
5359,
11,
5361,
2746,
11,
1486,
290,
314,
4177,
13919,
8398,
13,
198,
45,
5432,
3893,
31156,
198,
14942,
14730,
5558,
10695,
7119,
2487,
6168,
198,
17227,
1597,
1429,
1486,
357,
13014,
19939,
8,
198,
2484,
1723,
286,
5359,
290,
1486,
357,
13014,
19939,
8,
198,
14565,
11416,
8740,
44,
1080,
31156,
198,
2484,
1723,
286,
5359,
290,
816,
270,
329,
4327,
1586,
11,
9194,
530,
15403,
3188,
11,
21683,
1575,
286,
31156,
198,
18379,
10442,
290,
33709,
20130,
198,
18843,
803,
11998,
290,
3586,
3788,
290,
5423,
11,
23710,
319,
257,
4888,
314,
4177,
6884,
198,
15946,
1460,
2219,
13919,
5423,
290,
6593,
11,
15794,
287,
9706,
290,
3220,
2139,
2974,
11,
1527,
3669,
1180,
1762,
16006,
510,
284,
1987,
14,
22,
198,
3118,
72,
8,
23475,
3334,
15193,
38589,
48939,
357,
3482,
837,
449,
1565,
2767,
198,
2640,
3539,
37,
20010,
1079,
520,
9310,
26,
7946,
1921,
198,
21746,
38772,
263,
26,
7232,
270,
1732,
5172,
198,
7890,
19788,
11,
6890,
11,
7686,
11,
30452,
82,
11,
1221,
4542,
11,
18379,
33709,
25,
198,
2484,
1723,
286,
314,
4177,
4678,
290,
3725,
379,
257,
2793,
1575,
11,
1342,
2526,
286,
48981,
1245,
278,
1597,
198,
17227,
13919,
5423,
290,
6593,
11,
15794,
287,
9706,
290,
3220,
2139,
2974,
11,
1527,
3669,
1180,
1762,
16006,
510,
284,
1987,
14,
22,
198,
14942,
14730,
5558,
10695,
314,
4177,
14504,
278,
198,
21746,
11,
763,
12,
24886,
290,
7373,
286,
6832,
290,
2594,
198,
2484,
1723,
286,
2615,
290,
10361,
3484,
11,
7373,
286,
2594,
304,
13,
70,
13,
4839,
11,
4038,
9262,
198,
11922,
1044,
4809,
6252,
7311,
198,
68,
13,
70,
13,
16027,
11,
7283,
4678,
11,
7313,
5423,
11,
31156,
11,
13553,
11,
3180,
11,
3315,
19085,
411,
286,
25516,
786,
11,
1762,
284,
5423,
11,
697,
42845,
11,
4955,
13572,
287,
2426,
2300,
198,
3109,
5276,
26,
3486,
9598,
26,
2351,
50004,
12438,
198,
36621,
286,
17637,
329,
4809,
43161,
198,
464,
2831,
3094,
6770,
286,
39403,
6168,
460,
307,
15676,
1417,
355,
262,
40826,
290,
4269,
21310,
286,
281,
12684,
393,
16435,
5499,
284,
4155,
326,
484,
5203,
262,
2594,
2672,
286,
606,
355,
6840,
355,
1744,
13,
198,
2484,
1144,
6168,
389,
517,
621,
655,
4318,
5612,
393,
31941,
286,
2092,
4568,
287,
530,
4067,
13,
39403,
6168,
1612,
2491,
777,
2139,
4568,
588,
257,
1597,
290,
13630,
2594,
284,
4297,
379,
257,
1575,
11,
3081,
290,
4628,
417,
1272,
326,
318,
7606,
351,
14693,
13,
198,
14942,
14730,
5558,
10695,
4281,
2148,
257,
39403,
4809,
13630,
7119,
2487,
2594,
284,
1811,
16435,
1626,
511,
2055,
198,
3792,
262,
1429,
416,
543,
262,
4568,
286,
281,
12684,
393,
16435,
11,
1716,
17298,
1626,
257,
1948,
4067,
290,
14,
273,
1448,
13,
1318,
389,
734,
3858,
286,
4318,
5612,
11,
262,
717,
9018,
46729,
3259,
656,
2628,
326,
1104,
1597,
7767,
329,
262,
2104,
12684,
393,
1973,
3294,
16435,
13,
383,
1218,
1618,
2696,
3259,
416,
2176,
5032,
900,
290,
1998,
284,
2148,
2594,
329,
262,
2104,
12684,
393,
1973,
3294,
16435,
13,
47081,
3773,
286,
5046,
11,
8868,
3484,
290,
625,
16600,
14590,
4955,
31307,
290,
460,
307,
973,
355,
257,
2239,
287,
262,
4571,
286,
4955,
257,
1336,
39403,
6168,
2746,
393,
281,
886,
1181,
13919,
2746,
287,
2346,
13,
198,
5188,
1921,
357,
19040,
680,
10390,
40964,
4809,
8,
2148,
257,
4318,
1417,
11302,
2139,
329,
11905,
10390,
11,
2449,
3976,
290,
20392,
37000,
198,
1858,
389,
867,
290,
15641,
3858,
286,
2594,
326,
389,
1690,
3917,
351,
39403,
6168,
290,
3360,
10416,
355,
852,
39403,
6168,
13,
383,
2665,
2174,
15738,
617,
286,
262,
749,
2219,
2139,
8617,
290,
511,
17336,
13,
1439,
286,
262,
2594,
5610,
460,
307,
973,
284,
1104,
257,
39403,
6168,
4905,
11,
290,
8603,
477,
460,
307,
973,
284,
1104,
4318,
1417,
290,
9387,
4560,
355,
880,
13,
198,
39649,
480,
636,
286,
262,
1597,
31191,
4749,
1141,
262,
7169,
82,
290,
1690,
10229,
284,
262,
22635,
286,
1729,
12,
7295,
4560,
422,
5387,
3227,
284,
281,
7097,
9312,
2041,
1710,
287,
262,
4542,
286,
326,
4905,
13,
383,
2551,
284,
503,
10459,
318,
1690,
925,
287,
262,
1393,
286,
21683,
4081,
3484,
11,
18941,
278,
393,
4055,
278,
2568,
7924,
379,
262,
2307,
3976,
286,
257,
1948,
1597,
11,
393,
284,
787,
517,
6942,
779,
286,
8688,
10515,
11,
3139,
11,
3037,
290,
4133,
13,
7557,
3263,
453,
290,
15074,
11,
44333,
318,
257,
3381,
3585,
284,
262,
12684,
286,
10515,
1626,
290,
1022,
14515,
13,
198,
5886,
262,
812,
2972,
5107,
286,
44333,
2594,
423,
12572,
290,
2148,
2594,
329,
477,
2099,
286,
1597,
4560,
11,
29206,
39403,
6168,
11,
4307,
6169,
290,
5694,
1417,
13,
7735,
17336,
286,
44333,
389,
355,
5679,
25,
198,
15610,
38,
368,
5362,
2148,
314,
4177,
503,
10459,
2594,
284,
6491,
1973,
262,
3482,
422,
262,
39874,
17718,
198,
24749,
10854,
46580,
29985,
357,
33,
16402,
8,
318,
262,
29148,
286,
257,
2176,
1597,
1429,
11,
884,
355,
22235,
11,
284,
257,
2368,
12,
10608,
2139,
10131,
13,
19672,
11,
347,
16402,
318,
9177,
355,
257,
1575,
12,
29336,
3953,
329,
8861,
326,
257,
1664,
4433,
475,
857,
407,
4745,
2402,
284,
5529,
663,
2292,
287,
262,
17432,
13,
347,
16402,
318,
1690,
9086,
656,
734,
9376,
25,
736,
2607,
44333,
11,
543,
3407,
5387,
1597,
5499,
884,
355,
26297,
393,
14080,
11,
290,
2166,
2607,
44333,
11,
543,
3407,
6491,
12,
5363,
2594,
884,
355,
7124,
393,
6276,
1104,
13,
198,
11041,
286,
257,
347,
16402,
355,
6886,
284,
281,
15678,
4809,
32549,
357,
1921,
47,
8,
3221,
635,
1724,
326,
257,
1728,
2033,
286,
2526,
318,
11172,
284,
262,
1664,
326,
318,
2491,
262,
1429,
4847,
319,
8378,
286,
262,
12198,
454,
2189,
13,
347,
16402,
3407,
262,
3788,
11,
262,
1429,
4542,
11,
290,
262,
661,
284,
8076,
262,
2139,
11,
981,
257,
7226,
34658,
2746,
3407,
691,
262,
8287,
286,
1895,
284,
10345,
871,
290,
3033,
2810,
393,
705,
45852,
510,
6,
832,
262,
779,
286,
3788,
11,
3221,
2884,
3992,
6444,
284,
262,
6491,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
6096,
286,
347,
16402,
389,
869,
19788,
11,
1692,
4133,
11,
14317,
290,
22235,
44333,
13,
198,
19313,
779,
6366,
36697,
290,
1395,
504,
64,
355,
347,
16402,
9549,
329,
11302,
7767,
198,
23416,
2139,
10131,
357,
1921,
47,
8,
318,
257,
1597,
326,
3769,
3644,
12,
3106,
2594,
284,
4297,
625,
257,
3127,
13,
10442,
4438,
1262,
281,
34658,
2746,
318,
635,
3360,
1444,
1550,
12,
28550,
3788,
393,
3788,
355,
257,
2139,
357,
50,
7252,
50,
737,
383,
749,
3614,
2565,
286,
428,
1597,
318,
326,
286,
4955,
1895,
284,
257,
1948,
3586,
1430,
357,
10508,
355,
3315,
26297,
8,
1262,
257,
3210,
8435,
884,
355,
15079,
5239,
20558,
20497,
357,
40717,
828,
257,
8062,
8435,
973,
284,
4351,
393,
13878,
1321,
319,
262,
2159,
23399,
5313,
13,
198,
464,
761,
329,
34658,
82,
468,
12572,
422,
262,
3649,
3484,
286,
2041,
1417,
3788,
326,
423,
1290,
20672,
262,
2756,
2837,
286,
1402,
284,
7090,
19943,
5692,
13,
1081,
880,
11,
262,
3957,
42292,
286,
3788,
423,
2957,
284,
3236,
3484,
287,
25950,
262,
3788,
284,
886,
12,
18417,
13,
9561,
34658,
82,
11,
262,
42292,
290,
3484,
286,
884,
3788,
460,
307,
2005,
866,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
262,
2428,
286,
25485,
423,
587,
15254,
422,
262,
886,
12,
69,
2533,
416,
12560,
262,
319,
385,
319,
262,
34658,
284,
5529,
510,
12,
1462,
12,
4475,
2594,
11,
1987,
2124,
767,
6276,
1104,
11,
3518,
290,
7914,
2324,
290,
287,
12,
18780,
1104,
329,
1597,
24216,
290,
12846,
1762,
13,
36707,
286,
34658,
2594,
2291,
5692,
11,
1230,
16435,
11,
1729,
12,
31504,
11,
290,
9931,
16435,
13,
198,
464,
327,
8325,
298,
2854,
4542,
1080,
318,
973,
416,
257,
1588,
1271,
286,
27174,
1973,
8838,
290,
3482,
198,
17932,
276,
4809,
32549,
357,
55,
2777,
8,
318,
257,
1597,
326,
16316,
257,
6087,
286,
4569,
7283,
5499,
884,
355,
6884,
11,
5479,
357,
25423,
355,
257,
4809,
828,
2324,
11,
9904,
11,
6143,
11,
5313,
2478,
11,
3052,
13662,
290,
3053,
11,
625,
262,
4455,
393,
584,
3094,
1989,
7686,
357,
54,
1565,
737,
1052,
1395,
2777,
21001,
262,
7883,
286,
281,
3586,
2139,
10131,
7,
1921,
47,
8,
290,
281,
4455,
4809,
32549,
357,
1797,
47,
737,
198,
1212,
3164,
13536,
4297,
284,
38562,
290,
503,
10459,
881,
286,
511,
7283,
2476,
329,
257,
20039,
24824,
6838,
13,
1395,
4303,
82,
326,
19386,
5313,
12407,
1577,
4297,
257,
4318,
16099,
284,
8902,
290,
18306,
14983,
1321,
290,
4133,
1871,
4409,
11,
4297,
11,
4887,
290,
262,
2276,
1171,
13,
198,
17932,
276,
4809,
7518,
4157,
4414,
422,
16533,
286,
5046,
290,
8076,
319,
257,
530,
12,
1462,
12,
21834,
1597,
2746,
11,
13630,
262,
976,
3788,
290,
2594,
284,
867,
4297,
379,
1752,
13,
36707,
389,
5047,
319,
257,
14569,
4308,
13,
198,
14942,
14730,
5558,
10695,
4281,
2148,
12007,
7283,
2594,
329,
262,
22092,
3274,
11383,
290,
257,
2059,
198,
271,
262,
3357,
286,
26140,
1110,
12,
1462,
12,
820,
3519,
4542,
5798,
355,
257,
10039,
2446,
329,
6596,
4050,
290,
6942,
4560,
13,
383,
1048,
393,
12684,
508,
12216,
393,
468,
1277,
15662,
286,
262,
12684,
393,
1080,
852,
5257,
318,
6412,
284,
355,
262,
5456,
11,
393,
6491,
13,
383,
1048,
393,
12684,
326,
18178,
290,
3769,
262,
5257,
2139,
318,
11987,
355,
262,
2139,
10131,
13,
27095,
11,
262,
5456,
3793,
16689,
329,
262,
11244,
290,
2854,
286,
5257,
2139,
290,
857,
407,
36610,
680,
262,
4045,
4542,
5798,
286,
262,
12684,
393,
1080,
13,
198,
14941,
286,
23475,
2254,
4281,
779,
22205,
284,
2148,
257,
1869,
1886,
4809,
329,
262,
3741,
286,
511,
314,
4177,
5499,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,214 |
This study investigates the way in which Maori values areincorporated into environmental decision-making. Recently,the implementation of large resource developments havedrawn protest from Maori communities
focussed attentionon these values.
study examines the nature of thesevalues, associated with the way the Maori people use andperceive the environment,and determines that these are stillstrongly held today.
then establishes that
indigenousminority culture Maori values should
specifically considered.From this basis, environmental decision-making procedures
findings reveal that many procedures
notsufficiently account for Maori values. Two options areformulated
improve the existing situation.
present procedures. The second optioninvestigates implementing reforms to encourage earlierparticipation | [
1212,
2050,
44846,
262,
835,
287,
543,
6669,
10145,
3815,
389,
1939,
40132,
656,
6142,
2551,
12,
8601,
13,
23413,
11,
1169,
7822,
286,
1588,
8271,
13312,
387,
1079,
5791,
5402,
422,
6669,
10145,
5348,
198,
69,
420,
29569,
3241,
261,
777,
3815,
13,
198,
44517,
28025,
262,
3450,
286,
777,
27160,
11,
3917,
351,
262,
835,
262,
6669,
10145,
661,
779,
290,
525,
15164,
262,
2858,
11,
392,
15947,
326,
777,
389,
991,
11576,
306,
2714,
1909,
13,
198,
8524,
30742,
326,
198,
521,
12357,
1084,
29134,
3968,
6669,
10145,
3815,
815,
198,
11423,
453,
3177,
13,
4863,
428,
4308,
11,
6142,
2551,
12,
8601,
9021,
198,
19796,
654,
7766,
326,
867,
9021,
198,
1662,
46790,
306,
1848,
329,
6669,
10145,
3815,
13,
4930,
3689,
389,
687,
4817,
198,
49453,
262,
4683,
3074,
13,
198,
25579,
9021,
13,
383,
1218,
3038,
24859,
328,
689,
15427,
12506,
284,
7898,
2961,
48013,
341,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 153 |
Also known as: Chest PET scan, Lung nuclear medicine scan, Lung positron emission tomography, PET - chest, PET - lung or PET - tumor imaging
- To diagnose lung cancer
- To see if lung cancer has spread to other areas of the body. This is called staging. Staging helps guide future treatment and follow-up and gives you some idea of what to expect in the future.
- To determine whether a growth in the lungs seen on a CT scan is cancerous or noncancerous.
- To determine how well you're responding to cancer treatment.
A lung positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for disease in the lungs, especially lung cancer.
How the test is performed
The health care provider will inject a small amount of a radioactive material into one of your veins, usually on the inside of the elbow. The substance travels through the blood and collects in the tissues of the lungs.
You will be asked to wait nearby as the radioactive substance is absorbed by your body. This usually takes about 1 hour.
Then, you will lie down on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped hole in the center of the PET scanner.
The PET machine detects energy given off by the radioactive substance and changes it into 3-dimensional pictures. The images are sent to a computer, where they are displayed on a monitor for the health care provider to read.
You must lie still during the PET scan so that the machine can produce clear images of your lungs.
The test takes about 90 minutes.
How to prepare for the test
You must sign a consent form before having this test. You will be told not to eat anything for 4 - 6 hours before the PET scan, although you will be able to drink water.
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant.
Also tell your doctor about any prescription and over-the-counter medicines that you are taking, because they may interfere with the test.
Be sure to mention if you have any allergies, or if you’ve had any recent imaging studies using injected dye (contrast). Tell the PET center if you have diabetes and are taking insulin.
During the test, you may need to wear a hospital gown. Take off any jewelry, dentures, and other metal objects because they could affect the scan results.
How the test will feel
You will feel a sharp prick when the needle with the radioactive substance is inserted into your vein. You shouldn’t feel anything during the actual PET scan.
Why the test is performed
Your doctor may order this test:
There are no problems detected in the size, shape, or function of the lungs. There are no areas in which the radiotracer has abnormally collected.
What abnormal results mean
Abnormal results may be due to:
What the risks are
The amount of radiation used in a PET scan is low. It is about the same amount of radiation as in most CT scans. Also, the radiation doesn’t last for very long in your body.
However, women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding should let their doctor know before having this test. Infants and fetuses are more sensitive to the effects of radiation because their organs are still growing.
It is possible, although very unlikely, to have an allergic reaction to the radioactive tracer. Some people have pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site.
It is possible to have false results on a PET scan. Blood sugar or insulin levels may affect the test results in people with diabetes.
Most PET scans are now performed along with a CT scan. This combination scan is called a PET/CT.
Other tests that may be done instead of a PET scan include a gallium scan, CT scan, or MRI scan.
Silvestri GA, Jett J. Bronchogenic carcinoma. In: Mason RJ, Murray JF, Broaddus VC, Nadel JA. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier; 2005:chap 44.
Gould MK, Fletcher J, Iannettoni MD, Lynch WR, Midthun DE, Naidich DP, Ost DE. Evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules: When is it lung cancer? ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest. 2007;132:208S-130S.
Wahl RL. Imaging. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, Kastan MB, McKenna WG, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingston;2008:chap 21.
Kieninger AN, Welsh R, Bendick PJ, Zelenock G, Chmielewski GW. Positron-emission tomography as a prognostic tool for early-stage lung cancer. Am J Surgery. 2006;191:433-436.
- Review date:
- March 24, 2009
- Reviewed by:
- Benjamin Taragin, MD, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2008 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | [
7583,
1900,
355,
25,
25544,
32043,
9367,
11,
39337,
4523,
9007,
9367,
11,
39337,
46436,
1313,
25592,
16667,
4867,
11,
32043,
532,
7721,
11,
32043,
532,
12317,
393,
32043,
532,
22359,
19560,
198,
12,
1675,
37489,
12317,
4890,
198,
12,
1675,
766,
611,
12317,
4890,
468,
4104,
284,
584,
3006,
286,
262,
1767,
13,
770,
318,
1444,
29475,
13,
520,
3039,
5419,
5698,
2003,
3513,
290,
1061,
12,
929,
290,
3607,
345,
617,
2126,
286,
644,
284,
1607,
287,
262,
2003,
13,
198,
12,
1675,
5004,
1771,
257,
3349,
287,
262,
21726,
1775,
319,
257,
16356,
9367,
318,
4890,
516,
393,
1729,
48870,
516,
13,
198,
12,
1675,
5004,
703,
880,
345,
821,
14409,
284,
4890,
3513,
13,
198,
32,
12317,
46436,
1313,
25592,
16667,
4867,
357,
47731,
8,
9367,
318,
281,
19560,
1332,
326,
3544,
257,
25521,
9136,
357,
7174,
257,
491,
11736,
8,
284,
804,
329,
4369,
287,
262,
21726,
11,
2592,
12317,
4890,
13,
198,
2437,
262,
1332,
318,
6157,
198,
464,
1535,
1337,
10131,
481,
8677,
257,
1402,
2033,
286,
257,
25521,
2587,
656,
530,
286,
534,
32375,
11,
3221,
319,
262,
2641,
286,
262,
22662,
13,
383,
9136,
17781,
832,
262,
2910,
290,
26609,
287,
262,
21379,
286,
262,
21726,
13,
198,
1639,
481,
307,
1965,
284,
4043,
6716,
355,
262,
25521,
9136,
318,
19233,
416,
534,
1767,
13,
770,
3221,
2753,
546,
352,
1711,
13,
198,
6423,
11,
345,
481,
6486,
866,
319,
257,
3084,
326,
19392,
656,
257,
13275,
12,
16760,
7604,
287,
262,
3641,
286,
262,
32043,
27474,
13,
198,
464,
32043,
4572,
39382,
2568,
1813,
572,
416,
262,
25521,
9136,
290,
2458,
340,
656,
513,
12,
19577,
5986,
13,
383,
4263,
389,
1908,
284,
257,
3644,
11,
810,
484,
389,
9066,
319,
257,
5671,
329,
262,
1535,
1337,
10131,
284,
1100,
13,
198,
1639,
1276,
6486,
991,
1141,
262,
32043,
9367,
523,
326,
262,
4572,
460,
4439,
1598,
4263,
286,
534,
21726,
13,
198,
464,
1332,
2753,
546,
4101,
2431,
13,
198,
2437,
284,
8335,
329,
262,
1332,
198,
1639,
1276,
1051,
257,
8281,
1296,
878,
1719,
428,
1332,
13,
921,
481,
307,
1297,
407,
284,
4483,
1997,
329,
604,
532,
718,
2250,
878,
262,
32043,
9367,
11,
3584,
345,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
4144,
1660,
13,
198,
24446,
534,
6253,
611,
345,
389,
10423,
393,
892,
345,
1244,
307,
10423,
13,
198,
7583,
1560,
534,
6253,
546,
597,
15077,
290,
625,
12,
1169,
12,
24588,
23533,
326,
345,
389,
2263,
11,
780,
484,
743,
18135,
351,
262,
1332,
13,
198,
3856,
1654,
284,
3068,
611,
345,
423,
597,
36665,
11,
393,
611,
345,
447,
247,
303,
550,
597,
2274,
19560,
3640,
1262,
25077,
30121,
357,
3642,
5685,
737,
14026,
262,
32043,
3641,
611,
345,
423,
12593,
290,
389,
2263,
14588,
13,
198,
7191,
262,
1332,
11,
345,
743,
761,
284,
5806,
257,
4436,
33323,
13,
7214,
572,
597,
22634,
11,
18794,
942,
11,
290,
584,
6147,
5563,
780,
484,
714,
2689,
262,
9367,
2482,
13,
198,
2437,
262,
1332,
481,
1254,
198,
1639,
481,
1254,
257,
7786,
41409,
618,
262,
17598,
351,
262,
25521,
9136,
318,
18846,
656,
534,
27208,
13,
921,
6584,
447,
247,
83,
1254,
1997,
1141,
262,
4036,
32043,
9367,
13,
198,
5195,
262,
1332,
318,
6157,
198,
7120,
6253,
743,
1502,
428,
1332,
25,
198,
1858,
389,
645,
2761,
12326,
287,
262,
2546,
11,
5485,
11,
393,
2163,
286,
262,
21726,
13,
1318,
389,
645,
3006,
287,
543,
262,
2511,
5151,
11510,
263,
468,
42364,
453,
7723,
13,
198,
2061,
18801,
2482,
1612,
198,
4826,
11265,
2482,
743,
307,
2233,
284,
25,
198,
2061,
262,
7476,
389,
198,
464,
2033,
286,
11881,
973,
287,
257,
32043,
9367,
318,
1877,
13,
632,
318,
546,
262,
976,
2033,
286,
11881,
355,
287,
749,
16356,
23824,
13,
4418,
11,
262,
11881,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
938,
329,
845,
890,
287,
534,
1767,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
1466,
508,
389,
10423,
393,
389,
32613,
815,
1309,
511,
6253,
760,
878,
1719,
428,
1332,
13,
4806,
1187,
290,
11351,
2664,
389,
517,
8564,
284,
262,
3048,
286,
11881,
780,
511,
16613,
389,
991,
3957,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
1744,
11,
3584,
845,
7485,
11,
284,
423,
281,
31856,
6317,
284,
262,
25521,
491,
11736,
13,
2773,
661,
423,
2356,
11,
2266,
1108,
11,
393,
29844,
379,
262,
16954,
2524,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
1744,
284,
423,
3991,
2482,
319,
257,
32043,
9367,
13,
7235,
7543,
393,
14588,
2974,
743,
2689,
262,
1332,
2482,
287,
661,
351,
12593,
13,
198,
6943,
32043,
23824,
389,
783,
6157,
1863,
351,
257,
16356,
9367,
13,
770,
6087,
9367,
318,
1444,
257,
32043,
14,
4177,
13,
198,
6395,
5254,
326,
743,
307,
1760,
2427,
286,
257,
32043,
9367,
2291,
257,
7976,
1505,
9367,
11,
16356,
9367,
11,
393,
30278,
9367,
13,
198,
15086,
4223,
380,
14545,
11,
449,
3087,
449,
13,
8923,
354,
15147,
28164,
6086,
13,
554,
25,
14737,
46642,
11,
12164,
449,
37,
11,
2806,
2860,
385,
26706,
11,
399,
6959,
41722,
13,
12164,
290,
399,
6959,
447,
247,
82,
8255,
2070,
286,
1874,
4063,
2870,
11558,
13,
604,
400,
1225,
13,
8857,
11,
11243,
25,
50,
32818,
25974,
49663,
26,
5075,
25,
354,
499,
5846,
13,
198,
38,
426,
20553,
11,
31942,
449,
11,
314,
1236,
316,
1122,
72,
10670,
11,
16093,
11342,
11,
337,
5649,
403,
5550,
11,
399,
1698,
488,
27704,
11,
38919,
5550,
13,
34959,
286,
3871,
351,
45105,
18666,
5028,
25,
1649,
318,
340,
12317,
4890,
30,
15859,
47,
21259,
12,
15001,
21234,
19939,
31072,
357,
17,
358,
5061,
737,
25544,
13,
4343,
26,
19924,
25,
21315,
50,
12,
12952,
50,
13,
198,
54,
15668,
45715,
13,
48656,
13,
554,
25,
42474,
2364,
10670,
11,
943,
2781,
496,
32357,
11,
399,
798,
263,
13415,
527,
449,
36,
11,
509,
459,
272,
10771,
11,
48403,
370,
38,
11,
1225,
82,
13,
42474,
2364,
338,
21234,
1550,
66,
1435,
13,
604,
400,
1225,
13,
8857,
11,
11243,
25,
25974,
49663,
25987,
47717,
26,
11528,
25,
354,
499,
2310,
13,
198,
42,
2013,
3889,
3537,
11,
22945,
371,
11,
26874,
624,
44941,
11,
40071,
268,
735,
402,
11,
609,
44871,
293,
18504,
4106,
27164,
13,
350,
7434,
1313,
12,
368,
1480,
16667,
4867,
355,
257,
1172,
43758,
2891,
329,
1903,
12,
14247,
12317,
4890,
13,
1703,
449,
39037,
13,
4793,
26,
26492,
25,
42117,
12,
43690,
13,
198,
12,
6602,
3128,
25,
198,
12,
2805,
1987,
11,
3717,
198,
12,
6602,
276,
416,
25,
198,
12,
14533,
14110,
23183,
11,
10670,
11,
2732,
286,
5325,
12371,
11,
22489,
12463,
382,
8366,
3337,
11,
32486,
11,
6645,
13,
6602,
2810,
416,
4643,
72,
9921,
30289,
7311,
13,
4418,
11765,
416,
3271,
1168,
12311,
11,
10670,
11,
337,
7801,
11,
8366,
5890,
11,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
1539,
3457,
13,
198,
464,
1321,
2810,
24028,
815,
407,
307,
973,
1141,
597,
3315,
6334,
393,
329,
262,
13669,
393,
3513,
286,
597,
3315,
4006,
13,
317,
11971,
3315,
4708,
815,
307,
26889,
329,
13669,
290,
3513,
286,
597,
290,
477,
3315,
3403,
13,
4889,
16679,
329,
477,
3315,
36047,
13,
21691,
284,
584,
5043,
389,
2810,
329,
1321,
691,
1377,
484,
466,
407,
15613,
40614,
286,
883,
584,
5043,
13,
10673,
8309,
12,
3648,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
1539,
3457,
13,
4377,
50124,
393,
6082,
286,
262,
1321,
7763,
24028,
318,
14084,
12244,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,226 |
Measure it and solve it
Would you like to become a special consultant in a large bank, or would you rather make the optimisation models that control electricity production in Scandinavia?
Are you considering a career in research, developing mathematical optimisation models that measure the productivity of the Danish health sector, or would you rather participate in designing computing systems that control the price determination of options?
Then the Mathematics-Economics programme is right for you.
Mathematics-Economics educates economists who use mathematics, computer science and statistics to analyse economic problems. The relations between the two fields are good. Mathematics makes great use of economics and vice versa. Also, you learn how to solve several types of complex problems and to think analytically and logically. | [
47384,
340,
290,
8494,
340,
198,
17353,
345,
588,
284,
1716,
257,
2041,
17028,
287,
257,
1588,
3331,
11,
393,
561,
345,
2138,
787,
262,
6436,
5612,
4981,
326,
1630,
8744,
3227,
287,
29410,
544,
30,
198,
8491,
345,
6402,
257,
3451,
287,
2267,
11,
5922,
18069,
6436,
5612,
4981,
326,
3953,
262,
13714,
286,
262,
20849,
1535,
6567,
11,
393,
561,
345,
2138,
8277,
287,
18492,
14492,
3341,
326,
1630,
262,
2756,
12123,
286,
3689,
30,
198,
6423,
262,
39448,
12,
28489,
873,
11383,
318,
826,
329,
345,
13,
198,
19044,
10024,
873,
12,
28489,
873,
2711,
689,
16816,
508,
779,
19473,
11,
3644,
3783,
290,
7869,
284,
39552,
3034,
2761,
13,
383,
2316,
1022,
262,
734,
7032,
389,
922,
13,
39448,
1838,
1049,
779,
286,
12446,
290,
7927,
25470,
13,
4418,
11,
345,
2193,
703,
284,
8494,
1811,
3858,
286,
3716,
2761,
290,
284,
892,
4284,
83,
1146,
290,
34193,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 154 |
Henri MatisseFrench (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France, 1869 - 1954, Nice, France)
Along with Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse was one of the pillars of the Parisian avant-garde, whose formal innovations in painting would dominate much of modern art. Matisse initially worked in law, but discovered a passion for art when he began painting as an amateur. He went on to study traditional academic painting. In the early years of the twentieth century, however, he rejected the idea that painting had to imitate the appearance of nature. His characteristic innovations were the use of vibrant, arbitrary colors; bold, autonomous brushstrokes; and a flattening of spatial depth. This anti-naturalistic style inspired the critical name "fauves," or "wild beasts," for the group of painters around Matisse.
Ironically, Matisse often applied his thoroughly modern style to traditional subjects such as still lifes, landscapes, and portraits. Such works express a sense of timeless joy and stillness that runs counter to the frenetic, technologically inspired compositions of many of his contemporaries. Although primarily dedicated to painting, Matisse was also active as a sculptor and printmaker. In the 1940s, in failing health, he embarked on a well-known group of cut-paper collages. | [
26055,
380,
6550,
20782,
24111,
357,
3123,
327,
378,
559,
12,
21701,
1671,
2634,
13429,
11,
4881,
11,
1248,
3388,
532,
24718,
11,
18460,
11,
4881,
8,
198,
24035,
351,
33185,
15085,
28372,
11,
44485,
6550,
20782,
373,
530,
286,
262,
30485,
286,
262,
6342,
666,
1196,
415,
12,
19977,
68,
11,
3025,
8766,
25438,
287,
12036,
561,
17863,
881,
286,
3660,
1242,
13,
6550,
20782,
7317,
3111,
287,
1099,
11,
475,
5071,
257,
7506,
329,
1242,
618,
339,
2540,
12036,
355,
281,
18585,
13,
679,
1816,
319,
284,
2050,
4569,
8233,
12036,
13,
554,
262,
1903,
812,
286,
262,
29112,
4289,
11,
2158,
11,
339,
8606,
262,
2126,
326,
12036,
550,
284,
44638,
262,
5585,
286,
3450,
13,
2399,
16704,
25438,
547,
262,
779,
286,
21266,
11,
14977,
7577,
26,
10758,
11,
18284,
14093,
20661,
5209,
26,
290,
257,
27172,
3101,
286,
21739,
6795,
13,
770,
3098,
12,
11802,
2569,
3918,
7867,
262,
4688,
1438,
366,
69,
559,
1158,
553,
393,
366,
21992,
21930,
553,
329,
262,
1448,
286,
2356,
1010,
1088,
6550,
20782,
13,
198,
44850,
11,
6550,
20782,
1690,
5625,
465,
13770,
3660,
3918,
284,
4569,
7481,
884,
355,
991,
25622,
11,
32964,
11,
290,
31725,
13,
8013,
2499,
4911,
257,
2565,
286,
36464,
8716,
290,
991,
1108,
326,
4539,
3753,
284,
262,
22832,
5139,
11,
48299,
7867,
33543,
286,
867,
286,
465,
46028,
13,
4900,
7525,
7256,
284,
12036,
11,
6550,
20782,
373,
635,
4075,
355,
257,
14747,
273,
290,
3601,
10297,
13,
554,
262,
16236,
82,
11,
287,
9894,
1535,
11,
339,
36385,
319,
257,
880,
12,
4002,
1448,
286,
2005,
12,
20189,
2927,
1095,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 272 |
New prenatal test may show inherited diseases
Blood sample from mother less invasive than current screening procedures
Doctors may soon be able to diagnose inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis, thalassaemia and sickle cell anemia in fetuses by simply testing a blood sample taken from the mother.
Until now, prenatal diagnoses of such disorders have been possible only through invasive procedures like amniocentesis, which carry a risk of fetal miscarriage.
Amniocentesis is the extraction of a small amount of fluid from the sac surrounding a developing fetus.
But scientists in Hong Kong and Thailand may have found a way to diagnose in fetuses such "monogenic" diseases, which are caused by a single error in a single gene in the human DNA.
Such diseases can be diagnosed by a simple blood test (taken from the mother) ... and by counting the relative ratio of the mutant genes against the normal genes.
This is only possible because fetal DNA circulates in maternal blood, a discovery Lo and his colleagues made several years ago.
Many scientists have since been trying to find the best way to differentiate fetal DNA from maternal DNA, before they can even get down to looking for any anomalies in the fetal DNA. But these efforts have not met with much success.
In an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Lo and his colleagues said they had devised a counting system that could "bring non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic diseases closer to reality."
Using highly precise digital blood testing technology, both mutant and normal DNA sequences are counted in maternal plasma and that is then used to calculate the number of mutant genes inherited by the fetus and to determine the probability of the fetus developing any monogenic disease. | [
3791,
43228,
1332,
743,
905,
19552,
10040,
198,
21659,
6291,
422,
2802,
1342,
27376,
621,
1459,
14135,
9021,
198,
47087,
743,
2582,
307,
1498,
284,
37489,
19552,
10040,
884,
355,
3075,
11268,
12900,
37172,
11,
294,
282,
562,
64,
22859,
290,
6639,
293,
2685,
281,
22859,
287,
11351,
2664,
416,
2391,
4856,
257,
2910,
6291,
2077,
422,
262,
2802,
13,
198,
18273,
783,
11,
43228,
40567,
286,
884,
11916,
423,
587,
1744,
691,
832,
27376,
9021,
588,
716,
8461,
29421,
9339,
11,
543,
3283,
257,
2526,
286,
27652,
45931,
13,
198,
5840,
8461,
29421,
9339,
318,
262,
22236,
286,
257,
1402,
2033,
286,
11711,
422,
262,
5360,
7346,
257,
5922,
31076,
13,
198,
1537,
5519,
287,
9764,
9071,
290,
16952,
743,
423,
1043,
257,
835,
284,
37489,
287,
11351,
2664,
884,
366,
2144,
15147,
1,
10040,
11,
543,
389,
4073,
416,
257,
2060,
4049,
287,
257,
2060,
9779,
287,
262,
1692,
7446,
13,
198,
16678,
10040,
460,
307,
14641,
416,
257,
2829,
2910,
1332,
357,
83,
1685,
422,
262,
2802,
8,
2644,
290,
416,
14143,
262,
3585,
8064,
286,
262,
30118,
10812,
1028,
262,
3487,
10812,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
691,
1744,
780,
27652,
7446,
2498,
15968,
287,
22160,
2910,
11,
257,
9412,
6706,
290,
465,
7810,
925,
1811,
812,
2084,
13,
198,
7085,
5519,
423,
1201,
587,
2111,
284,
1064,
262,
1266,
835,
284,
28754,
27652,
7446,
422,
22160,
7446,
11,
878,
484,
460,
772,
651,
866,
284,
2045,
329,
597,
35907,
287,
262,
27652,
7446,
13,
887,
777,
4040,
423,
407,
1138,
351,
881,
1943,
13,
198,
818,
281,
2708,
3199,
287,
262,
30641,
286,
262,
2351,
8581,
286,
13473,
11,
6706,
290,
465,
7810,
531,
484,
550,
28964,
257,
14143,
1080,
326,
714,
366,
48580,
1729,
12,
259,
23747,
43228,
13669,
286,
937,
15147,
10040,
5699,
284,
3950,
526,
198,
12814,
4047,
7141,
4875,
2910,
4856,
3037,
11,
1111,
30118,
290,
3487,
7446,
16311,
389,
14789,
287,
22160,
16074,
290,
326,
318,
788,
973,
284,
15284,
262,
1271,
286,
30118,
10812,
19552,
416,
262,
31076,
290,
284,
5004,
262,
12867,
286,
262,
31076,
5922,
597,
937,
15147,
4369,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 353 |
It has been six years since the U.S. has had to worry about mad cow disease. With the recent confirmed case of the disease in a California bovine, the public is worried about food safety. Is there reason for concern?
Is our food safe?
Since 2006, the U.S. has had no positive tests for mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This new case, found in California’s Central Valley, marks only the fourth occurrence ever in the U.S., out of 40,000 tests each year. The infected cow, however, never entered the human food chain, meaning that there is no risk to beef and/or dairy products, nor is there a risk for other countries who import U.S. beef.
Read about Oprah’s connection to mad cow disease >>
"The beef and dairy in the American food supply is safe..."
No risk to humans
In an effort to quell the rising public concern, the USDA has issued a statement regarding the recent case of mad cow disease. In part, Tom Vilsack, U.S. Agriculture Secretary, said, "The beef and dairy in the American food supply is safe and USDA remains confident in the health of U.S. cattle… USDA has no reason to believe that any other U.S. animals are currently affected, but we will remain vigilant and committed to the safeguards in place."
Read more about selecting organic foods >>
To further ease our minds, John Clifford, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s chief veterinarian, said that this particular cow died of an atypical form of mad cow disease which was caused by a random mutation and not from contaminated feed, meaning that it was a chance occurrence.
Learn more about the benefits of grass-fed beef >>
There was a time when mad cow disease was rampant, but in recent years, the numbers have dropped drastically. In 2011, only 29 cases were reported worldwide, compared to over 37,000 cases in 1992. Cattle ranchers are actually touting this recent discovery as proof that the system is working as it should.
Still in the mood for beef? Cook the perfect tenderloin >>
More food news | [
1026,
468,
587,
2237,
812,
1201,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
468,
550,
284,
5490,
546,
8805,
9875,
4369,
13,
2080,
262,
2274,
4999,
1339,
286,
262,
4369,
287,
257,
3442,
275,
709,
500,
11,
262,
1171,
318,
7960,
546,
2057,
3747,
13,
1148,
612,
1738,
329,
2328,
30,
198,
3792,
674,
2057,
3338,
30,
198,
6385,
4793,
11,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
468,
550,
645,
3967,
5254,
329,
8805,
9875,
4369,
393,
275,
709,
500,
599,
506,
6933,
551,
43996,
27189,
357,
4462,
36,
737,
770,
649,
1339,
11,
1043,
287,
3442,
447,
247,
82,
5694,
6916,
11,
8849,
691,
262,
5544,
19810,
1683,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
1539,
503,
286,
2319,
11,
830,
5254,
1123,
614,
13,
383,
14112,
9875,
11,
2158,
11,
1239,
5982,
262,
1692,
2057,
6333,
11,
3616,
326,
612,
318,
645,
2526,
284,
12023,
290,
14,
273,
17659,
3186,
11,
4249,
318,
612,
257,
2526,
329,
584,
2678,
508,
1330,
471,
13,
50,
13,
12023,
13,
198,
5569,
546,
47857,
447,
247,
82,
4637,
284,
8805,
9875,
4369,
9609,
198,
1,
464,
12023,
290,
17659,
287,
262,
1605,
2057,
5127,
318,
3338,
9313,
198,
2949,
2526,
284,
5384,
198,
818,
281,
3626,
284,
627,
695,
262,
7396,
1171,
2328,
11,
262,
29986,
468,
4884,
257,
2643,
5115,
262,
2274,
1339,
286,
8805,
9875,
4369,
13,
554,
636,
11,
4186,
569,
4487,
441,
11,
471,
13,
50,
13,
19717,
4986,
11,
531,
11,
366,
464,
12023,
290,
17659,
287,
262,
1605,
2057,
5127,
318,
3338,
290,
29986,
3793,
6563,
287,
262,
1535,
286,
471,
13,
50,
13,
17025,
1399,
29986,
468,
645,
1738,
284,
1975,
326,
597,
584,
471,
13,
50,
13,
4695,
389,
3058,
5676,
11,
475,
356,
481,
3520,
30257,
290,
5364,
284,
262,
32673,
287,
1295,
526,
198,
5569,
517,
546,
17246,
10469,
9013,
9609,
198,
2514,
2252,
10152,
674,
9017,
11,
1757,
43159,
11,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
19717,
447,
247,
82,
4039,
41404,
11,
531,
326,
428,
1948,
9875,
3724,
286,
281,
379,
4464,
605,
1296,
286,
8805,
9875,
4369,
543,
373,
4073,
416,
257,
4738,
15148,
290,
407,
422,
23543,
3745,
11,
3616,
326,
340,
373,
257,
2863,
19810,
13,
198,
20238,
517,
546,
262,
4034,
286,
8701,
12,
19082,
12023,
9609,
198,
1858,
373,
257,
640,
618,
8805,
9875,
4369,
373,
26262,
11,
475,
287,
2274,
812,
11,
262,
3146,
423,
5710,
22188,
13,
554,
2813,
11,
691,
2808,
2663,
547,
2098,
8688,
11,
3688,
284,
625,
5214,
11,
830,
2663,
287,
9768,
13,
327,
1999,
32205,
7084,
389,
1682,
48120,
428,
2274,
9412,
355,
6617,
326,
262,
1080,
318,
1762,
355,
340,
815,
13,
198,
9590,
287,
262,
10038,
329,
12023,
30,
8261,
262,
2818,
15403,
5439,
259,
9609,
198,
5167,
2057,
1705,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 462 |
This Week's Parsha | Previous issues | Welcome
- Please Read!
G-d took the man and placed him in the Garden of Eden, to work it and to guard it… G-d commanded the man saying: 'You may freely eat of every tree in the garden. But you must not eat of the Tree of Knowledge of good and bad, for on the day that you eat from it you shall surely die' (2:15-17).
The narrative relates how Adam nevertheless came to eat from the Tree of Knowledge. He was expelled from the Garden of Eden, and he was condemned to toil the remainder of his life to grow his own food as an agricultural laborer.
Several questions present themselves on the above:
1. Adam was warned that he would die on the day that he ate from the tree. How come, therefore, that the Torah records that he lived the very long life span of nine hundred and thirty years (5:5)?
2. Why was he punished at all? He claimed that Eve gave him the forbidden fruit: 'The woman whom You gave to be with me - she gave me from the tree and I ate' (2:12). There is no statement in the text that suggests that Adam knew what he was actually eating in the first place.
3. The Torah emphasizes that his sin in eating from the fruit was 'because he listened to the voice of his wife' (3:17). Why was in not sufficient to say that he was to be punished for simply eating from the forbidden fruit?
4. Adam and Eve were both expelled from Garden of Eden. Why did G-d not warn him that this would happen to him if he ate from the Tree of Knowledge?
A key towards resolving these difficulties may be found in the following sentence:
G-d took the man and placed him in the Garden of Eden to work it and to guard it (2:15).
This verse suggests that G-d did not create the Garden of Eden to be a paradise for Adam - so that he would be its guest and spend his life enjoying the largesse of his 'host'. Rather his role was to fit in with the Creation and get to know every plant and creature of the garden, work with them and develop the potential of the symbiotic relationships that would make the Garden an even greater place to be in. For nowhere in the text does it say that the Garden of Eden was created as a perfect place.
Indeed the Talmud holds that a person must work to reach his potential and to function as a useful member of society:
Shemaya said: 'Love work' (Avot 1:10).
Avot de R. Natan develops this further stating that work is essential for anyone - even someone who has enough for all his needs:
What should a person who has no work do? If he has… many fields, he should occupy himself with them. For just as the Torah was given with a Covenant, similarly work was given with a Covenant: 'Six days shall you work... and the seventh is a Sabbath to the L-rd your G-d'. Indeed, Adam did not taste anything until he did work, as it states 'He placed him in the Garden of Eden to work it and to guard it' and only afterwards 'You may eat freely from every tree in the Garden' (Avot de R. Natan 11).
One may go even further. In order for a person to feel close to G-d, he has to give to Him, as it were. Adam was required to do this by working on the land. A person who puts in effort, and is closely involved in a worthy and productive project sees his own self in it. If he is honest with himself, he will also see the Hand of G-d in his success. He will be grateful to Him, and come closer to Him. As Rabbi E. E. Dessler (Michtav Mi-Eliyahu, vol. 3) writes, when a person feels gratitude to Him for all the good he receives every day in his life, he will naturally express his gratitude by sacrifice (in Temple times) or through prayer - offered in sincerity. By doing this, a person becomes a 'giver' to G-d. This is the relationship that causes the 'giver' (Man) to love the 'receiver' (G-d). And by loving G-d, a person wishes to serve Him to the very best of his ability.
It seems that this was Adam's failing. He did not work on the land sufficiently. He did not experience the personal development and closeness with G-d that came with 'working on the land' - developing the potential within the Garden that would improve it still further. For that reason he was expelled from Eden and he had to work harder on the land - not out of wealth, but out of sheer necessity.
This may be derived from the text. Adam may well not have known that the fruit he ate had come from the Tree of Knowledge. Thus he did not willfully disobey G-d's command. (Nor did Eve fully transgress the prohibition that was given to Adam in the singular before she was created - even though she correctly understood it applied to her through inference.) So he did not deserve to die. (Nor did she deserve to die.) However had he worked properly, he would have known the flora of the Garden of Eden well enough to know which fruit belonged to each tree - ask any gardener! His having been led into accidentally eating the forbidden fruit revealed that he did not sufficiently perform the tasks for which G-d created him - 'to work on the land' - and, through honest work, spiritually develop into the great personality that would become the Father of Mankind.
This is a lesson for everyone. Like Adam, each individual must find out his or her potential and develop it, serving G-d and Mankind, and thus endeavor to leave the Earth a better place.
Written by Jacob Solomon. Tel 02 673 7998. E-mail: [email protected] for any points you wish to raise and/or to join those that receive this Parasha sheet every week.
This article is provided as part of Shema Yisrael Torah Network
For information on subscriptions, archives, and | [
1212,
6119,
338,
23042,
3099,
930,
21801,
2428,
930,
19134,
198,
12,
4222,
4149,
0,
198,
38,
12,
67,
1718,
262,
582,
290,
4624,
683,
287,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
11,
284,
670,
340,
290,
284,
4860,
340,
1399,
402,
12,
67,
22419,
262,
582,
2282,
25,
705,
1639,
743,
12748,
4483,
286,
790,
5509,
287,
262,
11376,
13,
887,
345,
1276,
407,
4483,
286,
262,
12200,
286,
20414,
286,
922,
290,
2089,
11,
329,
319,
262,
1110,
326,
345,
4483,
422,
340,
345,
2236,
10403,
4656,
6,
357,
17,
25,
1314,
12,
1558,
737,
198,
464,
8689,
18436,
703,
7244,
19032,
1625,
284,
4483,
422,
262,
12200,
286,
20414,
13,
679,
373,
27307,
422,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
11,
290,
339,
373,
15006,
284,
284,
346,
262,
17675,
286,
465,
1204,
284,
1663,
465,
898,
2057,
355,
281,
14240,
2248,
11934,
13,
198,
14945,
2683,
1944,
2405,
319,
262,
2029,
25,
198,
16,
13,
7244,
373,
7728,
326,
339,
561,
4656,
319,
262,
1110,
326,
339,
15063,
422,
262,
5509,
13,
1374,
1282,
11,
4361,
11,
326,
262,
33366,
4406,
326,
339,
5615,
262,
845,
890,
1204,
11506,
286,
5193,
3470,
290,
12277,
812,
357,
20,
25,
20,
19427,
198,
17,
13,
4162,
373,
339,
16851,
379,
477,
30,
679,
4752,
326,
12882,
2921,
683,
262,
19467,
8234,
25,
705,
464,
2415,
4150,
921,
2921,
284,
307,
351,
502,
532,
673,
2921,
502,
422,
262,
5509,
290,
314,
15063,
6,
357,
17,
25,
1065,
737,
1318,
318,
645,
2643,
287,
262,
2420,
326,
5644,
326,
7244,
2993,
644,
339,
373,
1682,
6600,
287,
262,
717,
1295,
13,
198,
18,
13,
383,
33366,
31648,
326,
465,
7813,
287,
6600,
422,
262,
8234,
373,
705,
13893,
339,
16399,
284,
262,
3809,
286,
465,
3656,
6,
357,
18,
25,
1558,
737,
4162,
373,
287,
407,
6751,
284,
910,
326,
339,
373,
284,
307,
16851,
329,
2391,
6600,
422,
262,
19467,
8234,
30,
198,
19,
13,
7244,
290,
12882,
547,
1111,
27307,
422,
11652,
286,
23369,
13,
4162,
750,
402,
12,
67,
407,
9828,
683,
326,
428,
561,
1645,
284,
683,
611,
339,
15063,
422,
262,
12200,
286,
20414,
30,
198,
32,
1994,
3371,
31038,
777,
13156,
743,
307,
1043,
287,
262,
1708,
6827,
25,
198,
38,
12,
67,
1718,
262,
582,
290,
4624,
683,
287,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
284,
670,
340,
290,
284,
4860,
340,
357,
17,
25,
1314,
737,
198,
1212,
18527,
5644,
326,
402,
12,
67,
750,
407,
2251,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
284,
307,
257,
31354,
329,
7244,
532,
523,
326,
339,
561,
307,
663,
8319,
290,
4341,
465,
1204,
13226,
262,
2552,
35270,
286,
465,
705,
4774,
4458,
11317,
465,
2597,
373,
284,
4197,
287,
351,
262,
21582,
290,
651,
284,
760,
790,
4618,
290,
7185,
286,
262,
11376,
11,
670,
351,
606,
290,
1205,
262,
2785,
286,
262,
5307,
16357,
6958,
326,
561,
787,
262,
11652,
281,
772,
3744,
1295,
284,
307,
287,
13,
1114,
12062,
287,
262,
2420,
857,
340,
910,
326,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
373,
2727,
355,
257,
2818,
1295,
13,
198,
17854,
262,
7193,
41650,
6622,
326,
257,
1048,
1276,
670,
284,
3151,
465,
2785,
290,
284,
2163,
355,
257,
4465,
2888,
286,
3592,
25,
198,
3347,
11261,
64,
531,
25,
705,
18565,
670,
6,
357,
7355,
313,
352,
25,
940,
737,
198,
7355,
313,
390,
371,
13,
14393,
272,
21126,
428,
2252,
12316,
326,
670,
318,
6393,
329,
2687,
532,
772,
2130,
508,
468,
1576,
329,
477,
465,
2476,
25,
198,
2061,
815,
257,
1048,
508,
468,
645,
670,
466,
30,
1002,
339,
468,
1399,
867,
7032,
11,
339,
815,
22265,
2241,
351,
606,
13,
1114,
655,
355,
262,
33366,
373,
1813,
351,
257,
25489,
11,
12470,
670,
373,
1813,
351,
257,
25489,
25,
705,
21447,
1528,
2236,
345,
670,
986,
290,
262,
14024,
318,
257,
38402,
284,
262,
406,
12,
4372,
534,
402,
12,
67,
4458,
9676,
11,
7244,
750,
407,
6938,
1997,
1566,
339,
750,
670,
11,
355,
340,
2585,
705,
1544,
4624,
683,
287,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
284,
670,
340,
290,
284,
4860,
340,
6,
290,
691,
12979,
705,
1639,
743,
4483,
12748,
422,
790,
5509,
287,
262,
11652,
6,
357,
7355,
313,
390,
371,
13,
14393,
272,
1367,
737,
198,
3198,
743,
467,
772,
2252,
13,
554,
1502,
329,
257,
1048,
284,
1254,
1969,
284,
402,
12,
67,
11,
339,
468,
284,
1577,
284,
10978,
11,
355,
340,
547,
13,
7244,
373,
2672,
284,
466,
428,
416,
1762,
319,
262,
1956,
13,
317,
1048,
508,
7584,
287,
3626,
11,
290,
318,
7173,
2950,
287,
257,
12733,
290,
12973,
1628,
7224,
465,
898,
2116,
287,
340,
13,
1002,
339,
318,
5508,
351,
2241,
11,
339,
481,
635,
766,
262,
7157,
286,
402,
12,
67,
287,
465,
1943,
13,
679,
481,
307,
14066,
284,
10978,
11,
290,
1282,
5699,
284,
10978,
13,
1081,
31807,
412,
13,
412,
13,
360,
33730,
357,
11180,
83,
615,
13756,
12,
36,
4528,
88,
12196,
11,
2322,
13,
513,
8,
6797,
11,
618,
257,
1048,
5300,
24083,
284,
10978,
329,
477,
262,
922,
339,
11583,
790,
1110,
287,
465,
1204,
11,
339,
481,
8752,
4911,
465,
24083,
416,
11728,
357,
259,
10857,
1661,
8,
393,
832,
11443,
532,
4438,
287,
44053,
13,
2750,
1804,
428,
11,
257,
1048,
4329,
257,
705,
70,
1428,
6,
284,
402,
12,
67,
13,
770,
318,
262,
2776,
326,
5640,
262,
705,
70,
1428,
6,
357,
5124,
8,
284,
1842,
262,
705,
260,
39729,
6,
357,
38,
12,
67,
737,
843,
416,
14442,
402,
12,
67,
11,
257,
1048,
12802,
284,
4691,
10978,
284,
262,
845,
1266,
286,
465,
2694,
13,
198,
1026,
2331,
326,
428,
373,
7244,
338,
9894,
13,
679,
750,
407,
670,
319,
262,
1956,
17338,
13,
679,
750,
407,
1998,
262,
2614,
2478,
290,
3542,
9449,
351,
402,
12,
67,
326,
1625,
351,
705,
16090,
319,
262,
1956,
6,
532,
5922,
262,
2785,
1626,
262,
11652,
326,
561,
2987,
340,
991,
2252,
13,
1114,
326,
1738,
339,
373,
27307,
422,
23369,
290,
339,
550,
284,
670,
7069,
319,
262,
1956,
532,
407,
503,
286,
5129,
11,
475,
503,
286,
15163,
14564,
13,
198,
1212,
743,
307,
10944,
422,
262,
2420,
13,
7244,
743,
880,
407,
423,
1900,
326,
262,
8234,
339,
15063,
550,
1282,
422,
262,
12200,
286,
20414,
13,
6660,
339,
750,
407,
46857,
30163,
2959,
402,
12,
67,
338,
3141,
13,
357,
21991,
750,
12882,
3938,
44780,
262,
19548,
326,
373,
1813,
284,
7244,
287,
262,
18032,
878,
673,
373,
2727,
532,
772,
996,
673,
9380,
7247,
340,
5625,
284,
607,
832,
32278,
2014,
1406,
339,
750,
407,
10925,
284,
4656,
13,
357,
21991,
750,
673,
10925,
284,
4656,
2014,
2102,
550,
339,
3111,
6105,
11,
339,
561,
423,
1900,
262,
48037,
286,
262,
11652,
286,
23369,
880,
1576,
284,
760,
543,
8234,
19611,
284,
1123,
5509,
532,
1265,
597,
16985,
877,
0,
2399,
1719,
587,
2957,
656,
14716,
6600,
262,
19467,
8234,
4602,
326,
339,
750,
407,
17338,
1620,
262,
8861,
329,
543,
402,
12,
67,
2727,
683,
532,
705,
1462,
670,
319,
262,
1956,
6,
532,
290,
11,
832,
5508,
670,
11,
45319,
1205,
656,
262,
1049,
8806,
326,
561,
1716,
262,
9190,
286,
44231,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
257,
11483,
329,
2506,
13,
4525,
7244,
11,
1123,
1981,
1276,
1064,
503,
465,
393,
607,
2785,
290,
1205,
340,
11,
7351,
402,
12,
67,
290,
44231,
11,
290,
4145,
28251,
284,
2666,
262,
3668,
257,
1365,
1295,
13,
198,
25354,
416,
12806,
22912,
13,
12088,
7816,
718,
4790,
767,
34808,
13,
412,
12,
4529,
25,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
329,
597,
2173,
345,
4601,
284,
5298,
290,
14,
273,
284,
4654,
883,
326,
3328,
428,
2547,
14715,
9629,
790,
1285,
13,
198,
1212,
2708,
318,
2810,
355,
636,
286,
1375,
2611,
575,
271,
2510,
33366,
7311,
198,
1890,
1321,
319,
35675,
11,
22415,
11,
290,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,311 |
Longstreet Highroad Guide to the North Georgia Mountains
The Chickamauga Valley lies between the Cumberland Plateau's Lookout Mountain to the west and the Armuchee Ridges to the east. Where it divides the "thumb" of Pigeon Mountain from Lookout Mountain is the famed McLemore Cove. The Chickamauga Valley forms a natural passageway between the high ridges on either side. Because it gives access to both Chattanooga and the Tennessee River and contains a few low ridges, it was the site of much movement and conflict during the Civil War.
The Chickamauga Valley is not just one valley but a series of northeast-southwest trending valleys with limestone floors and ridges some 200 to 300 feet high, capped with more weather-resistant rock. Down through these valleys and across the ridges between Chattanooga and Atlanta, Union army forces under General William Sherman pursued Confederate troops during the fighting which led to the Battle of Atlanta near the end of the Civil War. Visitors to the military parks at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Orchard Knob, as well as other areas such as the lovely and serene McLemore Cove, will come away with a clearer understanding of how the natural geology of the region has helped shape recent human history.
From the Chickamauga Valley, especially GA 337, one can reach a variety of natural features lying at the base of the Pigeon Mountain escarpment. These include giant, dry, forest sinkholes; Blue Hole; and the entrances to the enchanting Dickson and McWhorter gulfs, deeply eroded into Pigeon Mountain's east wall.
[Fig. 5(13)] A postcard-pretty valley nestled in the V formed by Lookout Mountain and Pigeon Mountain, the McLemore Cove Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The steep limestone and sandstone walls of the mountains form a dramatic backdrop for a scenic drive through the cove. The area is almost exclusively agricultural, with small dairy farms taking up most of the land. At the southwest end of the cove is a portion of the picturesque 11,500-acre Mountain Cove Farm. Red cedars which thrive on the limestone soil here are profuse throughout the cove, particularly along West Cove Road, as indicated by the names of the natural features and landmarks: Cedar Grove Creek, Cedar Grove community, and Cedar Grove Church and Cemetery. Perhaps nowhere else in Georgia are so many cedars concentrated in such a small area.
The cove, which was named for Robert and John McLemore, sons of a white trader and a Cherokee mother, is just south of Chickamauga Battlefield. One of the Civil War battles took place at Davis Crossroads.
Near Cedar Grove Methodist Church, a large number of Union soldiers spent the night of September 17, 1863, immediately prior to the historic Battle of Chickamauga. Another antebellum structure is the 130-year-old, plantation-plain style farmhouse where the Hise family has lived for generations. It is located .5 mile south of Mt. Hermon Church on Hog Jowl Road. Most of the other old houses and buildings in the cove are not antebellum but date from the 1890s, when the railroad was built through the northern part of the cove.
This park is comprised of four separate battlefield sitesChickamauga, Point Park, Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge. The park became the first of four military parks established by Congress between 1890 and 1899, the others being Shiloh, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg.
CHICKAMAUGA. [Fig. 5(7)] The Civil War battle of Chickamauga, in the northwest corner of Georgia, was the first of a series of decisive battles that culminated in the fall of Atlanta and brought the Civil War to a close. A Union force of about 58,000 men and a Confederate force of about 66,000 men clashed on the battlefield at Chickamauga September 1920, 1863. The result, after 34,000 casualties (3,969 dead), was that the Union army retreated north to Chattanooga, then a town of about 2,500 people, and the Southern forces occupied Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, which bordered the town. Troops from 29 of the 33 states east of the Rockies engaged in the campaign; four states had troops on both sides.
The Chickamauga Battlefield visitor center has an excellent small museum containing artifacts related to the Civil War. It also houses the Fuller Gun Collection, which consists of 355 weapons dating from the Revolutionary War period through World War II. A 26-minute, multimedia show is presented daily. Books on Civil War history and four rental audiocassettes are available.
The major points of interest on the Chickamauga Battlefield, which when the battle was fought consisted of small fields, dense woods, and thick underbrush, can be reached by following a 7-mile driving tour. Monuments and markers along the road indicate the locations of units and batteries engaged in the battle.
Chickamauga contains remarkable natural environments. In the eastern portion is Georgia's best example of the remarkable cedar glades, where red cedars dominate an open forest community. The thin soil over a limestone outcrop supports rare and unique prairie plants, some found nowhere else in the state. There are late-summer displays of showy coneflowers and black-eyed susans. The only year-round stream, Cave Springs Creek, has rich aquatic fauna; large shell-bark hickories grow along it. Two quarry ponds lie just east of US 27 near its junction with Viniard Road. Several limesinks, or sagponds, occur. The most historic is Bloody Pond, near the southwestern corner of the park. The largest and most interesting limesink is just north of Alexander's Bridge over Chickamauga Creek in the southeast corner of the park. It contains huge, 36-inch-diameter willow oaks buttressed at the base. Staff is not available to assist in nature tours.
POINT PARK. [Fig. 5(3)] Point Park, although located in the Cumberland Plateau, is more conveniently discussed here, in the Chickamauga Valley section. After the Battle of Chickamauga, the Union army retreated to Chattanooga, and the Confederate army reformed battle lines around the city with the intention of starving and freezing the Union troops into submission. Point Park, strategically positioned on top of Lookout Mountain, was the location of one of those battle lines. The dominance of the location over the city below cannot be fully grasped until one stands on the edge of Point Park and looks down on Chattanooga.
A visit to this park is an opportunity to visualize the grand strategy of a major Civil War battle. During the Battle of Lookout Mountain, termed the "Battle Above the Clouds" because during the fighting a band of mist and fog hung around the middle of the mountain, the Union army drove the Confederates from their position and effectively gained control of the city.
Point Park is on the northeastern tip of Lookout Mountain. The welcome center contains a fine 13-foot-by-30-foot mural painted by James Walker, an eyewitness to the battle. A tape recording provides a narrative that describes the scene and effectively draws the visitor into the action. The small Ochs Museum in the park has an observation deck which affords a commanding view of the area.
ORCHARD KNOB. [Fig. 5(4)] This hill in front of Missionary Ridge was initially the forward position of the Confederate defense line. It was taken by Union forces, and from here General Ulysses Grant commanded the assault on Missionary Ridge. On November 25, 1863, six cannon shot from this hill signaled the beginning of the battle for the ridge. Visitors will find a half dozen state monuments and a number of cannon, but the real reason to visit Orchard Knob is the geographical perspective it gives to the fighting between Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.
MISSIONARY RIDGE. [Fig. 5(5)] Missionary Ridge was occupied by the Confederate forces after the Battle of Chickamauga and was part of the battle line around Chattanooga. During the battle for the city, Union troops attacked and captured the ridge. Along the ridge are remarkable views of Orchard Knob, Chattanooga, and Lookout Mountain. Markers, plaques, and gun positions give details of troop positions and describe the action in which various units participated. The historical markers are dispersed among elegant houses.
Read and add comments about this page | [
14617,
25662,
3334,
6344,
10005,
284,
262,
2258,
7859,
21124,
198,
464,
31939,
321,
44718,
6916,
7363,
1022,
262,
38732,
1044,
23648,
559,
338,
6803,
448,
9638,
284,
262,
7421,
290,
262,
7057,
1229,
21067,
371,
15969,
284,
262,
7627,
13,
6350,
340,
36319,
262,
366,
400,
2178,
1,
286,
350,
10045,
261,
9638,
422,
6803,
448,
9638,
318,
262,
28331,
18365,
368,
382,
39534,
13,
383,
31939,
321,
44718,
6916,
5107,
257,
3288,
1208,
363,
16172,
1022,
262,
1029,
5755,
3212,
319,
2035,
1735,
13,
4362,
340,
3607,
1895,
284,
1111,
45851,
290,
262,
11287,
5866,
290,
4909,
257,
1178,
1877,
5755,
3212,
11,
340,
373,
262,
2524,
286,
881,
3356,
290,
5358,
1141,
262,
7511,
1810,
13,
198,
464,
31939,
321,
44718,
6916,
318,
407,
655,
530,
19272,
475,
257,
2168,
286,
24287,
12,
35782,
7038,
29056,
43088,
351,
48520,
18570,
290,
5755,
3212,
617,
939,
284,
5867,
3625,
1029,
11,
28490,
351,
517,
6193,
12,
26128,
3881,
13,
5588,
832,
777,
43088,
290,
1973,
262,
5755,
3212,
1022,
45851,
290,
9371,
11,
4479,
5428,
3386,
739,
3611,
3977,
23198,
19189,
21900,
6553,
1141,
262,
4330,
543,
2957,
284,
262,
5838,
286,
9371,
1474,
262,
886,
286,
262,
7511,
1810,
13,
44535,
284,
262,
2422,
14860,
379,
31939,
321,
44718,
11,
12633,
560,
20614,
11,
290,
1471,
30215,
6102,
672,
11,
355,
880,
355,
584,
3006,
884,
355,
262,
14081,
290,
384,
25924,
18365,
368,
382,
39534,
11,
481,
1282,
1497,
351,
257,
22363,
4547,
286,
703,
262,
3288,
4903,
1435,
286,
262,
3814,
468,
4193,
5485,
2274,
1692,
2106,
13,
198,
4863,
262,
31939,
321,
44718,
6916,
11,
2592,
14545,
42294,
11,
530,
460,
3151,
257,
4996,
286,
3288,
3033,
9105,
379,
262,
2779,
286,
262,
350,
10045,
261,
9638,
3671,
5117,
434,
13,
2312,
2291,
6175,
11,
5894,
11,
8222,
14595,
28439,
26,
4518,
24478,
26,
290,
262,
43818,
284,
262,
23260,
278,
360,
46381,
290,
1982,
1199,
4337,
41593,
82,
11,
7744,
44699,
656,
350,
10045,
261,
9638,
338,
7627,
3355,
13,
198,
58,
14989,
13,
642,
7,
1485,
15437,
317,
1281,
9517,
12,
37784,
19272,
16343,
992,
287,
262,
569,
7042,
416,
6803,
448,
9638,
290,
350,
10045,
261,
9638,
11,
262,
18365,
368,
382,
39534,
30426,
5665,
373,
5610,
287,
262,
2351,
17296,
286,
30426,
37291,
287,
9162,
13,
383,
14559,
48520,
290,
6450,
6440,
7714,
286,
262,
12269,
1296,
257,
10092,
26373,
329,
257,
43251,
3708,
832,
262,
25746,
13,
383,
1989,
318,
2048,
11541,
14240,
11,
351,
1402,
17659,
15893,
2263,
510,
749,
286,
262,
1956,
13,
1629,
262,
26283,
886,
286,
262,
25746,
318,
257,
6903,
286,
262,
5986,
4188,
1367,
11,
4059,
12,
12345,
9638,
39534,
11272,
13,
2297,
269,
276,
945,
543,
22191,
319,
262,
48520,
9260,
994,
389,
1534,
1904,
3690,
262,
25746,
11,
3573,
1863,
2688,
39534,
5567,
11,
355,
8203,
416,
262,
3891,
286,
262,
3288,
3033,
290,
41532,
25,
36758,
24144,
13509,
11,
36758,
24144,
2055,
11,
290,
36758,
24144,
4564,
290,
35637,
13,
8673,
12062,
2073,
287,
7859,
389,
523,
867,
269,
276,
945,
17298,
287,
884,
257,
1402,
1989,
13,
198,
464,
25746,
11,
543,
373,
3706,
329,
5199,
290,
1757,
18365,
368,
382,
11,
11989,
286,
257,
2330,
31791,
290,
257,
39476,
2802,
11,
318,
655,
5366,
286,
31939,
321,
44718,
30193,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
7511,
1810,
10181,
1718,
1295,
379,
7802,
6372,
21372,
13,
198,
40640,
36758,
24144,
38029,
4564,
11,
257,
1588,
1271,
286,
4479,
5795,
3377,
262,
1755,
286,
2693,
1596,
11,
47072,
11,
3393,
3161,
284,
262,
9566,
5838,
286,
31939,
321,
44718,
13,
6023,
29692,
7923,
388,
4645,
318,
262,
11323,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
11,
43206,
12,
25638,
3918,
5318,
4803,
810,
262,
367,
786,
1641,
468,
5615,
329,
10439,
13,
632,
318,
5140,
764,
20,
10591,
5366,
286,
18632,
13,
2332,
2144,
4564,
319,
22411,
449,
4883,
5567,
13,
4042,
286,
262,
584,
1468,
7777,
290,
6832,
287,
262,
25746,
389,
407,
29692,
7923,
388,
475,
3128,
422,
262,
31982,
82,
11,
618,
262,
24337,
373,
3170,
832,
262,
7840,
636,
286,
262,
25746,
13,
198,
1212,
3952,
318,
19869,
286,
1440,
4553,
13480,
5043,
1925,
624,
321,
44718,
11,
6252,
3250,
11,
1471,
30215,
6102,
672,
11,
290,
12633,
560,
20614,
13,
383,
3952,
2627,
262,
717,
286,
1440,
2422,
14860,
4920,
416,
3162,
1022,
31982,
290,
47465,
11,
262,
1854,
852,
911,
346,
1219,
11,
7136,
30359,
11,
290,
569,
3378,
7423,
13,
198,
3398,
11860,
25087,
7340,
32,
13,
685,
14989,
13,
642,
7,
22,
15437,
383,
7511,
1810,
3344,
286,
31939,
321,
44718,
11,
287,
262,
24821,
5228,
286,
7859,
11,
373,
262,
717,
286,
257,
2168,
286,
21112,
10181,
326,
45200,
287,
262,
2121,
286,
9371,
290,
3181,
262,
7511,
1810,
284,
257,
1969,
13,
317,
4479,
2700,
286,
546,
7618,
11,
830,
1450,
290,
257,
21900,
2700,
286,
546,
7930,
11,
830,
1450,
37003,
319,
262,
13480,
379,
31939,
321,
44718,
2693,
14062,
11,
47072,
13,
383,
1255,
11,
706,
4974,
11,
830,
18499,
357,
18,
11,
38819,
2636,
828,
373,
326,
262,
4479,
5428,
35622,
5093,
284,
45851,
11,
788,
257,
3240,
286,
546,
362,
11,
4059,
661,
11,
290,
262,
8050,
3386,
12030,
12633,
560,
20614,
290,
6803,
448,
9638,
11,
543,
275,
24071,
262,
3240,
13,
8498,
2840,
422,
2808,
286,
262,
4747,
2585,
7627,
286,
262,
35521,
7953,
287,
262,
1923,
26,
1440,
2585,
550,
6553,
319,
1111,
5389,
13,
198,
464,
31939,
321,
44718,
30193,
21493,
3641,
468,
281,
6275,
1402,
13257,
7268,
20316,
3519,
284,
262,
7511,
1810,
13,
632,
635,
7777,
262,
31863,
6748,
12251,
11,
543,
10874,
286,
36561,
3777,
10691,
422,
262,
28105,
1810,
2278,
832,
2159,
1810,
2873,
13,
317,
2608,
12,
11374,
11,
40162,
905,
318,
5545,
4445,
13,
13661,
319,
7511,
1810,
2106,
290,
1440,
14447,
40504,
420,
562,
23014,
389,
1695,
13,
198,
464,
1688,
2173,
286,
1393,
319,
262,
31939,
321,
44718,
30193,
11,
543,
618,
262,
3344,
373,
8350,
19954,
286,
1402,
7032,
11,
15715,
16479,
11,
290,
6546,
739,
32680,
11,
460,
307,
4251,
416,
1708,
257,
767,
12,
18085,
5059,
4205,
13,
2892,
2886,
290,
19736,
1863,
262,
2975,
7603,
262,
7064,
286,
4991,
290,
13591,
7953,
287,
262,
3344,
13,
198,
1925,
624,
321,
44718,
4909,
11004,
3288,
12493,
13,
554,
262,
10183,
6903,
318,
7859,
338,
1266,
1672,
286,
262,
11004,
269,
44226,
1278,
2367,
11,
810,
2266,
269,
276,
945,
17863,
281,
1280,
8222,
2055,
13,
383,
7888,
9260,
625,
257,
48520,
503,
31476,
6971,
4071,
290,
3748,
7201,
28191,
6134,
11,
617,
1043,
12062,
2073,
287,
262,
1181,
13,
1318,
389,
2739,
12,
16345,
647,
11298,
286,
905,
88,
369,
891,
75,
3618,
290,
2042,
12,
18834,
2341,
504,
13,
383,
691,
614,
12,
744,
4269,
11,
18603,
18334,
13509,
11,
468,
5527,
37115,
277,
32837,
26,
1588,
7582,
12,
65,
668,
289,
624,
1749,
1663,
1863,
340,
13,
4930,
47780,
47339,
6486,
655,
7627,
286,
1294,
2681,
1474,
663,
35037,
351,
569,
5362,
446,
5567,
13,
12168,
300,
999,
2973,
11,
393,
45229,
79,
24764,
11,
3051,
13,
383,
749,
9566,
318,
30893,
41598,
11,
1474,
262,
46065,
5228,
286,
262,
3952,
13,
383,
4387,
290,
749,
3499,
300,
999,
676,
318,
655,
5093,
286,
10009,
338,
10290,
625,
31939,
321,
44718,
13509,
287,
262,
26015,
5228,
286,
262,
3952,
13,
632,
4909,
3236,
11,
4570,
12,
8589,
12,
67,
13173,
481,
322,
267,
4730,
8530,
2790,
379,
262,
2779,
13,
9983,
318,
407,
1695,
284,
3342,
287,
3450,
21284,
13,
198,
16402,
12394,
42358,
13,
685,
14989,
13,
642,
7,
18,
15437,
6252,
3250,
11,
3584,
5140,
287,
262,
38732,
1044,
23648,
559,
11,
318,
517,
29801,
6693,
994,
11,
287,
262,
31939,
321,
44718,
6916,
2665,
13,
2293,
262,
5838,
286,
31939,
321,
44718,
11,
262,
4479,
5428,
35622,
284,
45851,
11,
290,
262,
21900,
5428,
42878,
3344,
3951,
1088,
262,
1748,
351,
262,
6778,
286,
34253,
290,
20884,
262,
4479,
6553,
656,
14498,
13,
6252,
3250,
11,
34235,
19378,
319,
1353,
286,
6803,
448,
9638,
11,
373,
262,
4067,
286,
530,
286,
883,
3344,
3951,
13,
383,
18648,
286,
262,
4067,
625,
262,
1748,
2174,
2314,
307,
3938,
45569,
1566,
530,
6296,
319,
262,
5743,
286,
6252,
3250,
290,
3073,
866,
319,
45851,
13,
198,
32,
3187,
284,
428,
3952,
318,
281,
3663,
284,
38350,
262,
4490,
4811,
286,
257,
1688,
7511,
1810,
3344,
13,
5856,
262,
5838,
286,
6803,
448,
9638,
11,
28569,
262,
366,
24064,
23302,
262,
46298,
1,
780,
1141,
262,
4330,
257,
4097,
286,
4020,
290,
19558,
9174,
1088,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
8598,
11,
262,
4479,
5428,
10357,
262,
16986,
689,
422,
511,
2292,
290,
6840,
8618,
1630,
286,
262,
1748,
13,
198,
12727,
3250,
318,
319,
262,
38131,
8171,
286,
6803,
448,
9638,
13,
383,
7062,
3641,
4909,
257,
3734,
1511,
12,
5898,
12,
1525,
12,
1270,
12,
5898,
36192,
13055,
416,
3700,
10120,
11,
281,
34316,
284,
262,
3344,
13,
317,
9154,
8296,
3769,
257,
8689,
326,
8477,
262,
3715,
290,
6840,
14293,
262,
21493,
656,
262,
2223,
13,
383,
1402,
440,
354,
82,
9594,
287,
262,
3952,
468,
281,
13432,
6203,
543,
1527,
3669,
257,
25771,
1570,
286,
262,
1989,
13,
198,
1581,
3398,
9795,
22466,
9864,
13,
685,
14989,
13,
642,
7,
19,
15437,
770,
12788,
287,
2166,
286,
12633,
560,
20614,
373,
7317,
262,
2651,
2292,
286,
262,
21900,
3761,
1627,
13,
632,
373,
2077,
416,
4479,
3386,
11,
290,
422,
994,
3611,
471,
35670,
274,
12181,
22419,
262,
4641,
319,
12633,
560,
20614,
13,
1550,
3389,
1679,
11,
47072,
11,
2237,
21202,
2823,
422,
428,
12788,
34676,
262,
3726,
286,
262,
3344,
329,
262,
32525,
13,
44535,
481,
1064,
257,
2063,
8667,
1181,
28814,
290,
257,
1271,
286,
21202,
11,
475,
262,
1103,
1738,
284,
3187,
1471,
30215,
6102,
672,
318,
262,
27465,
6650,
340,
3607,
284,
262,
4330,
1022,
6803,
448,
9638,
290,
12633,
560,
20614,
13,
198,
44,
40373,
13153,
371,
2389,
8264,
13,
685,
14989,
13,
642,
7,
20,
15437,
12633,
560,
20614,
373,
12030,
416,
262,
21900,
3386,
706,
262,
5838,
286,
31939,
321,
44718,
290,
373,
636,
286,
262,
3344,
1627,
1088,
45851,
13,
5856,
262,
3344,
329,
262,
1748,
11,
4479,
6553,
7384,
290,
7907,
262,
32525,
13,
17159,
262,
32525,
389,
11004,
5009,
286,
1471,
30215,
6102,
672,
11,
45851,
11,
290,
6803,
448,
9638,
13,
2940,
364,
11,
458,
46806,
11,
290,
2485,
6116,
1577,
3307,
286,
31874,
6116,
290,
6901,
262,
2223,
287,
543,
2972,
4991,
14888,
13,
383,
6754,
19736,
389,
34646,
1871,
19992,
7777,
13,
198,
5569,
290,
751,
3651,
546,
428,
2443,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,774 |
1. Definition of Reading
Many definitions of reading are explained by some specialist, some of them are complementary one another, but any others contradictory.
Reading is not simple mechanical skill: nor is it a narrow scholastic tool. Properly cultivated, it is essentially a thoughtful process. It should be developed as a complex organization of patterns of higher metal process. Reading also defines responding. The response may be at the surface level of “calling” the word. It may be the somewhat deeper level of understanding the explicit meaning of sentence, paragraph or passage. Another definition says, reading is the process of giving the significance intended by the writer to the graphic symbols by relating them to one’s own found of experience. Frank Smith in his Understanding Reading book defines that Reading is an act of communication in which information is transferred from a transmitter to a receiver.
According to Miles A. Tinker and Contance M. McCullough, Reading involves identification and recognition of printed or written symbols which serve as stimuli for the recall of meanings built up through past experience, and further the concentration of new meanings through the reader’s manipulation of relevant concepts already in his possession. Soedarsono explained, Reading is a complex activity that not gives a great amount of action separately. Daniel Hittleman in his Development Reading book, defines Reading is a verbal process interrelated with thinking and with all other communication abilities – listening, speaking, and writing.
Based on some definitions of reading by some specialists above, the writer concludes that reading is an activity to get information, increasing perception through written text and also interpreting and analyzing text.
2. Aspect of Reading
Some aspects of reading based on normal reading situation consist of three kinds. They are word recognition, comprehension and reflections.
a. Word recognition
The degree of excellence in reading is determined, to a large extent, by the ability to recognize and pronounce words. The core of view that reading is chiefly skill in recognizing words can be accurated by the form of the word itself. Decoding the printed page is one of examples of recognizing the oral equivalent of the written symbol.
Comprehension is one of competence that must be had by the readers. Reading just is not transferring the symbol printed from page to the brain but the readers have to comprehend the content of the reader’s read. Comprehension in reading becomes important because it makes the readers have meaningful in their reading. In other word, their reading is not useless.
There are three levels of reading comprehension. First: literal reading, second: Aesthetic reading, and third is Critical reading.
Literal reading is the ability to know all of the directions in the text and also understand exact words, meanings and characters. Aesthetic reading is the ability to appreciate what the reader’s read before. Critical reading consists of making factual distinction between common ideas, facts and opinion. This capability is needed for valid interpretation and analysis. It means that the readers able to analyze what the reader’s read after.
Many educators have pointed out that word recognition and comprehension does not g, reading more advantages for the readers when they apply what they read after. Globally, this aspect involves comprehension and word recognition.
Look, the process of reading necessary to be able to hold ideas they occur and to conceptualize meaningful interpretation through reflection. This process compares the written stimuli with the reader’s experiences.
From three aspects of reading above, the writer hopes to the readers that all of the readers who read any book are needed to know the aspects of reading. In order to make their reading more meaningful, of course by comprehend all of those aspects above. | [
16,
13,
30396,
286,
11725,
198,
7085,
17336,
286,
3555,
389,
4893,
416,
617,
15670,
11,
617,
286,
606,
389,
32150,
530,
1194,
11,
475,
597,
1854,
29096,
13,
198,
36120,
318,
407,
2829,
12370,
5032,
25,
4249,
318,
340,
257,
7135,
5513,
349,
3477,
2891,
13,
45989,
306,
30499,
11,
340,
318,
6986,
257,
22677,
1429,
13,
632,
815,
307,
4166,
355,
257,
3716,
4009,
286,
7572,
286,
2440,
6147,
1429,
13,
11725,
635,
15738,
14409,
13,
383,
2882,
743,
307,
379,
262,
4417,
1241,
286,
564,
250,
44714,
447,
251,
262,
1573,
13,
632,
743,
307,
262,
6454,
9211,
1241,
286,
4547,
262,
7952,
3616,
286,
6827,
11,
7322,
393,
10066,
13,
6023,
6770,
1139,
11,
3555,
318,
262,
1429,
286,
3501,
262,
12085,
5292,
416,
262,
6260,
284,
262,
13028,
14354,
416,
11270,
606,
284,
530,
447,
247,
82,
898,
1043,
286,
1998,
13,
5278,
4176,
287,
465,
28491,
11725,
1492,
15738,
326,
11725,
318,
281,
719,
286,
6946,
287,
543,
1321,
318,
11172,
422,
257,
35099,
284,
257,
9733,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
20404,
317,
13,
46316,
290,
2345,
590,
337,
13,
45026,
619,
11,
11725,
9018,
11795,
290,
9465,
286,
10398,
393,
3194,
14354,
543,
4691,
355,
25973,
329,
262,
10014,
286,
26368,
3170,
510,
832,
1613,
1998,
11,
290,
2252,
262,
10368,
286,
649,
26368,
832,
262,
9173,
447,
247,
82,
17512,
286,
5981,
10838,
1541,
287,
465,
7797,
13,
1406,
276,
12613,
78,
4893,
11,
11725,
318,
257,
3716,
3842,
326,
407,
3607,
257,
1049,
2033,
286,
2223,
13869,
13,
7806,
367,
1206,
805,
287,
465,
7712,
11725,
1492,
11,
15738,
11725,
318,
257,
17755,
1429,
987,
5363,
351,
3612,
290,
351,
477,
584,
6946,
7883,
784,
8680,
11,
5486,
11,
290,
3597,
13,
198,
15001,
319,
617,
17336,
286,
3555,
416,
617,
22447,
2029,
11,
262,
6260,
18978,
326,
3555,
318,
281,
3842,
284,
651,
1321,
11,
3649,
11202,
832,
3194,
2420,
290,
635,
35391,
290,
22712,
2420,
13,
198,
17,
13,
1081,
806,
286,
11725,
198,
4366,
7612,
286,
3555,
1912,
319,
3487,
3555,
3074,
3473,
286,
1115,
6982,
13,
1119,
389,
1573,
9465,
11,
35915,
290,
35066,
13,
198,
64,
13,
9678,
9465,
198,
464,
4922,
286,
25230,
287,
3555,
318,
5295,
11,
284,
257,
1588,
6287,
11,
416,
262,
2694,
284,
7564,
290,
28942,
2456,
13,
383,
4755,
286,
1570,
326,
3555,
318,
36305,
5032,
287,
22650,
2456,
460,
307,
4431,
515,
416,
262,
1296,
286,
262,
1573,
2346,
13,
4280,
7656,
262,
10398,
2443,
318,
530,
286,
6096,
286,
22650,
262,
12886,
7548,
286,
262,
3194,
6194,
13,
198,
7293,
7345,
295,
318,
530,
286,
31450,
326,
1276,
307,
550,
416,
262,
7183,
13,
11725,
655,
318,
407,
26140,
262,
6194,
10398,
422,
2443,
284,
262,
3632,
475,
262,
7183,
423,
284,
24772,
262,
2695,
286,
262,
9173,
447,
247,
82,
1100,
13,
3082,
7345,
295,
287,
3555,
4329,
1593,
780,
340,
1838,
262,
7183,
423,
11570,
287,
511,
3555,
13,
554,
584,
1573,
11,
511,
3555,
318,
407,
13894,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
1115,
2974,
286,
3555,
35915,
13,
3274,
25,
18875,
3555,
11,
1218,
25,
317,
37531,
3555,
11,
290,
2368,
318,
17684,
3555,
13,
198,
43,
270,
1691,
3555,
318,
262,
2694,
284,
760,
477,
286,
262,
11678,
287,
262,
2420,
290,
635,
1833,
2748,
2456,
11,
26368,
290,
3435,
13,
317,
37531,
3555,
318,
262,
2694,
284,
9144,
644,
262,
9173,
447,
247,
82,
1100,
878,
13,
17684,
3555,
10874,
286,
1642,
27234,
12941,
1022,
2219,
4213,
11,
6419,
290,
4459,
13,
770,
12971,
318,
2622,
329,
4938,
10794,
290,
3781,
13,
632,
1724,
326,
262,
7183,
1498,
284,
16602,
644,
262,
9173,
447,
247,
82,
1100,
706,
13,
198,
7085,
30770,
423,
6235,
503,
326,
1573,
9465,
290,
35915,
857,
407,
308,
11,
3555,
517,
13391,
329,
262,
7183,
618,
484,
4174,
644,
484,
1100,
706,
13,
40713,
453,
11,
428,
4843,
9018,
35915,
290,
1573,
9465,
13,
198,
8567,
11,
262,
1429,
286,
3555,
3306,
284,
307,
1498,
284,
1745,
4213,
484,
3051,
290,
284,
23355,
1096,
11570,
10794,
832,
14580,
13,
770,
1429,
23008,
262,
3194,
25973,
351,
262,
9173,
447,
247,
82,
6461,
13,
198,
4863,
1115,
7612,
286,
3555,
2029,
11,
262,
6260,
7176,
284,
262,
7183,
326,
477,
286,
262,
7183,
508,
1100,
597,
1492,
389,
2622,
284,
760,
262,
7612,
286,
3555,
13,
554,
1502,
284,
787,
511,
3555,
517,
11570,
11,
286,
1781,
416,
24772,
477,
286,
883,
7612,
2029,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 746 |
For a burgeoning underdeveloped nation, the most widely used construction material in the world—concrete—is a valuable asset. But in Mongolia—that landlocked Asiatic country wedged between Russia and the People’s Republic of China—knowledge of concrete is, at best, rudimentary.
One of the most sparsely populated nations in the world, the country is emerging from a modern history of political turmoil and looking to the west for assistance in its development. Mongolia is Asia’s seventh largest country in area but with a population of less than 2.5 million.
This is why, in part, SIUE Engineering Professor Luke Snell and his wife, Billie, traveled to Mongolia—to lead the first Mongolian concrete conference in mid-May, where they served as “good will ambassadors” for concrete as they toured the country. The Snells departed for Ulaanbaatar—the Mongolian capitol—on May 14 for a 14-day visit that was packed full of activities promoting and providing information about concrete.
“Mongolia is on the verge of a construction boom,” said Snell. “There is a great deal of need for the building of basic infrastructures, and the population has migrated to the cities, such as they are.”
A colleague from the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, who is spending a year teaching at the Mongolian University of Science and Technology, invited Snell to organize the conference. As director of the Concrete Construction Resource Unit at SIUE, Snell’s expertise was valuable in its formation.
“The conference covered everything from the basics of concrete to discussions of why concrete cracks, and testing of concrete quality,” said Snell.
Following the one-day conference, the Snells traveled throughout Mongolia, visiting factories, government offices and schools.
“We took a supply of our ‘floating concrete’ kits with us to teach Mongolian teachers how to teach this learning kit to their students,” said Snell. “Somewhere between toddler age and sixth grade, children appear to lose their natural curiosity about the world. By sixth grade, children view science and math as boring and too hard. We’ve been using the ‘floating concrete’ unit to demonstrate otherwise.”
Established in 2001, the Concrete Construction Resource Unit (CCRU) is an extension of the Department of Construction within the School of Engineering. The CCRU unites the knowledge and experience of faculty from civil engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as construction. One of its primary missions is to develop, promote and implement programs that create awareness of the concrete construction industry, as well as encourage children to explore the possibility of a career in construction or engineering.
The Snells travel and participation in the Mongolian concrete conference was sponsored by the American Concrete Institute (ACI), the Missouri chapter of the ACI, and SIUE’s School of Engineering.
Winners of attendance prizes at the SIUE Fitness and Benefits Fair in May have been announced. The fair is held each year in conjunction with the health Walk and the Staff Senate BBQ. The fair affords employees a chance to assess their health coverages through the university, as well as assess their health in general.
Two employees won prizes funded by Benefits Fair vendors’ fees: Deanna Taylor, of the Office of Human Resources, a mountain bicycle, and Nancy Waltz, of the School of Education, a 19-inch color television set.
Other winners included:
Gloria Hartmann, of the Office of the Registrar, a birdhouse floral arrangement, and Bob Legate, of University Housing, a swim mat, both from Colonial Supplemental Insurance; Emily Coffin, of the Office of Continuing Education, Micro talk Walkie Talkies from Gallagher Byerly; and JoAnn White, of Facilities Management, a one-year Student Fitness Center membership, from Campus Recreation
Christy Simpson, of the Office of Graduate and International Admissions, and Karen Take, of Administrative Accounting, both received certificate for a free massage from Our Health Club & Spa in Glen Carbon.
SIUE’s Alumni Association has created another first ... the first SIUE Alumni Days at Wrigley Field and Busch Stadium, that is.
SIUE alumni, as well, as other members of the university community, are invited to join in the fun in both Chicago and St. Louis.
The first event kicks off Sunday, June 23, at Wrigley Field in as the Chicago Cubs do battle with the St. Louis Cardinals. The event features a pre-game reception at The Cubby Bear, 1059 W. Addison St., across from Wrigley. The pre-game reception will begin at 4:30 p.m. and should end before game time.
Alumni association members pay a $32 event price, while non-members pay $35, which includes both the game ticket and pre-game reception buffet featuring hot dogs, bratwurst, hamburgers, cole slaw, potato salad, french fries, cookies, brownies, and soda. There is also a cash bar on location.
Then, it’s “Meet me in St. Louis, Louie,” as the association hosts the second part of the event on Sept. 7, at Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cards play host to the Cubs. The second event includes a pre-game picnic in the picnic area of the stadium beginning at 5 p.m.
That pre-game picnic includes hot dogs, bratwurst, chips, pasta salad, and a cash bar and will end by the first pitch. The price for this event is also $32 for association members; non-members, $35.
Tickets for both events are available from the SIUE Alumni Association, (618) 650-2760, from 8:30 a.m.- 4:30 p.m. weekdays.
Big changes are occurring in the Morris University Center as the $19.3 million renovation project progresses. The Food Court re-opened last week with limited seating in the Cougar Den, and as summer term begins we will see a number of closings, relocations and other related modifications to daily life in the MUC.
“We’re minimizing inconveniences as much as we can,” said Mary Robinson, director of the center. “Work will progress as quickly as possible to restore some semblance of normality, but a little patience and a little advanced knowledge will smooth things out greatly.”
“With the start of the fall semester, the construction walls will come down and everyone will be able to enjoy the first phase of the new and improved seating,” said Robinson. “Sometime in early fall the new food court will open in the southeast area of the dining area and the current servery will be closed to make way for additional seating.”
Goshen Lounge continues to be closed until early June as renovations take place in that area. “But it’s not all about things closing up,” said Robinson. “June 14 will see the opening of the new and enlarged Union Station. We’re also hopeful that the administrative offices and information center will be back in their locations by early June, and we’re on track for an opening sometime in July of the new Starbucks Coffee café.”
As Phase I renovation wraps up, work will begin on a number of other Phase II projects, including renovation of the University Restaurant’s exterior patio that will eventually allow for outdoor dining, as well as renovations to the Alestle offices, Cougar Lanes, the Kimmel Leadership Center offices, the copy center, and the hair salon. “We anticipate completing Phase II by early November,” said Robinson.
“The renovations reflect the types of things students told us they wanted to see in the University Center,” said Robinson. More than a year’s worth of focus groups and surveys were held before recommendations were made in the winter of 2000 on improving the 33-year-old building.
Completion of the improvements to the center is scheduled for the summer of 2003. For up-to-the-minute information on the project, click here.
SIUE’s Tamekia Howard (Florissant, Mo.) and Dan Walden (Springfield) will travel to San Angelo, Texas, as competitors at the 2002 NCAA Division II Outdoor Track and Field Championships.
The national meet is a three-day event set for May 23-25 on the campus of Angelo State.
Howard qualified at 400 meters, while Walden is making his second straight appearance in the outdoor championships at 800 meters.
“Tamekia has made big leaps with her personal records this season,” said SIUE Coach Darryl Frerker.
Howard was ninth on the list of twenty-three 400-meter runners with a time of 55.11 seconds in last Friday’s Illini May Twilight meet in Champaign. “With that ninth spot, she should get a decent lane to run in. I think she’s ready to get after it,” Frerker said.
Howard will run the 400-meter preliminaries at 5:50 p.m. on Thursday, May 23. The finals for 400 meters are 7 p.m. on Saturday, May 25.
Walden's spot in the national meet was not as certain because he was 17th on the qualifying list. The NCAA committee overseeing the event selected 20 runners in the event. Walden hopes to qualify for the finals on Friday, May 24, at 7:40 p.m. The finals will be the next day at 7:50 p.m.
“Dan shouldn’t be as nervous as he was last year in his first race at national,” Frerker said. “This season he’s been very consistent with his time and running within a few seconds of his personal best in every race.” Walden's qualifying time at 800 meters was 1:51.43.
With a softball conference championship in hand, the SIUE athletics department finished third in this season’s Great Lakes Valley Conference All-Sports Trophy standings.
Northern Kentucky won the annual trophy, accumulating the most points based on finishes in GLVC Championships and other GLVC-sponsored events. Northern Kentucky scored 113 points, followed by Indianapolis (104.75), SIUE (95.5), Lewis (91.75), Southern Indiana (89), Bellarmine (72.5), Saint Joseph’s (67), Quincy (61), Wisconsin-Parkside (60.5), Missouri-St. Louis (57) and Kentucky Wesleyan (22).
SIUE won its first GLVC Championship event in nearly three seasons when softball Coach Sandy Montgomery’s team won early this month.
Northern Kentucky won the most GLVC titles with seven, followed by Indianapolis (4), Lewis (4), SIUE (1) Southern Indiana (1) and Kentucky Wesleyan (1). Indianapolis shared two of its titles with Northern Kentucky in men’s golf and Lewis in women’s outdoor track.
Chad Opel (Edwardsville), who became the seventh player in NCAA Division II history to record more than 300 career hits, added another accolade to his growing list by being named All-North Central Region by the American Baseball Coaches Association.
Opel, who batted .420 in his final season as a Cougar, was named to the first team and will appear on the national ballot for a chance to be named All-American for a second consecutive season.
The shortstop completed his career with 302 hits, making him the seventh player in NCAA Division II history to record 300 or more in a career. He also ranks fifth in the NCAA in runs scored with 229 and at bats with 850. He helped the Cougars to a 30-24 record and a third-place finish in the GLVC Tournament this past season as well as fifth-place national finish during the 2001 season.
Opel holds career records at SIUE in runs scored and doubles with 59. He also is second all-time at SIUE in hits and at bats. He also holds single season records for at bats (274) and runs scored (82) in 2001.
Valerie McCoy (Bethalto), who helped SIUE to its third straight appearance in the NCAA Division II Softball Championships and a record 51 wins this season, was named All-American by the National Fastpitch Coaches Association.
McCoy, a senior, accepted her second All-American certificate in Salem, Va., in a ceremony at the national finals. McCoy was named an at-large third team All-American. “Val has been a steady force for this team for a long time. I’m happy she is getting well-deserved recognition,” Coach Sandy Montgomery said.
The second baseman was steady in her final season as a Cougar with a .372 batting average. She completes her four-year career at SIUE among the all-time best in several offensive categories. McCoy is sixth in batting average at .357, fourth in at bats with 616, tied for second in hits with 220, eighth in runs batted in with 102, and fifth in walks with 55.
SIUE completed the 2002 season with a 51-12 record and its first Great Lakes Valley Conference Tournament title.
SIUE men’s soccer Coach Ed Huneke filled his team’s needs for next season with the signing of five players.
The soccer Cougars added Mike Ngonyani (Bloomington, Ind.), Pete Cacciatore (St. Louis), Brian Higgins (St. Charles, Mo.), Andrew Crider (Granite City), and Tim Velten (St. Louis). “We’re still winning,” Huneke said. “Last year’s success has carried over into recruiting. The momentum should continue.”
SIUE advanced to the Final Four last season and was eliminated by the eventual champion Tampa in the semifinals of the national championships. The Cougars finished with a record of 17-3-3.
Ngonyani enters SIUE after being named the national junior college Player of the Year at Springfield College. A two-time All-American, Ngonyani scored 46 goals in two seasons. As a forward, Ngonyani scored in every game as a senior at Bloomington North (Ind.) High School in leading his team to a 16-4-1 record. He also led his team to the school’s first berth in the super sectional tournament. Ngonyani has been a part of a state title team for every year since 1995.
Huneke said Ngonyani will be a player to watch. “He’s a very dangerous forward who can beat a defender in a variety of ways,” Huneke said.
Cacciatore joins the list of family members who have played for the Cougars. His father, Steve, was a member of the 1972 national championship team. His uncles, Chris and Jeff, played for SIUE in the mid- to late-’70s. Pete Cacciatore helped St. Mary’s High School to three straight state championships. He was honored as the Missouri Player of the Year in 2001 after earning numerous All-State and All-Conference honors. Cacciatore also competed in track where he was fourth at the state championships in the 300-meter hurdles.
“Pete has blazing speed and a flamboyant style of play,” Huneke said.
Higgins led CBC High School with 12 goals last season and earned third team All-Metro honors from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. A second team All-State selection his senior season, Higgins also played for the Scott Gallagher club team which won two state championships the past two seasons. “Brian is a classic playmaker who has great awareness, vision and execution,” Huneke said.
Crider was a four-year letter winner at Granite City High School. An All-Southwestern Conference selection his junior season, the midfielder capped his prep career with two goals his senior season. “Andrew is a versatile player with a good sense of how to play,” Huneke said.
Velten scored three goals as a back for Webster Groves (MO) High School his senior season. A second team All-State and third team All-Metro selection, Velten was the Suburban South Conference’s Player of the Year in 2001 and a three-time All-Conference pick. “Tim is a superb athlete who is cool on the ball for a back,” said Huneke.
Jenny Esker (Steeleville) and Missy Koenig (Mapleton) have been named members of the Verizon/CoSIDA District V College Division softball team.
Esker, the Great Lakes Valley Conference’s Player of the Year, was named to the first team as an outfielder, while Koenig was selected to the second team. The Verizon/CoSIDA District V College Division includes institutions from Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin who are NCAA Divisions II or III or NAIA.
Esker has been placed on the national ballot for consideration for Academic All-American.
A sophomore, Esker batted .395 for the Cougars, who finished the 2002 season with a 51-12 record and a No. 2 national ranking in the final USA Today/NFCA NCAA Division II regular season poll. Esker led the Cougars in several offensive categories, including hits (83), runs (56), doubles (22), home runs (12) runs batted in (48) and stolen bases (30). The hits and runs numbers broke single-season records at SIUE.
Koenig completed her second season at SIUE with a 16-4 record, one save and a 1.70 earned run average. In two seasons, Koenig has compiled a 32-11 record as an SIUE pitcher.
Anna Wiszniewska, a 5-foot-10-inch forward from Warsaw, Poland, has signed a national letter of intent to play women’s basketball for SIUE next season.
Wiszniewska played in the Polish I League last season and has previously been a member of a team which placed third at the Polish Junior Championships. “We like what we saw when we brought her in for a visit,” admitted Coach Wendy Hedberg.
Coach Hedberg first learned of Wiszniewska through a compact disc the player had had sent to the women’s basketball office. The CD had a video of her displaying her basketball talent. The Cougars took a chance on bringing Wiszniewska in for a visit.
Wiszniewska has been among winning teams since age 10 when she began to play in Warsaw's sports club. In 1999, her club team advanced to the Polish I/II finals. In 2001, her team won the bronze at the Polish Junior Championships as she averaged 10.5 points and 5.9 rebounds per game. “I think she is going to develop into a good player,” Hedberg said.
The coaching staff may not have received an accurate view of her capabilities when she arrived for a visit since she was playing the day after flying in from Poland, said Hedberg. But the women's basketball coaching staff liked her maturity and poise after being put in a tough position.
After finishing the 2002 season with a 51-12 record, five SIUE softball players were named All-Great Lakes Region by the National Fastpitch Coaches Association.
Jenny Esker (Steeleville), RyAnn Spann (Bethalto) and Valerie McCoy (Bethalto) were named to the first team. Erin Newman (Fairfield, Calif.) and Koree Claxton (Rantoul) were selected to the second team,
The members of the first team have been placed on the national ballot and will have an opportunity to be named All-American. “This is an outstanding achievement for these players,” Coach Sandy Montgomery said. They have worked hard this season and deserve the reward.”
SIUE finished the 2002 season this past weekend after being eliminated by Ashland in the consolation bracket of the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Regional Tournament held in Edwardsville.
Esker, a sophomore outfielder, was named the Great Lakes Valley Conference Player of the Year after leading the league in several offensive categories, including hits (83), runs scored (56), runs batted in (48), and stolen bases (30). She set a single-season record for hits and runs scored as the team's leadoff hitter for most of the season.
Spann, a junior, recorded the most victories in a season (27) since Coach Montgomery set the record as a player with 30 in 1985. Spann fanned 219 batters in 247 2/3 innings and finished the season with a 1.10 earned run average.
McCoy, a senior, earned a back-to-back All-Region selection at second base. This season, McCoy hit .372 with 26 runs batted in. McCoy, an second team All-American last season, was the hardest player to strikeout with 11 in 183 at bats.
Newman, a two-time All-American, completed her collegiate career by shattering numerous offensive records, some of which she already had held after her junior season. Newman, a third baseman, batted .303 with eight home runs and 40 runs batted in this season. For her career, Newman leads SIUE in at bats (697), hits (265), walks (96), doubles (69), home runs (44), and runs batted in (185).
Claxton batted .311 in the outfield as the cleanup hitter. Claxton, a junior, recorded four home runs and 37 runs batted in, and was 11 of 11 in stolen bases.
Opel Named GLVC Player Of The Year
SIUE senior Chad Opel (Edwardsville) has been named Player of the Year by Great Lakes Valley Conference.
Opel, who needs four hits to become the seventh player in NCAA Division II history to record 300 or more hits, heads into the GLVC Tournament batting .429 with a team-best 51 runs scored, 19 doubles and 78 hits.
Opel was named first team as a shortstop for the Cougars. Wes Pickering (Springfield, Mo.) and Eric Meyer (Topeka) were named second team All-GLVC as a utility player and relief pitcher, respectively. Pickering is batting .331 with three home runs and 18 runs batted in. Meyer is 6-2 with a 3.31 earned run average and five saves.
Jarad Rettberg (Divernon) was named to Co-Freshman of the Year. Rettberg is currently 5-2 with a 3.29 ERA.
Logan Glosser, a 6-foot-5-inch forward from Mt. Zion, has signed a national letter of intent to play basketball for SIUE.
It is the first recruit for new Coach Marty Simmons.
In his first move as head coach, Simmons went after a scorer. “He will be a real asset to the kind of program we have here,” Simmons said. “He’s an all-around player.”
Glosser averaged 19.4 points per game as a senior this past season at Mt. Zion High School. He shot 177 of 405 (43.7 percent) from the field. That includes hitting 51.9 percent of his shots from inside the arc. He also led his team with 70 three-pointers and was second in rebounding with 5.2 per game.
“He has had a lot of talent around him, and Mt. Zion has won a good number of games with him,” Simmons said.
Glosser was a three-year starter and completed his career as a member of the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association’s Class AA All-Star team. | [
1890,
257,
38935,
739,
33082,
3277,
11,
262,
749,
6768,
973,
5103,
2587,
287,
262,
995,
960,
1102,
38669,
960,
271,
257,
8119,
11171,
13,
887,
287,
44364,
960,
5562,
1956,
24162,
1081,
72,
1512,
1499,
29445,
2004,
1022,
3284,
290,
262,
4380,
447,
247,
82,
2066,
286,
2807,
960,
45066,
286,
10017,
318,
11,
379,
1266,
11,
47381,
13,
198,
3198,
286,
262,
749,
29877,
306,
22331,
7027,
287,
262,
995,
11,
262,
1499,
318,
11823,
422,
257,
3660,
2106,
286,
1964,
26962,
290,
2045,
284,
262,
7421,
329,
6829,
287,
663,
2478,
13,
44364,
318,
7229,
447,
247,
82,
14024,
4387,
1499,
287,
1989,
475,
351,
257,
3265,
286,
1342,
621,
362,
13,
20,
1510,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
1521,
11,
287,
636,
11,
25861,
8924,
14044,
8129,
11336,
5489,
695,
290,
465,
3656,
11,
3941,
494,
11,
14113,
284,
44364,
960,
1462,
1085,
262,
717,
42188,
666,
10017,
4495,
287,
3095,
12,
6747,
11,
810,
484,
4983,
355,
564,
250,
11274,
481,
41702,
447,
251,
329,
10017,
355,
484,
44035,
262,
1499,
13,
383,
5489,
19187,
24057,
329,
471,
5031,
272,
7012,
9459,
960,
1169,
42188,
666,
1451,
11650,
960,
261,
1737,
1478,
329,
257,
1478,
12,
820,
3187,
326,
373,
11856,
1336,
286,
4568,
11560,
290,
4955,
1321,
546,
10017,
13,
198,
447,
250,
44,
506,
22703,
318,
319,
262,
27373,
286,
257,
5103,
14166,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5489,
695,
13,
564,
250,
1858,
318,
257,
1049,
1730,
286,
761,
329,
262,
2615,
286,
4096,
1167,
5685,
1356,
942,
11,
290,
262,
3265,
468,
40227,
284,
262,
4736,
11,
884,
355,
484,
389,
13,
447,
251,
198,
32,
16008,
422,
262,
2520,
13336,
3961,
286,
33466,
290,
8987,
11,
508,
318,
4581,
257,
614,
7743,
379,
262,
42188,
666,
2059,
286,
5800,
290,
8987,
11,
9392,
5489,
695,
284,
16481,
262,
4495,
13,
1081,
3437,
286,
262,
1482,
38669,
20395,
20857,
11801,
379,
25861,
8924,
11,
5489,
695,
447,
247,
82,
13572,
373,
8119,
287,
663,
9978,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
4495,
5017,
2279,
422,
262,
19165,
286,
10017,
284,
9984,
286,
1521,
10017,
23217,
11,
290,
4856,
286,
10017,
3081,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5489,
695,
13,
198,
14291,
262,
530,
12,
820,
4495,
11,
262,
5489,
19187,
14113,
3690,
44364,
11,
10013,
17590,
11,
1230,
9730,
290,
4266,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
1718,
257,
5127,
286,
674,
564,
246,
48679,
803,
10017,
447,
247,
19183,
351,
514,
284,
4545,
42188,
666,
7799,
703,
284,
4545,
428,
4673,
6220,
284,
511,
2444,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5489,
695,
13,
564,
250,
50,
28030,
1456,
1022,
30773,
2479,
290,
11695,
9559,
11,
1751,
1656,
284,
4425,
511,
3288,
20136,
546,
262,
995,
13,
2750,
11695,
9559,
11,
1751,
1570,
3783,
290,
10688,
355,
14262,
290,
1165,
1327,
13,
775,
447,
247,
303,
587,
1262,
262,
564,
246,
48679,
803,
10017,
447,
247,
4326,
284,
10176,
4306,
13,
447,
251,
198,
22362,
22555,
287,
5878,
11,
262,
1482,
38669,
20395,
20857,
11801,
357,
4093,
49,
52,
8,
318,
281,
7552,
286,
262,
2732,
286,
20395,
1626,
262,
3961,
286,
14044,
13,
383,
327,
9419,
52,
555,
2737,
262,
3725,
290,
1998,
286,
12829,
422,
3026,
8705,
11,
3644,
3783,
11,
12278,
8705,
11,
7593,
8705,
11,
290,
12370,
8705,
11,
355,
880,
355,
5103,
13,
1881,
286,
663,
4165,
10566,
318,
284,
1205,
11,
7719,
290,
3494,
4056,
326,
2251,
9359,
286,
262,
10017,
5103,
2831,
11,
355,
880,
355,
7898,
1751,
284,
7301,
262,
5885,
286,
257,
3451,
287,
5103,
393,
8705,
13,
198,
464,
5489,
19187,
3067,
290,
10270,
287,
262,
42188,
666,
10017,
4495,
373,
15901,
416,
262,
1605,
1482,
38669,
5136,
357,
2246,
40,
828,
262,
11565,
6843,
286,
262,
7125,
40,
11,
290,
25861,
8924,
447,
247,
82,
3961,
286,
14044,
13,
198,
16643,
2741,
286,
14858,
21740,
379,
262,
25861,
8924,
34545,
290,
30582,
7011,
287,
1737,
423,
587,
3414,
13,
383,
3148,
318,
2714,
1123,
614,
287,
17856,
351,
262,
1535,
6857,
290,
262,
9983,
3845,
32083,
13,
383,
3148,
1527,
3669,
4409,
257,
2863,
284,
4659,
511,
1535,
3002,
1095,
832,
262,
6403,
11,
355,
880,
355,
4659,
511,
1535,
287,
2276,
13,
198,
7571,
4409,
1839,
21740,
10588,
416,
30582,
7011,
17192,
447,
247,
6642,
25,
1024,
7697,
8121,
11,
286,
262,
4452,
286,
5524,
13864,
11,
257,
8598,
17026,
11,
290,
18496,
18935,
89,
11,
286,
262,
3961,
286,
7868,
11,
257,
678,
12,
8589,
3124,
5581,
900,
13,
198,
6395,
14591,
3017,
25,
198,
38,
4685,
544,
11345,
9038,
11,
286,
262,
4452,
286,
262,
46439,
11,
257,
6512,
4803,
38838,
13888,
11,
290,
5811,
3564,
378,
11,
286,
2059,
16797,
11,
257,
9422,
2603,
11,
1111,
422,
37726,
48165,
17541,
26,
17608,
44159,
11,
286,
262,
4452,
286,
48516,
7868,
11,
4527,
1561,
6857,
494,
12167,
444,
422,
38580,
2750,
263,
306,
26,
290,
5302,
18858,
2635,
11,
286,
48939,
8549,
11,
257,
530,
12,
1941,
13613,
34545,
3337,
9931,
11,
422,
25005,
34285,
198,
10684,
88,
20531,
11,
286,
262,
4452,
286,
30930,
290,
4037,
1215,
8481,
11,
290,
18678,
7214,
11,
286,
30048,
40964,
11,
1111,
2722,
10703,
329,
257,
1479,
26900,
422,
3954,
3893,
6289,
1222,
40208,
287,
20716,
23699,
13,
198,
11584,
8924,
447,
247,
82,
978,
25402,
5396,
468,
2727,
1194,
717,
2644,
262,
717,
25861,
8924,
978,
25402,
12579,
379,
370,
4359,
1636,
7663,
290,
5869,
354,
10499,
11,
326,
318,
13,
198,
11584,
8924,
31333,
11,
355,
880,
11,
355,
584,
1866,
286,
262,
6403,
2055,
11,
389,
9392,
284,
4654,
287,
262,
1257,
287,
1111,
4842,
290,
520,
13,
5593,
13,
198,
464,
717,
1785,
17364,
572,
3502,
11,
2795,
2242,
11,
379,
370,
4359,
1636,
7663,
287,
355,
262,
4842,
21562,
466,
3344,
351,
262,
520,
13,
5593,
18071,
13,
383,
1785,
3033,
257,
662,
12,
6057,
16307,
379,
383,
7070,
1525,
14732,
11,
838,
3270,
370,
13,
3060,
1653,
520,
1539,
1973,
422,
370,
4359,
1636,
13,
383,
662,
12,
6057,
16307,
481,
2221,
379,
604,
25,
1270,
279,
13,
76,
13,
290,
815,
886,
878,
983,
640,
13,
198,
2348,
25402,
8112,
1866,
1414,
257,
720,
2624,
1785,
2756,
11,
981,
1729,
12,
30814,
1414,
720,
2327,
11,
543,
3407,
1111,
262,
983,
7846,
290,
662,
12,
6057,
16307,
44703,
9593,
3024,
6844,
11,
865,
265,
86,
24962,
11,
41478,
3686,
364,
11,
763,
293,
1017,
707,
11,
21219,
20698,
11,
48718,
31757,
11,
14746,
11,
7586,
444,
11,
290,
20584,
13,
1318,
318,
635,
257,
5003,
2318,
319,
4067,
13,
198,
6423,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
564,
250,
29318,
502,
287,
520,
13,
5593,
11,
48352,
11,
447,
251,
355,
262,
8112,
11453,
262,
1218,
636,
286,
262,
1785,
319,
2362,
13,
767,
11,
379,
5869,
354,
10499,
287,
520,
13,
5593,
355,
262,
15824,
711,
2583,
284,
262,
21562,
13,
383,
1218,
1785,
3407,
257,
662,
12,
6057,
35715,
287,
262,
35715,
1989,
286,
262,
10308,
3726,
379,
642,
279,
13,
76,
13,
198,
2504,
662,
12,
6057,
35715,
3407,
3024,
6844,
11,
865,
265,
86,
24962,
11,
12014,
11,
26296,
20698,
11,
290,
257,
5003,
2318,
290,
481,
886,
416,
262,
717,
7078,
13,
383,
2756,
329,
428,
1785,
318,
635,
720,
2624,
329,
8112,
1866,
26,
1729,
12,
30814,
11,
720,
2327,
13,
198,
43254,
329,
1111,
2995,
389,
1695,
422,
262,
25861,
8924,
978,
25402,
5396,
11,
357,
47448,
8,
22626,
12,
1983,
1899,
11,
422,
807,
25,
1270,
257,
13,
76,
7874,
604,
25,
1270,
279,
13,
76,
13,
1285,
12545,
13,
198,
12804,
2458,
389,
14963,
287,
262,
14433,
2059,
3337,
355,
262,
720,
1129,
13,
18,
1510,
36011,
1628,
33226,
13,
383,
7318,
3078,
302,
12,
26350,
938,
1285,
351,
3614,
24800,
287,
262,
15062,
4563,
5601,
11,
290,
355,
3931,
3381,
6140,
356,
481,
766,
257,
1271,
286,
3542,
654,
11,
823,
20968,
290,
584,
3519,
19008,
284,
4445,
1204,
287,
262,
337,
9598,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
447,
247,
260,
41366,
20488,
10035,
355,
881,
355,
356,
460,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5335,
12652,
11,
3437,
286,
262,
3641,
13,
564,
250,
12468,
481,
4371,
355,
2952,
355,
1744,
284,
11169,
617,
45960,
286,
2593,
1483,
11,
475,
257,
1310,
16336,
290,
257,
1310,
6190,
3725,
481,
7209,
1243,
503,
9257,
13,
447,
251,
198,
447,
250,
3152,
262,
923,
286,
262,
2121,
24878,
11,
262,
5103,
7714,
481,
1282,
866,
290,
2506,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
2883,
262,
717,
7108,
286,
262,
649,
290,
6596,
24800,
11,
447,
251,
531,
12652,
13,
564,
250,
50,
47056,
287,
1903,
2121,
262,
649,
2057,
2184,
481,
1280,
287,
262,
26015,
1989,
286,
262,
17423,
1989,
290,
262,
1459,
1055,
548,
481,
307,
4838,
284,
787,
835,
329,
3224,
24800,
13,
447,
251,
198,
38,
418,
831,
36333,
4477,
284,
307,
4838,
1566,
1903,
2795,
355,
44481,
1011,
1295,
287,
326,
1989,
13,
564,
250,
1537,
340,
447,
247,
82,
407,
477,
546,
1243,
9605,
510,
11,
447,
251,
531,
12652,
13,
564,
250,
15749,
1478,
481,
766,
262,
4756,
286,
262,
649,
290,
37287,
4479,
9327,
13,
775,
447,
247,
260,
635,
17836,
326,
262,
11553,
9730,
290,
1321,
3641,
481,
307,
736,
287,
511,
7064,
416,
1903,
2795,
11,
290,
356,
447,
247,
260,
319,
2610,
329,
281,
4756,
17291,
287,
2901,
286,
262,
649,
24527,
19443,
40304,
13,
447,
251,
198,
1722,
18983,
314,
36011,
27521,
510,
11,
670,
481,
2221,
319,
257,
1271,
286,
584,
18983,
2873,
4493,
11,
1390,
36011,
286,
262,
2059,
26078,
447,
247,
82,
20897,
39660,
326,
481,
4191,
1249,
329,
15162,
17423,
11,
355,
880,
355,
44481,
284,
262,
978,
395,
293,
9730,
11,
15062,
4563,
406,
7305,
11,
262,
46552,
26935,
3337,
9730,
11,
262,
4866,
3641,
11,
290,
262,
4190,
46608,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
23794,
14339,
18983,
2873,
416,
1903,
3389,
11,
447,
251,
531,
12652,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
44481,
4079,
262,
3858,
286,
1243,
2444,
1297,
514,
484,
2227,
284,
766,
287,
262,
2059,
3337,
11,
447,
251,
531,
12652,
13,
3125,
621,
257,
614,
447,
247,
82,
2861,
286,
2962,
2628,
290,
16255,
547,
2714,
878,
10763,
547,
925,
287,
262,
7374,
286,
4751,
319,
10068,
262,
4747,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
2615,
13,
198,
5377,
24547,
286,
262,
8561,
284,
262,
3641,
318,
7530,
329,
262,
3931,
286,
5816,
13,
1114,
510,
12,
1462,
12,
1169,
12,
11374,
1321,
319,
262,
1628,
11,
3904,
994,
13,
198,
11584,
8924,
447,
247,
82,
309,
480,
74,
544,
8442,
357,
26953,
747,
415,
11,
4270,
2014,
290,
6035,
24261,
268,
357,
30387,
3245,
8,
481,
3067,
284,
2986,
48886,
11,
3936,
11,
355,
13861,
379,
262,
6244,
15244,
7458,
2873,
43047,
17762,
290,
7663,
24782,
13,
198,
464,
2260,
1826,
318,
257,
1115,
12,
820,
1785,
900,
329,
1737,
2242,
12,
1495,
319,
262,
7611,
286,
48886,
1812,
13,
198,
32434,
10617,
379,
7337,
10700,
11,
981,
24261,
268,
318,
1642,
465,
1218,
3892,
5585,
287,
262,
15162,
27459,
379,
10460,
10700,
13,
198,
447,
250,
51,
480,
74,
544,
468,
925,
1263,
37312,
351,
607,
2614,
4406,
428,
1622,
11,
447,
251,
531,
25861,
8924,
16393,
360,
6532,
75,
4848,
81,
6122,
13,
198,
32434,
373,
19646,
319,
262,
1351,
286,
8208,
12,
15542,
7337,
12,
27231,
19323,
351,
257,
640,
286,
5996,
13,
1157,
4201,
287,
938,
3217,
447,
247,
82,
5821,
5362,
1737,
19715,
1826,
287,
29260,
1784,
13,
564,
250,
3152,
326,
19646,
4136,
11,
673,
815,
651,
257,
7709,
11193,
284,
1057,
287,
13,
314,
892,
673,
447,
247,
82,
3492,
284,
651,
706,
340,
11,
447,
251,
4848,
81,
6122,
531,
13,
198,
32434,
481,
1057,
262,
7337,
12,
27231,
14541,
259,
3166,
379,
642,
25,
1120,
279,
13,
76,
13,
319,
3635,
11,
1737,
2242,
13,
383,
18576,
329,
7337,
10700,
389,
767,
279,
13,
76,
13,
319,
3909,
11,
1737,
1679,
13,
198,
54,
1940,
268,
338,
4136,
287,
262,
2260,
1826,
373,
407,
355,
1728,
780,
339,
373,
1596,
400,
319,
262,
18677,
1351,
13,
383,
15244,
5583,
29852,
262,
1785,
6163,
1160,
19323,
287,
262,
1785,
13,
24261,
268,
7176,
284,
12780,
329,
262,
18576,
319,
3217,
11,
1737,
1987,
11,
379,
767,
25,
1821,
279,
13,
76,
13,
383,
18576,
481,
307,
262,
1306,
1110,
379,
767,
25,
1120,
279,
13,
76,
13,
198,
447,
250,
21174,
6584,
447,
247,
83,
307,
355,
10927,
355,
339,
373,
938,
614,
287,
465,
717,
3234,
379,
2260,
11,
447,
251,
4848,
81,
6122,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1212,
1622,
339,
447,
247,
82,
587,
845,
6414,
351,
465,
640,
290,
2491,
1626,
257,
1178,
4201,
286,
465,
2614,
1266,
287,
790,
3234,
13,
447,
251,
24261,
268,
338,
18677,
640,
379,
10460,
10700,
373,
352,
25,
4349,
13,
3559,
13,
198,
3152,
257,
2705,
1894,
4495,
12184,
287,
1021,
11,
262,
25861,
8924,
35691,
5011,
5201,
2368,
287,
428,
1622,
447,
247,
82,
3878,
24153,
6916,
8785,
1439,
12,
18153,
25640,
33864,
13,
198,
40495,
11867,
1839,
262,
5079,
16383,
11,
44657,
262,
749,
2173,
1912,
319,
20271,
287,
10188,
15922,
24782,
290,
584,
10188,
15922,
12,
25427,
2995,
13,
8342,
11867,
7781,
17318,
2173,
11,
3940,
416,
19362,
357,
13464,
13,
2425,
828,
25861,
8924,
357,
3865,
13,
20,
828,
10174,
357,
6420,
13,
2425,
828,
8050,
10278,
357,
4531,
828,
7459,
1670,
500,
357,
4761,
13,
20,
828,
9281,
7212,
447,
247,
82,
357,
3134,
828,
46884,
357,
5333,
828,
9279,
12,
47,
5558,
485,
357,
1899,
13,
20,
828,
11565,
12,
1273,
13,
5593,
357,
3553,
8,
290,
11867,
28634,
272,
357,
1828,
737,
198,
11584,
8924,
1839,
663,
717,
10188,
15922,
10749,
1785,
287,
3016,
1115,
7028,
618,
2705,
1894,
16393,
17581,
21532,
447,
247,
82,
1074,
1839,
1903,
428,
1227,
13,
198,
40495,
11867,
1839,
262,
749,
10188,
15922,
8714,
351,
3598,
11,
3940,
416,
19362,
357,
19,
828,
10174,
357,
19,
828,
25861,
8924,
357,
16,
8,
8050,
10278,
357,
16,
8,
290,
11867,
28634,
272,
357,
16,
737,
19362,
4888,
734,
286,
663,
8714,
351,
8342,
11867,
287,
1450,
447,
247,
82,
13126,
290,
10174,
287,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
15162,
2610,
13,
198,
1925,
324,
8670,
417,
357,
7407,
2017,
4244,
828,
508,
2627,
262,
14024,
2137,
287,
15244,
7458,
2873,
2106,
284,
1700,
517,
621,
5867,
3451,
7127,
11,
2087,
1194,
45667,
671,
284,
465,
3957,
1351,
416,
852,
3706,
1439,
12,
14157,
5694,
17718,
416,
262,
1605,
17362,
1766,
3694,
5396,
13,
198,
18257,
417,
11,
508,
45754,
764,
27211,
287,
465,
2457,
1622,
355,
257,
15062,
4563,
11,
373,
3706,
284,
262,
717,
1074,
290,
481,
1656,
319,
262,
2260,
11100,
329,
257,
2863,
284,
307,
3706,
1439,
12,
7437,
329,
257,
1218,
12785,
1622,
13,
198,
464,
40388,
5668,
465,
3451,
351,
32591,
7127,
11,
1642,
683,
262,
14024,
2137,
287,
15244,
7458,
2873,
2106,
284,
1700,
5867,
393,
517,
287,
257,
3451,
13,
679,
635,
9803,
8150,
287,
262,
15244,
287,
4539,
7781,
351,
31064,
290,
379,
19553,
351,
30607,
13,
679,
4193,
262,
15062,
25821,
284,
257,
1542,
12,
1731,
1700,
290,
257,
2368,
12,
5372,
5461,
287,
262,
10188,
15922,
9595,
428,
1613,
1622,
355,
880,
355,
8150,
12,
5372,
2260,
5461,
1141,
262,
5878,
1622,
13,
198,
18257,
417,
6622,
3451,
4406,
379,
25861,
8924,
287,
4539,
7781,
290,
21938,
351,
7863,
13,
679,
635,
318,
1218,
477,
12,
2435,
379,
25861,
8924,
287,
7127,
290,
379,
19553,
13,
679,
635,
6622,
2060,
1622,
4406,
329,
379,
19553,
357,
28857,
8,
290,
4539,
7781,
357,
6469,
8,
287,
5878,
13,
198,
7762,
18287,
28901,
357,
33,
2788,
282,
1462,
828,
508,
4193,
25861,
8924,
284,
663,
2368,
3892,
5585,
287,
262,
15244,
7458,
2873,
8297,
1894,
24782,
290,
257,
1700,
6885,
7864,
428,
1622,
11,
373,
3706,
1439,
12,
7437,
416,
262,
2351,
12549,
79,
2007,
1766,
3694,
5396,
13,
198,
30464,
726,
11,
257,
4664,
11,
6292,
607,
1218,
1439,
12,
7437,
10703,
287,
31988,
11,
17668,
1539,
287,
257,
10542,
379,
262,
2260,
18576,
13,
28901,
373,
3706,
281,
379,
12,
11664,
2368,
1074,
1439,
12,
7437,
13,
564,
250,
7762,
468,
587,
257,
11831,
2700,
329,
428,
1074,
329,
257,
890,
640,
13,
314,
447,
247,
76,
3772,
673,
318,
1972,
880,
12,
8906,
8520,
9465,
11,
447,
251,
16393,
17581,
21532,
531,
13,
198,
464,
1218,
35348,
373,
11831,
287,
607,
2457,
1622,
355,
257,
15062,
4563,
351,
257,
764,
36720,
23761,
2811,
13,
1375,
32543,
607,
1440,
12,
1941,
3451,
379,
25861,
8924,
1871,
262,
477,
12,
2435,
1266,
287,
1811,
5859,
9376,
13,
28901,
318,
11695,
287,
23761,
2811,
379,
764,
27277,
11,
5544,
287,
379,
19553,
351,
718,
1433,
11,
8165,
329,
1218,
287,
7127,
351,
15629,
11,
16974,
287,
4539,
45754,
287,
351,
15143,
11,
290,
8150,
287,
11114,
351,
5996,
13,
198,
11584,
8924,
5668,
262,
6244,
1622,
351,
257,
6885,
12,
1065,
1700,
290,
663,
717,
3878,
24153,
6916,
8785,
9595,
3670,
13,
198,
11584,
8924,
1450,
447,
247,
82,
11783,
16393,
1717,
367,
1726,
365,
5901,
465,
1074,
447,
247,
82,
2476,
329,
1306,
1622,
351,
262,
8415,
286,
1936,
1938,
13,
198,
464,
11783,
15062,
25821,
2087,
4995,
34786,
1647,
3216,
357,
3629,
30602,
1122,
11,
1423,
12179,
17542,
327,
44456,
265,
382,
357,
1273,
13,
5593,
828,
8403,
39043,
357,
1273,
13,
7516,
11,
4270,
12179,
6858,
3864,
1304,
357,
38,
2596,
578,
2254,
828,
290,
5045,
17378,
1452,
357,
1273,
13,
5593,
737,
564,
250,
1135,
447,
247,
260,
991,
5442,
11,
447,
251,
367,
1726,
365,
531,
13,
564,
250,
5956,
614,
447,
247,
82,
1943,
468,
5281,
625,
656,
16517,
13,
383,
12858,
815,
2555,
13,
447,
251,
198,
11584,
8924,
6190,
284,
262,
8125,
6675,
938,
1622,
290,
373,
15254,
416,
262,
19657,
8783,
15528,
287,
262,
47633,
286,
262,
2260,
27459,
13,
383,
15062,
25821,
5201,
351,
257,
1700,
286,
1596,
12,
18,
12,
18,
13,
198,
45,
70,
1647,
3216,
14170,
25861,
8924,
706,
852,
3706,
262,
2260,
13430,
4152,
7853,
286,
262,
6280,
379,
27874,
5535,
13,
317,
734,
12,
2435,
1439,
12,
7437,
11,
34786,
1647,
3216,
7781,
6337,
4661,
287,
734,
7028,
13,
1081,
257,
2651,
11,
34786,
1647,
3216,
7781,
287,
790,
983,
355,
257,
4664,
379,
44026,
1122,
2258,
357,
5497,
2014,
3334,
3961,
287,
3756,
465,
1074,
284,
257,
1467,
12,
19,
12,
16,
1700,
13,
679,
635,
2957,
465,
1074,
284,
262,
1524,
447,
247,
82,
717,
45015,
287,
262,
2208,
2665,
282,
7756,
13,
34786,
1647,
3216,
468,
587,
257,
636,
286,
257,
1181,
3670,
1074,
329,
790,
614,
1201,
8735,
13,
198,
39,
1726,
365,
531,
34786,
1647,
3216,
481,
307,
257,
2137,
284,
2342,
13,
564,
250,
1544,
447,
247,
82,
257,
845,
4923,
2651,
508,
460,
4405,
257,
13191,
287,
257,
4996,
286,
2842,
11,
447,
251,
367,
1726,
365,
531,
13,
198,
34,
44456,
265,
382,
15449,
262,
1351,
286,
1641,
1866,
508,
423,
2826,
329,
262,
15062,
25821,
13,
2399,
2988,
11,
6542,
11,
373,
257,
2888,
286,
262,
16101,
2260,
12184,
1074,
13,
2399,
555,
5427,
11,
5180,
290,
5502,
11,
2826,
329,
25861,
8924,
287,
262,
3095,
12,
284,
2739,
12,
447,
247,
2154,
82,
13,
17542,
327,
44456,
265,
382,
4193,
520,
13,
5335,
447,
247,
82,
3334,
3961,
284,
1115,
3892,
1181,
27459,
13,
679,
373,
21014,
355,
262,
11565,
7853,
286,
262,
6280,
287,
5878,
706,
13748,
6409,
1439,
12,
9012,
290,
1439,
12,
3103,
4288,
25279,
13,
327,
44456,
265,
382,
635,
32440,
287,
2610,
810,
339,
373,
5544,
379,
262,
1181,
27459,
287,
262,
5867,
12,
27231,
34283,
13,
198,
447,
250,
47,
14471,
468,
37019,
2866,
290,
257,
781,
4131,
726,
415,
3918,
286,
711,
11,
447,
251,
367,
1726,
365,
531,
13,
198,
39,
23567,
2957,
20244,
3334,
3961,
351,
1105,
4661,
938,
1622,
290,
7366,
2368,
1074,
1439,
12,
45141,
25279,
422,
262,
520,
13,
5593,
2947,
12,
49354,
13,
317,
1218,
1074,
1439,
12,
9012,
6356,
465,
4664,
1622,
11,
39043,
635,
2826,
329,
262,
4746,
38580,
3430,
1074,
543,
1839,
734,
1181,
27459,
262,
1613,
734,
7028,
13,
564,
250,
24761,
318,
257,
6833,
711,
10297,
508,
468,
1049,
9359,
11,
5761,
290,
9706,
11,
447,
251,
367,
1726,
365,
531,
13,
198,
13916,
1304,
373,
257,
1440,
12,
1941,
3850,
8464,
379,
17113,
578,
2254,
3334,
3961,
13,
1052,
1439,
12,
14942,
14197,
8785,
6356,
465,
13430,
1622,
11,
262,
18707,
28490,
465,
3143,
3451,
351,
734,
4661,
465,
4664,
1622,
13,
564,
250,
20508,
318,
257,
21362,
2137,
351,
257,
922,
2565,
286,
703,
284,
711,
11,
447,
251,
367,
1726,
365,
531,
13,
198,
46261,
1452,
7781,
1115,
4661,
355,
257,
736,
329,
31890,
10299,
1158,
357,
11770,
8,
3334,
3961,
465,
4664,
1622,
13,
317,
1218,
1074,
1439,
12,
9012,
290,
2368,
1074,
1439,
12,
45141,
6356,
11,
17378,
1452,
373,
262,
3834,
32679,
2520,
8785,
447,
247,
82,
7853,
286,
262,
6280,
287,
5878,
290,
257,
1115,
12,
2435,
1439,
12,
3103,
4288,
2298,
13,
564,
250,
14967,
318,
257,
21840,
16076,
508,
318,
3608,
319,
262,
2613,
329,
257,
736,
11,
447,
251,
531,
367,
1726,
365,
13,
198,
41,
11870,
8678,
6122,
357,
7447,
68,
2768,
8270,
8,
290,
4544,
88,
49178,
328,
357,
13912,
10565,
8,
423,
587,
3706,
1866,
286,
262,
18062,
14,
7222,
50,
41957,
5665,
569,
5535,
7458,
2705,
1894,
1074,
13,
198,
23041,
6122,
11,
262,
3878,
24153,
6916,
8785,
447,
247,
82,
7853,
286,
262,
6280,
11,
373,
3706,
284,
262,
717,
1074,
355,
281,
46422,
11,
981,
49178,
328,
373,
6163,
284,
262,
1218,
1074,
13,
383,
18062,
14,
7222,
50,
41957,
5665,
569,
5535,
7458,
3407,
6712,
422,
9486,
11,
8919,
11,
9406,
290,
9279,
508,
389,
15244,
4777,
3279,
2873,
393,
6711,
393,
11746,
3539,
13,
198,
23041,
6122,
468,
587,
4624,
319,
262,
2260,
11100,
329,
9110,
329,
31421,
1439,
12,
7437,
13,
198,
32,
24505,
11,
8678,
6122,
45754,
764,
31010,
329,
262,
15062,
25821,
11,
508,
5201,
262,
6244,
1622,
351,
257,
6885,
12,
1065,
1700,
290,
257,
1400,
13,
362,
2260,
12759,
287,
262,
2457,
4916,
6288,
14,
45,
4851,
32,
15244,
7458,
2873,
3218,
1622,
3278,
13,
8678,
6122,
2957,
262,
15062,
25821,
287,
1811,
5859,
9376,
11,
1390,
7127,
357,
5999,
828,
4539,
357,
3980,
828,
21938,
357,
1828,
828,
1363,
4539,
357,
1065,
8,
4539,
45754,
287,
357,
2780,
8,
290,
9909,
12536,
357,
1270,
737,
383,
7127,
290,
4539,
3146,
6265,
2060,
12,
6230,
4406,
379,
25861,
8924,
13,
198,
42,
6571,
328,
5668,
607,
1218,
1622,
379,
25861,
8924,
351,
257,
1467,
12,
19,
1700,
11,
530,
3613,
290,
257,
352,
13,
2154,
7366,
1057,
2811,
13,
554,
734,
7028,
11,
49178,
328,
468,
14102,
257,
3933,
12,
1157,
1700,
355,
281,
25861,
8924,
18086,
13,
198,
31160,
24884,
47347,
769,
82,
4914,
11,
257,
642,
12,
5898,
12,
940,
12,
8589,
2651,
422,
32955,
11,
12873,
11,
468,
4488,
257,
2260,
3850,
286,
6824,
284,
711,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
9669,
329,
25861,
8924,
1306,
1622,
13,
198,
54,
271,
47347,
769,
82,
4914,
2826,
287,
262,
15945,
314,
4041,
938,
1622,
290,
468,
4271,
587,
257,
2888,
286,
257,
1074,
543,
4624,
2368,
379,
262,
15945,
20000,
24782,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
588,
644,
356,
2497,
618,
356,
3181,
607,
287,
329,
257,
3187,
11,
447,
251,
6848,
16393,
28314,
30920,
3900,
13,
198,
40677,
30920,
3900,
717,
4499,
286,
24884,
47347,
769,
82,
4914,
832,
257,
16001,
1221,
262,
2137,
550,
550,
1908,
284,
262,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
9669,
2607,
13,
383,
6458,
550,
257,
2008,
286,
607,
19407,
607,
9669,
7401,
13,
383,
15062,
25821,
1718,
257,
2863,
319,
6079,
24884,
47347,
769,
82,
4914,
287,
329,
257,
3187,
13,
198,
54,
271,
47347,
769,
82,
4914,
468,
587,
1871,
5442,
3466,
1201,
2479,
838,
618,
673,
2540,
284,
711,
287,
32955,
338,
5701,
3430,
13,
554,
7358,
11,
607,
3430,
1074,
6190,
284,
262,
15945,
314,
14,
3978,
18576,
13,
554,
5878,
11,
607,
1074,
1839,
262,
22101,
379,
262,
15945,
20000,
24782,
355,
673,
16449,
838,
13,
20,
2173,
290,
642,
13,
24,
18841,
583,
983,
13,
564,
250,
40,
892,
673,
318,
1016,
284,
1205,
656,
257,
922,
2137,
11,
447,
251,
30920,
3900,
531,
13,
198,
464,
13101,
3085,
743,
407,
423,
2722,
281,
7187,
1570,
286,
607,
9889,
618,
673,
5284,
329,
257,
3187,
1201,
673,
373,
2712,
262,
1110,
706,
7348,
287,
422,
12873,
11,
531,
30920,
3900,
13,
887,
262,
1466,
338,
9669,
13101,
3085,
8288,
607,
24841,
290,
745,
786,
706,
852,
1234,
287,
257,
5802,
2292,
13,
198,
3260,
12848,
262,
6244,
1622,
351,
257,
6885,
12,
1065,
1700,
11,
1936,
25861,
8924,
2705,
1894,
1938,
547,
3706,
1439,
12,
13681,
24153,
17718,
416,
262,
2351,
12549,
79,
2007,
1766,
3694,
5396,
13,
198,
41,
11870,
8678,
6122,
357,
7447,
68,
2768,
8270,
828,
11089,
18858,
1338,
1236,
357,
33,
2788,
282,
1462,
8,
290,
45603,
28901,
357,
33,
2788,
282,
1462,
8,
547,
3706,
284,
262,
717,
1074,
13,
28894,
27698,
357,
30099,
3245,
11,
3192,
2014,
290,
3374,
68,
27166,
22874,
357,
49,
415,
2852,
8,
547,
6163,
284,
262,
1218,
1074,
11,
198,
464,
1866,
286,
262,
717,
1074,
423,
587,
4624,
319,
262,
2260,
11100,
290,
481,
423,
281,
3663,
284,
307,
3706,
1439,
12,
7437,
13,
564,
250,
1212,
318,
281,
11660,
13293,
329,
777,
1938,
11,
447,
251,
16393,
17581,
21532,
531,
13,
1119,
423,
3111,
1327,
428,
1622,
290,
10925,
262,
6721,
13,
447,
251,
198,
11584,
8924,
5201,
262,
6244,
1622,
428,
1613,
5041,
706,
852,
15254,
416,
7844,
1044,
287,
262,
45194,
19096,
286,
262,
15244,
7458,
2873,
3878,
24153,
15994,
9595,
2714,
287,
17381,
4244,
13,
198,
23041,
6122,
11,
257,
24505,
46422,
11,
373,
3706,
262,
3878,
24153,
6916,
8785,
7853,
286,
262,
6280,
706,
3756,
262,
4652,
287,
1811,
5859,
9376,
11,
1390,
7127,
357,
5999,
828,
4539,
7781,
357,
3980,
828,
4539,
45754,
287,
357,
2780,
828,
290,
9909,
12536,
357,
1270,
737,
1375,
900,
257,
2060,
12,
6230,
1700,
329,
7127,
290,
4539,
7781,
355,
262,
1074,
338,
1085,
2364,
30858,
329,
749,
286,
262,
1622,
13,
198,
4561,
1236,
11,
257,
13430,
11,
6264,
262,
749,
19017,
287,
257,
1622,
357,
1983,
8,
1201,
16393,
21532,
900,
262,
1700,
355,
257,
2137,
351,
1542,
287,
12863,
13,
1338,
1236,
277,
3577,
30453,
42442,
287,
30179,
362,
14,
18,
16267,
290,
5201,
262,
1622,
351,
257,
352,
13,
940,
7366,
1057,
2811,
13,
198,
30464,
726,
11,
257,
4664,
11,
7366,
257,
736,
12,
1462,
12,
1891,
1439,
12,
47371,
6356,
379,
1218,
2779,
13,
770,
1622,
11,
28901,
2277,
764,
36720,
351,
2608,
4539,
45754,
287,
13,
28901,
11,
281,
1218,
1074,
1439,
12,
7437,
938,
1622,
11,
373,
262,
17612,
2137,
284,
5587,
448,
351,
1367,
287,
28551,
379,
19553,
13,
198,
3791,
805,
11,
257,
734,
12,
2435,
1439,
12,
7437,
11,
5668,
607,
44953,
3451,
416,
48883,
6409,
5859,
4406,
11,
617,
286,
543,
673,
1541,
550,
2714,
706,
607,
13430,
1622,
13,
27698,
11,
257,
2368,
35348,
11,
45754,
764,
22572,
351,
3624,
1363,
4539,
290,
2319,
4539,
45754,
287,
428,
1622,
13,
1114,
607,
3451,
11,
27698,
5983,
25861,
8924,
287,
379,
19553,
357,
40035,
828,
7127,
357,
22980,
828,
11114,
357,
4846,
828,
21938,
357,
3388,
828,
1363,
4539,
357,
2598,
828,
290,
4539,
45754,
287,
357,
21652,
737,
198,
47404,
22874,
45754,
764,
36244,
287,
262,
28307,
355,
262,
27425,
30858,
13,
27166,
22874,
11,
257,
13430,
11,
6264,
1440,
1363,
4539,
290,
5214,
4539,
45754,
287,
11,
290,
373,
1367,
286,
1367,
287,
9909,
12536,
13,
198,
18257,
417,
34441,
10188,
15922,
7853,
3226,
383,
6280,
198,
11584,
8924,
4664,
19800,
8670,
417,
357,
7407,
2017,
4244,
8,
468,
587,
3706,
7853,
286,
262,
6280,
416,
3878,
24153,
6916,
8785,
13,
198,
18257,
417,
11,
508,
2476,
1440,
7127,
284,
1716,
262,
14024,
2137,
287,
15244,
7458,
2873,
2106,
284,
1700,
5867,
393,
517,
7127,
11,
6665,
656,
262,
10188,
15922,
9595,
23761,
764,
11785,
351,
257,
1074,
12,
13466,
6885,
4539,
7781,
11,
678,
21938,
290,
8699,
7127,
13,
198,
18257,
417,
373,
3706,
717,
1074,
355,
257,
40388,
329,
262,
15062,
25821,
13,
18622,
12346,
1586,
357,
30387,
3245,
11,
4270,
2014,
290,
7651,
23975,
357,
9126,
38001,
8,
547,
3706,
1218,
1074,
1439,
12,
8763,
15922,
355,
257,
10361,
2137,
290,
8259,
18086,
11,
8148,
13,
12346,
1586,
318,
23761,
764,
31697,
351,
1115,
1363,
4539,
290,
1248,
4539,
45754,
287,
13,
23975,
318,
718,
12,
17,
351,
257,
513,
13,
3132,
7366,
1057,
2811,
290,
1936,
16031,
13,
198,
47511,
324,
371,
3087,
3900,
357,
18683,
933,
261,
8,
373,
3706,
284,
1766,
12,
35857,
805,
286,
262,
6280,
13,
371,
3087,
3900,
318,
3058,
642,
12,
17,
351,
257,
513,
13,
1959,
18802,
13,
198,
43,
9632,
45970,
263,
11,
257,
718,
12,
5898,
12,
20,
12,
8589,
2651,
422,
18632,
13,
16899,
11,
468,
4488,
257,
2260,
3850,
286,
6824,
284,
711,
9669,
329,
25861,
8924,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
262,
717,
10960,
329,
649,
16393,
29876,
22553,
13,
198,
818,
465,
717,
1445,
355,
1182,
3985,
11,
22553,
1816,
706,
257,
30664,
13,
564,
250,
1544,
481,
307,
257,
1103,
11171,
284,
262,
1611,
286,
1430,
356,
423,
994,
11,
447,
251,
22553,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1544,
447,
247,
82,
281,
477,
12,
14145,
2137,
13,
447,
251,
198,
9861,
793,
263,
16449,
678,
13,
19,
2173,
583,
983,
355,
257,
4664,
428,
1613,
1622,
379,
18632,
13,
16899,
3334,
3961,
13,
679,
2823,
26607,
286,
36966,
357,
3559,
13,
22,
1411,
8,
422,
262,
2214,
13,
1320,
3407,
9008,
6885,
13,
24,
1411,
286,
465,
6934,
422,
2641,
262,
10389,
13,
679,
635,
2957,
465,
1074,
351,
4317,
1115,
12,
47809,
290,
373,
1218,
287,
3405,
9969,
351,
642,
13,
17,
583,
983,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1544,
468,
550,
257,
1256,
286,
7401,
1088,
683,
11,
290,
18632,
13,
16899,
468,
1839,
257,
922,
1271,
286,
1830,
351,
683,
11,
447,
251,
22553,
531,
13,
198,
9861,
793,
263,
373,
257,
1115,
12,
1941,
14217,
290,
5668,
465,
3451,
355,
257,
2888,
286,
262,
9486,
25911,
1766,
3694,
5396,
447,
247,
82,
5016,
15923,
1439,
12,
8248,
1074,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 5,075 |
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common nervous system disorders affecting the elderly.
Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make a checmical called dopamine are slowly destroyed. Dopamine helps control muscle movement. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of muscle function. The damage gets worse with time. Exactly why these brain cells waste away is unknown.
Secondary parkinsonism may be caused by health problems, including:
There have been cases of secondary parkinsonism among IV drug users who injected a substance called MPTP, which can be produced when making a form of heroin. These cases are rare and have mostly affected long-term drug users.
The health care provider may be able to diagnose secondary parkinsonism after performing a physical exam and asking questions about your medical history and symptoms. However, the symptoms may be difficult to assess, particularly in the elderly.
Examination may show:
Difficulty starting or stopping voluntary movements
Increased muscle tone
Problems with posture
Slow, shuffling walk
Reflexes are usually normal.
Tests may be used to confirm or rule out other disorders that can cause similar symptoms.
If the condition is caused by a medication, your doctor may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. However, the benefits of the medication should be weighed against the severity of symptoms. Medications should be stopped or changed if the risks outweigh the benefits.
Treating underlying conditions such as stroke or infections can reduce symptoms.
If your symptoms make it hard to do everyday activities, your doctor may recommend medication. Many of the medications used to treat this condition can cause severe side effects. It is important that you see your doctor for check-ups. Secondary parkinsonism tends to be less responsive to medical therapy than Parkinson's disease. However, medications are worth trying if the cause of the condition is not treatable.
Discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are unable to care for the person at home (after treatment begins).
Treating conditions that cause secondary parkinsonism may decrease the risk.
People with conditions that require long-term use of antipsychotics should be carefully monitored to prevent the development of secondary parkinsonism. Newer antipsychotic medications are less likely to cause secondary parkinsonism.
Lang A. Parkinsonism. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 433.
Lang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72(7 Suppl):S39-43.
Lewitt PA. Levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(23):2468-76.
Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. | [
25478,
7899,
338,
4369,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
2219,
10927,
1080,
11916,
13891,
262,
13830,
13,
198,
25478,
7899,
338,
4369,
8833,
618,
262,
16384,
4778,
287,
262,
3632,
326,
787,
257,
1125,
11215,
605,
1444,
26252,
389,
6364,
6572,
13,
360,
404,
9862,
5419,
1630,
8280,
3356,
13,
9170,
26252,
11,
262,
16384,
4778,
287,
326,
636,
286,
262,
3632,
2314,
6105,
3758,
6218,
13,
770,
5983,
284,
262,
2994,
286,
8280,
2163,
13,
383,
2465,
3011,
4785,
351,
640,
13,
36819,
1521,
777,
3632,
4778,
7030,
1497,
318,
6439,
13,
198,
12211,
560,
3952,
7899,
1042,
743,
307,
4073,
416,
1535,
2761,
11,
1390,
25,
198,
1858,
423,
587,
2663,
286,
9233,
3952,
7899,
1042,
1871,
8363,
2563,
2985,
508,
25077,
257,
9136,
1444,
4904,
7250,
11,
543,
460,
307,
4635,
618,
1642,
257,
1296,
286,
16914,
13,
2312,
2663,
389,
4071,
290,
423,
4632,
5676,
890,
12,
4354,
2563,
2985,
13,
198,
464,
1535,
1337,
10131,
743,
307,
1498,
284,
37489,
9233,
3952,
7899,
1042,
706,
9489,
257,
3518,
2814,
290,
4737,
2683,
546,
534,
3315,
2106,
290,
7460,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
7460,
743,
307,
2408,
284,
4659,
11,
3573,
287,
262,
13830,
13,
198,
3109,
24979,
743,
905,
25,
198,
28813,
22402,
3599,
393,
12225,
16171,
8650,
198,
40281,
8280,
8216,
198,
2964,
22143,
351,
24521,
198,
36423,
11,
32299,
1359,
2513,
198,
8134,
2588,
274,
389,
3221,
3487,
13,
198,
51,
3558,
743,
307,
973,
284,
6216,
393,
3896,
503,
584,
11916,
326,
460,
2728,
2092,
7460,
13,
198,
1532,
262,
4006,
318,
4073,
416,
257,
14103,
11,
534,
6253,
743,
4313,
5609,
393,
12225,
262,
9007,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
4034,
286,
262,
14103,
815,
307,
20261,
1028,
262,
19440,
286,
7460,
13,
2019,
3736,
815,
307,
5025,
393,
3421,
611,
262,
7476,
31405,
262,
4034,
13,
198,
51,
34567,
10238,
3403,
884,
355,
14000,
393,
16079,
460,
4646,
7460,
13,
198,
1532,
534,
7460,
787,
340,
1327,
284,
466,
10908,
4568,
11,
534,
6253,
743,
4313,
14103,
13,
4650,
286,
262,
17638,
973,
284,
2190,
428,
4006,
460,
2728,
6049,
1735,
3048,
13,
632,
318,
1593,
326,
345,
766,
534,
6253,
329,
2198,
12,
4739,
13,
29521,
3952,
7899,
1042,
12444,
284,
307,
1342,
21802,
284,
3315,
9102,
621,
31618,
338,
4369,
13,
2102,
11,
17638,
389,
2861,
2111,
611,
262,
2728,
286,
262,
4006,
318,
407,
2190,
540,
13,
198,
48873,
262,
3074,
351,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
611,
345,
389,
5906,
284,
1337,
329,
262,
1048,
379,
1363,
357,
8499,
3513,
6140,
737,
198,
51,
34567,
3403,
326,
2728,
9233,
3952,
7899,
1042,
743,
10070,
262,
2526,
13,
198,
8061,
351,
3403,
326,
2421,
890,
12,
4354,
779,
286,
32867,
2924,
23891,
815,
307,
7773,
20738,
284,
2948,
262,
2478,
286,
9233,
3952,
7899,
1042,
13,
968,
263,
32867,
2924,
6210,
17638,
389,
1342,
1884,
284,
2728,
9233,
3952,
7899,
1042,
13,
198,
43,
648,
317,
13,
31618,
1042,
13,
554,
25,
18740,
406,
11,
27545,
494,
18798,
360,
13,
32234,
8255,
2070,
286,
11558,
13,
2242,
4372,
1225,
13,
8857,
11,
11243,
25,
35896,
25974,
49663,
26,
12726,
25,
354,
499,
47407,
13,
198,
43,
648,
25603,
13,
1649,
290,
703,
815,
3513,
307,
2067,
287,
31618,
4369,
30,
49115,
88,
13,
3717,
26,
4761,
7,
22,
8105,
75,
2599,
50,
2670,
12,
3559,
13,
198,
33450,
715,
8147,
13,
16042,
375,
26186,
329,
262,
3513,
286,
31618,
338,
4369,
13,
399,
1985,
75,
449,
2019,
13,
3648,
26,
30743,
7,
1954,
2599,
1731,
3104,
12,
4304,
13,
198,
22946,
21961,
1084,
11,
10670,
11,
16394,
11,
2732,
286,
13782,
11793,
7076,
379,
25789,
945,
12,
50,
1437,
72,
8366,
3337,
11,
5401,
5652,
11,
290,
2732,
286,
28880,
9145,
379,
49553,
37,
11,
2986,
6033,
11,
7257,
13,
6602,
2810,
416,
4643,
72,
9921,
30289,
7311,
13,
4418,
11765,
416,
3271,
1168,
12311,
11,
10670,
11,
337,
7801,
11,
8366,
5890,
11,
317,
13,
35,
13,
32,
13,
44,
1539,
3457,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 666 |
Vitamin D is sometimes referred to as the “sunshine vitamin.” That’s because the main source of this vitamin so necessary for good health comes from exposure to the sun. When sunlight hits the skin, vitamin D precursors present on the surface of the skin are activated and undergo further processing by the liver and kidney to create vitamin D in a form the body can use. There are two types of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 is the form of vitamin D synthesized from exposure to sunlight, while vitamin D2 is the kind in fortified foods and the type found in plants.
Unfortunately, most people don’t get enough vitamin D from sunlight or diet. Estimates are that up to 75% of the adult population has vitamin D levels that are too low for good health. Vitamin D deficiencies are common because there are few food sources of vitamin D with the exception of fatty fish like salmon, liver and egg yolks. Fortified milk, orange juice, yogurt and other products fortified with vitamin D are also good sources.
People who are older, those that consistently wear a sunscreen and those living at higher latitudes where the sun’s rays are weaker are at greater risk for vitamin D deficiency. In adults, vitamin D deficiency can cause muscle weakness and increase the risk of osteoporosis, some autoimmune disease, and some forms of cancer. It’s also important for calcium absorption by the intestines.
This creates a dilemma for some people. Is it better to jeopardize the health of their skin and increase the risk of skin cancer by exposing it to sunlight or risk not getting enough vitamin D, a vitamin that seems to reduce the risk of certain health problems including cancer? The American Academy of Dermatology takes the position that adults who wear sunscreen or avoid sun exposure should consider taking 1,000 I.U. of vitamin D daily. There’s also a blood test available to measure levels of vitamin D.
There are definite benefits to taking a vitamin D supplement for people who have low levels. Vitamin D is available in pill form. There are also topical forms of vitamin D, and some cosmetic and manufacturers of skincare and anti-aging products are adding topical vitamin D to their skin care products. Vitamin D has already shown benefits for treating certain kinds of skin problems including psoriasis.
Psoriasis is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation. Vitamin D causes a peptide molecule called cathelicidin to bind to DNA. This blocks the inflammatory response that is responsible for many of the symptoms of psoriasis. Rosacea is another skin disease that’s driven by inflammation, and vitamin D may play a role in controlling this skin problem as well. In addition, preliminary research suggests that it may be helpful for treating symptoms of eczema. Some studies in children show that eczema is more severe in children with low vitamin D levels and that supplementation with vitamin D helps.
It’s easy to see that vitamin D is important for overall health and for healthy skin, which is why it’s an ingredient in some skin care products including anti-aging products, facial moisturizers, facial scrubs, facial cleansers and eye creams. Vitamin D is also important for hair growth, and there’s some evidence that it may stimulate hair regrowth, although more research is needed.
Is vitamin D safe? Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, so it can be toxic if high levels build up in the body. This is unlikely to happen unless a person is taking high supplemental doses of vitamin D. Vitamin D at levels found in skin care products are too low to cause toxicity. The Environmental Working Group Skin Deep Cosmetics Database classifies vitamin D as a low hazard cosmetic ingredient.
All in all, vitamin D is an important vitamin of which most people get too little. It’s critical for overall health, for disease prevention and is a requirement for healthy skin as well. | [
53,
40746,
360,
318,
3360,
6412,
284,
355,
262,
564,
250,
19155,
19489,
14411,
13,
447,
251,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
780,
262,
1388,
2723,
286,
428,
14411,
523,
3306,
329,
922,
1535,
2058,
422,
7111,
284,
262,
4252,
13,
1649,
19606,
7127,
262,
4168,
11,
14411,
360,
3718,
1834,
669,
1944,
319,
262,
4417,
286,
262,
4168,
389,
13906,
290,
17777,
2252,
7587,
416,
262,
14383,
290,
21919,
284,
2251,
14411,
360,
287,
257,
1296,
262,
1767,
460,
779,
13,
1318,
389,
734,
3858,
286,
14411,
360,
13,
27533,
360,
18,
318,
262,
1296,
286,
14411,
360,
24983,
1143,
422,
7111,
284,
19606,
11,
981,
14411,
360,
17,
318,
262,
1611,
287,
40479,
9013,
290,
262,
2099,
1043,
287,
6134,
13,
198,
13898,
11,
749,
661,
836,
447,
247,
83,
651,
1576,
14411,
360,
422,
19606,
393,
5496,
13,
47052,
389,
326,
510,
284,
5441,
4,
286,
262,
4044,
3265,
468,
14411,
360,
2974,
326,
389,
1165,
1877,
329,
922,
1535,
13,
27533,
360,
33589,
389,
2219,
780,
612,
389,
1178,
2057,
4237,
286,
14411,
360,
351,
262,
6631,
286,
19251,
5916,
588,
24535,
11,
14383,
290,
5935,
331,
349,
591,
13,
6401,
1431,
7545,
11,
10912,
13135,
11,
32132,
290,
584,
3186,
40479,
351,
14411,
360,
389,
635,
922,
4237,
13,
198,
8061,
508,
389,
4697,
11,
883,
326,
9835,
5806,
257,
44221,
290,
883,
2877,
379,
2440,
3042,
10455,
810,
262,
4252,
447,
247,
82,
24823,
389,
17642,
389,
379,
3744,
2526,
329,
14411,
360,
23580,
13,
554,
6490,
11,
14411,
360,
23580,
460,
2728,
8280,
10453,
290,
2620,
262,
2526,
286,
32674,
404,
273,
5958,
11,
617,
46938,
4369,
11,
290,
617,
5107,
286,
4890,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
635,
1593,
329,
19700,
24774,
416,
262,
20183,
1127,
13,
198,
1212,
8075,
257,
26566,
329,
617,
661,
13,
1148,
340,
1365,
284,
22451,
1096,
262,
1535,
286,
511,
4168,
290,
2620,
262,
2526,
286,
4168,
4890,
416,
21294,
340,
284,
19606,
393,
2526,
407,
1972,
1576,
14411,
360,
11,
257,
14411,
326,
2331,
284,
4646,
262,
2526,
286,
1728,
1535,
2761,
1390,
4890,
30,
383,
1605,
8581,
286,
9626,
6759,
1435,
2753,
262,
2292,
326,
6490,
508,
5806,
44221,
393,
3368,
4252,
7111,
815,
2074,
2263,
352,
11,
830,
314,
13,
52,
13,
286,
14411,
360,
4445,
13,
1318,
447,
247,
82,
635,
257,
2910,
1332,
1695,
284,
3953,
2974,
286,
14411,
360,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
21892,
4034,
284,
2263,
257,
14411,
360,
10327,
329,
661,
508,
423,
1877,
2974,
13,
27533,
360,
318,
1695,
287,
9582,
1296,
13,
1318,
389,
635,
39867,
5107,
286,
14411,
360,
11,
290,
617,
27284,
290,
11372,
286,
1341,
1939,
533,
290,
3098,
12,
3039,
3186,
389,
4375,
39867,
14411,
360,
284,
511,
4168,
1337,
3186,
13,
27533,
360,
468,
1541,
3402,
4034,
329,
13622,
1728,
6982,
286,
4168,
2761,
1390,
26692,
273,
48455,
13,
198,
12016,
273,
48455,
318,
257,
4168,
4369,
16264,
416,
10726,
20881,
13,
27533,
360,
5640,
257,
34337,
485,
27756,
1444,
3797,
258,
677,
312,
259,
284,
11007,
284,
7446,
13,
770,
7021,
262,
23760,
2882,
326,
318,
4497,
329,
867,
286,
262,
7460,
286,
26692,
273,
48455,
13,
10018,
44977,
318,
1194,
4168,
4369,
326,
447,
247,
82,
7986,
416,
20881,
11,
290,
14411,
360,
743,
711,
257,
2597,
287,
12755,
428,
4168,
1917,
355,
880,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
15223,
2267,
5644,
326,
340,
743,
307,
7613,
329,
13622,
7460,
286,
9940,
89,
19687,
13,
2773,
3640,
287,
1751,
905,
326,
9940,
89,
19687,
318,
517,
6049,
287,
1751,
351,
1877,
14411,
360,
2974,
290,
326,
30306,
351,
14411,
360,
5419,
13,
198,
1026,
447,
247,
82,
2562,
284,
766,
326,
14411,
360,
318,
1593,
329,
4045,
1535,
290,
329,
5448,
4168,
11,
543,
318,
1521,
340,
447,
247,
82,
281,
18734,
287,
617,
4168,
1337,
3186,
1390,
3098,
12,
3039,
3186,
11,
16324,
41189,
11341,
11,
16324,
6040,
23161,
11,
16324,
20658,
364,
290,
4151,
1126,
4105,
13,
27533,
360,
318,
635,
1593,
329,
4190,
3349,
11,
290,
612,
447,
247,
82,
617,
2370,
326,
340,
743,
26020,
4190,
842,
13046,
11,
3584,
517,
2267,
318,
2622,
13,
198,
3792,
14411,
360,
3338,
30,
27533,
360,
318,
257,
3735,
12,
34453,
26664,
14411,
11,
523,
340,
460,
307,
11422,
611,
1029,
2974,
1382,
510,
287,
262,
1767,
13,
770,
318,
7485,
284,
1645,
4556,
257,
1048,
318,
2263,
1029,
34885,
16376,
286,
14411,
360,
13,
27533,
360,
379,
2974,
1043,
287,
4168,
1337,
3186,
389,
1165,
1877,
284,
2728,
28152,
13,
383,
13272,
14594,
4912,
17847,
10766,
10437,
27757,
24047,
1398,
6945,
14411,
360,
355,
257,
1877,
15834,
27284,
18734,
13,
198,
3237,
287,
477,
11,
14411,
360,
318,
281,
1593,
14411,
286,
543,
749,
661,
651,
1165,
1310,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
4688,
329,
4045,
1535,
11,
329,
4369,
14196,
290,
318,
257,
9079,
329,
5448,
4168,
355,
880,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 813 |
Posted Sunday, Feb. 24, 2013, at 8:00 AM
Years ago, in 1999, some odd pictures were returned from The Mars Global Surveyor space probe orbiting the red planet. They showed what looked for all the world(s) like trees, banyan trees, dotting the Martian landscape. They made quite a splash on the internet, and you can see why; here’s a section of one of the pictures:
Image credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems
No fooling, they really do look like trees. The usual pseudoscience website went nuts—well, more nuts—claiming they were life on Mars. More rational heads knew they were formed from some sort of natural non-biological process, but what?
Over time, more and better pictures were taken, and eventually the story became clear. Hints were found when these features were detected at extreme latitudes, and only in the spring. That meant they must be related to the change in seasons, specifically to the weather warming. That, plus some high-resolution images, made it possible to eventually figure out what they are.
Mars has a thin atmosphere that’s mostly carbon dioxide. In the winter at the poles it gets cold enough that this CO2 freezes out, becoming frost or snow on the Martian surface—what we on Earth call dry ice. It gets this name because when you warm it up, it doesn’t melt: It turns directly from a solid into a gas, a process called sublimation.
Image credit: Arizona State University/Ron Miller
In the Martian spring sunlight warms the ground, which warms the layers of dry ice. They sublimate slowly, and—here’s the cool part—from the bottom up. Dry ice is very white and reflective, so sunlight doesn’t warm it efficiently. The ground is darker, and absorbs the solar warmth. This tends to heat the pile of dry ice from the sides and underneath at the edges.
The newly released gaseous carbon dioxide needs somewhere to go. It might just leak away from the side, but some will find its way deeper into the dry ice pack, toward the center. If the gas finds a weak spot in the ice it’ll burst through, creating a hole. Other trickles of CO2 under the ice will flow that way as well, and eventually find that hole. What you get, then, is dry ice on the surface laden with cracks, converging on a single spot where the gas can then leak out into the Martian atmosphere like dry geysers. The plumes of CO2 will carry with them dust from the ground under the dry ice pack, depositing the darker dust on the brighter surface ice, discoloring it.
And when you look at them from above, you see what look like trees! After a while, the carbon dioxide frost sublimates away entirely, and all you’re left with are weird looking spidery channels in the ground, up to a couple of meters deep, created by erosion as the carbon dioxide gas wended its way under the dry ice pack. These are even called araneiform features, meaning spider-like. They also kinda look like the cell bodies of neurons. Unsettling. But probably a better situation than an infestation of giant alien tree spiders.
How cool is that? While reading about this, I found various other features that have a similar origin, created from carbon dioxide gas flow. One aspect really got to me, a simple but terrifically strange observation: In some of these features on Mars, the tracks get wider as they go uphill. That’s the opposite of what you’d expect from the flow of an actual liquid; channels created by, say, water on Earth get wider as they flow downhill. This means whatever formed those channels must be flowing uphill. So the culprit must be gas, not liquid.
That is so flippin’ weird! It’s bizarre enough that a major component of a planet’s air might freeze out at all, but then to have some it flow uphill in the spring, and also to create those creepy spidery things?
Mars is a damn odd place. | [
14231,
3502,
11,
3158,
13,
1987,
11,
2211,
11,
379,
807,
25,
405,
3001,
198,
40630,
2084,
11,
287,
7358,
11,
617,
5629,
5986,
547,
4504,
422,
383,
8706,
8060,
13084,
273,
2272,
12774,
40462,
262,
2266,
5440,
13,
1119,
3751,
644,
3114,
329,
477,
262,
995,
7,
82,
8,
588,
7150,
11,
275,
1092,
272,
7150,
11,
16605,
889,
262,
32508,
10747,
13,
1119,
925,
2407,
257,
22870,
319,
262,
5230,
11,
290,
345,
460,
766,
1521,
26,
994,
447,
247,
82,
257,
2665,
286,
530,
286,
262,
5986,
25,
198,
5159,
3884,
25,
8884,
14,
41,
6489,
14,
44,
14414,
4687,
5800,
11998,
198,
2949,
9192,
278,
11,
484,
1107,
466,
804,
588,
7150,
13,
383,
6678,
25038,
418,
4234,
3052,
1816,
14380,
960,
4053,
11,
517,
14380,
960,
6604,
278,
484,
547,
1204,
319,
8706,
13,
3125,
9377,
6665,
2993,
484,
547,
7042,
422,
617,
3297,
286,
3288,
1729,
12,
8482,
2770,
1429,
11,
475,
644,
30,
198,
5886,
640,
11,
517,
290,
1365,
5986,
547,
2077,
11,
290,
4191,
262,
1621,
2627,
1598,
13,
367,
29503,
547,
1043,
618,
777,
3033,
547,
12326,
379,
3257,
3042,
10455,
11,
290,
691,
287,
262,
6076,
13,
1320,
4001,
484,
1276,
307,
3519,
284,
262,
1487,
287,
7028,
11,
5734,
284,
262,
6193,
9917,
13,
1320,
11,
5556,
617,
1029,
12,
29268,
4263,
11,
925,
340,
1744,
284,
4191,
3785,
503,
644,
484,
389,
13,
198,
43725,
468,
257,
7888,
8137,
326,
447,
247,
82,
4632,
6588,
17556,
13,
554,
262,
7374,
379,
262,
24971,
340,
3011,
4692,
1576,
326,
428,
7375,
17,
44389,
503,
11,
5033,
21682,
393,
6729,
319,
262,
32508,
4417,
960,
10919,
356,
319,
3668,
869,
5894,
4771,
13,
632,
3011,
428,
1438,
780,
618,
345,
5814,
340,
510,
11,
340,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
16867,
25,
632,
4962,
3264,
422,
257,
4735,
656,
257,
3623,
11,
257,
1429,
1444,
850,
2475,
341,
13,
198,
5159,
3884,
25,
7943,
1812,
2059,
14,
23672,
7920,
198,
818,
262,
32508,
6076,
19606,
1175,
907,
262,
2323,
11,
543,
1175,
907,
262,
11685,
286,
5894,
4771,
13,
1119,
850,
75,
1920,
6364,
11,
290,
960,
1456,
447,
247,
82,
262,
3608,
636,
960,
6738,
262,
4220,
510,
13,
22408,
4771,
318,
845,
2330,
290,
28962,
11,
523,
19606,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
5814,
340,
18306,
13,
383,
2323,
318,
18646,
11,
290,
42909,
262,
6591,
23125,
13,
770,
12444,
284,
4894,
262,
14540,
286,
5894,
4771,
422,
262,
5389,
290,
14638,
379,
262,
13015,
13,
198,
464,
8308,
2716,
308,
589,
516,
6588,
17556,
2476,
7382,
284,
467,
13,
632,
1244,
655,
13044,
1497,
422,
262,
1735,
11,
475,
617,
481,
1064,
663,
835,
9211,
656,
262,
5894,
4771,
2353,
11,
3812,
262,
3641,
13,
1002,
262,
3623,
7228,
257,
4939,
4136,
287,
262,
4771,
340,
447,
247,
297,
11173,
832,
11,
4441,
257,
7604,
13,
3819,
6908,
829,
286,
7375,
17,
739,
262,
4771,
481,
5202,
326,
835,
355,
880,
11,
290,
4191,
1064,
326,
7604,
13,
1867,
345,
651,
11,
788,
11,
318,
5894,
4771,
319,
262,
4417,
9717,
268,
351,
23217,
11,
6718,
2667,
319,
257,
2060,
4136,
810,
262,
3623,
460,
788,
13044,
503,
656,
262,
32508,
8137,
588,
5894,
4903,
893,
364,
13,
383,
458,
8139,
286,
7375,
17,
481,
3283,
351,
606,
8977,
422,
262,
2323,
739,
262,
5894,
4771,
2353,
11,
12304,
1780,
262,
18646,
8977,
319,
262,
26083,
4417,
4771,
11,
1221,
349,
3255,
340,
13,
198,
1870,
618,
345,
804,
379,
606,
422,
2029,
11,
345,
766,
644,
804,
588,
7150,
0,
2293,
257,
981,
11,
262,
6588,
17556,
21682,
850,
2475,
689,
1497,
5000,
11,
290,
477,
345,
447,
247,
260,
1364,
351,
389,
7650,
2045,
19230,
88,
9619,
287,
262,
2323,
11,
510,
284,
257,
3155,
286,
10700,
2769,
11,
2727,
416,
29337,
355,
262,
6588,
17556,
3623,
266,
1631,
663,
835,
739,
262,
5894,
4771,
2353,
13,
2312,
389,
772,
1444,
610,
1531,
6933,
3033,
11,
3616,
19230,
12,
2339,
13,
1119,
635,
17855,
804,
588,
262,
2685,
5920,
286,
16890,
13,
791,
17744,
1359,
13,
887,
2192,
257,
1365,
3074,
621,
281,
1167,
27364,
286,
6175,
8756,
5509,
26120,
13,
198,
2437,
3608,
318,
326,
30,
2893,
3555,
546,
428,
11,
314,
1043,
2972,
584,
3033,
326,
423,
257,
2092,
8159,
11,
2727,
422,
6588,
17556,
3623,
5202,
13,
1881,
4843,
1107,
1392,
284,
502,
11,
257,
2829,
475,
23754,
453,
6283,
13432,
25,
554,
617,
286,
777,
3033,
319,
8706,
11,
262,
8339,
651,
10595,
355,
484,
467,
35256,
13,
1320,
447,
247,
82,
262,
6697,
286,
644,
345,
447,
247,
67,
1607,
422,
262,
5202,
286,
281,
4036,
8122,
26,
9619,
2727,
416,
11,
910,
11,
1660,
319,
3668,
651,
10595,
355,
484,
5202,
35390,
13,
770,
1724,
4232,
7042,
883,
9619,
1276,
307,
17609,
35256,
13,
1406,
262,
26581,
1276,
307,
3623,
11,
407,
8122,
13,
198,
2504,
318,
523,
781,
3974,
259,
447,
247,
7650,
0,
632,
447,
247,
82,
13699,
1576,
326,
257,
1688,
7515,
286,
257,
5440,
447,
247,
82,
1633,
1244,
16611,
503,
379,
477,
11,
475,
788,
284,
423,
617,
340,
5202,
35256,
287,
262,
6076,
11,
290,
635,
284,
2251,
883,
23387,
19230,
88,
1243,
30,
198,
43725,
318,
257,
12270,
5629,
1295,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 879 |
What is a Wellhead Pumper?
A wellhead pumper operates power pumps and other equipment so that gas or oil can flow from the oil well. The job is known by a number of other terms, including operations technician, rig technician, pumper and well tender. Work is performed within a strong safety culture that follows detailed and exact safety regulations. Environmental rules also must be closely followed. The pumper's job involves bringing an oil, gas, or mining product from a well up to the surface by means of pumps and compressors. The pumper starts the compressor engine and opens valves to return compressed gas to the bottom of the well. The pump depressurizes the pipe and forces oil to rise to the surface. The wellhead pumper then must monitor the flow as the product travels to make sure it is moving at the proper rate. Once the pump has brought the product to the surface, the pumper transfers it to storage tanks or trucks that move it offsite. Although the wellhead pumper has long been a traditional part of the oil and gas industry, increased use of automated storage and retrieval systems has increased productivity and lessened the need for wellhead pumpers.
No one's written a review on this career yet. You could be the first!
What does a Wellhead Pumper do?
The wellhead pumper is responsible for all aspects of the pumping operations: assembling pumps, attaching hoses to wellheads, starting the compressor, operating the pumps and monitoring flow. Monitoring is generally done by computer control panel, and the pumper must watch that the oil, or the material being extracted, is pumped at the correct pressure, rate, and density. He or she needs to operate the pumps, open valves and shut them off as required by production schedules, and redirect flow into storage tanks. Any blockages in the pipes must be quickly identified and repaired. Routine maintenance of equipment is part of the job, and meters and gauges also need to be maintained and repaired if necessary.
Depending on the product being extracted, the pumper may also be responsible for blending acids and chemicals and controlling equipment used to fracture gas and oil wells or rock formations. Sometimes they are responsible for driving trucks and other transport vehicles on the site.
The pumper may need to supervisor other workers on the job site; the team works together to keep production running smoothly, keeping the product flowing from the ground through the pipes and into storage facilities. The team assembles the rigs and tears equipment down, and starts and stops production following specific schedules. All the work is done in compliance with strict safety regulations. Paperwork needs to be completed, such as daily reports and communication with supervisors.
An essential part of the job role is emergency preparedness. Should an oil spill occur, or a wellhead blow out, environmental damage could be considerable. The pumper needs to be familiar with environmental regulations and follow the rules and know the proper procedures should a problem occur.
What does it take to be a Wellhead Pumper?
The education required to be a wellhead pumper is generally at minimum a high school diploma. Much of the job is learned on site, with companies providing training. Some vocational training is often preferred. This could include certificates related to Occupational Health and Safety, confined spaces, dangerous materials handling, H2S and first aid. Performance evaluations are also conducted on a regular basis to ensure skill maintenance.
As the job primarily involves the operation of pumps used in oil production, a pumper needs to have comprehensive knowledge of all aspects of the production process. They need to understand quality control procedures and pay very close attention to safety at all times. Monitoring gauges and measurement tools means the pumper should have good multitasking abilities, be a critical thinker able to solve complex problems, and be able to exercise good judgment and make sound decisions under pressure.
A pumper also needs good mechanical skills, and an understanding of machines and tools, operation and maintenance. Knowledge of raw materials is helpful, although much of this is learned on the job. Good mathematical ability is important. Good eyesight and hand-eye coordination are also required. Workers need to be physically fit and have strength and durability. With most jobs in the oil, gas and mining industry, drug tests are required. Many large companies also do psychological testing to ensure a worker is able to exercise good judgment in an emergency and shows no instability.
What is the workplace of a Wellhead Pumper like?
Most employment opportunities are in oil and gas extraction and mining support. Oil wells and mines are out in the field and often in remote locations, including offshore drilling rigs. Workers often live in work camps and work rotating shifts, several weeks on and a week break. Extreme weather conditions may be a factor. Skilled workers in this industry can work anywhere in the world.
How much does a Wellhead Pumper earn?
In the U.S. a wellhead pumper can expect to earn an average of $42,000, but there is a wide range depending on the state, with some areas paying up to $54,000 annually. Opportunities in the U.S. are lessening with a greater trend toward importing crude oil from overseas. In Canada pumpers earn anywhere from $27 to $40 an hour, depending on skill, experience, and jobsite. Workers onsite are also often eligible for a living allowance supplement.
How you're compatible
Find your compatibility with this career and discover the career that you're meant for.
Does your group have something to offer people in this career? Contact us at [email protected] if you're interested in a partnership. | [
2061,
318,
257,
3894,
2256,
350,
15829,
30,
198,
32,
880,
2256,
279,
15829,
14051,
1176,
29019,
290,
584,
5112,
523,
326,
3623,
393,
3056,
460,
5202,
422,
262,
3056,
880,
13,
383,
1693,
318,
1900,
416,
257,
1271,
286,
584,
2846,
11,
1390,
4560,
33024,
11,
7805,
33024,
11,
279,
15829,
290,
880,
15403,
13,
5521,
318,
6157,
1626,
257,
1913,
3747,
3968,
326,
5679,
6496,
290,
2748,
3747,
6647,
13,
13272,
3173,
635,
1276,
307,
7173,
3940,
13,
383,
279,
15829,
338,
1693,
9018,
6079,
281,
3056,
11,
3623,
11,
393,
9691,
1720,
422,
257,
880,
510,
284,
262,
4417,
416,
1724,
286,
29019,
290,
27413,
669,
13,
383,
279,
15829,
4940,
262,
49395,
3113,
290,
9808,
41843,
284,
1441,
25388,
3623,
284,
262,
4220,
286,
262,
880,
13,
383,
8901,
41447,
333,
4340,
262,
12656,
290,
3386,
3056,
284,
4485,
284,
262,
4417,
13,
383,
880,
2256,
279,
15829,
788,
1276,
5671,
262,
5202,
355,
262,
1720,
17781,
284,
787,
1654,
340,
318,
3867,
379,
262,
1774,
2494,
13,
4874,
262,
8901,
468,
3181,
262,
1720,
284,
262,
4417,
11,
262,
279,
15829,
16395,
340,
284,
6143,
11657,
393,
13960,
326,
1445,
340,
572,
15654,
13,
4900,
262,
880,
2256,
279,
15829,
468,
890,
587,
257,
4569,
636,
286,
262,
3056,
290,
3623,
2831,
11,
3220,
779,
286,
16359,
6143,
290,
45069,
3341,
468,
3220,
13714,
290,
1342,
2945,
262,
761,
329,
880,
2256,
8901,
364,
13,
198,
2949,
530,
338,
3194,
257,
2423,
319,
428,
3451,
1865,
13,
921,
714,
307,
262,
717,
0,
198,
2061,
857,
257,
3894,
2256,
350,
15829,
466,
30,
198,
464,
880,
2256,
279,
15829,
318,
4497,
329,
477,
7612,
286,
262,
26916,
4560,
25,
40525,
29019,
11,
39550,
289,
4629,
284,
880,
16600,
11,
3599,
262,
49395,
11,
5361,
262,
29019,
290,
9904,
5202,
13,
37484,
318,
4143,
1760,
416,
3644,
1630,
6103,
11,
290,
262,
279,
15829,
1276,
2342,
326,
262,
3056,
11,
393,
262,
2587,
852,
21242,
11,
318,
29104,
379,
262,
3376,
3833,
11,
2494,
11,
290,
12109,
13,
679,
393,
673,
2476,
284,
8076,
262,
29019,
11,
1280,
41843,
290,
4423,
606,
572,
355,
2672,
416,
3227,
24025,
11,
290,
18941,
5202,
656,
6143,
11657,
13,
4377,
2512,
1095,
287,
262,
19860,
1276,
307,
2952,
5174,
290,
27457,
13,
371,
28399,
9262,
286,
5112,
318,
636,
286,
262,
1693,
11,
290,
10700,
290,
14885,
3212,
635,
761,
284,
307,
9456,
290,
27457,
611,
3306,
13,
198,
41156,
319,
262,
1720,
852,
21242,
11,
262,
279,
15829,
743,
635,
307,
4497,
329,
34863,
17045,
290,
12910,
290,
12755,
5112,
973,
284,
31846,
3623,
290,
3056,
22571,
393,
3881,
30648,
13,
8975,
484,
389,
4497,
329,
5059,
13960,
290,
584,
4839,
5672,
319,
262,
2524,
13,
198,
464,
279,
15829,
743,
761,
284,
21277,
584,
3259,
319,
262,
1693,
2524,
26,
262,
1074,
2499,
1978,
284,
1394,
3227,
2491,
21461,
11,
5291,
262,
1720,
17609,
422,
262,
2323,
832,
262,
19860,
290,
656,
6143,
7291,
13,
383,
1074,
11156,
829,
262,
45932,
290,
10953,
5112,
866,
11,
290,
4940,
290,
9911,
3227,
1708,
2176,
24025,
13,
1439,
262,
670,
318,
1760,
287,
11846,
351,
7646,
3747,
6647,
13,
14962,
1818,
2476,
284,
307,
5668,
11,
884,
355,
4445,
3136,
290,
6946,
351,
36520,
13,
198,
2025,
6393,
636,
286,
262,
1693,
2597,
318,
6334,
5597,
1108,
13,
10358,
281,
3056,
19431,
3051,
11,
393,
257,
880,
2256,
6611,
503,
11,
6142,
2465,
714,
307,
11091,
13,
383,
279,
15829,
2476,
284,
307,
5385,
351,
6142,
6647,
290,
1061,
262,
3173,
290,
760,
262,
1774,
9021,
815,
257,
1917,
3051,
13,
198,
2061,
857,
340,
1011,
284,
307,
257,
3894,
2256,
350,
15829,
30,
198,
464,
3707,
2672,
284,
307,
257,
880,
2256,
279,
15829,
318,
4143,
379,
5288,
257,
1029,
1524,
41220,
13,
13111,
286,
262,
1693,
318,
4499,
319,
2524,
11,
351,
2706,
4955,
3047,
13,
2773,
48368,
3047,
318,
1690,
9871,
13,
770,
714,
2291,
20835,
3519,
284,
15227,
864,
3893,
290,
11233,
11,
19733,
9029,
11,
4923,
5696,
9041,
11,
367,
17,
50,
290,
717,
6133,
13,
15193,
34109,
389,
635,
5952,
319,
257,
3218,
4308,
284,
4155,
5032,
9262,
13,
198,
1722,
262,
1693,
7525,
9018,
262,
4905,
286,
29019,
973,
287,
3056,
3227,
11,
257,
279,
15829,
2476,
284,
423,
9815,
3725,
286,
477,
7612,
286,
262,
3227,
1429,
13,
1119,
761,
284,
1833,
3081,
1630,
9021,
290,
1414,
845,
1969,
3241,
284,
3747,
379,
477,
1661,
13,
37484,
14885,
3212,
290,
15558,
4899,
1724,
262,
279,
15829,
815,
423,
922,
41785,
30463,
7883,
11,
307,
257,
4688,
45206,
1498,
284,
8494,
3716,
2761,
11,
290,
307,
1498,
284,
5517,
922,
8492,
290,
787,
2128,
5370,
739,
3833,
13,
198,
32,
279,
15829,
635,
2476,
922,
12370,
4678,
11,
290,
281,
4547,
286,
8217,
290,
4899,
11,
4905,
290,
9262,
13,
20414,
286,
8246,
5696,
318,
7613,
11,
3584,
881,
286,
428,
318,
4499,
319,
262,
1693,
13,
4599,
18069,
2694,
318,
1593,
13,
4599,
2951,
432,
290,
1021,
12,
25379,
19877,
389,
635,
2672,
13,
16847,
761,
284,
307,
10170,
4197,
290,
423,
4202,
290,
26578,
13,
2080,
749,
3946,
287,
262,
3056,
11,
3623,
290,
9691,
2831,
11,
2563,
5254,
389,
2672,
13,
4650,
1588,
2706,
635,
466,
10590,
4856,
284,
4155,
257,
8383,
318,
1498,
284,
5517,
922,
8492,
287,
281,
6334,
290,
2523,
645,
24842,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
15383,
286,
257,
3894,
2256,
350,
15829,
588,
30,
198,
6943,
7184,
6443,
389,
287,
3056,
290,
3623,
22236,
290,
9691,
1104,
13,
11474,
22571,
290,
18446,
389,
503,
287,
262,
2214,
290,
1690,
287,
6569,
7064,
11,
1390,
18479,
19747,
45932,
13,
16847,
1690,
2107,
287,
670,
11665,
290,
670,
24012,
15381,
11,
1811,
2745,
319,
290,
257,
1285,
2270,
13,
18111,
6193,
3403,
743,
307,
257,
5766,
13,
3661,
2967,
3259,
287,
428,
2831,
460,
670,
6609,
287,
262,
995,
13,
198,
2437,
881,
857,
257,
3894,
2256,
350,
15829,
5160,
30,
198,
818,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
257,
880,
2256,
279,
15829,
460,
1607,
284,
5160,
281,
2811,
286,
720,
3682,
11,
830,
11,
475,
612,
318,
257,
3094,
2837,
6906,
319,
262,
1181,
11,
351,
617,
3006,
5989,
510,
284,
720,
4051,
11,
830,
13844,
13,
24922,
871,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
389,
1342,
3101,
351,
257,
3744,
5182,
3812,
33332,
14897,
3056,
422,
11292,
13,
554,
3340,
8901,
364,
5160,
6609,
422,
720,
1983,
284,
720,
1821,
281,
1711,
11,
6906,
319,
5032,
11,
1998,
11,
290,
3946,
578,
13,
16847,
319,
15654,
389,
635,
1690,
8867,
329,
257,
2877,
24930,
10327,
13,
198,
2437,
345,
821,
11670,
198,
16742,
534,
17764,
351,
428,
3451,
290,
7073,
262,
3451,
326,
345,
821,
4001,
329,
13,
198,
13921,
534,
1448,
423,
1223,
284,
2897,
661,
287,
428,
3451,
30,
14039,
514,
379,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
611,
345,
821,
4609,
287,
257,
10413,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,154 |
Columbia Shuttle Disaster's Tough Lesson: Spaceflight Still Dangerous
Space shuttle Columbia launches on mission STS-107, January 16, 2003.
The tragic destruction of the space shuttle Columbia 10 years ago today (Feb. 1) taught NASA and the nation a tough lesson: Despite the strides that have been made over the years, human spaceflight remains a dangerous proposition.
Columbia broke apart upon re-entering Earth's atmosphere on Feb. 1, 2003, destroying the orbiter and killing all seven astronauts on board. The accident jolted NASA out of a complacency that had developed in the 17 years since the other major shuttle disaster, the 1986 disintegration of Challenger shortly after liftoff, experts say.
"We thought we were better than we were," Wayne Hale, who served as a flight director for 40 shuttle missions at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston before becoming manager of the shuttle program in 2005, said of the Columbia tragedy.
"We became overconfident," Hale told SPACE.com. "We thought we had a mature vehicle flying in a well-understood environment, and nothing could have been further from the truth than that." [Columbia Shuttle Disaster Explained (Infographic)]
A tragic anniversary
Columbia blasted off for the final time on Jan. 16, 2003, carrying more than 80 scientific experiments on a 16-day research mission known as STS-107.
Though Columbia roared into space successfully that day, it suffered a mortal wound during liftoff. A chunk of foam broke off the orbiter's external fuel tank and struck the leading edge of Columbia's left wing, punching a hole in the shuttle's protective heat shield.
When Columbia tried to come home on Feb. 1, 2003, hot atmospheric gases infiltrated the wing through this weak spot, causing the orbiter to break apart high over Texas.
All seven STS-107 astronauts — commander Rick Husband, pilot Willie McCool and mission specialists Michael Anderson, Kalpana Chawla, David Brown, Laurel Clark and Ilan Ramon, who was Israel's first spaceflyer — were lost.
The Columbia accident also led to the end of the space shuttle program, whose end was announced in 2004 and finally became official in July 2011.
NASA will honor the memories of the Columbia astronauts, as well as those killed in the agency's two other spaceflight disasters — the Challenger accident, which also claimed seven lives, and the 1967 Apollo fire, which killed three — today during a Day of Remembrance ceremony.
You can watch the NASA ceremony on SPACE.com here beginning at 10 a.m. EST (1500 GMT).
"NASA's Day of Remembrance honors members of the NASA family who lost their lives while furthering the cause of exploration and discovery," agency officials wrote in a statement. "Flags across the agency will be flown at half-staff in their memory."
A wake-up call
In the early days of the shuttle program, the vehicle's advocates claimed it would make human spaceflight routine, taking much of the risk and cost out of the endeavor.
The long run of success after the Challenger tragedy led some within NASA to buy into this notion, Hale said. But the Columbia accident once again drove home the dangers of spaceflight — the tremendous energies required to lift a vehicle into orbit, for example, and the inhospitable environment far from Earth's surface.
"Space exporation is a very difficult business," Hale said. "You cannot ever assume that you've got it down to a regular travel system like an airline or a bus or something. It's just that much more difficult and takes a great deal of attention to detail."
NASA, other national space agencies and private spaceflight companies are working hard to make spaceflight as safe as possible. But as with many activities — driving a car, for example — the dangers can only ever be minimized and managed, not eliminated.
"I think there always will be risk in going to space," Dustin Gohmert, NASA Crew Survival Engineering Team Lead at Johnson Space Center, told SPACE.com. "I think it's an inherently risky endeavor."
SPACE.com assistant managing editor Clara Moskowitz (@ClaraMoskowitz) contributed to this story. Follow SPACE.com senior writer Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall or SPACE.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MORE FROM SPACE.com | [
36063,
544,
35143,
35213,
338,
37223,
12892,
261,
25,
4687,
22560,
7831,
29892,
198,
14106,
20992,
9309,
18617,
319,
4365,
3563,
50,
12,
15982,
11,
3269,
1467,
11,
5816,
13,
198,
464,
15444,
8166,
286,
262,
2272,
20992,
9309,
838,
812,
2084,
1909,
357,
15146,
13,
352,
8,
7817,
8884,
290,
262,
3277,
257,
5802,
11483,
25,
7945,
262,
35002,
326,
423,
587,
925,
625,
262,
812,
11,
1692,
2272,
22560,
3793,
257,
4923,
19168,
13,
198,
36063,
544,
6265,
5475,
2402,
302,
12,
298,
1586,
3668,
338,
8137,
319,
3158,
13,
352,
11,
5816,
11,
13897,
262,
13066,
263,
290,
5170,
477,
3598,
26835,
319,
3096,
13,
383,
5778,
474,
349,
1513,
8884,
503,
286,
257,
2299,
330,
1387,
326,
550,
4166,
287,
262,
1596,
812,
1201,
262,
584,
1688,
20992,
9336,
11,
262,
12113,
29930,
1358,
286,
39221,
8972,
706,
3868,
1462,
487,
11,
6154,
910,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
1807,
356,
547,
1365,
621,
356,
547,
553,
13329,
35056,
11,
508,
4983,
355,
257,
5474,
3437,
329,
2319,
20992,
10566,
379,
8884,
338,
5030,
4687,
3337,
287,
6995,
878,
5033,
4706,
286,
262,
20992,
1430,
287,
5075,
11,
531,
286,
262,
9309,
13574,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
2627,
625,
10414,
738,
553,
35056,
1297,
37253,
13,
785,
13,
366,
1135,
1807,
356,
550,
257,
15345,
4038,
7348,
287,
257,
880,
12,
4625,
6501,
2858,
11,
290,
2147,
714,
423,
587,
2252,
422,
262,
3872,
621,
326,
526,
685,
36063,
544,
35143,
35213,
5905,
1328,
357,
18943,
6826,
15437,
198,
32,
15444,
11162,
198,
36063,
544,
26044,
572,
329,
262,
2457,
640,
319,
2365,
13,
1467,
11,
5816,
11,
6872,
517,
621,
4019,
5654,
10256,
319,
257,
1467,
12,
820,
2267,
4365,
1900,
355,
3563,
50,
12,
15982,
13,
198,
10915,
9309,
45615,
656,
2272,
7675,
326,
1110,
11,
340,
6989,
257,
22122,
11699,
1141,
3868,
1462,
487,
13,
317,
16058,
286,
19828,
6265,
572,
262,
13066,
263,
338,
7097,
5252,
6873,
290,
7425,
262,
3756,
5743,
286,
9309,
338,
1364,
8539,
11,
29044,
257,
7604,
287,
262,
20992,
338,
14153,
4894,
7614,
13,
198,
2215,
9309,
3088,
284,
1282,
1363,
319,
3158,
13,
352,
11,
5816,
11,
3024,
20938,
21678,
43862,
262,
8539,
832,
428,
4939,
4136,
11,
6666,
262,
13066,
263,
284,
2270,
5475,
1029,
625,
3936,
13,
198,
3237,
3598,
3563,
50,
12,
15982,
26835,
851,
11561,
8759,
13895,
3903,
11,
8022,
28623,
5108,
970,
290,
4365,
22447,
3899,
9918,
11,
12612,
79,
2271,
609,
707,
5031,
11,
3271,
4373,
11,
43442,
11264,
290,
314,
9620,
7431,
261,
11,
508,
373,
2692,
338,
717,
2272,
12254,
263,
851,
547,
2626,
13,
198,
464,
9309,
5778,
635,
2957,
284,
262,
886,
286,
262,
2272,
20992,
1430,
11,
3025,
886,
373,
3414,
287,
5472,
290,
3443,
2627,
1743,
287,
2901,
2813,
13,
198,
29998,
481,
7522,
262,
9846,
286,
262,
9309,
26835,
11,
355,
880,
355,
883,
2923,
287,
262,
4086,
338,
734,
584,
2272,
22560,
24193,
851,
262,
39221,
5778,
11,
543,
635,
4752,
3598,
3160,
11,
290,
262,
15904,
17508,
2046,
11,
543,
2923,
1115,
851,
1909,
1141,
257,
3596,
286,
42898,
28031,
10542,
13,
198,
1639,
460,
2342,
262,
8884,
10542,
319,
37253,
13,
785,
994,
3726,
379,
838,
257,
13,
76,
13,
17160,
357,
33698,
16987,
737,
198,
1,
29998,
338,
3596,
286,
42898,
28031,
25279,
1866,
286,
262,
8884,
1641,
508,
2626,
511,
3160,
981,
2252,
278,
262,
2728,
286,
13936,
290,
9412,
553,
4086,
2828,
2630,
287,
257,
2643,
13,
366,
40053,
1973,
262,
4086,
481,
307,
22371,
379,
2063,
12,
28120,
287,
511,
4088,
526,
198,
32,
7765,
12,
929,
869,
198,
818,
262,
1903,
1528,
286,
262,
20992,
1430,
11,
262,
4038,
338,
11009,
4752,
340,
561,
787,
1692,
2272,
22560,
8027,
11,
2263,
881,
286,
262,
2526,
290,
1575,
503,
286,
262,
28251,
13,
198,
464,
890,
1057,
286,
1943,
706,
262,
39221,
13574,
2957,
617,
1626,
8884,
284,
2822,
656,
428,
9495,
11,
35056,
531,
13,
887,
262,
9309,
5778,
1752,
757,
10357,
1363,
262,
16169,
286,
2272,
22560,
851,
262,
12465,
27598,
2672,
284,
10303,
257,
4038,
656,
13066,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
290,
262,
25783,
2117,
4674,
2858,
1290,
422,
3668,
338,
4417,
13,
198,
1,
14106,
1033,
6944,
318,
257,
845,
2408,
1597,
553,
35056,
531,
13,
366,
1639,
2314,
1683,
7048,
326,
345,
1053,
1392,
340,
866,
284,
257,
3218,
3067,
1080,
588,
281,
18091,
393,
257,
1323,
393,
1223,
13,
632,
338,
655,
326,
881,
517,
2408,
290,
2753,
257,
1049,
1730,
286,
3241,
284,
3703,
526,
198,
29998,
11,
584,
2260,
2272,
5942,
290,
2839,
2272,
22560,
2706,
389,
1762,
1327,
284,
787,
2272,
22560,
355,
3338,
355,
1744,
13,
887,
355,
351,
867,
4568,
851,
5059,
257,
1097,
11,
329,
1672,
851,
262,
16169,
460,
691,
1683,
307,
49491,
290,
5257,
11,
407,
15254,
13,
198,
1,
40,
892,
612,
1464,
481,
307,
2526,
287,
1016,
284,
2272,
553,
37616,
402,
1219,
647,
83,
11,
8884,
17652,
20303,
14044,
4816,
20116,
379,
5030,
4687,
3337,
11,
1297,
37253,
13,
785,
13,
366,
40,
892,
340,
338,
281,
20108,
17564,
28251,
526,
198,
4303,
11598,
13,
785,
8796,
11149,
5464,
27443,
5826,
74,
20951,
4275,
2601,
3301,
32668,
74,
20951,
8,
8639,
284,
428,
1621,
13,
7281,
37253,
13,
785,
4664,
6260,
4995,
5007,
319,
3009,
2488,
76,
488,
3609,
335,
11930,
393,
37253,
13,
785,
2488,
4561,
2286,
313,
785,
13,
775,
821,
635,
319,
3203,
290,
3012,
27613,
198,
6242,
12425,
3336,
44746,
198,
23346,
16034,
37253,
13,
785,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 921 |
Census Finds Unknown Young Stars of Orion
Amateur stargazers may spot the Orion Nebula as a fuzzy patch in the constellation Orion, but they cannot see an interstellar birthing ground that spans the region of sky from above Orion's head to below his feet.
Now astronomers have completed the most wide-ranging census of baby stars in and around the Orion nebula, and found a stellar nursery that's both chaotic and crowded. The work represents the first complete study of young stars, their gaseous clouds of dust and supersonic jets of hydrogen molecules shooting out from the poles of each star.
Jets arise as young stars are born from a rotating cloud of gas and dust, but usually die out once a star has fully ignited and stopped consuming the surrounding material. In this case, the jets became signals that pinpointed the location of baby stars hidden within the stellar birthing grounds.
"With such a large number of young stars, we can study the 'demographics' of star birth," said Tom Megeath, an astronomer at the University of Toledo in Ohio. "This study will give us an idea of how long it takes baby stars to bulk up by pulling in gas from the surrounding cloud, what ultimately stops a star from growing bigger, and how a star's birth is influenced by other stars in the stellar nursery."
The Orion nebula represents just a blister on the surface of the much larger cloud. Astronomers turned to the United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (UKIRT) and the Spitzer Space Telescope to peer through the cloud using infrared vision, and also used the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique radio telescope in France to see beyond infrared at short radio wavelengths.
Such international collaboration allowed astronomers to match up powerful gas jets with their young star origins, and find the cradles within the clouds where stars were created.
"Each jet is travelling at tens or even hundreds of miles per second; the jets extend across many trillions of miles of interstellar space," said Chris Davis, an astronomer for UKIRT in Hawaii.
UKIRT's wide field camera alone found more than 110 individual jets from the one region of the Milky Way. The results were presented on April 20 at the European Week of Astronomy and Space Science at the University of Hertfordshire, UK.
- Top 10 Star Mysteries
- Video - When Stars Collide
- Vote - The Strangest Things in Space
MORE FROM SPACE.com | [
34,
7314,
9938,
82,
16185,
6960,
10271,
286,
26153,
198,
5840,
15093,
336,
853,
1031,
364,
743,
4136,
262,
26153,
46915,
355,
257,
34669,
8529,
287,
262,
38712,
26153,
11,
475,
484,
2314,
766,
281,
48851,
35122,
1197,
2323,
326,
32727,
262,
3814,
286,
6766,
422,
2029,
26153,
338,
1182,
284,
2174,
465,
3625,
13,
198,
3844,
33162,
423,
5668,
262,
749,
3094,
12,
32319,
21649,
286,
5156,
5788,
287,
290,
1088,
262,
26153,
45508,
4712,
11,
290,
1043,
257,
25041,
41326,
326,
338,
1111,
23458,
290,
18012,
13,
383,
670,
6870,
262,
717,
1844,
2050,
286,
1862,
5788,
11,
511,
308,
589,
516,
15114,
286,
8977,
290,
424,
6259,
291,
20792,
286,
17669,
17745,
4395,
503,
422,
262,
24971,
286,
1123,
3491,
13,
198,
41,
1039,
15058,
355,
1862,
5788,
389,
4642,
422,
257,
24012,
6279,
286,
3623,
290,
8977,
11,
475,
3221,
4656,
503,
1752,
257,
3491,
468,
3938,
40442,
290,
5025,
18587,
262,
7346,
2587,
13,
554,
428,
1339,
11,
262,
20792,
2627,
10425,
326,
30534,
276,
262,
4067,
286,
5156,
5788,
7104,
1626,
262,
25041,
35122,
1197,
9384,
13,
198,
1,
3152,
884,
257,
1588,
1271,
286,
1862,
5788,
11,
356,
460,
2050,
262,
705,
9536,
24188,
6,
286,
3491,
4082,
553,
531,
4186,
2185,
469,
776,
11,
281,
47603,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
36026,
287,
6835,
13,
366,
1212,
2050,
481,
1577,
514,
281,
2126,
286,
703,
890,
340,
2753,
5156,
5788,
284,
11963,
510,
416,
10427,
287,
3623,
422,
262,
7346,
6279,
11,
644,
6165,
9911,
257,
3491,
422,
3957,
5749,
11,
290,
703,
257,
3491,
338,
4082,
318,
12824,
416,
584,
5788,
287,
262,
25041,
41326,
526,
198,
464,
26153,
45508,
4712,
6870,
655,
257,
40770,
319,
262,
4417,
286,
262,
881,
4025,
6279,
13,
25398,
21499,
2900,
284,
262,
1578,
7526,
4806,
430,
12,
7738,
36789,
357,
15039,
48771,
8,
290,
262,
1338,
10557,
4687,
36789,
284,
12720,
832,
262,
6279,
1262,
30624,
5761,
11,
290,
635,
973,
262,
37931,
315,
390,
8829,
25398,
296,
494,
9212,
38813,
33865,
5243,
24344,
287,
4881,
284,
766,
3675,
30624,
379,
1790,
5243,
45656,
13,
198,
16678,
3230,
12438,
3142,
33162,
284,
2872,
510,
3665,
3623,
20792,
351,
511,
1862,
3491,
15587,
11,
290,
1064,
262,
1067,
324,
829,
1626,
262,
15114,
810,
5788,
547,
2727,
13,
198,
1,
10871,
12644,
318,
16574,
379,
11192,
393,
772,
5179,
286,
4608,
583,
1218,
26,
262,
20792,
9117,
1973,
867,
45922,
286,
4608,
286,
48851,
2272,
553,
531,
5180,
7802,
11,
281,
47603,
329,
3482,
48771,
287,
13708,
13,
198,
15039,
48771,
338,
3094,
2214,
4676,
3436,
1043,
517,
621,
9796,
1981,
20792,
422,
262,
530,
3814,
286,
262,
34822,
6378,
13,
383,
2482,
547,
5545,
319,
3035,
1160,
379,
262,
3427,
6119,
286,
25398,
9145,
290,
4687,
5800,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
40030,
3841,
10932,
11,
3482,
13,
198,
12,
5849,
838,
2907,
28298,
198,
12,
7623,
532,
1649,
10271,
7778,
485,
198,
12,
19175,
532,
383,
4285,
648,
395,
11597,
287,
4687,
198,
23346,
16034,
37253,
13,
785,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 504 |
Tagged 5C's, grades 5-8, middle school, Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century
Dr. David McAlpine University of Arkansas at Little Rock
The students in my Methods of Teaching Second Language class don’t believe me when I tell them that my best Spanish teaching experience in forty years was in a middle school classroom! It’s true! Those of you just beginning your career in a middle school will soon learn this, and those of you who are middle school “lifers” already know that these youngsters in grades 5-8 respond to content that is connected to their everyday lives and to instruction that actively involves them in the learning process. Your middle school Spanish students may show higher competencies in the three modes of communication than many of their high school counterparts because of their openness to learning new concepts, their curiosity about themselves and others, and their unabashed willingness to be a part of real-life situations.
How can the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century help create an engaging atmosphere for middle school students? Let’s look at the 5Cs and try to draw some classroom ideas from them.
Tagged Activities, Restaurant
Students can learn a lot about the different cultures around the Spanish-speaking world by visiting the restaurants in your community where Spanish is spoken. At the beginning of each school year, I challenged my students to find and visit these restaurants. Of course, I offered extra credit if the students brought in a receipt and wrote one paragraph essays detailing their experience, but my students were happy to learn about the culture, so they did it for their personal enjoyment and not the extra credit (at least that’s what I like to think).
Now that I look back at the extra credit I gave out, I realized the kids mostly went to Mexican restaurants. Yes, Mexican food is delicious and yes, it is a Spanish-speaking country, but we want our students to look beyond Mexico and gain some experiences from other Spanish-speaking countries. And we want to remind students that food is a great way to incorporate cultures from the Spanish-speaking world into our everyday lives.
So I think I’d like to issue another CHALLENGE:
Tagged Authentic Texts, Literary Texts, Modern Language Association
Dr. Emily Spinelli Executive Director, American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. Professor Emerita of Spanish, University of Michigan-Dearborne
For many years the foreign language profession viewed the teaching of language and the teaching of literature as two very separate and distinct activities. At all educational levels the reading of literary texts was often seen as a task that only very advanced students could undertake. As a result, the early years of instruction were generally devoted to learning the language so that students could study literature in upper-level courses. | [
51,
14655,
642,
34,
338,
11,
19051,
642,
12,
23,
11,
3504,
1524,
11,
20130,
329,
8708,
15417,
18252,
287,
262,
2310,
301,
13641,
198,
6187,
13,
3271,
1982,
2348,
23908,
2059,
286,
14538,
379,
7703,
4631,
198,
464,
2444,
287,
616,
25458,
286,
38094,
5498,
15417,
1398,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1975,
502,
618,
314,
1560,
606,
326,
616,
1266,
7897,
7743,
1998,
287,
16571,
812,
373,
287,
257,
3504,
1524,
15806,
0,
632,
447,
247,
82,
2081,
0,
5845,
286,
345,
655,
3726,
534,
3451,
287,
257,
3504,
1524,
481,
2582,
2193,
428,
11,
290,
883,
286,
345,
508,
389,
3504,
1524,
564,
250,
36195,
364,
447,
251,
1541,
760,
326,
777,
33167,
287,
19051,
642,
12,
23,
3031,
284,
2695,
326,
318,
5884,
284,
511,
10908,
3160,
290,
284,
12064,
326,
10630,
9018,
606,
287,
262,
4673,
1429,
13,
3406,
3504,
1524,
7897,
2444,
743,
905,
2440,
2307,
3976,
287,
262,
1115,
12881,
286,
6946,
621,
867,
286,
511,
1029,
1524,
16054,
780,
286,
511,
30913,
284,
4673,
649,
10838,
11,
511,
20136,
546,
2405,
290,
1854,
11,
290,
511,
40986,
5263,
16826,
284,
307,
257,
636,
286,
1103,
12,
6042,
7445,
13,
198,
2437,
460,
262,
20130,
329,
8708,
15417,
18252,
287,
262,
2310,
301,
13641,
1037,
2251,
281,
11932,
8137,
329,
3504,
1524,
2444,
30,
3914,
447,
247,
82,
804,
379,
262,
642,
32274,
290,
1949,
284,
3197,
617,
15806,
4213,
422,
606,
13,
198,
51,
14655,
36270,
11,
26078,
198,
28239,
460,
2193,
257,
1256,
546,
262,
1180,
13817,
1088,
262,
7897,
12,
25159,
995,
416,
10013,
262,
10808,
287,
534,
2055,
810,
7897,
318,
9635,
13,
1629,
262,
3726,
286,
1123,
1524,
614,
11,
314,
12827,
616,
2444,
284,
1064,
290,
3187,
777,
10808,
13,
3226,
1781,
11,
314,
4438,
3131,
3884,
611,
262,
2444,
3181,
287,
257,
14507,
290,
2630,
530,
7322,
27126,
22976,
511,
1998,
11,
475,
616,
2444,
547,
3772,
284,
2193,
546,
262,
3968,
11,
523,
484,
750,
340,
329,
511,
2614,
23334,
290,
407,
262,
3131,
3884,
357,
265,
1551,
326,
447,
247,
82,
644,
314,
588,
284,
892,
737,
198,
3844,
326,
314,
804,
736,
379,
262,
3131,
3884,
314,
2921,
503,
11,
314,
6939,
262,
3988,
4632,
1816,
284,
10816,
10808,
13,
3363,
11,
10816,
2057,
318,
12625,
290,
3763,
11,
340,
318,
257,
7897,
12,
25159,
1499,
11,
475,
356,
765,
674,
2444,
284,
804,
3675,
5828,
290,
4461,
617,
6461,
422,
584,
7897,
12,
25159,
2678,
13,
843,
356,
765,
284,
7101,
2444,
326,
2057,
318,
257,
1049,
835,
284,
19330,
13817,
422,
262,
7897,
12,
25159,
995,
656,
674,
10908,
3160,
13,
198,
2396,
314,
892,
314,
447,
247,
67,
588,
284,
2071,
1194,
5870,
7036,
1677,
8264,
25,
198,
51,
14655,
31885,
291,
8255,
82,
11,
38412,
8255,
82,
11,
12495,
15417,
5396,
198,
6187,
13,
17608,
1338,
44076,
10390,
5890,
11,
1605,
5396,
286,
32426,
286,
7897,
290,
21813,
13,
8129,
10320,
5350,
286,
7897,
11,
2059,
286,
7055,
12,
20266,
13555,
198,
1890,
867,
812,
262,
3215,
3303,
7573,
9569,
262,
7743,
286,
3303,
290,
262,
7743,
286,
9285,
355,
734,
845,
4553,
290,
7310,
4568,
13,
1629,
477,
9856,
2974,
262,
3555,
286,
16716,
13399,
373,
1690,
1775,
355,
257,
4876,
326,
691,
845,
6190,
2444,
714,
25340,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
11,
262,
1903,
812,
286,
12064,
547,
4143,
13378,
284,
4673,
262,
3303,
523,
326,
2444,
714,
2050,
9285,
287,
6727,
12,
5715,
10902,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 579 |
Injections for Pain
Pain Management: A Patient's Guide to Injections for Pain
Injections, as part of the evaluation and treatment of pain, are commonly recommended by pain specialists. There many different types of injections that are used both to help diagnose the painful condition and to help treat the painful condition.
This guide will help you understand
- the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections
- what the common medications injected are intended to do
- the risks and benefits of injections for pain
What is the difference between diagnostic and therapeutic injections?
Diagnostic injections are intended to help your doctor arrive at an accurate diagnosis of where the pain is originating. There is a concept in pain medicine called the "pain generator". This idea is perhaps explained most clearly by asking the question that the pain medicine specialist asks: "What is causing - or generating - the pain?" Diagnostic injections are intended to determine the pain generator by a process of elimination.
During the process of trying to determine what is causing your pain, your physician will perform a history and physical examination. This may lead to a differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis is a list of all the possibilities that the physician can think of that best fit with the findings from the initial history and physical examination. Once the differential diagnosis list has been determined, the goal is to figure out which item on the list is actually causing your symptoms.
The next step may be to obtain x-rays, MRI scan or CT scan. Each of these radiological tests give your doctor information about the structure of the body part being examined. It shows if there are abnormalities present in the structure that may account for your pain. For example, a spine x-ray may show arthritis of the joints of the spine that could be causing the pain that you are experiencing. But, simply because the structural abnormality could be causing your pain does not mean that it is. Many structural abnormalities are seen on radiological tests that are not causing any pain. By injecting the facet joint with a medication to temporarily numb the joint and eliminate the pain, your physician can determine if this structural abnormality is actually causing any pain.
Another possibility is that you may have several abnormalities and it is unclear which abnormality is the cause of the symptoms. For example, you may have several intervertebral discs that appear worn out on the MRI scan of your lumbar spine. It could be that all of the discs are causing your pain - or it could be that there is only one disc causing your pain. If you are considering surgery, you would want to be sure which disc is causing the pain so that you did not undergo any additional, unnecessary surgery.
Finally, sometimes the pain is confusing and may actually be coming from somewhere else in the body altogether. For example, it is not uncommon for a patient to have a worn out hip joint and a worn out lower back. When a patient with this combination of problems has hip and thigh pain, it is not always obvious whether the pain is coming from the hip joint or the lower spine - or both. By injecting the hip joint with a medication to temporarily numb the hip joint and eliminate the pain that is coming only from the hip, the physician can determine what portion is coming from the hip joint - if any. This helps to diagnose the problem accurately and prevent any unnecessary procedures.
Some injections are done with the help of fluoroscopic guidance. The fluoroscope is an x-ray machine that allows the doctor to actually see an x-ray image while doing the procedure. This allows the doctor to watch where the needle goes as it is inserted. This makes the injection much safer and much more accurate. Once the needle is in the right location, a small amount of radiographic dye is injected. This liquid dye shows up on the x-ray image, and the doctor can watch where it goes. The anesthetic medication and the cortisone will go in the same place. The doctor wants to make sure the injection will put the medication where it can do the most good. Once the correct position is confirmed, the anesthetic and cortisone are injected, and the needle is removed.
Almost all diagnostic injections follow a similar strategy. First, determine what could be causing the pain. Next, inject the structure that is most likely the cause of the pain - the pain generator - with a medication that should reduce or eliminate the pain temporarily. If the pain is eliminated, then the structure injected is almost surely the cause of the pain.
Therapeutic injections are intended to treat your problem. This means that therapeutic injections should be expected to reduce, or eliminate, your symptoms for some period of time. Injections rarely eliminate pain permanently. Some injections may last weeks to months.
The medications that are normally injected during a therapeutic pain injection include an anesthetic and cortisone. An anesthetic medication (such as novocaine, lidocaine or bupivicaine) is the same medication that is used numb the area when you are having dental work or having minor surgery, such as a cut sewn up. The medication causes temporary numbness lasting 1 hour to 6 hours, depending on which type of anesthetic is used.
Cortisone is an extremely powerful anti-inflammatory medication. When this medication is injected around inflamed, swollen nerves and connective tissues, it can reduce the inflammation and swelling. Decreasing inflammation reduces pain in joints. Reduced swelling can allow the nerves to function better, reducing numbness and weakness.
What might go wrong?
There are several complications that may occur during or after these injection procedures. Injections are safe and unlikely to result in a complication, but no procedure is 100% foolproof. This document doesn't provide a complete list of the possible complications, but it does highlight some of the most common problems. Complications are uncommon, but you should know what to watch for if they occur.
Like most procedures where medications are injected, there is always a risk of allergic reaction. The medications that are commonly injected include lidocaine, bupivicaine, radiographic dye, and cortisone. Allergic reactions can be as simple as developing hives or a rash. They can also be life threatening and restrict breathing. Most allergic reactions will happen immediately while you are in the procedure room, so that help is available immediately. Most reactions are treated and cause no permanent harm. You should alert your doctor if you have known allergies to any of these medications.
There are several other rare complications of spinal injections. These include epidural hematoma, epidural abscess and nerve damage. The epidural hematoma occurs when one of the small blood vessels around the spinal sac continues to bleed after the procedure. The bleeding can cause a large pocket of blood to form around the nerves and cause too much pressure on the nerves. If this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the blood and remove the pressure from the nerves.
Several types of infections are possible complications of pain injections. Any time a needle is inserted through the skin, there is a possibility of infection. Before any injection is done the skin is cleansed with a disinfectant and the health care provider doing the injection uses what is called sterile technique. This means that the needle and the area where the needle is inserted remains untouched by anything that is not sterile. The provider may also use sterile gloves.
Infections may occur just underneath the skin, in a muscle, in a joint or in the spinal canal itself. You should watch for signs of increasing redness, swelling, pain and fever. Almost all infections will need to be treated with antibiotics. If an abscess forms, then a surgical procedure may be necessary to drain the pus in the abscess.
When the injection is placed in the spinal canal, the infection may be more serious. A condition called an epidural abscess may form inside the spinal canal. This infection can cause a large pocket of pus to form around the nerves putting too much pressure on the nerves. If this complication occurs, you will probably need a surgical procedure to drain the infection and remove the pressure from the nerves. Antibiotics will also be necessary to treat the infection.
Many pain injections are done close to nerves. The needle used to do the injection may accidently puncture the nerve itself. This can cause damage to the nerve and result in increased pain. Numbness and weakness may also result. Nerves that have been punctured with a needle will usually recover and not require any additional surgical procedures.
Not all injections work as expected. Sometimes, injections cause more pain. This may be due to increased spasm in the muscles around the injection. This may happen following a trigger point injection. The increased pain is usually temporary, lasting a few hours or a few days. Once the medication has a chance to work, the injection may actually work as expected and reduce your pain. The pressure from injecting the liquid medication may increase pressure on nerves. This may irritate the nerves and cause increased pain. The increased pain is usually temporary. Increased pain that begins several days after the injection may be a sign of infection. You should alert your doctor if this occurs.
Spinal Fluid Leak
Probably the most common complication of injections that enter the spinal canal is a wet tap. This occurs when the needle penetrates the spinal sac and enters the spinal fluid. This is the same thing that happens when your doctor performs a spinal tap or a spinal anesthetic. In itself, it is not dangerous. Because the epidural needle is larger than the spinal needle, the hole in the spinal sack may continue to leak and not seal itself off immediately. This causes a spinal fluid leak - or wet tap and a very bad headache. The headache is worse when you are sitting or standing upright. It may cause nausea and vomiting. It will go away if you lie flat or with your head a bit lower that your feet.
The headache occurs because the spinal fluid pressure in the skull decreases. That is why the headache goes away when you lie down - the spinal fluid pressure goes back to normal in your skull. Most spinal headaches go away in a few days when the hole in the spinal sac heals and closes. You may be instructed to stay flat for a couple of days until this occurs.
There are ways to speed up the healing of the puncture in the spinal sac. The most common treatment for a spinal headache that does not go away on its own is a blood patch. This may be done at the time of the ESI if the doctor sees that the spinal sac has been punctured before he removes the needle. If not it may be done several days later if the headache has not gone away. This procedure involves taking a small amount of blood from a vein in your arm and injecting it into your back in the epidural space. The blood clots and "patches" the hole.
What happens after the procedure?
If everything goes as planned, you will be able to go home soon after the injection, probably within one hour. After most types of pain injections, you will probably not have any restrictions on activity or diet following the procedure.
When the pain injection is a diagnostic injection, your doctor will be interested in how much the pain is reduced while the anesthetic (numbing medication) is working. You may be given a pain diary to record what you feel for the next several hours. This is important for making decisions - keep track of your pain.
Most doctors will arrange a follow-up appointment, or phone consult, within one or two weeks after the procedure to see how you are doing and what effect the procedure had on your symptoms.
*Disclaimer:*The information contained herein is compiled from a variety of sources. It may not be complete or timely. It does not cover all diseases, physical conditions, ailments or treatments. The information should NOT be used in place of visit with your healthcare provider, nor should you disregard the advice of your health care provider because of any information you read in this topic.
|All content provided by eORTHOPOD® is a registered trademark of Medical Multimedia Group, L.L.C.. Content is the sole property of Medical Multimedia Group, LLC and used herein by permission.| | [
818,
752,
507,
329,
15627,
198,
38490,
8549,
25,
317,
35550,
338,
10005,
284,
554,
752,
507,
329,
15627,
198,
818,
752,
507,
11,
355,
636,
286,
262,
12660,
290,
3513,
286,
2356,
11,
389,
8811,
7151,
416,
2356,
22447,
13,
1318,
867,
1180,
3858,
286,
35849,
326,
389,
973,
1111,
284,
1037,
37489,
262,
12132,
4006,
290,
284,
1037,
2190,
262,
12132,
4006,
13,
198,
1212,
5698,
481,
1037,
345,
1833,
198,
12,
262,
3580,
1022,
23584,
290,
21546,
35849,
198,
12,
644,
262,
2219,
17638,
25077,
389,
5292,
284,
466,
198,
12,
262,
7476,
290,
4034,
286,
35849,
329,
2356,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
3580,
1022,
23584,
290,
21546,
35849,
30,
198,
18683,
4660,
15132,
35849,
389,
5292,
284,
1037,
534,
6253,
9240,
379,
281,
7187,
13669,
286,
810,
262,
2356,
318,
37962,
13,
1318,
318,
257,
3721,
287,
2356,
9007,
1444,
262,
366,
35436,
17301,
1911,
770,
2126,
318,
3737,
4893,
749,
4084,
416,
4737,
262,
1808,
326,
262,
2356,
9007,
15670,
7893,
25,
366,
2061,
318,
6666,
532,
393,
15453,
532,
262,
2356,
1701,
31549,
15132,
35849,
389,
5292,
284,
5004,
262,
2356,
17301,
416,
257,
1429,
286,
21472,
13,
198,
7191,
262,
1429,
286,
2111,
284,
5004,
644,
318,
6666,
534,
2356,
11,
534,
14325,
481,
1620,
257,
2106,
290,
3518,
12452,
13,
770,
743,
1085,
284,
257,
22577,
13669,
13,
383,
22577,
13669,
318,
257,
1351,
286,
477,
262,
12779,
326,
262,
14325,
460,
892,
286,
326,
1266,
4197,
351,
262,
6373,
422,
262,
4238,
2106,
290,
3518,
12452,
13,
4874,
262,
22577,
13669,
1351,
468,
587,
5295,
11,
262,
3061,
318,
284,
3785,
503,
543,
2378,
319,
262,
1351,
318,
1682,
6666,
534,
7460,
13,
198,
464,
1306,
2239,
743,
307,
284,
7330,
2124,
12,
20477,
11,
30278,
9367,
393,
16356,
9367,
13,
5501,
286,
777,
2511,
15071,
5254,
1577,
534,
6253,
1321,
546,
262,
4645,
286,
262,
1767,
636,
852,
11068,
13,
632,
2523,
611,
612,
389,
34615,
1944,
287,
262,
4645,
326,
743,
1848,
329,
534,
2356,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
257,
19656,
2124,
12,
2433,
743,
905,
37954,
286,
262,
24039,
286,
262,
19656,
326,
714,
307,
6666,
262,
2356,
326,
345,
389,
13456,
13,
887,
11,
2391,
780,
262,
13204,
42364,
1483,
714,
307,
6666,
534,
2356,
857,
407,
1612,
326,
340,
318,
13,
4650,
13204,
34615,
389,
1775,
319,
2511,
15071,
5254,
326,
389,
407,
6666,
597,
2356,
13,
2750,
41750,
262,
39144,
6466,
351,
257,
14103,
284,
13413,
35519,
262,
6466,
290,
11005,
262,
2356,
11,
534,
14325,
460,
5004,
611,
428,
13204,
42364,
1483,
318,
1682,
6666,
597,
2356,
13,
198,
6610,
5885,
318,
326,
345,
743,
423,
1811,
34615,
290,
340,
318,
10061,
543,
42364,
1483,
318,
262,
2728,
286,
262,
7460,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
345,
743,
423,
1811,
987,
332,
660,
24427,
31014,
326,
1656,
12666,
503,
319,
262,
30278,
9367,
286,
534,
300,
2178,
283,
19656,
13,
632,
714,
307,
326,
477,
286,
262,
31014,
389,
6666,
534,
2356,
532,
393,
340,
714,
307,
326,
612,
318,
691,
530,
1221,
6666,
534,
2356,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
6402,
8185,
11,
345,
561,
765,
284,
307,
1654,
543,
1221,
318,
6666,
262,
2356,
523,
326,
345,
750,
407,
17777,
597,
3224,
11,
13114,
8185,
13,
198,
11158,
11,
3360,
262,
2356,
318,
15337,
290,
743,
1682,
307,
2406,
422,
7382,
2073,
287,
262,
1767,
13318,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
340,
318,
407,
19185,
329,
257,
5827,
284,
423,
257,
12666,
503,
10359,
6466,
290,
257,
12666,
503,
2793,
736,
13,
1649,
257,
5827,
351,
428,
6087,
286,
2761,
468,
10359,
290,
19341,
2356,
11,
340,
318,
407,
1464,
3489,
1771,
262,
2356,
318,
2406,
422,
262,
10359,
6466,
393,
262,
2793,
19656,
532,
393,
1111,
13,
2750,
41750,
262,
10359,
6466,
351,
257,
14103,
284,
13413,
35519,
262,
10359,
6466,
290,
11005,
262,
2356,
326,
318,
2406,
691,
422,
262,
10359,
11,
262,
14325,
460,
5004,
644,
6903,
318,
2406,
422,
262,
10359,
6466,
532,
611,
597,
13,
770,
5419,
284,
37489,
262,
1917,
14351,
290,
2948,
597,
13114,
9021,
13,
198,
4366,
35849,
389,
1760,
351,
262,
1037,
286,
26967,
48228,
11154,
13,
383,
26967,
40326,
318,
281,
2124,
12,
2433,
4572,
326,
3578,
262,
6253,
284,
1682,
766,
281,
2124,
12,
2433,
2939,
981,
1804,
262,
8771,
13,
770,
3578,
262,
6253,
284,
2342,
810,
262,
17598,
2925,
355,
340,
318,
18846,
13,
770,
1838,
262,
16954,
881,
14178,
290,
881,
517,
7187,
13,
4874,
262,
17598,
318,
287,
262,
826,
4067,
11,
257,
1402,
2033,
286,
19772,
6826,
30121,
318,
25077,
13,
770,
8122,
30121,
2523,
510,
319,
262,
2124,
12,
2433,
2939,
11,
290,
262,
6253,
460,
2342,
810,
340,
2925,
13,
383,
281,
37531,
14103,
290,
262,
12794,
271,
505,
481,
467,
287,
262,
976,
1295,
13,
383,
6253,
3382,
284,
787,
1654,
262,
16954,
481,
1234,
262,
14103,
810,
340,
460,
466,
262,
749,
922,
13,
4874,
262,
3376,
2292,
318,
4999,
11,
262,
281,
37531,
290,
12794,
271,
505,
389,
25077,
11,
290,
262,
17598,
318,
4615,
13,
198,
23379,
477,
23584,
35849,
1061,
257,
2092,
4811,
13,
3274,
11,
5004,
644,
714,
307,
6666,
262,
2356,
13,
7406,
11,
8677,
262,
4645,
326,
318,
749,
1884,
262,
2728,
286,
262,
2356,
532,
262,
2356,
17301,
532,
351,
257,
14103,
326,
815,
4646,
393,
11005,
262,
2356,
13413,
13,
1002,
262,
2356,
318,
15254,
11,
788,
262,
4645,
25077,
318,
2048,
10403,
262,
2728,
286,
262,
2356,
13,
198,
35048,
1758,
18089,
35849,
389,
5292,
284,
2190,
534,
1917,
13,
770,
1724,
326,
21546,
35849,
815,
307,
2938,
284,
4646,
11,
393,
11005,
11,
534,
7460,
329,
617,
2278,
286,
640,
13,
554,
752,
507,
8365,
11005,
2356,
15043,
13,
2773,
35849,
743,
938,
2745,
284,
1933,
13,
198,
464,
17638,
326,
389,
7685,
25077,
1141,
257,
21546,
2356,
16954,
2291,
281,
281,
37531,
290,
12794,
271,
505,
13,
1052,
281,
37531,
14103,
357,
10508,
355,
645,
18893,
5718,
11,
19789,
420,
5718,
393,
809,
79,
16482,
5718,
8,
318,
262,
976,
14103,
326,
318,
973,
35519,
262,
1989,
618,
345,
389,
1719,
22727,
670,
393,
1719,
4159,
8185,
11,
884,
355,
257,
2005,
384,
675,
510,
13,
383,
14103,
5640,
8584,
35519,
1108,
15727,
352,
1711,
284,
718,
2250,
11,
6906,
319,
543,
2099,
286,
281,
37531,
318,
973,
13,
198,
34,
419,
271,
505,
318,
281,
4457,
3665,
3098,
12,
32272,
14103,
13,
1649,
428,
14103,
318,
25077,
1088,
28472,
2434,
11,
37327,
25377,
290,
2018,
425,
21379,
11,
340,
460,
4646,
262,
20881,
290,
29844,
13,
36400,
2313,
20881,
12850,
2356,
287,
24039,
13,
39963,
29844,
460,
1249,
262,
25377,
284,
2163,
1365,
11,
8868,
35519,
1108,
290,
10453,
13,
198,
2061,
1244,
467,
2642,
30,
198,
1858,
389,
1811,
19481,
326,
743,
3051,
1141,
393,
706,
777,
16954,
9021,
13,
554,
752,
507,
389,
3338,
290,
7485,
284,
1255,
287,
257,
45185,
11,
475,
645,
8771,
318,
1802,
4,
9192,
13288,
13,
770,
3188,
1595,
470,
2148,
257,
1844,
1351,
286,
262,
1744,
19481,
11,
475,
340,
857,
7238,
617,
286,
262,
749,
2219,
2761,
13,
20011,
3736,
389,
19185,
11,
475,
345,
815,
760,
644,
284,
2342,
329,
611,
484,
3051,
13,
198,
7594,
749,
9021,
810,
17638,
389,
25077,
11,
612,
318,
1464,
257,
2526,
286,
31856,
6317,
13,
383,
17638,
326,
389,
8811,
25077,
2291,
19789,
420,
5718,
11,
809,
79,
16482,
5718,
11,
19772,
6826,
30121,
11,
290,
12794,
271,
505,
13,
1439,
19793,
12737,
460,
307,
355,
2829,
355,
5922,
289,
1083,
393,
257,
28509,
13,
1119,
460,
635,
307,
1204,
11123,
290,
4239,
12704,
13,
4042,
31856,
12737,
481,
1645,
3393,
981,
345,
389,
287,
262,
8771,
2119,
11,
523,
326,
1037,
318,
1695,
3393,
13,
4042,
12737,
389,
5716,
290,
2728,
645,
7748,
4419,
13,
921,
815,
7995,
534,
6253,
611,
345,
423,
1900,
36665,
284,
597,
286,
777,
17638,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
1811,
584,
4071,
19481,
286,
26234,
35849,
13,
2312,
2291,
12851,
1523,
339,
6759,
6086,
11,
12851,
1523,
2352,
919,
290,
16384,
2465,
13,
383,
12851,
1523,
339,
6759,
6086,
8833,
618,
530,
286,
262,
1402,
2910,
14891,
1088,
262,
26234,
5360,
4477,
284,
30182,
706,
262,
8771,
13,
383,
16832,
460,
2728,
257,
1588,
10000,
286,
2910,
284,
1296,
1088,
262,
25377,
290,
2728,
1165,
881,
3833,
319,
262,
25377,
13,
1002,
428,
45185,
8833,
11,
345,
481,
2192,
761,
257,
21998,
8771,
284,
14782,
262,
2910,
290,
4781,
262,
3833,
422,
262,
25377,
13,
198,
14945,
3858,
286,
16079,
389,
1744,
19481,
286,
2356,
35849,
13,
4377,
640,
257,
17598,
318,
18846,
832,
262,
4168,
11,
612,
318,
257,
5885,
286,
10280,
13,
7413,
597,
16954,
318,
1760,
262,
4168,
318,
20658,
276,
351,
257,
48511,
415,
290,
262,
1535,
1337,
10131,
1804,
262,
16954,
3544,
644,
318,
1444,
38697,
8173,
13,
770,
1724,
326,
262,
17598,
290,
262,
1989,
810,
262,
17598,
318,
18846,
3793,
36519,
416,
1997,
326,
318,
407,
38697,
13,
383,
10131,
743,
635,
779,
38697,
18051,
13,
198,
818,
2309,
507,
743,
3051,
655,
14638,
262,
4168,
11,
287,
257,
8280,
11,
287,
257,
6466,
393,
287,
262,
26234,
29365,
2346,
13,
921,
815,
2342,
329,
5895,
286,
3649,
2266,
1108,
11,
29844,
11,
2356,
290,
17372,
13,
16699,
477,
16079,
481,
761,
284,
307,
5716,
351,
22392,
13,
1002,
281,
2352,
919,
5107,
11,
788,
257,
21998,
8771,
743,
307,
3306,
284,
14782,
262,
4192,
287,
262,
2352,
919,
13,
198,
2215,
262,
16954,
318,
4624,
287,
262,
26234,
29365,
11,
262,
10280,
743,
307,
517,
2726,
13,
317,
4006,
1444,
281,
12851,
1523,
2352,
919,
743,
1296,
2641,
262,
26234,
29365,
13,
770,
10280,
460,
2728,
257,
1588,
10000,
286,
4192,
284,
1296,
1088,
262,
25377,
5137,
1165,
881,
3833,
319,
262,
25377,
13,
1002,
428,
45185,
8833,
11,
345,
481,
2192,
761,
257,
21998,
8771,
284,
14782,
262,
10280,
290,
4781,
262,
3833,
422,
262,
25377,
13,
3738,
571,
18296,
481,
635,
307,
3306,
284,
2190,
262,
10280,
13,
198,
7085,
2356,
35849,
389,
1760,
1969,
284,
25377,
13,
383,
17598,
973,
284,
466,
262,
16954,
743,
5778,
306,
21025,
495,
262,
16384,
2346,
13,
770,
460,
2728,
2465,
284,
262,
16384,
290,
1255,
287,
3220,
2356,
13,
399,
2178,
1108,
290,
10453,
743,
635,
1255,
13,
399,
11184,
326,
423,
587,
21025,
1522,
351,
257,
17598,
481,
3221,
8551,
290,
407,
2421,
597,
3224,
21998,
9021,
13,
198,
3673,
477,
35849,
670,
355,
2938,
13,
8975,
11,
35849,
2728,
517,
2356,
13,
770,
743,
307,
2233,
284,
3220,
599,
8597,
287,
262,
12749,
1088,
262,
16954,
13,
770,
743,
1645,
1708,
257,
7616,
966,
16954,
13,
383,
3220,
2356,
318,
3221,
8584,
11,
15727,
257,
1178,
2250,
393,
257,
1178,
1528,
13,
4874,
262,
14103,
468,
257,
2863,
284,
670,
11,
262,
16954,
743,
1682,
670,
355,
2938,
290,
4646,
534,
2356,
13,
383,
3833,
422,
41750,
262,
8122,
14103,
743,
2620,
3833,
319,
25377,
13,
770,
743,
14709,
378,
262,
25377,
290,
2728,
3220,
2356,
13,
383,
3220,
2356,
318,
3221,
8584,
13,
25944,
2356,
326,
6140,
1811,
1528,
706,
262,
16954,
743,
307,
257,
1051,
286,
10280,
13,
921,
815,
7995,
534,
6253,
611,
428,
8833,
13,
198,
4561,
1292,
1610,
27112,
1004,
461,
198,
34784,
262,
749,
2219,
45185,
286,
35849,
326,
3802,
262,
26234,
29365,
318,
257,
9583,
9814,
13,
770,
8833,
618,
262,
17598,
11958,
9700,
262,
26234,
5360,
290,
14170,
262,
26234,
11711,
13,
770,
318,
262,
976,
1517,
326,
4325,
618,
534,
6253,
17706,
257,
26234,
9814,
393,
257,
26234,
281,
37531,
13,
554,
2346,
11,
340,
318,
407,
4923,
13,
4362,
262,
12851,
1523,
17598,
318,
4025,
621,
262,
26234,
17598,
11,
262,
7604,
287,
262,
26234,
23704,
743,
2555,
284,
13044,
290,
407,
13810,
2346,
572,
3393,
13,
770,
5640,
257,
26234,
11711,
13044,
532,
393,
9583,
9814,
290,
257,
845,
2089,
24902,
13,
383,
24902,
318,
4785,
618,
345,
389,
5586,
393,
5055,
24826,
13,
632,
743,
2728,
32122,
290,
30874,
13,
632,
481,
467,
1497,
611,
345,
6486,
6228,
393,
351,
534,
1182,
257,
1643,
2793,
326,
534,
3625,
13,
198,
464,
24902,
8833,
780,
262,
26234,
11711,
3833,
287,
262,
14511,
20638,
13,
1320,
318,
1521,
262,
24902,
2925,
1497,
618,
345,
6486,
866,
532,
262,
26234,
11711,
3833,
2925,
736,
284,
3487,
287,
534,
14511,
13,
4042,
26234,
29432,
467,
1497,
287,
257,
1178,
1528,
618,
262,
7604,
287,
262,
26234,
5360,
38673,
290,
20612,
13,
921,
743,
307,
17767,
284,
2652,
6228,
329,
257,
3155,
286,
1528,
1566,
428,
8833,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
2842,
284,
2866,
510,
262,
11516,
286,
262,
21025,
495,
287,
262,
26234,
5360,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
3513,
329,
257,
26234,
24902,
326,
857,
407,
467,
1497,
319,
663,
898,
318,
257,
2910,
8529,
13,
770,
743,
307,
1760,
379,
262,
640,
286,
262,
412,
11584,
611,
262,
6253,
7224,
326,
262,
26234,
5360,
468,
587,
21025,
1522,
878,
339,
20694,
262,
17598,
13,
1002,
407,
340,
743,
307,
1760,
1811,
1528,
1568,
611,
262,
24902,
468,
407,
3750,
1497,
13,
770,
8771,
9018,
2263,
257,
1402,
2033,
286,
2910,
422,
257,
27208,
287,
534,
3211,
290,
41750,
340,
656,
534,
736,
287,
262,
12851,
1523,
2272,
13,
383,
2910,
537,
1747,
290,
366,
8071,
2052,
1,
262,
7604,
13,
198,
2061,
4325,
706,
262,
8771,
30,
198,
1532,
2279,
2925,
355,
6027,
11,
345,
481,
307,
1498,
284,
467,
1363,
2582,
706,
262,
16954,
11,
2192,
1626,
530,
1711,
13,
2293,
749,
3858,
286,
2356,
35849,
11,
345,
481,
2192,
407,
423,
597,
8733,
319,
3842,
393,
5496,
1708,
262,
8771,
13,
198,
2215,
262,
2356,
16954,
318,
257,
23584,
16954,
11,
534,
6253,
481,
307,
4609,
287,
703,
881,
262,
2356,
318,
5322,
981,
262,
281,
37531,
357,
77,
28149,
14103,
8,
318,
1762,
13,
921,
743,
307,
1813,
257,
2356,
26339,
284,
1700,
644,
345,
1254,
329,
262,
1306,
1811,
2250,
13,
770,
318,
1593,
329,
1642,
5370,
532,
1394,
2610,
286,
534,
2356,
13,
198,
6943,
7519,
481,
21674,
257,
1061,
12,
929,
12557,
11,
393,
3072,
5725,
11,
1626,
530,
393,
734,
2745,
706,
262,
8771,
284,
766,
703,
345,
389,
1804,
290,
644,
1245,
262,
8771,
550,
319,
534,
7460,
13,
198,
9,
19618,
25,
9,
464,
1321,
7763,
24028,
318,
14102,
422,
257,
4996,
286,
4237,
13,
632,
743,
407,
307,
1844,
393,
19376,
13,
632,
857,
407,
3002,
477,
10040,
11,
3518,
3403,
11,
42549,
393,
13820,
13,
383,
1321,
815,
5626,
307,
973,
287,
1295,
286,
3187,
351,
534,
11409,
10131,
11,
4249,
815,
345,
25070,
262,
5608,
286,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
780,
286,
597,
1321,
345,
1100,
287,
428,
7243,
13,
198,
91,
3237,
2695,
2810,
416,
304,
1581,
4221,
3185,
3727,
7461,
318,
257,
6823,
16028,
286,
8366,
7854,
20626,
4912,
11,
406,
13,
43,
13,
34,
492,
14041,
318,
262,
6195,
3119,
286,
8366,
7854,
20626,
4912,
11,
11419,
290,
973,
24028,
416,
7170,
13,
91,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,499 |
Don't celebrate the lack of storms yet
Six weeks into the hurricane season and the Atlantic has seen only one named storm. What’s happening and will we luck out this year?
By MARLON A. WALKER
Published July 17, 2006
Eight weeks into the 2005 hurricane season, Tropical Storm Gert was making its way west to Mexico, the seventh named storm of the season.
This year’s hurricane season has reached week eight with only one named storm, Alberto, which was barely a tropical storm as it slogged ashore in Florida’s Big Bend area.
Is this reason for optimism?
“It’s very tempting for people to want to read into a lot of things,” said Jamie Rhome, a hurricane specialist with the National Hurricane Center in Miami.
“That type of philosophy for people other than trained experts is very dangerous. Bottom line is you need to be prepared.”
While westerly winds this summer have helped thwart the formation of storms in the Atlantic basin, the first part of this year’s season is actually quite average. It was the past two years that were extraordinary.
“On a statistical basis, one to two in June is typical,” said Dennis Feltgen, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Silver Spring, Md.
“There’s nothing out of the ordinary right now. We’re only halfway through the month of July.’’
In 2004, 15 named storms formed in the Atlantic basin and 28 in 2005, a record.
Between 13 and 16 named storms are projected this year. Forecasters say that’s still well within reach.
Feltgen said strong upper-level winds blowing across the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean have prevented many potential storms from getting organized.
Tropical storms can take shape only when several variables — including warm sea temperatures and low wind shear — occur simultaneously
“If strong winds are blowing in the upper atmosphere from west to east, that’s going to take that disturbance and rip it apart,” Feltgen said.
He said winds more favorable to storm formation will arrive soon, likely portending more storms.
“Don’t let your guard down because we’ve had a respite over the last couple of weeks,” he said. “We still have a long way to go.’’
Forecasters say some variables that contribute to storm formation already are in place.
The Bermuda High, a massive system of high pressure that sets up in the Atlantic Ocean, can play a key role in directing storms that form off the African Coast.
Spinning clockwise, it can steer storms into Florida and the East Coast or, depending on its exact location, turn them north, away from the United States.
In addition, Feltgen said, sea surface temperatures are about two degrees above normal, which could lead to storms of higher intensity. Last year, hurricanes Katrina and Rita became monstrous because of warmer waters in the Gulf of Mexico.
It is also not unusual to have so few storms this far into the season.
In 2004, when the state was ravaged by hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan and Jeanne, only one — Alex — formed by week eight.
“We’re pretty much on track,” said Frank Lepore, the public affairs manager for the National Hurricane Center in Miami.
Marlon A. Walker can be reached at (727) 893-8737 or [email protected].
[Last modified July 17, 2006, 20:40:56]
[an error occurred while processing this directive] | [
3987,
470,
10648,
262,
3092,
286,
20228,
1865,
198,
21447,
2745,
656,
262,
23964,
1622,
290,
262,
10596,
468,
1775,
691,
530,
3706,
6388,
13,
1867,
447,
247,
82,
5836,
290,
481,
356,
8458,
503,
428,
614,
30,
198,
3886,
18805,
43,
1340,
317,
13,
370,
28082,
1137,
198,
24492,
2901,
1596,
11,
4793,
198,
29571,
2745,
656,
262,
5075,
23964,
1622,
11,
37956,
8865,
402,
861,
373,
1642,
663,
835,
7421,
284,
5828,
11,
262,
14024,
3706,
6388,
286,
262,
1622,
13,
198,
1212,
614,
447,
247,
82,
23964,
1622,
468,
4251,
1285,
3624,
351,
691,
530,
3706,
6388,
11,
40649,
11,
543,
373,
8523,
257,
19690,
6388,
355,
340,
25801,
2004,
45817,
287,
4744,
447,
247,
82,
4403,
26874,
1989,
13,
198,
3792,
428,
1738,
329,
24323,
30,
198,
447,
250,
1026,
447,
247,
82,
845,
29850,
329,
661,
284,
765,
284,
1100,
656,
257,
1256,
286,
1243,
11,
447,
251,
531,
17826,
10323,
462,
11,
257,
23964,
15670,
351,
262,
2351,
16004,
3337,
287,
8437,
13,
198,
447,
250,
2504,
2099,
286,
8876,
329,
661,
584,
621,
8776,
6154,
318,
845,
4923,
13,
24530,
1627,
318,
345,
761,
284,
307,
5597,
13,
447,
251,
198,
3633,
266,
7834,
306,
13520,
428,
3931,
423,
4193,
36162,
262,
9978,
286,
20228,
287,
262,
10596,
34164,
11,
262,
717,
636,
286,
428,
614,
447,
247,
82,
1622,
318,
1682,
2407,
2811,
13,
632,
373,
262,
1613,
734,
812,
326,
547,
11359,
13,
198,
447,
250,
2202,
257,
13905,
4308,
11,
530,
284,
734,
287,
2795,
318,
7226,
11,
447,
251,
531,
16902,
376,
2120,
5235,
11,
257,
19999,
7451,
351,
262,
2351,
15615,
4809,
287,
7698,
8225,
11,
39762,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1858,
447,
247,
82,
2147,
503,
286,
262,
8850,
826,
783,
13,
775,
447,
247,
260,
691,
19487,
832,
262,
1227,
286,
2901,
13,
447,
247,
447,
247,
198,
818,
5472,
11,
1315,
3706,
20228,
7042,
287,
262,
10596,
34164,
290,
2579,
287,
5075,
11,
257,
1700,
13,
198,
25262,
1511,
290,
1467,
3706,
20228,
389,
13301,
428,
614,
13,
4558,
26248,
910,
326,
447,
247,
82,
991,
880,
1626,
3151,
13,
198,
37,
2120,
5235,
531,
1913,
6727,
12,
5715,
13520,
19280,
1973,
262,
12108,
286,
5828,
290,
262,
18020,
423,
13351,
867,
2785,
20228,
422,
1972,
8389,
13,
198,
51,
1773,
605,
20228,
460,
1011,
5485,
691,
618,
1811,
9633,
851,
1390,
5814,
5417,
10101,
290,
1877,
2344,
673,
283,
851,
3051,
11640,
198,
447,
250,
1532,
1913,
13520,
389,
19280,
287,
262,
6727,
8137,
422,
7421,
284,
7627,
11,
326,
447,
247,
82,
1016,
284,
1011,
326,
30497,
290,
18344,
340,
5475,
11,
447,
251,
376,
2120,
5235,
531,
13,
198,
1544,
531,
13520,
517,
17070,
284,
6388,
9978,
481,
9240,
2582,
11,
1884,
2493,
1571,
517,
20228,
13,
198,
447,
250,
3987,
447,
247,
83,
1309,
534,
4860,
866,
780,
356,
447,
247,
303,
550,
257,
1217,
578,
625,
262,
938,
3155,
286,
2745,
11,
447,
251,
339,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
991,
423,
257,
890,
835,
284,
467,
13,
447,
247,
447,
247,
198,
16351,
26248,
910,
617,
9633,
326,
8676,
284,
6388,
9978,
1541,
389,
287,
1295,
13,
198,
464,
41410,
3334,
11,
257,
4858,
1080,
286,
1029,
3833,
326,
5621,
510,
287,
262,
10596,
10692,
11,
460,
711,
257,
1994,
2597,
287,
21024,
20228,
326,
1296,
572,
262,
5510,
8545,
13,
198,
4561,
23062,
8801,
3083,
11,
340,
460,
27401,
20228,
656,
4744,
290,
262,
3687,
8545,
393,
11,
6906,
319,
663,
2748,
4067,
11,
1210,
606,
5093,
11,
1497,
422,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
376,
2120,
5235,
531,
11,
5417,
4417,
10101,
389,
546,
734,
7370,
2029,
3487,
11,
543,
714,
1085,
284,
20228,
286,
2440,
12245,
13,
4586,
614,
11,
40370,
33251,
290,
42605,
2627,
29100,
780,
286,
23254,
10150,
287,
262,
12108,
286,
5828,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
635,
407,
8468,
284,
423,
523,
1178,
20228,
428,
1290,
656,
262,
1622,
13,
198,
818,
5472,
11,
618,
262,
1181,
373,
47877,
416,
40370,
3178,
1636,
11,
27025,
11,
21798,
290,
48202,
11,
691,
530,
851,
4422,
851,
7042,
416,
1285,
3624,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
447,
247,
260,
2495,
881,
319,
2610,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5278,
42957,
382,
11,
262,
1171,
9674,
4706,
329,
262,
2351,
16004,
3337,
287,
8437,
13,
198,
44,
7063,
261,
317,
13,
10120,
460,
307,
4251,
379,
357,
47760,
8,
807,
6052,
12,
5774,
2718,
393,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
13,
198,
58,
5956,
9518,
2901,
1596,
11,
4793,
11,
1160,
25,
1821,
25,
3980,
60,
198,
58,
272,
4049,
5091,
981,
7587,
428,
22644,
60,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 773 |
Learning causality in a complex world : understandings of consequence
Source:Rowman & Littlefield Education, Lanham, Maryland (2012)
Call Number:Cubb BD591 .G765 2012
Contents: Introduction -- Simple linear causality : one thing makes another happen -- The cognitive science of simple causality : why do we get stuck? -- Domino causality : effects that become causes -- Cyclic causality : loops and feedback -- Spiraling causality : escalation and de-escalation -- Mutual causality : symbiosis and bi-directionality -- Relational causality : balances and differentials -- Across time and distance : detecting delayed and distant effects -- "What happened?" vs. "what's going on?" : thinking about steady states -- What you can't see does matter : attending to obvious and non-obvious causes -- It's not always a case of who did it : minding passive and unintentional causality -- Step by step, or not : the mind-bending concept of simultaneous causality -- Figuring out what to count on : dealing with stochastic causality -- Isn't anybody in charge around here? : attending to distributed causality and emergence -- Summing up : the implications for helping a new generation understand causal complexity -- Putting it all together : teaching for causal complexity. | [
41730,
26846,
1483,
287,
257,
3716,
995,
1058,
1833,
654,
286,
12921,
198,
7416,
25,
25166,
805,
1222,
7703,
3245,
7868,
11,
14730,
2763,
11,
10769,
357,
6999,
8,
198,
14134,
7913,
25,
34,
33670,
28023,
48952,
764,
38,
29143,
2321,
198,
15842,
25,
22395,
1377,
17427,
14174,
26846,
1483,
1058,
530,
1517,
1838,
1194,
1645,
1377,
383,
10870,
3783,
286,
2829,
26846,
1483,
1058,
1521,
466,
356,
651,
7819,
30,
1377,
9666,
2879,
26846,
1483,
1058,
3048,
326,
1716,
5640,
1377,
28007,
291,
26846,
1483,
1058,
23607,
290,
7538,
1377,
25958,
4272,
26846,
1483,
1058,
29459,
290,
390,
12,
47647,
341,
1377,
48807,
26846,
1483,
1058,
5307,
42960,
290,
3182,
12,
37295,
1483,
1377,
4718,
864,
26846,
1483,
1058,
25223,
290,
1180,
8231,
1377,
27497,
640,
290,
5253,
1058,
31521,
11038,
290,
12899,
3048,
1377,
366,
2061,
3022,
1701,
3691,
13,
366,
10919,
338,
1016,
319,
1701,
1058,
3612,
546,
11831,
2585,
1377,
1867,
345,
460,
470,
766,
857,
2300,
1058,
11969,
284,
3489,
290,
1729,
12,
672,
1442,
5640,
1377,
632,
338,
407,
1464,
257,
1339,
286,
508,
750,
340,
1058,
2000,
278,
14513,
290,
48398,
26846,
1483,
1377,
5012,
416,
2239,
11,
393,
407,
1058,
262,
2000,
12,
49667,
3721,
286,
29526,
26846,
1483,
1377,
12138,
870,
503,
644,
284,
954,
319,
1058,
7219,
351,
3995,
354,
3477,
26846,
1483,
1377,
25110,
470,
9599,
287,
3877,
1088,
994,
30,
1058,
11969,
284,
9387,
26846,
1483,
290,
22106,
1377,
5060,
2229,
510,
1058,
262,
10939,
329,
5742,
257,
649,
5270,
1833,
26558,
13357,
1377,
39956,
340,
477,
1978,
1058,
7743,
329,
26558,
13357,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 267 |
Advocacy groups: Organizations formed to influence the legislation or Government policies on particular issues are commonly known as ‘advocacy groups’. Advocacy groups do not classify as charitable organizations and as such cannot claim tax exemption under section 501(c)(3). Selective tax exemptions are available under different clauses of Section 501 (c) for such organizations.
Auxiliary organizations: Organizations which are set as a subsidiary or as a support organization to a parent organization. The parent organization may be a ‘for-profit’ or a ‘not-for-profit’ organization.
Employee Benefit Funds: These are organizations which may or may not be supported by the employer of the organization but are established with the prime objective to formulate plans and raise funds for employee benefits.
Membership Organizations: Organizations set up for the benefit of it constituent members as opposed to a public charities that work for the community. Examples include – Veteran’s groups, Trade Associations etc.
Recreational Clubs: Organizations for providing recreation facilities and platform for its members. Charitable activities may also be undertaken but not as a priority. Examples include – country clubs, sports club etc.
Quasi Non profit organizations: Organizations with a hybrid or mix structure of different types of profit and non organization structures.
People who read this also read: | [
2782,
18893,
1590,
2628,
25,
41846,
7042,
284,
4588,
262,
5520,
393,
5070,
4788,
319,
1948,
2428,
389,
8811,
1900,
355,
564,
246,
324,
18893,
1590,
2628,
447,
247,
13,
37866,
1590,
2628,
466,
407,
36509,
355,
21803,
5745,
290,
355,
884,
2314,
1624,
1687,
19572,
739,
2665,
24555,
7,
66,
5769,
18,
737,
9683,
425,
1687,
30244,
389,
1695,
739,
1180,
31485,
286,
7275,
24555,
357,
66,
8,
329,
884,
5745,
13,
198,
32,
2821,
28129,
5745,
25,
41846,
543,
389,
900,
355,
257,
22347,
393,
355,
257,
1104,
4009,
284,
257,
2560,
4009,
13,
383,
2560,
4009,
743,
307,
257,
564,
246,
1640,
12,
9183,
447,
247,
393,
257,
564,
246,
1662,
12,
1640,
12,
9183,
447,
247,
4009,
13,
198,
29733,
1453,
38065,
34068,
25,
2312,
389,
5745,
543,
743,
393,
743,
407,
307,
4855,
416,
262,
9749,
286,
262,
4009,
475,
389,
4920,
351,
262,
6994,
9432,
284,
46418,
3352,
290,
5298,
5153,
329,
6538,
4034,
13,
198,
25341,
1056,
41846,
25,
41846,
900,
510,
329,
262,
4414,
286,
340,
39384,
1866,
355,
6886,
284,
257,
1171,
23980,
326,
670,
329,
262,
2055,
13,
21066,
2291,
784,
32733,
447,
247,
82,
2628,
11,
9601,
3928,
602,
3503,
13,
198,
6690,
260,
864,
48901,
25,
41846,
329,
4955,
27702,
7291,
290,
3859,
329,
663,
1866,
13,
3178,
4674,
4568,
743,
635,
307,
21846,
475,
407,
355,
257,
8475,
13,
21066,
2291,
784,
1499,
9784,
11,
5701,
3430,
3503,
13,
198,
4507,
17053,
8504,
7630,
5745,
25,
41846,
351,
257,
14554,
393,
5022,
4645,
286,
1180,
3858,
286,
7630,
290,
1729,
4009,
8573,
13,
198,
8061,
508,
1100,
428,
635,
1100,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 275 |
In September 2010, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton announced the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, a public-private partnership led by the United Nations Foundation to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and combat climate change by creating a thriving global market for clean and efficient household cooking solutions. The Alliance’s ‘100 by 20’ goal calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020.
At an event at the Working Women’s Forum in Chennai, India, Secretary Clinton today announced that two major Indian industrial organizations – the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) – have agreed to join the Alliance. Both will be invaluable partners in building successful and sustainable cookstove businesses and consumer financing options across India. CII has committed to link community efforts to its extensive industry network, help commercialize promising cooking technologies, and help integrate clean cookstoves into its other members’ projects. FICCI will support small and medium-sized local cookstove enterprises, develop microfinance channels to support the purchase of cookstoves, develop women’s employment options, and support Alliance interaction with the Indian government.
The Issue: Nearly half of the world’s population – about 3 billion people – cooks their food each day on polluting, inefficient stoves. Exposure to smoke from traditional cookstoves and open fires is the fifth worst health risk factor in poor countries and leads to nearly 2 million premature deaths of mostly women and young children each year (more than twice the mortality from malaria). Cookstoves also increase pressures on local natural resources (e.g., forests, habitat) and contribute to climate change at the regional and global level.
In India, approximately 80 percent of rural homes and 20 percent of urban homes rely on solid fuels like wood or dung for cooking. As a result, more than 100 million homes suffer unsafe exposures to cookstove smoke. According to World Health Organization estimates, this exposure causes nearly 500,000 women and children in India to die prematurely each year. Cookstoves account for about 3.5 percent of India’s national burden of disease. Additionally, cookstoves represent about half of India’s black carbon inventory.
A Global Alliance: The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves is working with public, private, and non-profit partners to help overcome market barriers and achieve large-scale production, deployment, and use of clean stoves and fuels in the developing world. The Alliance comprises a rapidly growing list of nearly 100 public, private, philanthropic, NGO, academic, and other partners, including the governments of Burkina Faso, Denmark, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Honduras, Ireland, Kenya, Lesotho, Malta, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Rwanda, Spain, Tanzania, and the United States.
U.S. Government Commitment: The United States Government has committed more than $50 million to the Alliance over the next five years. Participating U.S. agencies include: The State Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and the U.S. Agency for International Development. The U.S. Government is mobilizing financial resources, providing top-level U.S. experts, and leveraging research and development tools to help the Alliance achieve its ‘100 by 20’ target. Other U.S. agencies also are considering investments in this sector.
India: U.S. Government Cookstoves Activity by Agency
Department of Energy (DOE): DOE is working to secure funding for research and development to advance clean and affordable cookstove technologies, which would be tightly linked to laboratory and field testing to ensure performance and usability of the clean stoves and to monitor adoption. If funding is secured, DOE would look forward to engaging with research and development and testing organizations in other countries such as India to move these critical technologies forward.
Department of State: The State Department is leading diplomatic discussions with the Government of India – as well as with private, non-governmental, and multi-lateral partners – regarding collaboration on cookstoves and the Alliance. The State Department leads the U.S. federal interagency discussions and coordination with the Alliance, and also coordinates diplomatic dialogues related to global partnerships, health, women’s issues, climate change, and the environment.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA’s Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) funded two pilot projects in India, organized two social marketing workshops with partners in India, organized a stove testing and design improvement capacity building workshop, and in 2007, hosted the 3rd Global PCIA Forum in Bangalore. In addition, EPA held three stakeholder meetings in India, a stove testing workshop in Pune and is field testing First Energy’s "Oorja" stove in Kholapur; this stove will also be used in lab testing to help determine correlation of lab and field results. EPA plans to continue capacity building activities in India – especially stove design and performance work as well as in-field stove testing. In addition, EPA has started a productive dialogue with the Indian Government around stove testing and setting up stove testing facilities.
Health and Human Services (HHS): Under the auspices of the Indo-U.S. Collaboration on Environmental and Occupational Health, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (with assistance from EPA) are providing technical assistance to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in support of ICMR-funded research regarding indoor air pollution affects on the following populations: (1) chronic lung disease among women; (2) pregnant mothers, adverse birth outcomes and early childhood pneumonia; (3) cardiovascular and respiratory health impacts among adults and; (4) children and asthma. NIH also is currently supporting a research program in Vellore examining indoor air pollution as a risk factor for respiratory infections in children younger than 2 years. Additionally, a joint initiative is being developed with the Directorate General of Health Services to better understand the impact of improved cookstoves on reducing burn injury among Indian users.
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): NOAA scientists are collaborating with Indian scientists to develop and utilize sophisticated instruments to measure black carbon to characterize the climate impact of soot from cookstoves.
National Science Foundation (NSF): NSF is planning to support and provide technical expertise for a workshop on cookstoves and compact power in Delhi in collaboration with IIT Delhi and the University of Maryland.
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): USAID is currently implementing a cookstoves program in India to: 1) develop and test innovative demand generation strategies; 2) improve distribution channels and increase the use of microfinance; 3) collaborate with the government and other experts to help develop efficiency standards for advanced cookstoves; 4) determine and address market barriers, such as tariffs and taxes; and 5) develop and demonstrate approaches that will contribute to the Government of India’s National Biomass Cookstove Initiative. Work is currently being done in select areas of Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and is being initiated in Uttarakhand. | [
818,
2693,
3050,
11,
471,
13,
50,
13,
4986,
286,
1812,
5073,
41848,
2605,
3414,
262,
8060,
10302,
329,
5985,
8261,
301,
5241,
11,
257,
1171,
12,
19734,
10413,
2957,
416,
262,
1578,
7973,
5693,
284,
3613,
3160,
11,
2987,
30489,
82,
11,
17549,
1466,
11,
290,
5249,
4258,
1487,
416,
4441,
257,
27723,
3298,
1910,
329,
3424,
290,
6942,
6641,
10801,
8136,
13,
383,
10302,
447,
247,
82,
564,
246,
3064,
416,
1160,
447,
247,
3061,
3848,
329,
1802,
1510,
5682,
284,
11206,
3424,
290,
6942,
336,
5241,
290,
18017,
416,
12131,
13,
198,
2953,
281,
1785,
379,
262,
14594,
6926,
447,
247,
82,
14867,
287,
47678,
11,
3794,
11,
4986,
2605,
1909,
3414,
326,
734,
1688,
3942,
7593,
5745,
784,
262,
47186,
286,
3942,
17420,
357,
34,
3978,
8,
290,
262,
11937,
286,
3942,
30717,
286,
16127,
1222,
17420,
357,
37,
2149,
25690,
8,
784,
423,
4987,
284,
4654,
262,
10302,
13,
5747,
481,
307,
30438,
4887,
287,
2615,
4388,
290,
13347,
4255,
301,
659,
5692,
290,
7172,
15435,
3689,
1973,
3794,
13,
327,
3978,
468,
5364,
284,
2792,
2055,
4040,
284,
663,
7667,
2831,
3127,
11,
1037,
5068,
1096,
11781,
10801,
8514,
11,
290,
1037,
19386,
3424,
4255,
301,
5241,
656,
663,
584,
1866,
447,
247,
4493,
13,
376,
2149,
25690,
481,
1104,
1402,
290,
7090,
12,
13982,
1957,
4255,
301,
659,
23941,
11,
1205,
4580,
69,
14149,
9619,
284,
1104,
262,
5001,
286,
4255,
301,
5241,
11,
1205,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
7184,
3689,
11,
290,
1104,
10302,
10375,
351,
262,
3942,
1230,
13,
198,
464,
18232,
25,
21233,
2063,
286,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
3265,
784,
546,
513,
2997,
661,
784,
38383,
511,
2057,
1123,
1110,
319,
3278,
15129,
11,
30904,
336,
5241,
13,
39090,
284,
7523,
422,
4569,
4255,
301,
5241,
290,
1280,
12252,
318,
262,
8150,
5290,
1535,
2526,
5766,
287,
3595,
2678,
290,
5983,
284,
3016,
362,
1510,
19905,
7040,
286,
4632,
1466,
290,
1862,
1751,
1123,
614,
357,
3549,
621,
5403,
262,
12430,
422,
33917,
737,
8261,
301,
5241,
635,
2620,
18895,
319,
1957,
3288,
4133,
357,
68,
13,
70,
1539,
17039,
11,
20018,
8,
290,
8676,
284,
4258,
1487,
379,
262,
7915,
290,
3298,
1241,
13,
198,
818,
3794,
11,
6702,
4019,
1411,
286,
10016,
5682,
290,
1160,
1411,
286,
7876,
5682,
8814,
319,
4735,
18017,
588,
4898,
393,
288,
2150,
329,
10801,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
11,
517,
621,
1802,
1510,
5682,
8659,
21596,
32185,
284,
4255,
301,
659,
7523,
13,
4784,
284,
2159,
3893,
12275,
7746,
11,
428,
7111,
5640,
3016,
5323,
11,
830,
1466,
290,
1751,
287,
3794,
284,
4656,
41370,
1123,
614,
13,
8261,
301,
5241,
1848,
329,
546,
513,
13,
20,
1411,
286,
3794,
447,
247,
82,
2260,
10538,
286,
4369,
13,
12032,
11,
4255,
301,
5241,
2380,
546,
2063,
286,
3794,
447,
247,
82,
2042,
6588,
13184,
13,
198,
32,
8060,
10302,
25,
383,
8060,
10302,
329,
5985,
8261,
301,
5241,
318,
1762,
351,
1171,
11,
2839,
11,
290,
1729,
12,
9183,
4887,
284,
1037,
10980,
1910,
14725,
290,
4620,
1588,
12,
9888,
3227,
11,
14833,
11,
290,
779,
286,
3424,
336,
5241,
290,
18017,
287,
262,
5922,
995,
13,
383,
10302,
28800,
257,
8902,
3957,
1351,
286,
3016,
1802,
1171,
11,
2839,
11,
28150,
291,
11,
22142,
11,
8233,
11,
290,
584,
4887,
11,
1390,
262,
6905,
286,
37940,
1437,
38971,
78,
11,
16490,
11,
2574,
26482,
11,
31592,
11,
17837,
11,
4486,
11,
32982,
11,
7517,
11,
21506,
11,
11732,
849,
78,
11,
35206,
11,
19398,
11,
262,
12671,
11,
15238,
11,
25768,
11,
38507,
11,
8602,
11,
37270,
11,
290,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
5070,
35910,
434,
25,
383,
1578,
1829,
5070,
468,
5364,
517,
621,
720,
1120,
1510,
284,
262,
10302,
625,
262,
1306,
1936,
812,
13,
13928,
803,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5942,
2291,
25,
383,
1812,
2732,
11,
13272,
9985,
7732,
11,
2732,
286,
6682,
11,
2732,
286,
3893,
290,
5524,
6168,
357,
16186,
33656,
286,
3893,
26,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
828,
290,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
7732,
329,
4037,
7712,
13,
383,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5070,
318,
17754,
2890,
3176,
4133,
11,
4955,
1353,
12,
5715,
471,
13,
50,
13,
6154,
11,
290,
42389,
2267,
290,
2478,
4899,
284,
1037,
262,
10302,
4620,
663,
564,
246,
3064,
416,
1160,
447,
247,
2496,
13,
3819,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5942,
635,
389,
6402,
11115,
287,
428,
6567,
13,
198,
21569,
25,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5070,
8261,
301,
5241,
24641,
416,
7732,
198,
36261,
286,
6682,
357,
18227,
36,
2599,
46984,
318,
1762,
284,
5713,
4918,
329,
2267,
290,
2478,
284,
5963,
3424,
290,
10935,
4255,
301,
659,
8514,
11,
543,
561,
307,
17707,
6692,
284,
14010,
290,
2214,
4856,
284,
4155,
2854,
290,
42863,
286,
262,
3424,
336,
5241,
290,
284,
5671,
12695,
13,
1002,
4918,
318,
13659,
11,
46984,
561,
804,
2651,
284,
11932,
351,
2267,
290,
2478,
290,
4856,
5745,
287,
584,
2678,
884,
355,
3794,
284,
1445,
777,
4688,
8514,
2651,
13,
198,
36261,
286,
1812,
25,
383,
1812,
2732,
318,
3756,
13093,
9984,
351,
262,
5070,
286,
3794,
784,
355,
880,
355,
351,
2839,
11,
1729,
12,
31353,
11,
290,
5021,
12,
75,
10534,
4887,
784,
5115,
12438,
319,
4255,
301,
5241,
290,
262,
10302,
13,
383,
1812,
2732,
5983,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2717,
987,
40955,
9984,
290,
19877,
351,
262,
10302,
11,
290,
635,
22715,
13093,
17310,
947,
3519,
284,
3298,
22867,
11,
1535,
11,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
2428,
11,
4258,
1487,
11,
290,
262,
2858,
13,
198,
47213,
9985,
7732,
357,
40906,
2599,
10193,
447,
247,
82,
23270,
329,
5985,
1423,
2675,
3701,
357,
5662,
3539,
8,
10588,
734,
8022,
4493,
287,
3794,
11,
8389,
734,
1919,
7124,
25982,
351,
4887,
287,
3794,
11,
8389,
257,
27635,
4856,
290,
1486,
9025,
5339,
2615,
20243,
11,
290,
287,
4343,
11,
12007,
262,
513,
4372,
8060,
4217,
3539,
14867,
287,
46216,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
10193,
2714,
1115,
10171,
13829,
8292,
287,
3794,
11,
257,
27635,
4856,
20243,
287,
350,
1726,
290,
318,
2214,
4856,
3274,
6682,
447,
247,
82,
366,
46,
273,
6592,
1,
27635,
287,
509,
3937,
499,
333,
26,
428,
27635,
481,
635,
307,
973,
287,
2248,
4856,
284,
1037,
5004,
16096,
286,
2248,
290,
2214,
2482,
13,
10193,
3352,
284,
2555,
5339,
2615,
4568,
287,
3794,
784,
2592,
27635,
1486,
290,
2854,
670,
355,
880,
355,
287,
12,
3245,
27635,
4856,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
10193,
468,
2067,
257,
12973,
10721,
351,
262,
3942,
5070,
1088,
27635,
4856,
290,
4634,
510,
27635,
4856,
7291,
13,
198,
18081,
290,
5524,
6168,
357,
39,
7998,
2599,
4698,
262,
45062,
1063,
286,
262,
40136,
12,
52,
13,
50,
13,
37322,
341,
319,
13272,
290,
15227,
864,
3893,
11,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
357,
22125,
39,
8,
290,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
357,
47667,
8,
357,
4480,
6829,
422,
10193,
8,
389,
4955,
6276,
6829,
284,
262,
3942,
4281,
286,
8366,
4992,
357,
2149,
13599,
8,
287,
1104,
286,
12460,
13599,
12,
18246,
2267,
5115,
22639,
1633,
12231,
10975,
319,
262,
1708,
9684,
25,
357,
16,
8,
10726,
12317,
4369,
1871,
1466,
26,
357,
17,
8,
10423,
12289,
11,
12681,
4082,
10906,
290,
1903,
9963,
35647,
26,
357,
18,
8,
21134,
290,
22949,
1535,
12751,
1871,
6490,
290,
26,
357,
19,
8,
1751,
290,
28438,
13,
37483,
635,
318,
3058,
6493,
257,
2267,
1430,
287,
569,
695,
382,
17247,
22639,
1633,
12231,
355,
257,
2526,
5766,
329,
22949,
16079,
287,
1751,
7099,
621,
362,
812,
13,
12032,
11,
257,
6466,
10219,
318,
852,
4166,
351,
262,
44437,
3611,
286,
3893,
6168,
284,
1365,
1833,
262,
2928,
286,
6596,
4255,
301,
5241,
319,
8868,
4245,
5095,
1871,
3942,
2985,
13,
198,
16186,
10692,
6826,
290,
41516,
8694,
357,
15285,
3838,
2599,
36184,
5519,
389,
38152,
351,
3942,
5519,
284,
1205,
290,
17624,
13767,
12834,
284,
3953,
2042,
6588,
284,
34404,
262,
4258,
2928,
286,
523,
313,
422,
4255,
301,
5241,
13,
198,
16186,
5800,
5693,
357,
8035,
37,
2599,
10896,
37,
318,
5410,
284,
1104,
290,
2148,
6276,
13572,
329,
257,
20243,
319,
4255,
301,
5241,
290,
16001,
1176,
287,
12517,
287,
12438,
351,
314,
2043,
12517,
290,
262,
2059,
286,
10769,
13,
198,
52,
13,
50,
13,
7732,
329,
4037,
7712,
357,
14053,
2389,
2599,
4916,
2389,
318,
3058,
15427,
257,
4255,
301,
5241,
1430,
287,
3794,
284,
25,
352,
8,
1205,
290,
1332,
13097,
3512,
5270,
10064,
26,
362,
8,
2987,
6082,
9619,
290,
2620,
262,
779,
286,
4580,
69,
14149,
26,
513,
8,
30081,
351,
262,
1230,
290,
584,
6154,
284,
1037,
1205,
9332,
5423,
329,
6190,
4255,
301,
5241,
26,
604,
8,
5004,
290,
2209,
1910,
14725,
11,
884,
355,
29240,
290,
5704,
26,
290,
642,
8,
1205,
290,
10176,
10581,
326,
481,
8676,
284,
262,
5070,
286,
3794,
447,
247,
82,
2351,
8436,
296,
562,
8261,
301,
659,
18362,
13,
5521,
318,
3058,
852,
1760,
287,
2922,
3006,
286,
44744,
25945,
11,
12517,
11,
290,
318,
852,
16862,
287,
36057,
30447,
4993,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,521 |
- Wednesday, January 25, 2012, 6 p.m.
- Yampa Valley Medical Center, 1024 Central Park Drive, Steamboat Springs
Eating disorders are serious and complicated mental illnesses with significant and, at times, life-threatening physical and psychological consequences, regardless of the individual’s weight.
The spectrum of eating disorders includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and eating disorders not otherwise specified.
Anorexia involves a distorted body image with a fear of and refusal to gain weight resulting in severe eating restrictions and dramatic weight loss.
In contrast, patients with bulimia may not lose weight but engage in frequent binge eating followed by attempts to get rid of the food through self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics or exercise.
Anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. In females ages 15 to 24, anorexia causes 12 times more deaths than all other causes.
Anorexia is considered to be the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. Although the majority of patients who come to medical attention for eating disorders are women and girls, eating disorders are equal-opportunity illnesses that affect females and males, adults, adolescents and children as well as people of all ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, body shapes, sizes and weights.
The puzzle of why an eating disorder affects one individual over another is a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Research on the risk of developing anorexia suggests that 40 to 50 percent is genetic and 50 to 60 percent is psychosocial. In fact, anorexia nervosa is as inheritable as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Eating disorders are mental illnesses not choices. Additionally, many individuals affected by eating disorders also are affected by a secondary psychiatric condition such as depression and anxiety.
While society and environment do not cause eating disorders, they may create an atmosphere that encourages development of a disorder.
In our obsession with perfection, we convey societal and familial messages about health, weight and priorities that stand in opposition to acknowledging one’s own values and nurturing intuitive eating, self-care and compassion for oneself and others.
Eating disorder patients often remark that their behaviors initially were triggered by a simple comment about their weight, what they ate or their level of activity.
Eating disorders are about feelings and not primarily about food.
The eating disorder provides a coping mechanism to maintain a sense of control in the face of anxiety, change or conflict. An individual who develops an eating disorder initially may choose to modify his/her relationship with food but eventually feels sustained and driven by the eating disorder as an entity in and of itself.
Recognizing the warning signs of an eating disorder is of tremendous importance as the affected individual does not typically seek help independently. In children or adolescents, a delay in attaining expected growth or development should be evaluated.
Dramatic weight loss, denying hunger/making excuses for skipping meals, preoccupation with weight/food/calories/fat, rigid food or exercise rituals, disappearance of large amounts of food in short periods of time, or frequent trips to the bathroom after meals should prompt concern from family members and friends.
Overcoming an eating disorder is a complicated task that begins with recognition. It requires the active involvement of the patient, family members, a medical doctor and/or psychiatrist, nutritionist and psychotherapist.
There are medical, nutrition and psychotherapy resources available in Steamboat Springs. With early detection, it is possible for a patient to recover without inpatient or residential therapy.
If you know someone who you are concerned may be suffering from an eating disorder, voice your concern as a personal worry for them and offer support in helping them to locate treatment. If they are children or adolescents outside of your family, share your concerns with their families.
The best indicator for successful and prolonged recovery from an eating disorder is early and comprehensive intervention.
Lisa Harner, M.D., is a board-certified family medicine physician at Yampa Valley Medical Associates. | [
12,
3583,
11,
3269,
1679,
11,
2321,
11,
718,
279,
13,
76,
13,
198,
12,
575,
13299,
6916,
8366,
3337,
11,
28119,
5694,
3250,
9974,
11,
9094,
24482,
18334,
198,
36,
803,
11916,
389,
2726,
290,
8253,
5110,
24024,
351,
2383,
290,
11,
379,
1661,
11,
1204,
12,
26159,
3518,
290,
10590,
6948,
11,
7692,
286,
262,
1981,
447,
247,
82,
3463,
13,
198,
464,
10958,
286,
6600,
11916,
3407,
281,
382,
36072,
8660,
8546,
11,
4807,
320,
544,
8660,
8546,
11,
34735,
6600,
8967,
290,
6600,
11916,
407,
4306,
7368,
13,
198,
2025,
382,
36072,
9018,
257,
26987,
1767,
2939,
351,
257,
3252,
286,
290,
17387,
284,
4461,
3463,
7186,
287,
6049,
6600,
8733,
290,
10092,
3463,
2994,
13,
198,
818,
6273,
11,
3871,
351,
4807,
320,
544,
743,
407,
4425,
3463,
475,
8209,
287,
10792,
34735,
6600,
3940,
416,
6370,
284,
651,
5755,
286,
262,
2057,
832,
2116,
12,
17223,
30874,
11,
36919,
2929,
11,
2566,
495,
14094,
393,
5517,
13,
198,
2025,
382,
36072,
8660,
8546,
10732,
262,
4511,
12430,
2494,
286,
597,
19906,
8967,
13,
554,
12366,
9337,
1315,
284,
1987,
11,
281,
382,
36072,
5640,
1105,
1661,
517,
7040,
621,
477,
584,
5640,
13,
198,
2025,
382,
36072,
318,
3177,
284,
307,
262,
2368,
749,
2219,
10726,
8526,
1871,
25447,
13,
4900,
262,
3741,
286,
3871,
508,
1282,
284,
3315,
3241,
329,
6600,
11916,
389,
1466,
290,
4813,
11,
6600,
11916,
389,
4961,
12,
10365,
1922,
414,
24024,
326,
2689,
12366,
290,
10835,
11,
6490,
11,
25447,
290,
1751,
355,
880,
355,
661,
286,
477,
9450,
871,
11,
34406,
19063,
11,
1767,
15268,
11,
10620,
290,
19590,
13,
198,
464,
15027,
286,
1521,
281,
6600,
8967,
10975,
530,
1981,
625,
1194,
318,
257,
3716,
987,
1759,
1022,
8513,
290,
6142,
5087,
13,
4992,
319,
262,
2526,
286,
5922,
281,
382,
36072,
5644,
326,
2319,
284,
2026,
1411,
318,
8513,
290,
2026,
284,
3126,
1411,
318,
3795,
418,
9402,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
281,
382,
36072,
8660,
8546,
318,
355,
10639,
4674,
355,
22794,
290,
31170,
8967,
13,
198,
36,
803,
11916,
389,
5110,
24024,
407,
7747,
13,
12032,
11,
867,
3925,
5676,
416,
6600,
11916,
635,
389,
5676,
416,
257,
9233,
19906,
4006,
884,
355,
8862,
290,
9751,
13,
198,
3633,
3592,
290,
2858,
466,
407,
2728,
6600,
11916,
11,
484,
743,
2251,
281,
8137,
326,
18656,
2478,
286,
257,
8967,
13,
198,
818,
674,
22286,
351,
20187,
11,
356,
13878,
26877,
290,
48376,
6218,
546,
1535,
11,
3463,
290,
15369,
326,
1302,
287,
5471,
284,
25937,
530,
447,
247,
82,
898,
3815,
290,
47416,
19933,
6600,
11,
2116,
12,
6651,
290,
15213,
329,
27186,
290,
1854,
13,
198,
36,
803,
8967,
3871,
1690,
6919,
326,
511,
14301,
7317,
547,
13973,
416,
257,
2829,
2912,
546,
511,
3463,
11,
644,
484,
15063,
393,
511,
1241,
286,
3842,
13,
198,
36,
803,
11916,
389,
546,
7666,
290,
407,
7525,
546,
2057,
13,
198,
464,
6600,
8967,
3769,
257,
35326,
9030,
284,
5529,
257,
2565,
286,
1630,
287,
262,
1986,
286,
9751,
11,
1487,
393,
5358,
13,
1052,
1981,
508,
21126,
281,
6600,
8967,
7317,
743,
3853,
284,
13096,
465,
14,
372,
2776,
351,
2057,
475,
4191,
5300,
12605,
290,
7986,
416,
262,
6600,
8967,
355,
281,
9312,
287,
290,
286,
2346,
13,
198,
6690,
2360,
2890,
262,
6509,
5895,
286,
281,
6600,
8967,
318,
286,
12465,
6817,
355,
262,
5676,
1981,
857,
407,
6032,
5380,
1037,
14799,
13,
554,
1751,
393,
25447,
11,
257,
5711,
287,
708,
1397,
2938,
3349,
393,
2478,
815,
307,
16726,
13,
198,
35,
859,
1512,
3463,
2994,
11,
17086,
16460,
14,
8601,
25893,
329,
31017,
13840,
11,
662,
19596,
341,
351,
3463,
14,
19425,
14,
9948,
1749,
14,
17359,
11,
20831,
2057,
393,
5517,
25797,
11,
22375,
286,
1588,
6867,
286,
2057,
287,
1790,
9574,
286,
640,
11,
393,
10792,
13229,
284,
262,
12436,
706,
13840,
815,
6152,
2328,
422,
1641,
1866,
290,
2460,
13,
198,
5886,
4976,
281,
6600,
8967,
318,
257,
8253,
4876,
326,
6140,
351,
9465,
13,
632,
4433,
262,
4075,
9750,
286,
262,
5827,
11,
1641,
1866,
11,
257,
3315,
6253,
290,
14,
273,
31207,
11,
16633,
396,
290,
3795,
847,
41690,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
3315,
11,
16633,
290,
3795,
18952,
4133,
1695,
287,
9094,
24482,
18334,
13,
2080,
1903,
13326,
11,
340,
318,
1744,
329,
257,
5827,
284,
8551,
1231,
287,
26029,
393,
12420,
9102,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
760,
2130,
508,
345,
389,
5213,
743,
307,
7195,
422,
281,
6600,
8967,
11,
3809,
534,
2328,
355,
257,
2614,
5490,
329,
606,
290,
2897,
1104,
287,
5742,
606,
284,
17276,
3513,
13,
1002,
484,
389,
1751,
393,
25447,
2354,
286,
534,
1641,
11,
2648,
534,
4786,
351,
511,
4172,
13,
198,
464,
1266,
16916,
329,
4388,
290,
20573,
7628,
422,
281,
6600,
8967,
318,
1903,
290,
9815,
9572,
13,
198,
44203,
2113,
1008,
11,
337,
13,
35,
1539,
318,
257,
3096,
12,
22583,
1431,
1641,
9007,
14325,
379,
575,
13299,
6916,
8366,
29306,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 830 |
Steve Spangler's Blog
Here’s a “do not try this at home” science demonstration that illustrates how dry trees are susceptible to catching fire and ways to avoid this potential fire risk.
Watch the Christmas Tree Fire Video
Tags: Christmas Tree Fire Video, Christmas Tree Safety, dry trees, potential fire risk
Filed under: Podcasts, Sick Science! Videos, Teaching Moments
Comments RSS feed
| Trackback URI
No Responses to “Christmas Tree Safety”
No comments yet.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
Sign up to receive Steve Spangler’s Experiment of the Week. Learn more
Copyright © 2009 · Steve Spangler Science, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Go to the Steve Spangler's Blog home page | [
19206,
1338,
49910,
338,
14001,
198,
4342,
447,
247,
82,
257,
564,
250,
4598,
407,
1949,
428,
379,
1363,
447,
251,
3783,
13646,
326,
21290,
703,
5894,
7150,
389,
22084,
284,
16508,
2046,
290,
2842,
284,
3368,
428,
2785,
2046,
2526,
13,
198,
10723,
262,
6786,
12200,
3764,
7623,
198,
36142,
25,
6786,
12200,
3764,
7623,
11,
6786,
12200,
11233,
11,
5894,
7150,
11,
2785,
2046,
2526,
198,
37,
3902,
739,
25,
16036,
82,
11,
32181,
5800,
0,
18637,
11,
38094,
45209,
198,
23903,
25012,
3745,
198,
91,
17762,
1891,
43975,
198,
2949,
20549,
274,
284,
564,
250,
44614,
12200,
11233,
447,
251,
198,
2949,
3651,
1865,
13,
198,
14385,
11,
262,
2912,
1296,
318,
4838,
379,
428,
640,
13,
198,
11712,
510,
284,
3328,
6542,
1338,
49910,
447,
247,
82,
29544,
286,
262,
6119,
13,
14365,
517,
198,
15269,
10673,
3717,
14128,
6542,
1338,
49910,
5800,
11,
3457,
13,
1439,
6923,
33876,
13,
198,
5247,
284,
262,
6542,
1338,
49910,
338,
14001,
1363,
2443,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 166 |
This section of the site covers the theory and background behind the application of stigmergy and other biological strategies to information technology
Biological systems have evolved ingenious solutions to the same kind of problems encountered in information technology.
Understanding how nature solves these problems allows us to use these solutions ourselves, to create highly efficient Web sites that cost little to develop and maintain.
Stigmergy as a strategy
Stigmergy is not like a product, a service or an application. It isn't even like a computer program. It is a very clever strategy used by nature to get colonies of insects to self-organize, tell each other where to find food, create sophisticated messaging systems and build complex architectural structures.
We can use this same clever strategy on the Web, to get people to collaborate in the exchange and sharing of information. The strategy works well for brainless insects, but it works infinitely better for intelligent humans equipped with computers.
What are stigmergic systems?
Stigmergic systems combine information technology with stigmergy and other ingenious computing structures found in nature - to create self-organizing Web sites and low cost knowledge management systems.
Reproduction as a strategy
Nature has learned how to create organisms that grow and self-organize without planning. We can copy these methods to create Web based systems that grow and self-organize themselves, drastically reducing development and maintenance costs.
Nature creates organisms that can quickly adapt to changing conditions. We can build this same adaptability into information systems, enabling them to automatically adjust to user needs and responses. Nature has found a way to overcome the problem of critical mass. We can use this same strategy to make changes to a web site so that it increasingly attracts visitors.
What's the secret of nature's success? She uses a technique of continuous reproduction and selection. This is the technique we can copy.
We don't start by building a Web site, the first step is to create a program that can build a system. By arranging for this program to be responsive to the way users respond to a site, the program can continually rebuild the system until it is working successfully.
Short summaries of the main elements of stigmergic and biological strategies are provided in the menu 'Summary of a stigmergic system' (top left). More detailed explanations and theory can be found in the 'References' and 'Technical notes' sections of this site.
To provide a 'proof of concept' demonstration of a stigmergic system, the SEO project was started in October 2003. This aims to create a distributed, collaborative information source for people interested in the subject of 'Search Engine Optimization of a website'. | [
1212,
2665,
286,
262,
2524,
8698,
262,
4583,
290,
4469,
2157,
262,
3586,
286,
336,
328,
647,
1360,
290,
584,
10685,
10064,
284,
1321,
3037,
198,
33,
15071,
3341,
423,
12572,
44207,
8136,
284,
262,
976,
1611,
286,
2761,
12956,
287,
1321,
3037,
13,
198,
43467,
703,
3450,
39107,
777,
2761,
3578,
514,
284,
779,
777,
8136,
6731,
11,
284,
2251,
4047,
6942,
5313,
5043,
326,
1575,
1310,
284,
1205,
290,
5529,
13,
198,
1273,
328,
647,
1360,
355,
257,
4811,
198,
1273,
328,
647,
1360,
318,
407,
588,
257,
1720,
11,
257,
2139,
393,
281,
3586,
13,
632,
2125,
470,
772,
588,
257,
3644,
1430,
13,
632,
318,
257,
845,
14169,
4811,
973,
416,
3450,
284,
651,
20848,
286,
19435,
284,
2116,
12,
9971,
1096,
11,
1560,
1123,
584,
810,
284,
1064,
2057,
11,
2251,
13767,
19925,
3341,
290,
1382,
3716,
27070,
8573,
13,
198,
1135,
460,
779,
428,
976,
14169,
4811,
319,
262,
5313,
11,
284,
651,
661,
284,
30081,
287,
262,
5163,
290,
7373,
286,
1321,
13,
383,
4811,
2499,
880,
329,
3632,
1203,
19435,
11,
475,
340,
2499,
32264,
1365,
329,
12661,
5384,
10911,
351,
9061,
13,
198,
2061,
389,
336,
328,
647,
70,
291,
3341,
30,
198,
1273,
328,
647,
70,
291,
3341,
12082,
1321,
3037,
351,
336,
328,
647,
1360,
290,
584,
44207,
14492,
8573,
1043,
287,
3450,
532,
284,
2251,
2116,
12,
9971,
2890,
5313,
5043,
290,
1877,
1575,
3725,
4542,
3341,
13,
198,
6207,
2076,
596,
355,
257,
4811,
198,
46934,
468,
4499,
703,
284,
2251,
20296,
326,
1663,
290,
2116,
12,
9971,
1096,
1231,
5410,
13,
775,
460,
4866,
777,
5050,
284,
2251,
5313,
1912,
3341,
326,
1663,
290,
2116,
12,
9971,
1096,
2405,
11,
22188,
8868,
2478,
290,
9262,
3484,
13,
198,
46934,
8075,
20296,
326,
460,
2952,
6068,
284,
5609,
3403,
13,
775,
460,
1382,
428,
976,
6068,
1799,
656,
1321,
3341,
11,
15882,
606,
284,
6338,
4532,
284,
2836,
2476,
290,
9109,
13,
10362,
468,
1043,
257,
835,
284,
10980,
262,
1917,
286,
4688,
2347,
13,
775,
460,
779,
428,
976,
4811,
284,
787,
2458,
284,
257,
3992,
2524,
523,
326,
340,
6481,
33174,
9692,
13,
198,
2061,
338,
262,
3200,
286,
3450,
338,
1943,
30,
1375,
3544,
257,
8173,
286,
12948,
20728,
290,
6356,
13,
770,
318,
262,
8173,
356,
460,
4866,
13,
198,
1135,
836,
470,
923,
416,
2615,
257,
5313,
2524,
11,
262,
717,
2239,
318,
284,
2251,
257,
1430,
326,
460,
1382,
257,
1080,
13,
2750,
41878,
329,
428,
1430,
284,
307,
21802,
284,
262,
835,
2985,
3031,
284,
257,
2524,
11,
262,
1430,
460,
17451,
17884,
262,
1080,
1566,
340,
318,
1762,
7675,
13,
198,
16438,
30114,
3166,
286,
262,
1388,
4847,
286,
336,
328,
647,
70,
291,
290,
10685,
10064,
389,
2810,
287,
262,
6859,
705,
22093,
286,
257,
336,
328,
647,
70,
291,
1080,
6,
357,
4852,
1364,
737,
3125,
6496,
18681,
290,
4583,
460,
307,
1043,
287,
262,
705,
19927,
6,
290,
705,
45638,
4710,
6,
9004,
286,
428,
2524,
13,
198,
2514,
2148,
257,
705,
13288,
286,
3721,
6,
13646,
286,
257,
336,
328,
647,
70,
291,
1080,
11,
262,
30850,
1628,
373,
2067,
287,
3267,
5816,
13,
770,
12031,
284,
2251,
257,
9387,
11,
25408,
1321,
2723,
329,
661,
4609,
287,
262,
2426,
286,
705,
18243,
7117,
30011,
1634,
286,
257,
3052,
4458,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 556 |
|Diversity in Islam: A Sunni Perspective||Diversity in Islam: A Shi'i Perspective|
In Islam, the unity of God is central. The Islamic revelation given to Muhammad affirmed the earlier Abrahamic religions of one God (including Judaism and Christianity), yet also went beyond them to unify the divine truth of God and assert a more complete monotheism. According to Islam, all revelation and prophets are one, stemming from the same source: “You say: ‘We believe in Allah, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma’il, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and that given to Moses and Jesus, and that given to (all) prophets from their lord: We make no difference between one or another of them: and we bow to Allah (in Islam)’” (2/136; 3/84). In the eyes of Muslims, Islam’s radical emphasis on the unity of God, identical nature of revelation, and equality and common destiny of humankind make Islam the final revelation. It is the climax and fulfillment of all previous approximations of unity on earth.
According to the Qur’anic narrative, God’s will has always been for a single, united humanity. God reveals this will through His chosen messengers and the revelations embedded in scriptures. Every kind of discrimination, separation, exclusion, or division is negated by God. Domination of some portion of humanity over others is forbidden. Unjust exploitation of humanity or creation is rejected. Before the Islamic revelation, God entered into covenantal relationship with earlier faith communities to stop distraction, disorder, killing, and discrimination, evils that Muslims believe stemmed from the perceived division in God and humanity. The Qur’an has strictly forbidden such division and commended unity: “And hold fast, all together, by the Rope which Allah (stretches out for you), and be not divided among yourselves...” (3/103); “as for those who divide their religion and break up into partisans, you have no part in them in the least” (6/159).
Islam recognizes the difficulty of achieving such unity, and asserts that real unity can only be achieved through recognition of human diversity. Islam clearly acknowledges the divine mystery of God that has willed that humanity be diverse in religion, conviction, and persuasion: “To each among you We have prescribed a Law and an Open Way. If Allah so willed, He would have made you a single people, but (His plan is) to test you in what He has given you: so strive as in a race in all virtues. The goal of you all is to Allah” (5/48). Islam’s message of unity, then, conveys the divine desire for all humanity – in its diversity – to share and grow in the consciousness of a single humanity under one God.
Islam’s religious tolerance has allowed theological, political, philosophical, legal, ethical, and mystical orientations to abound in the Muslim community (umma). In each of these orientations there has been an implicit desire for the ultimate unity of all, but also an explicit acknowledgement of the ongoing reality of diversity of ideas and programs. The prophet said, “Jews were divided into seventy-one parties (firqah), Christians were divided into seventy-two parties, my community will be divided into seventy–three parties” (Al-Bagdaadi, Al-Farq, and Bayn’al Firaq, p.4, Beirut).
Any attempt to impose unity or force one’s own beliefs onto others is declared in the Qur’an to be opposed to the divine will and plan in the universe. The Qur’an says, “There is no compulsion in religion. The truth is now distinct from error… ” (2/256). For Muslims, this tolerance of diversity provides the solution to human suffering inflicted on one another. Guided by the cosmic truth unfolded in the Qur’an, the newly formed Muslim community sought harmony, peace and toleration on Earth. Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism and even idolatry were ultimately acknowledged as manifestations of divinely-established diversity: “Lo! Those who believe this revelation and those who are Jews and the Sabaeans and the Christians and the Megians and the idolaters- Lo! Allah will decide between them on the day of resurrection. Allah is witness over all things” (22/17).
Islam asserts that the right to decide who is saved and who is unsaved rests completely with God, and rejects a hierarchical monopoly over human souls. It is forbidden for Muslims to call each other non-Muslims: “O ye who believe! When ye go forth to fight in the way of Allah, be careful to discriminate, and say not unto one who offers you peace: ‘Thou are not a believer, seeking the chance profits of this life’” (4/94). The Messenger (prophet) of God said, “When any Muslim says to his brother, ‘You infidel!’ one of the two surely deserves the name” (al-Buhari, Sahih, 4:139). Muslims also must not fight other Muslims, and are instructed to make peace: “The believers are naught else than brothers. Therefore make peace between brethren and observe your duty to Allah that haply ye may obtain mercy” (49:10).
Similarly, Islam leaves room for idolaters to coexist with Muslims, as long as the idolaters keep their covenant with the Muslim community: “(But the treaties are) not dissolved with those Pagans with whom you have entered into alliance and who have not subsequently failed you in anything, nor aided any one against you. So fulfill your engagements with them to the end of their term; for Allah loves the righteous” (9/4). The Qur’an also says about polytheists, “If it had been Allah’s Will, they would not have been Polytheists, nor did we make you a guardian over them, nor are you their advocate” (6/107). (For more information on the Islamic position on polytheism, see 50/45; 88/22; 10/99; 3/20; 5/99; 16/82; 42/48; 2/193).
Despite its universal ideal, the new community of Muslims was able to introduce the idea and practice of religious tolerance without falling into the pit of relativization. Compared to other faiths, Islam developed a moderate position between two extremes: electionism, favoritism, and fanaticism as manifestations of an exclusive mentality, at one extreme, and a sort of pluralism that contradicts the transcendental unity of God, truth and human destiny by relativizing the divine to concrete, limited and anthropomorphic manifestations, at the other extreme. Thus the Islamic plan for a transcendental unity of humanity within its diversity and under one God is a model of unity that also preserves enormous variety within Islam. | [
91,
35,
1608,
287,
3449,
25,
317,
18592,
42051,
15886,
35,
1608,
287,
3449,
25,
317,
16380,
6,
72,
42051,
91,
198,
818,
3449,
11,
262,
14111,
286,
1793,
318,
4318,
13,
383,
5533,
16084,
1813,
284,
15870,
31036,
262,
2961,
16660,
291,
18879,
286,
530,
1793,
357,
8201,
26976,
290,
13624,
828,
1865,
635,
1816,
3675,
606,
284,
555,
1958,
262,
11871,
3872,
286,
1793,
290,
6818,
257,
517,
1844,
937,
20388,
1042,
13,
4784,
284,
3449,
11,
477,
16084,
290,
30687,
389,
530,
11,
34807,
422,
262,
976,
2723,
25,
564,
250,
1639,
910,
25,
564,
246,
1135,
1975,
287,
11475,
11,
290,
262,
16084,
1813,
284,
514,
11,
290,
284,
16660,
11,
1148,
2611,
447,
247,
346,
11,
19068,
11,
12806,
11,
290,
262,
10841,
274,
11,
290,
326,
1813,
284,
19010,
290,
5803,
11,
290,
326,
1813,
284,
357,
439,
8,
30687,
422,
511,
15876,
25,
775,
787,
645,
3580,
1022,
530,
393,
1194,
286,
606,
25,
290,
356,
9563,
284,
11475,
357,
259,
3449,
8,
447,
247,
447,
251,
357,
17,
14,
20809,
26,
513,
14,
5705,
737,
554,
262,
2951,
286,
7045,
11,
3449,
447,
247,
82,
7702,
12476,
319,
262,
14111,
286,
1793,
11,
10411,
3450,
286,
16084,
11,
290,
10537,
290,
2219,
22701,
286,
47634,
787,
3449,
262,
2457,
16084,
13,
632,
318,
262,
30032,
290,
32402,
286,
477,
2180,
5561,
320,
602,
286,
14111,
319,
4534,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
17599,
447,
247,
26277,
8689,
11,
1793,
447,
247,
82,
481,
468,
1464,
587,
329,
257,
2060,
11,
16503,
9265,
13,
1793,
10069,
428,
481,
832,
2399,
7147,
2085,
9302,
290,
262,
19111,
14553,
287,
39782,
13,
3887,
1611,
286,
8839,
11,
14139,
11,
19328,
11,
393,
7297,
318,
2469,
515,
416,
1793,
13,
9666,
1883,
286,
617,
6903,
286,
9265,
625,
1854,
318,
19467,
13,
791,
3137,
17238,
286,
9265,
393,
6282,
318,
8606,
13,
7413,
262,
5533,
16084,
11,
1793,
5982,
656,
28173,
282,
2776,
351,
2961,
4562,
5348,
284,
2245,
24066,
11,
8967,
11,
5170,
11,
290,
8839,
11,
33980,
326,
7045,
1975,
44997,
422,
262,
11067,
7297,
287,
1793,
290,
9265,
13,
383,
17599,
447,
247,
272,
468,
14084,
19467,
884,
7297,
290,
725,
1631,
14111,
25,
564,
250,
1870,
1745,
3049,
11,
477,
1978,
11,
416,
262,
371,
3008,
543,
11475,
357,
301,
1186,
2052,
503,
329,
345,
828,
290,
307,
407,
9086,
1871,
27012,
986,
447,
251,
357,
18,
14,
15197,
1776,
564,
250,
292,
329,
883,
508,
14083,
511,
5737,
290,
2270,
510,
656,
39959,
11,
345,
423,
645,
636,
287,
606,
287,
262,
1551,
447,
251,
357,
21,
14,
19707,
737,
198,
16991,
21570,
262,
8722,
286,
16937,
884,
14111,
11,
290,
29348,
326,
1103,
14111,
460,
691,
307,
8793,
832,
9465,
286,
1692,
9573,
13,
3449,
4084,
23477,
262,
11871,
10715,
286,
1793,
326,
468,
481,
276,
326,
9265,
307,
10084,
287,
5737,
11,
11375,
11,
290,
41784,
25,
564,
250,
2514,
1123,
1871,
345,
775,
423,
14798,
257,
3854,
290,
281,
4946,
6378,
13,
1002,
11475,
523,
481,
276,
11,
679,
561,
423,
925,
345,
257,
2060,
661,
11,
475,
357,
6653,
1410,
318,
8,
284,
1332,
345,
287,
644,
679,
468,
1813,
345,
25,
523,
22076,
355,
287,
257,
3234,
287,
477,
27494,
13,
383,
3061,
286,
345,
477,
318,
284,
11475,
447,
251,
357,
20,
14,
2780,
737,
3449,
447,
247,
82,
3275,
286,
14111,
11,
788,
11,
24748,
893,
262,
11871,
6227,
329,
477,
9265,
784,
287,
663,
9573,
784,
284,
2648,
290,
1663,
287,
262,
10510,
286,
257,
2060,
9265,
739,
530,
1793,
13,
198,
16991,
447,
247,
82,
4158,
15621,
468,
3142,
30576,
11,
1964,
11,
17580,
11,
2742,
11,
15028,
11,
290,
29746,
11367,
602,
284,
41413,
287,
262,
3765,
2055,
357,
388,
2611,
737,
554,
1123,
286,
777,
11367,
602,
612,
468,
587,
281,
16992,
6227,
329,
262,
8713,
14111,
286,
477,
11,
475,
635,
281,
7952,
41259,
286,
262,
7044,
3950,
286,
9573,
286,
4213,
290,
4056,
13,
383,
22298,
531,
11,
564,
250,
47415,
547,
9086,
656,
31989,
12,
505,
4671,
357,
69,
343,
80,
993,
828,
9316,
547,
9086,
656,
31989,
12,
11545,
4671,
11,
616,
2055,
481,
307,
9086,
656,
31989,
1906,
15542,
4671,
447,
251,
357,
2348,
12,
33,
363,
6814,
9189,
11,
978,
12,
21428,
80,
11,
290,
4696,
77,
447,
247,
282,
376,
8704,
80,
11,
279,
13,
19,
11,
40702,
737,
198,
7149,
2230,
284,
13551,
14111,
393,
2700,
530,
447,
247,
82,
898,
9056,
4291,
1854,
318,
6875,
287,
262,
17599,
447,
247,
272,
284,
307,
6886,
284,
262,
11871,
481,
290,
1410,
287,
262,
6881,
13,
383,
17599,
447,
247,
272,
1139,
11,
564,
250,
1858,
318,
645,
48672,
287,
5737,
13,
383,
3872,
318,
783,
7310,
422,
4049,
1399,
564,
251,
357,
17,
14,
11645,
737,
1114,
7045,
11,
428,
15621,
286,
9573,
3769,
262,
4610,
284,
1692,
7195,
27010,
319,
530,
1194,
13,
1962,
1384,
416,
262,
23464,
3872,
34660,
287,
262,
17599,
447,
247,
272,
11,
262,
8308,
7042,
3765,
2055,
7194,
22471,
11,
4167,
290,
8214,
341,
319,
3668,
13,
26976,
11,
13624,
11,
42840,
459,
4484,
1042,
290,
772,
21580,
265,
563,
547,
6165,
10810,
355,
38538,
286,
11871,
306,
12,
27718,
9573,
25,
564,
250,
27654,
0,
5845,
508,
1975,
428,
16084,
290,
883,
508,
389,
6771,
290,
262,
9910,
3609,
504,
290,
262,
9316,
290,
262,
8336,
1547,
290,
262,
21580,
8605,
12,
6706,
0,
11475,
481,
5409,
1022,
606,
319,
262,
1110,
286,
27556,
13,
11475,
318,
4973,
625,
477,
1243,
447,
251,
357,
1828,
14,
1558,
737,
198,
16991,
29348,
326,
262,
826,
284,
5409,
508,
318,
7448,
290,
508,
318,
5576,
9586,
24013,
3190,
351,
1793,
11,
290,
28317,
257,
38958,
22036,
625,
1692,
15625,
13,
632,
318,
19467,
329,
7045,
284,
869,
1123,
584,
1729,
12,
36452,
25,
564,
250,
46,
9838,
508,
1975,
0,
1649,
9838,
467,
6071,
284,
1907,
287,
262,
835,
286,
11475,
11,
307,
8161,
284,
28433,
11,
290,
910,
407,
12722,
530,
508,
4394,
345,
4167,
25,
564,
246,
817,
280,
389,
407,
257,
29546,
11,
6095,
262,
2863,
10177,
286,
428,
1204,
447,
247,
447,
251,
357,
19,
14,
5824,
737,
383,
24306,
357,
22930,
3202,
8,
286,
1793,
531,
11,
564,
250,
2215,
597,
3765,
1139,
284,
465,
3956,
11,
564,
246,
1639,
1167,
5943,
0,
447,
247,
530,
286,
262,
734,
10403,
14071,
262,
1438,
447,
251,
357,
282,
12,
33,
7456,
2743,
11,
22982,
4449,
11,
604,
25,
20219,
737,
7045,
635,
1276,
407,
1907,
584,
7045,
11,
290,
389,
17767,
284,
787,
4167,
25,
564,
250,
464,
23142,
389,
299,
3413,
2073,
621,
9397,
13,
8447,
787,
4167,
1022,
29644,
290,
12414,
534,
7077,
284,
11475,
326,
387,
2145,
9838,
743,
7330,
17703,
447,
251,
357,
2920,
25,
940,
737,
198,
28039,
11,
3449,
5667,
2119,
329,
21580,
8605,
284,
763,
38476,
351,
7045,
11,
355,
890,
355,
262,
21580,
8605,
1394,
511,
28173,
351,
262,
3765,
2055,
25,
564,
250,
7,
1537,
262,
30734,
389,
8,
407,
26306,
351,
883,
31525,
504,
351,
4150,
345,
423,
5982,
656,
12801,
290,
508,
423,
407,
12412,
4054,
345,
287,
1997,
11,
4249,
28310,
597,
530,
1028,
345,
13,
1406,
14658,
534,
40588,
351,
606,
284,
262,
886,
286,
511,
3381,
26,
329,
11475,
10408,
262,
19539,
447,
251,
357,
24,
14,
19,
737,
383,
17599,
447,
247,
272,
635,
1139,
546,
7514,
1169,
1023,
11,
564,
250,
1532,
340,
550,
587,
11475,
447,
247,
82,
2561,
11,
484,
561,
407,
423,
587,
12280,
1169,
1023,
11,
4249,
750,
356,
787,
345,
257,
21688,
625,
606,
11,
4249,
389,
345,
511,
12811,
447,
251,
357,
21,
14,
15982,
737,
357,
1890,
517,
1321,
319,
262,
5533,
2292,
319,
7514,
1169,
1042,
11,
766,
2026,
14,
2231,
26,
9193,
14,
1828,
26,
838,
14,
2079,
26,
513,
14,
1238,
26,
642,
14,
2079,
26,
1467,
14,
6469,
26,
5433,
14,
2780,
26,
362,
14,
24943,
737,
198,
8332,
663,
10112,
7306,
11,
262,
649,
2055,
286,
7045,
373,
1498,
284,
10400,
262,
2126,
290,
3357,
286,
4158,
15621,
1231,
7463,
656,
262,
6028,
286,
48993,
452,
1634,
13,
27492,
284,
584,
43028,
11,
3449,
4166,
257,
10768,
2292,
1022,
734,
31082,
25,
3071,
1042,
11,
2661,
18937,
11,
290,
43631,
1042,
355,
38538,
286,
281,
8568,
21332,
11,
379,
530,
3257,
11,
290,
257,
3297,
286,
22801,
1042,
326,
40081,
262,
26231,
2470,
14111,
286,
1793,
11,
3872,
290,
1692,
22701,
416,
48993,
452,
2890,
262,
11871,
284,
10017,
11,
3614,
290,
17911,
46374,
38538,
11,
379,
262,
584,
3257,
13,
6660,
262,
5533,
1410,
329,
257,
26231,
2470,
14111,
286,
9265,
1626,
663,
9573,
290,
739,
530,
1793,
318,
257,
2746,
286,
14111,
326,
635,
43759,
9812,
4996,
1626,
3449,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,468 |
The first thing that made non-violence work was these men’s mentalities. To be involved in such a movement, one need’s to have a stable mindset. They had to be aware of the dangers that lied ahead of them. The supporters of their movement also had to possess strong mind-sets in not retaliating to the physical struggles they endured. In Gandhi’s autobiography, it states, “I explained to a group of several hundred Africans, Indians and coloreds, that volunteering (for the defiance of Unjust Laws campaign) was a difficult and even dangerous duty, as the authorities would seek to intimidate, imprison and perhaps attack the volunteers.” With so much fighting against them, they all believed in what they were fighting for. Even those in support of the movements of King, Gandhi and Mandela, were beginning to re-think the whole “nonviolent” aspect because they were getting fed up with the abuse they were experiencing. However, they were driven by their faith in God and continued to stand their ground and fight while leaving marks on people’s minds rather than their bodies.
The second thing that made non-violence work was their consistency. These men were consistent in their fight for equality, justice and freedom. One thing, amongst many, that they have in common, is the fact that they all spent time in prison at some point. However, their time spent in prison didn’t stop them from working to stop the unjust laws, they consistently went to... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2012, 11). History. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 11, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-1255848.html
"History" StudyMode.com. 11 2012. 11 2012 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-1255848.html>.
"History." StudyMode.com. 11, 2012. Accessed 11, 2012. http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-1255848.html. | [
464,
717,
1517,
326,
925,
1729,
12,
37502,
670,
373,
777,
1450,
447,
247,
82,
5110,
871,
13,
1675,
307,
2950,
287,
884,
257,
3356,
11,
530,
761,
447,
247,
82,
284,
423,
257,
8245,
20527,
13,
1119,
550,
284,
307,
3910,
286,
262,
16169,
326,
19837,
4058,
286,
606,
13,
383,
5941,
286,
511,
3356,
635,
550,
284,
8588,
1913,
2000,
12,
28709,
287,
407,
28160,
803,
284,
262,
3518,
12766,
484,
24067,
13,
554,
22081,
447,
247,
82,
41795,
11,
340,
2585,
11,
564,
250,
40,
4893,
284,
257,
1448,
286,
1811,
3470,
29058,
11,
12746,
290,
16396,
82,
11,
326,
41434,
357,
1640,
262,
35287,
286,
791,
3137,
21153,
1923,
8,
373,
257,
2408,
290,
772,
4923,
7077,
11,
355,
262,
4773,
561,
5380,
284,
34903,
11,
11116,
290,
3737,
1368,
262,
11661,
13,
447,
251,
2080,
523,
881,
4330,
1028,
606,
11,
484,
477,
4762,
287,
644,
484,
547,
4330,
329,
13,
3412,
883,
287,
1104,
286,
262,
8650,
286,
2677,
11,
22081,
290,
40233,
11,
547,
3726,
284,
302,
12,
14925,
262,
2187,
564,
250,
13159,
24498,
447,
251,
4843,
780,
484,
547,
1972,
11672,
510,
351,
262,
5076,
484,
547,
13456,
13,
2102,
11,
484,
547,
7986,
416,
511,
4562,
287,
1793,
290,
3767,
284,
1302,
511,
2323,
290,
1907,
981,
4305,
8849,
319,
661,
447,
247,
82,
9017,
2138,
621,
511,
5920,
13,
198,
464,
1218,
1517,
326,
925,
1729,
12,
37502,
670,
373,
511,
15794,
13,
2312,
1450,
547,
6414,
287,
511,
1907,
329,
10537,
11,
5316,
290,
4925,
13,
1881,
1517,
11,
12077,
867,
11,
326,
484,
423,
287,
2219,
11,
318,
262,
1109,
326,
484,
477,
3377,
640,
287,
3770,
379,
617,
966,
13,
2102,
11,
511,
640,
3377,
287,
3770,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
2245,
606,
422,
1762,
284,
2245,
262,
21218,
3657,
11,
484,
9835,
1816,
284,
986,
685,
18487,
947,
60,
198,
34,
578,
770,
11985,
323,
198,
7,
6999,
11,
1367,
737,
7443,
13,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
43024,
1367,
11,
2321,
11,
422,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
18122,
12,
1065,
40486,
2780,
13,
6494,
198,
1,
18122,
1,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
1367,
2321,
13,
1367,
2321,
1279,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
18122,
12,
1065,
40486,
2780,
13,
6494,
28401,
198,
1,
18122,
526,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
1367,
11,
2321,
13,
48547,
1367,
11,
2321,
13,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
18122,
12,
1065,
40486,
2780,
13,
6494,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 435 |
Alice Walker usually puts herself into characters that she writes about in her stories. However, you don't understand this unless you know about her. Staring with this let us find out about who she is and where she came from. When recounting the life of Alice Walker, you find out that she was born to sharecroppers in Eatonton, Georgia in 1944 and was the baby of eight children. She lost one of her eyes when her brother shot her with a BB gun by accident. She was valedictorian of her class in high school and with that and receiving a scholarship; she went to Spelman, a college for black women, in Atlanta. She then transferred to Sarah Lawrence College in New York and during her time there went Africa as an exchange student. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Sarah Lawrence in 1965. She was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 60's and as of the 90's she is still an involved activist. She started her own publishing company in 1984, Wild Tree Press. She is an acclaimed writer and has even received a Pulitzer Prize for the movie, The Color Purple. What is it about her that makes her works so meaningful and persuasive? What provoked her to write what she has?
One of her works, a short story called Everyday Use, is a story that she herself can be pictured in. During the opening of this story you find a woman with her two daughters. She and one of her daughters, Maggie, have just cleaned and beautified the yard of their new house. It is very comforting sitting under the Elm tree that is present and blocks the wind from going through the house. It is a place that you feel enveloped in comfort and love. Maggie and Dee, the other daughter are very different, and it is very apparent that mother, is not your everyday' woman. She, the mother, is "a larger woman that can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man' (American Lit, p. 2470). She has no problems doing what needs to be done in order to feed and protect her... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2005, 05). Instilled Heritage. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 05, 2005, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Instilled-Heritage-57580.html
"Instilled Heritage" StudyMode.com. 05 2005. 05 2005 <http://www.studymode.com/essays/Instilled-Heritage-57580.html>.
"Instilled Heritage." StudyMode.com. 05, 2005. Accessed 05, 2005. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Instilled-Heritage-57580.html. | [
44484,
10120,
3221,
7584,
5223,
656,
3435,
326,
673,
6797,
546,
287,
607,
3923,
13,
2102,
11,
345,
836,
470,
1833,
428,
4556,
345,
760,
546,
607,
13,
520,
1723,
351,
428,
1309,
514,
1064,
503,
546,
508,
673,
318,
290,
810,
673,
1625,
422,
13,
1649,
16369,
278,
262,
1204,
286,
14862,
10120,
11,
345,
1064,
503,
326,
673,
373,
4642,
284,
2648,
19915,
11799,
287,
27574,
756,
261,
11,
7859,
287,
16994,
290,
373,
262,
5156,
286,
3624,
1751,
13,
1375,
2626,
530,
286,
607,
2951,
618,
607,
3956,
2823,
607,
351,
257,
12597,
2485,
416,
5778,
13,
1375,
373,
1188,
276,
713,
22618,
286,
607,
1398,
287,
1029,
1524,
290,
351,
326,
290,
6464,
257,
18652,
26,
673,
1816,
284,
1338,
32370,
11,
257,
4152,
329,
2042,
1466,
11,
287,
9371,
13,
1375,
788,
11172,
284,
10490,
13914,
5535,
287,
968,
1971,
290,
1141,
607,
640,
612,
1816,
5478,
355,
281,
5163,
3710,
13,
1375,
2722,
607,
33399,
286,
11536,
4922,
422,
10490,
13914,
287,
17672,
13,
1375,
373,
4075,
287,
262,
7511,
6923,
15477,
286,
262,
3126,
338,
290,
355,
286,
262,
4101,
338,
673,
318,
991,
281,
2950,
11276,
13,
1375,
2067,
607,
898,
12407,
1664,
287,
12844,
11,
6183,
12200,
4332,
13,
1375,
318,
281,
27023,
6260,
290,
468,
772,
2722,
257,
44127,
15895,
329,
262,
3807,
11,
383,
5315,
17265,
13,
1867,
318,
340,
546,
607,
326,
1838,
607,
2499,
523,
11570,
290,
40116,
30,
1867,
29579,
607,
284,
3551,
644,
673,
468,
30,
198,
3198,
286,
607,
2499,
11,
257,
1790,
1621,
1444,
48154,
5765,
11,
318,
257,
1621,
326,
673,
5223,
460,
307,
17915,
287,
13,
5856,
262,
4756,
286,
428,
1621,
345,
1064,
257,
2415,
351,
607,
734,
14850,
13,
1375,
290,
530,
286,
607,
14850,
11,
33014,
11,
423,
655,
20750,
290,
3566,
1431,
262,
12699,
286,
511,
649,
2156,
13,
632,
318,
845,
34228,
5586,
739,
262,
35189,
5509,
326,
318,
1944,
290,
7021,
262,
2344,
422,
1016,
832,
262,
2156,
13,
632,
318,
257,
1295,
326,
345,
1254,
16441,
276,
287,
4467,
290,
1842,
13,
33014,
290,
29195,
11,
262,
584,
4957,
389,
845,
1180,
11,
290,
340,
318,
845,
4156,
326,
2802,
11,
318,
407,
534,
10908,
6,
2415,
13,
1375,
11,
262,
2802,
11,
318,
366,
64,
4025,
2415,
326,
460,
1494,
290,
3424,
257,
40476,
355,
40618,
306,
355,
257,
582,
6,
357,
7437,
25659,
11,
279,
13,
1987,
2154,
737,
1375,
468,
645,
2761,
1804,
644,
2476,
284,
307,
1760,
287,
1502,
284,
3745,
290,
1805,
607,
986,
685,
18487,
947,
60,
198,
34,
578,
770,
11985,
323,
198,
7,
14315,
11,
8870,
737,
2262,
2967,
18518,
13,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
43024,
8870,
11,
5075,
11,
422,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
6310,
2967,
12,
9360,
10208,
12,
36189,
1795,
13,
6494,
198,
1,
6310,
2967,
18518,
1,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
8870,
5075,
13,
8870,
5075,
1279,
4023,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
6310,
2967,
12,
9360,
10208,
12,
36189,
1795,
13,
6494,
28401,
198,
1,
6310,
2967,
18518,
526,
12481,
19076,
13,
785,
13,
8870,
11,
5075,
13,
48547,
8870,
11,
5075,
13,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
19149,
4948,
1098,
13,
785,
14,
408,
592,
14,
6310,
2967,
12,
9360,
10208,
12,
36189,
1795,
13,
6494,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 565 |
Passed my 5th SCNA (Sun Certified Network Administrator for Solaris 8) exam yesterday so my cv has been updated. In with the new and out with the old: I took off the old Solaris 2.4/2.5 certificates and put XHTML on instead. The plan is to go XHTML 1.1 Strict for the whole site and then maybe try to create an even more (? sic!) minimal design utilising a simpler stylesheet.
I came across this a trying to find out what a "jabber" was (preparing for a network exam). The answer to this and the question in the title is found in the comp.dcom.lans.ethernet FAQ:
In the following table, c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, or 300,000 kilometers per second. Medium Propagation Speed ------ ----------------- Thick Coax .77c (231,000 km/sec) Thin Coax .65c (195,000 km/sec) Twisted Pair .59c (177,000 km/sec) Fiber .66c (198,000 km/sec) AUI Cable .65c (195,000 km/sec) From these values, the size of a bit on 10BaseT can be calculated. 10BaseT is twisted pair, which has a propagation delay of 177,000 km/sec. 177,000 km/sec divided by 10 million bits per second is 17.7 meters, or the size of a single bit on a 10BaseT network. | [
14478,
276,
616,
642,
400,
6374,
4535,
357,
16012,
36054,
7311,
22998,
329,
12347,
271,
807,
8,
2814,
7415,
523,
616,
269,
85,
468,
587,
6153,
13,
554,
351,
262,
649,
290,
503,
351,
262,
1468,
25,
314,
1718,
572,
262,
1468,
12347,
271,
362,
13,
19,
14,
17,
13,
20,
20835,
290,
1234,
1395,
28656,
319,
2427,
13,
383,
1410,
318,
284,
467,
1395,
28656,
352,
13,
16,
520,
2012,
329,
262,
2187,
2524,
290,
788,
3863,
1949,
284,
2251,
281,
772,
517,
357,
30,
264,
291,
8133,
10926,
1486,
7736,
1710,
257,
18599,
12186,
25473,
13,
198,
40,
1625,
1973,
428,
257,
2111,
284,
1064,
503,
644,
257,
366,
27935,
527,
1,
373,
357,
46012,
1723,
329,
257,
3127,
2814,
737,
383,
3280,
284,
428,
290,
262,
1808,
287,
262,
3670,
318,
1043,
287,
262,
552,
13,
67,
785,
13,
75,
504,
13,
316,
2881,
316,
18749,
25,
198,
818,
262,
1708,
3084,
11,
269,
10229,
284,
262,
2866,
286,
1657,
287,
257,
17076,
11,
393,
5867,
11,
830,
18212,
583,
1218,
13,
13398,
8772,
363,
341,
8729,
40103,
34400,
12,
45816,
1766,
897,
764,
3324,
66,
357,
25667,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
8,
40487,
1766,
897,
764,
2996,
66,
357,
22186,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
8,
40006,
39645,
764,
3270,
66,
357,
22413,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
8,
29933,
764,
2791,
66,
357,
22337,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
8,
317,
10080,
20249,
764,
2996,
66,
357,
22186,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
8,
3574,
777,
3815,
11,
262,
2546,
286,
257,
1643,
319,
838,
14881,
51,
460,
307,
10488,
13,
838,
14881,
51,
318,
19074,
5166,
11,
543,
468,
257,
43594,
5711,
286,
26607,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
13,
26607,
11,
830,
10571,
14,
2363,
9086,
416,
838,
1510,
10340,
583,
1218,
318,
1596,
13,
22,
10700,
11,
393,
262,
2546,
286,
257,
2060,
1643,
319,
257,
838,
14881,
51,
3127,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 321 |
The hay diet involves avoiding foods that so called 'fight' with each other,
it is a food combining type of diet, which means that you avoid eating certain
foods together because it is supposedly bad for your digestion. Protein is not
eaten with starch, they can both be eaten but at separate meal occasions.
Scientifically this is impossible to achieve since most starchy foods such
as bread and potatoes contain some protein anyway. The body is well adapted
to digest both proteins and starch, and the enzymes necessary to digest them
are secreted in response to the food being in the stomach.
The diet first gained credence as a method of weight loss since most dietary
restrictions usually mean consuming less calories than the body needs. It is
not better than any other diet that is low in calories, any weight loss should
only be achieved through a sensible diet. This diet should always be avoided
by anyone who has diabetes since carbohydrate should be spread evenly throughout
the day and not kept to one meal only.
Description of the Hay System
The Hay System is primarily a normalising system. To put it in its simplest
- 70% of the food intake should be fresh fruits and vegetables, as much as
possible in their raw state.
- The remaining 30% should be made up of proteins (Meats, fish, eggs, etc)
and starches (carbohydrates, e.g., pasta, bread, etc). These two categories
of foods should be kept apart, i.e. eaten at different meals.
Generally, the effect of not eating 'foods that fight' at the same meal gives
improved digestion. Proteins 'fight' starch', and citrus fruits 'fight' carbohydrates.
You eat your fill at every meal (not over-eating, as with any sensible system)
, then you wait about four hours before taking anything else, or until your
Each day you need to aim for:
- One protein meal (lunch is best)
- One starch meal (last meal of the day is best for this)
- One purely 'alkaline forming' meal
This regime seems to suit the human digestion, and you should find your digestive
system feels much more comfortable as a result.
The Hay System will regulate body weight up or down, to a suitable healthy
weight for your body. You can do this without feeling 'starving': you should
never go hungry, yet your weight will stabilise to suit you best.
The diet is in no way 'punitive', and is based on sound nutrition. It encourages
a delight in , respect for, and greater enjoyment of good food.
While organic foods are preferred, it still works out as good value, because
your body makes full use of what you give it, and you should find there is no
need to spend large sums in order to eat well.
'Everything in moderation' is a key phrase. Very few items are discouraged,
except the obvious cakes and biscuits, etc. Even alcohol in moderation is o.k.
- gin, whiskey, beer, wine, cider, etc. All are allowed, if used in correct
combinations with other items from the correct category of meal. For example,
sweet liquors come in the category of 'starches', as you might expect, because
they have a lot of sugar in them. At the other end of the spectrum, dry white
wine, for example, goes with the 'protein' category, because it will not 'fight'
with protein, as sweet sugary substances do. This may sound a little baffling
at first, but it all makes sense, as you should find if you read more about
how to choose foods and drinks that complement each other. It comes as second
nature after a little while, and is not difficult to understand.
There have been reports of previously very stubborn medical conditions that
have unexpectedly responded to correct food combining. Widely occurring conditions | [
464,
27678,
5496,
9018,
14928,
9013,
326,
523,
1444,
705,
15481,
6,
351,
1123,
584,
11,
198,
270,
318,
257,
2057,
19771,
2099,
286,
5496,
11,
543,
1724,
326,
345,
3368,
6600,
1728,
198,
19425,
82,
1978,
780,
340,
318,
13519,
2089,
329,
534,
44639,
13,
31702,
318,
407,
198,
4098,
268,
351,
39515,
11,
484,
460,
1111,
307,
17065,
475,
379,
4553,
9799,
12432,
13,
198,
23010,
811,
453,
428,
318,
5340,
284,
4620,
1201,
749,
336,
9282,
9013,
884,
198,
292,
8509,
290,
18821,
3994,
617,
7532,
6949,
13,
383,
1767,
318,
880,
16573,
198,
1462,
16274,
1111,
15568,
290,
39515,
11,
290,
262,
29120,
3306,
284,
16274,
606,
198,
533,
3200,
276,
287,
2882,
284,
262,
2057,
852,
287,
262,
11384,
13,
198,
464,
5496,
717,
8618,
2600,
594,
355,
257,
2446,
286,
3463,
2994,
1201,
749,
15429,
198,
2118,
2012,
507,
3221,
1612,
18587,
1342,
14653,
621,
262,
1767,
2476,
13,
632,
318,
198,
1662,
1365,
621,
597,
584,
5496,
326,
318,
1877,
287,
14653,
11,
597,
3463,
2994,
815,
198,
8807,
307,
8793,
832,
257,
20586,
5496,
13,
770,
5496,
815,
1464,
307,
13941,
198,
1525,
2687,
508,
468,
12593,
1201,
28205,
815,
307,
4104,
21894,
3690,
198,
1169,
1110,
290,
407,
4030,
284,
530,
9799,
691,
13,
198,
11828,
286,
262,
9075,
4482,
198,
464,
9075,
4482,
318,
7525,
257,
3487,
1710,
1080,
13,
1675,
1234,
340,
287,
663,
24043,
198,
12,
4317,
4,
286,
262,
2057,
10337,
815,
307,
4713,
15921,
290,
13701,
11,
355,
881,
355,
198,
79,
4733,
287,
511,
8246,
1181,
13,
198,
12,
383,
5637,
1542,
4,
815,
307,
925,
510,
286,
15568,
357,
5308,
1381,
11,
5916,
11,
9653,
11,
3503,
8,
198,
392,
3491,
2052,
357,
35684,
15782,
9700,
11,
304,
13,
70,
1539,
26296,
11,
8509,
11,
3503,
737,
2312,
734,
9376,
198,
1659,
9013,
815,
307,
4030,
5475,
11,
1312,
13,
68,
13,
17065,
379,
1180,
13840,
13,
198,
37058,
11,
262,
1245,
286,
407,
6600,
705,
19425,
82,
326,
1907,
6,
379,
262,
976,
9799,
3607,
198,
32077,
1079,
44639,
13,
1041,
660,
1040,
705,
15481,
6,
39515,
3256,
290,
35405,
15921,
705,
15481,
6,
32328,
13,
198,
1639,
4483,
534,
6070,
379,
790,
9799,
357,
1662,
625,
12,
30041,
11,
355,
351,
597,
20586,
1080,
8,
198,
11,
788,
345,
4043,
546,
1440,
2250,
878,
2263,
1997,
2073,
11,
393,
1566,
534,
198,
10871,
1110,
345,
761,
284,
4031,
329,
25,
198,
12,
1881,
7532,
9799,
357,
75,
3316,
318,
1266,
8,
198,
12,
1881,
39515,
9799,
357,
12957,
9799,
286,
262,
1110,
318,
1266,
329,
428,
8,
198,
12,
1881,
14177,
705,
971,
20663,
14583,
6,
9799,
198,
1212,
7142,
2331,
284,
6050,
262,
1692,
44639,
11,
290,
345,
815,
1064,
534,
34616,
198,
10057,
5300,
881,
517,
6792,
355,
257,
1255,
13,
198,
464,
9075,
4482,
481,
16697,
1767,
3463,
510,
393,
866,
11,
284,
257,
11080,
5448,
198,
6551,
329,
534,
1767,
13,
921,
460,
466,
428,
1231,
4203,
705,
7364,
1075,
10354,
345,
815,
198,
12081,
467,
14720,
11,
1865,
534,
3463,
481,
14349,
786,
284,
6050,
345,
1266,
13,
198,
464,
5496,
318,
287,
645,
835,
705,
35512,
1800,
3256,
290,
318,
1912,
319,
2128,
16633,
13,
632,
18656,
198,
64,
10974,
287,
837,
2461,
329,
11,
290,
3744,
23334,
286,
922,
2057,
13,
198,
3633,
10469,
9013,
389,
9871,
11,
340,
991,
2499,
503,
355,
922,
1988,
11,
780,
198,
14108,
1767,
1838,
1336,
779,
286,
644,
345,
1577,
340,
11,
290,
345,
815,
1064,
612,
318,
645,
198,
31227,
284,
4341,
1588,
21784,
287,
1502,
284,
4483,
880,
13,
198,
6,
19693,
287,
34401,
6,
318,
257,
1994,
9546,
13,
9576,
1178,
3709,
389,
30170,
11,
198,
16341,
262,
3489,
30849,
290,
50128,
11,
3503,
13,
3412,
5548,
287,
34401,
318,
267,
13,
74,
13,
198,
12,
39733,
11,
29219,
11,
6099,
11,
8237,
11,
36930,
11,
3503,
13,
1439,
389,
3142,
11,
611,
973,
287,
3376,
198,
24011,
7352,
351,
584,
3709,
422,
262,
3376,
6536,
286,
9799,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
198,
34751,
14756,
669,
1282,
287,
262,
6536,
286,
705,
7364,
2052,
3256,
355,
345,
1244,
1607,
11,
780,
198,
9930,
423,
257,
1256,
286,
7543,
287,
606,
13,
1629,
262,
584,
886,
286,
262,
10958,
11,
5894,
2330,
198,
39002,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
2925,
351,
262,
705,
48693,
6,
6536,
11,
780,
340,
481,
407,
705,
15481,
6,
198,
4480,
7532,
11,
355,
6029,
424,
14849,
15938,
466,
13,
770,
743,
2128,
257,
1310,
25989,
1359,
198,
265,
717,
11,
475,
340,
477,
1838,
2565,
11,
355,
345,
815,
1064,
611,
345,
1100,
517,
546,
198,
4919,
284,
3853,
9013,
290,
11758,
326,
16829,
1123,
584,
13,
632,
2058,
355,
1218,
198,
21353,
706,
257,
1310,
981,
11,
290,
318,
407,
2408,
284,
1833,
13,
198,
1858,
423,
587,
3136,
286,
4271,
845,
24444,
3315,
3403,
326,
198,
14150,
25884,
7082,
284,
3376,
2057,
19771,
13,
23399,
306,
14963,
3403,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 830 |
Medical History and Physical Exam for a Fast Heart Rate
A medical history and physical exam are routinely used to evaluate an illness or disease. A medical history and physical exam can often reveal as much or more than many diagnostic lab tests because they help uncover important clues about your illness. The medical history and physical exam will often direct further testing.
The doctor may ask questions similar to the following:
- What Reference symptoms have you experienced?
- Have you ever lost consciousness?
- How long did the symptoms last?
- Have the symptoms ever occurred before?
- Did anything make the symptoms better or worse (such as slow, deep breathing or holding your breath)?
- What were you doing when you first noticed the symptoms?
- Does physical activity bring on your symptoms or make them worse?
- Did you take your pulse when you had the symptoms? If you did, how fast or slow was your heart beating? Was it beating regularly?
- What medicines are you currently taking?
- Do you have any history of thyroid problems?
- Do you have a Reference family history Opens New Window of heart disease?
- Do you drink alcohol or smoke? Do you use any illegal drugs? If so, how much?
- Do you exercise?
During a physical exam, the doctor will:
- Take your blood pressure.
- Check your pulse to see how fast your heart is beating and whether your heart rhythm is regular.
- Listen to your heart through a stethoscope.
- Check your lung sounds by listening through a stethoscope.
- Check the veins in your neck for different types of pulsations.
Why It Is Done
A medical history and physical exam are important ways to evaluate any heart problem.
Normal findings include the following:
- Blood pressure and pulse rate are normal.
- Breathing and heart rhythm and rate are normal.
Abnormal findings that may suggest a problem from a fast heart rate include:
- Low blood pressure.
- Fast or irregular pulse.
If physical findings and your medical history strongly suggest a very irregular heartbeat, further testing will be done.
What To Think About
It is important to provide your doctor with detailed information about your symptoms, past medical history, and lifestyle.
Other Works Consulted
Blomström-Lunqvist C, et al. (2003). ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias—Executive summary: A report of the ACC/AHA/ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 108(15): 1871–1909.
|By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: August 9, 2012|
|Medical Review:||Reference Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology
Reference John M. Miller, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology | [
37158,
7443,
290,
16331,
35909,
329,
257,
12549,
8894,
14806,
198,
32,
3315,
2106,
290,
3518,
2814,
389,
16231,
973,
284,
13446,
281,
8526,
393,
4369,
13,
317,
3315,
2106,
290,
3518,
2814,
460,
1690,
7766,
355,
881,
393,
517,
621,
867,
23584,
2248,
5254,
780,
484,
1037,
23658,
1593,
20195,
546,
534,
8526,
13,
383,
3315,
2106,
290,
3518,
2814,
481,
1690,
1277,
2252,
4856,
13,
198,
464,
6253,
743,
1265,
2683,
2092,
284,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
12,
1867,
20984,
7460,
423,
345,
5924,
30,
198,
12,
8192,
345,
1683,
2626,
10510,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
890,
750,
262,
7460,
938,
30,
198,
12,
8192,
262,
7460,
1683,
5091,
878,
30,
198,
12,
7731,
1997,
787,
262,
7460,
1365,
393,
4785,
357,
10508,
355,
3105,
11,
2769,
12704,
393,
4769,
534,
8033,
19427,
198,
12,
1867,
547,
345,
1804,
618,
345,
717,
6810,
262,
7460,
30,
198,
12,
8314,
3518,
3842,
2222,
319,
534,
7460,
393,
787,
606,
4785,
30,
198,
12,
7731,
345,
1011,
534,
19445,
618,
345,
550,
262,
7460,
30,
1002,
345,
750,
11,
703,
3049,
393,
3105,
373,
534,
2612,
11226,
30,
8920,
340,
11226,
7987,
30,
198,
12,
1867,
23533,
389,
345,
3058,
2263,
30,
198,
12,
2141,
345,
423,
597,
2106,
286,
30523,
2761,
30,
198,
12,
2141,
345,
423,
257,
20984,
1641,
2106,
8670,
641,
968,
26580,
286,
2612,
4369,
30,
198,
12,
2141,
345,
4144,
5548,
393,
7523,
30,
2141,
345,
779,
597,
5293,
5010,
30,
1002,
523,
11,
703,
881,
30,
198,
12,
2141,
345,
5517,
30,
198,
7191,
257,
3518,
2814,
11,
262,
6253,
481,
25,
198,
12,
7214,
534,
2910,
3833,
13,
198,
12,
6822,
534,
19445,
284,
766,
703,
3049,
534,
2612,
318,
11226,
290,
1771,
534,
2612,
18662,
318,
3218,
13,
198,
12,
20600,
284,
534,
2612,
832,
257,
336,
2788,
40326,
13,
198,
12,
6822,
534,
12317,
5238,
416,
8680,
832,
257,
336,
2788,
40326,
13,
198,
12,
6822,
262,
32375,
287,
534,
7393,
329,
1180,
3858,
286,
22271,
602,
13,
198,
5195,
632,
1148,
24429,
198,
32,
3315,
2106,
290,
3518,
2814,
389,
1593,
2842,
284,
13446,
597,
2612,
1917,
13,
198,
26447,
6373,
2291,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
12,
7235,
3833,
290,
19445,
2494,
389,
3487,
13,
198,
12,
40285,
722,
290,
2612,
18662,
290,
2494,
389,
3487,
13,
198,
4826,
11265,
6373,
326,
743,
1950,
257,
1917,
422,
257,
3049,
2612,
2494,
2291,
25,
198,
12,
7754,
2910,
3833,
13,
198,
12,
12549,
393,
21388,
19445,
13,
198,
1532,
3518,
6373,
290,
534,
3315,
2106,
7634,
1950,
257,
845,
21388,
36051,
11,
2252,
4856,
481,
307,
1760,
13,
198,
2061,
1675,
11382,
7994,
198,
1026,
318,
1593,
284,
2148,
534,
6253,
351,
6496,
1321,
546,
534,
7460,
11,
1613,
3315,
2106,
11,
290,
12263,
13,
198,
6395,
10933,
21651,
276,
198,
3629,
296,
2536,
9101,
76,
12,
43,
403,
44179,
396,
327,
11,
2123,
435,
13,
357,
16088,
737,
15859,
14,
32,
7801,
14,
1546,
34,
9949,
329,
262,
4542,
286,
3871,
351,
28614,
1151,
41001,
5240,
71,
34853,
4448,
960,
43885,
10638,
25,
317,
989,
286,
262,
15859,
14,
32,
7801,
14,
1546,
34,
4606,
329,
19939,
31072,
13,
7672,
1741,
11,
15495,
7,
1314,
2599,
1248,
4869,
1906,
1129,
2931,
13,
198,
91,
3886,
25,
15886,
26687,
3893,
3083,
9983,
15886,
5956,
31492,
25,
2932,
860,
11,
2321,
91,
198,
91,
37158,
6602,
25,
15886,
26687,
371,
1124,
71,
509,
13,
41626,
11,
10670,
11,
376,
26861,
532,
5172,
12371,
11,
5903,
10051,
893,
12371,
198,
26687,
1757,
337,
13,
7920,
11,
10670,
11,
376,
26861,
532,
5172,
12371,
11,
5903,
10051,
893,
12371,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 606 |
PRESS RELEASE: THE 2003 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
7 October 2003
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics
for 2003 "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Alexei A. Abrikosov
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia, and
Anthony J. Leggett
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Flow without resistance
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics is
awarded to three physicists who have made decisive contributions
concerning two phenomena in quantum physics: superconductivity
and superfluidity. Superconducting material is used, for example,
in magnetic resonance imaging for medical examinations and particle
accelerators in physics. Knowledge about superfluid liquids can
give us deeper insight into the ways in which matter behaves in
its lowest and most ordered state.
At low temperatures (a few degrees above absolute zero) certain metals allow
an electric current to pass without resistance. Such superconducting materials
also have the property of being able to displace magnetic flows completely or
partly. Those that displace magnetic flows completely are called type-I superconductors
and a theory explaining them was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972.
This theory, which is based on the fact that pairs of electrons are formed proved,
however, to be inadequate for explaining superconductivity in the technically
most important materials. These type-II superconductors allow superconductivity
and magnetism to exist at the same time and remain superconductive in high magnetic
Alexei Abrikosov succeeded in explaining this phenomenon theoretically.
His starting point was a theory that had been formulated for type-I superconductors
by Vitaly Ginzburg and others, but which proved to be so comprehensive
that it was also valid for the new type. Although these theories were formulated
in the 1950s, they have gained renewed importance in the rapid development of
materials with completely new properties. Materials can now be made superconductive
at increasingly high temperatures and strong magnetic fields.
Liquid helium can become superfluid, that is, its viscosity vanishes at low temperatures.
Atoms of the rare isotope 3He have to form pairs analogous with pairs of
electrons in metallic superconductors. The decisive theory explaining how the atoms
interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by
Anthony Leggett. Recent studies show how this order passes into chaos or
turbulence, which is one of the unsolved problems of classical physics.
Alexei A. Abrikosov, born 1928 (75 years)
in Moscow, the former Soviet Union, American (and Russian) citizen.
Doctor's degree in physics in 1951 at the Institute for Physical
Problems, Moscow. Distinguished Argonne Scientist, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.
Vitaly L. Ginzburg, born 1916 (87 years) in Moscow, Russia
(Russian citizen). Doctor's degree in physics at the University of Moscow. Former
Head of the Theory Group at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia.
Anthony J. Leggett, born 1938 (65 years) in London, England
(British and American citizen). Doctor's degree in physics in 1964 at the University
of Oxford. MacArthur Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Prize amount: SEK 10 million, will be shared equally among the Laureates.
Science Editor, phone +46 8 673 95 44,
+46 703 27 72 00, [email protected] and Eva Krutmeijer,
Head of Information, phone +46 8 673 95 95, +46 709 84 66 38, [email protected] | [
32761,
46492,
25,
3336,
5816,
8005,
33,
3698,
4810,
35400,
3268,
9370,
16309,
19505,
198,
22,
3267,
5816,
198,
464,
8111,
14023,
8581,
286,
13473,
468,
3066,
284,
5764,
262,
20715,
15895,
287,
23123,
198,
1640,
5816,
366,
1640,
36304,
9284,
284,
262,
4583,
286,
2208,
36495,
669,
290,
48713,
2340,
1,
198,
15309,
20295,
317,
13,
2275,
12602,
418,
709,
198,
3163,
14520,
710,
2351,
18643,
11,
49974,
710,
11,
9486,
11,
4916,
11,
198,
53,
1287,
88,
406,
13,
21444,
89,
7423,
198,
47,
13,
45,
13,
43,
1765,
276,
1990,
16331,
5136,
11,
9070,
11,
3284,
11,
290,
198,
32697,
449,
13,
1004,
1130,
3087,
198,
21009,
286,
9486,
11,
8799,
65,
2271,
11,
9486,
11,
4916,
198,
37535,
1231,
6625,
198,
1212,
614,
338,
20715,
15895,
287,
23123,
318,
198,
707,
10676,
284,
1115,
37898,
508,
423,
925,
21112,
9284,
198,
1102,
41981,
734,
19428,
287,
14821,
11887,
25,
2208,
36495,
3458,
198,
392,
48713,
17995,
13,
3115,
36495,
278,
2587,
318,
973,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
198,
259,
14091,
29371,
19560,
329,
3315,
37305,
290,
18758,
198,
330,
7015,
2024,
287,
11887,
13,
20414,
546,
48713,
312,
38236,
460,
198,
26535,
514,
9211,
11281,
656,
262,
2842,
287,
543,
2300,
39341,
287,
198,
896,
9016,
290,
749,
6149,
1181,
13,
198,
2953,
1877,
10101,
357,
64,
1178,
7370,
2029,
4112,
6632,
8,
1728,
21782,
1249,
198,
272,
5186,
1459,
284,
1208,
1231,
6625,
13,
8013,
2208,
36495,
278,
5696,
198,
14508,
423,
262,
3119,
286,
852,
1498,
284,
595,
5372,
14091,
15623,
3190,
393,
198,
3911,
306,
13,
5845,
326,
595,
5372,
14091,
15623,
3190,
389,
1444,
2099,
12,
40,
2208,
36495,
669,
198,
392,
257,
4583,
11170,
606,
373,
11343,
262,
20715,
15895,
287,
23123,
287,
16101,
13,
198,
1212,
4583,
11,
543,
318,
1912,
319,
262,
1109,
326,
14729,
286,
28722,
389,
7042,
8302,
11,
198,
4919,
964,
11,
284,
307,
20577,
329,
11170,
2208,
36495,
3458,
287,
262,
14497,
198,
1712,
1593,
5696,
13,
2312,
2099,
12,
3978,
2208,
36495,
669,
1249,
2208,
36495,
3458,
198,
392,
19972,
1042,
284,
2152,
379,
262,
976,
640,
290,
3520,
2208,
36495,
425,
287,
1029,
14091,
198,
15309,
20295,
2275,
12602,
418,
709,
14131,
287,
11170,
428,
10733,
26787,
13,
198,
6653,
3599,
966,
373,
257,
4583,
326,
550,
587,
34391,
329,
2099,
12,
40,
2208,
36495,
669,
198,
1525,
28476,
88,
21444,
89,
7423,
290,
1854,
11,
475,
543,
8302,
284,
307,
523,
9815,
198,
5562,
340,
373,
635,
4938,
329,
262,
649,
2099,
13,
4900,
777,
10946,
547,
34391,
198,
259,
262,
11445,
82,
11,
484,
423,
8618,
16434,
6817,
287,
262,
5801,
2478,
286,
198,
33665,
82,
351,
3190,
649,
6608,
13,
24310,
460,
783,
307,
925,
2208,
36495,
425,
198,
265,
6481,
1029,
10101,
290,
1913,
14091,
7032,
13,
198,
41966,
43142,
460,
1716,
48713,
312,
11,
326,
318,
11,
663,
1490,
6966,
414,
5719,
5614,
379,
1877,
10101,
13,
198,
2953,
3150,
286,
262,
4071,
31624,
3008,
513,
1544,
423,
284,
1296,
14729,
34657,
351,
14729,
286,
198,
9509,
12212,
287,
27306,
2208,
36495,
669,
13,
383,
21112,
4583,
11170,
703,
262,
23235,
198,
3849,
529,
290,
389,
6149,
287,
262,
48713,
312,
1181,
373,
34391,
287,
262,
8069,
82,
416,
198,
32697,
1004,
1130,
3087,
13,
22926,
3640,
905,
703,
428,
1502,
8318,
656,
11918,
393,
198,
83,
5945,
32401,
11,
543,
318,
530,
286,
262,
48180,
2761,
286,
15993,
11887,
13,
198,
15309,
20295,
317,
13,
2275,
12602,
418,
709,
11,
4642,
35768,
357,
2425,
812,
8,
198,
259,
9070,
11,
262,
1966,
7570,
4479,
11,
1605,
357,
392,
3394,
8,
9511,
13,
198,
37564,
338,
4922,
287,
11887,
287,
27937,
379,
262,
5136,
329,
16331,
198,
2964,
22143,
11,
9070,
13,
4307,
46709,
49974,
710,
33374,
11,
49974,
710,
2351,
198,
42230,
2870,
11,
49974,
710,
11,
9486,
11,
4916,
13,
198,
53,
1287,
88,
406,
13,
21444,
89,
7423,
11,
4642,
32811,
357,
5774,
812,
8,
287,
9070,
11,
3284,
198,
7,
16220,
9511,
737,
9356,
338,
4922,
287,
11887,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
9070,
13,
14466,
198,
13847,
286,
262,
17003,
4912,
379,
262,
350,
13,
45,
13,
1004,
3077,
1990,
16331,
5136,
11,
9070,
11,
3284,
13,
198,
32697,
449,
13,
1004,
1130,
3087,
11,
4642,
28017,
357,
2996,
812,
8,
287,
3576,
11,
4492,
198,
7,
25631,
290,
1605,
9511,
737,
9356,
338,
4922,
287,
11887,
287,
17575,
379,
262,
2059,
198,
1659,
13643,
13,
46626,
8129,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
9486,
379,
8799,
65,
2271,
12,
48507,
1784,
11,
198,
34487,
2736,
2033,
25,
7946,
42,
838,
1510,
11,
481,
307,
4888,
8603,
1871,
262,
13826,
689,
13,
198,
26959,
12058,
11,
3072,
1343,
3510,
807,
718,
4790,
6957,
5846,
11,
198,
10,
3510,
767,
3070,
2681,
7724,
3571,
11,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
290,
32355,
13685,
315,
1326,
2926,
263,
11,
198,
13847,
286,
6188,
11,
3072,
1343,
3510,
807,
718,
4790,
6957,
6957,
11,
1343,
3510,
767,
2931,
9508,
7930,
4353,
11,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 843 |
Eleanor Worrell knew something was wrong. Her daughter, April, would get up at night and wander around the house in a twilight state of sleep. It was getting harder to wake her in the morning.
"It was taking me a good 20 minutes to get her out of bed,'' says the Tampa woman. "She would come home from school and say, 'I'm so tired, Mom.' ''
All that ended about three years ago, when April, now 13, started using a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine. It pushes air into her nose when she sleeps at night, allowing her to breathe freely.
She was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, a condition in which the throat closes during sleep and obstructs the air passageway. Sufferers wake frequently to catch a breath, spending the night in a restless sleep that leaves them exhausted. For adults, apnea is defined as 10 seconds without breathing; for children, it's an interruption of two cycles of inhaling and exhaling, says sleep specialist Dr. William Kohler, April's physician.
Sleep apnea seems to be on the rise in children. For those with the usual causes, such as large tonsils and adenoids or, as in April's case, simply the way their airways are configured, doctors aren't sure if more kids have it these days or it's being diagnosed more often.
A weighty issue
In other children, apnea clearly is getting more common "because of the epidemic of obesity we have in our children,'' says Kohler, director of pediatric sleep services at University Community Hospital in Tampa.
Obese children may breathe normally while awake, but when they sleep, the muscles relax and the fat deposits in the throat constrict the airway.
Sleep apnea can lead to elevated blood pressure and heart problems in adults. In children, it often results in behavioral problems and the inability to think clearly or pay attention in school.
Paradoxically, the condition also may put normal-weight children at risk of becoming obese, just as lack of sleep in adults is associated with weight gain.
Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in kids is a "vicious cycle,'' says Dr. Bruce Schnapf, director of pediatric pulmonology at the University of South Florida College of Medicine. Some kids who lose weight and return to the normal range still have sleep apnea.
And apnea can inhibit growth, he says.
"Once you fix kids' apnea, growth picks up like crazy,'' Schnapf says.
Sleep and performance
For some kids diagnosed with attention-deficit (hyperactivity) disorder, the underlying problem may be lack of restful sleep. Kohler says studies have shown that 50 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD have a sleep disorder, whether it's apnea, insomnia or something else.
April takes medicine for ADHD, but she was diagnosed with the problem before symptoms of sleep apnea appeared, Worrell says. "Being hyperactive, she was wearing out faster.''
Now, April sleeps through the night, is a lot calmer, and her schoolwork has improved, says her mom. "She used to struggle a lot, getting passing grades but very low grades. Now she's maintaining A's and B's.
April says she no longer feels like her nose is stuffy when she sleeps, and she's more refreshed when she gets up in the morning.
Doctors say parents may want to have their children checked for sleep apnea if they see they aren't performing in school and seem to be more irritable, hostile or depressed.
For many, sleep apnea is worse when they sleep on their backs, "but it really is variable,'' Schnapf says. Some have more problems sleeping on their stomachs. And, for some, it's the level of sleep; many experience apnea during deep dream sleep.
Snoring, which isn't normal in children, may be a real clue. Unchecked, it can lead to additional trouble.
"If you follow them for four or five years,'' Kohler says, referring to studies on the subject, "they are more likely to be at the bottom of the class and have behavior problems compared to children who don't snore.''
Diagnosis starts with a detailed examination of the upper airway, Schnapf says. Often, removing the tonsils and adenoids solves the problem. Beyond that, he says, the most successful treatment for kids is the CPAP machine.
Controlling the problem of sleep apnea often improves the child's behavior and school work, Schnapf says.
"The outcomes are very good, very positive.''
Philip Morgan is a St. Petersburg writer. He can be reached at [email protected]. | [
36,
41807,
16597,
11252,
2993,
1223,
373,
2642,
13,
2332,
4957,
11,
3035,
11,
561,
651,
510,
379,
1755,
290,
27776,
1088,
262,
2156,
287,
257,
45493,
1181,
286,
3993,
13,
632,
373,
1972,
7069,
284,
7765,
607,
287,
262,
3329,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
373,
2263,
502,
257,
922,
1160,
2431,
284,
651,
607,
503,
286,
3996,
14004,
1139,
262,
15528,
2415,
13,
366,
3347,
561,
1282,
1363,
422,
1524,
290,
910,
11,
705,
40,
1101,
523,
10032,
11,
11254,
2637,
10148,
198,
3237,
326,
4444,
546,
1115,
812,
2084,
11,
618,
3035,
11,
783,
1511,
11,
2067,
1262,
257,
16932,
2969,
357,
18487,
5623,
3967,
1633,
1014,
3833,
8,
4572,
13,
632,
20070,
1633,
656,
607,
9686,
618,
673,
44263,
379,
1755,
11,
5086,
607,
284,
18044,
12748,
13,
198,
3347,
373,
14641,
351,
26520,
425,
3993,
2471,
39718,
11,
257,
4006,
287,
543,
262,
13589,
20612,
1141,
3993,
290,
26520,
82,
262,
1633,
1208,
363,
16172,
13,
24974,
19288,
7765,
6777,
284,
4929,
257,
8033,
11,
4581,
262,
1755,
287,
257,
42537,
3993,
326,
5667,
606,
19064,
13,
1114,
6490,
11,
2471,
39718,
318,
5447,
355,
838,
4201,
1231,
12704,
26,
329,
1751,
11,
340,
338,
281,
41728,
286,
734,
16006,
286,
25783,
4272,
290,
21847,
4272,
11,
1139,
3993,
15670,
1583,
13,
3977,
24754,
1754,
11,
3035,
338,
14325,
13,
198,
40555,
2471,
39718,
2331,
284,
307,
319,
262,
4485,
287,
1751,
13,
1114,
883,
351,
262,
6678,
5640,
11,
884,
355,
1588,
10860,
4487,
290,
512,
268,
10994,
393,
11,
355,
287,
3035,
338,
1339,
11,
2391,
262,
835,
511,
1633,
1322,
389,
17839,
11,
7519,
3588,
470,
1654,
611,
517,
3988,
423,
340,
777,
1528,
393,
340,
338,
852,
14641,
517,
1690,
13,
198,
32,
3463,
88,
2071,
198,
818,
584,
1751,
11,
2471,
39718,
4084,
318,
1972,
517,
2219,
366,
13893,
286,
262,
18195,
286,
13825,
356,
423,
287,
674,
1751,
14004,
1139,
24754,
1754,
11,
3437,
286,
29775,
3993,
2594,
379,
2059,
8108,
9256,
287,
15528,
13,
198,
5944,
2771,
1751,
743,
18044,
7685,
981,
21693,
11,
475,
618,
484,
3993,
11,
262,
12749,
8960,
290,
262,
3735,
18190,
287,
262,
13589,
1500,
2012,
262,
1633,
1014,
13,
198,
40555,
2471,
39718,
460,
1085,
284,
15321,
2910,
3833,
290,
2612,
2761,
287,
6490,
13,
554,
1751,
11,
340,
1690,
2482,
287,
17211,
2761,
290,
262,
16612,
284,
892,
4084,
393,
1414,
3241,
287,
1524,
13,
198,
10044,
324,
1140,
1146,
11,
262,
4006,
635,
743,
1234,
3487,
12,
6551,
1751,
379,
2526,
286,
5033,
20779,
11,
655,
355,
3092,
286,
3993,
287,
6490,
318,
3917,
351,
3463,
4461,
13,
198,
5944,
7249,
425,
3993,
2471,
39718,
290,
13825,
287,
3988,
318,
257,
366,
85,
6243,
6772,
14004,
1139,
1583,
13,
11088,
45606,
499,
69,
11,
3437,
286,
29775,
17472,
2144,
1435,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
2520,
4744,
5535,
286,
11558,
13,
2773,
3988,
508,
4425,
3463,
290,
1441,
284,
262,
3487,
2837,
991,
423,
3993,
2471,
39718,
13,
198,
1870,
2471,
39718,
460,
26776,
3349,
11,
339,
1139,
13,
198,
1,
7454,
345,
4259,
3988,
6,
2471,
39718,
11,
3349,
11103,
510,
588,
7165,
14004,
45606,
499,
69,
1139,
13,
198,
40555,
290,
2854,
198,
1890,
617,
3988,
14641,
351,
3241,
12,
4299,
3628,
357,
49229,
21797,
8,
8967,
11,
262,
10238,
1917,
743,
307,
3092,
286,
1334,
913,
3993,
13,
24754,
1754,
1139,
3640,
423,
3402,
326,
2026,
1411,
286,
1751,
14641,
351,
22822,
423,
257,
3993,
8967,
11,
1771,
340,
338,
2471,
39718,
11,
47104,
393,
1223,
2073,
13,
198,
16784,
2753,
9007,
329,
22822,
11,
475,
673,
373,
14641,
351,
262,
1917,
878,
7460,
286,
3993,
2471,
39718,
4120,
11,
16597,
11252,
1139,
13,
366,
18357,
8718,
5275,
11,
673,
373,
5762,
503,
5443,
13531,
198,
3844,
11,
3035,
44263,
832,
262,
1755,
11,
318,
257,
1256,
2386,
647,
11,
290,
607,
1524,
1818,
468,
6596,
11,
1139,
607,
1995,
13,
366,
3347,
973,
284,
6531,
257,
1256,
11,
1972,
6427,
19051,
475,
845,
1877,
19051,
13,
2735,
673,
338,
10941,
317,
338,
290,
347,
338,
13,
198,
16784,
1139,
673,
645,
2392,
5300,
588,
607,
9686,
318,
3404,
88,
618,
673,
44263,
11,
290,
673,
338,
517,
47193,
618,
673,
3011,
510,
287,
262,
3329,
13,
198,
47087,
910,
3397,
743,
765,
284,
423,
511,
1751,
10667,
329,
3993,
2471,
39718,
611,
484,
766,
484,
3588,
470,
9489,
287,
1524,
290,
1283,
284,
307,
517,
14709,
540,
11,
12524,
393,
19095,
13,
198,
1890,
867,
11,
3993,
2471,
39718,
318,
4785,
618,
484,
3993,
319,
511,
12983,
11,
366,
4360,
340,
1107,
318,
7885,
14004,
45606,
499,
69,
1139,
13,
2773,
423,
517,
2761,
11029,
319,
511,
11384,
82,
13,
843,
11,
329,
617,
11,
340,
338,
262,
1241,
286,
3993,
26,
867,
1998,
2471,
39718,
1141,
2769,
4320,
3993,
13,
198,
16501,
3255,
11,
543,
2125,
470,
3487,
287,
1751,
11,
743,
307,
257,
1103,
18437,
13,
791,
26752,
11,
340,
460,
1085,
284,
3224,
5876,
13,
198,
1,
1532,
345,
1061,
606,
329,
1440,
393,
1936,
812,
14004,
24754,
1754,
1139,
11,
9759,
284,
3640,
319,
262,
2426,
11,
366,
9930,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
307,
379,
262,
4220,
286,
262,
1398,
290,
423,
4069,
2761,
3688,
284,
1751,
508,
836,
470,
3013,
382,
13531,
198,
18683,
4660,
5958,
4940,
351,
257,
6496,
12452,
286,
262,
6727,
1633,
1014,
11,
45606,
499,
69,
1139,
13,
18023,
11,
10829,
262,
10860,
4487,
290,
512,
268,
10994,
39107,
262,
1917,
13,
12197,
326,
11,
339,
1139,
11,
262,
749,
4388,
3513,
329,
3988,
318,
262,
16932,
2969,
4572,
13,
198,
4264,
18886,
262,
1917,
286,
3993,
2471,
39718,
1690,
19575,
262,
1200,
338,
4069,
290,
1524,
670,
11,
45606,
499,
69,
1139,
13,
198,
1,
464,
10906,
389,
845,
922,
11,
845,
3967,
13531,
198,
18673,
541,
10805,
318,
257,
520,
13,
27051,
6260,
13,
679,
460,
307,
4251,
379,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 989 |
Academic standards correlations on Teachers' Domain use the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) database of state and national standards, provided to NSDL projects courtesy of JES & Co.
We assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. If a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by ASN or by Teachers' Domain. We will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.
In this lesson, students watch a video segment from the PBS series The Supreme Court about the landmark case Maryland v. McCulloch and consider the powers of the national government and state governments. Students take on the role of news reporters to analyze and present the case decision.
This lesson is the second of two lessons that comprise a unit on balancing state and federal authority. For the first lesson, see Define and Classify the Powers Associated with Federalism Lesson Plan For extension activities to use with this unit, visit the Supreme Court website.
(1) 50 minute period
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Unknown
1. Ask students if they have ever experienced a conflict or struggle with their friends or classmates over making a decision. Take student responses and ask them to describe their experiences. Explain that just as they might have had a clash over a decision with their classmates, the national government and the states have experienced a similar power struggle.
2. Tell students they are going to watch a video segment that illustrates the Supreme Court's first major case that attempted to help resolve a conflict between the national government and the state of Maryland. Distribute the McCulloch v. Maryland Questions. Prior to playing the video segment, review the questions students should focus on while watching the clip:
3. Play McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Unknown. You may choose to play the clip multiple times for student understanding.
4. Ask students to discuss the following questions. The answers below are provided as a guide:
1. Assign students to work in groups of three to five and give each group several sheets of flip-chart paper and markers.
3. When students have completed their work, a representative from each group presents its news story. Ask students to compare and contrast the news stories they have heard, saw, or read. If necessary, clarify any points of fact that students were confused about.
4. For homework (or in class if time permits), ask students to respond to the following in an essay: | [
12832,
49113,
5423,
35811,
319,
32426,
6,
20021,
779,
262,
45511,
20130,
7311,
357,
1921,
45,
8,
6831,
286,
1181,
290,
2260,
5423,
11,
2810,
284,
399,
10305,
43,
4493,
12537,
286,
449,
1546,
1222,
1766,
13,
198,
1135,
8333,
4941,
2846,
284,
1123,
2643,
1626,
257,
5423,
3188,
290,
284,
1123,
2056,
8271,
11,
290,
35811,
389,
1912,
2402,
7466,
286,
777,
2846,
329,
257,
1813,
9559,
4097,
13,
1002,
257,
1948,
5423,
3188,
286,
1393,
284,
345,
318,
407,
9066,
1865,
11,
340,
749,
1884,
468,
407,
1865,
587,
13686,
416,
7054,
45,
393,
416,
32426,
6,
20021,
13,
775,
481,
307,
4375,
1919,
3640,
290,
10848,
35811,
625,
262,
2406,
614,
11,
290,
635,
481,
307,
3649,
262,
40763,
286,
19114,
13,
198,
818,
428,
11483,
11,
2444,
2342,
257,
2008,
10618,
422,
262,
30051,
2168,
383,
5617,
3078,
546,
262,
20533,
1339,
10769,
410,
13,
45026,
5374,
290,
2074,
262,
5635,
286,
262,
2260,
1230,
290,
1181,
6905,
13,
14882,
1011,
319,
262,
2597,
286,
1705,
7638,
284,
16602,
290,
1944,
262,
1339,
2551,
13,
198,
1212,
11483,
318,
262,
1218,
286,
734,
11658,
326,
28889,
257,
4326,
319,
22486,
1181,
290,
2717,
4934,
13,
1114,
262,
717,
11483,
11,
766,
2896,
500,
290,
5016,
1958,
262,
20668,
10575,
351,
5618,
1042,
12892,
261,
5224,
1114,
7552,
4568,
284,
779,
351,
428,
4326,
11,
3187,
262,
5617,
3078,
3052,
13,
198,
7,
16,
8,
2026,
5664,
2278,
198,
30464,
724,
5374,
410,
13,
10769,
357,
1507,
1129,
8,
16185,
198,
16,
13,
16981,
2444,
611,
484,
423,
1683,
5924,
257,
5358,
393,
6531,
351,
511,
2460,
393,
28999,
625,
1642,
257,
2551,
13,
7214,
3710,
9109,
290,
1265,
606,
284,
6901,
511,
6461,
13,
48605,
326,
655,
355,
484,
1244,
423,
550,
257,
19122,
625,
257,
2551,
351,
511,
28999,
11,
262,
2260,
1230,
290,
262,
2585,
423,
5924,
257,
2092,
1176,
6531,
13,
198,
17,
13,
14026,
2444,
484,
389,
1016,
284,
2342,
257,
2008,
10618,
326,
21290,
262,
5617,
3078,
338,
717,
1688,
1339,
326,
7482,
284,
1037,
10568,
257,
5358,
1022,
262,
2260,
1230,
290,
262,
1181,
286,
10769,
13,
4307,
4163,
262,
45026,
5374,
410,
13,
10769,
20396,
13,
14481,
284,
2712,
262,
2008,
10618,
11,
2423,
262,
2683,
2444,
815,
2962,
319,
981,
4964,
262,
10651,
25,
198,
18,
13,
3811,
45026,
5374,
410,
13,
10769,
357,
1507,
1129,
8,
16185,
13,
921,
743,
3853,
284,
711,
262,
10651,
3294,
1661,
329,
3710,
4547,
13,
198,
19,
13,
16981,
2444,
284,
2112,
262,
1708,
2683,
13,
383,
7429,
2174,
389,
2810,
355,
257,
5698,
25,
198,
16,
13,
2195,
570,
2444,
284,
670,
287,
2628,
286,
1115,
284,
1936,
290,
1577,
1123,
1448,
1811,
15747,
286,
14283,
12,
40926,
3348,
290,
19736,
13,
198,
18,
13,
1649,
2444,
423,
5668,
511,
670,
11,
257,
8852,
422,
1123,
1448,
10969,
663,
1705,
1621,
13,
16981,
2444,
284,
8996,
290,
6273,
262,
1705,
3923,
484,
423,
2982,
11,
2497,
11,
393,
1100,
13,
1002,
3306,
11,
18282,
597,
2173,
286,
1109,
326,
2444,
547,
10416,
546,
13,
198,
19,
13,
1114,
26131,
357,
273,
287,
1398,
611,
640,
13892,
828,
1265,
2444,
284,
3031,
284,
262,
1708,
287,
281,
14268,
25,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 539 |
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as “the study and design of intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.”
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.
AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.General intelligence (or “strong AI”) is still among the field’s long term goals. | [
2061,
318,
35941,
9345,
357,
20185,
8,
198,
8001,
9542,
4430,
357,
20185,
8,
318,
262,
4430,
286,
8217,
290,
262,
8478,
286,
3644,
3783,
326,
12031,
284,
2251,
340,
13,
9552,
31814,
8160,
262,
2214,
355,
564,
250,
1169,
2050,
290,
1486,
286,
12661,
6554,
447,
251,
810,
281,
12661,
5797,
318,
257,
1080,
326,
36974,
1083,
663,
2858,
290,
2753,
4028,
326,
20487,
663,
8395,
286,
1943,
13,
1757,
18751,
11,
508,
33115,
262,
3381,
287,
25190,
11,
15738,
340,
355,
564,
250,
1169,
3783,
290,
8705,
286,
1642,
12661,
8217,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
2214,
373,
9393,
319,
262,
1624,
326,
257,
4318,
3119,
286,
5384,
11,
4430,
960,
1169,
31841,
1240,
286,
41500,
31841,
10465,
960,
5171,
307,
523,
10582,
3417,
326,
340,
460,
307,
28590,
416,
257,
4572,
13,
770,
12073,
17580,
2428,
546,
262,
3450,
286,
262,
2000,
290,
262,
14458,
286,
4441,
11666,
9791,
11,
2428,
543,
423,
587,
9469,
416,
7918,
11,
10165,
290,
8876,
1201,
46599,
13,
35941,
4430,
468,
587,
262,
2426,
286,
24323,
11,
475,
468,
635,
6989,
43235,
290,
11,
1909,
11,
468,
1716,
281,
6393,
636,
286,
262,
3037,
2831,
11,
4955,
262,
4334,
16842,
329,
867,
286,
262,
749,
2408,
2761,
287,
3644,
3783,
13,
198,
20185,
2267,
318,
4047,
6276,
290,
16976,
11,
7744,
9086,
656,
850,
25747,
326,
1690,
2038,
284,
10996,
351,
1123,
584,
13,
3834,
25747,
423,
7334,
510,
1088,
1948,
6712,
11,
262,
670,
286,
1981,
4837,
11,
262,
4610,
286,
2176,
2761,
11,
30678,
5400,
286,
4459,
546,
703,
9552,
815,
307,
1760,
290,
262,
3586,
286,
6768,
28742,
4899,
13,
383,
4318,
2761,
286,
9552,
2291,
884,
12796,
355,
14607,
11,
3725,
11,
5410,
11,
4673,
11,
6946,
11,
11202,
290,
262,
2694,
284,
1445,
290,
18510,
5563,
13,
12218,
4430,
357,
273,
564,
250,
11576,
9552,
447,
251,
8,
318,
991,
1871,
262,
2214,
447,
247,
82,
890,
3381,
4661,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 325 |
WHO’S TO BLAME? A bus being vandalised during a bandh
How many times have you cursed a bandh because it brings normal life to a complete halt? How many times have you been outraged by incidents of violence —buses being set on fire, railway tracks being damaged —all in the name of some political cause or grievance or another?
On April 16, a Supreme Court bench headed by Justice Arijit Pasayat took a stern view of the way agitations, bandhs and hartals often end up in large-scale destruction of public property. Observing that the destruction of public property has become “rampant,” the bench noted that the leaders who call for bandhs are rarely hauled up for the mayhem created by party workers.
The apex court went on to recommend that the Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984, be amended so that the leaders of the party which calls for the direct action can be held guilty of abetment of the offence and made to pay for damages.
According to Article 19 (1) of the Indian Constitution, “All citizens shall have the right (a) to freedom of speech and expression, (b) to assemble peacefully and without arms. Article 51A of the Constitution states, however, that it is the fundamental duty of an Indian citizen “to protect public property and to avoid violence.” Clearly, very often the right to protest is used with impunity — without any regard to one’s duty to protect public property and avoid violence.
The Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act defines public property as “any property, whether immovable or movable... which is owned by, or in the possession of, or under the control of: the central government; or any state government; or any local authority; or any corporation established by, or under, central, provincial or state act; or any company as defined in Section 617 of the Companies, Act, 1956…”
The act stipulates that whoever causes damage to any public property is liable to be punished with imprisonment for a term of up to five years along with a fine.
Says Gitanath Ganguly, executive chairman, Legal Aid Services, West Bengal, “The law is not comprehensive. The act does not mention a situation where a political party causes damage to public property during bandhs. So a clear stand needs to be taken on this.”
Calcutta High Court advocate Protik Prokash Banerji feels that the Supreme Court’s recommendation is a step in the right direction. “Usually, the party leaders who call for bandhs remain in the background and only the grassroots level workers are vulnerable to prosecution for any damages that occur.”
Most political parties, however, are of the opinion that the apex court’s recommendation for an amendment to the Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act is quite unnecessary. Says CPI(M) state committee member Rajdeo Goala, “I feel that every individual or group or organisation has the right to protest using the tool of the bandh or hartal. But we are responsible enough to safeguard all property. So such amendments are not needed.”
Others say that if such an amendment does come into effect, it is likely to be misused by the opposition. “How will you prove that the leader who has called the bandh has instigated the damage to public property? An outfit opposing the bandh could well carry out the mischief to malign the leader or the party that has called the bandh,” says Prabash Ghosh, leader of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (SUCI).
Of course, an amendment to the act may take a long time in coming. Legal experts point out that the ball is really in the government’s court now. “The Supreme Court has given the recommendations. Now it is up to the government to take the next step. The court cannot force the government to implement the recommendations. Moreover, till the recommendations are mooted in Parliament and the amendment passed, no criminal liability can be attached to a party leader for instigating damage to public property,” explains advocate Banerji.
Though the apex court’s recommendation to fix responsibility for damage to public property is not particularly in the interest of political parties, some politicians are ready to swallow the bitter pill. Says Trinamool Youth Congress president Madan Mitra, “Any decision taken by the apex court is binding on all political parties, irrespective of whether we agree or disagree with it.” Adds Congress MP Abdul Mannan, “The Supreme Court has suggested certain recommendations to the existing legislation. Whoever forms the next government will surely pay heed to these recommendations and make them into amendments if they agree with them.”
Others point out that merely bringing in amendments to existing laws will not solve the problem of lawlessness. Says Calcutta mayor and senior lawyer Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharyya, “What is actually needed is political awareness in political parties and strict implementation of the existing laws. Besides, who is to decide how much damage has taken place? To do so a fact-finding agency would be required and it is well known that investigations can be influenced.”
Clearly, vested interests will raise a flurry of objections to the Supreme Court’s efforts to fix responsibility for the damage to public property during bandhs. The common man, though, will hope that the new government acts on the apex court’s recommendations so that those who aid and abet violence and destruction in the name of “protest” can be brought to book. | [
41856,
447,
247,
50,
5390,
9878,
10067,
30,
317,
1323,
852,
26271,
1417,
1141,
257,
4097,
71,
198,
2437,
867,
1661,
423,
345,
25155,
257,
4097,
71,
780,
340,
6774,
3487,
1204,
284,
257,
1844,
17369,
30,
1374,
867,
1661,
423,
345,
587,
27697,
416,
10207,
286,
3685,
851,
65,
2664,
852,
900,
319,
2046,
11,
20515,
8339,
852,
9694,
851,
439,
287,
262,
1438,
286,
617,
1964,
2728,
393,
47645,
393,
1194,
30,
198,
2202,
3035,
1467,
11,
257,
5617,
3078,
7624,
9153,
416,
4796,
6069,
45051,
17454,
323,
265,
1718,
257,
26370,
1570,
286,
262,
835,
556,
20597,
11,
4097,
11994,
290,
289,
433,
874,
1690,
886,
510,
287,
1588,
12,
9888,
8166,
286,
1171,
3119,
13,
11086,
14344,
326,
262,
8166,
286,
1171,
3119,
468,
1716,
564,
250,
81,
696,
415,
11,
447,
251,
262,
7624,
4367,
326,
262,
2766,
508,
869,
329,
4097,
11994,
389,
8365,
43423,
510,
329,
262,
43744,
2727,
416,
2151,
3259,
13,
198,
464,
40167,
2184,
1816,
319,
284,
4313,
326,
262,
18313,
286,
8995,
284,
5094,
14161,
2191,
11,
12844,
11,
307,
11412,
523,
326,
262,
2766,
286,
262,
2151,
543,
3848,
329,
262,
1277,
2223,
460,
307,
2714,
6717,
286,
450,
316,
434,
286,
262,
14148,
290,
925,
284,
1414,
329,
12616,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
10172,
678,
357,
16,
8,
286,
262,
3942,
7965,
11,
564,
250,
3237,
4290,
2236,
423,
262,
826,
357,
64,
8,
284,
4925,
286,
4046,
290,
5408,
11,
357,
65,
8,
284,
25432,
30996,
290,
1231,
5101,
13,
10172,
6885,
32,
286,
262,
7965,
2585,
11,
2158,
11,
326,
340,
318,
262,
7531,
7077,
286,
281,
3942,
9511,
564,
250,
1462,
1805,
1171,
3119,
290,
284,
3368,
3685,
13,
447,
251,
23730,
11,
845,
1690,
262,
826,
284,
5402,
318,
973,
351,
37610,
851,
1231,
597,
2754,
284,
530,
447,
247,
82,
7077,
284,
1805,
1171,
3119,
290,
3368,
3685,
13,
198,
464,
18313,
286,
8995,
284,
5094,
14161,
2191,
15738,
1171,
3119,
355,
564,
250,
1092,
3119,
11,
1771,
2296,
21985,
393,
1409,
540,
986,
543,
318,
6898,
416,
11,
393,
287,
262,
7797,
286,
11,
393,
739,
262,
1630,
286,
25,
262,
4318,
1230,
26,
393,
597,
1181,
1230,
26,
393,
597,
1957,
4934,
26,
393,
597,
12017,
4920,
416,
11,
393,
739,
11,
4318,
11,
15818,
393,
1181,
719,
26,
393,
597,
1664,
355,
5447,
287,
7275,
718,
1558,
286,
262,
24382,
11,
2191,
11,
25190,
1399,
447,
251,
198,
464,
719,
22111,
15968,
326,
16958,
5640,
2465,
284,
597,
1171,
3119,
318,
17583,
284,
307,
16851,
351,
16510,
329,
257,
3381,
286,
510,
284,
1936,
812,
1863,
351,
257,
3734,
13,
198,
50,
592,
15151,
272,
776,
19228,
2062,
11,
4640,
8900,
11,
16027,
22225,
6168,
11,
2688,
28630,
11,
564,
250,
464,
1099,
318,
407,
9815,
13,
383,
719,
857,
407,
3068,
257,
3074,
810,
257,
1964,
2151,
5640,
2465,
284,
1171,
3119,
1141,
4097,
11994,
13,
1406,
257,
1598,
1302,
2476,
284,
307,
2077,
319,
428,
13,
447,
251,
198,
9771,
8968,
8326,
3334,
3078,
12811,
5038,
1134,
1041,
74,
1077,
10274,
263,
7285,
5300,
326,
262,
5617,
3078,
447,
247,
82,
15602,
318,
257,
2239,
287,
262,
826,
4571,
13,
564,
250,
37887,
11,
262,
2151,
2766,
508,
869,
329,
4097,
11994,
3520,
287,
262,
4469,
290,
691,
262,
23783,
1241,
3259,
389,
8826,
284,
12580,
329,
597,
12616,
326,
3051,
13,
447,
251,
198,
6943,
1964,
4671,
11,
2158,
11,
389,
286,
262,
4459,
326,
262,
40167,
2184,
447,
247,
82,
15602,
329,
281,
11326,
284,
262,
18313,
286,
8995,
284,
5094,
14161,
2191,
318,
2407,
13114,
13,
28628,
42103,
7,
44,
8,
1181,
5583,
2888,
13308,
2934,
78,
1514,
6081,
11,
564,
250,
40,
1254,
326,
790,
1981,
393,
1448,
393,
12684,
468,
262,
826,
284,
5402,
1262,
262,
2891,
286,
262,
4097,
71,
393,
289,
433,
282,
13,
887,
356,
389,
4497,
1576,
284,
30925,
477,
3119,
13,
1406,
884,
17835,
389,
407,
2622,
13,
447,
251,
198,
25599,
910,
326,
611,
884,
281,
11326,
857,
1282,
656,
1245,
11,
340,
318,
1884,
284,
307,
2984,
1484,
416,
262,
5471,
13,
564,
250,
2437,
481,
345,
5879,
326,
262,
3554,
508,
468,
1444,
262,
4097,
71,
468,
916,
26963,
262,
2465,
284,
1171,
3119,
30,
1052,
16313,
12330,
262,
4097,
71,
714,
880,
3283,
503,
262,
38625,
284,
6428,
570,
262,
3554,
393,
262,
2151,
326,
468,
1444,
262,
4097,
71,
11,
447,
251,
1139,
1736,
397,
1077,
11972,
3768,
11,
3554,
286,
262,
21773,
18714,
9072,
286,
3794,
357,
50,
9598,
40,
737,
198,
5189,
1781,
11,
281,
11326,
284,
262,
719,
743,
1011,
257,
890,
640,
287,
2406,
13,
16027,
6154,
966,
503,
326,
262,
2613,
318,
1107,
287,
262,
1230,
447,
247,
82,
2184,
783,
13,
564,
250,
464,
5617,
3078,
468,
1813,
262,
10763,
13,
2735,
340,
318,
510,
284,
262,
1230,
284,
1011,
262,
1306,
2239,
13,
383,
2184,
2314,
2700,
262,
1230,
284,
3494,
262,
10763,
13,
10968,
11,
10597,
262,
10763,
389,
41264,
276,
287,
8411,
290,
262,
11326,
3804,
11,
645,
4301,
12247,
460,
307,
7223,
284,
257,
2151,
3554,
329,
916,
29129,
2465,
284,
1171,
3119,
11,
447,
251,
6688,
12811,
10274,
263,
7285,
13,
198,
10915,
262,
40167,
2184,
447,
247,
82,
15602,
284,
4259,
5798,
329,
2465,
284,
1171,
3119,
318,
407,
3573,
287,
262,
1393,
286,
1964,
4671,
11,
617,
7602,
389,
3492,
284,
26633,
262,
12922,
9582,
13,
28628,
33822,
321,
970,
17582,
3162,
1893,
4627,
272,
11707,
430,
11,
564,
250,
7149,
2551,
2077,
416,
262,
40167,
2184,
318,
12765,
319,
477,
1964,
4671,
11,
40611,
286,
1771,
356,
4236,
393,
12546,
351,
340,
13,
447,
251,
34333,
3162,
4904,
23547,
20291,
272,
11,
564,
250,
464,
5617,
3078,
468,
5220,
1728,
10763,
284,
262,
4683,
5520,
13,
37807,
5107,
262,
1306,
1230,
481,
10403,
1414,
32420,
284,
777,
10763,
290,
787,
606,
656,
17835,
611,
484,
4236,
351,
606,
13,
447,
251,
198,
25599,
966,
503,
326,
6974,
6079,
287,
17835,
284,
4683,
3657,
481,
407,
8494,
262,
1917,
286,
1099,
17587,
13,
28628,
2199,
8968,
8326,
9591,
290,
4664,
6853,
347,
1134,
1077,
23075,
13881,
347,
11653,
620,
560,
3972,
11,
564,
250,
2061,
318,
1682,
2622,
318,
1964,
9359,
287,
1964,
4671,
290,
7646,
7822,
286,
262,
4683,
3657,
13,
16238,
11,
508,
318,
284,
5409,
703,
881,
2465,
468,
2077,
1295,
30,
1675,
466,
523,
257,
1109,
12,
41070,
4086,
561,
307,
2672,
290,
340,
318,
880,
1900,
326,
10986,
460,
307,
12824,
13,
447,
251,
198,
30638,
11,
32789,
5353,
481,
5298,
257,
36418,
286,
21954,
284,
262,
5617,
3078,
447,
247,
82,
4040,
284,
4259,
5798,
329,
262,
2465,
284,
1171,
3119,
1141,
4097,
11994,
13,
383,
2219,
582,
11,
996,
11,
481,
2911,
326,
262,
649,
1230,
6529,
319,
262,
40167,
2184,
447,
247,
82,
10763,
523,
326,
883,
508,
6133,
290,
450,
316,
3685,
290,
8166,
287,
262,
1438,
286,
564,
250,
1676,
9288,
447,
251,
460,
307,
3181,
284,
1492,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,171 |
Hyenas cooperate, problem-solve better than primates
(NC&T/DU) Captive pairs of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) that needed to tug two ropes in unison to earn a food reward cooperated successfully and learned the maneuvers quickly with no training. Experienced hyenas even helped inexperienced partners do the trick.
When confronted with a similar task, chimpanzees and other primates often require extensive training and cooperation between individuals may not be easy, said Christine Drea, an evolutionary anthropologist at Duke University.
Drea's research, published online in the October issue of Animal Behavior, shows that social carnivores like spotted hyenas that hunt in packs may be good models for investigating cooperative problem solving and the evolution of social intelligence. She performed these experiments in the mid-1990s but struggled to find a journal that was interested in non-primate social cognition.
"No one wanted anything but primate cognition studies back then," Drea said. "But what this study shows is that spotted hyenas are more adept at these sorts of cooperation and problem-solving studies in the lab than chimps are. There is a natural parallel of working together for food in the laboratory and group hunting in the wild."
Drea and co-author Allisa N. Carter of the Univ. of California at Berkeley, designed a series of food-reward tasks that modeled group hunting strategies in order to single out the cognitive aspects of cooperative problem solving. They selected spotted hyenas to see whether a species' performance in the tests might be linked to their feeding ecology in the wild.
|A pair of captive hyenas cooperatively solving a task to get some food. (Photo: Christine Drea)|
The first experiment sought to determine if three pairs of captive hyenas could solve the task without training. "The first pair walked in to the pen and figured it out in less than two minutes," Drea said. "My jaw literally dropped."
Drea and Carter studied the actions of 13 combinations of hyena pairs and found that they synchronized their timing on the ropes, revealing that the animals understood the ropes must be tugged in unison. They also showed that they understood both ropes had to be on the same platform. After an animal was experienced, the number of times it pulled on a rope without its partner present dropped sharply, indicating the animal understood its partner's role.
"One thing that was different about the captive hyena's behavior was that these problems were solved largely in silence," Drea said. Their non-verbal communication included matching gazes and following one another. "In the wild, they use a vocalization called a whoop when they are hunting together."
In the second and third experiments, Drea found that social factors affected the hyenas' performance in both positive and negative ways. When an audience of extra hyenas was present, experienced animals solved the task faster. But when dominant animals were paired, they performed poorly, even if they had been successful in previous trials with a subordinate partner.
"When the dominant females were paired, they didn't play nicely together," Drea said. "Their aggression toward each other led to a failure to cooperate."
When a na´ve animal unfamiliar with the feeding platforms was paired with a dominant, experienced animal, the dominant animals switched social roles and submissively followed the lower-ranking, na´ve animal. Once the na´ve animal became experienced, they switched back.
Both the audience and the role-switching trials revealed that spotted hyenas self-adjust their behavior based upon social context.
It was not a big surprise that the animals were strongly inclined to help each other obtain food, said Kay Holekamp, a professor of zoology at Michigan State University who studies the behavioral ecology of spotted hyenas.
"But I did find it somewhat surprising that the hyenas' performance was socially modulated by both party size and pair membership," Holekamp said. "And I found it particularly intriguing that the animals were sensitive to the na´vetÚ of their potential collaborators."
Researchers have focused on primates for decades with an assumption that higher cognitive functioning in large-brained animals should enable organized teamwork. But Drea's study demonstrates that social carnivores, including dogs, may be very good at cooperative problem solving, even though their brains are comparatively smaller.
"I'm not saying that spotted hyenas are smarter than chimps," Drea said. "I'm saying that these experiments show that they are more hard-wired for social cooperation than chimpanzees."
This site is no longer updated.
Click this link to have updated biology news.
About the Author
ęTheAllINeed.com All rights reserved | [
21217,
268,
292,
21270,
11,
1917,
12,
82,
6442,
1365,
621,
41316,
198,
7,
7792,
5,
51,
14,
35,
52,
8,
6790,
425,
14729,
286,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
357,
35403,
8968,
64,
6763,
8968,
64,
8,
326,
2622,
284,
27762,
734,
31001,
287,
49418,
284,
5160,
257,
2057,
6721,
6788,
515,
7675,
290,
4499,
262,
38974,
2952,
351,
645,
3047,
13,
8170,
26343,
2537,
268,
292,
772,
4193,
38003,
4887,
466,
262,
6908,
13,
198,
2215,
16675,
351,
257,
2092,
4876,
11,
47724,
290,
584,
41316,
1690,
2421,
7667,
3047,
290,
11113,
1022,
3925,
743,
407,
307,
2562,
11,
531,
26088,
360,
21468,
11,
281,
16673,
17911,
7451,
379,
11083,
2059,
13,
198,
35,
21468,
338,
2267,
11,
3199,
2691,
287,
262,
3267,
2071,
286,
13792,
20181,
11,
2523,
326,
1919,
41919,
2850,
588,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
326,
12601,
287,
15186,
743,
307,
922,
4981,
329,
10240,
22849,
1917,
18120,
290,
262,
6954,
286,
1919,
4430,
13,
1375,
6157,
777,
10256,
287,
262,
3095,
12,
19891,
82,
475,
11615,
284,
1064,
257,
3989,
326,
373,
4609,
287,
1729,
12,
1050,
1920,
1919,
31119,
13,
198,
1,
2949,
530,
2227,
1997,
475,
778,
1920,
31119,
3640,
736,
788,
553,
360,
21468,
531,
13,
366,
1537,
644,
428,
2050,
2523,
318,
326,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
389,
517,
34080,
379,
777,
10524,
286,
11113,
290,
1917,
12,
82,
10890,
3640,
287,
262,
2248,
621,
18205,
862,
389,
13,
1318,
318,
257,
3288,
10730,
286,
1762,
1978,
329,
2057,
287,
262,
14010,
290,
1448,
10988,
287,
262,
4295,
526,
198,
35,
21468,
290,
763,
12,
9800,
1439,
9160,
399,
13,
10831,
286,
262,
40429,
13,
286,
3442,
379,
14727,
11,
3562,
257,
2168,
286,
2057,
12,
260,
904,
8861,
326,
29563,
1448,
10988,
10064,
287,
1502,
284,
2060,
503,
262,
10870,
7612,
286,
22849,
1917,
18120,
13,
1119,
6163,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
284,
766,
1771,
257,
4693,
6,
2854,
287,
262,
5254,
1244,
307,
6692,
284,
511,
13017,
36517,
287,
262,
4295,
13,
198,
91,
32,
5166,
286,
25798,
2537,
268,
292,
6788,
9404,
18120,
257,
4876,
284,
651,
617,
2057,
13,
357,
6191,
25,
26088,
360,
21468,
14726,
198,
464,
717,
6306,
7194,
284,
5004,
611,
1115,
14729,
286,
25798,
2537,
268,
292,
714,
8494,
262,
4876,
1231,
3047,
13,
366,
464,
717,
5166,
6807,
287,
284,
262,
3112,
290,
11638,
340,
503,
287,
1342,
621,
734,
2431,
553,
360,
21468,
531,
13,
366,
3666,
19218,
7360,
5710,
526,
198,
35,
21468,
290,
10831,
9713,
262,
4028,
286,
1511,
17790,
286,
2537,
8107,
14729,
290,
1043,
326,
484,
47192,
511,
10576,
319,
262,
31001,
11,
13477,
326,
262,
4695,
7247,
262,
31001,
1276,
307,
27762,
2004,
287,
49418,
13,
1119,
635,
3751,
326,
484,
7247,
1111,
31001,
550,
284,
307,
319,
262,
976,
3859,
13,
2293,
281,
5044,
373,
5924,
11,
262,
1271,
286,
1661,
340,
5954,
319,
257,
17182,
1231,
663,
5212,
1944,
5710,
18939,
11,
12739,
262,
5044,
7247,
663,
5212,
338,
2597,
13,
198,
1,
3198,
1517,
326,
373,
1180,
546,
262,
25798,
2537,
8107,
338,
4069,
373,
326,
777,
2761,
547,
16019,
5688,
287,
9550,
553,
360,
21468,
531,
13,
5334,
1729,
12,
46953,
6946,
3017,
12336,
308,
36096,
290,
1708,
530,
1194,
13,
366,
818,
262,
4295,
11,
484,
779,
257,
12435,
1634,
1444,
257,
508,
404,
618,
484,
389,
10988,
1978,
526,
198,
818,
262,
1218,
290,
2368,
10256,
11,
360,
21468,
1043,
326,
1919,
5087,
5676,
262,
2537,
268,
292,
6,
2854,
287,
1111,
3967,
290,
4633,
2842,
13,
1649,
281,
5386,
286,
3131,
2537,
268,
292,
373,
1944,
11,
5924,
4695,
16019,
262,
4876,
5443,
13,
887,
618,
11410,
4695,
547,
20312,
11,
484,
6157,
13455,
11,
772,
611,
484,
550,
587,
4388,
287,
2180,
9867,
351,
257,
34618,
5212,
13,
198,
1,
2215,
262,
11410,
12366,
547,
20312,
11,
484,
1422,
470,
711,
16576,
1978,
553,
360,
21468,
531,
13,
366,
14574,
15569,
3812,
1123,
584,
2957,
284,
257,
5287,
284,
21270,
526,
198,
2215,
257,
12385,
18265,
303,
5044,
22594,
351,
262,
13017,
9554,
373,
20312,
351,
257,
11410,
11,
5924,
5044,
11,
262,
11410,
4695,
15293,
1919,
9176,
290,
850,
3927,
2280,
3940,
262,
2793,
12,
28405,
11,
12385,
18265,
303,
5044,
13,
4874,
262,
12385,
18265,
303,
5044,
2627,
5924,
11,
484,
15293,
736,
13,
198,
10265,
262,
5386,
290,
262,
2597,
12,
2032,
19811,
9867,
4602,
326,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
2116,
12,
23032,
511,
4069,
1912,
2402,
1919,
4732,
13,
198,
1026,
373,
407,
257,
1263,
5975,
326,
262,
4695,
547,
7634,
19514,
284,
1037,
1123,
584,
7330,
2057,
11,
531,
17356,
24478,
40899,
11,
257,
6240,
286,
40565,
1435,
379,
7055,
1812,
2059,
508,
3640,
262,
17211,
36517,
286,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
13,
198,
1,
1537,
314,
750,
1064,
340,
6454,
6452,
326,
262,
2537,
268,
292,
6,
2854,
373,
18118,
953,
4817,
416,
1111,
2151,
2546,
290,
5166,
9931,
553,
24478,
40899,
531,
13,
366,
1870,
314,
1043,
340,
3573,
19827,
326,
262,
4695,
547,
8564,
284,
262,
12385,
18265,
16809,
127,
248,
286,
511,
2785,
37886,
526,
198,
25606,
423,
5670,
319,
41316,
329,
4647,
351,
281,
13196,
326,
2440,
10870,
15025,
287,
1588,
12,
1671,
1328,
4695,
815,
7139,
8389,
48424,
13,
887,
360,
21468,
338,
2050,
15687,
326,
1919,
41919,
2850,
11,
1390,
6844,
11,
743,
307,
845,
922,
379,
22849,
1917,
18120,
11,
772,
996,
511,
14290,
389,
31188,
4833,
13,
198,
1,
40,
1101,
407,
2282,
326,
13489,
2537,
268,
292,
389,
23714,
621,
18205,
862,
553,
360,
21468,
531,
13,
366,
40,
1101,
2282,
326,
777,
10256,
905,
326,
484,
389,
517,
1327,
12,
44236,
329,
1919,
11113,
621,
47724,
526,
198,
1212,
2524,
318,
645,
2392,
6153,
13,
198,
8164,
428,
2792,
284,
423,
6153,
17219,
1705,
13,
198,
8585,
262,
6434,
198,
128,
247,
464,
3237,
1268,
2308,
13,
785,
1439,
2489,
10395,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 980 |
|Flat Head Syndrome|
|After the Birth|
|Cows Milk Allergy|
|Stillbirth And Neonatal Death|
|Food Glorious Food|
|Health and Illness|
|Money, Money, Money|
|Twins and Multiples|
|Hair and Beauty|
|8 Out Of 10 Mums Say|
The traditional childrens growth charts that parents have been familiar with since 1990 are being replaced by a new design meant to combat obesity and boost the rates of breastfeeding.
The old charts are based on growth rates for faster growing formula-fed babies.
The new charts will mean more children are classed as overweight. They are being introduced firstly in England but Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are expected to follow soon, .
The government hopes to alleviate breastfeeding mothers' concerns that their babies are underweight.
Current government guidelines advise mothers to give their babies breast milk for the first six months of life and then supplement
The downside of the new chart system is that the number of babies classed as overweight will see a 100% increase to 6%. Many medical experts feel that this will help to identify those at risk of obesity earlier.
Dr Sheila Shribman, the government's maternity advisor, says:
"Breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants.
"The new charts will not only provide more accurate measurements for infant growth of breastfed babies, but will also help healthcare professionals and parents to identify early signs of overweight or obesity and provide support."
The new charts are based on a design developed by the World Health Organisation after an extensive study of 8,500 children from across six countries, which established comprehensive and definitive data about the growth of healthy children for the first time. They are to be used on all new babies in England from 11 May with the other countries expected to adopt them in the coming months.
Belinda Phipps, chief executive of the National Childbirth Trust, welcomed the new charts and stated:.
"Now that the new charts have been introduced, the next extremely important step is for health professionals to be appropriately trained on how to work with them in order to ensure parents are given the correct information about their child's weight."
Ms Phipps said the previous charts had led to some breastfeeding mothers being advised to use formula milk, or introduce solids as a "top up" because their babies were not gaining weight fast enough.
"The introduction of formula milk or solids too early can interrupt breastfeeding and often brings it to an end earlier."
In England, eight out of 10 mothers start breastfeeding but only around one fifth continue until six months. The rates are very much lower than other European countries.
See the NHS video about the New Growth Charts here
7 May 09
'You're Having Twins' doesn't always mean you're having a Caesarean
APH Meet and Greet
Anyone who has to use airports, whether it's for business or pleasure, will be all too aware of the frustration of time and money used when taking the car to and from their flight.
Potty Training Tips From Mums
Potty training certainly isn't one of the simplest challenges that parenthood presents us with but with a few tips from those of us that have successfully weaned our toddlers out of nappies and into knickers, it can certainly become a little less daunting!
Pregnancy and Birth - The Things Men Worry About
It's not just women who need help with the labour; men need help during labour as well but are often left out for obvious reasons.
Skin Salvation - Mum's Eczema Cure For Daughter
When Lula Balmond was a little girl, she suffered from such bad eczema that she actually had to be bandaged every night just to help her sleep.
Eczema in Babies and Infants
This is a huge area in all types of medicine and often quite complex. Modern living has seen an enormous increase in many types of skin conditions in new born babies and in infants.
21 Weeks Pregnant
At 21 weeks pregnant your baby will probably start moving round much more and you may be able to notice a pattern to the movements. | [
91,
7414,
265,
7123,
27109,
91,
198,
91,
3260,
262,
17647,
91,
198,
91,
34,
1666,
24796,
1439,
26079,
91,
198,
91,
9590,
24280,
843,
27093,
10254,
5830,
91,
198,
91,
24602,
2671,
9982,
7318,
91,
198,
91,
18081,
290,
5821,
1108,
91,
198,
91,
26788,
11,
12911,
11,
12911,
91,
198,
91,
5080,
1040,
290,
15237,
2374,
91,
198,
91,
39,
958,
290,
20774,
91,
198,
91,
23,
3806,
3226,
838,
337,
5700,
13816,
91,
198,
464,
4569,
1751,
82,
3349,
15907,
326,
3397,
423,
587,
5385,
351,
1201,
6303,
389,
852,
6928,
416,
257,
649,
1486,
4001,
284,
5249,
13825,
290,
5750,
262,
3965,
286,
32613,
13,
198,
464,
1468,
15907,
389,
1912,
319,
3349,
3965,
329,
5443,
3957,
10451,
12,
19082,
11903,
13,
198,
464,
649,
15907,
481,
1612,
517,
1751,
389,
1398,
276,
355,
22652,
13,
1119,
389,
852,
5495,
717,
306,
287,
4492,
475,
11769,
11,
8838,
290,
8342,
7517,
389,
2938,
284,
1061,
2582,
11,
764,
198,
464,
1230,
7176,
284,
30885,
32613,
12289,
6,
4786,
326,
511,
11903,
389,
739,
6551,
13,
198,
11297,
1230,
9949,
18595,
12289,
284,
1577,
511,
11903,
9296,
7545,
329,
262,
717,
2237,
1933,
286,
1204,
290,
788,
10327,
198,
464,
25320,
286,
262,
649,
8262,
1080,
318,
326,
262,
1271,
286,
11903,
1398,
276,
355,
22652,
481,
766,
257,
1802,
4,
2620,
284,
718,
7225,
4650,
3315,
6154,
1254,
326,
428,
481,
1037,
284,
5911,
883,
379,
2526,
286,
13825,
2961,
13,
198,
6187,
49627,
911,
822,
805,
11,
262,
1230,
338,
38057,
20685,
11,
1139,
25,
198,
1,
12679,
459,
22824,
318,
262,
1266,
1296,
286,
16633,
329,
18775,
13,
198,
1,
464,
649,
15907,
481,
407,
691,
2148,
517,
7187,
13871,
329,
11212,
3349,
286,
9296,
19082,
11903,
11,
475,
481,
635,
1037,
11409,
11153,
290,
3397,
284,
5911,
1903,
5895,
286,
22652,
393,
13825,
290,
2148,
1104,
526,
198,
464,
649,
15907,
389,
1912,
319,
257,
1486,
4166,
416,
262,
2159,
3893,
30801,
706,
281,
7667,
2050,
286,
807,
11,
4059,
1751,
422,
1973,
2237,
2678,
11,
543,
4920,
9815,
290,
17347,
1366,
546,
262,
3349,
286,
5448,
1751,
329,
262,
717,
640,
13,
1119,
389,
284,
307,
973,
319,
477,
649,
11903,
287,
4492,
422,
1367,
1737,
351,
262,
584,
2678,
2938,
284,
11206,
606,
287,
262,
2406,
1933,
13,
198,
12193,
22261,
1380,
3974,
82,
11,
4039,
4640,
286,
262,
2351,
5932,
24280,
9870,
11,
15846,
262,
649,
15907,
290,
5081,
25,
13,
198,
1,
3844,
326,
262,
649,
15907,
423,
587,
5495,
11,
262,
1306,
4457,
1593,
2239,
318,
329,
1535,
11153,
284,
307,
20431,
8776,
319,
703,
284,
670,
351,
606,
287,
1502,
284,
4155,
3397,
389,
1813,
262,
3376,
1321,
546,
511,
1200,
338,
3463,
526,
198,
10128,
1380,
3974,
82,
531,
262,
2180,
15907,
550,
2957,
284,
617,
32613,
12289,
852,
13030,
284,
779,
10451,
7545,
11,
393,
10400,
1540,
2340,
355,
257,
366,
4852,
510,
1,
780,
511,
11903,
547,
407,
13977,
3463,
3049,
1576,
13,
198,
1,
464,
9793,
286,
10451,
7545,
393,
1540,
2340,
1165,
1903,
460,
11313,
32613,
290,
1690,
6774,
340,
284,
281,
886,
2961,
526,
198,
818,
4492,
11,
3624,
503,
286,
838,
12289,
923,
32613,
475,
691,
1088,
530,
8150,
2555,
1566,
2237,
1933,
13,
383,
3965,
389,
845,
881,
2793,
621,
584,
3427,
2678,
13,
198,
6214,
262,
18183,
2008,
546,
262,
968,
19045,
609,
5889,
994,
198,
22,
1737,
7769,
198,
6,
1639,
821,
11136,
29640,
6,
1595,
470,
1464,
1612,
345,
821,
1719,
257,
6488,
274,
533,
272,
198,
31300,
21167,
290,
402,
2871,
198,
21129,
508,
468,
284,
779,
22600,
11,
1771,
340,
338,
329,
1597,
393,
9476,
11,
481,
307,
477,
1165,
3910,
286,
262,
14285,
286,
640,
290,
1637,
973,
618,
2263,
262,
1097,
284,
290,
422,
511,
5474,
13,
198,
25396,
774,
13614,
27558,
3574,
337,
5700,
198,
25396,
774,
3047,
3729,
2125,
470,
530,
286,
262,
24043,
6459,
326,
279,
17117,
10969,
514,
351,
475,
351,
257,
1178,
9040,
422,
883,
286,
514,
326,
423,
7675,
356,
22739,
674,
50142,
503,
286,
299,
1324,
444,
290,
656,
638,
21630,
11,
340,
460,
3729,
1716,
257,
1310,
1342,
30496,
0,
198,
47,
39982,
290,
17647,
532,
383,
11597,
6065,
370,
5152,
7994,
198,
1026,
338,
407,
655,
1466,
508,
761,
1037,
351,
262,
10515,
26,
1450,
761,
1037,
1141,
10515,
355,
880,
475,
389,
1690,
1364,
503,
329,
3489,
3840,
13,
198,
42455,
40814,
532,
38367,
338,
14003,
89,
19687,
36947,
1114,
30332,
198,
2215,
406,
4712,
8528,
6327,
373,
257,
1310,
2576,
11,
673,
6989,
422,
884,
2089,
9940,
89,
19687,
326,
673,
1682,
550,
284,
307,
4097,
1886,
790,
1755,
655,
284,
1037,
607,
3993,
13,
198,
36,
26691,
19687,
287,
12400,
444,
290,
4806,
1187,
198,
1212,
318,
257,
3236,
1989,
287,
477,
3858,
286,
9007,
290,
1690,
2407,
3716,
13,
12495,
2877,
468,
1775,
281,
9812,
2620,
287,
867,
3858,
286,
4168,
3403,
287,
649,
4642,
11903,
290,
287,
18775,
13,
198,
2481,
33259,
350,
2301,
22057,
198,
2953,
2310,
2745,
10423,
534,
5156,
481,
2192,
923,
3867,
2835,
881,
517,
290,
345,
743,
307,
1498,
284,
4003,
257,
3912,
284,
262,
8650,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 865 |
July 16, 2010
"Having HIV appears to be associated with a greater risk of death, even when the immune system is relatively robust and patients have not started treatment," according to a study published Friday in the Lancet, MedPage Today reports (Smith, 7/15).
Though the WHO recommends patients begin receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) when their CD4 levels -- a measure of immune system response -- dip below 350, "[t]he researchers said their findings point to the need for continuing studies to examine the risks and benefits of starting antiretroviral therapy, or ART, for patients with high CD4 cell counts," HealthDay News reports.
"For this study, researchers examined data from 40,830 HIV patients, aged 20 to 59, in Europe and North America, who had at least one CD4 count greater than 350 cells per microliter while not taking ART. The patients were divided into four risk groups: men who have sex with men, heterosexuals, injection drug users, and those with other or unknown risk factors," the news service writes.
"The relatively low rate for men who have sex with men suggests that unmeasured confounders -- such as lifestyle and socioeconomic factors -- might play a role in the high rates for the other groups, the researchers said," MedPage Today continues (7/15).
However, when compared to patients with CD4 counts between 350 and 499, the death rate was 23 percent lower in patients with counts of 500-699 and 34 percent lower with patients with counts at or above 700, according to the Lancet study. "Because ART might reduce the risk of death in such patients, these findings support the need for continuing studies (such as the START trial and further exploration of existing observational databases) of the risks and benefits of starting ART at CD4 counts greater than 350 cells per ?L," the authors conclude (Study Group on Death Rates at High CD4 Count in Antiretroviral Naive Patients, 7/16).
However, the study authors "cautioned that the findings may not apply outside Europe and North America, where all of the patients were under care. ? They also noted that all of the patients were diagnosed early in the course of the disease, and their attitudes to healthcare might differ from those diagnosed later," MedPage Today adds (7/15).
Top Issues at AIDS 2010; Fauci on HIV Vaccine, Prevention; Funding Global HIV/AIDS Programs; HIV in The Middle East, North Africa
IRIN/PlusNews examines some of the "issues likely to top the list" during the International AIDS Conference-AIDS 2010, which kicks off July 18 in Vienna, Austria, including universal access to treatment, recent scientific developments in the area of HIV/AIDS research and the topic of treatment as prevention (7/15).
The Kaiser Family Foundation will provide webcasts of select sessions from AIDS 2010 starting with the Opening Session LIVE at 19:30 CEST/17:30 GMT/1:30 p.m. ET on Sunday, July 18.
Agence France-Presse features a conversation with Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), who speaks of recent advances that scientists hope will bring them closer to the development of an HIV vaccine.
In the article, Fauci reflects on the results of the Thai HIV vaccine trial, which found an investigational HIV vaccine provided slight protection against HIV, and the recent discovery of three antibodies that protect against HIV in one individual. Fauci noted that while the two studies "have left scientists feeling 'much more confident that ultimately we will have a vaccine' against HIV/AIDS, although it was still impossible to say exactly when that would be," AFP writes.
Fauci also spoke of the importance of a continued emphasis on HIV prevention programs, including such things as male circumcision and syringe exchange programs. "Ways have to be found, too, to improve access to these preventive measures, especially in developing countries where only 20 percent of "populations who would benefit" actually have access to them, he added," the news service writes (Santini, 7/15).
In other news, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) on Thursday said international donors need to maintain their commitments for global HIV/AIDS programs ahead of AIDS 2010, during which they pointed to their recent report that estimated the potential consequences of "'delayed, deferred, or denied'" global HIV/AIDS funding on patient populations worldwide, Reuters reports.
"The report suggested that far from cutting back on treatment projects in high-risk developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, donors should recognise that investing now in earlier treatment for more patients would pay off later," the news service writes (Kelland, 7/15).
"MSF's study showed that early and sustained treatment of HIV patients had born fruit in several regions, including Malawi's Thyolo district where the overall death rate dropped by a stunning 37 percent between 2000 and 2007, thanks to universal access to ARVs," AFP reports. "Where patients get treatment, 'there is an overall reduction of mortality in the community, there is also less tuberculosis and we start to see, where there is a high coverage of ARV, also a reduction in the number of new cases (of HIV/AIDS),' said [Mit] Philips," who authored the MSF report (7/15).
"In light of the financial crisis, donors may be tempted to walk away from their commitments to provide universal access to AIDS treatment," the report said, according to Reuters. "But these policies are short-sighted and fail to take into account long-term payoffs, including savings in economic terms, as well as increased quality of life and quality outcomes," Reuters continues.
The report also said the U.S. is "'flatlining' funding for AIDS treatment,'" the news service adds (Kelland, 7/15).
In related HIV/AIDS coverage, the National reports on the U.N. Development Program and UNAIDS' decision to form a commission to examine "whether legal structures criminalise certain types of high-risk behaviour and drive the disease underground" and what that might mean for the Middle East.
"Last month's U.N. conference in Dubai found many countries in the Middle East and North Africa fall 'well short' of providing universal treatment, with sufferers often subject to ill-treatment, social stigma and discrimination," the newspaper writes (Reinl, 7/15).
Meanwhile, the Economist looks at the travel restrictions people living with HIV/AIDS face throughout the world, including the Middle East. "In the past year, both China and America have lifted 20-odd-year bans stopping individuals with HIV from entering, but 51 countries still restrict movement in some form (be it entry to the country or a stay therein) based on a person's HIV status," the magazine writes. The magazine features a graphic demonstrating the countries that apply "the severest restrictions to HIV sufferers, including the denial of entry visas and even deportation" (7/15).
No comments have been made. | [
16157,
1467,
11,
3050,
198,
1,
14698,
10498,
3568,
284,
307,
3917,
351,
257,
3744,
2526,
286,
1918,
11,
772,
618,
262,
10900,
1080,
318,
5365,
12373,
290,
3871,
423,
407,
2067,
3513,
553,
1864,
284,
257,
2050,
3199,
3217,
287,
262,
45122,
11,
2019,
9876,
6288,
3136,
357,
17919,
11,
767,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
10915,
262,
19494,
20829,
3871,
2221,
6464,
1885,
557,
83,
18657,
21093,
9102,
357,
7227,
8,
618,
511,
6458,
19,
2974,
1377,
257,
3953,
286,
10900,
1080,
2882,
1377,
19550,
2174,
13803,
11,
12878,
83,
60,
258,
4837,
531,
511,
6373,
966,
284,
262,
761,
329,
8282,
3640,
284,
10716,
262,
7476,
290,
4034,
286,
3599,
1885,
557,
83,
18657,
21093,
9102,
11,
393,
24278,
11,
329,
3871,
351,
1029,
6458,
19,
2685,
9853,
553,
3893,
12393,
3000,
3136,
13,
198,
1,
1890,
428,
2050,
11,
4837,
11068,
1366,
422,
2319,
11,
48341,
10498,
3871,
11,
9722,
1160,
284,
7863,
11,
287,
2031,
290,
2258,
2253,
11,
508,
550,
379,
1551,
530,
6458,
19,
954,
3744,
621,
13803,
4778,
583,
4580,
17201,
981,
407,
2263,
24278,
13,
383,
3871,
547,
9086,
656,
1440,
2526,
2628,
25,
1450,
508,
423,
1714,
351,
1450,
11,
24026,
82,
11,
16954,
2563,
2985,
11,
290,
883,
351,
584,
393,
6439,
2526,
5087,
553,
262,
1705,
2139,
6797,
13,
198,
1,
464,
5365,
1877,
2494,
329,
1450,
508,
423,
1714,
351,
1450,
5644,
326,
555,
1326,
34006,
1013,
633,
364,
1377,
884,
355,
12263,
290,
34406,
5087,
1377,
1244,
711,
257,
2597,
287,
262,
1029,
3965,
329,
262,
584,
2628,
11,
262,
4837,
531,
553,
2019,
9876,
6288,
4477,
357,
22,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
4864,
11,
618,
3688,
284,
3871,
351,
6458,
19,
9853,
1022,
13803,
290,
48391,
11,
262,
1918,
2494,
373,
2242,
1411,
2793,
287,
3871,
351,
9853,
286,
5323,
12,
47325,
290,
4974,
1411,
2793,
351,
3871,
351,
9853,
379,
393,
2029,
13037,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
45122,
2050,
13,
366,
8128,
24278,
1244,
4646,
262,
2526,
286,
1918,
287,
884,
3871,
11,
777,
6373,
1104,
262,
761,
329,
8282,
3640,
357,
10508,
355,
262,
33303,
4473,
290,
2252,
13936,
286,
4683,
40118,
20083,
8,
286,
262,
7476,
290,
4034,
286,
3599,
24278,
379,
6458,
19,
9853,
3744,
621,
13803,
4778,
583,
5633,
43,
553,
262,
7035,
13796,
357,
39841,
4912,
319,
5830,
34864,
379,
3334,
6458,
19,
2764,
287,
3738,
557,
83,
18657,
21093,
11013,
425,
28021,
11,
767,
14,
1433,
737,
198,
4864,
11,
262,
2050,
7035,
366,
6888,
1009,
276,
326,
262,
6373,
743,
407,
4174,
2354,
2031,
290,
2258,
2253,
11,
810,
477,
286,
262,
3871,
547,
739,
1337,
13,
5633,
1119,
635,
4367,
326,
477,
286,
262,
3871,
547,
14641,
1903,
287,
262,
1781,
286,
262,
4369,
11,
290,
511,
14479,
284,
11409,
1244,
13238,
422,
883,
14641,
1568,
553,
2019,
9876,
6288,
6673,
357,
22,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
9126,
22852,
379,
20408,
3050,
26,
376,
559,
979,
319,
10498,
31749,
500,
11,
18313,
26,
35249,
8060,
10498,
14,
39338,
26179,
26,
10498,
287,
383,
6046,
3687,
11,
2258,
5478,
198,
4663,
1268,
14,
17860,
9980,
28025,
617,
286,
262,
366,
37165,
1884,
284,
1353,
262,
1351,
1,
1141,
262,
4037,
20408,
8785,
12,
39338,
3050,
11,
543,
17364,
572,
2901,
1248,
287,
23825,
11,
17322,
11,
1390,
10112,
1895,
284,
3513,
11,
2274,
5654,
13312,
287,
262,
1989,
286,
10498,
14,
39338,
2267,
290,
262,
7243,
286,
3513,
355,
14196,
357,
22,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
464,
32670,
7884,
5693,
481,
2148,
3992,
40924,
286,
2922,
10991,
422,
20408,
3050,
3599,
351,
262,
25522,
23575,
28323,
379,
678,
25,
1270,
327,
6465,
14,
1558,
25,
1270,
16987,
14,
16,
25,
1270,
279,
13,
76,
13,
12152,
319,
3502,
11,
2901,
1248,
13,
198,
10262,
594,
4881,
12,
25460,
325,
3033,
257,
5273,
351,
9953,
376,
559,
979,
11,
1182,
286,
262,
2351,
5136,
329,
1439,
26079,
290,
26065,
699,
39988,
357,
45,
3539,
2389,
828,
508,
9209,
286,
2274,
14901,
326,
5519,
2911,
481,
2222,
606,
5699,
284,
262,
2478,
286,
281,
10498,
12319,
13,
198,
818,
262,
2708,
11,
376,
559,
979,
12497,
319,
262,
2482,
286,
262,
18933,
10498,
12319,
4473,
11,
543,
1043,
281,
2009,
864,
10498,
12319,
2810,
3731,
4800,
1028,
10498,
11,
290,
262,
2274,
9412,
286,
1115,
30869,
326,
1805,
1028,
10498,
287,
530,
1981,
13,
376,
559,
979,
4367,
326,
981,
262,
734,
3640,
366,
14150,
1364,
5519,
4203,
705,
29482,
517,
6563,
326,
6165,
356,
481,
423,
257,
12319,
6,
1028,
10498,
14,
39338,
11,
3584,
340,
373,
991,
5340,
284,
910,
3446,
618,
326,
561,
307,
553,
8916,
6797,
13,
198,
37,
559,
979,
635,
5158,
286,
262,
6817,
286,
257,
3767,
12476,
319,
10498,
14196,
4056,
11,
1390,
884,
1243,
355,
4257,
25513,
290,
827,
38229,
5163,
4056,
13,
366,
54,
592,
423,
284,
307,
1043,
11,
1165,
11,
284,
2987,
1895,
284,
777,
37197,
5260,
11,
2592,
287,
5922,
2678,
810,
691,
1160,
1411,
286,
366,
12924,
5768,
508,
561,
4414,
1,
1682,
423,
1895,
284,
606,
11,
339,
2087,
553,
262,
1705,
2139,
6797,
357,
50,
415,
5362,
11,
767,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
818,
584,
1705,
11,
2019,
721,
1040,
20845,
8880,
494,
411,
357,
5653,
37,
8,
319,
3635,
531,
3230,
13334,
761,
284,
5529,
511,
19405,
329,
3298,
10498,
14,
39338,
4056,
4058,
286,
20408,
3050,
11,
1141,
543,
484,
6235,
284,
511,
2274,
989,
326,
6108,
262,
2785,
6948,
286,
24018,
12381,
16548,
11,
28651,
11,
393,
6699,
29653,
3298,
10498,
14,
39338,
4918,
319,
5827,
9684,
8688,
11,
8428,
3136,
13,
198,
1,
464,
989,
5220,
326,
1290,
422,
7720,
736,
319,
3513,
4493,
287,
1029,
12,
19121,
5922,
7652,
884,
355,
850,
12,
40461,
5478,
11,
13334,
815,
21817,
326,
14771,
783,
287,
2961,
3513,
329,
517,
3871,
561,
1414,
572,
1568,
553,
262,
1705,
2139,
6797,
357,
42,
695,
392,
11,
767,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
1,
5653,
37,
338,
2050,
3751,
326,
1903,
290,
12605,
3513,
286,
10498,
3871,
550,
4642,
8234,
287,
1811,
7652,
11,
1390,
4434,
23368,
338,
31468,
14057,
4783,
810,
262,
4045,
1918,
2494,
5710,
416,
257,
13393,
5214,
1411,
1022,
4751,
290,
4343,
11,
5176,
284,
10112,
1895,
284,
5923,
23266,
553,
8916,
3136,
13,
366,
8496,
3871,
651,
3513,
11,
705,
8117,
318,
281,
4045,
7741,
286,
12430,
287,
262,
2055,
11,
612,
318,
635,
1342,
44222,
290,
356,
923,
284,
766,
11,
810,
612,
318,
257,
1029,
5197,
286,
5923,
53,
11,
635,
257,
7741,
287,
262,
1271,
286,
649,
2663,
357,
1659,
10498,
14,
39338,
828,
6,
531,
685,
43339,
60,
46905,
553,
508,
33941,
262,
6579,
37,
989,
357,
22,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
1,
818,
1657,
286,
262,
3176,
4902,
11,
13334,
743,
307,
26194,
284,
2513,
1497,
422,
511,
19405,
284,
2148,
10112,
1895,
284,
20408,
3513,
553,
262,
989,
531,
11,
1864,
284,
8428,
13,
366,
1537,
777,
4788,
389,
1790,
12,
44068,
290,
2038,
284,
1011,
656,
1848,
890,
12,
4354,
1414,
8210,
11,
1390,
10653,
287,
3034,
2846,
11,
355,
880,
355,
3220,
3081,
286,
1204,
290,
3081,
10906,
553,
8428,
4477,
13,
198,
464,
989,
635,
531,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
318,
24018,
38568,
21310,
6,
4918,
329,
20408,
3513,
16078,
262,
1705,
2139,
6673,
357,
42,
695,
392,
11,
767,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
818,
3519,
10498,
14,
39338,
5197,
11,
262,
2351,
3136,
319,
262,
471,
13,
45,
13,
7712,
6118,
290,
471,
4535,
14255,
6,
2551,
284,
1296,
257,
5810,
284,
10716,
366,
25356,
2742,
8573,
4301,
786,
1728,
3858,
286,
1029,
12,
19121,
9172,
290,
3708,
262,
4369,
11447,
1,
290,
644,
326,
1244,
1612,
329,
262,
6046,
3687,
13,
198,
1,
5956,
1227,
338,
471,
13,
45,
13,
4495,
287,
24520,
1043,
867,
2678,
287,
262,
6046,
3687,
290,
2258,
5478,
2121,
705,
4053,
1790,
6,
286,
4955,
10112,
3513,
11,
351,
3027,
19288,
1690,
2426,
284,
2801,
12,
42487,
11,
1919,
26695,
290,
8839,
553,
262,
7533,
6797,
357,
3041,
259,
75,
11,
767,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
10294,
11,
262,
36619,
3073,
379,
262,
3067,
8733,
661,
2877,
351,
10498,
14,
39338,
1986,
3690,
262,
995,
11,
1390,
262,
6046,
3687,
13,
366,
818,
262,
1613,
614,
11,
1111,
2807,
290,
2253,
423,
13663,
1160,
12,
5088,
12,
1941,
20075,
12225,
3925,
351,
10498,
422,
8218,
11,
475,
6885,
2678,
991,
4239,
3356,
287,
617,
1296,
357,
1350,
340,
5726,
284,
262,
1499,
393,
257,
2652,
27258,
8,
1912,
319,
257,
1048,
338,
10498,
3722,
553,
262,
7093,
6797,
13,
383,
7093,
3033,
257,
13028,
21135,
262,
2678,
326,
4174,
366,
1169,
384,
303,
2118,
8733,
284,
10498,
3027,
19288,
11,
1390,
262,
14425,
286,
5726,
23727,
290,
772,
24031,
1,
357,
22,
14,
1314,
737,
198,
2949,
3651,
423,
587,
925,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,469 |
On 14 February 1916, on the occasion of a banquet held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada in Montréal, a call was placed to Vancouver - the first trans-Canadian telephone call, albeit routed through large parts of the United States. It would be another 16 years before such a call using all-Canadian lines would be made.
In the 1920s the Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) created their own telephone companies, shrinking Bell's influence somewhat and precipitating the creation of alliances to ensure the provision of coast-to-coast telephone service through a series of toll and collaboration agreements.
The first such alliance was the Telephone Association of Canada, which was formed in the early 1920s and which was followed by the Trans-Canada Telephone System (TCTS) in 1931. The purpose of the TCTS was to ensure the creation and maintenance of a seamless, coast-to-coast telephone system. TCTS was eventually followed by the Stentor Alliance in 1992. Stentor was broken up by the end of 1999 upon Bell's promise to provide "national operational services" to the other telephone companies.
All-digit dialling replaced the combination of letters and numbers on the Bell network on 1 May 1960 in the Québec cities of Ormstown and Franklin Centre. On 15 March 1962, Bell became the first company in the world to offer commercial facsimile services.
What is known today as BCE was created in 1983 through a corporate reorganization whereby BCE became parent to over 80 companies previously known as the Bell Group, of which Bell Canada, the country's largest telephone company, had been head. This reorganization was designed to cast off charter restrictions inhibiting certain corporate acquisitions and investments and remove from detailed regulatory scrutiny many activities and inter-corporate dealings.
BCE and other providers of telecommunications services have moved beyond the traditional range of voice-to-voice services and will continue to do so, subject to consumer acceptance and the CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission). Already providers of high-speed Internet and satellite TV services are aligning themselves with so-called "content providers" (such as The Globe and Mail, in the case of BCE), preparing to enter the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) market, and seeking permission to carry TV signals via their phone lines. A major step in the company's vertical integration of services came with the $1.3 billion acquisition of CTV Inc, the country's largest broadcaster, in 2011. The deal achieved CRTC approval with BCE's pledge of $245 million to be spent over the next seven years to create new programs, enlarge local news budgets and for other initiatives to reinforce domestic production and to move the network toward digital transmission."
At the end of 2003, BCE Inc was organized into four distinct business segments: Bell Canada (85.2% share of 2003 revenues), Bell Globemedia (7%), BCE Ventures (6.2%), and BCE Emergis (1.6%).
Bell Canada is by far the company's largest operating division and has come a long way from being a mere provider of telephone services. It is involved in the enabling and delivery of a wide range of communications through wired telephone traffic, cellular telephones, Internet access, and satellite television. The company remains a major player in wired telephone traffic and is the incumbent telephone company in Ontario, Québec, Atlantic Canada, and Canada's North.
Bell Globemedia represents BCE's foray into the area of media convergence, bringing together the television operations of CTV, which include the main network, The Sports Network (TSN), and a host of other specialty channels; and the media assets of Thomson Corporation, chief among them The Globe and Mail. BCE's stake in Bell Globemedia is 70.1 percent.
The BCE Ventures segment is used to combine a number of BCE's operations for management purposes, notably Telesat, a wholly owned provider of satellite communications and systems management services and CGI, a 29.8 percent owned IT services company, which itself is publicly traded.
BCE Emergis is an e-business service provider, focusing on the processing of claims, payments, loans and security services related to the health and financial services sector. In mid-2004, BCE sold off its interest in BCE Emergis through a public offering in an effort to streamline its operations.
Under its self-imposed mandate of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), BCE invests in a wide range of areas and causes. In 2003 the company's investment totalled $67 million and was spread over four areas: Workplace, University Innovation, Society, and Environment.
Sixteen million (or some 24 percent) of this amount was invested under the Society heading and went to youth organizations such as the Boys and Girls Clubs of Canada and Allô Prof; the United Way; and other community development. The company's support of the Bell University Labs and other research and development activities came to $5.4 million and is intended to support goals such as increased innovation activities in western and Atlantic Canada.
BCE's CSR efforts are company-wide and funds come from corporate sources as well as employee contributions, either through donations or volunteering.
See also TORONTO FEATURE: 299 QUEEN STREET WEST.
Author ROBERT E. BABE Rev: SASHA YUSUFALI
Links to Other Sites
Bell Canada's website for consumer products and services.
Keys to History
Search this "Keys to History" website for fascinating online exhibits about notable people, places, and events in Canadian history. From Montréal's McCord Museum.
The online home of TMX Group, which owns and operates the Toronto Stock Exchange and the TSX Venture Exchange. For real-time and historical market data, sector profiles, and financial information about listed companies, click on listed company directory on left side of page or enter stock symbol in the search box.
The corporate website for BCE, Canada's largest communications company.
A bilingual glossary of frequently used terms and industry acronyms used in the wireless telecommunications industry.
System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval
Search the SEDAR online database for disclosure documents of Canadian public companies and mutual funds. From the Canadian Securities Administrators.
Bell acquires all of Virgin Mobile Canada
A CBC News story about Bell Canada's acquisition of Virgin Mobile Canada.
Search the Reuters website for the latest news and reports about specific Canadian companies and business sectors.
Canada's Bell to acquire Astral Media for C$3 billion
A Reuters news story about the purchase of Astral Media by BCE Inc, parent of Bell Canada, said to be a move to expand Bell's business activity in the province of Québec. | [
2202,
1478,
3945,
32811,
11,
319,
262,
6695,
286,
257,
47600,
2714,
416,
262,
7459,
44735,
5834,
286,
3340,
287,
5575,
29350,
282,
11,
257,
869,
373,
4624,
284,
10930,
532,
262,
717,
1007,
12,
28203,
11426,
869,
11,
18244,
42101,
832,
1588,
3354,
286,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
632,
561,
307,
1194,
1467,
812,
878,
884,
257,
869,
1262,
477,
12,
28203,
3951,
561,
307,
925,
13,
198,
818,
262,
14062,
82,
262,
41196,
17812,
357,
42590,
64,
11,
31346,
11,
290,
28293,
8,
2727,
511,
898,
11426,
2706,
11,
27382,
7459,
338,
4588,
6454,
290,
18812,
21712,
262,
6282,
286,
29614,
284,
4155,
262,
8287,
286,
7051,
12,
1462,
12,
1073,
459,
11426,
2139,
832,
257,
2168,
286,
13592,
290,
12438,
11704,
13,
198,
464,
717,
884,
12801,
373,
262,
44735,
5396,
286,
3340,
11,
543,
373,
7042,
287,
262,
1903,
14062,
82,
290,
543,
373,
3940,
416,
262,
3602,
12,
17940,
44735,
4482,
357,
51,
4177,
50,
8,
287,
34625,
13,
383,
4007,
286,
262,
309,
4177,
50,
373,
284,
4155,
262,
6282,
290,
9262,
286,
257,
32354,
11,
7051,
12,
1462,
12,
1073,
459,
11426,
1080,
13,
309,
4177,
50,
373,
4191,
3940,
416,
262,
520,
298,
273,
10302,
287,
9768,
13,
520,
298,
273,
373,
5445,
510,
416,
262,
886,
286,
7358,
2402,
7459,
338,
6991,
284,
2148,
366,
14648,
13919,
2594,
1,
284,
262,
584,
11426,
2706,
13,
198,
3237,
12,
27003,
2566,
9221,
6928,
262,
6087,
286,
7475,
290,
3146,
319,
262,
7459,
3127,
319,
352,
1737,
9507,
287,
262,
46345,
9423,
4736,
286,
1471,
76,
27928,
290,
14021,
9072,
13,
1550,
1315,
2805,
20033,
11,
7459,
2627,
262,
717,
1664,
287,
262,
995,
284,
2897,
5068,
1777,
14323,
576,
2594,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
1900,
1909,
355,
37078,
373,
2727,
287,
13540,
832,
257,
6355,
35459,
1634,
23482,
37078,
2627,
2560,
284,
625,
4019,
2706,
4271,
1900,
355,
262,
7459,
4912,
11,
286,
543,
7459,
3340,
11,
262,
1499,
338,
4387,
11426,
1664,
11,
550,
587,
1182,
13,
770,
35459,
1634,
373,
3562,
284,
3350,
572,
17422,
8733,
11062,
1780,
1728,
6355,
33683,
290,
11115,
290,
4781,
422,
6496,
11344,
14521,
867,
4568,
290,
987,
12,
10215,
38133,
29043,
13,
198,
2749,
36,
290,
584,
9549,
286,
27473,
2594,
423,
3888,
3675,
262,
4569,
2837,
286,
3809,
12,
1462,
12,
38888,
2594,
290,
481,
2555,
284,
466,
523,
11,
2426,
284,
7172,
13427,
290,
262,
8740,
4825,
357,
28203,
8829,
12,
660,
5024,
290,
48667,
4513,
737,
27511,
9549,
286,
1029,
12,
12287,
4455,
290,
11210,
3195,
2594,
389,
10548,
278,
2405,
351,
523,
12,
7174,
366,
11299,
9549,
1,
357,
10508,
355,
383,
18260,
290,
11099,
11,
287,
262,
1339,
286,
37078,
828,
10629,
284,
3802,
262,
15282,
625,
4455,
20497,
357,
42144,
4061,
8,
1910,
11,
290,
6095,
7170,
284,
3283,
3195,
10425,
2884,
511,
3072,
3951,
13,
317,
1688,
2239,
287,
262,
1664,
338,
11723,
11812,
286,
2594,
1625,
351,
262,
720,
16,
13,
18,
2997,
12673,
286,
327,
6849,
3457,
11,
262,
1499,
338,
4387,
26661,
11,
287,
2813,
13,
383,
1730,
8793,
8740,
4825,
7546,
351,
37078,
338,
13995,
286,
720,
22995,
1510,
284,
307,
3377,
625,
262,
1306,
3598,
812,
284,
2251,
649,
4056,
11,
27475,
1957,
1705,
21011,
290,
329,
584,
15446,
284,
19594,
5928,
3227,
290,
284,
1445,
262,
3127,
3812,
4875,
11478,
526,
198,
2953,
262,
886,
286,
5816,
11,
37078,
3457,
373,
8389,
656,
1440,
7310,
1597,
17894,
25,
7459,
3340,
357,
5332,
13,
17,
4,
2648,
286,
5816,
13089,
828,
7459,
40713,
368,
5507,
357,
22,
15920,
37078,
41673,
357,
21,
13,
17,
15920,
290,
37078,
10320,
70,
271,
357,
16,
13,
21,
18823,
198,
36488,
3340,
318,
416,
1290,
262,
1664,
338,
4387,
5361,
7297,
290,
468,
1282,
257,
890,
835,
422,
852,
257,
5019,
10131,
286,
11426,
2594,
13,
632,
318,
2950,
287,
262,
15882,
290,
7585,
286,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
8062,
832,
28217,
11426,
4979,
11,
19824,
5735,
9708,
11,
4455,
1895,
11,
290,
11210,
5581,
13,
383,
1664,
3793,
257,
1688,
2137,
287,
28217,
11426,
4979,
290,
318,
262,
23526,
11426,
1664,
287,
10553,
11,
46345,
9423,
11,
10596,
3340,
11,
290,
3340,
338,
2258,
13,
198,
36488,
40713,
368,
5507,
6870,
37078,
338,
47773,
656,
262,
1989,
286,
2056,
40826,
11,
6079,
1978,
262,
5581,
4560,
286,
327,
6849,
11,
543,
2291,
262,
1388,
3127,
11,
383,
7092,
7311,
357,
4694,
45,
828,
290,
257,
2583,
286,
584,
22847,
9619,
26,
290,
262,
2056,
6798,
286,
32425,
10501,
11,
4039,
1871,
606,
383,
18260,
290,
11099,
13,
37078,
338,
10171,
287,
7459,
40713,
368,
5507,
318,
4317,
13,
16,
1411,
13,
198,
464,
37078,
41673,
10618,
318,
973,
284,
12082,
257,
1271,
286,
37078,
338,
4560,
329,
4542,
4959,
11,
14660,
12088,
274,
265,
11,
257,
18174,
6898,
10131,
286,
11210,
8062,
290,
3341,
4542,
2594,
290,
36378,
11,
257,
2808,
13,
23,
1411,
6898,
7283,
2594,
1664,
11,
543,
2346,
318,
7271,
14018,
13,
198,
2749,
36,
10320,
70,
271,
318,
281,
304,
12,
22680,
2139,
10131,
11,
10759,
319,
262,
7587,
286,
3667,
11,
7524,
11,
10021,
290,
2324,
2594,
3519,
284,
262,
1535,
290,
3176,
2594,
6567,
13,
554,
3095,
12,
15724,
11,
37078,
2702,
572,
663,
1393,
287,
37078,
10320,
70,
271,
832,
257,
1171,
6011,
287,
281,
3626,
284,
4269,
1370,
663,
4560,
13,
198,
9203,
663,
2116,
12,
36457,
14598,
286,
26040,
5483,
42988,
357,
7902,
49,
828,
37078,
49862,
287,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
3006,
290,
5640,
13,
554,
5816,
262,
1664,
338,
4896,
2006,
4262,
720,
3134,
1510,
290,
373,
4104,
625,
1440,
3006,
25,
5521,
5372,
11,
2059,
27724,
11,
7023,
11,
290,
9344,
13,
198,
21447,
7821,
1510,
357,
273,
617,
1987,
1411,
8,
286,
428,
2033,
373,
13356,
739,
262,
7023,
9087,
290,
1816,
284,
6205,
5745,
884,
355,
262,
17528,
290,
12002,
48901,
286,
3340,
290,
1439,
27083,
4415,
26,
262,
1578,
6378,
26,
290,
584,
2055,
2478,
13,
383,
1664,
338,
1104,
286,
262,
7459,
2059,
23500,
290,
584,
2267,
290,
2478,
4568,
1625,
284,
720,
20,
13,
19,
1510,
290,
318,
5292,
284,
1104,
4661,
884,
355,
3220,
11044,
4568,
287,
8830,
290,
10596,
3340,
13,
198,
2749,
36,
338,
9429,
49,
4040,
389,
1664,
12,
4421,
290,
5153,
1282,
422,
6355,
4237,
355,
880,
355,
6538,
9284,
11,
2035,
832,
10976,
393,
41434,
13,
198,
6214,
635,
40691,
1340,
10468,
18630,
40086,
25,
31011,
1195,
8924,
1677,
3563,
2200,
2767,
370,
6465,
13,
198,
13838,
36449,
17395,
412,
13,
347,
6242,
36,
5416,
25,
35516,
7801,
575,
2937,
36820,
1847,
40,
198,
31815,
284,
3819,
37034,
198,
36488,
3340,
338,
3052,
329,
7172,
3186,
290,
2594,
13,
198,
40729,
284,
7443,
198,
18243,
428,
366,
40729,
284,
7443,
1,
3052,
329,
13899,
2691,
27508,
546,
12411,
661,
11,
4113,
11,
290,
2995,
287,
5398,
2106,
13,
3574,
5575,
29350,
282,
338,
5108,
585,
9594,
13,
198,
464,
2691,
1363,
286,
21232,
55,
4912,
11,
543,
12216,
290,
14051,
262,
6586,
10500,
12516,
290,
262,
26136,
55,
35686,
12516,
13,
1114,
1103,
12,
2435,
290,
6754,
1910,
1366,
11,
6567,
16545,
11,
290,
3176,
1321,
546,
5610,
2706,
11,
3904,
319,
5610,
1664,
8619,
319,
1364,
1735,
286,
2443,
393,
3802,
4283,
6194,
287,
262,
2989,
3091,
13,
198,
464,
6355,
3052,
329,
37078,
11,
3340,
338,
4387,
8062,
1664,
13,
198,
32,
48116,
21194,
560,
286,
6777,
973,
2846,
290,
2831,
33898,
88,
907,
973,
287,
262,
12521,
27473,
2831,
13,
198,
11964,
329,
19508,
16854,
14691,
290,
4990,
380,
18206,
198,
18243,
262,
311,
1961,
1503,
2691,
6831,
329,
13019,
4963,
286,
5398,
1171,
2706,
290,
13584,
5153,
13,
3574,
262,
5398,
22971,
6813,
18942,
13,
198,
36488,
4078,
2387,
477,
286,
5283,
12173,
3340,
198,
32,
20244,
3000,
1621,
546,
7459,
3340,
338,
12673,
286,
5283,
12173,
3340,
13,
198,
18243,
262,
8428,
3052,
329,
262,
3452,
1705,
290,
3136,
546,
2176,
5398,
2706,
290,
1597,
16020,
13,
198,
17940,
338,
7459,
284,
12831,
34496,
6343,
329,
327,
3,
18,
2997,
198,
32,
8428,
1705,
1621,
546,
262,
5001,
286,
34496,
6343,
416,
37078,
3457,
11,
2560,
286,
7459,
3340,
11,
531,
284,
307,
257,
1445,
284,
4292,
7459,
338,
1597,
3842,
287,
262,
8473,
286,
46345,
9423,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,382 |
This year, THE CONCRETE PRODUCER, with our sister publication, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, introduced the GreenSite Project of the Year con contest honoring the concrete community's efforts to promote concrete's role in creating eco-friendly structures that will stand the test of time.
The name “GreenSite” reflects the innovative processes and materials that create a green building project, many of which are invisible in the final product. For instance, visitors to the Aldo Leopold Legacy Center in Wisconsin breathe air that is pretreated by an underground concrete pipe ventilation system. Meanwhile, in Philadelphia, lightweight CarbonCast walls protect residents of the Symphony House condominiums from the elements, while using less energy and fewer materials than traditional concrete panels.
TCP's 2008 GreenSite winners each represent a different category: Institutional, Commercial, Multifamily, Residential, and High-rise. For more details and photos of each project, click here.
To learn how to participate in next year's GreenSite Project of the Year, click here.
InstitutionalGrand Rapids Art Museum Grand Rapids, Mich.
When planning for the new Grand Rapids Art Museum, project officials and donors decided to pursue Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification “with a vengeance,” to make it the world's first newly built, LEED-certified art museum. They eventually exceeded this goal with a Gold level certification by incorporating green design elements and sustainable building materials.
Concrete was an important contributor to the project's sustainability and design flexibility. Of the many elements brought to life in this 135,000-square-foot building, the architectural concrete exterior stands out as one of its most beautiful components. At the same time, the museum's 12-inch-thick, cast-in-place concrete walls optimize energy use by keeping the building warm or cold.
Inside, exposed concrete walls feature tie holes aligned in rows and columns, and defined corners and reveals. A sequence of 177 separate architectural concrete pours led to a one-of-a-kind forming system. The forms, which called for sharp corners, needed to be watertight around the tie holes and edges. Each pour had zero tolerance for rework, since patches were not allowed.
Concrete also helped meet LEED material requirements because much of it came from local sources, requiring less energy in transportation. The museum's 20,000 yards of 4000 to 6000 psi concrete contained 3% recycled content and 100% regional materials.
Other items that contribute to the sustainable quality of the museum include extensive use of natural light, gray water collection, management, and recycling, and an innovative mechanical system that uses energy recovery wheels to pre-condition incoming fresh air and lower energy requirements. | [
1212,
614,
11,
3336,
39962,
2200,
9328,
4810,
3727,
9598,
1137,
11,
351,
674,
6621,
9207,
11,
39962,
2200,
9328,
7102,
46126,
2849,
11,
5495,
262,
3469,
29123,
4935,
286,
262,
6280,
369,
8414,
38276,
262,
10017,
2055,
338,
4040,
284,
7719,
10017,
338,
2597,
287,
4441,
34286,
12,
13120,
8573,
326,
481,
1302,
262,
1332,
286,
640,
13,
198,
464,
1438,
564,
250,
13719,
29123,
447,
251,
12497,
262,
13097,
7767,
290,
5696,
326,
2251,
257,
4077,
2615,
1628,
11,
867,
286,
543,
389,
14836,
287,
262,
2457,
1720,
13,
1114,
4554,
11,
9692,
284,
262,
15586,
78,
1004,
404,
727,
14843,
3337,
287,
9279,
18044,
1633,
326,
318,
2181,
15978,
416,
281,
11447,
10017,
12656,
34834,
1080,
13,
11214,
11,
287,
8857,
11,
18700,
23699,
19248,
7714,
1805,
5085,
286,
262,
33195,
2097,
1779,
46134,
82,
422,
262,
4847,
11,
981,
1262,
1342,
2568,
290,
7380,
5696,
621,
4569,
10017,
13043,
13,
198,
4825,
47,
338,
3648,
3469,
29123,
14591,
1123,
2380,
257,
1180,
6536,
25,
2262,
5677,
11,
22724,
11,
7854,
361,
5993,
11,
46388,
11,
290,
3334,
12,
17163,
13,
1114,
517,
3307,
290,
5205,
286,
1123,
1628,
11,
3904,
994,
13,
198,
2514,
2193,
703,
284,
8277,
287,
1306,
614,
338,
3469,
29123,
4935,
286,
262,
6280,
11,
3904,
994,
13,
198,
6310,
5677,
23581,
27466,
3683,
9594,
5675,
27466,
11,
2843,
13,
198,
2215,
5410,
329,
262,
649,
5675,
27466,
3683,
9594,
11,
1628,
2828,
290,
13334,
3066,
284,
10660,
26935,
287,
6682,
290,
13272,
8495,
357,
2538,
1961,
8,
18094,
564,
250,
4480,
257,
30657,
11,
447,
251,
284,
787,
340,
262,
995,
338,
717,
8308,
3170,
11,
12509,
1961,
12,
22583,
1431,
1242,
13257,
13,
1119,
4191,
20672,
428,
3061,
351,
257,
3561,
1241,
18094,
416,
29927,
4077,
1486,
4847,
290,
13347,
2615,
5696,
13,
198,
3103,
38669,
373,
281,
1593,
18920,
284,
262,
1628,
338,
26809,
290,
1486,
13688,
13,
3226,
262,
867,
4847,
3181,
284,
1204,
287,
428,
17501,
11,
830,
12,
23415,
12,
5898,
2615,
11,
262,
27070,
10017,
20897,
6296,
503,
355,
530,
286,
663,
749,
4950,
6805,
13,
1629,
262,
976,
640,
11,
262,
13257,
338,
1105,
12,
8589,
12,
400,
624,
11,
3350,
12,
259,
12,
5372,
10017,
7714,
27183,
2568,
779,
416,
5291,
262,
2615,
5814,
393,
4692,
13,
198,
24441,
11,
7362,
10017,
7714,
3895,
9839,
10421,
19874,
287,
15274,
290,
15180,
11,
290,
5447,
14371,
290,
10069,
13,
317,
8379,
286,
26607,
4553,
27070,
10017,
279,
4662,
2957,
284,
257,
530,
12,
1659,
12,
64,
12,
11031,
14583,
1080,
13,
383,
5107,
11,
543,
1444,
329,
7786,
14371,
11,
2622,
284,
307,
1660,
33464,
1088,
262,
9839,
10421,
290,
13015,
13,
5501,
12797,
550,
6632,
15621,
329,
302,
1818,
11,
1201,
16082,
547,
407,
3142,
13,
198,
3103,
38669,
635,
4193,
1826,
12509,
1961,
2587,
5359,
780,
881,
286,
340,
1625,
422,
1957,
4237,
11,
10616,
1342,
2568,
287,
9358,
13,
383,
13257,
338,
1160,
11,
830,
5695,
286,
30123,
284,
39064,
46231,
10017,
7763,
513,
4,
32099,
2695,
290,
1802,
4,
7915,
5696,
13,
198,
6395,
3709,
326,
8676,
284,
262,
13347,
3081,
286,
262,
13257,
2291,
7667,
779,
286,
3288,
1657,
11,
12768,
1660,
4947,
11,
4542,
11,
290,
25914,
11,
290,
281,
13097,
12370,
1080,
326,
3544,
2568,
7628,
13666,
284,
662,
12,
31448,
15619,
4713,
1633,
290,
2793,
2568,
5359,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 563 |
An ancient Christian writer wrote that, "of all divine things, the most divine is to share with God in the saving of souls."
Interestingly, God and Souls was the motto of St. Maria Faustina Kowalska, whose revelations in the 1930s led to the modern Divine Mercy movement.
Our Lord asked St. Faustina to pray and offer the Chaplet of The Divine Mercy for sinners and the dying, saying:
Pray as much as you can for the dying. By your entreaties [that is, insistent prayers], obtain for them trust in My mercy, because they have most need of trust, and have it the least. Be assured that the grace of eternal salvation for certain souls in their final moment depends on your prayer. You know the whole abyss of My mercy, so draw upon it for yourself and especially for poor sinners. Sooner would heaven and earth turn into nothingness than would My mercy not embrace a trusting soul." (Diary of St. Faustina, 1777)
Saint Faustina was often given the grace to know when a certain dying person desired or needed prayer; she would be alerted to the moment, by her Guardian Angel or by our Lord Himself. At those times she would pray until she no longer felt the need to pray, or a sense of peace came upon her, or she learned that the person had died, or heard the soul say, "Thank You!" She wrote: "Oh, dying souls are in such great need of prayer! O Jesus, inspire souls to pray often for the dying" (Diary, 1015).
One of the best means of assisting the dying is the one that Jesus revealed to St. Faustina and insisted that she use often, even continuously: The Chaplet of The Divine Mercy. Jesus said, "My daughter, encourage souls to say the chaplet which I have given to you. It pleases Me to grant everything they ask of Me by saying the chaplet. ... Write that when they say this chaplet in the presence of the dying, I will stand between My Father and the dying person, not as the just Judge but as the merciful Savior" (Diary, 1541).
Earlier, our Lord said to her, "At the hour of their death, I defend as My own glory every soul that will say this chaplet; or when others say it for a dying person, the indulgence is the same" (Diary, 811).
What if the person prays from a distance? Saint Faustina had a love for the sick and dying, and she prayed for them with great fervor. The following experiences recorded in her Diary make it clear that one does not have to be at the bedside physically. She wrote, "It sometimes happens that the dying person is in the second or third building away, yet for the spirit, space does not exist. It sometimes happens that I know about a death occurring several hundred kilometers away. This has happened several times with regard to my family and relatives and also sisters in religion, and even souls whom I have not known during their lifetime" (Diary, 835).
Our Lord said to St. Faustina, "'My daughter, help Me to save a certain dying sinner. Say the chaplet that I have taught you for him.' When I began to say the chaplet, I saw the man dying in the midst of terrible torment and struggle. His Guardian Angel was defending him, but he was, as it were, powerless against the enormity of the soul's misery. A multitude of devils was waiting for the soul. But while I was saying the chaplet, I saw Jesus just as He is depicted in the image. The rays which issued from Jesus' Heart enveloped the sick man, and the powers of darkness fled in panic. The sick man peacefully breathed his last. When I came to myself, I understood how very important the chaplet was for the dying. It appeases the anger of God" (Diary, 1565).
These words are particularly relevant for members of the Eucharistic Apostles of The Divine Mercy (EADM) and all Eucharistic adorers. In chapels throughout the world, they are reciting or praying the chaplet for the sick and dying, and are part of an international registry established by the ministry.
We currently have more than 400 chapels worldwide praying the Chaplet of The Divine Mercy hourly during Eucharistic Adoration for the sick and dying. This includes 14 cloistered convents of Poor Clares in India and Bangladesh. Moreover, on the occasion of the Great Jubilee of the year 2000, the Holy Father, Pope John Paul II, by a personally signed parchment, imparted a Special Apostolic Blessing "to all the faithful, who during Adoration of Our Most Merciful Savior in the Most Blessed Sacrament of the altar will be praying the Divine Mercy Chaplet for the sick and for those throughout the world who will be dying in that hour." A copy of the blessing is available for chapels whose adorers pray for the sick and dying.
In addition, on the Feast of the Incarnation in 2003, Pope John Paul II imparted a Special Apostolic Blessing to all the faithful worldwide who pray the chaplet at any time and any place for pro-life causes: for mothers contemplating abortion; for infants dying in the womb; for victims of stem cell research, genetic manipulation, euthanasia; and for all elected officials that they promote a culture of life. So it is most appropriate that people worldwide pray a chaplet for all those dying, as well as for all the pro-life causes.
For more information, call the Eucharistic Apostles of The Divine Mercy (EADM) at 1-877-380-0727.
Dr. Bryan Thatcher, MD, is the founder and director of Eucharistic Apostles of The Divine Mercy (EADM). He travels the world promoting the Eucharist, prayer cenacles, and the message of Divine Mercy as a "way of life." Learn more about EADM. | [
2025,
6156,
4302,
6260,
2630,
326,
11,
366,
1659,
477,
11871,
1243,
11,
262,
749,
11871,
318,
284,
2648,
351,
1793,
287,
262,
8914,
286,
15625,
526,
198,
33092,
11,
1793,
290,
18541,
373,
262,
33600,
286,
520,
13,
14200,
47411,
1437,
509,
322,
874,
4914,
11,
3025,
19111,
287,
262,
15533,
82,
2957,
284,
262,
3660,
13009,
30759,
3356,
13,
198,
5122,
4453,
1965,
520,
13,
47411,
1437,
284,
12472,
290,
2897,
262,
15954,
1616,
286,
383,
13009,
30759,
329,
49279,
290,
262,
9950,
11,
2282,
25,
198,
47,
2433,
355,
881,
355,
345,
460,
329,
262,
9950,
13,
2750,
534,
920,
630,
444,
685,
5562,
318,
11,
1035,
7609,
15707,
4357,
7330,
329,
606,
3774,
287,
2011,
17703,
11,
780,
484,
423,
749,
761,
286,
3774,
11,
290,
423,
340,
262,
1551,
13,
1355,
13933,
326,
262,
11542,
286,
15851,
21005,
329,
1728,
15625,
287,
511,
2457,
2589,
8338,
319,
534,
11443,
13,
921,
760,
262,
2187,
37678,
286,
2011,
17703,
11,
523,
3197,
2402,
340,
329,
3511,
290,
2592,
329,
3595,
49279,
13,
1406,
14491,
561,
9538,
290,
4534,
1210,
656,
2147,
1108,
621,
561,
2011,
17703,
407,
12553,
257,
33914,
5848,
526,
357,
35,
8042,
286,
520,
13,
47411,
1437,
11,
1596,
3324,
8,
198,
48615,
47411,
1437,
373,
1690,
1813,
262,
11542,
284,
760,
618,
257,
1728,
9950,
1048,
10348,
393,
2622,
11443,
26,
673,
561,
307,
28608,
284,
262,
2589,
11,
416,
607,
8283,
3905,
393,
416,
674,
4453,
31657,
13,
1629,
883,
1661,
673,
561,
12472,
1566,
673,
645,
2392,
2936,
262,
761,
284,
12472,
11,
393,
257,
2565,
286,
4167,
1625,
2402,
607,
11,
393,
673,
4499,
326,
262,
1048,
550,
3724,
11,
393,
2982,
262,
5848,
910,
11,
366,
10449,
921,
2474,
1375,
2630,
25,
366,
5812,
11,
9950,
15625,
389,
287,
884,
1049,
761,
286,
11443,
0,
440,
5803,
11,
18330,
15625,
284,
12472,
1690,
329,
262,
9950,
1,
357,
35,
8042,
11,
8949,
20,
737,
198,
3198,
286,
262,
1266,
1724,
286,
26508,
262,
9950,
318,
262,
530,
326,
5803,
4602,
284,
520,
13,
47411,
1437,
290,
11189,
326,
673,
779,
1690,
11,
772,
17282,
25,
383,
15954,
1616,
286,
383,
13009,
30759,
13,
5803,
531,
11,
366,
3666,
4957,
11,
7898,
15625,
284,
910,
262,
28022,
1616,
543,
314,
423,
1813,
284,
345,
13,
632,
3339,
1386,
2185,
284,
7264,
2279,
484,
1265,
286,
2185,
416,
2282,
262,
28022,
1616,
13,
2644,
19430,
326,
618,
484,
910,
428,
28022,
1616,
287,
262,
4931,
286,
262,
9950,
11,
314,
481,
1302,
1022,
2011,
9190,
290,
262,
9950,
1048,
11,
407,
355,
262,
655,
8974,
475,
355,
262,
11991,
4135,
32587,
1,
357,
35,
8042,
11,
1315,
3901,
737,
198,
13689,
11,
674,
4453,
531,
284,
607,
11,
366,
2953,
262,
1711,
286,
511,
1918,
11,
314,
4404,
355,
2011,
898,
13476,
790,
5848,
326,
481,
910,
428,
28022,
1616,
26,
393,
618,
1854,
910,
340,
329,
257,
9950,
1048,
11,
262,
19441,
12745,
318,
262,
976,
1,
357,
35,
8042,
11,
807,
1157,
737,
198,
2061,
611,
262,
1048,
778,
592,
422,
257,
5253,
30,
9281,
47411,
1437,
550,
257,
1842,
329,
262,
6639,
290,
9950,
11,
290,
673,
32168,
329,
606,
351,
1049,
28866,
273,
13,
383,
1708,
6461,
6264,
287,
607,
35911,
787,
340,
1598,
326,
530,
857,
407,
423,
284,
307,
379,
262,
3996,
1589,
10170,
13,
1375,
2630,
11,
366,
1026,
3360,
4325,
326,
262,
9950,
1048,
318,
287,
262,
1218,
393,
2368,
2615,
1497,
11,
1865,
329,
262,
4437,
11,
2272,
857,
407,
2152,
13,
632,
3360,
4325,
326,
314,
760,
546,
257,
1918,
14963,
1811,
3470,
18212,
1497,
13,
770,
468,
3022,
1811,
1661,
351,
2754,
284,
616,
1641,
290,
12772,
290,
635,
15153,
287,
5737,
11,
290,
772,
15625,
4150,
314,
423,
407,
1900,
1141,
511,
10869,
1,
357,
35,
8042,
11,
807,
2327,
737,
198,
5122,
4453,
531,
284,
520,
13,
47411,
1437,
11,
24018,
3666,
4957,
11,
1037,
2185,
284,
3613,
257,
1728,
9950,
264,
5083,
13,
13816,
262,
28022,
1616,
326,
314,
423,
7817,
345,
329,
683,
2637,
1649,
314,
2540,
284,
910,
262,
28022,
1616,
11,
314,
2497,
262,
582,
9950,
287,
262,
15925,
286,
7818,
33378,
290,
6531,
13,
2399,
8283,
3905,
373,
11749,
683,
11,
475,
339,
373,
11,
355,
340,
547,
11,
34209,
1028,
262,
8885,
414,
286,
262,
5848,
338,
24672,
13,
317,
24124,
286,
42466,
373,
4953,
329,
262,
5848,
13,
887,
981,
314,
373,
2282,
262,
28022,
1616,
11,
314,
2497,
5803,
655,
355,
679,
318,
18904,
287,
262,
2939,
13,
383,
24823,
543,
4884,
422,
5803,
6,
8894,
16441,
276,
262,
6639,
582,
11,
290,
262,
5635,
286,
11854,
11468,
287,
13619,
13,
383,
6639,
582,
30996,
39545,
465,
938,
13,
1649,
314,
1625,
284,
3589,
11,
314,
7247,
703,
845,
1593,
262,
28022,
1616,
373,
329,
262,
9950,
13,
632,
35787,
1386,
262,
8993,
286,
1793,
1,
357,
35,
8042,
11,
1315,
2996,
737,
198,
4711,
2456,
389,
3573,
5981,
329,
1866,
286,
262,
412,
794,
283,
2569,
43331,
286,
383,
13009,
30759,
357,
36,
2885,
44,
8,
290,
477,
412,
794,
283,
2569,
512,
28089,
13,
554,
28022,
1424,
3690,
262,
995,
11,
484,
389,
664,
1780,
393,
26002,
262,
28022,
1616,
329,
262,
6639,
290,
9950,
11,
290,
389,
636,
286,
281,
3230,
20478,
4920,
416,
262,
11957,
13,
198,
1135,
3058,
423,
517,
621,
7337,
28022,
1424,
8688,
26002,
262,
15954,
1616,
286,
383,
13009,
30759,
30160,
1141,
412,
794,
283,
2569,
1215,
6944,
329,
262,
6639,
290,
9950,
13,
770,
3407,
1478,
28050,
23187,
3063,
658,
286,
23676,
1012,
3565,
287,
3794,
290,
19483,
13,
10968,
11,
319,
262,
6695,
286,
262,
3878,
38075,
40626,
286,
262,
614,
4751,
11,
262,
7439,
9190,
11,
13258,
1757,
3362,
2873,
11,
416,
257,
7620,
4488,
38414,
11,
848,
19112,
257,
6093,
19295,
4160,
49964,
366,
1462,
477,
262,
17074,
11,
508,
1141,
1215,
6944,
286,
3954,
4042,
12185,
4135,
32587,
287,
262,
4042,
33398,
18114,
286,
262,
18890,
481,
307,
26002,
262,
13009,
30759,
15954,
1616,
329,
262,
6639,
290,
329,
883,
3690,
262,
995,
508,
481,
307,
9950,
287,
326,
1711,
526,
317,
4866,
286,
262,
20027,
318,
1695,
329,
28022,
1424,
3025,
512,
28089,
12472,
329,
262,
6639,
290,
9950,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
319,
262,
42936,
286,
262,
47881,
287,
5816,
11,
13258,
1757,
3362,
2873,
848,
19112,
257,
6093,
19295,
4160,
49964,
284,
477,
262,
17074,
8688,
508,
12472,
262,
28022,
1616,
379,
597,
640,
290,
597,
1295,
329,
386,
12,
6042,
5640,
25,
329,
12289,
38048,
7950,
26,
329,
18775,
9950,
287,
262,
31514,
26,
329,
4970,
286,
10717,
2685,
2267,
11,
8513,
17512,
11,
35008,
45551,
26,
290,
329,
477,
7018,
2828,
326,
484,
7719,
257,
3968,
286,
1204,
13,
1406,
340,
318,
749,
5035,
326,
661,
8688,
12472,
257,
28022,
1616,
329,
477,
883,
9950,
11,
355,
880,
355,
329,
477,
262,
386,
12,
6042,
5640,
13,
198,
1890,
517,
1321,
11,
869,
262,
412,
794,
283,
2569,
43331,
286,
383,
13009,
30759,
357,
36,
2885,
44,
8,
379,
352,
12,
42802,
12,
23734,
12,
2998,
1983,
13,
198,
6187,
13,
17857,
31706,
11,
10670,
11,
318,
262,
9119,
290,
3437,
286,
412,
794,
283,
2569,
43331,
286,
383,
13009,
30759,
357,
36,
2885,
44,
737,
679,
17781,
262,
995,
11560,
262,
412,
794,
34566,
11,
11443,
269,
268,
9928,
11,
290,
262,
3275,
286,
13009,
30759,
355,
257,
366,
1014,
286,
1204,
526,
14365,
517,
546,
412,
2885,
44,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,252 |
A common claim is that were we to experience miracles on the scale of the Exodus, then belief in God would be an altogether easier proposition. The problem is that the biblical text simply does not bear this out.
Parashat Beshallach neatly divides into two. Before the crossing of the Red Sea, the Children of Israel display a sublime faith, the pinnacle being the ecstatic tones of the song of Moses.
Yet no sooner have they scaled these dizzy spiritual heights, they descend into a litany of complaints about water, food and how good life was back in Egypt.
How can this incongruity be explained? Faith is an art form. It is something which is acquired over a period of time and requires practice. It is not something that can be superimposed from without. When the Children of Israel expressed their faith in God at the seam, it was heartfelt and spontaneous, borne of a sense of overwhelming awe and gratitude. But it was also skin-deep and unsustainable. This phenomemon was to repeat itself with the rapid transition from acceptance of the Sinaitic covenant with the immortal words, “We shall do and understand”, to the ignominy of the Golden Calf.
Clearly, wondrous events are no guarantee for long term faith. Indeed, much of Jewish history has been void of open miracles, but this did not prevent many generations of Jews from exhibiting remarkable levels of devotion and commitment, arising daily to perform the will of the Creator with lion-like strength. Real faith is not to be found in a fleeting moment of divine majesty, but in the quotidian tasks performed by ordinary people. | [
32,
2219,
1624,
318,
326,
547,
356,
284,
1998,
32904,
319,
262,
5046,
286,
262,
38557,
11,
788,
4901,
287,
1793,
561,
307,
281,
13318,
4577,
19168,
13,
383,
1917,
318,
326,
262,
24726,
2420,
2391,
857,
407,
6842,
428,
503,
13,
198,
10044,
1077,
265,
347,
5069,
439,
620,
29776,
36319,
656,
734,
13,
7413,
262,
12538,
286,
262,
2297,
6896,
11,
262,
8990,
286,
2692,
3359,
257,
41674,
4562,
11,
262,
45985,
852,
262,
45782,
23755,
286,
262,
3496,
286,
19010,
13,
198,
11486,
645,
14556,
423,
484,
27464,
777,
29527,
88,
8557,
23245,
11,
484,
15350,
656,
257,
6578,
1092,
286,
9687,
546,
1660,
11,
2057,
290,
703,
922,
1204,
373,
736,
287,
6365,
13,
198,
2437,
460,
428,
753,
506,
622,
414,
307,
4893,
30,
16463,
318,
281,
1242,
1296,
13,
632,
318,
1223,
543,
318,
9477,
625,
257,
2278,
286,
640,
290,
4433,
3357,
13,
632,
318,
407,
1223,
326,
460,
307,
2208,
36457,
422,
1231,
13,
1649,
262,
8990,
286,
2692,
6241,
511,
4562,
287,
1793,
379,
262,
15787,
11,
340,
373,
44018,
290,
25319,
11,
28068,
286,
257,
2565,
286,
9721,
25030,
290,
24083,
13,
887,
340,
373,
635,
4168,
12,
22089,
290,
39554,
13,
770,
6566,
296,
7966,
373,
284,
9585,
2346,
351,
262,
5801,
6801,
422,
13427,
286,
262,
28743,
16233,
28173,
351,
262,
26156,
2456,
11,
564,
250,
1135,
2236,
466,
290,
1833,
447,
251,
11,
284,
262,
3627,
296,
3541,
286,
262,
8407,
327,
1604,
13,
198,
30638,
11,
3135,
7596,
2995,
389,
645,
9149,
329,
890,
3381,
4562,
13,
9676,
11,
881,
286,
5582,
2106,
468,
587,
7951,
286,
1280,
32904,
11,
475,
428,
750,
407,
2948,
867,
10439,
286,
6771,
422,
46017,
11004,
2974,
286,
25808,
290,
7901,
11,
21539,
4445,
284,
1620,
262,
481,
286,
262,
21038,
351,
18744,
12,
2339,
4202,
13,
6416,
4562,
318,
407,
284,
307,
1043,
287,
257,
42738,
2589,
286,
11871,
48565,
11,
475,
287,
262,
23611,
19825,
8861,
6157,
416,
8850,
661,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 334 |
The Memory Factory: The Forgotten Women Artists of Vienna 1900
The Memory Factory: The Forgotten Women Artists of Vienna 1900 (Paperback)
The Memory Factory introduces an English-speaking public to the significant women artists of Vienna at the turn of the twentieth century, each chosen for her aesthetic innovations and participation in public exhibitions. These women played important public roles as exhibiting artists, both individually and in collectives, but this history has been silenced over time. Their stories show that the city of Vienna was contradictory and cosmopolitan: despite men-only policies in its main art institutions, it offered a myriad of unexpected ways for women artists to forge successful public careers. Women artists came from the provinces, Russia, and Germany to participate in its vibrant art scene. However, and especially because so many of the artists were Jewish, their contributions were actively obscured beginning in the late 1930s. Many had to flee Austria, losing their studios and lifework in the process. Some were killed in concentration camps.
Along with the stories of individual women artists, the author reconstructs the history of separate women artists’ associations and their exhibitions. Chapters covering the careers of Tina Blau, Elena Luksch-Makowsky, Bronica Koller, Helene Funke, and Teresa Ries (among others) point to a more integrated and cosmopolitan art world than previously thought; one where women became part of the avant-garde, accepted and even highlighted in major exhibitions at the Secession and with the Klimt group.
“This is an excellent addition to the literature on fin-de-sicle Vienna, well-researched and well-argued. It highlights little-known artists and situates them in a novel interpretation of women’s roles in the art world. The author challenges dominant tropes of feminist historiography and thus sheds new light on twentieth-century art history and historiography.” —Michael Gubser, James Madison University
The Art Blog [theartblog.org, June 24, 2012, by Andrea Kirsch]
It’s remarkable that recent scholarship can force significant reconsideration of an artistic culture as well-studied as that of Vienna around 1900, but that’s what Julie M. Johnson’s work has done. As such, it will be required reading for anyone interested in Vienna’s turn-of-the-century art and art institutions, particularly the schools and the artists’ associations and unions – which functioned much as today’s artists’ collectives and artist-run spaces. It is also an important contribution to women’s studies and to the historiography of art, for it documents a group of women artists who were active in Vienna’s art world around 1900 but were entirely written out of later historical accounts. Based upon intensive archival research, Johnson demonstrates that, unlike the better-studied situation in Paris, women in Vienna had access to art education, and while they were barred from official membership in the major artists’ unions, that didn’t keep those same groups from exhibiting their work. . . . Johnson devotes serious attention to critical discussions about women artists and the problem of their place in the established story of patrilineal artistic development. She is equally interested in the erasure of their history after World War II, and makes use of recent scholarship about memory to analyze how a group of artists so broadly involved with Vienna’s artistic life around 1900 could be forgotten. . . . Purdue University Press is to be congratulated for publishing this book through its series on Central European Studies. It is extensively illustrated with works by the women artists and their male colleagues as well as with many valuable views of exhibition installations, showing the women’s work in situ.
The Vienna Review [May 2012 by Kate Ferguson]
In The Memory Factory, Julie Johnson digs into the archives to reveal an astonishing picture of these women artists thriving in fin-de-siècle Vienna. . . . Johnson writes crisply with none of the pretensions common in academia and progresses neatly between telling the individual stories of five women artists (Chapters 1-5) and examining in greater detail the culture in which they first flourished and were later obscured (Chapters 6-8). llustrations of paintings and sculptures, distributed generously throughout, inject life into the stories behind them.
Woman's Art Journal [Volume 34 #1, by Megan Brandow-Faller
" ...rich in documentation as it is in theory, secondary literature, and high-quality black-and-white and color illustrations of both well-known and marginalized works by women artists. Johnson’s groundbreaking work raises many new questions not only relevant to studies of Viennese modernism, but to scholars interested in women and modernism more broadly.”
About the Author(s):
Julie M. Johnson teaches contemporary and modern art history at the University of Texas at San Antonio. She has held Fulbright and IFK residential fellowships in Vienna. | [
464,
14059,
19239,
25,
383,
28586,
6926,
37599,
286,
23825,
21489,
198,
464,
14059,
19239,
25,
383,
28586,
6926,
37599,
286,
23825,
21489,
357,
42950,
1891,
8,
198,
464,
14059,
19239,
20718,
281,
3594,
12,
25159,
1171,
284,
262,
2383,
1466,
7912,
286,
23825,
379,
262,
1210,
286,
262,
29112,
4289,
11,
1123,
7147,
329,
607,
19713,
25438,
290,
10270,
287,
1171,
48130,
13,
2312,
1466,
2826,
1593,
1171,
9176,
355,
46017,
7912,
11,
1111,
17033,
290,
287,
2824,
1083,
11,
475,
428,
2106,
468,
587,
38086,
625,
640,
13,
5334,
3923,
905,
326,
262,
1748,
286,
23825,
373,
29096,
290,
8615,
44331,
25,
3805,
1450,
12,
8807,
4788,
287,
663,
1388,
1242,
6712,
11,
340,
4438,
257,
24862,
286,
10059,
2842,
329,
1466,
7912,
284,
28325,
4388,
1171,
16179,
13,
6926,
7912,
1625,
422,
262,
17812,
11,
3284,
11,
290,
4486,
284,
8277,
287,
663,
21266,
1242,
3715,
13,
2102,
11,
290,
2592,
780,
523,
867,
286,
262,
7912,
547,
5582,
11,
511,
9284,
547,
10630,
40157,
3726,
287,
262,
2739,
15533,
82,
13,
4650,
550,
284,
11562,
17322,
11,
6078,
511,
20747,
290,
3868,
6433,
287,
262,
1429,
13,
2773,
547,
2923,
287,
10368,
11665,
13,
198,
24035,
351,
262,
3923,
286,
1981,
1466,
7912,
11,
262,
1772,
31081,
82,
262,
2106,
286,
4553,
1466,
7912,
447,
247,
15814,
290,
511,
48130,
13,
42448,
9505,
262,
16179,
286,
35903,
1086,
559,
11,
37254,
6026,
591,
354,
12,
44,
461,
47223,
11,
8923,
3970,
509,
49252,
11,
5053,
1734,
11138,
365,
11,
290,
34405,
371,
444,
357,
35131,
1854,
8,
966,
284,
257,
517,
11521,
290,
8615,
44331,
1242,
995,
621,
4271,
1807,
26,
530,
810,
1466,
2627,
636,
286,
262,
1196,
415,
12,
19977,
68,
11,
6292,
290,
772,
14537,
287,
1688,
48130,
379,
262,
1882,
2521,
290,
351,
262,
509,
2475,
83,
1448,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1212,
318,
281,
6275,
3090,
284,
262,
9285,
319,
957,
12,
2934,
12,
82,
1548,
23825,
11,
880,
12,
260,
325,
283,
1740,
290,
880,
12,
853,
1739,
13,
632,
11330,
1310,
12,
4002,
7912,
290,
1650,
12632,
606,
287,
257,
5337,
10794,
286,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
9176,
287,
262,
1242,
995,
13,
383,
1772,
6459,
11410,
43275,
286,
14314,
3752,
72,
4867,
290,
4145,
40904,
649,
1657,
319,
29112,
12,
14792,
1242,
2106,
290,
3752,
72,
4867,
13,
447,
251,
851,
13256,
402,
549,
2655,
11,
3700,
14909,
2059,
198,
464,
3683,
14001,
685,
1169,
433,
14036,
13,
2398,
11,
2795,
1987,
11,
2321,
11,
416,
23174,
7385,
20601,
60,
198,
1026,
447,
247,
82,
11004,
326,
2274,
18652,
460,
2700,
2383,
26540,
341,
286,
281,
17290,
3968,
355,
880,
12,
19149,
798,
355,
326,
286,
23825,
1088,
21489,
11,
475,
326,
447,
247,
82,
644,
21946,
337,
13,
5030,
447,
247,
82,
670,
468,
1760,
13,
1081,
884,
11,
340,
481,
307,
2672,
3555,
329,
2687,
4609,
287,
23825,
447,
247,
82,
1210,
12,
1659,
12,
1169,
12,
14792,
1242,
290,
1242,
6712,
11,
3573,
262,
4266,
290,
262,
7912,
447,
247,
15814,
290,
11936,
784,
543,
2163,
276,
881,
355,
1909,
447,
247,
82,
7912,
447,
247,
2824,
1083,
290,
6802,
12,
5143,
9029,
13,
632,
318,
635,
281,
1593,
10156,
284,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
3640,
290,
284,
262,
3752,
72,
4867,
286,
1242,
11,
329,
340,
4963,
257,
1448,
286,
1466,
7912,
508,
547,
4075,
287,
23825,
447,
247,
82,
1242,
995,
1088,
21489,
475,
547,
5000,
3194,
503,
286,
1568,
6754,
5504,
13,
13403,
2402,
18590,
3934,
2473,
2267,
11,
5030,
15687,
326,
11,
5023,
262,
1365,
12,
19149,
798,
3074,
287,
6342,
11,
1466,
287,
23825,
550,
1895,
284,
1242,
3707,
11,
290,
981,
484,
547,
23902,
422,
1743,
9931,
287,
262,
1688,
7912,
447,
247,
11936,
11,
326,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
1394,
883,
976,
2628,
422,
46017,
511,
670,
13,
764,
764,
764,
5030,
1614,
6421,
2726,
3241,
284,
4688,
9984,
546,
1466,
7912,
290,
262,
1917,
286,
511,
1295,
287,
262,
4920,
1621,
286,
1458,
22379,
500,
282,
17290,
2478,
13,
1375,
318,
8603,
4609,
287,
262,
1931,
5015,
286,
511,
2106,
706,
2159,
1810,
2873,
11,
290,
1838,
779,
286,
2274,
18652,
546,
4088,
284,
16602,
703,
257,
1448,
286,
7912,
523,
18633,
2950,
351,
23825,
447,
247,
82,
17290,
1204,
1088,
21489,
714,
307,
11564,
13,
764,
764,
764,
34699,
2059,
4332,
318,
284,
307,
47630,
329,
12407,
428,
1492,
832,
663,
2168,
319,
5694,
3427,
10422,
13,
632,
318,
20823,
18542,
351,
2499,
416,
262,
1466,
7912,
290,
511,
4257,
7810,
355,
880,
355,
351,
867,
8119,
5009,
286,
17127,
26162,
11,
4478,
262,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
670,
287,
34074,
13,
198,
464,
23825,
6602,
685,
6747,
2321,
416,
16693,
15031,
60,
198,
818,
383,
14059,
19239,
11,
21946,
5030,
46561,
656,
262,
22415,
284,
7766,
281,
21994,
4286,
286,
777,
1466,
7912,
27723,
287,
957,
12,
2934,
12,
13396,
14064,
2375,
23825,
13,
764,
764,
764,
5030,
6797,
4442,
2145,
351,
4844,
286,
262,
2181,
5736,
2219,
287,
34326,
290,
33226,
29776,
1022,
5149,
262,
1981,
3923,
286,
1936,
1466,
7912,
357,
1925,
12126,
352,
12,
20,
8,
290,
17247,
287,
3744,
3703,
262,
3968,
287,
543,
484,
717,
45671,
290,
547,
1568,
40157,
357,
1925,
12126,
718,
12,
23,
737,
32660,
436,
9143,
286,
21641,
290,
42645,
11,
9387,
42088,
3690,
11,
8677,
1204,
656,
262,
3923,
2157,
606,
13,
198,
48081,
338,
3683,
4913,
685,
31715,
4974,
1303,
16,
11,
416,
27616,
13512,
322,
12,
24750,
263,
198,
1,
2644,
7527,
287,
10314,
355,
340,
318,
287,
4583,
11,
9233,
9285,
11,
290,
1029,
12,
13237,
2042,
12,
392,
12,
11186,
290,
3124,
27128,
286,
1111,
880,
12,
4002,
290,
31670,
2499,
416,
1466,
7912,
13,
5030,
447,
247,
82,
31088,
670,
12073,
867,
649,
2683,
407,
691,
5981,
284,
3640,
286,
16049,
1697,
2771,
3660,
1042,
11,
475,
284,
9123,
4609,
287,
1466,
290,
3660,
1042,
517,
18633,
13,
447,
251,
198,
8585,
262,
6434,
7,
82,
2599,
198,
16980,
494,
337,
13,
5030,
17324,
11811,
290,
3660,
1242,
2106,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
3936,
379,
2986,
11366,
13,
1375,
468,
2714,
28040,
29199,
290,
16876,
42,
12420,
36627,
5748,
287,
23825,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,033 |
Fighting between government troops and guerrillas had broken out around the 4-year-old girl's family home in the countryside of this Central American country. The soldiers took advantage of the confusion and seized Contreras and her two siblings, who were under the age of 2.
"We all fled the house and suddenly it all ended because they captured us and our parents disappeared," said Contreras, now 35 and living in neighboring Guatemala.
Contreras was just one of hundreds of children who disappeared under a variety of circumstances during El Salvador's brutal, 13-year civil war, which left some 75,000 people dead and thousands more missing. In most cases, the parents have yet to find out what happened to their children, while a few hundred of the missing have been identified after giving investigators DNA samples and other evidence.
Now, a human rights group, Probusqueda, is uncovering another macabre, and mostly unknown twist to the tragedy. In Contreras' and at least nine other cases, low-to-mid-ranking soldiers abducted children in what an international court says was a "systematic pattern of forced disappearances." Some of the soldiers raised the children as their own, while others gave them away or sold them to lucrative illegal adoption networks. In Contreras' case, an army private spirited her away, raped her and gave her
The crimes make El Salvador the second Latin American country proven to engage in such child abductions during internal Cold War-era conflicts. Argentina's military kidnapped hundreds of children of political opponents, and the prosecution of those responsible three decades later led to the indictment of top officers, including army Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla, then-head of Argentina's military junta.
No one has revealed the full scope of the child abductions in El Salvador. The number of confirmed abductions will likely rise if the country's Defense Department makes public files from the civil war era.
Contreras and the families of five other victims of military abductions successfully sued their government in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, demanding the military release more information. Three years later, the military hasn't turned over the requested files and the mostly retired officers suspected of adopting stolen children have refused DNA tests.
"Without those files we can't say this or that officer is responsible," said the country's attorney general, Oscar Luna.
President Mauricio Funes has tried to made amends for some civil war-era crimes, said Probusqueda director Maria Ester Alvarenga. The president belongs to the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front party, which began as the guerrilla force battling El Salvador's U.S.-backed government, and could be expected to pursue such prosecutions.
"But it's surprising to me that he isn't making the military archives available," Alvarenga said. "I'm frustrated that nothing's been done at these levels."
Military officials refused to talk to The Associated Press about the cases, despite repeated requests for a meeting. Spokeswoman Vilma Quintanilla told the AP, "The request is in the hands of the chiefs, but still I don't have a response."
Several Latin American countries have hit stiff opposition from the military when they've tried to prosecute soldiers and officers for human rights abuses. In the cases of Argentina and Chile, prosecutors have succeeded in indicting and jailing top officials.
In El Salvador, Alvarenga said, the military "is a real power."
So far, the initial investigations have hinted at the possible enormity of the abuses.
Over the past 20 years, Probusqueda has received 921 reports of children who went missing during the war, with many killed in combat and others orphaned when their parents died. The human rights group has identified the parents of 382 of the missing through DNA tests, and of those, 235 have reunited with their families. Another 95 are waiting to meet their parents, while 52 have been found dead.
The majority of the cases, 529, remain unsolved.
A government missing-persons commission created in 2010 by order of the Inter-American court has also received 203 reports of missing children, with some of those cases likely duplicating Probusqueda's. Just last year, the commission investigated 124 cases and found 15 of the missing. Two of the children were located in Italy, and another was in the United States. Investigators found the corpses of eight children who had been killed and buried during the war.
According to Contreras and other sources, she, her siblings and nine other children were seized in 1982 as the U.S.-trained anti-guerrilla Atlacatl battalion clashed with rebels. A helicopter took away the boys, while the girls were driven away in trucks.
Army Pvt. Miguel Angel Molina ended up with Contreras and later registered her as his own daughter in the western Salvadoran town of Santa Ana, according to the Inter-American court, which also found that he had raped her.
"(The situation) put her in a state of extreme vulnerability that aggravated her suffering, acts of violence that she suffered during almost 10 years, that is to say, between the ages of 4 until 14 years," the court ruling says. Molina later committed suicide.
The court found the Salvadoran government was responsible for the abductions of not just Contreras but also of her two siblings—Serapio Cristian, who was 20 months old at the time of his kidnapping, and Julia Ines Contreras, who was 4 months old. The court also found the government responsible for the abductions of three other children who were between the ages of 3 and 14.
"That soldier stole everything from me," Contreras said. "He took away my parents, he took away my siblings, he took away my identity. I couldn't live like a girl because he never gave me the love of a father and he was always abusing me, even raping me. I was only 10-years old and I couldn't do anything."
Victims and investigators said justice won't be completely served until El Salvador's government carries out the entirety of the court's orders.
That includes accepting responsibility for the abductions of Contreras and the five others mentioned in the court ruling, and investigating those believed responsible. El Salvador has also been ordered to locate the four in the group of missing still unaccounted for, provide medical and psychological support to the victims, issue a public apology, name schools after those abducted and open government archives about the history.
In an Oct. 29 ceremony attended by Contreras, then-Foreign Minister Martinez Hugo Martinez fulfilled part of the order. He asked for forgiveness from "hundreds of Salvadoran families who were victims of the forced disappearances of boys and girls" and "who suffered the infinite pain of being hit by the disappearances of their most beloved and vulnerable people."
Yet Contreras' sister has never been found, and despite promises by the country's Foreign Ministry to name schools after victims, it hasn't indicated when it will start doing that.
The armed forces remain the chief obstacle to justice, said Miguel Montenegro, director of the nonprofit Human Rights Commission.
"Here, there's a strong power, a power exercised by old members of the armed forces," Montenegro said.
For Contreras, the quest for truth has been long, bitter and incomplete.
She eventually escaped Molina and stayed with one of his relatives. With the help of another of Molina's relatives, Contreras settled in Guatemala.
Her parents found her in 2006 after they appealed to Guatemalan officials and Probusqueda. Just recently, she reunited with her brother, who was also abducted and given to a soldier's relative. She's started her own family.
But Contreras remains distant from her parents and has yet to find her sister.
"I recovered my identity," Contreras said. "The other Gregoria doesn't exist. I have my husband and my children. I don't want anything more." | [
46375,
1022,
1230,
6553,
290,
915,
8056,
25314,
550,
5445,
503,
1088,
262,
604,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
2576,
338,
1641,
1363,
287,
262,
25708,
286,
428,
5694,
1605,
1499,
13,
383,
5795,
1718,
4621,
286,
262,
10802,
290,
12000,
2345,
260,
8847,
290,
607,
734,
20569,
11,
508,
547,
739,
262,
2479,
286,
362,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
477,
11468,
262,
2156,
290,
6451,
340,
477,
4444,
780,
484,
7907,
514,
290,
674,
3397,
12120,
553,
531,
2345,
260,
8847,
11,
783,
3439,
290,
2877,
287,
19651,
32183,
13,
198,
4264,
260,
8847,
373,
655,
530,
286,
5179,
286,
1751,
508,
12120,
739,
257,
4996,
286,
5917,
1141,
2574,
26482,
338,
12399,
11,
1511,
12,
1941,
3026,
1175,
11,
543,
1364,
617,
5441,
11,
830,
661,
2636,
290,
4138,
517,
4814,
13,
554,
749,
2663,
11,
262,
3397,
423,
1865,
284,
1064,
503,
644,
3022,
284,
511,
1751,
11,
981,
257,
1178,
3470,
286,
262,
4814,
423,
587,
5174,
706,
3501,
10093,
7446,
8405,
290,
584,
2370,
13,
198,
3844,
11,
257,
1692,
2489,
1448,
11,
1041,
10885,
421,
18082,
11,
318,
23658,
278,
1194,
8352,
46241,
11,
290,
4632,
6439,
14528,
284,
262,
13574,
13,
554,
2345,
260,
8847,
6,
290,
379,
1551,
5193,
584,
2663,
11,
1877,
12,
1462,
12,
13602,
12,
28405,
5795,
34682,
1751,
287,
644,
281,
3230,
2184,
1139,
373,
257,
366,
10057,
1512,
3912,
286,
4137,
10921,
1817,
526,
2773,
286,
262,
5795,
4376,
262,
1751,
355,
511,
898,
11,
981,
1854,
2921,
606,
1497,
393,
2702,
606,
284,
22958,
5293,
12695,
7686,
13,
554,
2345,
260,
8847,
6,
1339,
11,
281,
5428,
2839,
46875,
607,
1497,
11,
16110,
607,
290,
2921,
607,
198,
464,
6741,
787,
2574,
26482,
262,
1218,
9133,
1605,
1499,
9157,
284,
8209,
287,
884,
1200,
24827,
507,
1141,
5387,
10250,
1810,
12,
8607,
12333,
13,
16519,
338,
2422,
23384,
5179,
286,
1751,
286,
1964,
7691,
11,
290,
262,
12580,
286,
883,
4497,
1115,
4647,
1568,
2957,
284,
262,
19975,
286,
1353,
3790,
11,
1390,
5428,
5215,
13,
34687,
31918,
569,
5943,
64,
11,
788,
12,
2256,
286,
16519,
338,
2422,
474,
44424,
13,
198,
2949,
530,
468,
4602,
262,
1336,
8354,
286,
262,
1200,
24827,
507,
287,
2574,
26482,
13,
383,
1271,
286,
4999,
24827,
507,
481,
1884,
4485,
611,
262,
1499,
338,
5947,
2732,
1838,
1171,
3696,
422,
262,
3026,
1175,
6980,
13,
198,
4264,
260,
8847,
290,
262,
4172,
286,
1936,
584,
4970,
286,
2422,
24827,
507,
7675,
16334,
511,
1230,
287,
262,
4225,
12,
7437,
3078,
286,
5524,
6923,
11,
11334,
262,
2422,
2650,
517,
1321,
13,
7683,
812,
1568,
11,
262,
2422,
5818,
470,
2900,
625,
262,
9167,
3696,
290,
262,
4632,
9880,
3790,
9885,
286,
22868,
9909,
1751,
423,
6520,
7446,
5254,
13,
198,
1,
16249,
883,
3696,
356,
460,
470,
910,
428,
393,
326,
3818,
318,
4497,
553,
531,
262,
1499,
338,
6136,
2276,
11,
15694,
23694,
13,
198,
10364,
18867,
46441,
376,
4015,
468,
3088,
284,
925,
716,
2412,
329,
617,
3026,
1175,
12,
8607,
6741,
11,
531,
1041,
10885,
421,
18082,
3437,
14200,
412,
1706,
33414,
533,
782,
64,
13,
383,
1893,
14448,
284,
262,
6755,
397,
41204,
3981,
72,
2351,
29235,
8880,
2151,
11,
543,
2540,
355,
262,
42049,
2700,
20581,
2574,
26482,
338,
471,
13,
50,
7874,
17078,
1230,
11,
290,
714,
307,
2938,
284,
10660,
884,
36582,
13,
198,
1,
1537,
340,
338,
6452,
284,
502,
326,
339,
2125,
470,
1642,
262,
2422,
22415,
1695,
553,
33414,
533,
782,
64,
531,
13,
366,
40,
1101,
14718,
326,
2147,
338,
587,
1760,
379,
777,
2974,
526,
198,
37837,
2828,
6520,
284,
1561,
284,
383,
10575,
4332,
546,
262,
2663,
11,
3805,
5100,
7007,
329,
257,
3249,
13,
1338,
3369,
8580,
34037,
2611,
33405,
272,
5049,
1297,
262,
3486,
11,
366,
464,
2581,
318,
287,
262,
2832,
286,
262,
30217,
11,
475,
991,
314,
836,
470,
423,
257,
2882,
526,
198,
14945,
9133,
1605,
2678,
423,
2277,
15175,
5471,
422,
262,
2422,
618,
484,
1053,
3088,
284,
26057,
5795,
290,
3790,
329,
1692,
2489,
19544,
13,
554,
262,
2663,
286,
16519,
290,
17456,
11,
11947,
423,
14131,
287,
16056,
278,
290,
7356,
278,
1353,
2828,
13,
198,
818,
2574,
26482,
11,
33414,
533,
782,
64,
531,
11,
262,
2422,
366,
271,
257,
1103,
1176,
526,
198,
2396,
1290,
11,
262,
4238,
10986,
423,
27388,
379,
262,
1744,
8885,
414,
286,
262,
19544,
13,
198,
5886,
262,
1613,
1160,
812,
11,
1041,
10885,
421,
18082,
468,
2722,
860,
2481,
3136,
286,
1751,
508,
1816,
4814,
1141,
262,
1175,
11,
351,
867,
2923,
287,
5249,
290,
1854,
26051,
276,
618,
511,
3397,
3724,
13,
383,
1692,
2489,
1448,
468,
5174,
262,
3397,
286,
4353,
17,
286,
262,
4814,
832,
7446,
5254,
11,
290,
286,
883,
11,
28878,
423,
35440,
351,
511,
4172,
13,
6023,
6957,
389,
4953,
284,
1826,
511,
3397,
11,
981,
6740,
423,
587,
1043,
2636,
13,
198,
464,
3741,
286,
262,
2663,
11,
49888,
11,
3520,
48180,
13,
198,
32,
1230,
4814,
12,
19276,
684,
5810,
2727,
287,
3050,
416,
1502,
286,
262,
4225,
12,
7437,
2184,
468,
635,
2722,
27408,
3136,
286,
4814,
1751,
11,
351,
617,
286,
883,
2663,
1884,
14184,
12364,
1041,
10885,
421,
18082,
338,
13,
2329,
938,
614,
11,
262,
5810,
12565,
19755,
2663,
290,
1043,
1315,
286,
262,
4814,
13,
4930,
286,
262,
1751,
547,
5140,
287,
8031,
11,
290,
1194,
373,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
40466,
1043,
262,
26750,
286,
3624,
1751,
508,
550,
587,
2923,
290,
11694,
1141,
262,
1175,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
2345,
260,
8847,
290,
584,
4237,
11,
673,
11,
607,
20569,
290,
5193,
584,
1751,
547,
12000,
287,
14489,
355,
262,
471,
13,
50,
7874,
35311,
3098,
12,
5162,
31859,
5234,
330,
25864,
36328,
37003,
351,
12669,
13,
317,
15392,
1718,
1497,
262,
6510,
11,
981,
262,
4813,
547,
7986,
1497,
287,
13960,
13,
198,
45272,
18367,
83,
13,
29825,
3905,
17958,
1437,
4444,
510,
351,
2345,
260,
8847,
290,
1568,
6823,
607,
355,
465,
898,
4957,
287,
262,
8830,
26482,
272,
3240,
286,
8909,
17639,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
4225,
12,
7437,
2184,
11,
543,
635,
1043,
326,
339,
550,
16110,
607,
13,
198,
18109,
464,
3074,
8,
1234,
607,
287,
257,
1181,
286,
3257,
15131,
326,
25890,
607,
7195,
11,
6529,
286,
3685,
326,
673,
6989,
1141,
2048,
838,
812,
11,
326,
318,
284,
910,
11,
1022,
262,
9337,
286,
604,
1566,
1478,
812,
553,
262,
2184,
6922,
1139,
13,
17958,
1437,
1568,
5364,
7341,
13,
198,
464,
2184,
1043,
262,
26482,
272,
1230,
373,
4497,
329,
262,
24827,
507,
286,
407,
655,
2345,
260,
8847,
475,
635,
286,
607,
734,
20569,
960,
7089,
499,
952,
24568,
666,
11,
508,
373,
1160,
1933,
1468,
379,
262,
640,
286,
465,
25201,
11,
290,
22300,
554,
274,
2345,
260,
8847,
11,
508,
373,
604,
1933,
1468,
13,
383,
2184,
635,
1043,
262,
1230,
4497,
329,
262,
24827,
507,
286,
1115,
584,
1751,
508,
547,
1022,
262,
9337,
286,
513,
290,
1478,
13,
198,
1,
2504,
10686,
18240,
2279,
422,
502,
553,
2345,
260,
8847,
531,
13,
366,
1544,
1718,
1497,
616,
3397,
11,
339,
1718,
1497,
616,
20569,
11,
339,
1718,
1497,
616,
5369,
13,
314,
3521,
470,
2107,
588,
257,
2576,
780,
339,
1239,
2921,
502,
262,
1842,
286,
257,
2988,
290,
339,
373,
1464,
29170,
502,
11,
772,
34638,
502,
13,
314,
373,
691,
838,
12,
19002,
1468,
290,
314,
3521,
470,
466,
1997,
526,
198,
21944,
12078,
290,
10093,
531,
5316,
1839,
470,
307,
3190,
4983,
1566,
2574,
26482,
338,
1230,
10732,
503,
262,
21818,
286,
262,
2184,
338,
6266,
13,
198,
2504,
3407,
12598,
5798,
329,
262,
24827,
507,
286,
2345,
260,
8847,
290,
262,
1936,
1854,
4750,
287,
262,
2184,
6922,
11,
290,
10240,
883,
4762,
4497,
13,
2574,
26482,
468,
635,
587,
6149,
284,
17276,
262,
1440,
287,
262,
1448,
286,
4814,
991,
48422,
276,
329,
11,
2148,
3315,
290,
10590,
1104,
284,
262,
4970,
11,
2071,
257,
1171,
17029,
11,
1438,
4266,
706,
883,
34682,
290,
1280,
1230,
22415,
546,
262,
2106,
13,
198,
818,
281,
2556,
13,
2808,
10542,
9141,
416,
2345,
260,
8847,
11,
788,
12,
33616,
4139,
20741,
25930,
20741,
23085,
636,
286,
262,
1502,
13,
679,
1965,
329,
26027,
422,
366,
71,
20960,
286,
26482,
272,
4172,
508,
547,
4970,
286,
262,
4137,
10921,
1817,
286,
6510,
290,
4813,
1,
290,
366,
8727,
6989,
262,
15541,
2356,
286,
852,
2277,
416,
262,
10921,
1817,
286,
511,
749,
14142,
290,
8826,
661,
526,
198,
11486,
2345,
260,
8847,
6,
6621,
468,
1239,
587,
1043,
11,
290,
3805,
10497,
416,
262,
1499,
338,
8708,
9475,
284,
1438,
4266,
706,
4970,
11,
340,
5818,
470,
8203,
618,
340,
481,
923,
1804,
326,
13,
198,
464,
6936,
3386,
3520,
262,
4039,
22007,
284,
5316,
11,
531,
29825,
50008,
305,
11,
3437,
286,
262,
15346,
5524,
6923,
4513,
13,
198,
1,
4342,
11,
612,
338,
257,
1913,
1176,
11,
257,
1176,
25805,
416,
1468,
1866,
286,
262,
6936,
3386,
553,
50008,
305,
531,
13,
198,
1890,
2345,
260,
8847,
11,
262,
1235,
329,
3872,
468,
587,
890,
11,
12922,
290,
17503,
13,
198,
3347,
4191,
13537,
17958,
1437,
290,
9658,
351,
530,
286,
465,
12772,
13,
2080,
262,
1037,
286,
1194,
286,
17958,
1437,
338,
12772,
11,
2345,
260,
8847,
10282,
287,
32183,
13,
198,
9360,
3397,
1043,
607,
287,
4793,
706,
484,
22280,
284,
28171,
25786,
2828,
290,
1041,
10885,
421,
18082,
13,
2329,
2904,
11,
673,
35440,
351,
607,
3956,
11,
508,
373,
635,
34682,
290,
1813,
284,
257,
10686,
338,
3585,
13,
1375,
338,
2067,
607,
898,
1641,
13,
198,
1537,
2345,
260,
8847,
3793,
12899,
422,
607,
3397,
290,
468,
1865,
284,
1064,
607,
6621,
13,
198,
1,
40,
11911,
616,
5369,
553,
2345,
260,
8847,
531,
13,
366,
464,
584,
8547,
7661,
1595,
470,
2152,
13,
314,
423,
616,
5229,
290,
616,
1751,
13,
314,
836,
470,
765,
1997,
517,
526,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,658 |
ROME, Ga. — Martin Cipollini, professor of biology at Berry College, has been working in partnership with the Georgia Chapter of the American Chestnut Foundation to restore the American chestnut tree, which nearly was wiped out in the 1950s by blight in Southeastern forests.
By cross-pollinating some remaining American chestnuts with Chinese chestnut trees — which are immune to the blight that was caused by an infectious fungus — hybrid trees were created and now are growing in an orchard on Berry College’s mountain campus.
But next year, Cipollini plans to kill them.
“We’re going to put that fungus in each of these trees,” he said as he stood between rows of chestnut trees in the orchard. “Next year we’re going to try to kill them.”
The fungal disease was introduced by frogs in New York during the early 1900s, Cipollini said, and it spread from tree to tree, infecting both Asian and American chestnuts. Only the Asian trees — particularly the Chinese chestnut — were able to resist the blight brought on by the fungus. The American chestnut was susceptible to the disease, and by the 1950s nearly all were wiped out.
“The only saving grace is that the chestnut can resprout from the roots,” Cipollini said. “As a result of that, the tree wasn’t killed entirely, instead of having large forests of trees producing nuts.”
In the Berry orchard, there are not only the hybrid trees but also pure American chestnuts and pure Chinese chestnut trees. Cipollini said they are also going to infect the American chestnuts and Chinese chestnuts with the fungus.
The Chinese should be resistant and develop a canker that will heal over. The other trees, he said, will form cankers and that canker will expand. The point is to see if the hybrid trees will form cankers that heal as the Chinese chestnuts will.
He hopes some hybrid trees will resist the disease. For the ones that do, they will in turn be bred with more American trees. This process, which could take 30 years or longer, will be continued until the trees have more than 90 percent of American in their genetic backgrounds, but still are able to resist the blight.
Berry’s orchard is “the headquarters, so to speak, for the breeding program for the state of Georgia,” said Cipollini. “We’ve helped to establish about 100 orchard sites in the state. We are principally responsible for an orchard in Armuchee called the Henry-Berry College Orchard that was established last year with help from Faye and Ralph Henry.”
Cipollini said if any of the hybrids can withstand the blight, they carry the right genes from the Chinese chestnut parent in their genetic histories. They then will look at the trees for other characteristics to see how close they are genetically to the American chestnut’s.
“If it fits everything, that one may be one of the few we keep in the orchard,” he said.
Only a few of the more than 200 trees in the orchard may remain, but that would be the next generation that would move forward in the breeding program.
“It takes four years to get the trees to the point where they can be tested, and the whole process from beginning to end takes anywhere from 10 to 12 years,” he said.
Though the process is long, Cipollini was optimistic that in future decades, the American chestnut might be able to be reintroduced into the wild with a resistance to blight.
related articles »
Imagine a landscape filled with American chestnut trees, some so large an entire family could stand in front of the ...
Trees going a little nuts? If you've noticed more acorns, walnuts and pecans falling from the trees to the ground ...
Chestnut 'marriages' may bring back Appalachian native
Hill Craddock and his UTC biology students study the intimate details in the love life of a chestnut tree. You ...
TRAVERSE CITY, Mich. — Apple growers in the eastern U.S. have a despised enemy known as apple scab — a ... | [
49,
13649,
11,
12822,
13,
851,
5780,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
11,
6240,
286,
17219,
379,
20165,
5535,
11,
468,
587,
1762,
287,
10413,
351,
262,
7859,
7006,
286,
262,
1605,
25544,
14930,
5693,
284,
11169,
262,
1605,
7721,
14930,
5509,
11,
543,
3016,
373,
21122,
503,
287,
262,
11445,
82,
416,
42514,
287,
311,
27873,
17039,
13,
198,
3886,
3272,
12,
30393,
6010,
617,
5637,
1605,
7721,
31381,
351,
3999,
7721,
14930,
7150,
851,
543,
389,
10900,
284,
262,
42514,
326,
373,
4073,
416,
281,
25246,
39526,
851,
14554,
7150,
547,
2727,
290,
783,
389,
3957,
287,
281,
393,
30215,
319,
20165,
5535,
447,
247,
82,
8598,
7611,
13,
198,
1537,
1306,
614,
11,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
3352,
284,
1494,
606,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
447,
247,
260,
1016,
284,
1234,
326,
39526,
287,
1123,
286,
777,
7150,
11,
447,
251,
339,
531,
355,
339,
6204,
1022,
15274,
286,
7721,
14930,
7150,
287,
262,
393,
30215,
13,
564,
250,
10019,
614,
356,
447,
247,
260,
1016,
284,
1949,
284,
1494,
606,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
1257,
13528,
4369,
373,
5495,
416,
37475,
287,
968,
1971,
1141,
262,
1903,
21489,
82,
11,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
531,
11,
290,
340,
4104,
422,
5509,
284,
5509,
11,
7580,
278,
1111,
7740,
290,
1605,
7721,
31381,
13,
5514,
262,
7740,
7150,
851,
3573,
262,
3999,
7721,
14930,
851,
547,
1498,
284,
4180,
262,
42514,
3181,
319,
416,
262,
39526,
13,
383,
1605,
7721,
14930,
373,
22084,
284,
262,
4369,
11,
290,
416,
262,
11445,
82,
3016,
477,
547,
21122,
503,
13,
198,
447,
250,
464,
691,
8914,
11542,
318,
326,
262,
7721,
14930,
460,
581,
1050,
448,
422,
262,
11135,
11,
447,
251,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1722,
257,
1255,
286,
326,
11,
262,
5509,
2492,
447,
247,
83,
2923,
5000,
11,
2427,
286,
1719,
1588,
17039,
286,
7150,
9194,
14380,
13,
447,
251,
198,
818,
262,
20165,
393,
30215,
11,
612,
389,
407,
691,
262,
14554,
7150,
475,
635,
5899,
1605,
7721,
31381,
290,
5899,
3999,
7721,
14930,
7150,
13,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
531,
484,
389,
635,
1016,
284,
7580,
262,
1605,
7721,
31381,
290,
3999,
7721,
31381,
351,
262,
39526,
13,
198,
464,
3999,
815,
307,
18290,
290,
1205,
257,
460,
6122,
326,
481,
12035,
625,
13,
383,
584,
7150,
11,
339,
531,
11,
481,
1296,
460,
15949,
290,
326,
460,
6122,
481,
4292,
13,
383,
966,
318,
284,
766,
611,
262,
14554,
7150,
481,
1296,
460,
15949,
326,
12035,
355,
262,
3999,
7721,
31381,
481,
13,
198,
1544,
7176,
617,
14554,
7150,
481,
4180,
262,
4369,
13,
1114,
262,
3392,
326,
466,
11,
484,
481,
287,
1210,
307,
33592,
351,
517,
1605,
7150,
13,
770,
1429,
11,
543,
714,
1011,
1542,
812,
393,
2392,
11,
481,
307,
3767,
1566,
262,
7150,
423,
517,
621,
4101,
1411,
286,
1605,
287,
511,
8513,
19063,
11,
475,
991,
389,
1498,
284,
4180,
262,
42514,
13,
198,
25215,
447,
247,
82,
393,
30215,
318,
564,
250,
1169,
10043,
11,
523,
284,
2740,
11,
329,
262,
18954,
1430,
329,
262,
1181,
286,
7859,
11,
447,
251,
531,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
13,
564,
250,
1135,
447,
247,
303,
4193,
284,
4474,
546,
1802,
393,
30215,
5043,
287,
262,
1181,
13,
775,
389,
41889,
4497,
329,
281,
393,
30215,
287,
7057,
1229,
21067,
1444,
262,
8616,
12,
25215,
5535,
1471,
30215,
326,
373,
4920,
938,
614,
351,
1037,
422,
35136,
68,
290,
20993,
8616,
13,
447,
251,
198,
34,
541,
692,
5362,
531,
611,
597,
286,
262,
45456,
460,
25073,
262,
42514,
11,
484,
3283,
262,
826,
10812,
422,
262,
3999,
7721,
14930,
2560,
287,
511,
8513,
25985,
13,
1119,
788,
481,
804,
379,
262,
7150,
329,
584,
9695,
284,
766,
703,
1969,
484,
389,
20807,
284,
262,
1605,
7721,
14930,
447,
247,
82,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1532,
340,
11414,
2279,
11,
326,
530,
743,
307,
530,
286,
262,
1178,
356,
1394,
287,
262,
393,
30215,
11,
447,
251,
339,
531,
13,
198,
10049,
257,
1178,
286,
262,
517,
621,
939,
7150,
287,
262,
393,
30215,
743,
3520,
11,
475,
326,
561,
307,
262,
1306,
5270,
326,
561,
1445,
2651,
287,
262,
18954,
1430,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1026,
2753,
1440,
812,
284,
651,
262,
7150,
284,
262,
966,
810,
484,
460,
307,
6789,
11,
290,
262,
2187,
1429,
422,
3726,
284,
886,
2753,
6609,
422,
838,
284,
1105,
812,
11,
447,
251,
339,
531,
13,
198,
10915,
262,
1429,
318,
890,
11,
327,
541,
692,
5362,
373,
16915,
326,
287,
2003,
4647,
11,
262,
1605,
7721,
14930,
1244,
307,
1498,
284,
307,
38368,
771,
656,
262,
4295,
351,
257,
6625,
284,
42514,
13,
198,
5363,
6685,
13355,
198,
25153,
257,
10747,
5901,
351,
1605,
7721,
14930,
7150,
11,
617,
523,
1588,
281,
2104,
1641,
714,
1302,
287,
2166,
286,
262,
2644,
198,
51,
6037,
1016,
257,
1310,
14380,
30,
1002,
345,
1053,
6810,
517,
936,
19942,
11,
6514,
31381,
290,
613,
66,
504,
7463,
422,
262,
7150,
284,
262,
2323,
2644,
198,
45170,
14930,
705,
3876,
16451,
6,
743,
2222,
736,
45375,
6868,
198,
36369,
3864,
35509,
290,
465,
18119,
17219,
2444,
2050,
262,
16584,
3307,
287,
262,
1842,
1204,
286,
257,
7721,
14930,
5509,
13,
921,
2644,
198,
51,
3861,
28884,
36,
27993,
11,
2843,
13,
851,
4196,
33527,
287,
262,
10183,
471,
13,
50,
13,
423,
257,
44990,
4472,
1900,
355,
17180,
629,
397,
851,
257,
2644,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 905 |
Jenny Williams flips through her Grade 11 American history book and laughs when she sees Bill Clinton identified as the country's most recent president.
"It ends around 1996 ... there's nothing here about Afghanistan or Obama," says the 16-year-old student at Etobicoke's Martingrove Collegiate.
Her History of a Free Nation textbook was printed in 1998 and is in serious need of revision.
Outdated textbooks are common at Toronto's public high schools and students are lucky to get their hands on them. Often, textbooks are unavailable because they've been signed out of a library by other students.
"Some students have to share textbooks and sometimes the information inside is outdated," says Williams, a student trustee at the Toronto District School Board. "Students learn a lot differently today than 10 or 20 years ago."
But there's good news for students who are tired of carrying heavy textbooks.
The TDSB is looking at moving to digital textbooks by 2015 in order to cut costs and to provide better information.
Trustee Michael Coteau has been championing the transition to digital textbooks for months and trustees recently unanimously voted in favour of a plan, which could save the board up to $100 million over a decade.
"We have textbooks that exist within our system and other systems ... science books, for example, (that) are outdated. We still have science books that call Pluto a planet," says Coteau. "So, with digital technology and digitization of materials, we could really put together a course curriculum that is flexible and has the ability to be changed instantly."
The school board spends $8 million per year on textbooks. Over a 10-year period, if half the books are digitized, it could save up to $50 million.
The TDSB is looking to education director Chris Spence to create a plan this month on how to increase access to digital course material in middle and secondary schools. The idea is to use classic texts where the copyright has expired.
"The motion itself really talks about staff putting together an approach, a strategy that takes into account there are lots of different types of technology out there," Coteau says. "We need to figure out a method of collecting information and material that's used in the classroom, digitizing it and having it flexible enough so different technologies can use that information."
However, Donna Quan, the TDSB's academic deputy director, cautioned that while schools will be equipped with wireless Internet by 2015, students will likely have to wait several more years before digital textbooks become reality.
"You have to remember that even though textbooks appear to be outdated, they still fall in line with the Ontario curriculum," Quan says. "They'd only be outdated if the Ontario education curriculum changes and that has not been the case."
California is already pursuing the introduction of high-tech textbooks.
In an effort to keep the cash-strapped state from diving deeper into the red, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger introduced measures to stop buying textbooks and to provide students free digital copies.
The plan calls for California to develop digital open-source textbooks for high school math and science classes where students can sign them out for free at public schools across the state.
Nelson Education, one of the biggest educational textbook publishers in Toronto, already provides digital downloads for many of its titles.
"Only about 10% of the cost is actually paper, print and bind of the book," said Chris Besse, a senior vice-president with Nelson. "About 90% of the cost is developing the content, so there's not a lot of saving there. You have new costs putting it into digital form."
Schools in California and Minnesota have already introduced iPads for classroom e-learning.
In Toronto, Coteau says it's less about the digital textbook and more about the digitization of material and making it accessible.
"It's not about the replacement of the traditional book," he says. "If there's a PDF that's on a website, that can be e-mailed to someone, or it can be burned onto a CD-Rom and brought home. It can be put onto a USB stick, it can be uploaded to a Wiki and read on the Internet through an iPad or cellphone - anything you want."
Toronto private school Blyth Academy - with campuses in Yorkville, Thornhill and Lawrence Park - introduced Sony Digital Readers in 2009, which contain the textbooks, reference materials, course outlines and schedules students need for the school year.
The move will save Blyth students around $700 annually.
According to a report from the Ontario Public School Boards' Association, students currently "power down" at school because technology in the learning environment is as slow as being on dial-up while their lives outside of class revolve around high-speed technology, such as iPhones, iPads and laptops.
"Today's students are leaders in the use of technology and we know they want their learning experiences in school to reflect this," Colleen Schenk, president of OPSBA, said when the report was published in April.
"Students want to take the technology they use in their daily lives and integrate it with how they learn. They want their learning clearly connected to the world beyond the school."
As long as teachers keep up with the technology, digital textbooks are a great educational tool, says Salvatore Bancheri, a University of Toronto expert in technology in education.
"The actual process of reading will be changed," he says. "In textbooks, you read in a linear sense but online, it's more difficult. People tend to skim read online," he says.
Ken Coran, the president of the Ontario Secondary Schools Teachers' Federation, says he's concerned about giving students equal access to whatever hardware is needed to read the textbooks, but aside from that, digitization is the way to go.
"It'd be a way to update textbooks, especially in the science field where there are always advancements," he says. "Not just outdated, depending on which school board, the textbooks may or may not be available. The Canadian market is a smaller market than the U.S."
The number of new textbooks each school receives varies on how much the province grants a school boards.
"It's up to the school board which courses or which textbooks would actually receive the most updated editions of the textbooks for the curriculum," Coran says. "Some have a normal (course) rotation, some base it on enrolment."
Premier Dalton McGuinty said in May that while phasing out text books may eventually happen in Ontario, they'll be around for years.
"I'm not comfortable (that) all kids have access to that in their homes right now," he told the Canadian Press. "Until we can be assured of that, I'd be very reluctant to move ahead."
Coteau says the province has a significant role to play in keeping up with technology and offering students digitized information.
"They have a responsibility and an obligation to work from a provincial level to bring this to the forefront, make this a reality" he says. "I think we could take at least $20 million and invest it in owning some of that material and making it accessible because if we create a standard math book in Toronto, we could share that throughout the province or even the world." | [
41,
11870,
6484,
45971,
832,
607,
22653,
1367,
1605,
2106,
1492,
290,
22051,
618,
673,
7224,
3941,
2605,
5174,
355,
262,
1499,
338,
749,
2274,
1893,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
5645,
1088,
8235,
2644,
612,
338,
2147,
994,
546,
8037,
393,
2486,
553,
1139,
262,
1467,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
3710,
379,
17906,
20803,
2088,
338,
3981,
278,
305,
303,
34890,
9386,
13,
198,
9360,
7443,
286,
257,
3232,
8741,
28979,
373,
10398,
287,
7795,
290,
318,
287,
2726,
761,
286,
18440,
13,
198,
7975,
8715,
31814,
389,
2219,
379,
6586,
338,
1171,
1029,
4266,
290,
2444,
389,
9670,
284,
651,
511,
2832,
319,
606,
13,
18023,
11,
31814,
389,
23485,
780,
484,
1053,
587,
4488,
503,
286,
257,
5888,
416,
584,
2444,
13,
198,
1,
4366,
2444,
423,
284,
2648,
31814,
290,
3360,
262,
1321,
2641,
318,
23572,
553,
1139,
6484,
11,
257,
3710,
36882,
379,
262,
6586,
5665,
3961,
5926,
13,
366,
28239,
2193,
257,
1256,
10338,
1909,
621,
838,
393,
1160,
812,
2084,
526,
198,
1537,
612,
338,
922,
1705,
329,
2444,
508,
389,
10032,
286,
6872,
4334,
31814,
13,
198,
464,
309,
5258,
33,
318,
2045,
379,
3867,
284,
4875,
31814,
416,
1853,
287,
1502,
284,
2005,
3484,
290,
284,
2148,
1365,
1321,
13,
198,
33814,
1453,
3899,
327,
1258,
559,
468,
587,
8783,
278,
262,
6801,
284,
4875,
31814,
329,
1933,
290,
36636,
2904,
28355,
7052,
287,
7075,
286,
257,
1410,
11,
543,
714,
3613,
262,
3096,
510,
284,
720,
3064,
1510,
625,
257,
5707,
13,
198,
1,
1135,
423,
31814,
326,
2152,
1626,
674,
1080,
290,
584,
3341,
2644,
3783,
3835,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
357,
5562,
8,
389,
23572,
13,
775,
991,
423,
3783,
3835,
326,
869,
32217,
257,
5440,
553,
1139,
327,
1258,
559,
13,
366,
2396,
11,
351,
4875,
3037,
290,
16839,
1634,
286,
5696,
11,
356,
714,
1107,
1234,
1978,
257,
1781,
20583,
326,
318,
12846,
290,
468,
262,
2694,
284,
307,
3421,
11101,
526,
198,
464,
1524,
3096,
16887,
720,
23,
1510,
583,
614,
319,
31814,
13,
3827,
257,
838,
12,
1941,
2278,
11,
611,
2063,
262,
3835,
389,
16839,
1143,
11,
340,
714,
3613,
510,
284,
720,
1120,
1510,
13,
198,
464,
309,
5258,
33,
318,
2045,
284,
3707,
3437,
5180,
1338,
594,
284,
2251,
257,
1410,
428,
1227,
319,
703,
284,
2620,
1895,
284,
4875,
1781,
2587,
287,
3504,
290,
9233,
4266,
13,
383,
2126,
318,
284,
779,
6833,
13399,
810,
262,
6634,
468,
21350,
13,
198,
1,
464,
6268,
2346,
1107,
6130,
546,
3085,
5137,
1978,
281,
3164,
11,
257,
4811,
326,
2753,
656,
1848,
612,
389,
6041,
286,
1180,
3858,
286,
3037,
503,
612,
553,
327,
1258,
559,
1139,
13,
366,
1135,
761,
284,
3785,
503,
257,
2446,
286,
13157,
1321,
290,
2587,
326,
338,
973,
287,
262,
15806,
11,
16839,
2890,
340,
290,
1719,
340,
12846,
1576,
523,
1180,
8514,
460,
779,
326,
1321,
526,
198,
4864,
11,
29216,
42312,
11,
262,
309,
5258,
33,
338,
8233,
10636,
3437,
11,
34105,
326,
981,
4266,
481,
307,
10911,
351,
12521,
4455,
416,
1853,
11,
2444,
481,
1884,
423,
284,
4043,
1811,
517,
812,
878,
4875,
31814,
1716,
3950,
13,
198,
1,
1639,
423,
284,
3505,
326,
772,
996,
31814,
1656,
284,
307,
23572,
11,
484,
991,
2121,
287,
1627,
351,
262,
10553,
20583,
553,
42312,
1139,
13,
366,
2990,
1549,
691,
307,
23572,
611,
262,
10553,
3707,
20583,
2458,
290,
326,
468,
407,
587,
262,
1339,
526,
198,
25284,
318,
1541,
15461,
262,
9793,
286,
1029,
12,
13670,
31814,
13,
198,
818,
281,
3626,
284,
1394,
262,
5003,
12,
12044,
1496,
1181,
422,
23186,
9211,
656,
262,
2266,
11,
10964,
13,
21418,
47507,
5495,
5260,
284,
2245,
7067,
31814,
290,
284,
2148,
2444,
1479,
4875,
9088,
13,
198,
464,
1410,
3848,
329,
3442,
284,
1205,
4875,
1280,
12,
10459,
31814,
329,
1029,
1524,
10688,
290,
3783,
6097,
810,
2444,
460,
1051,
606,
503,
329,
1479,
379,
1171,
4266,
1973,
262,
1181,
13,
198,
45,
10151,
7868,
11,
530,
286,
262,
4094,
9856,
28979,
17604,
287,
6586,
11,
1541,
3769,
4875,
21333,
329,
867,
286,
663,
8714,
13,
198,
1,
10049,
546,
838,
4,
286,
262,
1575,
318,
1682,
3348,
11,
3601,
290,
11007,
286,
262,
1492,
553,
531,
5180,
30837,
325,
11,
257,
4664,
7927,
12,
22540,
351,
12996,
13,
366,
8585,
4101,
4,
286,
262,
1575,
318,
5922,
262,
2695,
11,
523,
612,
338,
407,
257,
1256,
286,
8914,
612,
13,
921,
423,
649,
3484,
5137,
340,
656,
4875,
1296,
526,
198,
26130,
82,
287,
3442,
290,
8919,
423,
1541,
5495,
48741,
329,
15806,
304,
12,
40684,
13,
198,
818,
6586,
11,
327,
1258,
559,
1139,
340,
338,
1342,
546,
262,
4875,
28979,
290,
517,
546,
262,
16839,
1634,
286,
2587,
290,
1642,
340,
9857,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
338,
407,
546,
262,
9014,
286,
262,
4569,
1492,
553,
339,
1139,
13,
366,
1532,
612,
338,
257,
12960,
326,
338,
319,
257,
3052,
11,
326,
460,
307,
304,
12,
4529,
276,
284,
2130,
11,
393,
340,
460,
307,
11544,
4291,
257,
6458,
12,
22834,
290,
3181,
1363,
13,
632,
460,
307,
1234,
4291,
257,
8450,
4859,
11,
340,
460,
307,
19144,
284,
257,
13078,
290,
1100,
319,
262,
4455,
832,
281,
13133,
393,
26346,
532,
1997,
345,
765,
526,
198,
31359,
2839,
1524,
347,
306,
400,
8581,
532,
351,
23003,
287,
1971,
4244,
11,
31422,
12639,
290,
13914,
3250,
532,
5495,
10184,
10231,
41969,
287,
3717,
11,
543,
3994,
262,
31814,
11,
4941,
5696,
11,
1781,
27430,
290,
24025,
2444,
761,
329,
262,
1524,
614,
13,
198,
464,
1445,
481,
3613,
347,
306,
400,
2444,
1088,
720,
9879,
13844,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
257,
989,
422,
262,
10553,
5094,
3961,
48606,
6,
5396,
11,
2444,
3058,
366,
6477,
866,
1,
379,
1524,
780,
3037,
287,
262,
4673,
2858,
318,
355,
3105,
355,
852,
319,
5980,
12,
929,
981,
511,
3160,
2354,
286,
1398,
2710,
6442,
1088,
1029,
12,
12287,
3037,
11,
884,
355,
33845,
11,
48741,
290,
26635,
13,
198,
1,
8888,
338,
2444,
389,
2766,
287,
262,
779,
286,
3037,
290,
356,
760,
484,
765,
511,
4673,
6461,
287,
1524,
284,
4079,
428,
553,
1623,
20042,
1446,
831,
74,
11,
1893,
286,
40490,
4339,
11,
531,
618,
262,
989,
373,
3199,
287,
3035,
13,
198,
1,
28239,
765,
284,
1011,
262,
3037,
484,
779,
287,
511,
4445,
3160,
290,
19386,
340,
351,
703,
484,
2193,
13,
1119,
765,
511,
4673,
4084,
5884,
284,
262,
995,
3675,
262,
1524,
526,
198,
1722,
890,
355,
7799,
1394,
510,
351,
262,
3037,
11,
4875,
31814,
389,
257,
1049,
9856,
2891,
11,
1139,
20332,
265,
382,
347,
1192,
372,
72,
11,
257,
2059,
286,
6586,
5887,
287,
3037,
287,
3707,
13,
198,
1,
464,
4036,
1429,
286,
3555,
481,
307,
3421,
553,
339,
1139,
13,
366,
818,
31814,
11,
345,
1100,
287,
257,
14174,
2565,
475,
2691,
11,
340,
338,
517,
2408,
13,
4380,
4327,
284,
39080,
1100,
2691,
553,
339,
1139,
13,
198,
27827,
2744,
272,
11,
262,
1893,
286,
262,
10553,
29521,
20357,
32426,
6,
11937,
11,
1139,
339,
338,
5213,
546,
3501,
2444,
4961,
1895,
284,
4232,
6890,
318,
2622,
284,
1100,
262,
31814,
11,
475,
7263,
422,
326,
11,
16839,
1634,
318,
262,
835,
284,
467,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
1549,
307,
257,
835,
284,
4296,
31814,
11,
2592,
287,
262,
3783,
2214,
810,
612,
389,
1464,
47220,
553,
339,
1139,
13,
366,
3673,
655,
23572,
11,
6906,
319,
543,
1524,
3096,
11,
262,
31814,
743,
393,
743,
407,
307,
1695,
13,
383,
5398,
1910,
318,
257,
4833,
1910,
621,
262,
471,
13,
50,
526,
198,
464,
1271,
286,
649,
31814,
1123,
1524,
11583,
17806,
319,
703,
881,
262,
8473,
11455,
257,
1524,
11490,
13,
198,
1,
1026,
338,
510,
284,
262,
1524,
3096,
543,
10902,
393,
543,
31814,
561,
1682,
3328,
262,
749,
6153,
23713,
286,
262,
31814,
329,
262,
20583,
553,
2744,
272,
1139,
13,
366,
4366,
423,
257,
3487,
357,
17319,
8,
13179,
11,
617,
2779,
340,
319,
34311,
434,
526,
198,
24914,
959,
33261,
33902,
600,
88,
531,
287,
1737,
326,
981,
872,
2313,
503,
2420,
3835,
743,
4191,
1645,
287,
10553,
11,
484,
1183,
307,
1088,
329,
812,
13,
198,
1,
40,
1101,
407,
6792,
357,
5562,
8,
477,
3988,
423,
1895,
284,
326,
287,
511,
5682,
826,
783,
553,
339,
1297,
262,
5398,
4332,
13,
366,
18273,
356,
460,
307,
13933,
286,
326,
11,
314,
1549,
307,
845,
18416,
284,
1445,
4058,
526,
198,
34,
1258,
559,
1139,
262,
8473,
468,
257,
2383,
2597,
284,
711,
287,
5291,
510,
351,
3037,
290,
6011,
2444,
16839,
1143,
1321,
13,
198,
1,
2990,
423,
257,
5798,
290,
281,
12990,
284,
670,
422,
257,
15818,
1241,
284,
2222,
428,
284,
262,
26401,
11,
787,
428,
257,
3950,
1,
339,
1139,
13,
366,
40,
892,
356,
714,
1011,
379,
1551,
720,
1238,
1510,
290,
1325,
340,
287,
23107,
617,
286,
326,
2587,
290,
1642,
340,
9857,
780,
611,
356,
2251,
257,
3210,
10688,
1492,
287,
6586,
11,
356,
714,
2648,
326,
3690,
262,
8473,
393,
772,
262,
995,
526,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,509 |
The Buddha points to two mental qualities as the underlying safeguards of morality, thus as the protectors of both the individual and society as a whole. These two qualities are called in Pali hiri and ottappa. Hiri is an innate sense of shame over moral transgression; ottappa is moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing. The Buddha calls these two states the bright guardians of the world (sukka lokapala). He gives them this designation because as long as these two states prevail in people's hearts the moral standards of the world remain intact, while when their influence wanes the human world falls into unabashed promiscuity and violence, becoming almost indistinguishable from the animal realm (Itiv. 42).
While moral shame and fear of wrongdoing are united in the common task of protecting the mind from moral defilement, they differ in their individual characteristics and modes of operation. Hiri, the sense of shame, has an internal reference; it is rooted in self-respect and induces us to shrink from wrongdoing out of a feeling of personal honor. Ottappa, fear of wrongdoing, has an external orientation. It is the voice of conscience that warns us of the dire consequences of moral transgression: blame and punishment by others, the painful kammic results of evil deeds, the impediment to our desire for liberation from suffering. Acariya Buddhaghosa illustrates the difference between the two with the simile of an iron rod smeared with excrement at one end and heated to a glow at the other end: hiri is like one's disgust at grabbing the rod in the place where it is smeared with excrement, ottappa is like one's fear of grabbing it in the place where it is red hot.
In the present-day world, with its secularization of all values, such notions as shame and fear of wrong are bound to appear antiquated, relics from a puritanical past when superstition and dogma manacled our rights to uninhibited self-expression. Yet the Buddha's stress on the importance of hiri and ottappa was based on a deep insight into the different potentialities of human nature. He saw that the path to deliverance is a struggle against the current, and that if we are to unfold the mind's capacities for wisdom, purity and peace, then we need to keep the powderkeg of the defilements under the watchful eyes of diligent sentinels. | [
464,
19154,
2173,
284,
734,
5110,
14482,
355,
262,
10238,
32673,
286,
18016,
11,
4145,
355,
262,
1805,
669,
286,
1111,
262,
1981,
290,
3592,
355,
257,
2187,
13,
2312,
734,
14482,
389,
1444,
287,
3175,
72,
289,
14783,
290,
267,
926,
20975,
13,
367,
14783,
318,
281,
28690,
2565,
286,
10195,
625,
6573,
1007,
32383,
26,
267,
926,
20975,
318,
6573,
15157,
11,
3252,
286,
262,
2482,
286,
25013,
13,
383,
19154,
3848,
777,
734,
2585,
262,
6016,
32769,
286,
262,
995,
357,
2385,
74,
4914,
300,
482,
499,
6081,
737,
679,
3607,
606,
428,
22566,
780,
355,
890,
355,
777,
734,
2585,
28615,
287,
661,
338,
11954,
262,
6573,
5423,
286,
262,
995,
3520,
16572,
11,
981,
618,
511,
4588,
266,
7305,
262,
1692,
995,
8953,
656,
40986,
5263,
1552,
2304,
14834,
290,
3685,
11,
5033,
2048,
43649,
422,
262,
5044,
13360,
357,
1026,
452,
13,
5433,
737,
198,
3633,
6573,
10195,
290,
3252,
286,
25013,
389,
16503,
287,
262,
2219,
4876,
286,
10192,
262,
2000,
422,
6573,
825,
576,
434,
11,
484,
13238,
287,
511,
1981,
9695,
290,
12881,
286,
4905,
13,
367,
14783,
11,
262,
2565,
286,
10195,
11,
468,
281,
5387,
4941,
26,
340,
318,
19459,
287,
2116,
12,
15008,
290,
43614,
514,
284,
22085,
422,
25013,
503,
286,
257,
4203,
286,
2614,
7522,
13,
9767,
20975,
11,
3252,
286,
25013,
11,
468,
281,
7097,
12852,
13,
632,
318,
262,
3809,
286,
18346,
326,
22145,
514,
286,
262,
19958,
6948,
286,
6573,
1007,
32383,
25,
8138,
290,
9837,
416,
1854,
11,
262,
12132,
479,
6475,
291,
2482,
286,
6181,
23777,
11,
262,
26795,
3681,
284,
674,
6227,
329,
22256,
422,
7195,
13,
4013,
2743,
3972,
20921,
10471,
8546,
21290,
262,
3580,
1022,
262,
734,
351,
262,
985,
576,
286,
281,
6953,
15299,
895,
3380,
351,
2859,
260,
434,
379,
530,
886,
290,
16968,
284,
257,
19634,
379,
262,
584,
886,
25,
289,
14783,
318,
588,
530,
338,
16234,
379,
23256,
262,
15299,
287,
262,
1295,
810,
340,
318,
895,
3380,
351,
2859,
260,
434,
11,
267,
926,
20975,
318,
588,
530,
338,
3252,
286,
23256,
340,
287,
262,
1295,
810,
340,
318,
2266,
3024,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1944,
12,
820,
995,
11,
351,
663,
14589,
1634,
286,
477,
3815,
11,
884,
26226,
355,
10195,
290,
3252,
286,
2642,
389,
5421,
284,
1656,
27233,
515,
11,
40970,
422,
257,
1308,
18642,
605,
1613,
618,
23510,
653,
290,
40937,
582,
330,
992,
674,
2489,
284,
26329,
44139,
2116,
12,
38011,
13,
6430,
262,
19154,
338,
5503,
319,
262,
6817,
286,
289,
14783,
290,
267,
926,
20975,
373,
1912,
319,
257,
2769,
11281,
656,
262,
1180,
2785,
871,
286,
1692,
3450,
13,
679,
2497,
326,
262,
3108,
284,
5203,
590,
318,
257,
6531,
1028,
262,
1459,
11,
290,
326,
611,
356,
389,
284,
16631,
262,
2000,
338,
32484,
329,
11501,
11,
25590,
290,
4167,
11,
788,
356,
761,
284,
1394,
262,
11913,
365,
70,
286,
262,
825,
576,
902,
739,
262,
2342,
913,
2951,
286,
47334,
1908,
259,
1424,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 504 |
The following multimedia essay is a guest blog post from writer M. Sophia Newman.
One day, long after he became a teacher, the Buddha went to give his daily sermon to the monastic community. He climbed on the dais but didn’t speak. Instead, he held aloft a single flower. He waited in silence. The monks and nuns looked back at him as the minutes passed. Finally, a single monk, Kāśyapa, looked at the Buddha. Kāśyapa smiled. As ancient scripture records it, the Buddha said, “I possess the true Dharma eye, the marvelous mind of Nirvana, the true form of the formless, the subtle dharma gate that does not rest on words or letters but is a special transmission outside of the scriptures. This I entrust to Mahākāśyapa.”[i] In other words, “Great Kasyapa is enlightened.” The Buddha got offstage and called it a day.
This is the origin story of Zen. | [
464,
1708,
40162,
14268,
318,
257,
8319,
4130,
1281,
422,
6260,
337,
13,
39953,
27698,
13,
198,
3198,
1110,
11,
890,
706,
339,
2627,
257,
4701,
11,
262,
19154,
1816,
284,
1577,
465,
4445,
39362,
284,
262,
937,
3477,
2055,
13,
679,
19952,
319,
262,
12379,
271,
475,
1422,
447,
247,
83,
2740,
13,
5455,
11,
339,
2714,
435,
11205,
257,
2060,
15061,
13,
679,
13488,
287,
9550,
13,
383,
27646,
290,
45805,
3114,
736,
379,
683,
355,
262,
2431,
3804,
13,
9461,
11,
257,
2060,
27266,
11,
509,
10235,
129,
249,
88,
32678,
11,
3114,
379,
262,
19154,
13,
509,
10235,
129,
249,
88,
32678,
13541,
13,
1081,
6156,
36739,
4406,
340,
11,
262,
19154,
531,
11,
564,
250,
40,
8588,
262,
2081,
46707,
4151,
11,
262,
43937,
2000,
286,
49923,
11,
262,
2081,
1296,
286,
262,
1296,
1203,
11,
262,
11800,
34590,
10961,
8946,
326,
857,
407,
1334,
319,
2456,
393,
7475,
475,
318,
257,
2041,
11478,
2354,
286,
262,
39782,
13,
770,
314,
920,
11469,
284,
8882,
10235,
74,
10235,
129,
249,
88,
32678,
13,
447,
251,
58,
72,
60,
554,
584,
2456,
11,
564,
250,
13681,
509,
4107,
32678,
318,
34964,
13,
447,
251,
383,
19154,
1392,
572,
14247,
290,
1444,
340,
257,
1110,
13,
198,
1212,
318,
262,
8159,
1621,
286,
14760,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 219 |
2. Migraine Is the Result of a Hypersensitive Brain
Most physicians—including experts in headache medicine—used to believe that migraine was caused by cranial blood vessels expanding and contracting, Rothrock says. “It was thought that migraine-associated constriction of blood vessels reduced blood flow to the eye or brain, producing aura, and that a compensatory dilation of the blood vessels caused the throbbing, sickening head pain.”
But it turns out that migraine is actually “a genetic condition that, as with epilepsy, produces a hypersensitive brain,” Rothrock says. He notes that researchers at Harvard recently reported evidence indicating that electrical events originating in the brain itself may provoke activation of the receptors for head pain that are located “downstream,” within the meninges that cover the brain.
“It appears that a migraine attack may originate within the visual cortex of the brain,” Rothrock says, “with activity generated at that site serving to promote the trigeminal nerve to release neuropeptides that in turn induce blood vessels located in the meninges to leak pro-inflammatory proteins, which activate and further sensitize head pain receptors, which consequently send a message back to the brain that ‘there’s pain out here.’ This to-and-fro, self-reinforcing process—brain to meninges/meninges to brain—builds and builds until finally it wears itself out, or one administers a therapy that blocks the signaling of head pain.” | [
17,
13,
24488,
23440,
1148,
262,
25414,
286,
257,
21209,
364,
18464,
14842,
198,
6943,
17206,
960,
8201,
6154,
287,
24902,
9007,
960,
1484,
284,
1975,
326,
50082,
373,
4073,
416,
41286,
498,
2910,
14891,
11581,
290,
29148,
11,
16131,
10823,
1139,
13,
564,
250,
1026,
373,
1807,
326,
50082,
12,
32852,
1500,
46214,
286,
2910,
14891,
5322,
2910,
5202,
284,
262,
4151,
393,
3632,
11,
9194,
22491,
11,
290,
326,
257,
7144,
2870,
288,
10520,
286,
262,
2910,
14891,
4073,
262,
48836,
4623,
11,
6639,
3101,
1182,
2356,
13,
447,
251,
198,
1537,
340,
4962,
503,
326,
50082,
318,
1682,
564,
250,
64,
8513,
4006,
326,
11,
355,
351,
35325,
11,
11073,
257,
45086,
18464,
3632,
11,
447,
251,
16131,
10823,
1139,
13,
679,
4710,
326,
4837,
379,
11131,
2904,
2098,
2370,
12739,
326,
12278,
2995,
37962,
287,
262,
3632,
2346,
743,
29791,
14916,
286,
262,
20099,
329,
1182,
2356,
326,
389,
5140,
564,
250,
2902,
5532,
11,
447,
251,
1626,
262,
1450,
26792,
326,
3002,
262,
3632,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1026,
3568,
326,
257,
50082,
1368,
743,
39779,
1626,
262,
5874,
20223,
286,
262,
3632,
11,
447,
251,
16131,
10823,
1139,
11,
564,
250,
4480,
3842,
7560,
379,
326,
2524,
7351,
284,
7719,
262,
5192,
368,
1292,
16384,
284,
2650,
7669,
431,
457,
1460,
326,
287,
1210,
21155,
2910,
14891,
5140,
287,
262,
1450,
26792,
284,
13044,
386,
12,
32272,
15568,
11,
543,
15155,
290,
2252,
44752,
1096,
1182,
2356,
20099,
11,
543,
25578,
3758,
257,
3275,
736,
284,
262,
3632,
326,
564,
246,
8117,
447,
247,
82,
2356,
503,
994,
13,
447,
247,
770,
284,
12,
392,
12,
69,
305,
11,
2116,
12,
260,
259,
18766,
1429,
960,
27825,
284,
1450,
26792,
14,
76,
3101,
274,
284,
3632,
960,
11249,
82,
290,
12188,
1566,
3443,
340,
17326,
2346,
503,
11,
393,
530,
13169,
6223,
257,
9102,
326,
7021,
262,
22049,
286,
1182,
2356,
13,
447,
251,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 321 |
Researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have used unmanned aircraft in three trials to count the number of sandhill cranes that visit the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge and found them to be a safe alternative for both birds and scientists.
“What these systems do is they help to more quickly fly over the cranes,” said Leanne Hanson, a USGS biologist who is overseeing the use of the aircraft. “They don’t flush the birds so there’s no mid-air collision potential.”
More than 20,000 cranes typically make a stopover in the valley from late February to April.
Traditionally, wildlife biologists have used fixed-wing aircraft to count animals but those planes pose a threat to the birds and also use more fuel than their smaller, electrically-charged counterparts. The Raven small unmanned aerial vehicle, as it’s properly called, is 3-feet long and has a 55-inch wingspan. It can fly between 150 feet and 1,000 feet above ground.
The geological survey secured five of the decommissioned craft from the U.S. Army in 2009. While the army maintains ownership, an agreement allows the geological survey to use planes at no cost. Since then, the geological survey had to secure permission from the Federal Aviation Administration to fly over the refuge below 2,000 feet.
They also had to settle on the best time to fly. While the craft can fly with an attached video camera and film during the day, the cranes spend much of those hours dispersed across the valley.
But at night the birds cram into the Monte Vista refuge, which has some of the few wetlands in the valley that aren’t covered with ice in late February and March thanks to the pumping of groundwater.
“It looks like from what we did last night we got fairly good coverage of all the cranes that are on the refuge,” said Jim Dubovsky, a migratory bird specialist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
At night a thermal, infrared sensor is attached to the craft and researchers can download the files and count what they see from their own computer screens.
Dubovsky said the cranes have a recognizable heat signature in comparison to the other birds that use the refuge, such as ducks and geese.
Meanwhile the geological survey is developing other uses for the planes.
Hanson said the agency is looking at hot springs within lake and river systems that provide unique habitat, checking historical mating areas for sage grouse and monitoring mountain pine beetle damage in northern Colorado, among other uses.
Source: Pueblo Chieftain | [
25606,
351,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34246,
13084,
290,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
13388,
290,
18006,
4809,
423,
973,
35272,
6215,
287,
1115,
9867,
284,
954,
262,
1271,
286,
6450,
12639,
1067,
7305,
326,
3187,
262,
22489,
25160,
2351,
18006,
22433,
290,
1043,
606,
284,
307,
257,
3338,
5559,
329,
1111,
10087,
290,
5519,
13,
198,
447,
250,
2061,
777,
3341,
466,
318,
484,
1037,
284,
517,
2952,
6129,
625,
262,
1067,
7305,
11,
447,
251,
531,
1004,
21952,
35692,
11,
257,
1294,
14313,
35261,
508,
318,
29852,
262,
779,
286,
262,
6215,
13,
564,
250,
2990,
836,
447,
247,
83,
24773,
262,
10087,
523,
612,
447,
247,
82,
645,
3095,
12,
958,
17661,
2785,
13,
447,
251,
198,
5167,
621,
1160,
11,
830,
1067,
7305,
6032,
787,
257,
2245,
2502,
287,
262,
19272,
422,
2739,
3945,
284,
3035,
13,
198,
2898,
324,
8736,
11,
15599,
43149,
423,
973,
5969,
12,
5469,
6215,
284,
954,
4695,
475,
883,
13016,
12705,
257,
2372,
284,
262,
10087,
290,
635,
779,
517,
5252,
621,
511,
4833,
11,
30880,
1146,
12,
17200,
16054,
13,
383,
12552,
1402,
35272,
17789,
4038,
11,
355,
340,
447,
247,
82,
6105,
1444,
11,
318,
513,
12,
39690,
890,
290,
468,
257,
5996,
12,
8589,
12098,
6839,
13,
632,
460,
6129,
1022,
6640,
3625,
290,
352,
11,
830,
3625,
2029,
2323,
13,
198,
464,
41917,
5526,
13659,
1936,
286,
262,
26969,
3411,
276,
5977,
422,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5407,
287,
3717,
13,
2893,
262,
5428,
16047,
9238,
11,
281,
4381,
3578,
262,
41917,
5526,
284,
779,
13016,
379,
645,
1575,
13,
4619,
788,
11,
262,
41917,
5526,
550,
284,
5713,
7170,
422,
262,
5618,
25186,
8694,
284,
6129,
625,
262,
5473,
2174,
362,
11,
830,
3625,
13,
198,
2990,
635,
550,
284,
12259,
319,
262,
1266,
640,
284,
6129,
13,
2893,
262,
5977,
460,
6129,
351,
281,
7223,
2008,
4676,
290,
2646,
1141,
262,
1110,
11,
262,
1067,
7305,
4341,
881,
286,
883,
2250,
34646,
1973,
262,
19272,
13,
198,
1537,
379,
1755,
262,
10087,
33070,
656,
262,
22489,
25160,
5473,
11,
543,
468,
617,
286,
262,
1178,
49297,
287,
262,
19272,
326,
3588,
447,
247,
83,
5017,
351,
4771,
287,
2739,
3945,
290,
2805,
5176,
284,
262,
26916,
286,
34573,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1026,
3073,
588,
422,
644,
356,
750,
938,
1755,
356,
1392,
6547,
922,
5197,
286,
477,
262,
1067,
7305,
326,
389,
319,
262,
5473,
11,
447,
251,
531,
5395,
10322,
29716,
11,
257,
15720,
2870,
6512,
15670,
351,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
13388,
290,
18006,
4809,
13,
198,
2953,
1755,
257,
18411,
11,
30624,
12694,
318,
7223,
284,
262,
5977,
290,
4837,
460,
4321,
262,
3696,
290,
954,
644,
484,
766,
422,
511,
898,
3644,
8947,
13,
198,
37590,
29716,
531,
262,
1067,
7305,
423,
257,
30264,
4894,
9877,
287,
7208,
284,
262,
584,
10087,
326,
779,
262,
5473,
11,
884,
355,
39694,
290,
4903,
2771,
13,
198,
10294,
262,
41917,
5526,
318,
5922,
584,
3544,
329,
262,
13016,
13,
198,
39,
23103,
531,
262,
4086,
318,
2045,
379,
3024,
24747,
1626,
13546,
290,
7850,
3341,
326,
2148,
3748,
20018,
11,
10627,
6754,
31993,
3006,
329,
35021,
1132,
325,
290,
9904,
8598,
20161,
45489,
2465,
287,
7840,
7492,
11,
1871,
584,
3544,
13,
198,
7416,
25,
350,
45749,
78,
609,
49868,
391,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 554 |
Written by Sandra Sorensen
Demonstrators converge on the U.S. Capitol during the April 9 Jubilee 2000 mobilization for debt relief.
© Sandra Sorensen
Following the biblical call for Jubilee—when slaves are set free and debts canceled (Leviticus 25)—on Sunday, April 9, several thousand people joined hands and encircled the U.S. Capitol in an effort to encourage action to relieve the crushing burden of debt on the world's poorest countries.
Among them were more than 100 UCC members who gathered for a morning worship service at First Congregational UCC in downtown Washington, then marched to the Washington Mall for the Jubilee 2000 mobilization. UCC participants traveled from Seattle, Colorado, Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania, joining with advocates from across denominations and faith groups, as well as students, union members, and human rights organizers.
Undeterred by strong winds and unusually cold April temperatures, demonstrators listened to musicians and speakers, including AFL-CIO President John Sweeney, the Rev. Jim Wallis of Sojourners and Archbishop of Honduras Oscar Rodríguez. Speakers called for international action for debt relief to allow countries to direct much-needed money to basic social services. UCC young people were well-represented. They expressed a sense of commitment to stand with children and youth in debt-burdened nations who enjoy far less access to education, health care and other human services.
Children and youth constructed yards of paper chains to symbolize the suffering caused by massive debts. Then, led by shofars and trumpets, rally participants formed a human chain around the U.S. Capitol in a show of support for debt cancellation. Young and old draped in paper chains chanted "Save the children, kill the debt" as they circled the Capitol building.
Churches have been urging debt relief for two decades. The latest resolution from the UCC came last year during General Synod 22, where delegates passed a resolution in support of debt relief. The Jubilee 2000 campaign is a worldwide movement calling for the cancellation of debts that divert resources away from basic human needs such as education, nutrition, health, clean water and sanitation. Campaign organizers contend that debt contributes to global political, social and economic instability.
For each $1 million sub-Saharan Africa diverts from health and education to service its debt, 24 more women will die in childbirth and 159 infants will die during their first year. In Mozambique one in four children dies before age 5, yet the government spends four times as much money on debt service than it does on health care.
UCC worshipers at First Congregational were reminded that the root meaning of economy is household. Economic globalization has created a global household and the most vulnerable members of the household are suffering. The Scripture reading for the day, drawn from 2 Corinthians 2:5, captured the vision of the Jubilee 2000 movement for debt relief:
"This is what I think you should do: last year you were the first to want to give, and you were the first who gave. So now finish the work you started. Then your 'doing' will be equal to your 'wanting to do.' At this time you have plenty. What you have can help others who are in need. Then later, when they have plenty, they can help you when you are in need, and all will be equal."
Visit www.ucc.org/ucnews/jubilee for expanded Jubilee 2000 coverage.
Sandra Sorensen is Associate for Communications and Resource Development for the UCC Office for Church in Society. | [
25354,
416,
32464,
311,
382,
5907,
268,
198,
35477,
2536,
2024,
47873,
319,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
13241,
1141,
262,
3035,
860,
38075,
40626,
4751,
46762,
329,
5057,
8259,
13,
198,
16224,
32464,
311,
382,
5907,
268,
198,
14291,
262,
24726,
869,
329,
38075,
40626,
960,
12518,
13384,
389,
900,
1479,
290,
20250,
19994,
357,
32163,
16233,
385,
1679,
27920,
261,
3502,
11,
3035,
860,
11,
1811,
7319,
661,
5399,
2832,
290,
2207,
343,
20095,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
13241,
287,
281,
3626,
284,
7898,
2223,
284,
26958,
262,
24949,
10538,
286,
5057,
319,
262,
995,
338,
27335,
2678,
13,
198,
14311,
606,
547,
517,
621,
1802,
471,
4093,
1866,
508,
9272,
329,
257,
3329,
11892,
2139,
379,
3274,
2908,
2301,
864,
471,
4093,
287,
9436,
2669,
11,
788,
23558,
284,
262,
2669,
16618,
329,
262,
38075,
40626,
4751,
46762,
13,
471,
4093,
6809,
14113,
422,
7312,
11,
7492,
11,
9406,
11,
6835,
11,
9486,
11,
10140,
11,
24545,
5451,
11,
14493,
11,
968,
1971,
290,
9589,
11,
9679,
351,
11009,
422,
1973,
49735,
290,
4562,
2628,
11,
355,
880,
355,
2444,
11,
6441,
1866,
11,
290,
1692,
2489,
19043,
13,
198,
31319,
2357,
445,
416,
1913,
13520,
290,
23708,
4692,
3035,
10101,
11,
25016,
16399,
284,
17245,
290,
11636,
11,
1390,
25363,
12,
34,
9399,
1992,
1757,
47005,
11,
262,
5416,
13,
5395,
5007,
271,
286,
1406,
73,
1798,
364,
290,
36746,
286,
32982,
15694,
6882,
81,
8836,
70,
14870,
13,
2531,
3979,
1444,
329,
3230,
2223,
329,
5057,
8259,
284,
1249,
2678,
284,
1277,
881,
12,
27938,
1637,
284,
4096,
1919,
2594,
13,
471,
4093,
1862,
661,
547,
880,
12,
33469,
13,
1119,
6241,
257,
2565,
286,
7901,
284,
1302,
351,
1751,
290,
6205,
287,
5057,
12,
65,
2799,
2945,
7027,
508,
2883,
1290,
1342,
1895,
284,
3707,
11,
1535,
1337,
290,
584,
1692,
2594,
13,
198,
26829,
290,
6205,
12006,
5695,
286,
3348,
14659,
284,
6194,
1096,
262,
7195,
4073,
416,
4858,
20250,
13,
3244,
11,
2957,
416,
427,
1659,
945,
290,
19997,
1039,
11,
7903,
6809,
7042,
257,
1692,
6333,
1088,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
13241,
287,
257,
905,
286,
1104,
329,
5057,
25395,
13,
6960,
290,
1468,
38425,
287,
3348,
14659,
42261,
366,
16928,
262,
1751,
11,
1494,
262,
5057,
1,
355,
484,
48149,
262,
13241,
2615,
13,
198,
1925,
12730,
423,
587,
17619,
5057,
8259,
329,
734,
4647,
13,
383,
3452,
6323,
422,
262,
471,
4093,
1625,
938,
614,
1141,
3611,
16065,
375,
2534,
11,
810,
15265,
3804,
257,
6323,
287,
1104,
286,
5057,
8259,
13,
383,
38075,
40626,
4751,
1923,
318,
257,
8688,
3356,
4585,
329,
262,
25395,
286,
20250,
326,
36583,
4133,
1497,
422,
4096,
1692,
2476,
884,
355,
3707,
11,
16633,
11,
1535,
11,
3424,
1660,
290,
39958,
13,
13718,
19043,
24351,
326,
5057,
22625,
284,
3298,
1964,
11,
1919,
290,
3034,
24842,
13,
198,
1890,
1123,
720,
16,
1510,
850,
12,
40461,
5478,
12312,
912,
422,
1535,
290,
3707,
284,
2139,
663,
5057,
11,
1987,
517,
1466,
481,
4656,
287,
43886,
290,
26422,
18775,
481,
4656,
1141,
511,
717,
614,
13,
554,
28036,
4131,
2350,
530,
287,
1440,
1751,
10564,
878,
2479,
642,
11,
1865,
262,
1230,
16887,
1440,
1661,
355,
881,
1637,
319,
5057,
2139,
621,
340,
857,
319,
1535,
1337,
13,
198,
52,
4093,
11892,
364,
379,
3274,
2908,
2301,
864,
547,
14516,
326,
262,
6808,
3616,
286,
3773,
318,
6641,
13,
11279,
39155,
468,
2727,
257,
3298,
6641,
290,
262,
749,
8826,
1866,
286,
262,
6641,
389,
7195,
13,
383,
25595,
3555,
329,
262,
1110,
11,
7428,
422,
362,
39546,
362,
25,
20,
11,
7907,
262,
5761,
286,
262,
38075,
40626,
4751,
3356,
329,
5057,
8259,
25,
198,
1,
1212,
318,
644,
314,
892,
345,
815,
466,
25,
938,
614,
345,
547,
262,
717,
284,
765,
284,
1577,
11,
290,
345,
547,
262,
717,
508,
2921,
13,
1406,
783,
5461,
262,
670,
345,
2067,
13,
3244,
534,
705,
19631,
6,
481,
307,
4961,
284,
534,
705,
86,
20482,
284,
466,
2637,
1629,
428,
640,
345,
423,
6088,
13,
1867,
345,
423,
460,
1037,
1854,
508,
389,
287,
761,
13,
3244,
1568,
11,
618,
484,
423,
6088,
11,
484,
460,
1037,
345,
618,
345,
389,
287,
761,
11,
290,
477,
481,
307,
4961,
526,
198,
31141,
7324,
13,
18863,
13,
2398,
14,
1229,
10827,
14,
73,
549,
40626,
329,
9902,
38075,
40626,
4751,
5197,
13,
198,
50,
15918,
311,
382,
5907,
268,
318,
22669,
329,
14620,
290,
20857,
7712,
329,
262,
471,
4093,
4452,
329,
4564,
287,
7023,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 755 |
Study shows that blocking an inflammation pathway prevents cardiac fibrosis
Outcome could lead to a new therapeutic strategy for heart failure
New research from UC Davis published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that blocking an enzyme that promotes inflammation can prevent the tissue damage following a heart attack that often leads to heart failure.
Led by Nipavan Chiamvimonvat, cardiologist and professor of internal medicine, a team of researchers tested a compound that inhibits the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase -- or sEH -- one of the key players in the robust immune-system response that heals tissue following an injury. The enzyme, however, can become counterproductive after a cardiac event.
Chiamvimonvat explained that sEH increases proinflammatory lipid mediators, leading to long-term, heightened inflammatory conditions. It also causes cells, which typically link together and provide the foundation for heart tissue, to overwork. The outcome is scar tissue, or fibrosis, that results in an abnormal relaxation of the heart after each beat, taxing remaining heart muscle as it performs double duty and eventually leading to a decline in the heart’s pumping action.
“We often see patients following a heart attack in clinic who initially respond well to current treatments, which address the initial causes of the cardiac event and try to preserve heart function,” said Chiamvimonvat, whose research focuses on the biological mechanisms of heart disease. “Over time, though, heart function in some patients continues to worsen and can lead to heart failure. It would be ideal to have new approaches that target the cellular overproduction that leads to heart muscle stiffening and cardiac fibrosis."
Heart failure progressively limits oxygen throughout the body, reducing mobility, respiration and quality of life. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the condition affects 5.7 million people in the U.S. and costs the nation $34.4 billion in health-care services, medications and lost productivity. About half of people who have heart failure die within five years of diagnosis.
Previous research by Chiamvimonvat showed that an sEH inhibitor synthesized in the laboratory of entomology Professor Bruce Hammock can reduce the enlargement of heart muscle cells and associated arrhythmia. For the current study, she conducted a series of experiments to determine if it could also be a potential treatment for fibrosis.
Chiamvimonvat and her team tested the compound on a mouse model for heart attack. Because cardiac fibrosis can also be caused by other long-term cardiac diseases, the compound was also used on a mouse model for the chronic pressure overload commonly seen with hypertension. For both models, one group of mice was given the compound with their drinking water, while another group was not. The animals’ heart functions were assessed using echocardiography.
The results showed that the mice receiving treatment had significant decreases in adverse cardiac muscle remodeling following a heart attack or due to chronic pressure overload. Their overall cardiac function also improved. Additional tests performed in Hammock’s lab showed significantly reduced inflammatory factors in their systems.
“Our study shines new light on this inflammation pathway and identifies a potential therapeutic target that could greatly expand options for one of the biggest and most difficult-to-treat problems in cardiology,” said Javier Lopez, cardiologist, assistant professor of internal medicine and study co-author who developed methods used in the study to quantify fibrotic cells.
The team hopes to test the compound next on a larger animal model as a precursor to human clinical trials.
“This project is part of a long-term, exciting collaboration between two labs dedicated to combining their strengths to benefit human health,” said Hammock. “The translational value of our research is significant.”
The study received major support from the National Institutes of Health (grant HL85727 and HL85844), a Veterans Administration Merit Review Grant, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Med-into-Grad Training Program, an NIH-funded Training Grant in Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Science (grant T32 HL86350), the American Heart Association, a Western States Affiliate Predoctoral Fellowship Award, a Fellow-to-Faculty Award from the Sarnoff Cardiovascular Research Foundation and a Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Award from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Partial support was provided by the National Institute of Environmental Health (grant R37 ES01710), the NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program (grant P42 ES04699), the NIEHS Center for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention (grant P02 ES11269), a Technology Translational Grant from UC Davis Health System and the American Asthma Society. Hammock is a George and Judy Marcus Senior Fellow of the American Asthma Society. Chiamvimonvat is also affiliated with the VA Northern California Healthcare System.
Additional UC Davis study authors were Padmini Sirish, Ning Li, Jun-Yan Liu, Kin Sing Stephen Lee, Sung Hee Hwang, Hong Qiu and Siu Mei Ma. Author Cuifen Zhao is currently at Shandong University in China.
A copy of “Unique Mechanistic Insights into the Beneficial Effects of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors in the Prevention of Cardiac Fibrosis” is available online at http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/03/13/1221972110.full.pdf+html?sid=0fdc42d8-ad4c-44a9-8c81-fb6ef56ad5cb or by e-mailing [email protected].
UC Davis Health System is improving lives and transforming health care by providing excellent patient care, conducting groundbreaking research, fostering innovative, interprofessional education and creating dynamic, productive partnerships with the community. The academic health system includes one of the country's best medical schools, a 619-bed acute-care teaching hospital, a 1,000-member physician's practice group and the new Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing. It is home to a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center, an international neurodevelopmental institute, a stem cell institute and a comprehensive children's hospital. Other nationally prominent centers focus on advancing telemedicine, improving vascular care, eliminating health disparities and translating research findings into new treatments for patients. Together, they make UC Davis a hub of innovation that is transforming health for all. For more information, visit healthsystem.ucdavis.edu/ | [
39841,
2523,
326,
12013,
281,
20881,
21182,
15174,
26077,
12900,
37172,
198,
7975,
2958,
714,
1085,
284,
257,
649,
21546,
4811,
329,
2612,
5287,
198,
3791,
2267,
422,
14417,
7802,
3199,
287,
262,
30641,
286,
262,
2351,
8581,
286,
13473,
2523,
326,
12013,
281,
27679,
326,
21068,
20881,
460,
2948,
262,
10712,
2465,
1708,
257,
2612,
1368,
326,
1690,
5983,
284,
2612,
5287,
13,
198,
42416,
416,
399,
541,
12421,
609,
1789,
85,
20473,
85,
265,
11,
2657,
31599,
290,
6240,
286,
5387,
9007,
11,
257,
1074,
286,
4837,
6789,
257,
13061,
326,
49543,
262,
27679,
49467,
2462,
28885,
7409,
3225,
589,
1377,
393,
264,
42413,
1377,
530,
286,
262,
1994,
1938,
287,
262,
12373,
10900,
12,
10057,
2882,
326,
38673,
10712,
1708,
281,
5095,
13,
383,
27679,
11,
2158,
11,
460,
1716,
46674,
706,
257,
26077,
1785,
13,
198,
1925,
1789,
85,
20473,
85,
265,
4893,
326,
264,
42413,
5732,
386,
32272,
34073,
16957,
2024,
11,
3756,
284,
890,
12,
4354,
11,
25556,
23760,
3403,
13,
632,
635,
5640,
4778,
11,
543,
6032,
2792,
1978,
290,
2148,
262,
8489,
329,
2612,
10712,
11,
284,
625,
1818,
13,
383,
8055,
318,
10153,
10712,
11,
393,
12900,
37172,
11,
326,
2482,
287,
281,
18801,
34205,
286,
262,
2612,
706,
1123,
4405,
11,
36587,
5637,
2612,
8280,
355,
340,
17706,
4274,
7077,
290,
4191,
3756,
284,
257,
7794,
287,
262,
2612,
447,
247,
82,
26916,
2223,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
1690,
766,
3871,
1708,
257,
2612,
1368,
287,
15760,
508,
7317,
3031,
880,
284,
1459,
13820,
11,
543,
2209,
262,
4238,
5640,
286,
262,
26077,
1785,
290,
1949,
284,
12201,
2612,
2163,
11,
447,
251,
531,
609,
1789,
85,
20473,
85,
265,
11,
3025,
2267,
13692,
319,
262,
10685,
11701,
286,
2612,
4369,
13,
564,
250,
5886,
640,
11,
996,
11,
2612,
2163,
287,
617,
3871,
4477,
284,
47058,
290,
460,
1085,
284,
2612,
5287,
13,
632,
561,
307,
7306,
284,
423,
649,
10581,
326,
2496,
262,
19824,
625,
25493,
326,
5983,
284,
2612,
8280,
15175,
3101,
290,
26077,
12900,
37172,
526,
198,
28541,
5287,
34322,
7095,
11863,
3690,
262,
1767,
11,
8868,
15873,
11,
1217,
15297,
290,
3081,
286,
1204,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
11,
262,
4006,
10975,
642,
13,
22,
1510,
661,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
290,
3484,
262,
3277,
720,
2682,
13,
19,
2997,
287,
1535,
12,
6651,
2594,
11,
17638,
290,
2626,
13714,
13,
7994,
2063,
286,
661,
508,
423,
2612,
5287,
4656,
1626,
1936,
812,
286,
13669,
13,
198,
21448,
2267,
416,
609,
1789,
85,
20473,
85,
265,
3751,
326,
281,
264,
42413,
41704,
24983,
1143,
287,
262,
14010,
286,
920,
296,
1435,
8129,
11088,
40801,
735,
460,
4646,
262,
26537,
972,
286,
2612,
8280,
4778,
290,
3917,
5240,
71,
5272,
20730,
13,
1114,
262,
1459,
2050,
11,
673,
5952,
257,
2168,
286,
10256,
284,
5004,
611,
340,
714,
635,
307,
257,
2785,
3513,
329,
12900,
37172,
13,
198,
1925,
1789,
85,
20473,
85,
265,
290,
607,
1074,
6789,
262,
13061,
319,
257,
10211,
2746,
329,
2612,
1368,
13,
4362,
26077,
12900,
37172,
460,
635,
307,
4073,
416,
584,
890,
12,
4354,
26077,
10040,
11,
262,
13061,
373,
635,
973,
319,
257,
10211,
2746,
329,
262,
10726,
3833,
31754,
8811,
1775,
351,
37454,
13,
1114,
1111,
4981,
11,
530,
1448,
286,
10693,
373,
1813,
262,
13061,
351,
511,
7722,
1660,
11,
981,
1194,
1448,
373,
407,
13,
383,
4695,
447,
247,
2612,
5499,
547,
15276,
1262,
304,
354,
420,
22490,
4867,
13,
198,
464,
2482,
3751,
326,
262,
10693,
6464,
3513,
550,
2383,
20638,
287,
12681,
26077,
8280,
38977,
10809,
1708,
257,
2612,
1368,
393,
2233,
284,
10726,
3833,
31754,
13,
5334,
4045,
26077,
2163,
635,
6596,
13,
15891,
5254,
6157,
287,
40801,
735,
447,
247,
82,
2248,
3751,
5566,
5322,
23760,
5087,
287,
511,
3341,
13,
198,
447,
250,
5122,
2050,
32481,
649,
1657,
319,
428,
20881,
21182,
290,
21079,
257,
2785,
21546,
2496,
326,
714,
9257,
4292,
3689,
329,
530,
286,
262,
4094,
290,
749,
2408,
12,
1462,
12,
83,
630,
2761,
287,
2657,
12371,
11,
447,
251,
531,
44492,
22593,
11,
2657,
31599,
11,
8796,
6240,
286,
5387,
9007,
290,
2050,
763,
12,
9800,
508,
4166,
5050,
973,
287,
262,
2050,
284,
36336,
12900,
10599,
291,
4778,
13,
198,
464,
1074,
7176,
284,
1332,
262,
13061,
1306,
319,
257,
4025,
5044,
2746,
355,
257,
34826,
284,
1692,
8668,
9867,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1212,
1628,
318,
636,
286,
257,
890,
12,
4354,
11,
7895,
12438,
1022,
734,
27887,
7256,
284,
19771,
511,
18929,
284,
4414,
1692,
1535,
11,
447,
251,
531,
40801,
735,
13,
564,
250,
464,
4779,
864,
1988,
286,
674,
2267,
318,
2383,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
2050,
2722,
1688,
1104,
422,
262,
2351,
33656,
286,
3893,
357,
2164,
415,
38312,
23,
3553,
1983,
290,
38312,
23,
3365,
2598,
828,
257,
18950,
8694,
4638,
270,
6602,
12181,
11,
262,
8442,
19712,
8366,
5136,
2019,
12,
20424,
12,
42731,
13614,
6118,
11,
281,
37483,
12,
18246,
13614,
12181,
287,
14392,
290,
3602,
75,
864,
5172,
19381,
5800,
357,
2164,
415,
309,
2624,
38312,
4521,
14877,
828,
262,
1605,
8894,
5396,
11,
257,
4885,
1829,
6708,
49826,
14322,
78,
2715,
282,
36293,
11289,
11,
257,
29764,
12,
1462,
12,
47522,
10672,
11289,
422,
262,
311,
1501,
2364,
5172,
19381,
4992,
5693,
290,
257,
23987,
49104,
8366,
35262,
7712,
11289,
422,
262,
5199,
5326,
5030,
5693,
13,
198,
7841,
498,
1104,
373,
2810,
416,
262,
2351,
5136,
286,
13272,
3893,
357,
2164,
415,
371,
2718,
13380,
29326,
940,
828,
262,
399,
10008,
7998,
3115,
10990,
14392,
4992,
6118,
357,
2164,
415,
350,
3682,
13380,
45438,
2079,
828,
262,
399,
10008,
7998,
3337,
329,
8990,
447,
247,
82,
13272,
3893,
290,
17344,
18313,
357,
2164,
415,
350,
2999,
13380,
14686,
3388,
828,
257,
8987,
3602,
75,
864,
12181,
422,
14417,
7802,
3893,
4482,
290,
262,
1605,
8304,
21720,
7023,
13,
40801,
735,
318,
257,
4502,
290,
26395,
17068,
14017,
29764,
286,
262,
1605,
8304,
21720,
7023,
13,
609,
1789,
85,
20473,
85,
265,
318,
635,
18552,
351,
262,
13753,
8342,
3442,
30289,
4482,
13,
198,
17699,
14417,
7802,
2050,
7035,
547,
15744,
45313,
7361,
680,
11,
37400,
7455,
11,
7653,
12,
49664,
18258,
11,
16645,
5573,
7970,
5741,
11,
29802,
679,
68,
367,
47562,
11,
9764,
1195,
16115,
290,
15638,
84,
42244,
6669,
13,
6434,
14496,
361,
268,
29436,
318,
3058,
379,
911,
392,
506,
2059,
287,
2807,
13,
198,
32,
4866,
286,
564,
250,
40257,
13438,
2569,
7088,
2337,
656,
262,
19899,
6652,
17417,
286,
4294,
26664,
4551,
28885,
15084,
3225,
589,
554,
3145,
6742,
287,
262,
18313,
286,
5172,
9607,
41566,
37172,
447,
251,
318,
1695,
2691,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
21999,
292,
13,
2398,
14,
11299,
14,
11458,
14,
6390,
14,
3070,
14,
1485,
14,
18376,
24991,
2481,
940,
13,
12853,
13,
12315,
10,
6494,
30,
30255,
28,
15,
16344,
66,
3682,
67,
23,
12,
324,
19,
66,
12,
2598,
64,
24,
12,
23,
66,
6659,
12,
21855,
21,
891,
3980,
324,
20,
21101,
393,
416,
304,
12,
4529,
278,
350,
18293,
9980,
31,
24716,
13,
15532,
13,
198,
9598,
7802,
3893,
4482,
318,
10068,
3160,
290,
25449,
1535,
1337,
416,
4955,
6275,
5827,
1337,
11,
14523,
31088,
2267,
11,
44209,
13097,
11,
987,
33163,
3707,
290,
4441,
8925,
11,
12973,
22867,
351,
262,
2055,
13,
383,
8233,
1535,
1080,
3407,
530,
286,
262,
1499,
338,
1266,
3315,
4266,
11,
257,
718,
1129,
12,
3077,
14352,
12,
6651,
7743,
4436,
11,
257,
352,
11,
830,
12,
19522,
14325,
338,
3357,
1448,
290,
262,
649,
29504,
7181,
710,
8877,
3961,
286,
46278,
13,
632,
318,
1363,
284,
257,
2351,
15523,
5136,
12,
26124,
515,
9815,
4890,
3641,
11,
281,
3230,
7669,
31267,
282,
24224,
11,
257,
10717,
2685,
24224,
290,
257,
9815,
1751,
338,
4436,
13,
3819,
18845,
9208,
10399,
2962,
319,
19988,
5735,
1150,
291,
500,
11,
10068,
39495,
1337,
11,
18591,
1535,
35797,
290,
34665,
2267,
6373,
656,
649,
13820,
329,
3871,
13,
17083,
11,
484,
787,
14417,
7802,
257,
12575,
286,
11044,
326,
318,
25449,
1535,
329,
477,
13,
1114,
517,
1321,
11,
3187,
1535,
10057,
13,
1229,
67,
23401,
13,
15532,
14,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,364 |
Forecasters predict as many as four to eight hurricanes this year. University of Houston resources have expertise in a variety of topics related to storms – before, during and after.
New Asthma Research Opposes Current Drug TreatmentMulti-institutional Study Supports Controversial Theory, Reveals Genetic Key
Richard A. Bond, professor of pharmacology at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy (UHCOP), has been investigating whether beta-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist drugs (or beta blockers) ultimately might be a safer, more effective strategy for long-term asthma management than the currently used beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists (or stimulants).
The beta-2 adrenoreceptor is a receptor found in many cells, including the smooth muscle lining the airways, and has long been a target for asthma drugs. However, a recent study shows the absence of asthma-like symptoms in a mouse model that lacks the key gene that produces the receptor. This lends further evidence to Bond's theory that questions whether the pharmaceutical industry should be working to block or inhibit the receptor instead of the current approach of chronically stimulating it to reduce asthma symptoms.
The study, "Beta2-Adrenoreceptor Signaling is Required for the Development of an Asthma Phenotype in a Murine Model," is in the current online issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), one of the world's most-cited multidisciplinary scientific serials. A follow-up commentary by an independent scientist in the field also will be published in the print issue of PNAS in February.
The timely release of this study comes on the heels of the FDA considering a renewed look at the use of long-acting beta agonist drugs (LABAs) - at least those used alone, without a steroidal component - for the management of asthma symptoms. In an FDA report released in December, an analysis of more than 100 trials on four drugs (two LABAs alone and two LABA/corticosteroid combinations) found an increased risk of hospitalization and asthma-related deaths with the LABA-only therapy. During the same month, an FDA advisory panel urged the FDA to ban the LABA-only drugs and strengthen warnings on the combination drugs.
Bond and his colleagues propose an alternative to stimulants, using antagonists (or beta blockers) instead. This approach, termed paradoxical pharmacology, suggests patients may be treated with medication that initially worsens their symptoms before eventually improving their overall health.
Beta blockers currently are contraindicated for asthma because they typically trigger bronchoconstriction, decreasing the flow of air to the lungs. Bond has suggested, however, that although beta blockers would not replace the need for emergency inhalers for acute episodes, the negative effects associated with beta blockers eventually taper off to provide long-term relief from asthma symptoms. In addition, several studies have shown chronic use of the beta-2 agonists (or stimulants) can negatively affect asthma control and airway hyperresponsiveness by desensitizing the beta-2 adrenoreceptor through regular stimulation.
In this latest study, the research team was unable to trigger the development of asthma-like symptoms in a mouse model in which the beta-2 adrenoreceptor gene had been removed as compared to the mouse model with the intact receptor gene.
"The study indicates that, with regard to developing asthma-like features, the mouse is better off without the beta-2 adrenoreceptor at all," Bond said. "It means that whether we block receptor signaling pharmacologically by using beta blockers or genetically by ‘removing' the receptor, we get the same answer. The research shows that blocking or inhibiting the receptor with antagonists, instead of stimulating it with agonists, reduces the asthma-like features of the mouse model."
Bond's co-authors come from a multi-institutional research team that include current UH pharmacology graduate student Long P. Nguyen; UH pharmacology Ph.D. graduate Rui Lin; former UH post-doc fellow Sergio Parra; UH biology graduate student Ozozoma Omoluabi; Baylor College of Medicine's Dr. Nicola A. Hanania; M.D. Anderson Cancer Center's Michael J. Tuvim and Dr. Burton F. Dickey; and fellow UHCOP faculty researcher Brian J. Knoll.
With support from the Strategic Program for Asthma Research of the American Asthma Foundation, a second human clinical trial based on Bond's research is under way using the beta-blocker drug nadolol in patients with mild asthma. In the first clinical trial, sponsored by San Francisco-based Inverseon Inc., eight of 10 patients had less airway hyperresponsiveness on beta-blocker therapy at the end of the trial, although some did experience an initial negative response. (See related release at http://www.uh.edu/news-events/newsrelease.php?releaseid_int=187.)
Commenting on the results of the first clinical trial, two U.K. researchers wrote in the Jan. 10 issue of the British journal The Lancet that the use of beta-blocker therapy for asthma warrants serious, but careful, consideration and further investigation, including the use of specific alternative types of beta blockers.
To those ends, Inverseon, of which Bond is scientific founder, has filed U.S. patent applications for using beta blockers to treat airway disease. Dr. William Garner, chairman of Inverseon, said the company recently received a notice of allowance - one of several procedural steps on the path to patent approval - from the U.S. Patent Office.
"The comment in The Lancet on Inverseon's human asthma study, combined with the notice of allowance from the U.S. Patent Office, represents important external validation of Inverseon's approach to asthma," Garner said. "We believe that our oral therapy has the potential to be a significant product for the chronic treatment of asthma."
the University of Houston
The University of Houston, Texas' premier metropolitan research and teaching institution, is home to more than 40 research centers and institutes and sponsors more than 300 partnerships with corporate, civic and governmental entities. UH, the most diverse research university in the country, stands at the forefront of education, research and service with more than 36,000 students.
About the UH College of Pharmacy
For more than 60 years, the University of Houston College of Pharmacy has shaped aspiring pharmacists, scientists and researchers. The college offers an undergraduate degree in the pharmaceutical sciences, graduate degrees in pharmacy administration, pharmacology and pharmaceutics, a professional pharmacy degree and combined professional/graduate degrees. With facilities on the UH campus and in the Texas Medical Center, the UH College of Pharmacy is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education.
To receive UH science news via e-mail, visit http://www.uh.edu/news-events/mailing-lists/sciencelistserv.php. | [
16351,
26248,
4331,
355,
867,
355,
1440,
284,
3624,
40370,
428,
614,
13,
2059,
286,
6995,
4133,
423,
13572,
287,
257,
4996,
286,
10233,
3519,
284,
20228,
784,
878,
11,
1141,
290,
706,
13,
198,
3791,
8304,
21720,
4992,
9385,
4629,
9236,
11095,
21415,
29800,
12,
8625,
5677,
12481,
45267,
2345,
46927,
17003,
11,
31091,
874,
42295,
7383,
198,
22245,
317,
13,
12812,
11,
6240,
286,
25702,
1435,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
6995,
5535,
286,
19234,
1590,
357,
52,
16045,
3185,
828,
468,
587,
10240,
1771,
12159,
12,
17,
26999,
382,
49492,
34667,
5010,
357,
273,
12159,
43805,
8,
6165,
1244,
307,
257,
14178,
11,
517,
4050,
4811,
329,
890,
12,
4354,
28438,
4542,
621,
262,
3058,
973,
12159,
12,
17,
26999,
382,
49492,
26990,
1023,
357,
273,
11591,
1187,
737,
198,
464,
12159,
12,
17,
26999,
382,
49492,
318,
257,
17408,
1043,
287,
867,
4778,
11,
1390,
262,
7209,
8280,
20883,
262,
1633,
1322,
11,
290,
468,
890,
587,
257,
2496,
329,
28438,
5010,
13,
2102,
11,
257,
2274,
2050,
2523,
262,
8889,
286,
28438,
12,
2339,
7460,
287,
257,
10211,
2746,
326,
16523,
262,
1994,
9779,
326,
11073,
262,
17408,
13,
770,
37733,
2252,
2370,
284,
12812,
338,
4583,
326,
2683,
1771,
262,
18423,
2831,
815,
307,
1762,
284,
2512,
393,
26776,
262,
17408,
2427,
286,
262,
1459,
3164,
286,
49386,
35640,
340,
284,
4646,
28438,
7460,
13,
198,
464,
2050,
11,
366,
43303,
17,
12,
2782,
918,
382,
49492,
5865,
4272,
318,
20906,
329,
262,
7712,
286,
281,
8304,
21720,
34828,
8690,
287,
257,
5921,
500,
9104,
553,
318,
287,
262,
1459,
2691,
2071,
286,
262,
3989,
30641,
286,
262,
2351,
8581,
286,
13473,
357,
13137,
1921,
828,
530,
286,
262,
995,
338,
749,
12,
66,
863,
1963,
29207,
29386,
5654,
1055,
8231,
13,
317,
1061,
12,
929,
14604,
416,
281,
4795,
11444,
287,
262,
2214,
635,
481,
307,
3199,
287,
262,
3601,
2071,
286,
350,
18293,
287,
3945,
13,
198,
464,
19376,
2650,
286,
428,
2050,
2058,
319,
262,
18728,
286,
262,
14672,
6402,
257,
16434,
804,
379,
262,
779,
286,
890,
12,
27362,
12159,
26990,
396,
5010,
357,
48780,
1722,
8,
532,
379,
1551,
883,
973,
3436,
11,
1231,
257,
40762,
282,
7515,
532,
329,
262,
4542,
286,
28438,
7460,
13,
554,
281,
14672,
989,
2716,
287,
3426,
11,
281,
3781,
286,
517,
621,
1802,
9867,
319,
1440,
5010,
357,
11545,
406,
6242,
1722,
3436,
290,
734,
9131,
4339,
14,
66,
419,
291,
6197,
1868,
17790,
8,
1043,
281,
3220,
2526,
286,
4436,
1634,
290,
28438,
12,
5363,
7040,
351,
262,
9131,
4339,
12,
8807,
9102,
13,
5856,
262,
976,
1227,
11,
281,
14672,
20852,
6103,
11643,
262,
14672,
284,
3958,
262,
9131,
4339,
12,
8807,
5010,
290,
12160,
14601,
319,
262,
6087,
5010,
13,
198,
33,
623,
290,
465,
7810,
18077,
281,
5559,
284,
11591,
1187,
11,
1262,
50178,
357,
273,
12159,
43805,
8,
2427,
13,
770,
3164,
11,
28569,
22226,
605,
25702,
1435,
11,
5644,
3871,
743,
307,
5716,
351,
14103,
326,
7317,
24476,
641,
511,
7460,
878,
4191,
10068,
511,
4045,
1535,
13,
198,
43303,
43805,
3058,
389,
542,
3201,
67,
3474,
329,
28438,
780,
484,
6032,
7616,
18443,
354,
36221,
301,
46214,
11,
24030,
262,
5202,
286,
1633,
284,
262,
21726,
13,
12812,
468,
5220,
11,
2158,
11,
326,
3584,
12159,
43805,
561,
407,
6330,
262,
761,
329,
6334,
40982,
364,
329,
14352,
8640,
11,
262,
4633,
3048,
3917,
351,
12159,
43805,
4191,
256,
2136,
572,
284,
2148,
890,
12,
4354,
8259,
422,
28438,
7460,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
1811,
3640,
423,
3402,
10726,
779,
286,
262,
12159,
12,
17,
26990,
1023,
357,
273,
11591,
1187,
8,
460,
22533,
2689,
28438,
1630,
290,
1633,
1014,
8718,
16733,
6517,
416,
748,
641,
270,
2890,
262,
12159,
12,
17,
26999,
382,
49492,
832,
3218,
20087,
13,
198,
818,
428,
3452,
2050,
11,
262,
2267,
1074,
373,
5906,
284,
7616,
262,
2478,
286,
28438,
12,
2339,
7460,
287,
257,
10211,
2746,
287,
543,
262,
12159,
12,
17,
26999,
382,
49492,
9779,
550,
587,
4615,
355,
3688,
284,
262,
10211,
2746,
351,
262,
16572,
17408,
9779,
13,
198,
1,
464,
2050,
9217,
326,
11,
351,
2754,
284,
5922,
28438,
12,
2339,
3033,
11,
262,
10211,
318,
1365,
572,
1231,
262,
12159,
12,
17,
26999,
382,
49492,
379,
477,
553,
12812,
531,
13,
366,
1026,
1724,
326,
1771,
356,
2512,
17408,
22049,
25702,
13437,
416,
1262,
12159,
43805,
393,
20807,
416,
564,
246,
2787,
5165,
6,
262,
17408,
11,
356,
651,
262,
976,
3280,
13,
383,
2267,
2523,
326,
12013,
393,
11062,
1780,
262,
17408,
351,
50178,
11,
2427,
286,
35640,
340,
351,
26990,
1023,
11,
12850,
262,
28438,
12,
2339,
3033,
286,
262,
10211,
2746,
526,
198,
33,
623,
338,
763,
12,
41617,
1282,
422,
257,
5021,
12,
8625,
5677,
2267,
1074,
326,
2291,
1459,
471,
39,
25702,
1435,
10428,
3710,
5882,
350,
13,
42379,
26,
471,
39,
25702,
1435,
1380,
13,
35,
13,
10428,
371,
9019,
5164,
26,
1966,
471,
39,
1281,
12,
15390,
5891,
36759,
2547,
430,
26,
471,
39,
17219,
10428,
3710,
18024,
8590,
6086,
16543,
349,
84,
17914,
26,
28245,
5535,
286,
11558,
338,
1583,
13,
40396,
317,
13,
9530,
5411,
26,
337,
13,
35,
13,
9918,
15523,
3337,
338,
3899,
449,
13,
309,
14795,
320,
290,
1583,
13,
27209,
376,
13,
360,
40389,
26,
290,
5891,
471,
16045,
3185,
12829,
13453,
8403,
449,
13,
6102,
692,
13,
198,
3152,
1104,
422,
262,
24999,
6118,
329,
8304,
21720,
4992,
286,
262,
1605,
8304,
21720,
5693,
11,
257,
1218,
1692,
8668,
4473,
1912,
319,
12812,
338,
2267,
318,
739,
835,
1262,
262,
12159,
12,
9967,
263,
2563,
299,
324,
349,
349,
287,
3871,
351,
11607,
28438,
13,
554,
262,
717,
8668,
4473,
11,
15901,
416,
2986,
6033,
12,
3106,
554,
4399,
261,
3457,
1539,
3624,
286,
838,
3871,
550,
1342,
1633,
1014,
8718,
16733,
6517,
319,
12159,
12,
9967,
263,
9102,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
4473,
11,
3584,
617,
750,
1998,
281,
4238,
4633,
2882,
13,
357,
6214,
3519,
2650,
379,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
7456,
13,
15532,
14,
10827,
12,
31534,
14,
10827,
20979,
13,
10121,
30,
20979,
312,
62,
600,
28,
23451,
2014,
198,
21357,
278,
319,
262,
2482,
286,
262,
717,
8668,
4473,
11,
734,
471,
13,
42,
13,
4837,
2630,
287,
262,
2365,
13,
838,
2071,
286,
262,
3517,
3989,
383,
45122,
326,
262,
779,
286,
12159,
12,
9967,
263,
9102,
329,
28438,
23070,
2726,
11,
475,
8161,
11,
9110,
290,
2252,
3645,
11,
1390,
262,
779,
286,
2176,
5559,
3858,
286,
12159,
43805,
13,
198,
2514,
883,
5645,
11,
554,
4399,
261,
11,
286,
543,
12812,
318,
5654,
9119,
11,
468,
5717,
471,
13,
50,
13,
12701,
5479,
329,
1262,
12159,
43805,
284,
2190,
1633,
1014,
4369,
13,
1583,
13,
3977,
37383,
11,
8900,
286,
554,
4399,
261,
11,
531,
262,
1664,
2904,
2722,
257,
4003,
286,
24930,
532,
530,
286,
1811,
27931,
4831,
319,
262,
3108,
284,
12701,
7546,
532,
422,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34830,
4452,
13,
198,
1,
464,
2912,
287,
383,
45122,
319,
554,
4399,
261,
338,
1692,
28438,
2050,
11,
5929,
351,
262,
4003,
286,
24930,
422,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34830,
4452,
11,
6870,
1593,
7097,
21201,
286,
554,
4399,
261,
338,
3164,
284,
28438,
553,
37383,
531,
13,
366,
1135,
1975,
326,
674,
12886,
9102,
468,
262,
2785,
284,
307,
257,
2383,
1720,
329,
262,
10726,
3513,
286,
28438,
526,
198,
1169,
2059,
286,
6995,
198,
464,
2059,
286,
6995,
11,
3936,
6,
18256,
27953,
2267,
290,
7743,
9901,
11,
318,
1363,
284,
517,
621,
2319,
2267,
10399,
290,
6113,
1769,
290,
18073,
517,
621,
5867,
22867,
351,
6355,
11,
23265,
290,
21850,
12066,
13,
471,
39,
11,
262,
749,
10084,
2267,
6403,
287,
262,
1499,
11,
6296,
379,
262,
26401,
286,
3707,
11,
2267,
290,
2139,
351,
517,
621,
4570,
11,
830,
2444,
13,
198,
8585,
262,
471,
39,
5535,
286,
19234,
1590,
198,
1890,
517,
621,
3126,
812,
11,
262,
2059,
286,
6995,
5535,
286,
19234,
1590,
468,
14292,
31483,
25702,
1023,
11,
5519,
290,
4837,
13,
383,
4152,
4394,
281,
22952,
4922,
287,
262,
18423,
19838,
11,
10428,
7370,
287,
32763,
3662,
11,
25702,
1435,
290,
10113,
558,
48063,
11,
257,
4708,
32763,
4922,
290,
5929,
4708,
14,
17680,
7370,
13,
2080,
7291,
319,
262,
471,
39,
7611,
290,
287,
262,
3936,
8366,
3337,
11,
262,
471,
39,
5535,
286,
19234,
1590,
318,
37237,
416,
262,
6366,
42845,
4281,
329,
19234,
1590,
7868,
13,
198,
2514,
3328,
471,
39,
3783,
1705,
2884,
304,
12,
4529,
11,
3187,
2638,
1378,
2503,
13,
7456,
13,
15532,
14,
10827,
12,
31534,
14,
4529,
278,
12,
20713,
14,
16801,
20713,
712,
13,
10121,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,447 |
Toxoplasmosis is an infection due to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
Toxoplasmosis is found in humans worldwide, and in many species of animals and birds. Cats are the definitive host of the parasite.
Human infection may result from:
Toxoplasmosis also affects people who have weakened immune systems.
The infection may also be passed from an infected mother to her baby through the placenta. See: Congenital toxoplasmosis
Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 370.
© 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). All rights reserved.
UMMC is a member of the University of Maryland Medical System,
22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. TDD: 1-800-735-2258 or 1.866.408.6885 | [
51,
1140,
20106,
8597,
5958,
318,
281,
10280,
2233,
284,
262,
38473,
309,
1140,
20106,
11797,
308,
623,
4178,
13,
198,
51,
1140,
20106,
8597,
5958,
318,
1043,
287,
5384,
8688,
11,
290,
287,
867,
4693,
286,
4695,
290,
10087,
13,
28997,
389,
262,
17347,
2583,
286,
262,
38473,
13,
198,
20490,
10280,
743,
1255,
422,
25,
198,
51,
1140,
20106,
8597,
5958,
635,
10975,
661,
508,
423,
24135,
10900,
3341,
13,
198,
464,
10280,
743,
635,
307,
3804,
422,
281,
14112,
2802,
284,
607,
5156,
832,
262,
458,
12643,
64,
13,
4091,
25,
2908,
268,
1287,
8293,
20106,
8597,
5958,
198,
43,
444,
268,
16265,
440,
13,
309,
1140,
20106,
8597,
5958,
13,
554,
25,
18740,
406,
11,
27545,
494,
18798,
360,
11,
1225,
82,
13,
32234,
11558,
13,
2242,
4372,
1225,
13,
8857,
11,
11243,
25,
35896,
25974,
49663,
26,
4343,
25,
354,
499,
28687,
13,
198,
16224,
2813,
2059,
286,
10769,
8366,
3337,
357,
5883,
9655,
737,
1439,
2489,
10395,
13,
198,
5883,
9655,
318,
257,
2888,
286,
262,
2059,
286,
10769,
8366,
4482,
11,
198,
1828,
311,
13,
28132,
3530,
11,
10346,
11,
10670,
23679,
486,
13,
13320,
35,
25,
352,
12,
7410,
12,
22,
2327,
12,
18182,
23,
393,
352,
13,
42240,
13,
26200,
13,
3104,
5332,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 213 |
Coordination and integration
Early childhood care and education is often the concern of several government sectors and usually these are education, social affairs and health. The multi-faceted nature of early childhood care and education gives rise to the challenge of effectively coordinating provision of policy development and implementation across the different sectors.
Coordination issues include coherent regulation, funding and staffing schemes and a common vision of care and education. Effective coordination must exist among sectors at both national and local level, and also between public and private establishments.
Cross-sectoral coordination is difficult, especially at the national level. It is one of the main challenges facing governments of both developed and developing countries trying to promote a holistic approach to early childhood. Responses vary and some countries have sought to remove the problem by integrating sectoral responsibilities into a single ministry.
Other countries divide sectoral responsibilities according to age range and services. For countries where the responsibility for early childhood is divided, policy and administration coherence are sought through coordination mechanisms (COMs). Generally, COMs are effective when they focus on a particular early childhood programme, target population or specific task but their role is limited in promoting a coherent overall policy and administrative framework across different sectors. | [
7222,
585,
1883,
290,
11812,
198,
20457,
9963,
1337,
290,
3707,
318,
1690,
262,
2328,
286,
1811,
1230,
16020,
290,
3221,
777,
389,
3707,
11,
1919,
9674,
290,
1535,
13,
383,
5021,
12,
69,
23253,
276,
3450,
286,
1903,
9963,
1337,
290,
3707,
3607,
4485,
284,
262,
4427,
286,
6840,
35449,
8287,
286,
2450,
2478,
290,
7822,
1973,
262,
1180,
16020,
13,
198,
7222,
585,
1883,
2428,
2291,
24870,
9001,
11,
4918,
290,
36700,
16546,
290,
257,
2219,
5761,
286,
1337,
290,
3707,
13,
29455,
19877,
1276,
2152,
1871,
16020,
379,
1111,
2260,
290,
1957,
1241,
11,
290,
635,
1022,
1171,
290,
2839,
33228,
13,
198,
21544,
12,
34914,
282,
19877,
318,
2408,
11,
2592,
379,
262,
2260,
1241,
13,
632,
318,
530,
286,
262,
1388,
6459,
6476,
6905,
286,
1111,
4166,
290,
5922,
2678,
2111,
284,
7719,
257,
42923,
3164,
284,
1903,
9963,
13,
20549,
274,
7565,
290,
617,
2678,
423,
7194,
284,
4781,
262,
1917,
416,
32029,
6567,
282,
15171,
656,
257,
2060,
11957,
13,
198,
6395,
2678,
14083,
6567,
282,
15171,
1864,
284,
2479,
2837,
290,
2594,
13,
1114,
2678,
810,
262,
5798,
329,
1903,
9963,
318,
9086,
11,
2450,
290,
3662,
763,
23545,
389,
7194,
832,
19877,
11701,
357,
9858,
82,
737,
23904,
11,
9440,
82,
389,
4050,
618,
484,
2962,
319,
257,
1948,
1903,
9963,
11383,
11,
2496,
3265,
393,
2176,
4876,
475,
511,
2597,
318,
3614,
287,
11560,
257,
24870,
4045,
2450,
290,
11553,
9355,
1973,
1180,
16020,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 246 |
UNESCO Global Forum: Uses and misuses of university rankings
Are university rankings a good measure for comparing institutions of higher education? Are the criteria used in ranking systems relevant to students everywhere? Do they wield too much influence on policies of universities? These questions will be at the heart of an international forum, organised by UNESCO, the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to be held at UNESCO, 16-17 May (Room 2).
The Forum – “Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses” – will be opened by UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova. Participants include Qian Tang, Assistant UNESCO Director-General for Education, Jamil Salmi, the World Bank’s Tertiary Education Coordinator, and Barbara Ischinger, the OECD’s Director for Education, along with representatives of the world’s leading rankings systems, policy-makers, experts, researchers, students, representatives of international organizations, the media and higher education establishments from around the world.
First used as an information tool aimed at satisfying public demand for transparency, international university rankings have come to be regarded as measure of quality, and spurred intense competition between establishments. In a globalized world, where higher education has become a major export industry and where student mobility is increasing exponentially, they have been transformed into policy-instruments that influence the decisions of institutions, academic staff, researchers, students and policy-makers.
The Forum will serve as an opportunity to clarify the methodology underpinning the many rankings available today, to question why they have such influence, and examine their impact on institutions’ policies. Participants will also look beyond rankings at existing and developing accountability tools for higher education. | [
4944,
43311,
8060,
14867,
25,
36965,
290,
2984,
2664,
286,
6403,
16905,
198,
8491,
6403,
16905,
257,
922,
3953,
329,
14176,
6712,
286,
2440,
3707,
30,
4231,
262,
9987,
973,
287,
12759,
3341,
5981,
284,
2444,
8347,
30,
2141,
484,
15445,
1165,
881,
4588,
319,
4788,
286,
11155,
30,
2312,
2683,
481,
307,
379,
262,
2612,
286,
281,
3230,
10041,
11,
20325,
416,
49372,
11,
262,
2159,
5018,
290,
262,
12275,
329,
11279,
35047,
290,
7712,
357,
46,
27295,
8,
284,
307,
2714,
379,
49372,
11,
1467,
12,
1558,
1737,
357,
41178,
362,
737,
198,
464,
14867,
784,
564,
250,
27520,
654,
290,
37159,
287,
16038,
7868,
25,
36965,
290,
14136,
2664,
447,
251,
784,
481,
307,
4721,
416,
49372,
5890,
12,
12218,
5686,
1437,
47390,
10071,
13,
26122,
2291,
44696,
18816,
11,
15286,
49372,
5890,
12,
12218,
329,
7868,
11,
9986,
346,
4849,
11632,
11,
262,
2159,
5018,
447,
247,
82,
309,
861,
8042,
7868,
36831,
11,
290,
16685,
1148,
354,
3889,
11,
262,
33802,
447,
247,
82,
5890,
329,
7868,
11,
1863,
351,
10826,
286,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
3756,
16905,
3341,
11,
2450,
12,
6620,
11,
6154,
11,
4837,
11,
2444,
11,
10826,
286,
3230,
5745,
11,
262,
2056,
290,
2440,
3707,
33228,
422,
1088,
262,
995,
13,
198,
5962,
973,
355,
281,
1321,
2891,
8998,
379,
19201,
1171,
3512,
329,
13902,
11,
3230,
6403,
16905,
423,
1282,
284,
307,
11987,
355,
3953,
286,
3081,
11,
290,
34601,
8157,
5449,
1022,
33228,
13,
554,
257,
3298,
1143,
995,
11,
810,
2440,
3707,
468,
1716,
257,
1688,
10784,
2831,
290,
810,
3710,
15873,
318,
3649,
35529,
11,
484,
423,
587,
14434,
656,
2450,
12,
259,
2536,
2886,
326,
4588,
262,
5370,
286,
6712,
11,
8233,
3085,
11,
4837,
11,
2444,
290,
2450,
12,
6620,
13,
198,
464,
14867,
481,
4691,
355,
281,
3663,
284,
18282,
262,
20411,
42185,
768,
262,
867,
16905,
1695,
1909,
11,
284,
1808,
1521,
484,
423,
884,
4588,
11,
290,
10716,
511,
2928,
319,
6712,
447,
247,
4788,
13,
26122,
481,
635,
804,
3675,
16905,
379,
4683,
290,
5922,
18241,
4899,
329,
2440,
3707,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 353 |
|The panel at the Fourth Ministerial Follow-Up Forum to the Paris Commitments and Paris Principles, at which it was announced that five new nations have signed the Paris Commitments, designed to end the use of children in armed conflict and bringing the total number of signatories to 100.|
By Chris Niles
NEW YORK, USA, 27 September 2011 - Five more nations have officially committed to ending the phenomena of children in armed conflict by signing the Paris Commitments. The inclusion of Angola, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica and San Marino means that 100 nations have now pledged to do everything they can to protect children from being forced into conflict.
The announcement was made during a Ministerial Follow-Up Forum which builds on the work of the Paris Principles, and the Paris Commitments.
A grey area
“I am happy to announce that we have reached 100 states that have signed the Paris Commitments, and significant progress has been made,” said France’s Human Rights Ambassador François Zimeray, whose government co-hosted the event with UNICEF at UN Headquarters.
The Ambassador went on to pledge France’s on-going support, stressing that the so-called ‘infamy’ list of countries which ignore international standards regarding children in armed conflict is still too long. “Children would never be in armed conflict without the cowardice of adults,” he said.
The Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict Radhika Coomaraswamy presented a working paper “Children and Justice During and in the Aftermath of Armed Conflict” which focuses on the grey area in which children are brought before the courts, either as victims, witnesses or perpetrators.
Ms. Coomaraswamy pointed out the potential negative ramifications to placing children on trial. “If they testify will they be able to withstand a vigorous cross examination which often results in an attack on their character and the reliving of horrific events?” she asked.
Need for reparations
The Special Representative went on to highlight the need for reparations, pointing out that victims should be compensated for their loss of childhood, family and education. “Governments and donors play a key role in providing sustainable resources to make such initiatives work,” she said.
During 2010, UNICEF and its partners contributed to the release of approximately 10,000 children associated with armed conflict. UNICEF Deputy Executive Director Officer-in-Charge Rima Salah emphasised the need for flexible funding to design programmes that help children to recover from their ordeal and to lead empowered lives.
“Sustainable, inclusive and community-based approaches to child reintegrated in conflict affected areas recognize that these children often bear a burden of shame and tremendous stigma,” she said.
‘Beyond human understanding’
Grace Akallo a former child soldier who in 1996 was kidnapped from her boarding school, described her seven months in the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda.
“What we saw was beyond human understanding,” she said. “As girls we were given to commanders as wives and we were told if we refused we would be beaten or killed.”
Ms Akallo, who is now associated with the Network of Young People Affected by War, urged countries to do all they could to protect children. “If we don’t protect the children how are we going to stand before them as leaders, as friends, and answer the question of injustice committed against them?” she asked. | [
91,
464,
6103,
379,
262,
15692,
4139,
498,
7281,
12,
4933,
14867,
284,
262,
6342,
35910,
902,
290,
6342,
34200,
11,
379,
543,
340,
373,
3414,
326,
1936,
649,
7027,
423,
4488,
262,
6342,
35910,
902,
11,
3562,
284,
886,
262,
779,
286,
1751,
287,
6936,
5358,
290,
6079,
262,
2472,
1271,
286,
1051,
19854,
284,
1802,
13,
91,
198,
3886,
5180,
399,
2915,
198,
13965,
28154,
11,
4916,
11,
2681,
2693,
2813,
532,
10579,
517,
7027,
423,
8720,
5364,
284,
7464,
262,
19428,
286,
1751,
287,
6936,
5358,
416,
8415,
262,
6342,
35910,
902,
13,
383,
14900,
286,
48968,
11,
32369,
11,
34292,
290,
34321,
1533,
709,
1437,
11,
18133,
31656,
290,
2986,
46043,
1724,
326,
1802,
7027,
423,
783,
16387,
284,
466,
2279,
484,
460,
284,
1805,
1751,
422,
852,
4137,
656,
5358,
13,
198,
464,
8009,
373,
925,
1141,
257,
4139,
498,
7281,
12,
4933,
14867,
543,
12188,
319,
262,
670,
286,
262,
6342,
34200,
11,
290,
262,
6342,
35910,
902,
13,
198,
32,
13791,
1989,
198,
447,
250,
40,
716,
3772,
284,
5453,
326,
356,
423,
4251,
1802,
2585,
326,
423,
4488,
262,
6342,
35910,
902,
11,
290,
2383,
4371,
468,
587,
925,
11,
447,
251,
531,
4881,
447,
247,
82,
5524,
6923,
20656,
50208,
1168,
22723,
323,
11,
3025,
1230,
763,
12,
4774,
276,
262,
1785,
351,
4725,
8476,
37,
379,
4725,
32193,
13,
198,
464,
20656,
1816,
319,
284,
13995,
4881,
447,
247,
82,
319,
12,
5146,
1104,
11,
43455,
326,
262,
523,
12,
7174,
564,
246,
10745,
14814,
447,
247,
1351,
286,
2678,
543,
8856,
3230,
5423,
5115,
1751,
287,
6936,
5358,
318,
991,
1165,
890,
13,
564,
250,
26829,
561,
1239,
307,
287,
6936,
5358,
1231,
262,
26769,
501,
286,
6490,
11,
447,
251,
339,
531,
13,
198,
464,
6093,
19920,
286,
262,
4986,
12,
12218,
329,
8990,
290,
16657,
27863,
5325,
71,
9232,
1766,
296,
283,
292,
86,
14814,
5545,
257,
1762,
3348,
564,
250,
26829,
290,
4796,
5856,
290,
287,
262,
2293,
11018,
286,
16657,
27863,
447,
251,
543,
13692,
319,
262,
13791,
1989,
287,
543,
1751,
389,
3181,
878,
262,
8028,
11,
2035,
355,
4970,
11,
11432,
393,
25185,
13,
198,
10128,
13,
1766,
296,
283,
292,
86,
14814,
6235,
503,
262,
2785,
4633,
36093,
284,
12560,
1751,
319,
4473,
13,
564,
250,
1532,
484,
19671,
481,
484,
307,
1498,
284,
25073,
257,
31543,
3272,
12452,
543,
1690,
2482,
287,
281,
1368,
319,
511,
2095,
290,
262,
823,
1412,
286,
19447,
2995,
30,
447,
251,
673,
1965,
13,
198,
23037,
329,
1128,
24355,
198,
464,
6093,
19920,
1816,
319,
284,
7238,
262,
761,
329,
1128,
24355,
11,
10609,
503,
326,
4970,
815,
307,
34304,
329,
511,
2994,
286,
9963,
11,
1641,
290,
3707,
13,
564,
250,
29168,
902,
290,
13334,
711,
257,
1994,
2597,
287,
4955,
13347,
4133,
284,
787,
884,
15446,
670,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
198,
7191,
3050,
11,
4725,
8476,
37,
290,
663,
4887,
8639,
284,
262,
2650,
286,
6702,
838,
11,
830,
1751,
3917,
351,
6936,
5358,
13,
4725,
8476,
37,
15110,
10390,
5890,
10391,
12,
259,
12,
50044,
371,
8083,
4849,
993,
6661,
1417,
262,
761,
329,
12846,
4918,
284,
1486,
23698,
326,
1037,
1751,
284,
8551,
422,
511,
30600,
290,
284,
1085,
29669,
3160,
13,
198,
447,
250,
50,
24196,
11,
19889,
290,
2055,
12,
3106,
10581,
284,
1200,
302,
18908,
4111,
287,
5358,
5676,
3006,
7564,
326,
777,
1751,
1690,
6842,
257,
10538,
286,
10195,
290,
12465,
26695,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
198,
447,
246,
24102,
1692,
4547,
447,
247,
198,
8642,
558,
9084,
49457,
257,
1966,
1200,
10686,
508,
287,
8235,
373,
23384,
422,
607,
25523,
1524,
11,
3417,
607,
3598,
1933,
287,
262,
4453,
447,
247,
82,
17363,
5407,
287,
30872,
13,
198,
447,
250,
2061,
356,
2497,
373,
3675,
1692,
4547,
11,
447,
251,
673,
531,
13,
564,
250,
1722,
4813,
356,
547,
1813,
284,
22576,
355,
17743,
290,
356,
547,
1297,
611,
356,
6520,
356,
561,
307,
13125,
393,
2923,
13,
447,
251,
198,
10128,
9084,
49457,
11,
508,
318,
783,
3917,
351,
262,
7311,
286,
6960,
4380,
36931,
276,
416,
1810,
11,
11643,
2678,
284,
466,
477,
484,
714,
284,
1805,
1751,
13,
564,
250,
1532,
356,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1805,
262,
1751,
703,
389,
356,
1016,
284,
1302,
878,
606,
355,
2766,
11,
355,
2460,
11,
290,
3280,
262,
1808,
286,
21942,
5364,
1028,
606,
30,
447,
251,
673,
1965,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 741 |
For information only - not an official document
18 June 2012
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Concludes 55th Session in Vienna
VIENNA, 18 June (UN Information Service) - The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) has concluded its deliberations over ways and means to maintain outer space for peaceful purposes and to ensure that space technology and its applications continue to benefit many areas critical to all humanity at its 55th session, held from 6 to 15 June.
The Committee agreed on a new agenda item, "Space and sustainable development", to consider, among others, the outcomes of the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) and the use of space technology and its applications for socioeconomic and sustainable development.
The Committee also agreed to commemorate in 2013 the fiftieth anniversary of the first space flight by a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova on 16 June 1963, with a special panel consisting of prominent women in the space-related fields of space exploration, science, technology, education, business and policy to address the contribution of women to space activities on the topic "Space: building the future today".
Other highlights of the 55th session of the Committee included:
- The panel discussion on the theme "Fortieth anniversary of the Landsat programme and the evolution of worldwide remote sensing from space" was held on 6 June, addressing the contributions of Landsat as the longest-running civilian Earth observation programme to the worldwide evolution of Earth observation. A dedicated exhibition on this theme was held at the Vienna International Centre from 6 to 15 June, with several countries exhibiting their remote sensing imagery.
- The Government of China donated a Beidou navigation satellite model to the permanent exhibition of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) at the Vienna International Centre. The model is exhibited in the section dedicated to global navigation satellite systems.
- The four expert groups of the Working Group on the Long Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities met on the margins of the current session to work on the following issues: sustainable space utilization, space debris and space operations, space weather, and regulatory regimes for actors in space arena.
- The Action Team on Near Earth Objects (NEOs) of the Committee continued its work on draft recommendations for an international response to the NEO impact threat. As part of the overall NEO threat mitigation efforts, representatives of space agencies held a second meeting to build consensus on recommendations to establish a mission planning and operations group.
* *** *
For further information, please contact:
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)
Telephone: (+43-1) 26060-4962 | [
1890,
1321,
691,
532,
407,
281,
1743,
3188,
198,
1507,
2795,
2321,
198,
17013,
7973,
4606,
319,
262,
12689,
913,
36965,
286,
35868,
4687,
1482,
13955,
5996,
400,
23575,
287,
23825,
198,
12861,
1677,
4535,
11,
1248,
2795,
357,
4944,
6188,
4809,
8,
532,
383,
1578,
7973,
4606,
319,
262,
12689,
913,
36965,
286,
35868,
4687,
357,
34,
3185,
52,
2640,
8,
468,
8391,
663,
45863,
625,
2842,
290,
1724,
284,
5529,
12076,
2272,
329,
12309,
4959,
290,
284,
4155,
326,
2272,
3037,
290,
663,
5479,
2555,
284,
4414,
867,
3006,
4688,
284,
477,
9265,
379,
663,
5996,
400,
6246,
11,
2714,
422,
718,
284,
1315,
2795,
13,
198,
464,
4606,
4987,
319,
257,
649,
8666,
2378,
11,
366,
14106,
290,
13347,
2478,
1600,
284,
2074,
11,
1871,
1854,
11,
262,
10906,
286,
262,
7865,
1578,
7973,
8785,
319,
45276,
7712,
357,
49,
952,
10,
1238,
8,
290,
262,
779,
286,
2272,
3037,
290,
663,
5479,
329,
34406,
290,
13347,
2478,
13,
198,
464,
4606,
635,
4987,
284,
40243,
287,
2211,
262,
277,
2135,
19235,
11162,
286,
262,
717,
2272,
5474,
416,
257,
2415,
11,
8615,
2144,
2306,
17284,
1437,
1665,
3447,
74,
10071,
319,
1467,
2795,
19342,
11,
351,
257,
2041,
6103,
17747,
286,
9208,
1466,
287,
262,
2272,
12,
5363,
7032,
286,
2272,
13936,
11,
3783,
11,
3037,
11,
3707,
11,
1597,
290,
2450,
284,
2209,
262,
10156,
286,
1466,
284,
2272,
4568,
319,
262,
7243,
366,
14106,
25,
2615,
262,
2003,
1909,
1911,
198,
6395,
11330,
286,
262,
5996,
400,
6246,
286,
262,
4606,
3017,
25,
198,
12,
383,
6103,
5114,
319,
262,
7505,
366,
21926,
19235,
11162,
286,
262,
24182,
265,
11383,
290,
262,
6954,
286,
8688,
6569,
34244,
422,
2272,
1,
373,
2714,
319,
718,
2795,
11,
13593,
262,
9284,
286,
24182,
265,
355,
262,
14069,
12,
20270,
11107,
3668,
13432,
11383,
284,
262,
8688,
6954,
286,
3668,
13432,
13,
317,
7256,
17127,
319,
428,
7505,
373,
2714,
379,
262,
23825,
4037,
9072,
422,
718,
284,
1315,
2795,
11,
351,
1811,
2678,
46017,
511,
6569,
34244,
19506,
13,
198,
12,
383,
5070,
286,
2807,
15863,
257,
1355,
312,
280,
16408,
11210,
2746,
284,
262,
7748,
17127,
286,
262,
1578,
7973,
4452,
329,
35868,
4687,
10665,
357,
4944,
46,
2640,
32,
8,
379,
262,
23825,
4037,
9072,
13,
383,
2746,
318,
25212,
287,
262,
2665,
7256,
284,
3298,
16408,
11210,
3341,
13,
198,
12,
383,
1440,
5887,
2628,
286,
262,
14594,
4912,
319,
262,
5882,
35118,
311,
19542,
1799,
286,
35868,
4687,
36270,
1138,
319,
262,
20241,
286,
262,
1459,
6246,
284,
670,
319,
262,
1708,
2428,
25,
13347,
2272,
32121,
11,
2272,
16468,
290,
2272,
4560,
11,
2272,
6193,
11,
290,
11344,
25879,
329,
10544,
287,
2272,
13478,
13,
198,
12,
383,
7561,
4816,
319,
20173,
3668,
35832,
357,
45,
4720,
82,
8,
286,
262,
4606,
3767,
663,
670,
319,
4538,
10763,
329,
281,
3230,
2882,
284,
262,
44106,
2928,
2372,
13,
1081,
636,
286,
262,
4045,
44106,
2372,
33585,
4040,
11,
10826,
286,
2272,
5942,
2714,
257,
1218,
3249,
284,
1382,
11529,
319,
10763,
284,
4474,
257,
4365,
5410,
290,
4560,
1448,
13,
198,
9,
17202,
1635,
198,
1890,
2252,
1321,
11,
3387,
2800,
25,
198,
17013,
7973,
4452,
329,
35868,
4687,
10665,
357,
4944,
46,
2640,
32,
8,
198,
31709,
4862,
25,
11502,
3559,
12,
16,
8,
21148,
1899,
12,
2920,
5237,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 560 |
Dictionary Results for works|
1. works - noun
· buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles"
Synonym(s): plant, industrial_plant
Hypernym(s): building_complex, complex
2. works - noun
· everything available; usually preceded by `the'; "we saw the whole shebang"; "a hotdog with the works"; "we took on the whole caboodle"; "for $10 you get the full treatment"
Synonym(s): whole_shebang, whole_kit_and_caboodle, kit_and_caboodle, whole_kit_and_boodle, kit_and_boodle, whole_kit, whole_caboodle, whole_works, full_treatment
Hypernym(s): entirety, entireness, integrality, totality
3. works - noun
· performance of moral or religious acts; "salvation by deeds"; "the reward for good works"
4. works - noun
· the internal mechanism of a device
5. work - noun
· activity directed toward making or doing something; "she checked several points needing further work"
6. work - noun
· a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing; "it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works"; "the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work"; "he was indebted to the pioneering work of John Dewey"; "the work of an active imagination"; "erosion is the work of wind or water over time"
Hypernym(s): product, production
7. work - noun
· the occupation for which you are paid; "he is looking for employment"; "a lot of people are out of work"
Hypernym(s): occupation, business, job, line_of_work, line
8. work - noun
· applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design"
Hypernym(s): learning, acquisition
9. work - noun
· (physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; "work equals force times distance"
Hypernym(s): energy, free_energy
10. work - noun
· a place where work is done; "he arrived at work early today"
Hypernym(s): geographic_point, geographical_point
11. work - noun
· the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it); "he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre"; "Picasso's work can be divided into periods"
Synonym(s): oeuvre, body_of_work
Hypernym(s): end_product, output
12. work - verb
· exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity; "I will work hard to improve my grades"; "she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor"
13. work - verb
· be employed; "Is your husband working again?"; "My wife never worked"; "Do you want to work after the age of 60?"; "She never did any work because she inherited a lot of money"; "She works as a waitress to put herself through college"
14. work - verb
· have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected; "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought"; "How does your idea work in practice?"; "This method doesn't work"; "The breaks of my new car act quickly"; "The medicine works only if you take it with a lot of water"
Hypernym(s): succeed, win, come_through, bring_home_the_bacon, deliver_the_goods
15. work - verb
· perform as expected when applied; "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in"; "Does this old car still run well?"; "This old radio doesn't work anymore"
Synonym(s): function, operate, go, run
16. work - verb
· shape, form, or improve a material; "work stone into tools"; "process iron"; "work the metal"
Synonym(s): work_on, process
Hypernym(s): transform, transmute, transubstantiate
17. work - verb
· give a workout to; "Some parents exercise their infants"; "My personal trainer works me hard"; "work one's muscles"; "this puzzle will exercise your mind"
Synonym(s): exercise, work_out
Hypernym(s): work, put_to_work
18. work - verb
· proceed along a path; "work one's way through the crowd"; "make one's way into the forest"
19. work - verb
· operate in a certain place, area, or specialty; "She works the night clubs"; "The salesman works the Midwest"; "This artist works mostly in acrylics"
20. work - verb
· proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity; "work your way through every problem or task"; "She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived"; "Start from the bottom and work towards the top"
Hypernym(s): go, proceed, move
21. work - verb
· move in an agitated manner; "His fingers worked with tension"
Hypernym(s): move, displace
22. work - verb
· cause to happen or to occur as a consequence; "I cannot work a miracle"; "wreak havoc"; "bring comments"; "play a joke"; "The rain brought relief to the drought-stricken area"
Synonym(s): bring, play, wreak, make_for
Hypernym(s): make, create
23. work - verb
· cause to work; "he is working his servants hard"
Hypernym(s): use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ
24. work - verb
· prepare for crops; "Work the soil"; "cultivate the land"
Synonym(s): cultivate, crop
Hypernym(s): fix, prepare, set_up, ready, gear_up, set
25. work - verb
· behave in a certain way when handled; "This dough does not work easily"; "The soft metal works well"
26. work - verb
· have and exert influence or effect; "The artist's work influenced the young painter"; "She worked on her friends to support the political candidate"
Synonym(s): influence, act_upon
Hypernym(s): affect, impact, bear_upon, bear_on, touch_on, touch
27. work - verb
· operate in or through; "Work the phones"
Hypernym(s): operate, run
28. work - verb
· cause to operate or function; "This pilot works the controls"; "Can you work an electric drill?"
Hypernym(s): manage, deal, care, handle
29. work - verb
· provoke or excite; "The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy"
Hypernym(s): stimulate, excite, stir
30. work - verb
· gratify and charm, usually in order to influence; "the political candidate worked the crowds"
Hypernym(s): capture, enamour, trance, catch, becharm, enamor, captivate, beguile, charm, fascinate, bewitch, entrance, enchant
31. work - verb
· make something, usually for a specific function; "She molded the rice balls carefully"; "Form cylinders from the dough"; "shape a figure"; "Work the metal into a sword"
Synonym(s): shape, form, mold, mould, forge
Hypernym(s): create_from_raw_material, create_from_raw_stuff
32. work - verb
· move into or onto; "work the raisins into the dough"; "the student worked a few jokes into his presentation"; "work the body onto the flatbed truck"
Hypernym(s): move, displace
33. work - verb
· make uniform; "knead dough"; "work the clay until it is soft"
34. work - verb
· use or manipulate to one's advantage; "He exploit the new taxation system"; "She knows how to work the system"; "he works his parents for sympathy"
Hypernym(s): use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ
35. work - verb
· find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of; "did you solve the problem?"; "Work out your problems with the boss"; "this unpleasant situation isn't going to work itself out"; "did you get it?"; "Did you get my meaning?"; "He could not work the math problem"
Synonym(s): solve, work_out, figure_out, puzzle_out, lick
36. work - verb
· cause to undergo fermentation; "We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content"; "The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats"
37. work - verb
· go sour or spoil; "The milk has soured"; "The wine worked"; "The cream has turned--we have to throw it out"
Synonym(s): sour, turn, ferment
Hypernym(s): change_state, turn
38. work - verb
· arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion; "The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times"
Hypernym(s): become, go, get
or unscramble the word you need to complete that puzzle or to finish that
project or homework!
letters to unscramble the word
synonyms, antonyms and related words
word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
word to find the rhymes
letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word. | [
35,
14188,
15691,
329,
2499,
91,
198,
16,
13,
2499,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
6832,
329,
6872,
319,
7593,
4827,
26,
366,
9930,
3170,
257,
1588,
4618,
284,
6161,
44820,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
4618,
11,
7593,
62,
15060,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
2615,
62,
41887,
11,
3716,
198,
17,
13,
2499,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
2279,
1695,
26,
3221,
27165,
416,
4600,
1169,
17020,
366,
732,
2497,
262,
2187,
673,
36668,
8172,
366,
64,
3024,
9703,
351,
262,
2499,
8172,
366,
732,
1718,
319,
262,
2187,
16212,
27106,
8172,
366,
1640,
720,
940,
345,
651,
262,
1336,
3513,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
2187,
62,
7091,
36668,
11,
2187,
62,
15813,
62,
392,
62,
66,
397,
27106,
11,
6220,
62,
392,
62,
66,
397,
27106,
11,
2187,
62,
15813,
62,
392,
62,
65,
27106,
11,
6220,
62,
392,
62,
65,
27106,
11,
2187,
62,
15813,
11,
2187,
62,
66,
397,
27106,
11,
2187,
62,
5225,
11,
1336,
62,
42487,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
21818,
11,
2104,
1108,
11,
19287,
414,
11,
44861,
198,
18,
13,
2499,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
2854,
286,
6573,
393,
4158,
6529,
26,
366,
21680,
10473,
416,
23777,
8172,
366,
1169,
6721,
329,
922,
2499,
1,
198,
19,
13,
2499,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
262,
5387,
9030,
286,
257,
3335,
198,
20,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
3842,
7924,
3812,
1642,
393,
1804,
1223,
26,
366,
7091,
10667,
1811,
2173,
18139,
2252,
670,
1,
198,
21,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
257,
1720,
4635,
393,
13013,
832,
262,
3626,
393,
3842,
393,
4086,
286,
257,
1048,
393,
1517,
26,
366,
270,
318,
407,
11987,
355,
530,
286,
465,
517,
18078,
2499,
8172,
366,
1169,
5659,
23021,
373,
27052,
355,
281,
44207,
670,
8172,
366,
258,
373,
37816,
284,
262,
36304,
670,
286,
1757,
25075,
2959,
8172,
366,
1169,
670,
286,
281,
4075,
13843,
8172,
366,
263,
18442,
318,
262,
670,
286,
2344,
393,
1660,
625,
640,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
1720,
11,
3227,
198,
22,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
262,
13755,
329,
543,
345,
389,
3432,
26,
366,
258,
318,
2045,
329,
7184,
8172,
366,
64,
1256,
286,
661,
389,
503,
286,
670,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
13755,
11,
1597,
11,
1693,
11,
1627,
62,
1659,
62,
1818,
11,
1627,
198,
23,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
11524,
262,
2000,
284,
4673,
290,
4547,
257,
2426,
357,
16480,
416,
3555,
1776,
366,
9866,
278,
257,
1218,
3303,
4433,
257,
1256,
286,
670,
8172,
366,
3919,
4266,
2897,
10428,
2050,
287,
11087,
1486,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
4673,
11,
12673,
198,
24,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
357,
746,
23154,
8,
257,
30566,
286,
2568,
26,
262,
4351,
286,
2568,
422,
530,
3518,
1080,
284,
1194,
6241,
355,
262,
1720,
286,
257,
2700,
290,
262,
5253,
832,
543,
340,
6100,
257,
1767,
287,
262,
4571,
286,
326,
2700,
26,
366,
1818,
21767,
2700,
1661,
5253,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
2568,
11,
1479,
62,
22554,
198,
940,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
257,
1295,
810,
670,
318,
1760,
26,
366,
258,
5284,
379,
670,
1903,
1909,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
22987,
62,
4122,
11,
27465,
62,
4122,
198,
1157,
13,
670,
532,
23227,
198,
9129,
262,
2472,
5072,
286,
257,
6260,
393,
6802,
357,
273,
257,
8904,
636,
286,
340,
1776,
366,
258,
9713,
262,
2104,
26451,
666,
267,
12496,
43933,
8172,
366,
39507,
28372,
338,
670,
460,
307,
9086,
656,
9574,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
267,
12496,
43933,
11,
1767,
62,
1659,
62,
1818,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
886,
62,
11167,
11,
5072,
198,
1065,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
17596,
27186,
416,
1804,
5110,
393,
3518,
670,
329,
257,
4007,
393,
503,
286,
14564,
26,
366,
40,
481,
670,
1327,
284,
2987,
616,
19051,
8172,
366,
7091,
3111,
1327,
329,
1365,
2877,
3403,
329,
262,
3595,
1,
198,
1485,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
307,
9322,
26,
366,
3792,
534,
5229,
1762,
757,
1701,
26,
366,
3666,
3656,
1239,
3111,
8172,
366,
5211,
345,
765,
284,
670,
706,
262,
2479,
286,
3126,
1701,
26,
366,
3347,
1239,
750,
597,
670,
780,
673,
19552,
257,
1256,
286,
1637,
8172,
366,
3347,
2499,
355,
257,
44511,
284,
1234,
5223,
832,
4152,
1,
198,
1415,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
423,
281,
1245,
393,
8055,
26,
1690,
262,
530,
10348,
393,
2938,
26,
366,
464,
6709,
1429,
1595,
470,
670,
355,
880,
355,
661,
1807,
8172,
366,
2437,
857,
534,
2126,
670,
287,
3357,
1701,
26,
366,
1212,
2446,
1595,
470,
670,
8172,
366,
464,
9457,
286,
616,
649,
1097,
719,
2952,
8172,
366,
464,
9007,
2499,
691,
611,
345,
1011,
340,
351,
257,
1256,
286,
1660,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
6758,
11,
1592,
11,
1282,
62,
9579,
11,
2222,
62,
11195,
62,
1169,
62,
65,
7807,
11,
5203,
62,
1169,
62,
11274,
82,
198,
1314,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
1620,
355,
2938,
618,
5625,
26,
366,
464,
20518,
4572,
1839,
470,
467,
4556,
340,
338,
30601,
287,
8172,
366,
13921,
428,
1468,
1097,
991,
1057,
880,
1701,
26,
366,
1212,
1468,
5243,
1595,
470,
670,
7471,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
2163,
11,
8076,
11,
467,
11,
1057,
198,
1433,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
5485,
11,
1296,
11,
393,
2987,
257,
2587,
26,
366,
1818,
7815,
656,
4899,
8172,
366,
14681,
6953,
8172,
366,
1818,
262,
6147,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
670,
62,
261,
11,
1429,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
6121,
11,
21595,
1133,
11,
1007,
549,
18797,
9386,
198,
1558,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
1577,
257,
17578,
284,
26,
366,
4366,
3397,
5517,
511,
18775,
8172,
366,
3666,
2614,
21997,
2499,
502,
1327,
8172,
366,
1818,
530,
338,
12749,
8172,
366,
5661,
15027,
481,
5517,
534,
2000,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
5517,
11,
670,
62,
448,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
670,
11,
1234,
62,
1462,
62,
1818,
198,
1507,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
5120,
1863,
257,
3108,
26,
366,
1818,
530,
338,
835,
832,
262,
4315,
8172,
366,
15883,
530,
338,
835,
656,
262,
8222,
1,
198,
1129,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
8076,
287,
257,
1728,
1295,
11,
1989,
11,
393,
22847,
26,
366,
3347,
2499,
262,
1755,
9784,
8172,
366,
464,
42414,
2499,
262,
25701,
8172,
366,
1212,
6802,
2499,
4632,
287,
43980,
82,
1,
198,
1238,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
5120,
3371,
257,
3061,
393,
1863,
257,
3108,
393,
832,
281,
3842,
26,
366,
1818,
534,
835,
832,
790,
1917,
393,
4876,
8172,
366,
3347,
373,
1762,
319,
607,
1218,
11277,
5362,
618,
262,
10650,
5284,
8172,
366,
10434,
422,
262,
4220,
290,
670,
3371,
262,
1353,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
467,
11,
5120,
11,
1445,
198,
2481,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
1445,
287,
281,
41574,
5642,
26,
366,
6653,
9353,
3111,
351,
12097,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
1445,
11,
595,
5372,
198,
1828,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
2728,
284,
1645,
393,
284,
3051,
355,
257,
12921,
26,
366,
40,
2314,
670,
257,
20820,
8172,
366,
86,
260,
461,
29860,
8172,
366,
48580,
3651,
8172,
366,
1759,
257,
9707,
8172,
366,
464,
6290,
3181,
8259,
284,
262,
18393,
12,
2536,
5973,
1989,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
2222,
11,
711,
11,
30154,
461,
11,
787,
62,
1640,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
787,
11,
2251,
198,
1954,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
2728,
284,
670,
26,
366,
258,
318,
1762,
465,
17523,
1327,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
779,
11,
17624,
11,
7736,
786,
11,
4174,
11,
1873,
198,
1731,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
8335,
329,
14450,
26,
366,
12468,
262,
9260,
8172,
366,
40820,
452,
378,
262,
1956,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
32237,
11,
13833,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
4259,
11,
8335,
11,
900,
62,
929,
11,
3492,
11,
7733,
62,
929,
11,
900,
198,
1495,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
17438,
287,
257,
1728,
835,
618,
12118,
26,
366,
1212,
15756,
857,
407,
670,
3538,
8172,
366,
464,
2705,
6147,
2499,
880,
1,
198,
2075,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
423,
290,
17596,
4588,
393,
1245,
26,
366,
464,
6802,
338,
670,
12824,
262,
1862,
34537,
8172,
366,
3347,
3111,
319,
607,
2460,
284,
1104,
262,
1964,
4540,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
4588,
11,
719,
62,
27287,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
2689,
11,
2928,
11,
6842,
62,
27287,
11,
6842,
62,
261,
11,
3638,
62,
261,
11,
3638,
198,
1983,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
8076,
287,
393,
832,
26,
366,
12468,
262,
9512,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
8076,
11,
1057,
198,
2078,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
2728,
284,
8076,
393,
2163,
26,
366,
1212,
8022,
2499,
262,
6973,
8172,
366,
6090,
345,
670,
281,
5186,
16007,
1701,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
6687,
11,
1730,
11,
1337,
11,
5412,
198,
1959,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
29791,
393,
2859,
578,
26,
366,
464,
3881,
21623,
3111,
262,
4315,
286,
1862,
4813,
656,
257,
31934,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
26020,
11,
2859,
578,
11,
11240,
198,
1270,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
14586,
1958,
290,
20024,
11,
3221,
287,
1502,
284,
4588,
26,
366,
1169,
1964,
4540,
3111,
262,
15779,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
8006,
11,
551,
321,
454,
11,
43618,
11,
4929,
11,
307,
354,
1670,
11,
551,
321,
273,
11,
3144,
452,
378,
11,
4123,
84,
576,
11,
20024,
11,
7751,
4559,
11,
307,
42248,
11,
10384,
11,
23260,
198,
3132,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
787,
1223,
11,
3221,
329,
257,
2176,
2163,
26,
366,
3347,
46725,
262,
11464,
11333,
7773,
8172,
366,
8479,
43386,
422,
262,
15756,
8172,
366,
43358,
257,
3785,
8172,
366,
12468,
262,
6147,
656,
257,
8429,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
5485,
11,
1296,
11,
15936,
11,
35370,
11,
28325,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
2251,
62,
6738,
62,
1831,
62,
33665,
11,
2251,
62,
6738,
62,
1831,
62,
41094,
198,
2624,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
1445,
656,
393,
4291,
26,
366,
1818,
262,
2179,
271,
1040,
656,
262,
15756,
8172,
366,
1169,
3710,
3111,
257,
1178,
14532,
656,
465,
10470,
8172,
366,
1818,
262,
1767,
4291,
262,
6228,
3077,
7779,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
1445,
11,
595,
5372,
198,
2091,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
787,
8187,
26,
366,
74,
710,
324,
15756,
8172,
366,
1818,
262,
21558,
1566,
340,
318,
2705,
1,
198,
2682,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
779,
393,
18510,
284,
530,
338,
4621,
26,
366,
1544,
14561,
262,
649,
21843,
1080,
8172,
366,
3347,
4206,
703,
284,
670,
262,
1080,
8172,
366,
258,
2499,
465,
3397,
329,
20242,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
779,
11,
17624,
11,
7736,
786,
11,
4174,
11,
1873,
198,
2327,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
1064,
262,
4610,
284,
357,
64,
1917,
393,
1808,
8,
393,
1833,
262,
3616,
286,
26,
366,
20839,
345,
8494,
262,
1917,
1701,
26,
366,
12468,
503,
534,
2761,
351,
262,
6478,
8172,
366,
5661,
22029,
3074,
2125,
470,
1016,
284,
670,
2346,
503,
8172,
366,
20839,
345,
651,
340,
1701,
26,
366,
11633,
345,
651,
616,
3616,
1701,
26,
366,
1544,
714,
407,
670,
262,
10688,
1917,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
8494,
11,
670,
62,
448,
11,
3785,
62,
448,
11,
15027,
62,
448,
11,
36728,
198,
2623,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
2728,
284,
17777,
35115,
26,
366,
1135,
38797,
262,
36656,
329,
257,
845,
890,
640,
284,
4620,
1029,
5548,
2695,
8172,
366,
464,
410,
600,
1008,
3111,
262,
8237,
287,
1263,
26210,
410,
1381,
1,
198,
2718,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
467,
11348,
393,
20851,
26,
366,
464,
7545,
468,
264,
8167,
8172,
366,
464,
8237,
3111,
8172,
366,
464,
8566,
468,
2900,
438,
732,
423,
284,
3714,
340,
503,
1,
198,
29934,
5177,
7,
82,
2599,
11348,
11,
1210,
11,
38797,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
1487,
62,
5219,
11,
1210,
198,
2548,
13,
670,
532,
15942,
198,
9129,
9240,
379,
257,
1728,
4006,
832,
5100,
6268,
26,
366,
464,
28096,
286,
262,
16869,
3111,
9155,
706,
673,
12408,
262,
23967,
867,
1661,
1,
198,
38197,
3281,
76,
7,
82,
2599,
1716,
11,
467,
11,
651,
198,
273,
28594,
859,
903,
262,
1573,
345,
761,
284,
1844,
326,
15027,
393,
284,
5461,
326,
198,
16302,
393,
26131,
0,
198,
15653,
284,
28594,
859,
903,
262,
1573,
198,
28869,
43612,
11,
281,
1122,
88,
907,
290,
3519,
2456,
198,
4775,
2174,
351,
705,
8348,
284,
7603,
4814,
7475,
198,
4775,
284,
1064,
262,
9529,
22009,
198,
15653,
286,
262,
3726,
11,
3504,
393,
886,
286,
262,
1573,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 2,201 |
FlowersAmong the many and more beautiful of our common wild flowers that grow beside the Tweed are the marsh marigold, or kingcup, loosestrife, purple and yellow, ragged robin and devil's-bit scabious.
The beautiful and rare include seven orchids: the purple dactylorrhiza - illutrated here, northern marsh and twayblade (in damp meadows and woods}; lesser twayblade (on heather moors); heath spotted (on acid soil); bird's nest (in beechwoods).
From June to August one might, with less than amazing luck, see the duck (but not the drake - the drake has absconded) leading a flotilla of up to twelve ducklings buffeting themselves like mad against the current; a memorable- sight. Buzzards can be relied on to appear, usually at a great height, mewing.
Short-eared owl, peregrine falcon, sparrow-hawk and kestrel are also often seen. And from autumn to spring great flocks of geese, pink-footed and greylag, fly from and back to the frozen north, spread against the sky in arrowhead or zig-zag order and calling to each other as they go. They too are unlikely to be overlooked. | [
7414,
3618,
14311,
262,
867,
290,
517,
4950,
286,
674,
2219,
4295,
12734,
326,
1663,
13970,
262,
24205,
276,
389,
262,
22397,
1667,
328,
727,
11,
393,
5822,
25244,
11,
37222,
395,
81,
901,
11,
14032,
290,
7872,
11,
374,
14655,
3857,
259,
290,
17118,
338,
12,
2545,
629,
397,
699,
13,
198,
464,
4950,
290,
4071,
2291,
3598,
393,
354,
2340,
25,
262,
14032,
288,
529,
2645,
273,
17179,
23638,
532,
2801,
315,
4111,
994,
11,
7840,
22397,
290,
665,
323,
22500,
357,
259,
21151,
502,
9797,
290,
16479,
19629,
14494,
665,
323,
22500,
357,
261,
339,
1032,
6941,
669,
1776,
339,
776,
13489,
357,
261,
7408,
9260,
1776,
6512,
338,
16343,
357,
259,
307,
3055,
39493,
737,
198,
4863,
2795,
284,
2932,
530,
1244,
11,
351,
1342,
621,
4998,
8458,
11,
766,
262,
22045,
357,
4360,
407,
262,
28841,
365,
532,
262,
28841,
365,
468,
450,
1416,
623,
276,
8,
3756,
257,
781,
313,
5049,
286,
510,
284,
14104,
22045,
17783,
6940,
13629,
2405,
588,
8805,
1028,
262,
1459,
26,
257,
18078,
12,
6504,
13,
15753,
1371,
460,
307,
17498,
319,
284,
1656,
11,
3221,
379,
257,
1049,
6001,
11,
285,
413,
278,
13,
198,
16438,
12,
3380,
39610,
11,
279,
567,
2164,
500,
24215,
1102,
11,
599,
6018,
12,
40624,
290,
479,
395,
2411,
389,
635,
1690,
1775,
13,
843,
422,
23608,
284,
6076,
1049,
781,
3320,
286,
4903,
2771,
11,
11398,
12,
43127,
290,
10536,
2645,
363,
11,
6129,
422,
290,
736,
284,
262,
12912,
5093,
11,
4104,
1028,
262,
6766,
287,
15452,
2256,
393,
1976,
328,
12,
50183,
1502,
290,
4585,
284,
1123,
584,
355,
484,
467,
13,
1119,
1165,
389,
7485,
284,
307,
21655,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 282 |
Being referred for radiation treatment is an unfamiliar experience to most cancer patients. On these pages, we will explain radiation oncology to you and answer questions that most often exist for our patients. And we will also explain why you should feel remarkably confident in coming to URMC, the region’s leader in radiation oncology.
What is Radiation Oncology?
Radiation oncology is one of the three major cancer specialties in oncologic medicine. It uses energy from radiation beams, radio isotopes, or charged particles to target tumors and to eradicate cancer cells.
Radiation beams are usually generated in treatment machines, such as linear accelerators or high-energy CT scanners. Another type of radiation treatment uses radioisotopes, or radioactive materials. These are utilized in radiation implants and radioisotope-labeled molecules in the treatment of various cancers.
In addition to getting rid of cancer, radiation treatment is highly effective in reducing symptoms such as cancer-related pain. Radiation has also been used in the treatment of many benign (non-cancerous) conditions in both adults and children.
What Makes URMC Different?
At the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, the Department of Radiation Oncology is an essential part of multidisciplinary care. In other words, a team of experts from surgery, medical oncology, radiation oncology, and many other disciplines will come together to evaluate and manage your cancer treatment. This is a unique approach to care and is considered the ideal model of cancer care.
The Department of Radiation Oncology provides state-of-the-art treatment technology to increase the curability of cancer while reducing side effects. Our comprehensive cancer care team includes physician radiation oncologists, radiation physicists, radiation therapists, dosimetrists, nurses, social workers, and nutritionists.
What Should I Expect as a Patient?
Your treatment will involve a team of healthcare providers from the Department of Radiation Oncology. Typically, a radiation oncologist will direct the radiation treatment process and plans. Your team will also include a secretary, a nurse, a nurse practitioner, a resident physician in training, radiation therapists who operate the treatment machines, and a radiation dosimetrist or physicist specializing in radiation treatment physical plans.
The department also offers assistance from social workers and nutritionists. Support groups for cancer patients are also available. These include disease-specific groups, age-specific groups, and many others.
A typical radiation treatment process begins with an initial consultation with your radiation oncologist. The treatment recommendation, indication, rationale, benefits, side effects, and potential risks will be explained to you. This is followed by a radiation simulation session, which takes approximately one hour. This simulation process ensures the accuracy of your treatment plan.
Your actual treatment will begin 7-14 days later. However, patients with cancer-related emergencies can begin their treatments sooner. Daily treatment visits may take 15 -30 minutes and generally last 1 to 8 weeks, depending on the diagnosis and the treatment plan. The stereotactic brain radiosurgery is generally completed in one session. The stereotactic body radiosurgery is generally completed in less than 10 sessions.
Your radiation oncologist, therapists, and the team nurse will be there for you every step of the way. They will help you assess treatment-related side effects, your progress, and tolerance.
What Technology do you Offer?
We offer state-of-the-art equipment for external beam radiation at all four of our treatment sites: Strong Memorial Hospital (SMH), Highland Hospital (HH), Cancer Center at Park Ridge (PR), and Sands Cancer Center.
- CT simulators (SMH, PR)
- Megavoltage CT (SMH)
- Cone-beam CT units (SMH)
- Linear accelerators with IMRT and IGRT capabilities (SMH, HH, PR, Sands)
- Novalis Radiosurgery (SMH)
- TomoTherapy (SMH)
- Brachytherapy (SMH, HH, PR)
- Prostate seed implants (SMH, HH, PR)
- GYN implants for gynecologic cancer (HH)
- Nucletron High Dose Rate Brachytherapy (HH)
- Liver radiation using Theraspheres (SMH)
- I-131 treatment for thyroid cancer (HH, PR)
- Radioactive mesh tumor bed boost for lung cancer (SMH)
- Total Body Irradiation (SMH)
- Accelerated partial breast radiotherapy using MammoSite or external beam (SMH, HH, PR, Sands)
How can I Learn More About my Disease or Condition?
Your cancer treatment team in the Department of Radiation Oncology will be your very best resource for learning more.
A radiation oncologist will evaluate your treatment process during your treatment course at a one-on-one session with you at least once a week. The nurse, nurse practitioner, physician's assistant, and resident physician on your team will also be valuable resources regarding education about your disease or condition.
In addition, the Wilmot Cancer Center has a patient and family resource center for those seeking additional information about specific cancers as well as information concerning radiation therapy. The center is located on the 1st floor of the Cancer Center.
If you are a patient and you need to speak to us right away, please call our Clinic Coordinator at (585) 275-4958.
Make an Appointment
If you would like to make an appointment or consult our physicians for a second opinion, please contact us at one of the following locations:
- Wilmot Cancer Center
- Highland Hospital
- Cancer Center at Park Ridge
- Sands Cancer Center | [
18357,
6412,
329,
11881,
3513,
318,
281,
22594,
1998,
284,
749,
4890,
3871,
13,
1550,
777,
5468,
11,
356,
481,
4727,
11881,
319,
66,
1435,
284,
345,
290,
3280,
2683,
326,
749,
1690,
2152,
329,
674,
3871,
13,
843,
356,
481,
635,
4727,
1521,
345,
815,
1254,
21196,
6563,
287,
2406,
284,
37902,
9655,
11,
262,
3814,
447,
247,
82,
3554,
287,
11881,
319,
66,
1435,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
47532,
1550,
66,
1435,
30,
198,
15546,
3920,
319,
66,
1435,
318,
530,
286,
262,
1115,
1688,
4890,
2041,
4278,
287,
319,
66,
20781,
9007,
13,
632,
3544,
2568,
422,
11881,
26741,
11,
5243,
31624,
13920,
11,
393,
5047,
13166,
284,
2496,
31155,
290,
284,
39339,
4890,
4778,
13,
198,
15546,
3920,
26741,
389,
3221,
7560,
287,
3513,
8217,
11,
884,
355,
14174,
8320,
2024,
393,
1029,
12,
22554,
16356,
47059,
13,
6023,
2099,
286,
11881,
3513,
3544,
5243,
271,
313,
13920,
11,
393,
25521,
5696,
13,
2312,
389,
21487,
287,
11881,
35223,
290,
5243,
271,
313,
3008,
12,
18242,
276,
17745,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
2972,
25217,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
284,
1972,
5755,
286,
4890,
11,
11881,
3513,
318,
4047,
4050,
287,
8868,
7460,
884,
355,
4890,
12,
5363,
2356,
13,
47532,
468,
635,
587,
973,
287,
262,
3513,
286,
867,
32293,
357,
13159,
12,
48870,
516,
8,
3403,
287,
1111,
6490,
290,
1751,
13,
198,
2061,
27433,
37902,
9655,
20615,
30,
198,
2953,
262,
3700,
350,
13,
5187,
27926,
15523,
3337,
11,
262,
2732,
286,
47532,
1550,
66,
1435,
318,
281,
6393,
636,
286,
1963,
29207,
29386,
1337,
13,
554,
584,
2456,
11,
257,
1074,
286,
6154,
422,
8185,
11,
3315,
319,
66,
1435,
11,
11881,
319,
66,
1435,
11,
290,
867,
584,
29861,
481,
1282,
1978,
284,
13446,
290,
6687,
534,
4890,
3513,
13,
770,
318,
257,
3748,
3164,
284,
1337,
290,
318,
3177,
262,
7306,
2746,
286,
4890,
1337,
13,
198,
464,
2732,
286,
47532,
1550,
66,
1435,
3769,
1181,
12,
1659,
12,
1169,
12,
433,
3513,
3037,
284,
2620,
262,
1090,
1799,
286,
4890,
981,
8868,
1735,
3048,
13,
3954,
9815,
4890,
1337,
1074,
3407,
14325,
11881,
319,
66,
9251,
11,
11881,
37898,
11,
11881,
39395,
11,
23430,
320,
21879,
1023,
11,
20669,
11,
1919,
3259,
11,
290,
16633,
1023,
13,
198,
2061,
10358,
314,
23600,
355,
257,
35550,
30,
198,
7120,
3513,
481,
6211,
257,
1074,
286,
11409,
9549,
422,
262,
2732,
286,
47532,
1550,
66,
1435,
13,
27095,
11,
257,
11881,
319,
66,
7451,
481,
1277,
262,
11881,
3513,
1429,
290,
3352,
13,
3406,
1074,
481,
635,
2291,
257,
7705,
11,
257,
15849,
11,
257,
15849,
32110,
11,
257,
6623,
14325,
287,
3047,
11,
11881,
39395,
508,
8076,
262,
3513,
8217,
11,
290,
257,
11881,
23430,
38813,
1585,
393,
33013,
40847,
287,
11881,
3513,
3518,
3352,
13,
198,
464,
5011,
635,
4394,
6829,
422,
1919,
3259,
290,
16633,
1023,
13,
7929,
2628,
329,
4890,
3871,
389,
635,
1695,
13,
2312,
2291,
4369,
12,
11423,
2628,
11,
2479,
12,
11423,
2628,
11,
290,
867,
1854,
13,
198,
32,
7226,
11881,
3513,
1429,
6140,
351,
281,
4238,
18103,
351,
534,
11881,
319,
66,
7451,
13,
383,
3513,
15602,
11,
12955,
11,
25738,
11,
4034,
11,
1735,
3048,
11,
290,
2785,
7476,
481,
307,
4893,
284,
345,
13,
770,
318,
3940,
416,
257,
11881,
18640,
6246,
11,
543,
2753,
6702,
530,
1711,
13,
770,
18640,
1429,
19047,
262,
9922,
286,
534,
3513,
1410,
13,
198,
7120,
4036,
3513,
481,
2221,
767,
12,
1415,
1528,
1568,
13,
2102,
11,
3871,
351,
4890,
12,
5363,
36047,
460,
2221,
511,
13820,
14556,
13,
6714,
3513,
11864,
743,
1011,
1315,
532,
1270,
2431,
290,
4143,
938,
352,
284,
807,
2745,
11,
6906,
319,
262,
13669,
290,
262,
3513,
1410,
13,
383,
10268,
313,
12009,
3632,
40023,
333,
7076,
318,
4143,
5668,
287,
530,
6246,
13,
383,
10268,
313,
12009,
1767,
40023,
333,
7076,
318,
4143,
5668,
287,
1342,
621,
838,
10991,
13,
198,
7120,
11881,
319,
66,
7451,
11,
39395,
11,
290,
262,
1074,
15849,
481,
307,
612,
329,
345,
790,
2239,
286,
262,
835,
13,
1119,
481,
1037,
345,
4659,
3513,
12,
5363,
1735,
3048,
11,
534,
4371,
11,
290,
15621,
13,
198,
2061,
8987,
466,
345,
33085,
30,
198,
1135,
2897,
1181,
12,
1659,
12,
1169,
12,
433,
5112,
329,
7097,
15584,
11881,
379,
477,
1440,
286,
674,
3513,
5043,
25,
13535,
14861,
9256,
357,
12310,
39,
828,
39874,
9256,
357,
16768,
828,
15523,
3337,
379,
3250,
20614,
357,
4805,
828,
290,
35359,
15523,
3337,
13,
198,
12,
16356,
985,
24325,
357,
12310,
39,
11,
4810,
8,
198,
12,
8336,
615,
5978,
496,
16356,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
327,
505,
12,
40045,
16356,
4991,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
44800,
8320,
2024,
351,
8959,
14181,
290,
314,
10761,
51,
9889,
357,
12310,
39,
11,
47138,
11,
4810,
11,
35359,
8,
198,
12,
5267,
27315,
5325,
4267,
333,
7076,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
4186,
78,
35048,
12826,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
1709,
35586,
490,
12826,
357,
12310,
39,
11,
47138,
11,
4810,
8,
198,
12,
1041,
5219,
9403,
35223,
357,
12310,
39,
11,
47138,
11,
4810,
8,
198,
12,
402,
40760,
35223,
329,
21486,
32984,
20781,
4890,
357,
16768,
8,
198,
12,
399,
1229,
1616,
1313,
3334,
360,
577,
14806,
1709,
35586,
490,
12826,
357,
16768,
8,
198,
12,
45036,
11881,
1262,
12634,
5126,
19079,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
314,
12,
22042,
3513,
329,
30523,
4890,
357,
16768,
11,
4810,
8,
198,
12,
8829,
5275,
19609,
22359,
3996,
5750,
329,
12317,
4890,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
7472,
12290,
5686,
6335,
3920,
357,
12310,
39,
8,
198,
12,
29805,
515,
13027,
9296,
19772,
18952,
1262,
29926,
5908,
29123,
393,
7097,
15584,
357,
12310,
39,
11,
47138,
11,
4810,
11,
35359,
8,
198,
2437,
460,
314,
14365,
3125,
7994,
616,
17344,
393,
24295,
30,
198,
7120,
4890,
3513,
1074,
287,
262,
2732,
286,
47532,
1550,
66,
1435,
481,
307,
534,
845,
1266,
8271,
329,
4673,
517,
13,
198,
32,
11881,
319,
66,
7451,
481,
13446,
534,
3513,
1429,
1141,
534,
3513,
1781,
379,
257,
530,
12,
261,
12,
505,
6246,
351,
345,
379,
1551,
1752,
257,
1285,
13,
383,
15849,
11,
15849,
32110,
11,
14325,
338,
8796,
11,
290,
6623,
14325,
319,
534,
1074,
481,
635,
307,
8119,
4133,
5115,
3707,
546,
534,
4369,
393,
4006,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
262,
5187,
27926,
15523,
3337,
468,
257,
5827,
290,
1641,
8271,
3641,
329,
883,
6095,
3224,
1321,
546,
2176,
25217,
355,
880,
355,
1321,
9305,
11881,
9102,
13,
383,
3641,
318,
5140,
319,
262,
352,
301,
4314,
286,
262,
15523,
3337,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
389,
257,
5827,
290,
345,
761,
284,
2740,
284,
514,
826,
1497,
11,
3387,
869,
674,
26690,
36831,
379,
357,
38905,
8,
25829,
12,
2920,
3365,
13,
198,
12050,
281,
2034,
49805,
198,
1532,
345,
561,
588,
284,
787,
281,
12557,
393,
5725,
674,
17206,
329,
257,
1218,
4459,
11,
3387,
2800,
514,
379,
530,
286,
262,
1708,
7064,
25,
198,
12,
5187,
27926,
15523,
3337,
198,
12,
39874,
9256,
198,
12,
15523,
3337,
379,
3250,
20614,
198,
12,
35359,
15523,
3337,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,190 |
Constitutional FAQ Answer #5
Q5. "What do you believe are the reasons why the Constitution would not have been passed without the Bill of Rights."
A. Actually, the Constitution did pass without the Bill of Rights, as the first ten amendments are commonly known. The Constitution was ratified in 1788. Amendments 1-10 were adopted in 1791. | [
34184,
5677,
18749,
23998,
1303,
20,
198,
48,
20,
13,
366,
2061,
466,
345,
1975,
389,
262,
3840,
1521,
262,
7965,
561,
407,
423,
587,
3804,
1231,
262,
3941,
286,
6923,
526,
198,
32,
13,
18689,
11,
262,
7965,
750,
1208,
1231,
262,
3941,
286,
6923,
11,
355,
262,
717,
3478,
17835,
389,
8811,
1900,
13,
383,
7965,
373,
39067,
287,
1596,
3459,
13,
39169,
352,
12,
940,
547,
8197,
287,
1596,
6420,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 75 |
Just Inside the Door
Circulation / Reserves and the Reference Room
TIM'S TOUR: Tim walks down the hallway and sees a desk marked "Circulation/Reserves." Right! He remembers that his sociology professor told the class to go to the reserves desk and read an article she had put there for them.
Faculty members put materials they want the whole class to read at the reserve desk. Materials on reserve have shorter check-out periods than regular books so that everyone gets a chance to read them.
TIM'S TOUR: The reserves staff member seems friendly, so Tim asks if they have any books on the Vietnam War that he can check out. The reserves person tells him he can get help with that at the reference desk and shows him where it is.
WANT MORE on course reserves?
> Unit 6 > GIL
The reference desk is where you go for help with all stages of your research, especially when you are just starting out. Reference librarians can help you focus your topic and find information using library databases, the Internet, and reference sources.
Besides going to the reference desk in a library, you can get reference help by phone, e-mail, or sometimes even online chat.
"Ask a Librarian"
Look for the "Ask A Librarian" link on GALILEO, which will take you to an online request form. When you send your question, the GALILEO people will automatically forward it to the reference department at your home library. If that library can't answer your question, they'll forward it to a library that can. You should get an answer within three days; if you need a quicker response then call the reference desk. "Ask a Librarian" services won't do your research for you, but they will answer brief factual questions and point you to resources to help you get started.
Your library may also have a Distance Learning Librarian who specializes in helping distance education students with library research.
TIM'S TOUR: When Tim asks the reference librarian his question, the librarian encourages him to focus his topic on a particular aspect of the Vietnam War. Tim doesn't know enough about it to decide, so the librarian gives him a reference book called The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. The book gives him some background on the war and has essays on some great topics. Tim decides to do his paper on news coverage of the war.
The reference room is where libraries have their computers with access to the online catalog, periodical databases, and the Internet.
The reference book collection usually includes:
- statistical compilations
- style guides
Items from the Reference collections cannot be checked out. That way they're always available for everyone to use.
TIM'S TOUR: The encyclopedia has a bibliography that lists books on Tim's topic. The reference librarian helps him locate the books in the library catalog and he heads upstairs to the stacks to find them. | [
5703,
14384,
262,
19821,
198,
31560,
1741,
1220,
1874,
11184,
290,
262,
20984,
10096,
198,
51,
3955,
6,
50,
49698,
25,
5045,
11114,
866,
262,
23959,
290,
7224,
257,
6915,
7498,
366,
31560,
1741,
14,
4965,
11184,
526,
6498,
0,
679,
18140,
326,
465,
39625,
6240,
1297,
262,
1398,
284,
467,
284,
262,
14072,
6915,
290,
1100,
281,
2708,
673,
550,
1234,
612,
329,
606,
13,
198,
47522,
10672,
1866,
1234,
5696,
484,
765,
262,
2187,
1398,
284,
1100,
379,
262,
11515,
6915,
13,
24310,
319,
11515,
423,
12238,
2198,
12,
448,
9574,
621,
3218,
3835,
523,
326,
2506,
3011,
257,
2863,
284,
1100,
606,
13,
198,
51,
3955,
6,
50,
49698,
25,
383,
14072,
3085,
2888,
2331,
8030,
11,
523,
5045,
7893,
611,
484,
423,
597,
3835,
319,
262,
10836,
1810,
326,
339,
460,
2198,
503,
13,
383,
14072,
1048,
4952,
683,
339,
460,
651,
1037,
351,
326,
379,
262,
4941,
6915,
290,
2523,
683,
810,
340,
318,
13,
198,
54,
8643,
12011,
319,
1781,
14072,
30,
198,
29,
11801,
718,
1875,
402,
4146,
198,
464,
4941,
6915,
318,
810,
345,
467,
329,
1037,
351,
477,
9539,
286,
534,
2267,
11,
2592,
618,
345,
389,
655,
3599,
503,
13,
20984,
300,
2889,
13517,
460,
1037,
345,
2962,
534,
7243,
290,
1064,
1321,
1262,
5888,
20083,
11,
262,
4455,
11,
290,
4941,
4237,
13,
198,
23937,
1016,
284,
262,
4941,
6915,
287,
257,
5888,
11,
345,
460,
651,
4941,
1037,
416,
3072,
11,
304,
12,
4529,
11,
393,
3360,
772,
2691,
8537,
13,
198,
1,
25214,
257,
406,
35808,
1,
198,
8567,
329,
262,
366,
25214,
317,
406,
35808,
1,
2792,
319,
402,
1847,
41119,
46,
11,
543,
481,
1011,
345,
284,
281,
2691,
2581,
1296,
13,
1649,
345,
3758,
534,
1808,
11,
262,
402,
1847,
41119,
46,
661,
481,
6338,
2651,
340,
284,
262,
4941,
5011,
379,
534,
1363,
5888,
13,
1002,
326,
5888,
460,
470,
3280,
534,
1808,
11,
484,
1183,
2651,
340,
284,
257,
5888,
326,
460,
13,
921,
815,
651,
281,
3280,
1626,
1115,
1528,
26,
611,
345,
761,
257,
20061,
2882,
788,
869,
262,
4941,
6915,
13,
366,
25214,
257,
406,
35808,
1,
2594,
1839,
470,
466,
534,
2267,
329,
345,
11,
475,
484,
481,
3280,
4506,
27234,
2683,
290,
966,
345,
284,
4133,
284,
1037,
345,
651,
2067,
13,
198,
7120,
5888,
743,
635,
423,
257,
34600,
18252,
406,
35808,
508,
29786,
287,
5742,
5253,
3707,
2444,
351,
5888,
2267,
13,
198,
51,
3955,
6,
50,
49698,
25,
1649,
5045,
7893,
262,
4941,
300,
35808,
465,
1808,
11,
262,
300,
35808,
18656,
683,
284,
2962,
465,
7243,
319,
257,
1948,
4843,
286,
262,
10836,
1810,
13,
5045,
1595,
470,
760,
1576,
546,
340,
284,
5409,
11,
523,
262,
300,
35808,
3607,
683,
257,
4941,
1492,
1444,
383,
36732,
286,
262,
10836,
1810,
13,
383,
1492,
3607,
683,
617,
4469,
319,
262,
1175,
290,
468,
27126,
319,
617,
1049,
10233,
13,
5045,
13267,
284,
466,
465,
3348,
319,
1705,
5197,
286,
262,
1175,
13,
198,
464,
4941,
2119,
318,
810,
12782,
423,
511,
9061,
351,
1895,
284,
262,
2691,
18388,
11,
2278,
605,
20083,
11,
290,
262,
4455,
13,
198,
464,
4941,
1492,
4947,
3221,
3407,
25,
198,
12,
13905,
552,
346,
602,
198,
12,
3918,
17555,
198,
23022,
422,
262,
20984,
17268,
2314,
307,
10667,
503,
13,
1320,
835,
484,
821,
1464,
1695,
329,
2506,
284,
779,
13,
198,
51,
3955,
6,
50,
49698,
25,
383,
45352,
468,
257,
275,
45689,
326,
8341,
3835,
319,
5045,
338,
7243,
13,
383,
4941,
300,
35808,
5419,
683,
17276,
262,
3835,
287,
262,
5888,
18388,
290,
339,
6665,
26148,
284,
262,
24285,
284,
1064,
606,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 610 |
Answer to the Front Page "Picture of the Week" Question for June 13th - June 20th, 2003
This is catalpa, Catalpa speciosa.
The catalpa is a native tree that bears multitudes of white flowers in late spring.
It is noted for its large leaves and its interesting long, cylindrical fruits. It is sometimes known
as the cigar tree because the fruits look like long cigars. You can see fine examples of catalpa in
the National Grove of State Trees,
and the National Boxwood Collection.
[Click on the picture to see a larger image of this plant]. | [
33706,
284,
262,
8880,
7873,
366,
28070,
286,
262,
6119,
1,
18233,
329,
2795,
1511,
400,
532,
2795,
1160,
400,
11,
5816,
198,
1212,
318,
3797,
282,
8957,
11,
16758,
8957,
693,
979,
8546,
13,
198,
464,
3797,
282,
8957,
318,
257,
6868,
5509,
326,
13062,
1963,
10455,
286,
2330,
12734,
287,
2739,
6076,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
4367,
329,
663,
1588,
5667,
290,
663,
3499,
890,
11,
17327,
521,
8143,
15921,
13,
632,
318,
3360,
1900,
198,
292,
262,
24518,
5509,
780,
262,
15921,
804,
588,
890,
33204,
13,
921,
460,
766,
3734,
6096,
286,
3797,
282,
8957,
287,
198,
1169,
2351,
24144,
286,
1812,
34925,
11,
198,
392,
262,
2351,
8315,
3822,
12251,
13,
198,
58,
8164,
319,
262,
4286,
284,
766,
257,
4025,
2939,
286,
428,
4618,
4083,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 132 |
Tendons are tough fibers that connect muscles to bones. The kneecap
is connected to the thigh (quadriceps) muscle with the quadriceps tendon, and
the patellar tendon connects the kneecap to the lower leg bone.
William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & David Messenger, MD
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. | [
51,
437,
684,
389,
5802,
26742,
326,
2018,
12749,
284,
11945,
13,
383,
24813,
721,
499,
198,
271,
5884,
284,
262,
19341,
357,
47003,
20970,
862,
8,
8280,
351,
262,
15094,
20970,
862,
42205,
11,
290,
198,
1169,
279,
7528,
283,
42205,
20417,
262,
24813,
721,
499,
284,
262,
2793,
1232,
9970,
13,
198,
17121,
367,
13,
1086,
993,
67,
11,
7504,
1539,
10670,
11,
44216,
8905,
532,
18154,
11558,
1222,
3271,
24306,
11,
10670,
198,
2437,
428,
1321,
373,
4166,
284,
1037,
345,
787,
1365,
1535,
5370,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 90 |
Sick-Day Guidelines for People With Diabetes
What happens when you are sick
When you are sick, your body reacts by releasing hormones to fight infection. But these hormones raise blood sugar levels and at the same time make it more difficult for insulin to lower blood sugar. When you have diabetes, even a minor illness can lead to dangerously high blood sugar. This may cause life-threatening complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or a hyperosmolar state.
Work with your doctor to make a sick-day plan for you or your child with diabetes. Discuss your target blood sugar goal during an illness, how you should adjust your insulin dose and timing (if you take insulin), and when you need to contact your doctor for help. Also, make sure you know how often to check blood sugar and urine ketone levels. Keep your plan in a convenient place, and include contact information in case you need to reach your doctor at night or on the weekends.
Steps to take during an illness
Here are some general sick-day guidelines:
- Continue taking your diabetes medicine even if you are vomiting and having trouble eating or drinking. Your blood sugar may continue to rise because of your illness. If you cannot take your medicines, call your doctor and discuss whether you need to adjust your insulin dose or other medicine.
- Try to eat your normal types and amounts of food and to drink
extra fluids, such as water, broth, carbonated drinks, and fruit juice.
Encourage your child to drink extra liquids to prevent
- If your blood sugar level is higher than 240 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or the blood sugar level your doctor recommends, drink extra liquids that do not contain sugar, such as water or sugar-free cola.
- If you cannot eat the foods in your regular diet, drink extra liquids that contain sugar and salt, such as soup, sports drinks, or milk. You may also try eating foods that are gentle on the stomach, such as crackers, gelatin, or applesauce. Try to eat or drink 50 grams (g) of carbohydrate every 3 to 4 hours. For example, 6 saltine crackers, 1 cup (8 fl oz) of milk, and ½ cup (4 fl oz) of orange juice each contain approximately 15 g of carbohydrate.
- Check your blood sugar at least every 3 to 4 hours, or more often if it is rising quickly, even through the night. If your blood sugar level rises above 240 mg/dL and your doctor has told you to take an extra insulin dose for high blood sugar levels, take the appropriate amount. If you take insulin and your doctor has not told you to take a specific amount of additional insulin, call him or her for advice.
- If you take insulin, do a urine test for ketones every 4 to 6 hours, especially if your blood sugar is higher than 300 mg/dL (or the blood sugar level your doctor recommends). Call your doctor if you have more than 2+ or moderate ketones in your urine. Check your child's urine for ketones at least every 6 hours, even through the night.
- Weigh yourself and check your temperature, breathing rate, and pulse frequently if your blood sugar is higher than 300 mg/dL. If you are losing weight and your temperature, breathing rate, and pulse are increasing, contact a doctor. You may be getting worse.
- Don't take any nonprescription medicines without talking with your doctor. Many nonprescription medicines affect your blood sugar level.
When to call your doctor
Minor illnesses in people with diabetes—especially children with type 1 diabetes—can lead to very high blood sugar levels and possible emergencies. When children are sick, watch them closely for signs that they need immediate medical attention. Call 911 or other emergency services if you or your child has:
- Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), such as abdominal pain, vomiting, rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, or severe drowsiness.
- Symptoms of dehydration, such as a dry mouth and very yellow or dark urine. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and may be caused by vomiting and diarrhea.
- A low blood sugar level that continues.
It may not be necessary to call your doctor every time you or your child with diabetes has a mild illness, such as a cold. But it is a good idea to call for advice when you are sick and:
- You have a blood sugar level that stays higher than the level the doctor has set for you, for example, 240 mg/dL for two or more readings.
- You have more than 2+ or moderate ketones in your urine.
- You still have a fever and are not feeling better after a few days.
- You are vomiting or having diarrhea for more than 6 hours.
When you are sick, write down the medicine(s) you have been taking and whether you have changed the dosage of your diabetes medicines based on your sick-day plan. Also note changes in your body temperature, weight, blood sugar, and urine ketone levels. Have this information handy when you talk to your doctor.
Last Revised: December 4, 2012
Author: Healthwise Staff
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | [
50,
624,
12,
12393,
31072,
329,
4380,
2080,
39569,
198,
2061,
4325,
618,
345,
389,
6639,
198,
2215,
345,
389,
6639,
11,
534,
1767,
30174,
416,
13011,
21311,
284,
1907,
10280,
13,
887,
777,
21311,
5298,
2910,
7543,
2974,
290,
379,
262,
976,
640,
787,
340,
517,
2408,
329,
14588,
284,
2793,
2910,
7543,
13,
1649,
345,
423,
12593,
11,
772,
257,
4159,
8526,
460,
1085,
284,
33247,
1029,
2910,
7543,
13,
770,
743,
2728,
1204,
12,
26159,
19481,
11,
884,
355,
44016,
22354,
78,
46309,
5958,
393,
257,
8718,
418,
76,
6192,
1181,
13,
198,
12468,
351,
534,
6253,
284,
787,
257,
6639,
12,
820,
1410,
329,
345,
393,
534,
1200,
351,
12593,
13,
36691,
534,
2496,
2910,
7543,
3061,
1141,
281,
8526,
11,
703,
345,
815,
4532,
534,
14588,
10742,
290,
10576,
357,
361,
345,
1011,
14588,
828,
290,
618,
345,
761,
284,
2800,
534,
6253,
329,
1037,
13,
4418,
11,
787,
1654,
345,
760,
703,
1690,
284,
2198,
2910,
7543,
290,
18922,
22354,
505,
2974,
13,
9175,
534,
1410,
287,
257,
11282,
1295,
11,
290,
2291,
2800,
1321,
287,
1339,
345,
761,
284,
3151,
534,
6253,
379,
1755,
393,
319,
262,
21511,
13,
198,
8600,
82,
284,
1011,
1141,
281,
8526,
198,
4342,
389,
617,
2276,
6639,
12,
820,
9949,
25,
198,
12,
10054,
2263,
534,
12593,
9007,
772,
611,
345,
389,
30874,
290,
1719,
5876,
6600,
393,
7722,
13,
3406,
2910,
7543,
743,
2555,
284,
4485,
780,
286,
534,
8526,
13,
1002,
345,
2314,
1011,
534,
23533,
11,
869,
534,
6253,
290,
2112,
1771,
345,
761,
284,
4532,
534,
14588,
10742,
393,
584,
9007,
13,
198,
12,
9993,
284,
4483,
534,
3487,
3858,
290,
6867,
286,
2057,
290,
284,
4144,
198,
26086,
28704,
11,
884,
355,
1660,
11,
32051,
11,
6588,
515,
11758,
11,
290,
8234,
13135,
13,
198,
27195,
32885,
534,
1200,
284,
4144,
3131,
38236,
284,
2948,
198,
12,
1002,
534,
2910,
7543,
1241,
318,
2440,
621,
14956,
3939,
328,
9474,
583,
875,
346,
2676,
357,
11296,
14,
45582,
828,
393,
262,
2910,
7543,
1241,
534,
6253,
20829,
11,
4144,
3131,
38236,
326,
466,
407,
3994,
7543,
11,
884,
355,
1660,
393,
7543,
12,
5787,
951,
64,
13,
198,
12,
1002,
345,
2314,
4483,
262,
9013,
287,
534,
3218,
5496,
11,
4144,
3131,
38236,
326,
3994,
7543,
290,
8268,
11,
884,
355,
17141,
11,
5701,
11758,
11,
393,
7545,
13,
921,
743,
635,
1949,
6600,
9013,
326,
389,
10296,
319,
262,
11384,
11,
884,
355,
8469,
364,
11,
49084,
11,
393,
22514,
559,
344,
13,
9993,
284,
4483,
393,
4144,
2026,
16379,
357,
70,
8,
286,
28205,
790,
513,
284,
604,
2250,
13,
1114,
1672,
11,
718,
8268,
500,
8469,
364,
11,
352,
6508,
357,
23,
781,
15649,
8,
286,
7545,
11,
290,
25208,
6508,
357,
19,
781,
15649,
8,
286,
10912,
13135,
1123,
3994,
6702,
1315,
308,
286,
28205,
13,
198,
12,
6822,
534,
2910,
7543,
379,
1551,
790,
513,
284,
604,
2250,
11,
393,
517,
1690,
611,
340,
318,
7396,
2952,
11,
772,
832,
262,
1755,
13,
1002,
534,
2910,
7543,
1241,
16736,
2029,
14956,
10527,
14,
45582,
290,
534,
6253,
468,
1297,
345,
284,
1011,
281,
3131,
14588,
10742,
329,
1029,
2910,
7543,
2974,
11,
1011,
262,
5035,
2033,
13,
1002,
345,
1011,
14588,
290,
534,
6253,
468,
407,
1297,
345,
284,
1011,
257,
2176,
2033,
286,
3224,
14588,
11,
869,
683,
393,
607,
329,
5608,
13,
198,
12,
1002,
345,
1011,
14588,
11,
466,
257,
18922,
1332,
329,
22354,
1952,
790,
604,
284,
718,
2250,
11,
2592,
611,
534,
2910,
7543,
318,
2440,
621,
5867,
10527,
14,
45582,
357,
273,
262,
2910,
7543,
1241,
534,
6253,
20829,
737,
4889,
534,
6253,
611,
345,
423,
517,
621,
362,
10,
393,
10768,
22354,
1952,
287,
534,
18922,
13,
6822,
534,
1200,
338,
18922,
329,
22354,
1952,
379,
1551,
790,
718,
2250,
11,
772,
832,
262,
1755,
13,
198,
12,
775,
394,
3511,
290,
2198,
534,
5951,
11,
12704,
2494,
11,
290,
19445,
6777,
611,
534,
2910,
7543,
318,
2440,
621,
5867,
10527,
14,
45582,
13,
1002,
345,
389,
6078,
3463,
290,
534,
5951,
11,
12704,
2494,
11,
290,
19445,
389,
3649,
11,
2800,
257,
6253,
13,
921,
743,
307,
1972,
4785,
13,
198,
12,
2094,
470,
1011,
597,
1729,
18302,
6820,
23533,
1231,
3375,
351,
534,
6253,
13,
4650,
1729,
18302,
6820,
23533,
2689,
534,
2910,
7543,
1241,
13,
198,
2215,
284,
869,
534,
6253,
198,
39825,
24024,
287,
661,
351,
12593,
960,
16480,
1751,
351,
2099,
352,
12593,
960,
5171,
1085,
284,
845,
1029,
2910,
7543,
2974,
290,
1744,
36047,
13,
1649,
1751,
389,
6639,
11,
2342,
606,
7173,
329,
5895,
326,
484,
761,
7103,
3315,
3241,
13,
4889,
16679,
393,
584,
6334,
2594,
611,
345,
393,
534,
1200,
468,
25,
198,
12,
49559,
286,
44016,
22354,
78,
46309,
5958,
357,
35,
25123,
828,
884,
355,
32692,
2356,
11,
30874,
11,
5801,
12704,
11,
12658,
414,
12,
5796,
9417,
8033,
11,
393,
6049,
288,
8516,
1272,
13,
198,
12,
49559,
286,
47751,
11,
884,
355,
257,
5894,
5422,
290,
845,
7872,
393,
3223,
18922,
13,
1024,
15511,
1358,
318,
3573,
4923,
287,
1751,
290,
743,
307,
4073,
416,
30874,
290,
36004,
13,
198,
12,
317,
1877,
2910,
7543,
1241,
326,
4477,
13,
198,
1026,
743,
407,
307,
3306,
284,
869,
534,
6253,
790,
640,
345,
393,
534,
1200,
351,
12593,
468,
257,
11607,
8526,
11,
884,
355,
257,
4692,
13,
887,
340,
318,
257,
922,
2126,
284,
869,
329,
5608,
618,
345,
389,
6639,
290,
25,
198,
12,
921,
423,
257,
2910,
7543,
1241,
326,
14768,
2440,
621,
262,
1241,
262,
6253,
468,
900,
329,
345,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
14956,
10527,
14,
45582,
329,
734,
393,
517,
24654,
13,
198,
12,
921,
423,
517,
621,
362,
10,
393,
10768,
22354,
1952,
287,
534,
18922,
13,
198,
12,
921,
991,
423,
257,
17372,
290,
389,
407,
4203,
1365,
706,
257,
1178,
1528,
13,
198,
12,
921,
389,
30874,
393,
1719,
36004,
329,
517,
621,
718,
2250,
13,
198,
2215,
345,
389,
6639,
11,
3551,
866,
262,
9007,
7,
82,
8,
345,
423,
587,
2263,
290,
1771,
345,
423,
3421,
262,
35997,
286,
534,
12593,
23533,
1912,
319,
534,
6639,
12,
820,
1410,
13,
4418,
3465,
2458,
287,
534,
1767,
5951,
11,
3463,
11,
2910,
7543,
11,
290,
18922,
22354,
505,
2974,
13,
8192,
428,
1321,
15728,
618,
345,
1561,
284,
534,
6253,
13,
198,
5956,
31492,
25,
3426,
604,
11,
2321,
198,
13838,
25,
3893,
3083,
9983,
198,
2514,
2193,
517,
3187,
3893,
3083,
13,
2398,
198,
16224,
8735,
12,
6390,
3893,
3083,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
3893,
3083,
11,
3893,
3083,
329,
790,
1535,
2551,
11,
290,
262,
3893,
3083,
11112,
389,
27346,
286,
3893,
3083,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,121 |
If you have
chronic pain, such as with fibromyalgia or complex regional pain syndrome, you may have a hard time sleeping or you may wake up feeling tired and
unrefreshed. Some experts believe poor sleep can make pain worse.
Getting a good night's sleep may help.
Practice good sleeping habits. Go to bed only
when you are sleepy, and get up at the same time each day, whether you are
rested or not.
Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine for 4 to 6
hours or longer before bedtime. These can lead to poor sleep.
to go to bed and get up at the same time every day.
Do not read,
eat, work, or watch television in bed. Use your bed only for sleeping and
Keep your bedroom at a comfortable
Make sure your mattress provides good support. Use a
neck support pillow to stabilize your head and neck during
Eliminate or block out all sound and light that may disturb
your sleep. Try using a sleep mask and earplugs to help you
If you lie awake in bed for longer than 15 minutes, get up,
leave the bedroom, and do something quiet (read or listen to music) until you
are sleepy again.
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. | [
1532,
345,
423,
198,
354,
4565,
2356,
11,
884,
355,
351,
12900,
50228,
47111,
393,
3716,
7915,
2356,
14027,
11,
345,
743,
423,
257,
1327,
640,
11029,
393,
345,
743,
7765,
510,
4203,
10032,
290,
198,
403,
5420,
411,
704,
13,
2773,
6154,
1975,
3595,
3993,
460,
787,
2356,
4785,
13,
198,
20570,
257,
922,
1755,
338,
3993,
743,
1037,
13,
198,
49515,
501,
922,
11029,
13870,
13,
1514,
284,
3996,
691,
198,
12518,
345,
389,
42023,
11,
290,
651,
510,
379,
262,
976,
640,
1123,
1110,
11,
1771,
345,
389,
198,
2118,
276,
393,
407,
13,
198,
38618,
5548,
11,
22511,
11,
290,
21856,
329,
604,
284,
718,
198,
24425,
393,
2392,
878,
3996,
2435,
13,
2312,
460,
1085,
284,
3595,
3993,
13,
198,
1462,
467,
284,
3996,
290,
651,
510,
379,
262,
976,
640,
790,
1110,
13,
198,
5211,
407,
1100,
11,
198,
4098,
11,
670,
11,
393,
2342,
5581,
287,
3996,
13,
5765,
534,
3996,
691,
329,
11029,
290,
198,
15597,
534,
14043,
379,
257,
6792,
198,
12050,
1654,
534,
33388,
3769,
922,
1104,
13,
5765,
257,
198,
27235,
1104,
28774,
284,
32411,
534,
1182,
290,
7393,
1141,
198,
36,
2475,
4559,
393,
2512,
503,
477,
2128,
290,
1657,
326,
743,
17037,
198,
14108,
3993,
13,
9993,
1262,
257,
3993,
9335,
290,
1027,
489,
10339,
284,
1037,
345,
198,
1532,
345,
6486,
21693,
287,
3996,
329,
2392,
621,
1315,
2431,
11,
651,
510,
11,
198,
47408,
262,
14043,
11,
290,
466,
1223,
5897,
357,
961,
393,
6004,
284,
2647,
8,
1566,
345,
198,
533,
42023,
757,
13,
198,
2437,
428,
1321,
373,
4166,
284,
1037,
345,
787,
1365,
1535,
5370,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 275 |
Cancer During Pregnancy
Topic Overview Back to top
On rare occasions, cancer coincides with pregnancy. Because the medicines and radiation used for treating cancer can be dangerous to a fetus, a pregnant woman and her doctors must weigh a number of factors when planning her care, including:
- The fetus's gestational age.
- The type and location of the cancer.
- How advanced the cancer is.
- How rapidly the cancer is developing.
- Whether she has other health problems.
In nonpregnant women, surgery may be used to remove cancer, depending on the cancer's type and location. After surgery to remove cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of the two may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells. When treating a pregnant woman, doctors adjust the usual treatment regimen with the following in mind. 1
- Radiation therapy for cancer treatment is not usually used during pregnancy because in can be harmful to the baby.
- Diagnostic tests that use radiation may be used during pregnancy if necessary. But ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are considered safer and are used whenever possible.
- Chemotherapy medicines are not usually used during the first trimester because of the risks to the fetus, but there are some that may be safely given in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy.
Whenever possible, doctors try to delay chemotherapy during pregnancy to minimize the effects on the fetus. Such decisions depend on how advanced the cancer is and how quickly it is developing.
- If cancer is diagnosed in the third trimester, it may be possible to first deliver the baby, then start treatment. Once the fetus's lungs are mature, as confirmed by amniocentesis, an early cesarean or induced delivery can shorten the wait till treatment.
- If cancer is diagnosed in the first or second trimester, your doctors may try to delay chemotherapy as long into the second trimester as possible.
- If advanced cancer is diagnosed in the first trimester, and immediate radiation and chemotherapy are necessary, your doctor may recommend ending the pregnancy.
If you have been diagnosed with cancer during your pregnancy, you will be working with a number of health professionals. Ask your cancer specialist (oncologist) for the name of a licensed medical social worker who can help support you through your treatment. A social worker can also help coordinate the various professionals involved with your care.
References Back to top
Credits Back to top
|Primary Medical Reviewer||Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine|
|Specialist Medical Reviewer||Kirtly Jones, MD - Obstetrics and Gynecology|
|Last Revised||July 23, 2012|
Last Revised: July 23, 2012
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | [
34,
8250,
5856,
350,
39982,
198,
33221,
28578,
5157,
284,
1353,
198,
2202,
4071,
12432,
11,
4890,
47387,
351,
10241,
13,
4362,
262,
23533,
290,
11881,
973,
329,
13622,
4890,
460,
307,
4923,
284,
257,
31076,
11,
257,
10423,
2415,
290,
607,
7519,
1276,
10164,
257,
1271,
286,
5087,
618,
5410,
607,
1337,
11,
1390,
25,
198,
12,
383,
31076,
338,
10521,
864,
2479,
13,
198,
12,
383,
2099,
290,
4067,
286,
262,
4890,
13,
198,
12,
1374,
6190,
262,
4890,
318,
13,
198,
12,
1374,
8902,
262,
4890,
318,
5922,
13,
198,
12,
10127,
673,
468,
584,
1535,
2761,
13,
198,
818,
1729,
79,
2301,
22057,
1466,
11,
8185,
743,
307,
973,
284,
4781,
4890,
11,
6906,
319,
262,
4890,
338,
2099,
290,
4067,
13,
2293,
8185,
284,
4781,
4890,
11,
11881,
11,
34696,
11,
393,
257,
6087,
286,
262,
734,
743,
307,
973,
284,
1494,
597,
5637,
4890,
4778,
13,
1649,
13622,
257,
10423,
2415,
11,
7519,
4532,
262,
6678,
3513,
37086,
351,
262,
1708,
287,
2000,
13,
352,
198,
12,
47532,
9102,
329,
4890,
3513,
318,
407,
3221,
973,
1141,
10241,
780,
287,
460,
307,
13568,
284,
262,
5156,
13,
198,
12,
31549,
15132,
5254,
326,
779,
11881,
743,
307,
973,
1141,
10241,
611,
3306,
13,
887,
37721,
290,
14091,
29371,
19560,
357,
40952,
8,
389,
3177,
14178,
290,
389,
973,
8797,
1744,
13,
198,
12,
12870,
18952,
23533,
389,
407,
3221,
973,
1141,
262,
717,
491,
47484,
780,
286,
262,
7476,
284,
262,
31076,
11,
475,
612,
389,
617,
326,
743,
307,
11512,
1813,
287,
262,
362,
358,
290,
513,
4372,
491,
999,
1010,
286,
10241,
13,
198,
28877,
1744,
11,
7519,
1949,
284,
5711,
34696,
1141,
10241,
284,
17775,
262,
3048,
319,
262,
31076,
13,
8013,
5370,
4745,
319,
703,
6190,
262,
4890,
318,
290,
703,
2952,
340,
318,
5922,
13,
198,
12,
1002,
4890,
318,
14641,
287,
262,
2368,
491,
47484,
11,
340,
743,
307,
1744,
284,
717,
5203,
262,
5156,
11,
788,
923,
3513,
13,
4874,
262,
31076,
338,
21726,
389,
15345,
11,
355,
4999,
416,
716,
8461,
29421,
9339,
11,
281,
1903,
269,
274,
533,
272,
393,
18268,
7585,
460,
45381,
262,
4043,
10597,
3513,
13,
198,
12,
1002,
4890,
318,
14641,
287,
262,
717,
393,
1218,
491,
47484,
11,
534,
7519,
743,
1949,
284,
5711,
34696,
355,
890,
656,
262,
1218,
491,
47484,
355,
1744,
13,
198,
12,
1002,
6190,
4890,
318,
14641,
287,
262,
717,
491,
47484,
11,
290,
7103,
11881,
290,
34696,
389,
3306,
11,
534,
6253,
743,
4313,
7464,
262,
10241,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
587,
14641,
351,
4890,
1141,
534,
10241,
11,
345,
481,
307,
1762,
351,
257,
1271,
286,
1535,
11153,
13,
16981,
534,
4890,
15670,
357,
261,
66,
7451,
8,
329,
262,
1438,
286,
257,
11971,
3315,
1919,
8383,
508,
460,
1037,
1104,
345,
832,
534,
3513,
13,
317,
1919,
8383,
460,
635,
1037,
20435,
262,
2972,
11153,
2950,
351,
534,
1337,
13,
198,
19927,
5157,
284,
1353,
198,
42855,
5157,
284,
1353,
198,
91,
35170,
8366,
6602,
263,
15886,
29284,
13606,
11,
10670,
532,
7884,
11558,
91,
198,
91,
13409,
396,
8366,
6602,
263,
15886,
42,
2265,
306,
5437,
11,
10670,
532,
46378,
316,
10466,
290,
18488,
32984,
1435,
91,
198,
91,
5956,
31492,
15886,
16157,
2242,
11,
2321,
91,
198,
5956,
31492,
25,
2901,
2242,
11,
2321,
198,
2514,
2193,
517,
3187,
3893,
3083,
13,
2398,
198,
16224,
8735,
12,
6390,
3893,
3083,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
3893,
3083,
11,
3893,
3083,
329,
790,
1535,
2551,
11,
290,
262,
3893,
3083,
11112,
389,
27346,
286,
3893,
3083,
11,
3457,
40132,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 600 |
Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework: Birth to 8 years (Victorian Framework)
Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework
Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (updated March 2013, PDF - 2MB)
The Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (VEYLDF) has been developed by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development in partnership with the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority in November 2009 for implementation from 2010.
The VEYLDF advances all children’s learning and development from birth to eight years. It identifies five Early Years Learning and Development Outcomes for all children from birth to eight years linking the learning outcomes from the Early Years Learning Framework for Australia to the Aus/VELS curriculum in schools. The Outcomes provide a shared language for all early childhood professionals and families to use when planning for children’s learning and development.
The VEYLDF identifies eight Practice Principles for Learning and Development that describe the most effective ways for early childhood professionals to work together and with families to facilitate learning and development.
The VEYLDF emphasises the importance of supporting children’s and families’ transitions as they move within and across services throughout early childhood period.
Frequently Asked Questions | [
21944,
22618,
12556,
13212,
18252,
290,
7712,
25161,
25,
17647,
284,
807,
812,
357,
21944,
22618,
25161,
8,
198,
21944,
22618,
12556,
13212,
18252,
290,
7712,
25161,
198,
21944,
22618,
12556,
13212,
18252,
290,
7712,
25161,
357,
43162,
2805,
2211,
11,
12960,
532,
362,
10744,
8,
198,
464,
24569,
12556,
13212,
18252,
290,
7712,
25161,
357,
6089,
45448,
8068,
8,
468,
587,
4166,
416,
262,
2732,
286,
7868,
290,
12556,
40992,
7712,
287,
10413,
351,
262,
24569,
4424,
1173,
14452,
290,
25809,
11416,
287,
3389,
3717,
329,
7822,
422,
3050,
13,
198,
464,
569,
22348,
43,
8068,
14901,
477,
1751,
447,
247,
82,
4673,
290,
2478,
422,
4082,
284,
3624,
812,
13,
632,
21079,
1936,
12556,
13212,
18252,
290,
7712,
3806,
8988,
329,
477,
1751,
422,
4082,
284,
3624,
812,
17795,
262,
4673,
10906,
422,
262,
12556,
13212,
18252,
25161,
329,
4505,
284,
262,
27545,
14,
18697,
50,
20583,
287,
4266,
13,
383,
3806,
8988,
2148,
257,
4888,
3303,
329,
477,
1903,
9963,
11153,
290,
4172,
284,
779,
618,
5410,
329,
1751,
447,
247,
82,
4673,
290,
2478,
13,
198,
464,
569,
22348,
43,
8068,
21079,
3624,
19939,
34200,
329,
18252,
290,
7712,
326,
6901,
262,
749,
4050,
2842,
329,
1903,
9963,
11153,
284,
670,
1978,
290,
351,
4172,
284,
15570,
4673,
290,
2478,
13,
198,
464,
569,
22348,
43,
8068,
6661,
2696,
262,
6817,
286,
6493,
1751,
447,
247,
82,
290,
4172,
447,
247,
27188,
355,
484,
1445,
1626,
290,
1973,
2594,
3690,
1903,
9963,
2278,
13,
198,
37,
37971,
26220,
20396,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 254 |
Busting Cat Myths
On average, cats visit the veterinarian less than half as often as dogs. Many cat owners hold the belief that cats don’t require the same routine care as dogs or don’t get sick as often—and this cat myth is just not true! The natural behavior of cats is to hide disease and this is why one or two routine yearly visits to the veterinarian are critical to maintain your cat’s health.
While cats are healthier and tend to live longer when they live indoors, it is a common cat myth
that indoor cats do not get sick. While outdoor cats are more susceptible to predators and trauma, both indoor
and outdoor cats can be affected by infectious diseases.
Insects carrying disease can come inside through open
windows and doors; soil and other debris carrying
disease may be tracked inside on an owner’s shoes
or from other pets that go outdoors. Additionally,
indoor cats can develop metabolic diseases
—meaning internally developed disease that
has nothing to do with exposure to the | [
33,
32620,
5181,
2011,
9998,
198,
2202,
2811,
11,
11875,
3187,
262,
41404,
1342,
621,
2063,
355,
1690,
355,
6844,
13,
4650,
3797,
4393,
1745,
262,
4901,
326,
11875,
836,
447,
247,
83,
2421,
262,
976,
8027,
1337,
355,
6844,
393,
836,
447,
247,
83,
651,
6639,
355,
1690,
960,
392,
428,
3797,
7918,
318,
655,
407,
2081,
0,
383,
3288,
4069,
286,
11875,
318,
284,
7808,
4369,
290,
428,
318,
1521,
530,
393,
734,
8027,
24169,
11864,
284,
262,
41404,
389,
4688,
284,
5529,
534,
3797,
447,
247,
82,
1535,
13,
198,
3633,
11875,
389,
22841,
290,
4327,
284,
2107,
2392,
618,
484,
2107,
31797,
11,
340,
318,
257,
2219,
3797,
7918,
198,
5562,
22639,
11875,
466,
407,
651,
6639,
13,
2893,
15162,
11875,
389,
517,
22084,
284,
23311,
290,
14649,
11,
1111,
22639,
198,
392,
15162,
11875,
460,
307,
5676,
416,
25246,
10040,
13,
198,
818,
8831,
82,
6872,
4369,
460,
1282,
2641,
832,
1280,
198,
28457,
290,
8215,
26,
9260,
290,
584,
16468,
6872,
198,
67,
786,
589,
743,
307,
18283,
2641,
319,
281,
4870,
447,
247,
82,
10012,
198,
273,
422,
584,
17252,
326,
467,
24349,
13,
12032,
11,
198,
521,
2675,
11875,
460,
1205,
19737,
10040,
198,
960,
24815,
20947,
4166,
4369,
326,
198,
10134,
2147,
284,
466,
351,
7111,
284,
262,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 218 |
Roundworm Infection in Dogs
Roundworms (nematodes or ascarids) are parasites that live freely in the intestine, feeding off of partially digested intestinal contents. Their name is derived from their tubular or "round" shape.
Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina are two important species of roundworms in dogs. Toxocara canis causes more significant disease and also may be transmitted to humans.
How did my dog get roundworms?
Infected dogs shed the microscopic roundworm eggs in their feces. Other dogs may become infected by sniffing or licking infected feces. Roundworm eggs can also be spread by other animals such as rodents, earthworms, roaches and birds. In these animals, the roundworms are merely transported, and do not mature into adults; if a dog eats this "paratenic" host, the roundworm is liberated and completes its maturation.
"In the dog, the roundworm undergoes a complicated life cycle."
In the dog, the roundworm undergoes a complicated life cycle before mature roundworms are found in the intestinal tract. This involves several stages and includes migration through various bodily tissues. Roundworm larvae (immature worms) can migrate and encyst throughout the host's body. This is important in the female dog because these encysted larvae will start to develop during pregnancy and ultimately cross the placenta into an unborn puppy. Thus puppies can be born with roundworms and can pass fertile eggs from adult worms in their stools by the time they are approximately eleven days old. Roundworm larvae may also enter the mother's mammary glands and be transmitted through the milk.
Are roundworms a threat to my dog?
"The most common consequence of roundworms is growth reduction."
Roundworms are most threatening to puppies. The most common consequence of roundworms is growth reduction. Since roundworms eat partially digested food in the intestinal tract, if there is a large burden of roundworms they will rob the growing puppy of vital nutrients.
The life cycle of Toxocara canis is more complicated than that of other nematode worms found in dogs. Roundworms can complete their life cycle in immature dogs, but as the pup's immune system matures (usually by 6 months of age), the larval stages will become "arrested" or encyst in the pup's muscles Roundworm larvae swallowed by adult dogs usually encyst in the dog's tissues. Few roundworms will mature in the bowel of infected adult dogs. Consequently few eggs are passed in the stool leading to difficulty in definitive diagnosis and treatment.
In intact female dogs, encysted Toxocara canis larvae can resume development after estrus, and she can shed eggs in the stool at that time. With dogs that have been spayed or castrated, development of a roundworm infection may indicate that there is an underlying immune system disease that has allowed the encysted larvae to complete their life cycle.
Toxascaris leonina can complete their life cycle in any age of dog, or in cats.
How are roundworms diagnosed?
"In puppies, clinical signs such as stunted growth, potbelly, and recurrent diarrhea are a good indication of roundworm infection."
In puppies, clinical signs such as stunted growth, potbelly, and recurrent diarrhea are a good indication of roundworm infection. Definitive diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of the dog's feces.
Is it true that children can get roundworm infections?
If the infective eggs of Toxocara canis are swallowed by people, the larvae can invade the tissues and become encysted in various organs. Humans act like any other paratenic or accidental host. If a young child ingests a large number of infected eggs, clinical disease may become apparent.
Very rarely, liver problems may result from roundworm larval migration (visceral larval migrans). Even less commonly, the larvae can migrate into the eye and cause blindness (ocular larval migrans). Because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that all dogs be de-wormed monthly. Modern monthly heartworm preventives also prevent roundworm infections and are highly recommend for all dogs and cats.
"Because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that all dogs be de-wormed monthly."
Because of the risk of roundworm infection in humans, it is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that all dogs be de-wormed monthly. Modern monthly heartworm preventives also prevent roundworm infections and are highly recommend for all dogs and cats.
How are roundworms treated?
Treatment is simple and effective. There are many safe and effective preparations available to kill adult roundworms in the intestine.
Many heartworm preventives contain medications that are effective against intestinal roundworms help prevent future infections. Some of these preparations only the adult worms and do not affect migrating or encysting larvae. New products have recently been developed that will also affect the larval stages. Your veterinarian will advise you on the best treatment and prevention plan for your pet.
What about roundworm eggs shed in the environment?
Initially the eggs are not infective. After a period, which may vary from weeks to months, the eggs develop into infective larvae. Under ideal conditions, this takes approximately four weeks. These infective larvae can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time and are particularly resistant to changes in temperature and humidity.
The best environmental treatment is prevention. Remove your dog's feces as soon as possible to prevent the spread and transmission of roundworms.
What is the most effective strategy I can use to control infection in my dogs, protect my family and reduce contamination of the environment?
Deworm pregnant dogs in late pregnancy, after the 42nd day or after six weeks of pregnancy. This will help reduce potential contamination of the environment for newborn puppies.
All puppies should be dewormed routinely, starting at about two weeks of age and repeated regularly. Your veterinarian will design the most appropriate deworming schedule for your pets.
The use of a heartworm preventative product that is effective against roundworms will stop the shedding of eggs into the environment.
Rodent control is important since rodents can serve as a source of infection.
Dogs should be prevented from defecating in children's play areas and there should be prompt disposal of all dog feces, especially in gardens, playgrounds and public parks.
"Practice strict hygiene particularly with children."
Practice strict hygiene particularly with children. Do not allow them to play in potentially contaminated environments and ensure proper and frequent hand washing. | [
22685,
25323,
26065,
295,
287,
21367,
198,
22685,
49617,
357,
77,
368,
265,
4147,
393,
355,
7718,
2340,
8,
389,
36643,
326,
2107,
12748,
287,
262,
45426,
11,
13017,
572,
286,
12387,
3100,
7287,
32031,
10154,
13,
5334,
1438,
318,
10944,
422,
511,
12202,
934,
393,
366,
744,
1,
5485,
13,
198,
51,
1140,
420,
3301,
460,
271,
290,
309,
1140,
3372,
20066,
443,
261,
1437,
389,
734,
1593,
4693,
286,
2835,
49617,
287,
6844,
13,
309,
1140,
420,
3301,
460,
271,
5640,
517,
2383,
4369,
290,
635,
743,
307,
18307,
284,
5384,
13,
198,
2437,
750,
616,
3290,
651,
2835,
49617,
30,
198,
818,
2309,
276,
6844,
14999,
262,
41858,
2835,
25323,
9653,
287,
511,
43924,
13,
3819,
6844,
743,
1716,
14112,
416,
26300,
278,
393,
43390,
14112,
43924,
13,
10485,
25323,
9653,
460,
635,
307,
4104,
416,
584,
4695,
884,
355,
41093,
11,
4534,
49617,
11,
686,
3694,
290,
10087,
13,
554,
777,
4695,
11,
262,
2835,
49617,
389,
6974,
18665,
11,
290,
466,
407,
15345,
656,
6490,
26,
611,
257,
3290,
25365,
428,
366,
1845,
265,
35866,
1,
2583,
11,
262,
2835,
25323,
318,
35112,
290,
32543,
663,
285,
36921,
13,
198,
1,
818,
262,
3290,
11,
262,
2835,
25323,
17777,
274,
257,
8253,
1204,
6772,
526,
198,
818,
262,
3290,
11,
262,
2835,
25323,
17777,
274,
257,
8253,
1204,
6772,
878,
15345,
2835,
49617,
389,
1043,
287,
262,
32031,
14998,
13,
770,
9018,
1811,
9539,
290,
3407,
13472,
832,
2972,
20734,
21379,
13,
10485,
25323,
37346,
357,
8608,
1300,
29174,
8,
460,
32492,
290,
551,
948,
301,
3690,
262,
2583,
338,
1767,
13,
770,
318,
1593,
287,
262,
4048,
3290,
780,
777,
551,
948,
30679,
37346,
481,
923,
284,
1205,
1141,
10241,
290,
6165,
3272,
262,
458,
12643,
64,
656,
281,
36172,
26188,
13,
6660,
37793,
460,
307,
4642,
351,
2835,
49617,
290,
460,
1208,
31192,
9653,
422,
4044,
29174,
287,
511,
336,
10141,
416,
262,
640,
484,
389,
6702,
22216,
1528,
1468,
13,
10485,
25323,
37346,
743,
635,
3802,
262,
2802,
338,
13418,
560,
42093,
290,
307,
18307,
832,
262,
7545,
13,
198,
8491,
2835,
49617,
257,
2372,
284,
616,
3290,
30,
198,
1,
464,
749,
2219,
12921,
286,
2835,
49617,
318,
3349,
7741,
526,
198,
22685,
49617,
389,
749,
11123,
284,
37793,
13,
383,
749,
2219,
12921,
286,
2835,
49617,
318,
3349,
7741,
13,
4619,
2835,
49617,
4483,
12387,
3100,
7287,
2057,
287,
262,
32031,
14998,
11,
611,
612,
318,
257,
1588,
10538,
286,
2835,
49617,
484,
481,
3857,
262,
3957,
26188,
286,
9204,
20901,
13,
198,
464,
1204,
6772,
286,
309,
1140,
420,
3301,
460,
271,
318,
517,
8253,
621,
326,
286,
584,
36945,
265,
1098,
29174,
1043,
287,
6844,
13,
10485,
49617,
460,
1844,
511,
1204,
6772,
287,
40620,
6844,
11,
475,
355,
262,
15552,
338,
10900,
1080,
2603,
942,
357,
23073,
416,
718,
1933,
286,
2479,
828,
262,
26371,
2100,
9539,
481,
1716,
366,
283,
2118,
276,
1,
393,
551,
948,
301,
287,
262,
15552,
338,
12749,
10485,
25323,
37346,
27961,
416,
4044,
6844,
3221,
551,
948,
301,
287,
262,
3290,
338,
21379,
13,
20463,
2835,
49617,
481,
15345,
287,
262,
35711,
286,
14112,
4044,
6844,
13,
24982,
1178,
9653,
389,
3804,
287,
262,
38753,
3756,
284,
8722,
287,
17347,
13669,
290,
3513,
13,
198,
818,
16572,
4048,
6844,
11,
551,
948,
30679,
309,
1140,
420,
3301,
460,
271,
37346,
460,
15294,
2478,
706,
1556,
14932,
11,
290,
673,
460,
14999,
9653,
287,
262,
38753,
379,
326,
640,
13,
2080,
6844,
326,
423,
587,
599,
16548,
393,
3350,
4111,
11,
2478,
286,
257,
2835,
25323,
10280,
743,
7603,
326,
612,
318,
281,
10238,
10900,
1080,
4369,
326,
468,
3142,
262,
551,
948,
30679,
37346,
284,
1844,
511,
1204,
6772,
13,
198,
51,
1140,
3372,
20066,
443,
261,
1437,
460,
1844,
511,
1204,
6772,
287,
597,
2479,
286,
3290,
11,
393,
287,
11875,
13,
198,
2437,
389,
2835,
49617,
14641,
30,
198,
1,
818,
37793,
11,
8668,
5895,
884,
355,
7991,
1513,
3349,
11,
1787,
65,
6148,
11,
290,
42465,
36004,
389,
257,
922,
12955,
286,
2835,
25323,
10280,
526,
198,
818,
37793,
11,
8668,
5895,
884,
355,
7991,
1513,
3349,
11,
1787,
65,
6148,
11,
290,
42465,
36004,
389,
257,
922,
12955,
286,
2835,
25323,
10280,
13,
46634,
13669,
318,
925,
416,
41858,
12452,
286,
262,
3290,
338,
43924,
13,
198,
3792,
340,
2081,
326,
1751,
460,
651,
2835,
25323,
16079,
30,
198,
1532,
262,
7580,
425,
9653,
286,
309,
1140,
420,
3301,
460,
271,
389,
27961,
416,
661,
11,
262,
37346,
460,
30419,
262,
21379,
290,
1716,
551,
948,
30679,
287,
2972,
16613,
13,
27411,
719,
588,
597,
584,
1582,
265,
35866,
393,
23221,
2583,
13,
1002,
257,
1862,
1200,
5347,
3558,
257,
1588,
1271,
286,
14112,
9653,
11,
8668,
4369,
743,
1716,
4156,
13,
198,
16371,
8365,
11,
14383,
2761,
743,
1255,
422,
2835,
25323,
26371,
2100,
13472,
357,
85,
2304,
1691,
26371,
2100,
15720,
504,
737,
3412,
1342,
8811,
11,
262,
37346,
460,
32492,
656,
262,
4151,
290,
2728,
37673,
357,
37320,
26371,
2100,
15720,
504,
737,
4362,
286,
262,
2526,
286,
2835,
25323,
10280,
287,
5384,
11,
340,
318,
7151,
416,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
357,
47667,
8,
326,
477,
6844,
307,
390,
12,
25323,
276,
9651,
13,
12495,
9651,
2612,
25323,
2948,
1083,
635,
2948,
2835,
25323,
16079,
290,
389,
4047,
4313,
329,
477,
6844,
290,
11875,
13,
198,
1,
8128,
286,
262,
2526,
286,
2835,
25323,
10280,
287,
5384,
11,
340,
318,
7151,
416,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
357,
47667,
8,
326,
477,
6844,
307,
390,
12,
25323,
276,
9651,
526,
198,
8128,
286,
262,
2526,
286,
2835,
25323,
10280,
287,
5384,
11,
340,
318,
7151,
416,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
357,
47667,
8,
326,
477,
6844,
307,
390,
12,
25323,
276,
9651,
13,
12495,
9651,
2612,
25323,
2948,
1083,
635,
2948,
2835,
25323,
16079,
290,
389,
4047,
4313,
329,
477,
6844,
290,
11875,
13,
198,
2437,
389,
2835,
49617,
5716,
30,
198,
51,
21731,
318,
2829,
290,
4050,
13,
1318,
389,
867,
3338,
290,
4050,
21518,
1695,
284,
1494,
4044,
2835,
49617,
287,
262,
45426,
13,
198,
7085,
2612,
25323,
2948,
1083,
3994,
17638,
326,
389,
4050,
1028,
32031,
2835,
49617,
1037,
2948,
2003,
16079,
13,
2773,
286,
777,
21518,
691,
262,
4044,
29174,
290,
466,
407,
2689,
45879,
393,
551,
948,
301,
278,
37346,
13,
968,
3186,
423,
2904,
587,
4166,
326,
481,
635,
2689,
262,
26371,
2100,
9539,
13,
3406,
41404,
481,
18595,
345,
319,
262,
1266,
3513,
290,
14196,
1410,
329,
534,
4273,
13,
198,
2061,
546,
2835,
25323,
9653,
14999,
287,
262,
2858,
30,
198,
40443,
262,
9653,
389,
407,
7580,
425,
13,
2293,
257,
2278,
11,
543,
743,
7565,
422,
2745,
284,
1933,
11,
262,
9653,
1205,
656,
7580,
425,
37346,
13,
4698,
7306,
3403,
11,
428,
2753,
6702,
1440,
2745,
13,
2312,
7580,
425,
37346,
460,
3520,
13971,
287,
262,
2858,
329,
890,
9574,
286,
640,
290,
389,
3573,
18290,
284,
2458,
287,
5951,
290,
27716,
13,
198,
464,
1266,
6142,
3513,
318,
14196,
13,
17220,
534,
3290,
338,
43924,
355,
2582,
355,
1744,
284,
2948,
262,
4104,
290,
11478,
286,
2835,
49617,
13,
198,
2061,
318,
262,
749,
4050,
4811,
314,
460,
779,
284,
1630,
10280,
287,
616,
6844,
11,
1805,
616,
1641,
290,
4646,
22733,
286,
262,
2858,
30,
198,
35,
413,
579,
10423,
6844,
287,
2739,
10241,
11,
706,
262,
5433,
358,
1110,
393,
706,
2237,
2745,
286,
10241,
13,
770,
481,
1037,
4646,
2785,
22733,
286,
262,
2858,
329,
23856,
37793,
13,
198,
3237,
37793,
815,
307,
390,
25323,
276,
16231,
11,
3599,
379,
546,
734,
2745,
286,
2479,
290,
5100,
7987,
13,
3406,
41404,
481,
1486,
262,
749,
5035,
390,
25323,
278,
7269,
329,
534,
17252,
13,
198,
464,
779,
286,
257,
2612,
25323,
2948,
876,
1720,
326,
318,
4050,
1028,
2835,
49617,
481,
2245,
262,
39543,
286,
9653,
656,
262,
2858,
13,
198,
27917,
298,
1630,
318,
1593,
1201,
41093,
460,
4691,
355,
257,
2723,
286,
10280,
13,
198,
35,
18463,
815,
307,
13351,
422,
825,
721,
803,
287,
1751,
338,
711,
3006,
290,
612,
815,
307,
6152,
18264,
286,
477,
3290,
43924,
11,
2592,
287,
25476,
11,
24817,
82,
290,
1171,
14860,
13,
198,
1,
49515,
501,
7646,
33306,
3573,
351,
1751,
526,
198,
49515,
501,
7646,
33306,
3573,
351,
1751,
13,
2141,
407,
1249,
606,
284,
711,
287,
6196,
23543,
12493,
290,
4155,
1774,
290,
10792,
1021,
20518,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,403 |
The 3 Most Important Lifesaving Commands Every Dog Should Know- Provided by VetStreet.com
I love it when people ask me about the most important commands a dog should know. Although there are many behaviors that promote safety, there are three basic commands that are especially critical: "down stay," "drop it" and "come." Not only should every dog be familiar with these behaviors, but dogs should be trained to perform them anywhere, anytime.
A dog who immediately drops his body into a down, regardless of distance from his owner, will be better able to avoid danger. I work as an evaluator for the National Disaster Search Dog Foundation, which teaches search-and-rescue dogs to respond to this command even if they are running at top speed toward a victim or are on top of a pile of rubble. A search dog needs to respond to this command promptly and stay in place until the potential hazard passes or the handler can safely reach the dog.
Pet dogs see similar safety benefits from this training. There are occasions when dogs need to be directed out of danger, but calling them to us could actually put them in more danger. For instance, imagine that your dog is running toward a fast-moving car. Depending on the distance and timing, calling him over could put him directly in the path of the oncoming car, but directing him into a down stay will keep him out of the way and safe.
Dogs manage to get their teeth on all sorts of things that are unsafe for them, which is why the drop it command is so important. The number-one poison hazard for dogs is human prescription medication; even a single pill can have devastating effects on a dog. Everyday household items can be dangerous for dogs as well — ladies' underwear is a common choking hazard for dogs, but other typical offenders are chicken bones and apple cores.
Chewing on and swallowing items that can get stuck in their throats or intestinal tracts can lead to death or, in some cases, a very expensive surgery. Unless a dog has been taught to drop whatever is in his mouth, he may play keep away or swallow the item before the owner can retrieve it. A dog that understands “drop it” will let go of the item, which can then be taken away.
Dogs are often happily oblivious to dangers around them, and unless they can be depended upon to always come when they are called, they may easily run right into a deadly situation. As a child, I had a dog named Scooter who had a habit of dashing outdoors and pulling out of her collar on walks. This risk-loving Wired-Haired Fox Terrier would scamper away at top speed, often darting into traffic and completely terrifying me. My childhood experience with Scooter is not unlike the experiences of many dog owners, and it’s truly risking life or death to not instill a reliable recall.
To learn more about this important command, check out my video, Teach Your Dog to Come When Called.
People usually invest in dog training to fix problem behavior or brush up on manners, but dog training does more than instill polite behavior. Key training commands could one day save your dog's life. | [
464,
513,
4042,
28511,
21073,
274,
2703,
49505,
3887,
8532,
10358,
9365,
12,
29750,
416,
49744,
34356,
13,
785,
198,
40,
1842,
340,
618,
661,
1265,
502,
546,
262,
749,
1593,
9729,
257,
3290,
815,
760,
13,
4900,
612,
389,
867,
14301,
326,
7719,
3747,
11,
612,
389,
1115,
4096,
9729,
326,
389,
2592,
4688,
25,
366,
2902,
2652,
553,
366,
14781,
340,
1,
290,
366,
2958,
526,
1892,
691,
815,
790,
3290,
307,
5385,
351,
777,
14301,
11,
475,
6844,
815,
307,
8776,
284,
1620,
606,
6609,
11,
17949,
13,
198,
32,
3290,
508,
3393,
10532,
465,
1767,
656,
257,
866,
11,
7692,
286,
5253,
422,
465,
4870,
11,
481,
307,
1365,
1498,
284,
3368,
3514,
13,
314,
670,
355,
281,
5418,
84,
1352,
329,
262,
2351,
35213,
11140,
8532,
5693,
11,
543,
17324,
2989,
12,
392,
12,
411,
15509,
6844,
284,
3031,
284,
428,
3141,
772,
611,
484,
389,
2491,
379,
1353,
2866,
3812,
257,
3117,
393,
389,
319,
1353,
286,
257,
14540,
286,
29632,
13,
317,
2989,
3290,
2476,
284,
3031,
284,
428,
3141,
19268,
290,
2652,
287,
1295,
1566,
262,
2785,
15834,
8318,
393,
262,
21360,
460,
11512,
3151,
262,
3290,
13,
198,
25803,
6844,
766,
2092,
3747,
4034,
422,
428,
3047,
13,
1318,
389,
12432,
618,
6844,
761,
284,
307,
7924,
503,
286,
3514,
11,
475,
4585,
606,
284,
514,
714,
1682,
1234,
606,
287,
517,
3514,
13,
1114,
4554,
11,
5967,
326,
534,
3290,
318,
2491,
3812,
257,
3049,
12,
31462,
1097,
13,
23591,
319,
262,
5253,
290,
10576,
11,
4585,
683,
625,
714,
1234,
683,
3264,
287,
262,
3108,
286,
262,
319,
4976,
1097,
11,
475,
21024,
683,
656,
257,
866,
2652,
481,
1394,
683,
503,
286,
262,
835,
290,
3338,
13,
198,
35,
18463,
6687,
284,
651,
511,
9941,
319,
477,
10524,
286,
1243,
326,
389,
21596,
329,
606,
11,
543,
318,
1521,
262,
4268,
340,
3141,
318,
523,
1593,
13,
383,
1271,
12,
505,
8764,
15834,
329,
6844,
318,
1692,
15077,
14103,
26,
772,
257,
2060,
9582,
460,
423,
14101,
3048,
319,
257,
3290,
13,
48154,
6641,
3709,
460,
307,
4923,
329,
6844,
355,
880,
851,
17308,
6,
26170,
318,
257,
2219,
39302,
15834,
329,
6844,
11,
475,
584,
7226,
17120,
389,
9015,
11945,
290,
17180,
21758,
13,
198,
7376,
5469,
319,
290,
45590,
3709,
326,
460,
651,
7819,
287,
511,
49012,
393,
32031,
42385,
460,
1085,
284,
1918,
393,
11,
287,
617,
2663,
11,
257,
845,
5789,
8185,
13,
17486,
257,
3290,
468,
587,
7817,
284,
4268,
4232,
318,
287,
465,
5422,
11,
339,
743,
711,
1394,
1497,
393,
26633,
262,
2378,
878,
262,
4870,
460,
19818,
340,
13,
317,
3290,
326,
14759,
564,
250,
14781,
340,
447,
251,
481,
1309,
467,
286,
262,
2378,
11,
543,
460,
788,
307,
2077,
1497,
13,
198,
35,
18463,
389,
1690,
18177,
38603,
284,
16169,
1088,
606,
11,
290,
4556,
484,
460,
307,
33785,
2402,
284,
1464,
1282,
618,
484,
389,
1444,
11,
484,
743,
3538,
1057,
826,
656,
257,
10309,
3074,
13,
1081,
257,
1200,
11,
314,
550,
257,
3290,
3706,
1446,
25141,
508,
550,
257,
7947,
286,
288,
2140,
24349,
290,
10427,
503,
286,
607,
19908,
319,
11114,
13,
770,
2526,
12,
33983,
39721,
12,
39,
9820,
5426,
3813,
5277,
561,
19126,
525,
1497,
379,
1353,
2866,
11,
1690,
35970,
278,
656,
4979,
290,
3190,
17623,
502,
13,
2011,
9963,
1998,
351,
1446,
25141,
318,
407,
5023,
262,
6461,
286,
867,
3290,
4393,
11,
290,
340,
447,
247,
82,
4988,
37234,
1204,
393,
1918,
284,
407,
916,
359,
257,
9314,
10014,
13,
198,
2514,
2193,
517,
546,
428,
1593,
3141,
11,
2198,
503,
616,
2008,
11,
42015,
3406,
8532,
284,
7911,
1649,
34099,
13,
198,
8061,
3221,
1325,
287,
3290,
3047,
284,
4259,
1917,
4069,
393,
14093,
510,
319,
33558,
11,
475,
3290,
3047,
857,
517,
621,
916,
359,
23507,
4069,
13,
7383,
3047,
9729,
714,
530,
1110,
3613,
534,
3290,
338,
1204,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 654 |
That’s why we’ve created this list of summer supplies to keep on hand to help your skin stay healthy and to treat various summertime skin conditions.
Sunscreen – “Broad spectrum” sunscreen protects you from both UVA and UVB rays. Apply it under your makeup and at least 15 minutes before going outdoors, to allow the chemicals to work at protecting your skin. It’s best to use a sunscreen with an SPF factor of 30 or higher. Use at least 1 ounce and reapply every 2 hours or less, especially during physical or water activities.
Moisturizer – Keep your skin hydrated, especially if pools are part of your summer play. Chlorine is very drying to the skin.
Scrubs – Exfoliating the day of sunless tanning will help get rid of dead skin so your tan goes on even and lasts longer. You’ll need separate scrubs for your face and for your body. Don’t exfoliate more than once a week.
Ibuprofen – Use as an anti-inflammatory against rashes, burns, insect bites and the pain and swelling of sunburns. Follow recommended dosage amounts for children and adults.
Insect repellent – A repellent with DEET can help minimize the risk of mosquito and other insect bites. Repellents formulated for children will contain a lower percentage of DEET than adult formulas.
Topical protection cream – When venturing in areas with possible poisonous or other plants that can cause adverse skin reactions, apply a barrier cream or lotion containing at least 5 percent quaternium-18 bentonite.
Antihistamines – Use to counter minor itching, irritation or rashes from bug bites or plant reactions. Don’t give to a child unless checking with your physician first.
Steroid cream or calamine lotion – Calamine lotion or 1 percent hydrocortisone cream may help relieve itching and redness from bug bites and sunburns. Don’t use on children younger than 2 unless directed by a physician. | [
2504,
447,
247,
82,
1521,
356,
447,
247,
303,
2727,
428,
1351,
286,
3931,
9416,
284,
1394,
319,
1021,
284,
1037,
534,
4168,
2652,
5448,
290,
284,
2190,
2972,
3931,
2435,
4168,
3403,
13,
198,
16012,
9612,
784,
564,
250,
30507,
10958,
447,
251,
44221,
17289,
345,
422,
1111,
471,
11731,
290,
22033,
33,
24823,
13,
27967,
340,
739,
534,
16029,
290,
379,
1551,
1315,
2431,
878,
1016,
24349,
11,
284,
1249,
262,
12910,
284,
670,
379,
10192,
534,
4168,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1266,
284,
779,
257,
44221,
351,
281,
6226,
37,
5766,
286,
1542,
393,
2440,
13,
5765,
379,
1551,
352,
25799,
290,
24578,
306,
790,
362,
2250,
393,
1342,
11,
2592,
1141,
3518,
393,
1660,
4568,
13,
198,
16632,
396,
333,
7509,
784,
9175,
534,
4168,
7409,
4111,
11,
2592,
611,
20354,
389,
636,
286,
534,
3931,
711,
13,
609,
4685,
500,
318,
845,
29621,
284,
262,
4168,
13,
198,
3351,
81,
23161,
784,
1475,
9062,
26336,
262,
1110,
286,
4252,
1203,
25706,
768,
481,
1037,
651,
5755,
286,
2636,
4168,
523,
534,
25706,
2925,
319,
772,
290,
20374,
2392,
13,
921,
447,
247,
297,
761,
4553,
6040,
23161,
329,
534,
1986,
290,
329,
534,
1767,
13,
2094,
447,
247,
83,
409,
9062,
9386,
517,
621,
1752,
257,
1285,
13,
198,
40,
65,
929,
305,
41037,
784,
5765,
355,
281,
3098,
12,
32272,
1028,
374,
7465,
11,
20246,
11,
12833,
26081,
290,
262,
2356,
290,
29844,
286,
4252,
10899,
82,
13,
7281,
7151,
35997,
6867,
329,
1751,
290,
6490,
13,
198,
818,
8831,
3172,
297,
298,
784,
317,
3172,
297,
298,
351,
5550,
2767,
460,
1037,
17775,
262,
2526,
286,
35446,
290,
584,
12833,
26081,
13,
797,
23506,
658,
34391,
329,
1751,
481,
3994,
257,
2793,
5873,
286,
5550,
2767,
621,
4044,
32126,
13,
198,
9126,
605,
4800,
8566,
784,
1649,
7435,
870,
287,
3006,
351,
1744,
32199,
393,
584,
6134,
326,
460,
2728,
12681,
4168,
12737,
11,
4174,
257,
13054,
8566,
393,
1256,
295,
7268,
379,
1551,
642,
1411,
627,
9205,
1505,
12,
1507,
17157,
46285,
13,
198,
13217,
4449,
396,
41047,
784,
5765,
284,
3753,
4159,
48140,
11,
35164,
393,
374,
7465,
422,
5434,
26081,
393,
4618,
12737,
13,
2094,
447,
247,
83,
1577,
284,
257,
1200,
4556,
10627,
351,
534,
14325,
717,
13,
198,
50,
353,
1868,
8566,
393,
2386,
9862,
1256,
295,
784,
2199,
9862,
1256,
295,
393,
352,
1411,
7409,
12204,
419,
271,
505,
8566,
743,
1037,
26958,
48140,
290,
2266,
1108,
422,
5434,
26081,
290,
4252,
10899,
82,
13,
2094,
447,
247,
83,
779,
319,
1751,
7099,
621,
362,
4556,
7924,
416,
257,
14325,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 436 |
"Porphyria's Lover" by Robert Browning is a poem that narrates the shift of power in a relationship, as the initially passive Lover suddenly strangles Porphyria with her own hair so that "her darling one wish would be heard" — that is, her desire to "give herself to me [the Lover] forever." The poem begins with the Lover sitting around in his cottage listening to a storm outside, perhaps in self-pity. He seems to be rather helpless, as he does nothing as Porphyria enters, makes a fire in the hearth, and subsequently goes to his side and confesses her affections:
And, last, she sat down by my side
And called me. When no voice replied,
She put my arm about her waist,
And made her smooth white shoulder bare,
And all her yellow hair displaced,
And, stooping, made my cheek lie there,
And spread, o'er all, her yellow hair,
Murmuring how she loved me — she
Too weak, for all her heart's endeavor,
To set its struggling passion free
From pride, and vainer ties dissever,
And give herself to me forever.
The Lover did not reply to Porphyria when she spoke to him, nor did he make any effort to get closer to her; Porphyria had to put her arm around him and "stoop" to place his head on her shoulder, perhaps indicating that he will not or can not return her advances (perhaps due to either an inhibiting mental issue, or a physical disability). Porphyria's confession of love then seems to indicate that, although she does truly love him, she cannot remove herself from some other ties in her life, and thus cannot be with him.
At this point, the Lover is overwhelmed to know that she loves him, and greedily tries to think of what to do to preserve the moment — "That moment she was mine, mine." The action suddenly shifts to the previously inactive lover, as he wraps Porphyria's hair around her neck and strangles her. Now, he has fulfilled her wish and placed himself in the more powerful position in the relationship, telling us:
I propped her head up as before,
Only, this time my shoulder bore.
1. What is the significance of the Lover's initially unreliabile statements in his subsequent strangling of Porphyria?
2. Does the Lover simply have some sort of psychotic disorder, or does he have a legitimate physical handicap as well?
3. What kind of relationship does Porphyria have with the Lover prior to the events of the poem — is she some sort of caretaker?
4. Are there social forces preventing a serious romantic relationship between Porphyria and her Lover, as perhaps indicated by "pride" and "vainer ties?"
Modified 28 January 2009 | [
1,
47,
273,
6883,
7496,
338,
40414,
1,
416,
5199,
4373,
278,
318,
257,
21247,
326,
6664,
689,
262,
6482,
286,
1176,
287,
257,
2776,
11,
355,
262,
7317,
14513,
40414,
6451,
965,
27787,
20139,
6883,
7496,
351,
607,
898,
4190,
523,
326,
366,
372,
40003,
530,
4601,
561,
307,
2982,
1,
851,
326,
318,
11,
607,
6227,
284,
366,
26535,
5223,
284,
502,
685,
1169,
40414,
60,
8097,
526,
383,
21247,
6140,
351,
262,
40414,
5586,
1088,
287,
465,
36856,
8680,
284,
257,
6388,
2354,
11,
3737,
287,
2116,
12,
79,
414,
13,
679,
2331,
284,
307,
2138,
21144,
11,
355,
339,
857,
2147,
355,
20139,
6883,
7496,
14170,
11,
1838,
257,
2046,
287,
262,
3285,
400,
11,
290,
12412,
2925,
284,
465,
1735,
290,
22127,
274,
607,
2689,
507,
25,
198,
1870,
11,
938,
11,
673,
3332,
866,
416,
616,
1735,
198,
1870,
1444,
502,
13,
1649,
645,
3809,
8712,
11,
198,
3347,
1234,
616,
3211,
546,
607,
16139,
11,
198,
1870,
925,
607,
7209,
2330,
8163,
6247,
11,
198,
1870,
477,
607,
7872,
4190,
20085,
11,
198,
1870,
11,
3995,
15816,
11,
925,
616,
19353,
6486,
612,
11,
198,
1870,
4104,
11,
267,
6,
263,
477,
11,
607,
7872,
4190,
11,
198,
23830,
76,
870,
703,
673,
6151,
502,
851,
673,
198,
23307,
4939,
11,
329,
477,
607,
2612,
338,
28251,
11,
198,
2514,
900,
663,
9648,
7506,
1479,
198,
4863,
11293,
11,
290,
410,
10613,
8470,
22806,
332,
11,
198,
1870,
1577,
5223,
284,
502,
8097,
13,
198,
464,
40414,
750,
407,
10971,
284,
20139,
6883,
7496,
618,
673,
5158,
284,
683,
11,
4249,
750,
339,
787,
597,
3626,
284,
651,
5699,
284,
607,
26,
20139,
6883,
7496,
550,
284,
1234,
607,
3211,
1088,
683,
290,
366,
301,
11224,
1,
284,
1295,
465,
1182,
319,
607,
8163,
11,
3737,
12739,
326,
339,
481,
407,
393,
460,
407,
1441,
607,
14901,
357,
28998,
2233,
284,
2035,
281,
11062,
1780,
5110,
2071,
11,
393,
257,
3518,
14013,
737,
20139,
6883,
7496,
338,
24250,
286,
1842,
788,
2331,
284,
7603,
326,
11,
3584,
673,
857,
4988,
1842,
683,
11,
673,
2314,
4781,
5223,
422,
617,
584,
8470,
287,
607,
1204,
11,
290,
4145,
2314,
307,
351,
683,
13,
198,
2953,
428,
966,
11,
262,
40414,
318,
20974,
284,
760,
326,
673,
10408,
683,
11,
290,
25474,
813,
8404,
284,
892,
286,
644,
284,
466,
284,
12201,
262,
2589,
851,
366,
2504,
2589,
673,
373,
6164,
11,
6164,
526,
383,
2223,
6451,
15381,
284,
262,
4271,
28621,
18854,
11,
355,
339,
27521,
20139,
6883,
7496,
338,
4190,
1088,
607,
7393,
290,
965,
27787,
607,
13,
2735,
11,
339,
468,
23085,
607,
4601,
290,
4624,
2241,
287,
262,
517,
3665,
2292,
287,
262,
2776,
11,
5149,
514,
25,
198,
40,
386,
1496,
607,
1182,
510,
355,
878,
11,
198,
10049,
11,
428,
640,
616,
8163,
18631,
13,
198,
16,
13,
1867,
318,
262,
12085,
286,
262,
40414,
338,
7317,
23232,
72,
397,
576,
6299,
287,
465,
8840,
965,
27499,
286,
20139,
6883,
7496,
30,
198,
17,
13,
8314,
262,
40414,
2391,
423,
617,
3297,
286,
37162,
8967,
11,
393,
857,
339,
423,
257,
9829,
3518,
29103,
499,
355,
880,
30,
198,
18,
13,
1867,
1611,
286,
2776,
857,
20139,
6883,
7496,
423,
351,
262,
40414,
3161,
284,
262,
2995,
286,
262,
21247,
851,
318,
673,
617,
3297,
286,
1337,
30157,
30,
198,
19,
13,
4231,
612,
1919,
3386,
12174,
257,
2726,
14348,
2776,
1022,
20139,
6883,
7496,
290,
607,
40414,
11,
355,
3737,
8203,
416,
366,
1050,
485,
1,
290,
366,
85,
10613,
8470,
1701,
198,
5841,
1431,
2579,
3269,
3717,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 601 |
By W. Blake Gray
One of the main characteristics of Japanese is its vagueness. Language is culture, and Japanese helps people get along in crowded, resource-poor cities by preventing hard feelings in conversation.
Here's a good example of how this works: In a business meeting, everyone sits around the table vaguely feeling out each others' position until eventually everyone realizes what they're expected to say. Thus the first and only vote is almost always unanimous.
Here's a more frustrating example: I think this sake is named "140" (hyakuyonju) because it's the 140th attempt at crossing Aomori's native Hanafubuki rice with the more famous Yamada Nishiki, which doesn't usually grow so far north.
However, I can't confirm that; the Japanese describing it is just too vague. All I know is that in the crossing experiments, somehow this rice got the number "140." Maybe that's the number of wins Aomori native Daisuke Matsuzaka expects to pile up in Boston. Maybe it's just a mellifluous number.
As a journalist, I hate that vagueness -- it makes reporting anything from Japan a challenge, as you get notebooks full of quotes that, translated, essentially mean, "Maybe so." I can't help but wonder, as I struggled to get information on this product, how much Japanese exports would benefit from a trade export organization with English skills.
Oh wait -- there is one. I went to JETRO, the Japan External Trade Organization, where I learned the following about Aomori rice:
"The value that is delicious by the security that only the person who ate understands.
Please enjoy it in your mouth."
OK, at least we know where to put it. Let me tell you what I do know.
Aomori prefecture is the snowiest in Japan -- even more so than Hokkaido. Aomori is at the very tip of Honshu, and even in summer it's foggy and windy.
The prefecture is 66% covered by forest, and the rest mostly by farmland, such that a visiting English teacher posted somewhere on the web, "There's nothing but rice paddies here."
Aomori is fairly poor and has been losing population since it peaked in 1983, because young people don't want to pursue the number one industry -- agriculture. When they get to Tokyo, they have to relearn how to speak, because Aomori is famous in Japan for its unfashionable rural dialect. They also have to learn to have fun, because all there is to do in Aomori at night is carve artwork in the rice paddies -- which they've gotten quite good at.
Aomori grows 75% of the garlic in Japan and 52% of the apples. It also grows more yam and burdock root than any other prefecture. But we didn't come here to talk about garlic or burdock root (though we can talk about Calvados if you like).
Nowadays we believe that the best wines come from marginal growing areas -- areas that are too cold to guarantee a crop every year. Could it be true for sake as well? There are so many factors in creating great sake that it's hard to tease out the influence of cool climate.
But Aomori prefecture, with only 1.5 million people, has 45 sake producers. Nishida, maker of this sake, likes the area so much that it uses the Denshu brand just for junmais, and has a second brewery in Aomori where it makes its more famous brand Kikuizumi. And it's not the only famous name from Aomori, because Momokawa, which has an outpost in Oregon, has its home base there.
Nishida's Denshu Junmai is one of the most popular junmai sakes in Japan, regularly making local lists of top 10 junmais. The 140 is a more recent product, created in 2003.
Nishida claims over and over that all their Denshu sakes are "handmade." Here we get back to vagueness -- what does that mean? The rice can't possibly be polished by hand (down to 40%, hence daiginjo) in this day and age. But what the heck, it's good sake. When it comes my turn, I might prepare to possibly express an opinion in the direction of approval.
In any case, remember to follow the official instructions, and please enjoy it in your mouth.
Aromas of fresh cream, peach, white chocolate and orange pith. There's plenty of fresh fruit (peach and apricot) up front. You taste a jolt of alcohol (it's a hefty 17.0%) in your first sip, but then it turns quite smooth, with a long creamy finish. It's not the most complex daiginjo ever, but it's rich and smooth and crowd-pleasing.
In Aomori they would drink this with seafood stew, but I think it's fine with miso-glazed cod or other dishes where the creaminess would match the food's texture.
Overall Score: between 9 and 9.5
How Much?: $45 for 720ml
This sake is difficult to find online. Look for it at your nearest specialty sake retailer.
W. Blake Gray is a former Japan resident whose first wine book in Japanese will be published in August. Please enjoy other writing from him at wblakegray.blogspot.com.
The Seven Percent Solution Tasting: May 11, Healdsburg, CA Vinography Images: Green But Getting There Churton Wines, Marlborough, New Zealand: Recent Releases A Dark Day For Wine Lovers How to Love Italian Wine or Die Trying: A First Timer's Guide to VinItaly Stella di Campalto, Castelnuovo dell'Abate, Italy: Current Releases 2013 Anderson Valley Pinot Noir Festival: May 17-19, Philo, CA Vinography Images: Cover Crop Grape Pickings for US Lawyers When it Comes to Rosé, Italy Gives France a Run for the Money
Masuizumi Junmai Daiginjo, Toyama Prefecture Wine.Com Gives Retailers (and Consumers) the Finger 1961 Hospices de Beaune Emile Chandesais, Burgundy Wine Over Time The Better Half of My Palate 1999 Királyudvar "Lapis" Tokaji Furmint, Hungary What's Allowed in Your Wine and Winemaking Why Community Tasting Notes Sites Will Fail Appreciating Wine in Context The Soul vs. The Market 1989 Fiorano Botte 48 Semillion,Italy | [
3886,
370,
13,
13307,
12723,
198,
3198,
286,
262,
1388,
9695,
286,
4960,
318,
663,
410,
11433,
9449,
13,
15417,
318,
3968,
11,
290,
4960,
5419,
661,
651,
1863,
287,
18012,
11,
8271,
12,
36672,
4736,
416,
12174,
1327,
7666,
287,
5273,
13,
198,
4342,
338,
257,
922,
1672,
286,
703,
428,
2499,
25,
554,
257,
1597,
3249,
11,
2506,
10718,
1088,
262,
3084,
29627,
4203,
503,
1123,
1854,
6,
2292,
1566,
4191,
2506,
23660,
644,
484,
821,
2938,
284,
910,
13,
6660,
262,
717,
290,
691,
3015,
318,
2048,
1464,
28085,
13,
198,
4342,
338,
257,
517,
16655,
1672,
25,
314,
892,
428,
11060,
318,
3706,
366,
15187,
1,
357,
12114,
461,
4669,
261,
14396,
8,
780,
340,
338,
262,
12713,
400,
2230,
379,
12538,
317,
296,
10145,
338,
6868,
9530,
1878,
549,
11308,
11464,
351,
262,
517,
5863,
14063,
4763,
48438,
5580,
11,
543,
1595,
470,
3221,
1663,
523,
1290,
5093,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
314,
460,
470,
6216,
326,
26,
262,
4960,
12059,
340,
318,
655,
1165,
13443,
13,
1439,
314,
760,
318,
326,
287,
262,
12538,
10256,
11,
7599,
428,
11464,
1392,
262,
1271,
366,
15187,
526,
6674,
326,
338,
262,
1271,
286,
7864,
317,
296,
10145,
6868,
9637,
271,
4649,
30107,
10277,
8130,
13423,
284,
14540,
510,
287,
6182,
13,
6674,
340,
338,
655,
257,
33748,
361,
2290,
516,
1271,
13,
198,
1722,
257,
10099,
11,
314,
5465,
326,
410,
11433,
9449,
1377,
340,
1838,
6447,
1997,
422,
2869,
257,
4427,
11,
355,
345,
651,
43935,
1336,
286,
13386,
326,
11,
14251,
11,
6986,
1612,
11,
366,
13300,
523,
526,
314,
460,
470,
1037,
475,
4240,
11,
355,
314,
11615,
284,
651,
1321,
319,
428,
1720,
11,
703,
881,
4960,
15319,
561,
4414,
422,
257,
3292,
10784,
4009,
351,
3594,
4678,
13,
198,
5812,
4043,
1377,
612,
318,
530,
13,
314,
1816,
284,
449,
2767,
13252,
11,
262,
2869,
34579,
9601,
12275,
11,
810,
314,
4499,
262,
1708,
546,
317,
296,
10145,
11464,
25,
198,
1,
464,
1988,
326,
318,
12625,
416,
262,
2324,
326,
691,
262,
1048,
508,
15063,
14759,
13,
198,
5492,
2883,
340,
287,
534,
5422,
526,
198,
11380,
11,
379,
1551,
356,
760,
810,
284,
1234,
340,
13,
3914,
502,
1560,
345,
644,
314,
466,
760,
13,
198,
32,
296,
10145,
662,
36637,
318,
262,
6729,
6386,
287,
2869,
1377,
772,
517,
523,
621,
26467,
74,
44354,
13,
317,
296,
10145,
318,
379,
262,
845,
8171,
286,
367,
684,
13415,
11,
290,
772,
287,
3931,
340,
338,
19558,
1360,
290,
2344,
88,
13,
198,
464,
662,
36637,
318,
7930,
4,
5017,
416,
8222,
11,
290,
262,
1334,
4632,
416,
45723,
11,
884,
326,
257,
10013,
3594,
4701,
4481,
7382,
319,
262,
3992,
11,
366,
1858,
338,
2147,
475,
11464,
14098,
444,
994,
526,
198,
32,
296,
10145,
318,
6547,
3595,
290,
468,
587,
6078,
3265,
1201,
340,
33948,
287,
13540,
11,
780,
1862,
661,
836,
470,
765,
284,
10660,
262,
1271,
530,
2831,
1377,
14510,
13,
1649,
484,
651,
284,
11790,
11,
484,
423,
284,
1889,
1501,
703,
284,
2740,
11,
780,
317,
296,
10145,
318,
5863,
287,
2869,
329,
663,
3684,
5880,
540,
10016,
23637,
13,
1119,
635,
423,
284,
2193,
284,
423,
1257,
11,
780,
477,
612,
318,
284,
466,
287,
317,
296,
10145,
379,
1755,
318,
36717,
16257,
287,
262,
11464,
14098,
444,
1377,
543,
484,
1053,
7891,
2407,
922,
379,
13,
198,
32,
296,
10145,
13676,
5441,
4,
286,
262,
17644,
287,
2869,
290,
6740,
4,
286,
262,
22514,
13,
632,
635,
13676,
517,
331,
321,
290,
8746,
735,
6808,
621,
597,
584,
662,
36637,
13,
887,
356,
1422,
470,
1282,
994,
284,
1561,
546,
17644,
393,
8746,
735,
6808,
357,
2016,
356,
460,
1561,
546,
2199,
85,
22484,
611,
345,
588,
737,
198,
3844,
20544,
356,
1975,
326,
262,
1266,
30680,
1282,
422,
14461,
3957,
3006,
1377,
3006,
326,
389,
1165,
4692,
284,
9149,
257,
13833,
790,
614,
13,
10347,
340,
307,
2081,
329,
11060,
355,
880,
30,
1318,
389,
523,
867,
5087,
287,
4441,
1049,
11060,
326,
340,
338,
1327,
284,
34691,
503,
262,
4588,
286,
3608,
4258,
13,
198,
1537,
317,
296,
10145,
662,
36637,
11,
351,
691,
352,
13,
20,
1510,
661,
11,
468,
4153,
11060,
11408,
13,
48438,
3755,
11,
16009,
286,
428,
11060,
11,
7832,
262,
1989,
523,
881,
326,
340,
3544,
262,
360,
641,
13415,
4508,
655,
329,
10891,
2611,
271,
11,
290,
468,
257,
1218,
22120,
287,
317,
296,
10145,
810,
340,
1838,
663,
517,
5863,
4508,
509,
28643,
528,
12994,
13,
843,
340,
338,
407,
262,
691,
5863,
1438,
422,
317,
296,
10145,
11,
780,
11254,
482,
6909,
11,
543,
468,
281,
38327,
287,
8819,
11,
468,
663,
1363,
2779,
612,
13,
198,
45,
680,
3755,
338,
360,
641,
13415,
7653,
76,
1872,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
2968,
10891,
76,
1872,
264,
1124,
287,
2869,
11,
7987,
1642,
1957,
8341,
286,
1353,
838,
10891,
2611,
271,
13,
383,
12713,
318,
257,
517,
2274,
1720,
11,
2727,
287,
5816,
13,
198,
45,
680,
3755,
3667,
625,
290,
625,
326,
477,
511,
360,
641,
13415,
264,
1124,
389,
366,
4993,
9727,
526,
3423,
356,
651,
736,
284,
410,
11433,
9449,
1377,
644,
857,
326,
1612,
30,
383,
11464,
460,
470,
5457,
307,
23895,
416,
1021,
357,
2902,
284,
2319,
7441,
12891,
12379,
328,
259,
7639,
8,
287,
428,
1110,
290,
2479,
13,
887,
644,
262,
22574,
11,
340,
338,
922,
11060,
13,
1649,
340,
2058,
616,
1210,
11,
314,
1244,
8335,
284,
5457,
4911,
281,
4459,
287,
262,
4571,
286,
7546,
13,
198,
818,
597,
1339,
11,
3505,
284,
1061,
262,
1743,
7729,
11,
290,
3387,
2883,
340,
287,
534,
5422,
13,
198,
32,
398,
292,
286,
4713,
8566,
11,
47565,
11,
2330,
11311,
290,
10912,
279,
342,
13,
1318,
338,
6088,
286,
4713,
8234,
357,
431,
620,
290,
46593,
291,
313,
8,
510,
2166,
13,
921,
6938,
257,
474,
5978,
286,
5548,
357,
270,
338,
257,
29784,
1596,
13,
15,
4407,
287,
534,
717,
31145,
11,
475,
788,
340,
4962,
2407,
7209,
11,
351,
257,
890,
27892,
5461,
13,
632,
338,
407,
262,
749,
3716,
12379,
328,
259,
7639,
1683,
11,
475,
340,
338,
5527,
290,
7209,
290,
4315,
12,
1154,
2313,
13,
198,
818,
317,
296,
10145,
484,
561,
4144,
428,
351,
31473,
20798,
11,
475,
314,
892,
340,
338,
3734,
351,
2984,
78,
12,
4743,
13865,
14873,
393,
584,
16759,
810,
262,
8566,
1272,
561,
2872,
262,
2057,
338,
11743,
13,
198,
16350,
15178,
25,
1022,
860,
290,
860,
13,
20,
198,
2437,
13111,
27514,
720,
2231,
329,
26250,
4029,
198,
1212,
11060,
318,
2408,
284,
1064,
2691,
13,
6803,
329,
340,
379,
534,
16936,
22847,
11060,
21538,
13,
198,
54,
13,
13307,
12723,
318,
257,
1966,
2869,
6623,
3025,
717,
8237,
1492,
287,
4960,
481,
307,
3199,
287,
2932,
13,
4222,
2883,
584,
3597,
422,
683,
379,
266,
2436,
539,
44605,
13,
35217,
13,
785,
13,
198,
464,
13723,
22512,
28186,
309,
9222,
25,
1737,
1367,
11,
679,
1940,
30359,
11,
7257,
11820,
4867,
5382,
25,
3469,
887,
18067,
1318,
609,
333,
1122,
370,
1127,
11,
1526,
75,
17913,
11,
968,
8936,
25,
22926,
48691,
317,
3801,
3596,
1114,
20447,
6706,
690,
1374,
284,
5896,
8200,
20447,
393,
6733,
31165,
25,
317,
3274,
5045,
263,
338,
10005,
284,
11820,
45001,
45856,
2566,
5425,
282,
1462,
11,
5833,
417,
28803,
18768,
390,
297,
6,
4826,
378,
11,
8031,
25,
9236,
48691,
2211,
9918,
6916,
13727,
313,
36961,
11117,
25,
1737,
1596,
12,
1129,
11,
4543,
78,
11,
7257,
11820,
4867,
5382,
25,
17546,
327,
1773,
48315,
12346,
654,
329,
1294,
42693,
1649,
340,
34606,
284,
10018,
2634,
11,
8031,
402,
1083,
4881,
257,
5660,
329,
262,
12911,
198,
44,
27345,
528,
12994,
7653,
76,
1872,
9637,
328,
259,
7639,
11,
10977,
1689,
3771,
36637,
20447,
13,
5377,
402,
1083,
26702,
364,
357,
392,
45103,
8,
262,
39454,
20510,
39946,
1063,
390,
1355,
64,
1726,
2295,
576,
20631,
274,
15152,
11,
21435,
45459,
20447,
3827,
3862,
383,
11625,
13139,
286,
2011,
3175,
378,
7358,
7385,
5746,
126,
94,
306,
463,
7785,
366,
43,
499,
271,
1,
9453,
26436,
22384,
34289,
11,
19562,
1867,
338,
1439,
6972,
287,
3406,
20447,
290,
7178,
368,
868,
4162,
8108,
309,
9222,
11822,
37034,
2561,
18448,
2034,
29102,
803,
20447,
287,
30532,
383,
8653,
3691,
13,
383,
5991,
11104,
40040,
5733,
347,
11404,
4764,
12449,
1131,
11,
45001,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,397 |
The Tri-County Health Department in northern Colorado has confirmed a case of rabies in a skunk.
The rabid skunk was found on a private property in Brighton, and collected for testing by a veterinarian who identified cues that meant the animal could be infected.
Now the health department is warning that an increase in rabid skunks has increased the risk for people and unvaccinated animals.
"This rabid skunk in Adams County, along with several others identified over the last few years, confirms that rabies is endemic in skunks in the Front Range and Eastern pPlains," said the department's director Richard L. Vogt in a news release.
In Adams County, this is the second rabid skunk identified since 2007, when skunk rabies emerged. The first was identified in May 2010 in a rural part of the county just south of Morgan County.
In the recent case, officials are not aware of any exposure the skunk may have had with humans or other animals.
But the department has renewed a call for rabies vaccinations for pets and livestock in addition to taking other precautions to prevent exposure to any rabid animal in the future.
People are warned not to feed wild animals or leave pet food or livestock feed accessible outdoors.
Junk piles that could provide nesting areas for animals should be removed, and pets should not be allowed to roam freely, since this increases the risk that they become exposed to the virus without the owner's knowledge.
The rabies virus affects the animal's nervous system and is nearly always fatal.
The virus is shed in the saliva of infected animals, and spread through the bite of a rabid animal or through saliva if it comes into contact with eyes, nose, mouth or open wounds of a person or another mammal.
Immediate medical treatment is required after exposure.
Anyone with questions can call COHELP, the statewide public health information line at 1-877-462-2911 or go online at www.tchd.org/rabies.htm | [
464,
7563,
12,
12332,
88,
3893,
2732,
287,
7840,
7492,
468,
4999,
257,
1339,
286,
27998,
444,
287,
257,
1341,
2954,
13,
198,
464,
49666,
1341,
2954,
373,
1043,
319,
257,
2839,
3119,
287,
33193,
11,
290,
7723,
329,
4856,
416,
257,
41404,
508,
5174,
25288,
326,
4001,
262,
5044,
714,
307,
14112,
13,
198,
3844,
262,
1535,
5011,
318,
6509,
326,
281,
2620,
287,
49666,
1341,
14125,
468,
3220,
262,
2526,
329,
661,
290,
555,
37839,
3898,
4695,
13,
198,
1,
1212,
49666,
1341,
2954,
287,
12620,
3418,
11,
1863,
351,
1811,
1854,
5174,
625,
262,
938,
1178,
812,
11,
19623,
326,
27998,
444,
318,
42560,
287,
1341,
14125,
287,
262,
8880,
13667,
290,
8345,
279,
3646,
1299,
553,
531,
262,
5011,
338,
3437,
6219,
406,
13,
35421,
83,
287,
257,
1705,
2650,
13,
198,
818,
12620,
3418,
11,
428,
318,
262,
1218,
49666,
1341,
2954,
5174,
1201,
4343,
11,
618,
1341,
2954,
27998,
444,
9349,
13,
383,
717,
373,
5174,
287,
1737,
3050,
287,
257,
10016,
636,
286,
262,
7968,
655,
5366,
286,
10805,
3418,
13,
198,
818,
262,
2274,
1339,
11,
2828,
389,
407,
3910,
286,
597,
7111,
262,
1341,
2954,
743,
423,
550,
351,
5384,
393,
584,
4695,
13,
198,
1537,
262,
5011,
468,
16434,
257,
869,
329,
27998,
444,
46419,
329,
17252,
290,
24424,
287,
3090,
284,
2263,
584,
31320,
284,
2948,
7111,
284,
597,
49666,
5044,
287,
262,
2003,
13,
198,
8061,
389,
7728,
407,
284,
3745,
4295,
4695,
393,
2666,
4273,
2057,
393,
24424,
3745,
9857,
24349,
13,
198,
41,
2954,
30935,
326,
714,
2148,
46282,
3006,
329,
4695,
815,
307,
4615,
11,
290,
17252,
815,
407,
307,
3142,
284,
35563,
12748,
11,
1201,
428,
5732,
262,
2526,
326,
484,
1716,
7362,
284,
262,
9471,
1231,
262,
4870,
338,
3725,
13,
198,
464,
27998,
444,
9471,
10975,
262,
5044,
338,
10927,
1080,
290,
318,
3016,
1464,
10800,
13,
198,
464,
9471,
318,
14999,
287,
262,
40333,
286,
14112,
4695,
11,
290,
4104,
832,
262,
13197,
286,
257,
49666,
5044,
393,
832,
40333,
611,
340,
2058,
656,
2800,
351,
2951,
11,
9686,
11,
5422,
393,
1280,
14129,
286,
257,
1048,
393,
1194,
46103,
13,
198,
3546,
13857,
3315,
3513,
318,
2672,
706,
7111,
13,
198,
21129,
351,
2683,
460,
869,
7375,
39,
3698,
47,
11,
262,
23605,
1171,
1535,
1321,
1627,
379,
352,
12,
42802,
12,
39997,
12,
1959,
1157,
393,
467,
2691,
379,
7324,
13,
38664,
67,
13,
2398,
14,
25619,
444,
13,
19211,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 412 |
Tskhouk-Karckar VulkanTskhouk-Karckar volcano is a group of 8 Holocene cinder cones in the central Siunik volcanic ridge along the Armenia/Azerbaijan border about 60 km SE of Lake Sevan.
The last activity took place about 5000 years ago, and built a cone which erupted lava flows. These flows overly older human settlement traces and were used for gravesites in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC.
Beschreibung:The Tskhouk-Karckar volcano group was constructed within offset segments of the major Pambak-Sevan strike-slip fault trending SE from Lake Sevan. 8 pyroclastic cones produced 3 generations of Holocene lava flows.
Human traces dated are found on the 2 older generation lava flows, including many petroglyphs, burial kurgans, and masonry walls. No such traces have been found on the youngest flows, suggesting they erupted later than these early settlements and human activities.
Some lava flows overlie petroglyphs dated to the end of the 4th millennium and beginning of the 3rd millennium BC and were themselves used in gravesites dated at 4720 +/- 140 yrs ago. Following these eruptions, the area was not repopulated until the Middle Ages.
(adapted from: GVP / Smithsonian Institution)
Karakhanian, A et al (2002) "Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries", J Volc Geotherm Res, v. 113, pp. 319-344 | [
51,
8135,
15710,
74,
12,
37753,
694,
283,
35977,
51,
8135,
15710,
74,
12,
37753,
694,
283,
32410,
318,
257,
1448,
286,
807,
6479,
34973,
269,
5540,
47314,
287,
262,
4318,
15638,
403,
1134,
31513,
32525,
1863,
262,
32369,
14,
32,
9107,
65,
1872,
13881,
4865,
546,
3126,
10571,
7946,
286,
6233,
1001,
10438,
13,
198,
464,
938,
3842,
1718,
1295,
546,
23336,
812,
2084,
11,
290,
3170,
257,
27763,
543,
23681,
28856,
15623,
13,
2312,
15623,
17698,
4697,
1692,
9443,
20675,
290,
547,
973,
329,
30055,
2737,
287,
262,
717,
2063,
286,
262,
513,
4372,
39210,
11843,
13,
198,
33,
274,
354,
260,
571,
2150,
25,
464,
309,
8135,
15710,
74,
12,
37753,
694,
283,
32410,
1448,
373,
12006,
1626,
11677,
17894,
286,
262,
1688,
350,
4131,
461,
12,
50,
1990,
272,
5587,
12,
6649,
541,
8046,
29056,
7946,
422,
6233,
1001,
10438,
13,
807,
12972,
305,
565,
3477,
47314,
4635,
513,
10439,
286,
6479,
34973,
28856,
15623,
13,
198,
20490,
20675,
14567,
389,
1043,
319,
262,
362,
4697,
5270,
28856,
15623,
11,
1390,
867,
4273,
3828,
306,
746,
82,
11,
23867,
479,
3686,
504,
11,
290,
285,
38950,
7714,
13,
1400,
884,
20675,
423,
587,
1043,
319,
262,
18887,
15623,
11,
9524,
484,
23681,
1568,
621,
777,
1903,
18573,
290,
1692,
4568,
13,
198,
4366,
28856,
15623,
12893,
494,
4273,
3828,
306,
746,
82,
14567,
284,
262,
886,
286,
262,
604,
400,
39210,
290,
3726,
286,
262,
513,
4372,
39210,
11843,
290,
547,
2405,
973,
287,
30055,
2737,
14567,
379,
6298,
1238,
29694,
12713,
331,
3808,
2084,
13,
14207,
777,
13724,
8544,
11,
262,
1989,
373,
407,
1128,
404,
4817,
1566,
262,
6046,
21449,
13,
198,
7,
42552,
276,
422,
25,
402,
8859,
1220,
40131,
29426,
8,
198,
42,
30447,
7637,
666,
11,
317,
2123,
435,
357,
16942,
8,
366,
28115,
34973,
12,
10034,
12409,
17516,
1042,
290,
4075,
31025,
355,
3288,
2526,
5087,
329,
32369,
290,
15909,
2678,
1600,
449,
4709,
66,
2269,
847,
76,
1874,
11,
410,
13,
17318,
11,
9788,
13,
40385,
12,
33535,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 340 |
What is a bubble? Today’s economies often experience large movements in asset prices that have significant macroeconomic effects. Given that many of these movements in asset prices seem unrelated to economic conditions or fundamentals, they have come to be called bubbles, whether swelling or bursting. Typically, these bubbles are unpredictable and generate substantial macroeconomic effects. Consumption, the capital stock, and output all tend to surge when a bubble arises and then collapse or stagnate when the bubble bursts. Despite the recurrent nature of bubbles and their macroeconomic implications, however, we still lack a stylised model to answer the basic questions:
- What is the origin of bubbly episodes?
- Why are they unpredictable?
- How do bubbles affect consumption, the capital stock, and output?
Of course, economists have long thought about asset bubbles. To do so, they have found it useful to think of an economy with two idealised asset classes: productive assets or “capital” and pyramid schemes or “bubbles”. Both assets are used as a store of value or savings vehicle, but they have different characteristics. Capital is costly to produce but it is then useful in production. Bubbles play no role in production, but initiating them is costless. A successful theory of bubbles should then explain why rational and informed agents optimally choose to hold bubbles in their portfolios, and it should also characterise the macroeconomic consequences of their choice.
Samuelson (1958) and Tirole (1985) laid the foundations for such a theory by portraying bubbles as a remedy to the problem of dynamic inefficiency. Their argument is based on the dual role of capital as a productive asset and a store of value. To satisfy the need for a store of value, economies sometimes accumulate so much capital that the investment required to sustain it exceeds the income that it produces. This investment is inefficient and lowers the resources available for consumption. In this situation, bubbles can be both attractive to investors and feasible from a macroeconomic perspective. For instance, a pyramid scheme that absorbs all inefficient investments in each period is feasible and its return exceeds that of the investments it replaces.
The Samuelson-Tirole model provides an elegant and powerful framework to think about bubbles. However, the picture that emerges from this theory is hard to reconcile with historical evidence.
- First, the model features deterministic bubbles that exist from the very beginning of time and never burst. This is contrary to the observation that, in real economies, bubbles pop-up and burst. We therefore need a model in which bubbles are transient, that is, a model of bubbly episodes.
- Second, and most importantly, in the Samuelson-Tirole model bubbles raise consumption by reducing inefficient investments. As a result, bubbles slow down capital accumulation and lower output. In the real world, bubbly episodes tend to be associated with consumption booms indeed. But they also tend to be associated with expansions in the capital stock and output.
A successful model of bubbles must come to grips with these correlations.
Towards a realistic theory of bubbles
In recent research (Martin and Ventura 2011a and 2011b), we build such a model by introducing investor sentiment shocks and imperfect financial markets into the theory of rational bubbles. Since bubbles have no intrinsic value, their current size depends on market expectations regarding their future size, i.e. on "investor sentiment". Introducing shocks to investor sentiment is therefore crucial to generate realistic bubble dynamics in the model. Introducing financial frictions is also crucial because these create rate-of-return differentials and allow efficient and inefficient investments to coexist. Our key observation is then quite simple. Bubbles not only reduce inefficient investments, but also increase efficient ones. In our model, bubbly episodes are booms in consumption and efficient investments financed by a reduction in inefficient investments. If efficient investments increase enough, bubbly episodes expand the capital stock and output. This turns out to be the case under a wide range of parameter values.
To understand these effects of bubbly episodes, it is useful to analyse the set of transfers that bubbles implement. In the theory, a bubble is nothing but a pyramid scheme by which the buyer surrenders resources today expecting that future buyers will surrender resources to him/her. The economy enters each period with an initial distribution of current and future bubble owners. Some of these owners bought their bubbles in earlier periods, while others just created them or are expected to do so in the future. In this setup, there are two natural channels through which bubbles may transfer resources from inefficient to efficient investment.
- First, they do so directly through the market for bubbles. On the demand side of this market we find investors who cannot obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles; while on the supply side we find consumers and investors who can obtain a return to investment above that of bubbles. When the market for bubbles closes, resources have thus been transferred from inefficient investors to consumers and efficient investors, leading to an increase in consumption and efficient investments at the expense of inefficient investments (Martin and Ventura 2011a).
- Second, bubbles may also transfer resources towards efficient investments through the credit market. This happens when the prospect of a future bubble raises the net worth of efficient investors, therefore allowing them to expand their borrowing and investment (Martin and Ventura 2011b).
Introducing financial frictions can thus explain how bubbles can lead to expansions in the capital stock and in output. It also solves a nagging problem of the theory of rational bubbles, which was first pointed out by Abel et al. (1989). In the Samuelson-Tirole model, bubbles can only exist if the investment required to sustain the capital stock exceeds the income that it produces. Abel et al. (1989) examined a group of developed economies and found that, in all of them, investment falls short of capital income. This finding has often been considered evidence that rational bubbles cannot exist in real economies. Introducing financial frictions into the theory shows that this conclusion is unwarranted. The observation that capital income exceeds investment only implies that, on average, investments are dynamically efficient. But this does not exclude the possibility that the economy contains “pockets” of dynamically inefficient investments that could support a bubble. Nor does it exclude the possibility that an expansionary bubble, by lowering the return to investment, creates itself the pockets of dynamically inefficient investments that support it. In such situations, the test of Abel et al. would wrongly conclude that bubbles are not possible.
Our research is part of a growing body of work that studies the effects of bubbles in the presence of financial frictions:
- Caballero and Krishnamurthy (2006) and Farhi and Tirole (2011) show that bubbles can be a useful source of liquidity;
- Kocherlakota (2009) shows that bubbles can also raise collateral or net worth; and
- Ventura (2011) shows that bubbles can lower the cost of capital.
Models of rational bubbles have also been used to interpret recent events, like global imbalances (Kraay and Ventura 2007) and the recent financial crisis (Martin and Ventura 2010b). The exciting next step in this research agenda is to assess whether these effects of asset bubbles can be quantitatively significant within the class of models used by modern macroeconomics. Doing so requires the introduction of investor sentiment shocks into a quantitative model of the business cycle. That is, we need a model with bubbly business cycles – something we are working on now.
Abel, A, G Mankiw, L Summers, and R Zeckhauser (1989), “Assessing Dynamic Efficiency: Theory and Evidence”, Review of Economic Studies, 56:1-19.
Caballero, R and A Krishnamurthy (2006), “Bubbles and Capital Flow Volatility: Causes and Risk Management”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(1):33-53.
Farhi, E and J Tirole (2011), “Bubbly Liquidity”, mimeo, Harvard University.
Kocherlakota, N (2009), “Bursting Bubbles: Consequences and Cures”, Minneapolis Fed.
Kraay, A and J Ventura (2007), “The Dot-Com Bubble, the Bush Deficits, and the US Current Account”, in R Clarida (ed.), G7 Current Account Imbalances: Sustainability and Adjustment, The University of Chicago.
Martin, A and J Ventura (2011a), “Economic Growth with Bubbles”, CREI working paper.
Martin, A and J Ventura (2011b), “Theoretical Notes on Bubbles and the Current Crisis”, forthcoming, IMF Economic Review.
Samuelson, P (1958), “An Exact Consumption-loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money”, Journal of Political Economy, 66:467-482.
Tirole, J (1985), “Asset Bubbles and Overlapping Generations”, Econometrica, 53(6): 1499-1528.
Ventura, J (2011), “Bubbles and Capital Flows”, Journal of Economic Theory, forthcoming. | [
2061,
318,
257,
14310,
30,
6288,
447,
247,
82,
16533,
1690,
1998,
1588,
8650,
287,
11171,
4536,
326,
423,
2383,
15021,
17079,
3048,
13,
11259,
326,
867,
286,
777,
8650,
287,
11171,
4536,
1283,
19938,
284,
3034,
3403,
393,
33099,
11,
484,
423,
1282,
284,
307,
1444,
25037,
11,
1771,
29844,
393,
37493,
13,
27095,
11,
777,
25037,
389,
22900,
290,
7716,
8904,
15021,
17079,
3048,
13,
42158,
11,
262,
3139,
4283,
11,
290,
5072,
477,
4327,
284,
13853,
618,
257,
14310,
22068,
290,
788,
9807,
393,
23196,
378,
618,
262,
14310,
29404,
13,
7945,
262,
42465,
3450,
286,
25037,
290,
511,
15021,
17079,
10939,
11,
2158,
11,
356,
991,
3092,
257,
22152,
1417,
2746,
284,
3280,
262,
4096,
2683,
25,
198,
12,
1867,
318,
262,
8159,
286,
10015,
36874,
8640,
30,
198,
12,
4162,
389,
484,
22900,
30,
198,
12,
1374,
466,
25037,
2689,
7327,
11,
262,
3139,
4283,
11,
290,
5072,
30,
198,
5189,
1781,
11,
16816,
423,
890,
1807,
546,
11171,
25037,
13,
1675,
466,
523,
11,
484,
423,
1043,
340,
4465,
284,
892,
286,
281,
3773,
351,
734,
7306,
1417,
11171,
6097,
25,
12973,
6798,
393,
564,
250,
27544,
447,
251,
290,
27944,
16546,
393,
564,
250,
46176,
7689,
447,
251,
13,
5747,
6798,
389,
973,
355,
257,
3650,
286,
1988,
393,
10653,
4038,
11,
475,
484,
423,
1180,
9695,
13,
9747,
318,
16378,
284,
4439,
475,
340,
318,
788,
4465,
287,
3227,
13,
19645,
7689,
711,
645,
2597,
287,
3227,
11,
475,
40150,
606,
318,
1575,
1203,
13,
317,
4388,
4583,
286,
25037,
815,
788,
4727,
1521,
9377,
290,
7981,
6554,
6436,
453,
3853,
284,
1745,
25037,
287,
511,
47837,
11,
290,
340,
815,
635,
2095,
786,
262,
15021,
17079,
6948,
286,
511,
3572,
13,
198,
16305,
84,
10151,
357,
1129,
3365,
8,
290,
309,
7058,
293,
357,
29110,
8,
8104,
262,
19369,
329,
884,
257,
4583,
416,
42458,
25037,
355,
257,
21210,
284,
262,
1917,
286,
8925,
287,
45888,
13,
5334,
4578,
318,
1912,
319,
262,
10668,
2597,
286,
3139,
355,
257,
12973,
11171,
290,
257,
3650,
286,
1988,
13,
1675,
15959,
262,
761,
329,
257,
3650,
286,
1988,
11,
16533,
3360,
29915,
523,
881,
3139,
326,
262,
4896,
2672,
284,
8080,
340,
21695,
262,
3739,
326,
340,
11073,
13,
770,
4896,
318,
30904,
290,
34157,
262,
4133,
1695,
329,
7327,
13,
554,
428,
3074,
11,
25037,
460,
307,
1111,
10966,
284,
7713,
290,
23498,
422,
257,
15021,
17079,
6650,
13,
1114,
4554,
11,
257,
27944,
7791,
326,
42909,
477,
30904,
11115,
287,
1123,
2278,
318,
23498,
290,
663,
1441,
21695,
326,
286,
262,
11115,
340,
24020,
13,
198,
464,
3409,
84,
10151,
12,
51,
7058,
293,
2746,
3769,
281,
19992,
290,
3665,
9355,
284,
892,
546,
25037,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
4286,
326,
25457,
422,
428,
4583,
318,
1327,
284,
33570,
351,
6754,
2370,
13,
198,
12,
3274,
11,
262,
2746,
3033,
2206,
49228,
25037,
326,
2152,
422,
262,
845,
3726,
286,
640,
290,
1239,
11173,
13,
770,
318,
10388,
284,
262,
13432,
326,
11,
287,
1103,
16533,
11,
25037,
1461,
12,
929,
290,
11173,
13,
775,
4361,
761,
257,
2746,
287,
543,
25037,
389,
32361,
11,
326,
318,
11,
257,
2746,
286,
10015,
36874,
8640,
13,
198,
12,
5498,
11,
290,
749,
11003,
11,
287,
262,
3409,
84,
10151,
12,
51,
7058,
293,
2746,
25037,
5298,
7327,
416,
8868,
30904,
11115,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
11,
25037,
3105,
866,
3139,
24106,
290,
2793,
5072,
13,
554,
262,
1103,
995,
11,
10015,
36874,
8640,
4327,
284,
307,
3917,
351,
7327,
1489,
3150,
5600,
13,
887,
484,
635,
4327,
284,
307,
3917,
351,
36383,
287,
262,
3139,
4283,
290,
5072,
13,
198,
32,
4388,
2746,
286,
25037,
1276,
1282,
284,
31323,
351,
777,
35811,
13,
198,
51,
322,
1371,
257,
12653,
4583,
286,
25037,
198,
818,
2274,
2267,
357,
24778,
290,
43204,
2813,
64,
290,
2813,
65,
828,
356,
1382,
884,
257,
2746,
416,
16118,
15811,
15598,
32392,
290,
23162,
3176,
5939,
656,
262,
4583,
286,
9377,
25037,
13,
4619,
25037,
423,
645,
28327,
1988,
11,
511,
1459,
2546,
8338,
319,
1910,
9027,
5115,
511,
2003,
2546,
11,
1312,
13,
68,
13,
319,
366,
24859,
273,
15598,
1911,
11036,
2259,
32392,
284,
15811,
15598,
318,
4361,
8780,
284,
7716,
12653,
14310,
17262,
287,
262,
2746,
13,
11036,
2259,
3176,
1216,
9278,
318,
635,
8780,
780,
777,
2251,
2494,
12,
1659,
12,
7783,
1180,
8231,
290,
1249,
6942,
290,
30904,
11115,
284,
763,
38476,
13,
3954,
1994,
13432,
318,
788,
2407,
2829,
13,
19645,
7689,
407,
691,
4646,
30904,
11115,
11,
475,
635,
2620,
6942,
3392,
13,
554,
674,
2746,
11,
10015,
36874,
8640,
389,
1489,
3150,
287,
7327,
290,
6942,
11115,
29768,
416,
257,
7741,
287,
30904,
11115,
13,
1002,
6942,
11115,
2620,
1576,
11,
10015,
36874,
8640,
4292,
262,
3139,
4283,
290,
5072,
13,
770,
4962,
503,
284,
307,
262,
1339,
739,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
11507,
3815,
13,
198,
2514,
1833,
777,
3048,
286,
10015,
36874,
8640,
11,
340,
318,
4465,
284,
39552,
262,
900,
286,
16395,
326,
25037,
3494,
13,
554,
262,
4583,
11,
257,
14310,
318,
2147,
475,
257,
27944,
7791,
416,
543,
262,
17872,
969,
10920,
364,
4133,
1909,
12451,
326,
2003,
14456,
481,
16908,
4133,
284,
683,
14,
372,
13,
383,
3773,
14170,
1123,
2278,
351,
281,
4238,
6082,
286,
1459,
290,
2003,
14310,
4393,
13,
2773,
286,
777,
4393,
5839,
511,
25037,
287,
2961,
9574,
11,
981,
1854,
655,
2727,
606,
393,
389,
2938,
284,
466,
523,
287,
262,
2003,
13,
554,
428,
9058,
11,
612,
389,
734,
3288,
9619,
832,
543,
25037,
743,
4351,
4133,
422,
30904,
284,
6942,
4896,
13,
198,
12,
3274,
11,
484,
466,
523,
3264,
832,
262,
1910,
329,
25037,
13,
1550,
262,
3512,
1735,
286,
428,
1910,
356,
1064,
7713,
508,
2314,
7330,
257,
1441,
284,
4896,
2029,
326,
286,
25037,
26,
981,
319,
262,
5127,
1735,
356,
1064,
7008,
290,
7713,
508,
460,
7330,
257,
1441,
284,
4896,
2029,
326,
286,
25037,
13,
1649,
262,
1910,
329,
25037,
20612,
11,
4133,
423,
4145,
587,
11172,
422,
30904,
7713,
284,
7008,
290,
6942,
7713,
11,
3756,
284,
281,
2620,
287,
7327,
290,
6942,
11115,
379,
262,
10907,
286,
30904,
11115,
357,
24778,
290,
43204,
2813,
64,
737,
198,
12,
5498,
11,
25037,
743,
635,
4351,
4133,
3371,
6942,
11115,
832,
262,
3884,
1910,
13,
770,
4325,
618,
262,
6034,
286,
257,
2003,
14310,
12073,
262,
2010,
2861,
286,
6942,
7713,
11,
4361,
5086,
606,
284,
4292,
511,
23669,
290,
4896,
357,
24778,
290,
43204,
2813,
65,
737,
198,
15005,
2259,
3176,
1216,
9278,
460,
4145,
4727,
703,
25037,
460,
1085,
284,
36383,
287,
262,
3139,
4283,
290,
287,
5072,
13,
632,
635,
39107,
257,
299,
16406,
1917,
286,
262,
4583,
286,
9377,
25037,
11,
543,
373,
717,
6235,
503,
416,
42474,
2123,
435,
13,
357,
25475,
737,
554,
262,
3409,
84,
10151,
12,
51,
7058,
293,
2746,
11,
25037,
460,
691,
2152,
611,
262,
4896,
2672,
284,
8080,
262,
3139,
4283,
21695,
262,
3739,
326,
340,
11073,
13,
42474,
2123,
435,
13,
357,
25475,
8,
11068,
257,
1448,
286,
4166,
16533,
290,
1043,
326,
11,
287,
477,
286,
606,
11,
4896,
8953,
1790,
286,
3139,
3739,
13,
770,
4917,
468,
1690,
587,
3177,
2370,
326,
9377,
25037,
2314,
2152,
287,
1103,
16533,
13,
11036,
2259,
3176,
1216,
9278,
656,
262,
4583,
2523,
326,
428,
7664,
318,
7379,
47940,
13,
383,
13432,
326,
3139,
3739,
21695,
4896,
691,
15565,
326,
11,
319,
2811,
11,
11115,
389,
32366,
6942,
13,
887,
428,
857,
407,
19607,
262,
5885,
326,
262,
3773,
4909,
564,
250,
79,
11603,
447,
251,
286,
32366,
30904,
11115,
326,
714,
1104,
257,
14310,
13,
5414,
857,
340,
19607,
262,
5885,
326,
281,
7118,
560,
14310,
11,
416,
21683,
262,
1441,
284,
4896,
11,
8075,
2346,
262,
16511,
286,
32366,
30904,
11115,
326,
1104,
340,
13,
554,
884,
7445,
11,
262,
1332,
286,
42474,
2123,
435,
13,
561,
31238,
13796,
326,
25037,
389,
407,
1744,
13,
198,
5122,
2267,
318,
636,
286,
257,
3957,
1767,
286,
670,
326,
3640,
262,
3048,
286,
25037,
287,
262,
4931,
286,
3176,
1216,
9278,
25,
198,
12,
15976,
439,
3529,
290,
31372,
7402,
333,
20057,
357,
13330,
8,
290,
6755,
5303,
290,
309,
7058,
293,
357,
9804,
8,
905,
326,
25037,
460,
307,
257,
4465,
2723,
286,
31061,
26,
198,
12,
509,
420,
372,
75,
461,
4265,
357,
10531,
8,
2523,
326,
25037,
460,
635,
5298,
27907,
393,
2010,
2861,
26,
290,
198,
12,
43204,
357,
9804,
8,
2523,
326,
25037,
460,
2793,
262,
1575,
286,
3139,
13,
198,
5841,
1424,
286,
9377,
25037,
423,
635,
587,
973,
284,
6179,
2274,
2995,
11,
588,
3298,
545,
6893,
1817,
357,
42,
430,
323,
290,
43204,
4343,
8,
290,
262,
2274,
3176,
4902,
357,
24778,
290,
43204,
3050,
65,
737,
383,
7895,
1306,
2239,
287,
428,
2267,
8666,
318,
284,
4659,
1771,
777,
3048,
286,
11171,
25037,
460,
307,
5554,
48668,
2383,
1626,
262,
1398,
286,
4981,
973,
416,
3660,
15021,
13926,
873,
13,
25327,
523,
4433,
262,
9793,
286,
15811,
15598,
32392,
656,
257,
26610,
2746,
286,
262,
1597,
6772,
13,
1320,
318,
11,
356,
761,
257,
2746,
351,
10015,
36874,
1597,
16006,
784,
1223,
356,
389,
1762,
319,
783,
13,
198,
4826,
417,
11,
317,
11,
402,
337,
962,
14246,
11,
406,
36776,
11,
290,
371,
9033,
694,
3099,
7220,
357,
25475,
828,
564,
250,
8021,
27289,
26977,
45728,
25,
17003,
290,
21259,
447,
251,
11,
6602,
286,
11279,
10422,
11,
7265,
25,
16,
12,
1129,
13,
198,
34,
397,
439,
3529,
11,
371,
290,
317,
31372,
7402,
333,
20057,
357,
13330,
828,
564,
250,
33,
549,
7689,
290,
9747,
27782,
4709,
18486,
25,
46865,
290,
19602,
8549,
447,
251,
11,
4913,
286,
34112,
18963,
11,
7192,
7,
16,
2599,
2091,
12,
4310,
13,
198,
21428,
5303,
11,
412,
290,
449,
309,
7058,
293,
357,
9804,
828,
564,
250,
33,
33670,
306,
21020,
414,
447,
251,
11,
285,
47776,
11,
11131,
2059,
13,
198,
42,
420,
372,
75,
461,
4265,
11,
399,
357,
10531,
828,
564,
250,
22991,
301,
278,
19645,
7689,
25,
1482,
3107,
3007,
290,
327,
942,
447,
251,
11,
20455,
10169,
13,
198,
42,
430,
323,
11,
317,
290,
449,
43204,
357,
12726,
828,
564,
250,
464,
22875,
12,
5377,
33691,
11,
262,
5511,
2896,
291,
896,
11,
290,
262,
1294,
9236,
10781,
447,
251,
11,
287,
371,
15420,
3755,
357,
276,
12179,
402,
22,
9236,
10781,
1846,
6893,
1817,
25,
311,
19542,
1799,
290,
20292,
434,
11,
383,
2059,
286,
4842,
13,
198,
24778,
11,
317,
290,
449,
43204,
357,
9804,
64,
828,
564,
250,
48307,
19045,
351,
19645,
7689,
447,
251,
11,
29244,
40,
1762,
3348,
13,
198,
24778,
11,
317,
290,
449,
43204,
357,
9804,
65,
828,
564,
250,
464,
9997,
605,
11822,
319,
19645,
7689,
290,
262,
9236,
18660,
447,
251,
11,
21220,
11,
25375,
11279,
6602,
13,
198,
16305,
84,
10151,
11,
350,
357,
1129,
3365,
828,
564,
250,
2025,
1475,
529,
42158,
12,
5439,
272,
9104,
286,
12033,
351,
393,
1231,
262,
5483,
2345,
15104,
590,
286,
12911,
447,
251,
11,
4913,
286,
14611,
18493,
11,
7930,
25,
24669,
12,
40149,
13,
198,
51,
7058,
293,
11,
449,
357,
29110,
828,
564,
250,
45869,
19645,
7689,
290,
3827,
75,
5912,
46003,
447,
251,
11,
412,
1102,
16996,
64,
11,
7192,
7,
21,
2599,
1478,
2079,
12,
1314,
2078,
13,
198,
53,
298,
5330,
11,
449,
357,
9804,
828,
564,
250,
33,
549,
7689,
290,
9747,
1610,
1666,
447,
251,
11,
4913,
286,
11279,
17003,
11,
21220,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 1,922 |
Millions of us have 'pre-diabetes'
By Jeffrey Bramnick, Pure Matters
Almost 24 million Americans have diabetes according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Millions of more Americans have a condition that puts them at high risk for developing diabetes. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) estimates that almost 57 million American adults have pre-diabetes. Pre-diabetes, also known as impaired glucose tolerance, means having a blood sugar level that is higher than normal, but not yet persistently high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes.
There's good news, though. If you have pre-diabetes, you can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by losing weight and getting regular exercise.
Risks of pre-diabetes
If you have pre-diabetes, you are at 50 percent higher risk for developing heart disease and stroke, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA). These are risk factors for pre-diabetes:
- Overweight or obesity; a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is obese
- A family history of type 2 diabetes
- Being an African American, American Indian, Hispanic American or Asian American
- Low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides (abnormal lipid profile)
- High blood pressure
- A history of gestational diabetes
What to do
If you have pre-diabetes, work with your health care provider on lifestyle changes you can make. If you're overweight, losing weight can reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes. Losing even eight to 10 pounds can make a difference, the NIDDK says.
Ultimately, you should aim for a BMI of 27; ideally, less than 25.
To lose weight, maintain the loss and live a healthier life, get regular moderate-intensity exercise. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 2005 guidelines on nutrition and exercise recommend 30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise daily. This amount can be broken up into several 20-minute sessions each day. Be sure to check with your health care provider before beginning an exercise program.
By the numbers
Two types of tests can determine whether you have pre-diabetes: fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) or the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). If your blood sugar level is abnormally high with the FPG, you have impaired fasting glucose, according to the ADA. If your blood sugar levels are abnormally high with the OGTT, you have impaired glucose tolerance.
Here's what overnight (or eight hours or more) fasting blood sugar numbers mean, according to guidelines by the CDC. Doctors measure blood sugar in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL):
- Normal: Below 100 mg/dL
- Pre-diabetes: 100 to 125 mg/dL
- Diabetes: 126 mg/dL and above
Here is what oral glucose tolerance blood sugar numbers mean, according to the ADA:
- Normal: Below 139 mg/dL
- Pre-diabetes: 140 to 199 mg/dL
- Diabetes: 200 mg/dL and above
Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | [
22603,
507,
286,
514,
423,
705,
3866,
12,
10989,
11064,
6,
198,
3886,
19627,
35315,
17172,
11,
17129,
30587,
198,
23379,
1987,
1510,
3399,
423,
12593,
1864,
284,
262,
3337,
329,
17344,
6779,
357,
47667,
737,
39830,
286,
517,
3399,
423,
257,
4006,
326,
7584,
606,
379,
1029,
2526,
329,
5922,
12593,
13,
383,
2351,
5136,
286,
39569,
290,
44255,
425,
290,
16828,
1681,
39988,
357,
45,
2389,
48510,
8,
7746,
326,
2048,
7632,
1510,
1605,
6490,
423,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
13,
3771,
12,
10989,
11064,
11,
635,
1900,
355,
22753,
15701,
15621,
11,
1724,
1719,
257,
2910,
7543,
1241,
326,
318,
2440,
621,
3487,
11,
475,
407,
1865,
21160,
1473,
1029,
1576,
284,
307,
3177,
2099,
362,
12593,
13,
198,
1858,
338,
922,
1705,
11,
996,
13,
1002,
345,
423,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
11,
345,
460,
5711,
393,
2948,
2099,
362,
12593,
416,
6078,
3463,
290,
1972,
3218,
5517,
13,
198,
49,
36730,
286,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
11,
345,
389,
379,
2026,
1411,
2440,
2526,
329,
5922,
2612,
4369,
290,
14000,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
1605,
39569,
5396,
357,
26853,
737,
2312,
389,
2526,
5087,
329,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
25,
198,
12,
3827,
6551,
393,
13825,
26,
257,
1767,
2347,
6376,
357,
33,
8895,
8,
286,
1679,
284,
2808,
13,
24,
318,
3177,
22652,
11,
290,
257,
22456,
286,
1542,
393,
2440,
318,
20779,
198,
12,
317,
1641,
2106,
286,
2099,
362,
12593,
198,
12,
11204,
281,
5510,
1605,
11,
1605,
3942,
11,
16949,
1605,
393,
7740,
1605,
198,
12,
7754,
48867,
18759,
290,
1029,
47937,
1460,
357,
397,
11265,
34073,
7034,
8,
198,
12,
3334,
2910,
3833,
198,
12,
317,
2106,
286,
10521,
864,
12593,
198,
2061,
284,
466,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
11,
670,
351,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
319,
12263,
2458,
345,
460,
787,
13,
1002,
345,
821,
22652,
11,
6078,
3463,
460,
4646,
534,
2526,
329,
2099,
362,
12593,
13,
406,
2752,
772,
3624,
284,
838,
8059,
460,
787,
257,
3580,
11,
262,
399,
2389,
48510,
1139,
13,
198,
27212,
11,
345,
815,
4031,
329,
257,
22456,
286,
2681,
26,
30274,
11,
1342,
621,
1679,
13,
198,
2514,
4425,
3463,
11,
5529,
262,
2994,
290,
2107,
257,
22841,
1204,
11,
651,
3218,
10768,
12,
47799,
5517,
13,
383,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
19717,
338,
5075,
9949,
319,
16633,
290,
5517,
4313,
1542,
284,
3126,
2431,
286,
10768,
284,
31543,
5517,
4445,
13,
770,
2033,
460,
307,
5445,
510,
656,
1811,
1160,
12,
11374,
10991,
1123,
1110,
13,
1355,
1654,
284,
2198,
351,
534,
1535,
1337,
10131,
878,
3726,
281,
5517,
1430,
13,
198,
3886,
262,
3146,
198,
7571,
3858,
286,
5254,
460,
5004,
1771,
345,
423,
662,
12,
10989,
11064,
25,
24845,
16074,
15701,
1332,
357,
5837,
38,
8,
393,
262,
12886,
15701,
15621,
1332,
357,
7730,
15751,
737,
1002,
534,
2910,
7543,
1241,
318,
42364,
453,
1029,
351,
262,
376,
6968,
11,
345,
423,
22753,
24845,
15701,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
46460,
13,
1002,
534,
2910,
7543,
2974,
389,
42364,
453,
1029,
351,
262,
34498,
15751,
11,
345,
423,
22753,
15701,
15621,
13,
198,
4342,
338,
644,
13417,
357,
273,
3624,
2250,
393,
517,
8,
24845,
2910,
7543,
3146,
1612,
11,
1864,
284,
9949,
416,
262,
20434,
13,
28274,
3953,
2910,
7543,
287,
3939,
328,
9474,
583,
875,
346,
2676,
357,
11296,
14,
45582,
2599,
198,
12,
14435,
25,
10383,
1802,
10527,
14,
45582,
198,
12,
3771,
12,
10989,
11064,
25,
1802,
284,
13151,
10527,
14,
45582,
198,
12,
39569,
25,
19710,
10527,
14,
45582,
290,
2029,
198,
4342,
318,
644,
12886,
15701,
15621,
2910,
7543,
3146,
1612,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
46460,
25,
198,
12,
14435,
25,
10383,
23666,
10527,
14,
45582,
198,
12,
3771,
12,
10989,
11064,
25,
12713,
284,
1594,
10527,
14,
45582,
198,
12,
39569,
25,
939,
10527,
14,
45582,
290,
2029,
198,
20344,
6169,
416,
4455,
32250,
13,
770,
2587,
743,
407,
307,
3199,
11,
7025,
11,
30101,
393,
38913,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 671 |
Water Tongue Forms
Water Tongue is found written in four basic forms (see below right). The regular form is found in the greatest abundance and was used in all aspects of daily life. Water Tongue in formal form was used for special occasions like weddings and for decoration. The informal form was used in hurried informal writings. Oldest of all the forms is the orginal form but use of the form appears to have waned. Its style resembles a waterfall and seems to have carried some religious or spiritual value.
|Water Tongue has three form structures, also called pyes, that all words are based off of. Two are referred to as the Hope and Fear pyes but there appearded to be some controversy surrounding the third: Love, Truth or Joy.| | [
19184,
26565,
518,
39196,
198,
19184,
26565,
518,
318,
1043,
3194,
287,
1440,
4096,
5107,
357,
3826,
2174,
826,
737,
383,
3218,
1296,
318,
1043,
287,
262,
6000,
20038,
290,
373,
973,
287,
477,
7612,
286,
4445,
1204,
13,
5638,
26565,
518,
287,
8766,
1296,
373,
973,
329,
2041,
12432,
588,
37377,
290,
329,
42050,
13,
383,
22176,
1296,
373,
973,
287,
31662,
22176,
19336,
13,
5706,
395,
286,
477,
262,
5107,
318,
262,
8745,
1292,
1296,
475,
779,
286,
262,
1296,
3568,
284,
423,
266,
22739,
13,
6363,
3918,
22960,
257,
42467,
290,
2331,
284,
423,
5281,
617,
4158,
393,
8557,
1988,
13,
198,
91,
19184,
26565,
518,
468,
1115,
1296,
8573,
11,
635,
1444,
279,
8505,
11,
326,
477,
2456,
389,
1912,
572,
286,
13,
4930,
389,
6412,
284,
355,
262,
13408,
290,
16132,
279,
8505,
475,
612,
35787,
10676,
284,
307,
617,
10386,
7346,
262,
2368,
25,
5896,
11,
14056,
393,
14087,
13,
91,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 158 |
I am one of those people who love to travel. It doesn't matter if I'm driving for a few minutes or several hours, I just relax and enjoy the drive. During my journeys I have observed odd tasks that drivers try to perform while simultaneously operating their vehicle. I have observed people text messaging, talking on the phone, putting on makeup, reading, and putting in contact lenses. Secondary activities have become an everyday occurrence for American motorists. A growing shift in focus from the roadway to a multitude of other tasks impairs the ability of modern drivers. Even though research shows that certain influences (such as drowsiness or conversation) cause greater impairment than driving drunk, over 7 million people believe that their focus is unaffected by these behaviors.
Over the last several years, technology has imbedded itself into our everyday lives. Can you remember the last time you forgot your cell phone at home and left for work? Did it cause you distress, wondering how you could ever make it through the day without your phone? Fifteen to 20 years ago, this was unheard of. Today, it is the norm. The younger generation has grown up in this ever-advancing technological era and has never experienced a time without cell phones. Because cell phones have become such a part of our everyday lives, distracted driving is now the number one killer of American teens and young adults.
Distracted driving among motorists has become an epidemic. In the state of Missouri alone, in 2011, distracted driving killed 153 people and injured 10,017. Distraction affected crashes are preventable. Distracted driving does not just happen, it is a choice. Sending or receiving a text takes a driver's eyes from the road for an average of 4.6 seconds. An equivalent is driving 55 mph for the length of an entire football field, blind. Text messaging creates a crash risk 23 times worse than driving while not distracted.
As generations age and technology advances, the number of Americans using electronic devices while driving will continue to grow, as will the number of vehicle crashes caused by distracted driving. Working together, all of us can help reduce driver distraction, and save lives and prevent injuries. While some progress has been made to educate the youth in the fight to end distracted driving, they aren't the only drivers who are distracted. There is much more to be done to help end this dangerous practice. Itâs clear the problem is complex and the solution requires parents, teens, educators, employers, and the government to get involved. Still, the first line of defense against this risky behavior must be personal responsibility by all drivers to put their wireless devices away and keep their focus on the road. | [
40,
716,
530,
286,
883,
661,
508,
1842,
284,
3067,
13,
632,
1595,
470,
2300,
611,
314,
1101,
5059,
329,
257,
1178,
2431,
393,
1811,
2250,
11,
314,
655,
8960,
290,
2883,
262,
3708,
13,
5856,
616,
35724,
314,
423,
6515,
5629,
8861,
326,
6643,
1949,
284,
1620,
981,
11640,
5361,
511,
4038,
13,
314,
423,
6515,
661,
2420,
19925,
11,
3375,
319,
262,
3072,
11,
5137,
319,
16029,
11,
3555,
11,
290,
5137,
287,
2800,
18405,
13,
29521,
4568,
423,
1716,
281,
10908,
19810,
329,
1605,
32688,
13,
317,
3957,
6482,
287,
2962,
422,
262,
35852,
284,
257,
24124,
286,
584,
8861,
848,
3468,
262,
2694,
286,
3660,
6643,
13,
3412,
996,
2267,
2523,
326,
1728,
16717,
357,
10508,
355,
288,
8516,
1272,
393,
5273,
8,
2728,
3744,
23992,
621,
5059,
10785,
11,
625,
767,
1510,
661,
1975,
326,
511,
2962,
318,
35290,
416,
777,
14301,
13,
198,
5886,
262,
938,
1811,
812,
11,
3037,
468,
545,
3077,
9395,
2346,
656,
674,
10908,
3160,
13,
1680,
345,
3505,
262,
938,
640,
345,
16453,
534,
2685,
3072,
379,
1363,
290,
1364,
329,
670,
30,
7731,
340,
2728,
345,
17087,
11,
11263,
703,
345,
714,
1683,
787,
340,
832,
262,
1110,
1231,
534,
3072,
30,
12830,
7821,
284,
1160,
812,
2084,
11,
428,
373,
36511,
286,
13,
6288,
11,
340,
318,
262,
2593,
13,
383,
7099,
5270,
468,
7334,
510,
287,
428,
1683,
12,
32225,
5077,
14614,
6980,
290,
468,
1239,
5924,
257,
640,
1231,
2685,
9512,
13,
4362,
2685,
9512,
423,
1716,
884,
257,
636,
286,
674,
10908,
3160,
11,
22943,
5059,
318,
783,
262,
1271,
530,
11868,
286,
1605,
15508,
290,
1862,
6490,
13,
198,
20344,
20216,
5059,
1871,
32688,
468,
1716,
281,
18195,
13,
554,
262,
1181,
286,
11565,
3436,
11,
287,
2813,
11,
22943,
5059,
2923,
24652,
661,
290,
6686,
838,
11,
29326,
13,
4307,
7861,
5676,
17616,
389,
2948,
540,
13,
4307,
20216,
5059,
857,
407,
655,
1645,
11,
340,
318,
257,
3572,
13,
32038,
393,
6464,
257,
2420,
2753,
257,
4639,
338,
2951,
422,
262,
2975,
329,
281,
2811,
286,
604,
13,
21,
4201,
13,
1052,
7548,
318,
5059,
5996,
16462,
329,
262,
4129,
286,
281,
2104,
4346,
2214,
11,
7770,
13,
8255,
19925,
8075,
257,
7014,
2526,
2242,
1661,
4785,
621,
5059,
981,
407,
22943,
13,
198,
1722,
10439,
2479,
290,
3037,
14901,
11,
262,
1271,
286,
3399,
1262,
7914,
4410,
981,
5059,
481,
2555,
284,
1663,
11,
355,
481,
262,
1271,
286,
4038,
17616,
4073,
416,
22943,
5059,
13,
14594,
1978,
11,
477,
286,
514,
460,
1037,
4646,
4639,
24066,
11,
290,
3613,
3160,
290,
2948,
6821,
13,
2893,
617,
4371,
468,
587,
925,
284,
20771,
262,
6205,
287,
262,
1907,
284,
886,
22943,
5059,
11,
484,
3588,
470,
262,
691,
6643,
508,
389,
22943,
13,
1318,
318,
881,
517,
284,
307,
1760,
284,
1037,
886,
428,
4923,
3357,
13,
632,
22940,
82,
1598,
262,
1917,
318,
3716,
290,
262,
4610,
4433,
3397,
11,
15508,
11,
30770,
11,
11390,
11,
290,
262,
1230,
284,
651,
2950,
13,
7831,
11,
262,
717,
1627,
286,
3761,
1028,
428,
17564,
4069,
1276,
307,
2614,
5798,
416,
477,
6643,
284,
1234,
511,
12521,
4410,
1497,
290,
1394,
511,
2962,
319,
262,
2975,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 537 |
A new study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute shows death rates from cancer steadily declined from 1994 to 1998. But the rates have since leveled off.
Lung cancer still remains the number one cancer killer in America. The American Cancer Society estimates that eight out of 10 lung cancer deaths are due to smoking.
Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows Kentucky not only leads the way in percentage of smokers in the population, but also has the highest lung cancer death rates in the country.
The state health department says it will spend $4.8 million on tobacco control programs this year--an amount that still falls far short of the $25 million recommended by the CDC for the state. This puts Kentucky in 40th place overall for tobacco control spending.
Health officials say they are doing the best they can with the funds available for tobacco control programs. | [
32,
649,
2050,
287,
262,
4913,
286,
262,
2351,
15523,
5136,
2523,
1918,
3965,
422,
4890,
18434,
7392,
422,
9162,
284,
7795,
13,
887,
262,
3965,
423,
1201,
33297,
572,
13,
198,
43,
2150,
4890,
991,
3793,
262,
1271,
530,
4890,
11868,
287,
2253,
13,
383,
1605,
15523,
7023,
7746,
326,
3624,
503,
286,
838,
12317,
4890,
7040,
389,
2233,
284,
9216,
13,
198,
6601,
422,
262,
22223,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
2523,
11867,
407,
691,
5983,
262,
835,
287,
5873,
286,
24109,
287,
262,
3265,
11,
475,
635,
468,
262,
4511,
12317,
4890,
1918,
3965,
287,
262,
1499,
13,
198,
464,
1181,
1535,
5011,
1139,
340,
481,
4341,
720,
19,
13,
23,
1510,
319,
11219,
1630,
4056,
428,
614,
438,
272,
2033,
326,
991,
8953,
1290,
1790,
286,
262,
720,
1495,
1510,
7151,
416,
262,
20434,
329,
262,
1181,
13,
770,
7584,
11867,
287,
2319,
400,
1295,
4045,
329,
11219,
1630,
4581,
13,
198,
18081,
2828,
910,
484,
389,
1804,
262,
1266,
484,
460,
351,
262,
5153,
1695,
329,
11219,
1630,
4056,
13,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 176 |
Yoga for a Healthy Back and Neck
Back problems are very common among adults: some estimates say that over 20% of adults have some chronic back pain. Among the many causes of back pain are poor posture, back strain from poorly designed furniture, weak back and stomach muscles from lack of exercise, and injuries.
Many physicians recommend Yoga exercise as a way to gently stretch and strengthen back muscles. In fact, if you’ve had physical therapy, you’ll probably recognize several Yoga movements. In Yoga, a strong, flexible back is very important for maintaining posture, for insuring that the nervous system pathways are strong and clear, for improving circulation to the brain, and for maintaining the erect posture necessary for seated meditation in intermediate practice.
Yoga exercises can be helpful both in preventing and in healing from an injury. Many Yoga exercises gently stretch and strengthen the muscles in the hips, back, and legs; others improve muscle strength in the abdomen, which supports the lower back. In most people, muscles on one side of the body are stronger than those on the other; Yoga exercises stretch and strengthen both sides equally. If you practice every day, you will soon notice more relaxed posture and a more fluid carriage, and your back muscles won’t tire as easily. You’ll also learn how to recognize tension in your back and neck muscles more quickly so that you can release it before the muscles become tight and sore.
If you have suffered an injury to your back or neck, begin with extremely gentle movements that do not hyperextend the neck or back in either direction. In a class, your instructor will modify the Yoga exercises for you to be sure you don’t strain. Even if you have had back surgery, there will always be some movements you can do. Be sure to consult your physician before beginning any new exercise routine.
Breathing techniques and meditation training will teach you how to relax your body and mind at will and to recover faster from stress reactions. For beginning meditation, which is done lying flat so the spine can remain straight without strain, place a few cushions under your thighs and knees to release any pressure on your lower back.
By exercising carefully, and by practicing a simple routine of exercise, breathing, and meditation every day, you can help your back and neck become as strong and healthy as possible.
Courtesy of the American Yoga Association | [
56,
10949,
329,
257,
30840,
5157,
290,
34726,
198,
7282,
2761,
389,
845,
2219,
1871,
6490,
25,
617,
7746,
910,
326,
625,
1160,
4,
286,
6490,
423,
617,
10726,
736,
2356,
13,
9754,
262,
867,
5640,
286,
736,
2356,
389,
3595,
24521,
11,
736,
14022,
422,
13455,
3562,
13091,
11,
4939,
736,
290,
11384,
12749,
422,
3092,
286,
5517,
11,
290,
6821,
13,
198,
7085,
17206,
4313,
32856,
5517,
355,
257,
835,
284,
15165,
7539,
290,
12160,
736,
12749,
13,
554,
1109,
11,
611,
345,
447,
247,
303,
550,
3518,
9102,
11,
345,
447,
247,
297,
2192,
7564,
1811,
32856,
8650,
13,
554,
32856,
11,
257,
1913,
11,
12846,
736,
318,
845,
1593,
329,
10941,
24521,
11,
329,
1035,
870,
326,
262,
10927,
1080,
22963,
389,
1913,
290,
1598,
11,
329,
10068,
19133,
284,
262,
3632,
11,
290,
329,
10941,
262,
16417,
24521,
3306,
329,
21639,
16901,
287,
19898,
3357,
13,
198,
56,
10949,
13565,
460,
307,
7613,
1111,
287,
12174,
290,
287,
11516,
422,
281,
5095,
13,
4650,
32856,
13565,
15165,
7539,
290,
12160,
262,
12749,
287,
262,
21497,
11,
736,
11,
290,
7405,
26,
1854,
2987,
8280,
4202,
287,
262,
32956,
11,
543,
6971,
262,
2793,
736,
13,
554,
749,
661,
11,
12749,
319,
530,
1735,
286,
262,
1767,
389,
7387,
621,
883,
319,
262,
584,
26,
32856,
13565,
7539,
290,
12160,
1111,
5389,
8603,
13,
1002,
345,
3357,
790,
1110,
11,
345,
481,
2582,
4003,
517,
18397,
24521,
290,
257,
517,
11711,
25739,
11,
290,
534,
736,
12749,
1839,
447,
247,
83,
15867,
355,
3538,
13,
921,
447,
247,
297,
635,
2193,
703,
284,
7564,
12097,
287,
534,
736,
290,
7393,
12749,
517,
2952,
523,
326,
345,
460,
2650,
340,
878,
262,
12749,
1716,
5381,
290,
19597,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
6989,
281,
5095,
284,
534,
736,
393,
7393,
11,
2221,
351,
4457,
10296,
8650,
326,
466,
407,
20606,
260,
742,
437,
262,
7393,
393,
736,
287,
2035,
4571,
13,
554,
257,
1398,
11,
534,
21187,
481,
13096,
262,
32856,
13565,
329,
345,
284,
307,
1654,
345,
836,
447,
247,
83,
14022,
13,
3412,
611,
345,
423,
550,
736,
8185,
11,
612,
481,
1464,
307,
617,
8650,
345,
460,
466,
13,
1355,
1654,
284,
5725,
534,
14325,
878,
3726,
597,
649,
5517,
8027,
13,
198,
33,
630,
722,
7605,
290,
16901,
3047,
481,
4545,
345,
703,
284,
8960,
534,
1767,
290,
2000,
379,
481,
290,
284,
8551,
5443,
422,
5503,
12737,
13,
1114,
3726,
16901,
11,
543,
318,
1760,
9105,
6228,
523,
262,
19656,
460,
3520,
3892,
1231,
14022,
11,
1295,
257,
1178,
24736,
507,
739,
534,
30389,
290,
14475,
284,
2650,
597,
3833,
319,
534,
2793,
736,
13,
198,
3886,
25352,
7773,
11,
290,
416,
18207,
257,
2829,
8027,
286,
5517,
11,
12704,
11,
290,
16901,
790,
1110,
11,
345,
460,
1037,
534,
736,
290,
7393,
1716,
355,
1913,
290,
5448,
355,
1744,
13,
198,
31825,
286,
262,
1605,
32856,
5396,
50256
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] | 487 |
Subsets and Splits