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Swat (princely state)
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012)|
|State of Swat|
|Province of the Mughal Empire (1802–1858)
Princely state of the British Raj (1858–1947)
Princely state of Pakistan (1947–1955)
|Wāli of Swat||His Highness Sultan Faghal (first)|
|His Highness Miangul Jahan Zeb, Wāli of Swat (last)|
|Historical era||Mughal Empire (1802–1858) Indian British Empire (22 February 1858-1947) Princely state of Pakistan (1947-1955) Part of West Pakistan (1955-1969) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (1970-present) Dividing between the Swat, Buner and Shangla|
|-||Merged into West Pakistan||14 October 1955|
|Currency||Rupee, Pakistan Rupee (after 1947)|
This article is part of the series
The Yousufzai State of Swat (Urdu: ریاست سوات) was a province of the Mughal Empire ruled by local rulers known as the Akhunds, then until 1947 a princely state of the British Indian Empire, which was dissolved in 1947, when the Akhwand acceded to Pakistan. The state lay to the north of the modern Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan and continued within its 1947 borders until 1969, when it was dissolved. The area it covered is now divided between the present-day states of Swat, Buner and Shangla.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2012)|
- See also History of Swat
The Swat region has been inhabited for more than two thousand years and was known in ancient times as Udyana. The location of Swat made it an important stopping point for many invaders, including Alexander the Great and Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. The second century BCE saw Swat forming part of the Buddhist civilisation of Gandhara.
Swat was a center of Hinayana Buddhism and of the Mahayana school that developed from it. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien, who visited the valley around 403 CE, mentions 500 monasteries. After him, Sun Yun (519 CE), Hsuan-tsang (630 CE), and Wu-kung (752 CE) visited Swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit-trees and the respect in which Buddhism was held.
The Kushan dynasty ruled for four centuries until it was overrun by the White Huns in the 5th century CE and the glory of the Gandhara era came to an end. Hsuan-tsang recorded the decline of Buddhism. According to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned. The monks still quoted from the scriptures but no longer understood them. There were grapes in abundance but cultivation of the fields was sparse.
From the 8th century CE onwards, Muslim Arabs started to exert pressure from the west in the most eastern-Iranian lands where the Hindu Shahi Dynasty still ruled. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Gabari Royal Tajik tribe advanced through Laghmanat, Ningarhar, and Dir to invade Swat, defeating the Bhudists and the Hindus. This war was headed by Sultan Pakhal Gabari and later on by Sultan Behram Gabari, both Jahangirian sultans. Rulers of Kuner Pich and cousin of Rulers of Balkh and Kashmir. Later some Dilazak encroached on the area and settled among the Gabaris, who in 1519 and 1520 were ousted in their turn by the Yusufzais backed by the Mughal Badshah Zahiruddin Muhammad Baber,the fierce super power. It is a historical paradox that the Yusufzais were ousted from Kabul by Mirza Ullegh Beg, the uncle of Baber, and killed 600 Malak of Yusufzai, whereas the Gabaris warmly welcomed Yousofzai refugees and settled them within Gabari sultanate areas of Bajour, Dir and Swat. The Yusofzais forgot the generosity of the Gabaris and encroached on their state with the plotted help of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babar.And thus, In 1519 they demolished the Gabar-Kot fortress in Bajour killed the Sultans including Sultan Mir Haider Ali Gabari.Further advanced into Swat, forcing the last Gabari ruler, Sultan Awais Gabari Manglaware Fort, to Retire to Upper Dir. He established his rule in Upper Dir, Chitral Wakhan, Badakhshan and other petty states of the Upper Oxus.
The modern area of Swat was ruled sporadically by religious leaders, who took the title of Akhoond, also spelt Akhund or Akond. The Akhund of Swat who died in 1877 was particularly famous as the subject of a well known humorist poem by Edward Lear, The Akond of Swat. The nonsensical poem suggests a far away place and a mystical person, at least through the eyes of a Victorian poet and painter.
The Islamic State of Swat was established in 1849 under Sayyid Akbar Shah with Sharia law remaining in force, but the state was in abeyance from 1863 to 1915. Sayyid Abdul-Jabbar Khan was made ruler by a local Jirga and had trouble exercising power. In 1917 another Jirga appointed Miangul Golshahzada Abdul-Wadud. The British recognised the state as a princely state in 1926. Following the Partition of India in 1947, the ruler acceded the state to Pakistan, while retaining considerable autonomy. The ruler of Swat was accorded a 15-gun hereditary salute in 1966, but this was followed by the abolition of the state in 1969 due to the policy of Government of Pakistan.
The people of Swat are mainly Pashtuns, Kohistanis and Gujars. Some have very distinctive physical characteristics, including blonde hair and blue eyes. They may be of Dardic extraction, as found in other parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the surrounding area.
The rulers of Swat held the title Amir-e Shariyat and from 1918 were known as Badshah; the title changed to Wali in 1926 when it became a Princely State of the British Raj. Since 1969 the former princely state has been under a civil administration as part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Miangul family is still prominent in Pakistan and has held a variety of appointed and elective posts.
|Tenure||Rulers of Swat||Honorary|
|Sultan Faghal or Sultan Pakhal|
|Sultan Behram Jahangeeri|
|Sultan Ghiyasunddin Abdullah Khan|
|Sultan Owais Jahangeeri|
|1849 - 11 May 1857||Sayyid Akbar Shah|
|11 May 1857 - 1863||Sayyid Mubarak Shah Sahib|
|1863–1915||State in abeyance|
|1915 - September 1917||Sayyid Abdul-Jabbar Khan|
|September 1917 - 12 December 1949||Miangul Golshahzada Abdul-Wadud Badshah Sahib|
|12 December 1949 - 28 July 1969||Miangul Abdul-Haqq Jahan Zeb|
|28 July 1969||(civil administration)||Miangul Abdul-Haqq Jahan Zeb|
|1987 to date||(civil administration)||Miangul Aurangzeb|
See also
- Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Princely States". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
Further reading
- The Last Wali of Swat: An Autobiography as Told by Fredrik Barth (Asian Portraits), by Fredrik Barth
- Sack, John (2000). Report from Practically Nowhere. ISBN 0-595-08918-6.
- Sultan-i-Rome, Swat State, 1915–1969, From Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-Political, and Economic Development, Karachi: Oxford University Press (2008), ISBN 0-19-547113-X
- Sultan-i-Rome. Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan): A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices, NCCR IP6 Working Paper No. 6. Zurich: Department of Geography, University of Zurich (2005)
- Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- RoyalArk website on general and dynastic history
- Details on the ruling family of Swat
- Daily Times: NWFP Religious Background
- Geographic Journal article on Swat | [
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] | 1,934 |
Hurricane Irene of 2011 now rated history's 6th most damaging hurricane
New damage estimates released last month by NOAA now place the damage from 2011's Hurricane Irene at $15.8 billion, making the storm the 6th costliest hurricane and 10th costliest weather-related disaster in U.S. history. Irene hit North Carolina on August 27, 2011, as a Category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds, and made landfalls the next day in New Jersey and New York City as a tropical storm. Most of the damage from Irene occurred because of the tremendous fresh water flooding the storm's rains brought to much of New England. Irene is now rated as the most expensive Category 1 hurricane to hit the U.S. The previous record was held by Hurricane Agnes of 1972, whose floods did $11.8 billion in damage in the Northeast. NOAA also announced that the name Irene had been retired from the list of active hurricane names. Irene was the only named retired in 2011, and was the 76th name to be retired since 1954. The name Irene was replaced with Irma, which is next scheduled be used in 2017.
Figure 1. True-color MODIS image of Hurricane Irene over North Carolina taken at 11:35 am EDT August 27, 2011. At the time, Irene was a Category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds. Image credit: NASA.
At last month's 30th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology of the American Meteorological Society, Paul Ruscher of Florida State University explained how Irene's storm surge came within 8 inches of flooding New York City's subway system, which would have caused devastating damage. At the current global rate of sea level rise of 3.1 mm/year, a repeat of Irene 65 years from now would be capable of flooding the subway system, if no action is taken. Since sea level rise is expected to accelerate as the planet warms in coming decades, an Irene-type storm surge would likely be capable of flooding the NYC subway system much sooner than that. To read more about New York City's vulnerability, see Andrew Freedman's analysis at Climate Central, Climate Change Could Cripple New York’s Transportation, or my November 2011 blog post, Hurricane Irene: New York City dodges a potential storm surge mega-disaster. | [
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] | 480 |
To Our Enota Readers
August 1, 2012
One of the many vegetables growing in our organic garden this year is the jalapeño pepper. The jalapeno is a vegetable—or, more properly, a fruit—that can be grown either in a simple garden or in the home. Besides this, jalapenos can be used for a variety of recipes and mixtures.
Like all capsicum peppers, the jalepeno comes naturally from the Americas. The jalapeno in particular originates from Mexico, and is named after Xalapa, Veracruz. A mature fruit normally ranges in size from 2-3 ½ inches and is normally picked while still green. The juice of the jalapeno has long been used as a remedy for cardiovascular problems or even allergies. Incidentally, the chipotle is a just ripe jalapeno that has been smoked.
Jalapenos have a good source of Iron, Phosphorus, Riboflavin, Niacin, and Magnesium. Also, if you’re looking for a good source of Vitamin C, jalapenos can help. 1 cup of sliced jalapenos contain as much as 66% the Daily Value of Vitamin C, along with 14% the Daily Value of Vitamin A.
Jalapenos are also thought to have a beneficial effect in Alzheimer’s disease—mainly by limiting neuronal damage in the brain.
Most people automatically assume that jalapenos are very hot. In all actuality, the seeds are the hottest part of the pepper. And if you’re eating the pepper raw rather than pickled, you’ll find a little less heat. If you’re looking for a challenge, the jalapeno is definitely not one of the top peppers. The habenero is better for intense heat or—if looking for a touch of true fire—the ghost pepper can feed the flames.
So what gives jalapenos their heat? Well, the capsaicin flavonoid gives many peppers their characteristic heat, and this is especially true if peppers have been pickled or cooked. Also, if you’re looking to add a little bit of fresh jalapeno to your stir-fry or other dishes, be careful in cooking these peppers on the skillet or grill: the compounds released can be a big irritant to the eyes and lungs if not careful. Food chemists believe this is because the capsaicin evaporates and expands.
If you’re eating jalapenos and feel the heat is a little too much, eating cold yogurt can help cool you down. Don’t try to drink a lot of water; this only causes the capsaicin to spread around. The yogurt (ice cream can also help) dilutes the capsaicin and helps to keep it from touching the lining of your stomach, which helps in soothing any burning pain.
DON’T get any portion of the pepper near your eye. If dealing with the peppers, wash your hands before getting your hands near your eyes or nose. If this does happen, rinse your eyes out thoroughly with cold water to reduce irritation.
Of course, eating a large amount of spicy foods over a long period of time can cause ulcers. If you are experiencing any pain after eating spicy foods, give your doctor a call and put the spicy adventures on hold until you know the cause.
1 lb. Onions
½ lb. bell peppers
1 tsp salt, optional
½ cup of white vinegar
½ lb. jalapeno peppers
1 large can tomatoes, 16 oz.
1 tsp. garlic powder
Cut stems and remove seeds from jalapeno peppers. Chop fine, wear gloves when handling jalapenos. Chop all vegetables, including tomatoes, and place in pot with other ingredients. Bring to a boil, then simmer about 1 hour, stirring occasionally until onions are soft and sauce is slightly thickened.
To get sauce a little hotter, leave in all jalapeno pepper seeds
Bottle and refrigerate, or may be put in jars and canned. Makes about 3 pints.
12 ounces cream cheese, softened
1 (8 ounce) package shredded cheddar cheese
1 tablespoon bacon bits
12 ounces jalapeno peppers, seeded and halved
1 cup milk
1 cup all-purpose flour
1 cup dry bread crumbs
2 quarts of oil for frying
In medium bowl, mix the cream cheese, cheddar cheese, and bacon bits. Spoon this mixture into the jalapeno pepper halves.
Put the milk and flour into two separate small bowls. Dip the stuffed jalapenos first into the milk then into the flour, making sure they are well coated with each. Allow the coated jalapenos to dry for about 10 minutes.
Dip the jalapenos in milk again and roll them through the breadcrumbs. Allow them to dry, then repeat to ensure the entire surface of the jalapeno is coated
In a medium skillet, heat the oil to 365 degrees F. Deep fry the coated jalapenos 2 to 3 minutes each, until golden brown. Remove and let drain on paper towel.
Recipe obtained at allrecipes.com | [
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] | 1,099 |
Williams, H. Paul (2009) Logic and integer programming. International series in operations research & management science . Springer, London, UK. ISBN 9780387922799
Integer programming (discrete optimization) is best used for solving problems involving discrete, whole elements. Using integer variables, one can model logical requirements, fixed costs, sequencing and scheduling requirements, and many other problem aspects. Whether it’s taught in OR graduate programs or in math or computer science programs; in courses called "Integer Programming," "Combinatorial Optimization," "Combinatorial Optimization and Integer Programming" or simply "Advanced Operations Management," it’s a part of every OR curriculum, and one of its greatest teachers has developed a text that shows how to use logic in integer programming to develop models with much greater precision. Paul Williams, a leading authority on modeling in integer programming, has written a concise, readable introduction to the science and art of using modeling in logic for integer programming. Written for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as academics and practitioners, the book is divided into four chapters that all avoid the typical format of definitions, theorems and proofs and instead introduce concepts and results within the text through examples. References are given at the end of each chapter to the more mathematical papers and texts on the subject, and exercises are included to reinforce and expand on the material in the chapter. Chapter 1 gives a basic introduction to logic and its aims, and goes on to explain the Propositional and Predicate Calculus. Chapter 2 explains Linear Programming (LP) and Integer Programming (IP) using the machinery of logic; explains the fundamental structural and mathematical properties of these types of models, along with the main methods of solving IP models; covers main areas of practical application; and attempts to distinguish between computationally ‘difficult’ and ‘easy’ classes of problem. Chapter 3 applies logic to the formulation of IP models using the methods explained in chapter 1 and looks at the deeper mathematical concepts involved. Chapter 4 then covers the fundamental problem of computational logic: the satisfiability problem, which lies at the heart of the entire book. Methods of solving with both logic and IP are given and their connections are described. Applications in diverse fields are discussed, and Williams shows how IP models can be expressed as satisfiability problems and solved as such.
|Additional Information:||© 2009 H. Paul Williams|
|Library of Congress subject classification:||Z Bibliography. Library Science. Information Resources > ZA Information resources > ZA4050 Electronic information resources|
|Sets:||Research centres and groups > Management Science Group|
Actions (login required)
|Record administration - authorised staff only| | [
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Sportsmen and their sweaters: knitting patterns as historical sources
Polley, Martin (2009) Sportsmen and their sweaters: knitting patterns as historical sources. In, Recording Leisure Lives: Sports, Games and Pastimes, Bolton, UK, 07 Apr 2009.
Full text not available from this repository.
Old knitting patterns are easy to see as ephemeral, disposable items, artefacts of everyday life that we can see in our memory on our mothers’ laps, but that we don’t readily picture in an archive. They are produced for a very specific purpose, and are not designed to become historians’ sources. However, cultural historians and historians of everyday life can learn from them, and can use them as windows on to their time of production. Using sport-related knitting patterns from Winchester School of Art’s Knitting Reference Library as a case study, this paper will look at what historians can get from this type of evidence: both empirical evidence about disposable income, materials, and technology, and household economics, and more subjective, cultural evidence about class, identity, and gender. The paper will build on the call that I made for sports historians to use wider variety of sources in Sports History: a practical guide (Palgrave, 2007).
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Keywords:||knitting, sport, clothing, fashion, history|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GV Recreation Leisure
H Social Sciences > HN Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
D History General and Old World > DA Great Britain
|Divisions:||University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Education > Leadership, School Improvement and Effectiveness
|Date Deposited:||15 Jul 2009|
|Last Modified:||02 Mar 2012 13:12|
|Contributors:||Polley, Martin (Author)
|Date:||7 April 2009|
|RDF:||RDF+N-Triples, RDF+N3, RDF+XML, Browse.|
Actions (login required) | [
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] | 445 |
Visual perception and the associated structural and genetic components are highly developed in insects. However, it is unclear how well these features are developed in ectoparasitic insects that have secondarily reduced or lost vision. While it is well known that fleas have reduced or completely lost their eyes, it is unclear whether the underlying genetics associated with vision have remained intact. We present data from a study of the long-wavelength opsin gene sampled across a range of mecopteran and siphonapteran taxa, which include fully visual insects (panorpids and boreids) to species with eyes reduced or absent (fleas). The evolution of this gene is evaluated in light of a robust phylogeny for Mecoptera and Siphonaptera, providing greater insight into the evolution of the opsin gene complex in insects.
Species 1: Siphonaptera (fleas)
Species 2: Mecoptera Panorpidae (scorpionflies)
Species 3: Mecoptera Boreidae (snow fleas)
Back to Student Competition Ten-Minute Papers, A2, Systematics, Morphology, and Evolution
Back to Student Competition TMP Orals
Back to The 2003 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition | [
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] | 260 |
|"zero in on" = focus on or direction your attention to a particular issue |
"I think we need to zero in on the main causes of water pollution and start solving them one at a time."
"leave no stone unturned" = do everything possible to solve a problem
"Things might look bad, but leave no stone unturned in trying to find the answer to our company's economic problems."
More of Randall's Favorite Learning Resources
[ Quiz Script ]
First, name three environmental problems that face our world today, how people can help solve these problems. What image comes to your mind when you think of "recycling"?
|I. Pre-Listening Exercises [Top]|
HELPFUL TIP: Recycling is one important way of conserving our world's natural resources. Talk with you family about what you can do to better recycle your trash.|
Listen to the conversation by pressing the "Play" button of the audio type you want to hear, and answer the questions. Press the "Final Score" button to check your quiz.
|II. Listening Exercises [Top]
2. Listen to the conversation again as you read the Quiz Script.
|III. Post-Listening Exercises [Top]|
What are five specific things individuals can do to protect the environment? What are some reasons why people do not recycle or are careless when they dispose of garbage? Are there any unique programs in your city or country that promote recycling and protecting the environment?
Now, write your opinions on a similar topic at Randall's ESL Blog HERE.
Randall's Sites: Daily ESL | ESL Blog | EZSlang | Train Your Accent | Tips For Students | Hiking In Utah | [
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] | 368 |
concept. The basic idea is that the human mind
can keep track of about seven
at once, or can differentiate between seven or so
different (but similar) things.
The phrase comes from the title of a 1956 paper by Harvard professor George
A. Miller titled, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information, which begins:
My problem is that I have been persecuted by an integer. For seven years this number has followed me around, has intruded in my most private data, and has assaulted me from the pages of our most public journals. This number assumes a variety of disguises, being sometimes a little larger and sometimes a little smaller than usual, but never changing so much as to be unrecognizable. The persistence with which this number plagues me is far more than a random accident. There is, to quote a famous senator, a design behind it, some pattern governing its appearances. Either there really is something unusual about the number or else I am suffering from delusions of persecution.
Miller goes on to present data from a number of
experiments which support the idea
(by arriving at the number seven). Topics of the
experiments he reviewed included, "span of immediate
memory", "capacity for absolute judgements of the position of a dot
on a square", and (my favorite) "capacity for absolute judgements of saltiness | [
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] | 290 |
USDA's Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed today that Asian Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), has been found on soybean leaf samples collected from two Louisiana State University's research plots near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. APHIS officials report they believe the pathogen was carried to the United States during the recent hurricane season.
USDA will dispatch its soybean rust detection assessment team, composed of scientific experts and regulatory officials, to the site within 24 hours. The assessment team will work closely with Louisiana State Department of Agriculture representatives to assess the situation and conduct surveillance around the detection site to determine the extent of the disease spread.
ASA President Neal Bredehoeft, a soybean producer from Alma, Mo., says, "Potential yield loss from soybean rust starts to diminish as plants begin to reach maturity. At this time of the year, when soybeans in many areas of the United States have already reach full maturity and the crop is ripe, soybean rust will no longer reduce this year's crop yields."
With the case being found in a research farm and having active surveillance, the chances for the disease being widespread are "very high," Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Deputy Administrator Ric Dunkle says. More should be known once a more thorough assessment of the area is complete. The spores inability to overwinter in many northern regions should benefit disease management.
Proactive Steps Now
While the harvest for this year is nearing completion, during next year’s planting season, producers will need to watch for symptoms of the fungus such as small lesions on the lower leaves of the infected plant that increase in size and change from gray to tan or reddish brown on the undersides of the leaves.
If soybean rust becomes widespread in U.S. soybean production areas, it could cause large crop and economic losses to soybean growers and associated industries. Growers returning from, or hosting visitors from, rust infected soybean production areas should be extremely careful that the disease is not transmitted to their fields.
Dunkle recommends any producers who still have soybeans in the field to contact their local extension office for testing. Dunkle says the entire Gulf coast region will be surveyed.
Growers in areas near the outbreak should survey their fields to inspect for symptoms of soybean rust disease. Inspection consists of a thorough visual examination of soybean plants in the field and of other host plants in the vicinity of the fields being surveyed. A 20-power hand lens will be required to inspect the underside of the lower leaves in the lower crop canopy for uredinial pustules that are powdery, and buff or pale brown in color.
As soybean plants mature and set pods, infection may progress rapidly under favorable environmental conditions to cause high rates of infection in the middle and upper leaves of the plant.
For more on ASA's recommendations, click HERE.
Learning from others
The United States is the last major soybean-producing nation to be affected by this soybean fungus. "We have learned from the experiences of other countries and are better prepared to handle this situation," says American Farm Bureau Federation President Bob Stallman.
"U.S. soybeans should continue to have a solid standing in export markets, now and in the future," Stallman adds. "A number of states have already taken steps to ensure their farmers have access to effective crop protection tools to control soybean rust next year."
For more information about fungicide approval and economics of the disease, click on the Soybean Rust menu option on our left navigation bar. | [
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] | 741 |
The Clinton administration knows how to add insult to injury. Not only is it committed to an environmental program that will sap the American economy of its vitality, it also refuses to level with the American people about the costs.
At the global warming conference in Kyoto, Japan, the administration promised that the United States would cut emissions of so-called greenhouse gases below the 1990 level by 2012. That’s a cut of more than one-third of the projected level. The gases, mainly carbon dioxide, are produced by burning fossil fuels: gasoline, coal, natural gas, and heating oil. Virtually all economic activity depends on those fuels. Yet Clinton and Gore say the cut-back can be costless or even profitable.
The administration’s position can be faulted on many counts. Most basic is that carbon dioxide is a plant nutrient not a pollutant. If you think back to high-school biology, you’ll recall that plants turn CO2, water, and sunlight into food and make oxygen as a byproduct. But some climatologists (not all) and some environmentalists believe that the buildup of CO2 threatens to overheat the earth’s atmosphere. The problem with the theory is that the temperature record does not support it. The earth has actually cooled slightly in the recent past. Fear of global warming is based on imperfect computer models, not observation.
Economist Thomas Gale Moore says that global warming would be benign. Since CO2 is good for crops, agriculture would boom. People tend to live longer in warmer climates. Climatologist Patrick Michaels says that if warming occurs, it would be in the arctic during the polar night. Such warming would delay the first frost of winter and lengthen the growing season.
So why the attraction to the nightmare version of global warming? It could have something to do with its usefulness in the service of government regulation of the economy.
People with a visceral dislike of free markets and individual liberty have been adrift since the worldwide collapse of socialism. They can’t oppose capitalism on economic or political grounds any longer. So they have turned to environmental grounds. Unsupervised free markets, they say, will destroy the earth.
The advocates of environmental regulation know, however, that people won’t go for policies that will make them poor. So they promise that combatting global warming can be done painlessly. President Clinton says he will not support a tax on carbon fuels; new energy-saving technologies, which can be encouraged through tax credits, will reduce the use of fossil fuels.
But that merely demonstrates economic illiteracy. Industry already has all the incentive it needs to develop and adopt worthwhile energy-saving technologies. No business wants to use more resources than necessary. Cutting costs increases profits. If capitalists are as “greedy” as their critics say, they can be counted on to be miserly with energy.
The problem for the preachers of apocalypse is that fossil fuels are the most economical fuels around. No synthetic or “green” form of energy can touch them for efficiency. So unless the government actually restricts their use, there will be no reduction beyond what would have occurred anyway. Sooner or later the administration will propose a carbon tax to reach the 30 percent reduction it promised at Kyoto.
A carbon tax will be costly to everyone. The price of energy will rise dramatically, curtailing production and reducing living standards. The promise of green and rich will fade, and all of us will be poorer.
The bright side of this is that the U.S. Senate is not likely to ratify the global-warming treaty in its current form. Republicans, who duck the basic principles, have taken the more “constructive” line that the treaty is unfair because developing nations are exempt. Clinton and Gore promise to fix that. If they do, will the Republicans cave in? Or will they discover that the treaty is built on bad premises and is dangerous to the well-being of every American? Let’s hope it’s the latter. | [
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] | 829 |
On This Day - 9 July 1915
Theatre definitions: Western Front comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. Eastern Front comprises the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. Southern Front comprises the Austro-Italian and Balkan (including Bulgaro-Romanian) fronts, and Dardanelles. Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres comprises Egypt, Tripoli, the Sudan, Asia Minor (including Transcaucasia), Arabia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, China, India, etc. Naval and Overseas Operations comprises operations on the seas (except where carried out in combination with troops on land) and in Colonial and Overseas theatres, America, etc. Political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including Notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. Source: Chronology of the War (1914-18, London; copyright expired)
Austrian offensive on Zlota Lipa repulsed.
Italians capture Malga Sarta and Costa Bella (Trentino).
Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres
Bomb thrown at Sultan of Egypt.
Naval and Overseas Operations
South-west Africa conquered; German troops surrender unconditionally to General Botha.
Attempted torpedo attack on Cunarder "Orduna".
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Commerce ratified at Lisbon.
Lord Kitchener appeals for more recruits at Guildhall.
Mr. Walter Long makes statement on conscription.
Export of gold prohibited in France. | [
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] | 345 |
When it comes to allergies there are many different types that may affect a person. How each person is affected by these allergies may also vary from one person to another. While some allergies may only be a bother during certain seasons others may be present year round. The ones which are triggered by things such as the blooming of certain flowers or trees or various other forms of pollen or mold which are found in the air are typically considered to be seasonal allergies. This is because these allergens are only present during specific seasons. The most commons seasons for dealing with seasonal allergies are spring and fall.
One of the most common triggers of seasonal allergies is pollen. This is produced by various different flowers when blooming and can be spread through the air. When the levels of pollen are high it causes a person to manifest the various symptoms of seasonal allergies. Various different trees may also present problems for allergy sufferers. Some of the most common types of trees that are known to produce allergy symptoms include oak, sycamore, elm, hickory, birch, cypress, walnut and maple. Tree and flower pollens are generally considered to be spring time allergens because this is typically when flowers and trees bloom.
Summer allergies are usually caused by various types of grass pollen. This is because late spring and summer are the times when grass grows the most. There are many different types of grass depending on the area in which you live. Grass allergies can be seasonal or year round especially if you come in direct contact such as when lying in the grass. This can often produce serious itching and in some cases hives.
Fall allergies are generally caused by various types of weeds such as ragweed, sagebrush and tumbleweed. In some areas however trees also produce pollen in the fall as well as in the spring.
In order to determine what specific pollens you may be allergic to it is generally necessary to consult with an allergist. This is a health care provider that specializes in treating and identifying various allergies. An allergist can perform various tests to determine what specific things you may be allergic to.
Once it has been determined what your specific allergies are your doctor will then be better able to determine what will be best to treat these allergies. This is important because in some cases some medications may not be suitable for all types of allergies. While seasonal allergies are often quite bothersome they are generally not life threatening except in very extreme cases. Knowing the correct medications to take to relieve or prevent allergy symptoms can go a long way in keeping you from spending those seasons in misery.
Even if your allergies don’t produce many symptoms it is still recommended to speak to your allergist. This is because over time these allergies may worsen and knowing about them is essential to proper treatment. | [
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] | 561 |
A team of researchers from Université Laval, CHU de Québec, and pharmaceutical firm GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has discovered a way to stimulate the brain’s natural defense mechanisms in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation with the detoxified ligand monophosphoryl lipid A improves Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology, presented in an early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), opens the door to the development of a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and a vaccine to prevent the illness.
One of the main characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease is the production in the brain of a toxic molecule known as amyloid beta. Microglial cells, the nervous system’s defenders, are unable to eliminate this substance, which forms deposits called senile plaques.
The team led by Dr. Serge Rivest, professor at Université Laval’s Faculty of Medicine and researcher at the CHU de Québec research center, identified a molecule that stimulates the activity of the brain’s immune cells. The molecule, known as MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A), has been used extensively as a vaccine adjuvant by GSK for many years, and its safety is well established.
In mice with Alzheimer’s symptoms, weekly injections of MPL over a twelve-week period eliminated up to 80% of senile plaques. In addition, tests measuring the mice’s ability to learn new tasks showed significant improvement in cognitive function over the same period.
The researchers see two potential uses for MPL. It could be administered by intramuscular injection to people with Alzheimer’s disease to slow the progression of the illness. It could also be incorporated into a vaccine designed to stimulate the production of antibodies against amyloid beta. “The vaccine could be given to people who already have the disease to stimulate their natural immunity,” said Serge Rivest. “It could also be administered as a preventive measure to people with risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.”
“When our team started working on Alzheimer’s disease a decade ago, our goal was to develop better treatment for Alzheimer’s patients,” explained Professor Rivest. “With the discovery announced today, I think we’re close to our objective.”
In addition to Rivest, the study’s co-authors are Jean-Philippe Michaud, Antoine Lampron, Peter Thériault, Paul Préfontaine, Mohammed Filali, and nine researchers from GlaxoSmithKline. | [
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] | 556 |
A new report published today (4 February) by WWF-UK and the Food Ethics Council examines whether reducing meat consumption, and instead placing greater value on the meat we consume, could potentially be beneficial for people’s health, the environment, and for producers and consumers.
High meat consumption is associated with a number of factors related to important challenges facing the global food system, including climate change, obesity, water scarcity, land use change, global poverty and inequality.
Yet a simple ‘eat less meat’ message is controversial and overly simplistic. Producers and primary processors raise legitimate concerns about impacts of reduced meat production on their businesses, and politicians remain wary of industry and public reactions to the message. Some have argued that a ‘less but better’ approach could be more broadly beneficial. This report is a first step to defining what that message might look like.
‘Valuing the meat we eat’ suggests that talking about ‘less but better’ allows people to consider the many other aspects of meat production and consumption, including animal welfare, biodiversity, farmers’ profitability, taste, waste and broader health issues. It also provides an insight into where the win-wins and trade-offs may be. Although only a short study, our report suggests that, with focused discussion and government-led engagement and research, this approach is worth pursuing.
One aspect of the ‘less but better’ message shone through in the research. This is the recognition that meat should be seen as a valuable, high-quality food and that consumers, retailers, farmers and producers should be encouraged to see it as such.
The report’s key recommendations include:
- leadership, through initiatives like the Green Food Project, to explore mechanisms and policies that would support transition to ‘less but better’ meat consumption;
- Research to assess marketplace barriers to ‘less but better’ and mechanisms to overcome these;
- Research to better understand the relevance and impact of ‘less but better’ meat consumption and production on different socio-economic groups, particularly those on low incomes.
Mark Driscoll, head of corporate stewardship, food and water, at WWF-UK, said: “Whilst the term ‘better’ is not easy to define, the report demonstrates that society needs to value the food we eat, especially meat, much more than we do. This may ultimately mean paying more to reflect the true social and environmental costs, whilst rewarding producers for looking after the environment.
“We know there are good reasons for reducing our meat consumption in the West – it’s better for the environment and for health, and we eat far more than our fair share. However a simple ‘less meat’ message could have unintended consequences for farmers’ livelihoods, rural communities and landscapes and runs the risk of alienating consumers who want to eat meat. Some have suggested ‘less but better’ meat could be the answer, but no-one has really looked in to what this means. That is what we have done in this report.”
Dan Crossley, Executive Director of the Food Ethics Council, said: “It’s time we started recognising that our choices about what we eat have huge impacts – not just on our own health, but also on other people, animals, the planet and future generations.
“We must learn to appreciate our food more – and critically that includes meat. ‘Valuing the meat we eat’ sets out to explain what that might look like. We hope that it will trigger much-needed research into how such a transition could happen.”
- ENDS -
Notes to editors
1. WWF-UK & the Food Ethics Council: Prime Cuts: valuing the meat we eat (4 February 2013): http://www.wwf.org.uk/research_centre/?6466
2. Prime Cuts is the final report in the series The Livestock Dialogues. Conducted by WWF-UK and the Food Ethics Council, and funded by the Esmée Fairburn Foundation, the series has engaged with farming groups, consumer groups, producers and retailers to examine issues around the eating of meat: http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/changing_the_way_we_live/food/the_lives...
3. The Food Ethics Council is a charity that conducts independent research on the ethics of food and farming. Our aim is to create a food system that is fair and healthy for people, planet and animals. Our thirteen council members are all leaders in their relevant fields, and appointed as individuals. They bring a broad range of expertise to our work, from academic research through to practical knowledge of farming, business and policy. | [
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Tuesday, December 4, 2012
Today in History - Tuesday, Dec. 4, 2012
Today is Tuesday, Dec. 4, the 339th day of 2012. There are 27 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On Dec. 4, 1619, a group of settlers from Bristol, England, arrived at Berkeley Hundred in present-day Charles City County, Va., where they held a service thanking God for their safe arrival. (Some suggest this was the true first Thanksgiving in America, ahead of the Pilgrims' arrival in Massachusetts.)
On this date:
In 1619, settlers from Bristol, England, arrived at Berkeley Hundred in present-day Charles City County, Va.
In 1783, Gen. George Washington bade farewell to his Continental Army officers at Fraunces Tavern in New York.
In 1816, James Monroe of Virginia was elected the fifth president of the United States.
In 1912, Medal of Honor recipient Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, the Marine Corps pilot who led the "Black Sheep Squadron" during World War II, was born in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.
In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson left Washington on a trip to France to attend the Versailles (vehr-SY') Peace Conference.
In 1942, U.S. bombers struck the Italian mainland for the first time in World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the dismantling of the Works Progress Administration, which had been created to provide jobs during the Depression.
In 1965, the United States launched Gemini 7 with Air Force Lt. Col. Frank Borman and Navy Cmdr. James A. Lovell aboard.
In 1978, San Francisco got its first female mayor as City Supervisor Dianne Feinstein (FYN'-styn) was named to replace the assassinated George Moscone (mahs-KOH'-nee).
In 1984, a five-day hijack drama began as four armed men seized a Kuwaiti airliner en route to Pakistan and forced it to land in Tehran, where the hijackers killed American passenger Charles Hegna.
In 1991, Associated Press correspondent Terry Anderson, the longest held of the Western hostages in Lebanon, was released after nearly seven years in captivity. Pan American World Airways ceased operations.
In 1992, President George H.W. Bush ordered American troops to lead a mercy mission to Somalia, threatening military action against warlords and gangs who were blocking food for starving millions.
In 1996, the Mars Pathfinder lifted off from Cape Canaveral and began speeding toward Mars on a 310 million-mile odyssey. (It arrived on Mars in July 1997.)
Ten years ago: United Airlines lost its bid for $1.8 billion in federal loan guarantees, a major setback to the nation's second-largest air carrier in its efforts to avoid bankruptcy. Supreme Court justices heard arguments on whether federal laws intended to combat organized crime and corruption could be used against anti-abortion demonstrators. (The Court later ruled that such laws were improperly used to punish abortion opponents.)
Five years ago: Defending his credibility, President George W. Bush said Iran was dangerous and needed to be squeezed by international pressure despite a U.S. intelligence finding that Tehran had halted its nuclear weapons program four years earlier. The intelligence report on Iran figured in a Democratic debate on National Public Radio as rivals assailed front-runner Hillary Rodham Clinton for voting in favor of a Senate resolution designating Iran's Revolutionary Guard a terrorist organization. Pimp C (Chad Butler), a rapper with the Texas hip-hop group Underground Kingz, was found dead in a hotel room in Los Angeles; he was 33.
One year ago: Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's party hung onto its majority in Russia's parliamentary election, but faced accusations from opponents of rigging the vote. Rafael Nadal recovered from a terrible start and beat Juan Martin del Potro of Argentina 1-6, 6-4, 6-1, 7-6 (0) to give Spain its fifth Davis Cup title. After going more than two years and 26 tournaments without a victory, Tiger Woods won the Chevron World Challenge. Former Hewlett-Packard chairwoman Patricia Dunn, 58, died in Orinda, Calif.
Today's Birthdays: Actress-singer Deanna Durbin is 91. Game show host Wink Martindale is 79. Pop singer Freddy Cannon is 76. Actor-producer Max Baer Jr. is 75. Actress Gemma Jones is 70. Rock musician Bob Mosley (Moby Grape) is 70. Singer-musician Chris Hillman is 68. Musician Terry Woods (The Pogues) is 65. Rock singer Southside Johnny Lyon is 64. Actor Jeff Bridges is 63. Rock musician Gary Rossington (Lynyrd Skynyrd; the Rossington Collins Band) is 61. Actress Patricia Wettig is 61. Actor Tony Todd is 58. Jazz singer Cassandra Wilson is 57. Country musician Brian Prout (Diamond Rio) is 57. Rock musician Bob Griffin (The BoDeans) is 53. Rock singer Vinnie Dombroski (Sponge) is 50. Actress Marisa Tomei is 48. Actress Chelsea Noble is 48. Actor-comedian Fred Armisen is 46. Rapper Jay-Z is 43. Actor Kevin Sussman is 42. Actress-model Tyra Banks is 39. Country singer Lila McCann is 31. Actress Lindsay Felton is 28. Actor Orlando Brown is 25.
Thought for Today: "Many are called but few get up." — Oliver Herford, American author (1863-1935). | [
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] | 1,153 |
Kidney problems can often sideswipe you, hitting when you don’t expect them, as a result of health problems that don’t seem related to the kidneys at all. One of the things that can strike in this unexpected way is Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, or HUS. It’s one of the conditions that is associated with kidney failure from E. coli bacterial infection, but that’s not the only way it can get its foot in the door.
HUS produces a low blood cell count, resulting in anemia, and destroys the platelets in the blood that allow clotting. It also damages small blood vessels in the kidneys, and sometimes in the heart or brain as well. When it hits the kidneys, the little filters called glomeruli get clogged with damaged blood cells and platelets, and kidney function is impaired. Symptoms to watch for, especially in children, include lower urine output, a loss of energy, and very noticeable pallor.
These symptoms will usually follow a bout with bloody diarrhea, often as part of some illness that affected the bowels. Toxins in the bowels will somehow move from the intestines into the bloodstream, and that’s where the damage begins. So while HUS is most often associated with E. coli, people need to be watchful after any illness involving diarrhea, especially with blood in it.
There’s one thing that’s more positive about this form of kidney problem compared to many others: people who suffer from HUS and endure some degree of kidney impairment will usually see the kidneys recover. Fluid volume control through an IV is very important as a treatment. And in some severe cases, temporary dialysis may be needed while the kidneys regain their health. But most of the time, especially if the person receives medical treatment, the kidneys will recover.
HUS-induced kidney impairment may portend other problems in the future, however. Even those who recover complete function are at a higher risk of kidney problems or high blood pressure in later years. One of the factors in this higher risk is whether other organs were severely affected by the HUS as well.
There aren’t many conditions that impair the kidneys that can be said to have a “positive” outlook, with potentially a complete recovery of the kidneys. Fortunately, HUS is one of them. But as with so many other things involving the kidneys, the key is to watch the symptoms, and get immediate treatment once the problem is discovered. | [
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] | 520 |
Dr. Daniel Hillel and The Future of Farming
This 1971 photo provided by The World Food Prize Foundation shows Dr. Daniel Hillel introducing drip irrigation in Japan. Hillel, who is credited with developing drip irrigation methods that conserve water while allowing food to be grown in some of the world’s driest climates, was named the winner of the World Food Prize.
The 2012 World Food Prize will be awarded to Dr. Daniel Hillel for conceiving and implementing a radically new mode of bringing water to crops in arid and dry land regions – known as “micro-irrigation.”
Dr. Hillel’s pioneering scientific work in Israel revolutionized food production, first in the Middle East, and then in other regions around the world over the past five decades. His work laid the foundation for maximizing efficient water usage in agriculture, increasing crop yields, and minimizing environmental degradation.
Dr. Daniel Hillel: Inspiring Future Generations
Along with his international field and development work, Dr. Hillel embarked on a career in academia as a researcher and professor at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the University of Massachusetts, Columbia University and other major research centers worldwide. He has written or edited over 20 books on soil and water science; his seminal textbooks have been translated into 12 languages. He has published more than 300 scientific papers, research reports, and practical manuals, and authored books for the general public on the vital role of soil and water in healthy agro-ecosystems. Dr. Hillel has demonstrated the synergistic linkages across food production, water management, and soil science. His achievements have been and will continue to be essential to extending the Green Revolution and confronting the many global challenges in fighting hunger and poverty into the next century.
- Demographics: James Wolfensohn Previous World Bank President and Daniel Silke Futurist Predict Global Trends in Tracking the Future
- Future Predictions: Another Nobel Prize Winner Debunks Gore’s Grave Predictions: Redefining The Post Carbon World With Optimism!
- Predictions: Food Price Volatility and Supply Disruptions are Coming in 2011
- Announcing TEDMED 2009 the Future of the Healthcare X Prize
- Future Predictions: A Medical Tricorder is in Our Horizon With a $10 Million X Prize Challenge to Diagnose Patients Better Than a Panel of Board Certified Physicians | [
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] | 494 |
GCN LAB REVIEW
Device spots, stops advanced malware before it can cripple a network
FireEye's virtual machines profile an attack and then disrupt it before it strikes
A lot of protections are built into most federal and corporate networks these days. Between firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, port monitoring and even desktop antivirus, you would think security is pretty air tight.
Yet major breaches such as the recent hack of the Sony PlayStation Network and other high-profile attacks show bad guys can still find ways to get through sophisticated defenses, especially if they are patient and target attacks specifically at an agency or group.
The FireEye malware protection system, the GCN product of the month for June, has an unusual approach to these exploits. It uses a unique system of virtual machines that lets malware do whatever it wants, and then shuts it down on the real network. As such, no signatures are needed and even new attacks are caught before any significant damage occurs.
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The FireEye is deployed in three components as appliances. There is an e-mail monitor, an Internet traffic monitor and a control device that lets those two systems communicate with each other and work together to stop threats.
The FireEye team came into the GCN Lab to show what happens during a type of attack that most current protections would miss. In this example, we used the same type of technique that was performed in the recent Aurora attack, considered an advanced persistent threat that targeted several high-tech firms in 2009-2010.
In that event, hackers patiently stalked hand-chosen victims for months, gathering data on corporate security before sending e-mail messages and instant messaging notes that appeared to come from friends. In many cases, the attack was tweaked to specifically get around whatever security was in place. Most attacks were delivered as a malicious binary file designed to look like a normal .jpg. Once the .jpg was in place, it called home and downloaded encrypted packages of malware that were designed to steal data and cripple networks.
Gears of a virtual machine
When a similar program was sent into a network protected by FireEye, the malicious binary began to do its dirty work like it was programmed to do. But it didn’t know that FireEye had moved it over to a virtual machine and not to an end-user’s computer. FireEye watched as the program phoned home and gathered more malware components from compromised systems. It didn’t matter that the incoming malware components were encrypted to get around traditional virus scanners, because for the bad programs to activate, they had to un-encrypt themselves. And when they did, FireEye watched the process unfold.
After the details of the attack were known, ports and IP addresses were blocked to prevent the malware from working its evil on the actual network. The FireEye e-mail scanner and the Internet traffic scanner worked together to stop anything bad from happening. In a sense, FireEye creates a virtual honey pot for malware, lets it do what it wants, but only on the virtual and easily purged machine. Then it prevents the same things from hurting the real network.
A very detailed report is generated showing exactly who inside the network was targeted, what files were used and how dangerous the threat actually is to overall security. Copies of all the malicious files are kept and stored in case administrators or analysts want to further examine them to learn more about the hackers. That data could be used to prevent future attacks, or even prosecute the guilty parties since the hackers’ digital fingerprints will still be all over the captured files.
If an attack is delivered by e-mail, FireEye can stop it from ever reaching the network, because the mail can simply be delayed while the virtual machines examine anything suspicious. However, if the attack is delivered in real time, such as through a corrupted Web page, one user in the network will likely be infected because code will be executing on their computer at the same time as the virtual machine. Calls out for new malware will be blocked, since FireEye monitors both inbound and outbound traffic, but one person will still have the corrupted files sitting on their computer. The good news is that administrators are immediately told exactly who is infected and how they got that way, and the infection is sealed up on that single machine.
FireEye also works if someone brings a keydrive with malware into the network directly without first passing through the FireEye Scanner. In that case, the malicious activity would be caught because of the outbound traffic that is being scanned, which can also be run through a virtual machine for processing.
Pricing for the FireEye components seems reasonable given that it will even stop attacks where hackers have invested months or even years specifically targeting an agency. For a unit that is able to scan 50 megabits/sec of Internet or mail traffic, the cost is about $50,000. A unit that can scan a full 1 gigabit/sec costs $100,000. FireEye officials say they’re working on machines with even higher capacity.
Given the sophistication and malicious nature of hackers these days, a product like FireEye that can be easily plugged into existing network security to protect against both widespread and narrowly targeted attacks arrives none too soon. And seeing how most federal agencies have targets on their back, having FireEye watch over them is a no-brainer. | [
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] | 1,120 |
Plants have evolved a number of cold-response genes encoding proteins that induce tolerance to freezing, alter water absorption and initiate many other low temperature induced processes. In the 1 April Genes and Development, Jian-Kang Zhu and colleagues of the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, shed light on how these genes are regulated.
Lee et al. report that the protein HOS1 negatively regulates cold-response genes in Arabidopsis. At low temperatures, HOS1 relocalizes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression; hos1 mutants show an excessive induction of cold-response genes. The HOS1 gene was mapped to chromosome II of Arabidopsis and cloned. It encodes a protein of 915 amino acids with a nuclear localization signal and a RING finger. Proteins with this motif have been implicated in the breakdown of other proteins by a process that involves ubiquitination.
Lee et al. speculate that HOS1 might regulate the function of cold-response genes by targeting the gene products for degradation.
Lee H, Xiong L, Gong Z, Ishitani M, Stevenson B, Zhu JK: The Arabidopsis HOS1 gene negatively regulates cold signal transduction and encodes a RING finger protein that displays cold-regulated nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning. Genes Dev 2001, 15.
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona | [
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] | 298 |
How better to counter Stalin's Socialist Realism (above: Boris Vladmiriski, "Roses for Stalin" 1949) than by deploying art by Jackson Pollock, Robert Motherwell, Willem de Kooning and Mark Rothko?
The idea was initially tested in the open in 1947 by the State Department, which launched a program called "Advancing American Art." The centerpiece was a group of 79 avante-garde paintings purchased with $49,000 of government funds. Over the next two decades, several exhibitions of Abstract Expressionism were organized, including one called "The New American Painting," which traveled at government expense throughout Europe in the late 1950s. Other shows included "Modern Art in the United States" and "Masterpieces of the Twentieth Century."
Cracks in the program formed fairly quickly. Critics began attacking the artwork as “un-American” and “subversive.” The paintings were ridiculed in the national media and in Congress. President Truman, summing up the average American's opinion of the work, said, "If that's art, then I'm a Hottentot." A congressman complained, "I am just a dumb American who pays taxes for this kind of trash." Look magazine ran an article entitled “Your Money Bought These Paintings.” The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee wrote an angry letter to the Secretary of State, George C. Marshall.
Facing such criticism, the program then went underground, and the CIA devised a new strategy. Millions of dollars were channeled through fake foundations and intermediate organizations with names like the Congress for Cultural Freedom, the International Organizations Division (IOD), and the Propaganda Assets Inventory, which could influence more than 800 newspapers, magazines and public information organizations.
According to former case officer Donald Jameson, these organizations enlisted sympathetic critics, collectors, curators, and museums—most notably Rockefeller's Museum of Modern Art—and swore them to secrecy. The artists themselves were unaware of the source of the the support. The fact that the US was using covert means to promote the ideals of cultural openness was an irony lost on the planners.
As time went by, criticism for the exhibitions mounted, and it became clearer that many of the artists themselves were ex-communists, not exactly the sort of people that the US government wanted to back during the McCarthy era. The paintings that had been purchased by the government were recalled by Secretary Marshall and sold as scrap. They yielded a sum total of only $5,544. Many canvases sold for $100 or less and found their way into public universities.
Sources and further reading:
CIA's official explanation of the Congress for Cultural Freedom
Independent: Modern art was CIA 'weapon'—Revealed: how the spy agency used unwitting artists such as Pollock and de Kooning in a cultural Cold War
Gizmodo: How the CIA Spent Secret Millions Turning Modern Art Into a Cold War Arsenal | [
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] | 608 |
- If the Earth rotated in the opposite sense (clockwise rather than counterclockwise), how long would the solar day be?
- Suppose that the Earth’s pole was perpendicular to its orbit. How would the azimuth of sunrise vary throughout the year? How would the length of day and night vary throughout the year at the equator? at the North and South Poles? where you live?
- You are an astronaut on the moon. You look up, and see the Earth in its full phase and on the meridian. What lunar phase do people on Earth observe? What if you saw a first quarter Earth? new Earth? third quarter Earth? Draw a picture showing the geometry.
- If a planet always keeps the same side towards the Sun, how many sidereal days are in a year on that planet?
- If on a given day, the night is 24 hours long at the North Pole, how long is the night at the South Pole?
- On what day of the year are the nights longest at the equator?
- From the fact that the Moon takes 29.5 days to complete a full cycle of phases, show that it rises an average of 48 minutes later each night.
- What is the ratio of the flux hitting the Moon during the first quarter phase to the flux hitting the Moon near the full phase?
- Titan and the Moon have similar escape velocities. Why does Titan have an atmosphere, but the Moon does not?
Friday, October 30, 2009
Astronomers have confirmed that an exploding star spotted by Nasa's Swift satellite is the most distant cosmic object to be detected by telescopes.
In the journal Nature, two teams of astronomers report their observations of a gamma-ray burst from a star that died 13.1 billion light-years away.
The massive star died about 630 million years after the Big Bang.
UK astronomer Nial Tanvir described the observation as "a step back in cosmic time".
Professor Tanvir led an international team studying the afterglow of the explosion, using the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) in Hawaii.
Swift detects around 100 gamma ray bursts every year
He told BBC News that his team was able to observe the afterglow for 10 days, while the gamma ray burst itself lasted around 12 seconds.
The event, dubbed GRB 090423, is an example of one of the most violent explosions in the Universe.
It is thought to have been associated with the cataclysmic death of a massive star - triggered by the centre of the star collapsing to form a "stellar-sized" black hole.
"Swift detects something like 100 gamma ray bursts per year," said Professor Tanvir. "And we follow up on lots of them in the hope that eventually we will get one like this one - something really very distant."
Another team, led by Italian astronomer Ruben Salvaterra studied the afterglow independently with the National Galileo Telescope in La Palma.
Little red dot
He told BBC News: "This kind of observation is quite difficult, so having two groups have the same result with two different instruments makes this much more robust."
"It is not surprising - we expected to see an event this distant eventually," said Professor Salvaterra.
"But to be there when it happens is quite amazing - definitely something to tell the grandchildren."
A GAMMA-RAY BURST RECIPE
Models assume GRBs arise when giant stars burn out and collapse
During collapse, super-fast jets of matter burst out from the stars
Collisions occur with gas already shed by the dying behemoths
The interaction generates the energetic signals detected by Swift
Remnants of the huge stars end their days as black holes
The astronomers were able to calculate the vast distance using a phenomenon known as "red shift".
Most of the light from the explosion was absorbed by intergalactic hydrogen gas. As that light travelled towards Earth, the expansion of the Universe "stretches" its wavelength, causing it to become redder.
"The greater that amount of movement [or stretching], the greater the distance." he said.
The image of this gamma ray burst was produced by combining several infrared images.
"So in this case, it's the redness of the dot that indicates that it is very distant," Professor Tanvir explained.
Before this record-breaking event, the furthest object observed from Earth was a gamma ray burst 12.9 billion light-years away.
"This is quite a big step back to the era when the first stars formed in the Universe," said Professor Tanvir.
"Not too long ago we had no idea where the first galaxies came from, so astronomers think this is a profound moment.
"This is... the last blank bit of the map of the Universe - the time between the Big Bang and the formation of these early galaxies."
Data from two powerful telescopes confirmed the result
And this is not the end of the story.
Bing Zhang, an astronomer from the University of Nevada, who was not involved in this study, wrote an article in Nature, explaining its significance.
The discovery, he said, opened up the exciting possibility of studying the "dark ages" of the Universe with gamma ray bursts.
And Professor Tanvir is already planning follow-up studies "looking for the galaxy this exploding star occurred in."
Next year, he and his team will be using the Hubble Space Telescope to try to locate that distant, very early galaxy.
Source: BBC News | [
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] | 1,144 |
A first year is a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry who is new to Hogwarts and in their first year of magical education. On average, there are around 144 new first years attending Hogwarts each academic year.
Beginning the magical career
Travelling to Hogwarts
First years are typically eleven to twelve years of age, and begin the year by boarding the Hogwarts Express at exactly 11 a.m. from King's Cross Station on which they travel to Hogwarts. If they are a wizarding family and live in Hogsmeade, they do not need to catch the train. From there, first year students are accompanied by the Keeper of Keys and Grounds, or another suitable teacher if they are absent, to a shady path that leads to a fleet of small boats, which magically sail themselves across the Black Lake to arrive at a small landing stage near the castle of Hogwarts; next, they await their turn to get Sorted into their houses. A teacher takes them to a small room where they await the Sorting ceremony. The older students ride up to the castle in carriages pulled by creatures called Thestrals, winged horse-like creatures that are invisible to anyone who have not personally witnessed someone's death.
The Welcoming Feast
Just before the Welcoming Feast begins, there is a Sorting ceremony, where the students are Sorted into one of four houses (Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin) by the Sorting Hat. When the sorting hat is placed on your head it looks inside your mind. It looks for qualities that are unique to each of the houses and then places you appropriately. After the sorting, the Headmaster says a few words and the Welcoming Feast begins. After the meals have been eaten, the headmaster says a few more words; then the headmaster directs the school song at the end of the start-of-term feast if he feels in a particularly festive mood, such as when Harry Potter came to Hogwarts. The headmaster directs the song with his wand. He flicks out a ribbon that floats in the air, creating the words for the students to sing along with, each singing to the tune of their choice. The rest of the staff does not appear to have any delight in this little ritual, but for example, Albus Dumbledore conducts the singing with gusto and even gets a bit misty at the end of:
Hoggy Warty Hogwarts
Teach us something, please,
Whether we be old and bald
Or young with scabby knees,
Our heads could do with filling
With some interesting stuff,
For now they're bare and full of air,
Dead flies and bits of fluff,
So teach us things worth knowing,
Bring back what we've forgot,
Just do your best, we'll do the rest,
And learn until our brains all rot.
During the first year
In Astronomy, students observe the sky with their telescopes, learning the names of the stars and the movements of the planets; they also learn about the moons of Jupiter. Charms students learn the Levitation Charm, the softening spell, the fire charm, and, as the exam requires them to make a pineapple dance across a desk, presumably the dancing charm. Defence Against the Dark Arts classes learn about the spell to give people runny noses, the spell to blast people away, and different ways to treat werewolf bites. First years also learn the basic commands one must give their ride; they learn fundamental tricks and tips for riding. Herbology students study various plants and fungi, such as a healing herb and a plant that likes strangling people; it is in this class that they first learn the fire charm. In History of Magic, they learn various names and dates, including a really evil guy, a crazy dude, the Warlock's Convention of 1709, various goblin rebellions, the inventor of the self-stirring cauldron, and the uprise of Elfric the Eager. Transfiguration students made complex notes, and then had to learn the spell to turn a match into a needle, the mouse into snuffbox spell, and the Switching Spell. Lastly, potions students learned the potion to cure boils, and the potion to make people forget things.
|Second||Defence Against the Dark Arts||Hisory of Magic||Herbology||Transfiguration(unknown)||Potions|
First year restrictions
First years cannot go to Hogsmeade with the students in the third year or above, and they are not permitted to have their own broomstick inside the school grounds, an exception being Harry Potter, who was given a Nimbus 2000 in his first year. They also cannot take the classes Divination, Muggle Studies, Study of Ancient Runes, Care of Magical Creatures and Arithmancy until the third yearand up.
Harry's first year (1991)
- Professor McGonagall, who tells them they will soon be sorted into their houses. All Hogwarts students live in one of four residences: Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, or Slytherin. Each house has its own team for Quidditch. The houses are in a yearlong competition with one another to acquire the most points, which are earned by success in Quidditch games, answering questions correctly in class and other things during school which teachers feel they deserve points. Points are lost for student infractions. The new students are greeted at the castle door by
The Sorting ceremony and the Welcoming feast
As the students enter Hogwarts, ghosts appear in the hallway. The students are led to the Great Hall, where the entire school waits for them. They see a pointy hat on a stool. When the students try on the Sorting Hat, it announces the house in which they are placed. Harry becomes very nervous. He has learned that he does not care for Slytherin house, as the students in it (i.e. Draco Malfoy) are unpleasant and Voldemort once belonged to Slytherin. Finally, it's Harry’s turn to wear the hat. After a brief mental discussion with the hat in which it tries to suggest Slytherin to him, the hat places Harry in Gryffindor. Harry is pleased to find that he is joined in Gryffindor with Ron and Hermione. Draco Malfoy is placed in Slytherin.
Everyone sits down to a grand feast to begin the year. Harry is overwhelmed by the variety of luscious food served. Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, the resident ghost of Gryffindor (popularly known as "Nearly Headless Nick" because of a botched decapitation), introduces himself to the first-year students and tells them he hopes they will win the house championship this year. Over dessert, the discussion turns to the children’s upbringings. A student named Neville Longbottom tells how his family thought he was a Muggle (or later referred as a Squib) until he survived a fall from a window. Harry glances around the room and notices a few of the teachers talking to one another. One stares malevolently at Harry, who immediately feels a sharp pain in his scar. Harry finds out that this man is Professor Severus Snape, the head of Slytherin House who teaches Potions. After dessert, Dumbledore gets up to make his welcome speech. He adds a few warnings about staying away from the Forbidden Forest and avoiding the third-floor corridor on the right side of the school before sending everyone off to their beds.
Harry finds life at Hogwarts unfamiliar and strange. Everyone talks about him, and an adult always seems to be around when he is doing something wrong. Harry finds all the classes interesting, with the exception of the History of Magic. In the first Transfiguration class, only Hermione is able to make any progress at turning a match into a needle. Harry is relieved to see that others are just as lost as he is.
First years lessons/classes
During breakfast the first Friday, Hedwig arrives with a tea invitation from Hagrid. Later, in his Potions class, Harry discovers that Professor Snape hates him, mocking Harry as "our new celebrity" and then humiliating Harry for his ignorance of herbs before teaching the class how to make a Boil-Cure Potion. Harry brings Ron with him to Hagrid’s shack for tea. Harry and Ron are disconcerted by Hagrid's huge and fierce-looking dog, Fang, but discover that he is gentle. Hagrid tells Harry that he is overreacting to Snape’s treatment, asserting that Snape would have no reason to hate him. Harry happens to notice an article from the wizard newspaper, The Daily Prophet, detailing a break-in that occurred at Gringotts bank in a vault that had been emptied earlier in the day. He realises that it happened on his birthday, the day he and Hagrid went to Gringotts. Furthermore, he remembers that Hagrid emptied vault 713, taking a small package with him as he left. Harry leaves Hagrid’s, his mind filled with questions.
Harry is upset by news that the Gryffindors will have flying lessons with the Slytherins, because he does not want to spend more time with Draco Malfoy. Madam Hooch leads the class, gently sending the new fliers off the ground. Neville has an accident and breaks his wrist. Madam Hooch takes him to the hospital wing, telling everyone to stay on the ground while she is away. Malfoy notices a Remembrall belonging to Neville, picks it up, and begins to fly around with it. Harry goes after Malfoy, who throws the ball in the air. Harry catches it spectacularly and lands safely back on ground. Just then, Professor McGonagall arrives, reprimanding Harry and ordering him to follow her. But instead of punishing him, McGonagall introduces him to Oliver Wood, captain of the Gryffindor Quidditch team, explaining that Harry will make an excellent Quidditch player.
At dinner, Harry excitedly tells Ron about joining the Quidditch team but tells him that Oliver Wood wants to keep it a secret. Malfoy comes over with his cronies Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle and teases Harry about getting in trouble earlier. The tension grows and Malfoy challenges Harry to a wizard’s duel. Harry accepts, in spite of Hermione’s attempt to dissuade them from breaking the school rules. As Harry and Ron sneak out later that night, Hermione tries to stop them but gets locked out of the dorm and must tag along. Neville also joins them. They arrive at the trophy room, the site of the duel, but Malfoy is nowhere to be found. Suddenly, they hear Argus Filch and his cat, Mrs. Norris, enter the room. They begin to hide and then run away. Not sure where they are going, they accidentally end up in the forbidden area on the third floor, staring at a large and scary three-headed dog. The children manage to get back to their dorm safely, though they are terrified. Hermione reprimands Harry, but stirs his curiosity by pointing out that the dog was standing on a trapdoor.
The next morning, Harry and Ron are discussing what the dog could be guarding when the mail arrives. Harry receives a Nimbus 2000, and with a note from Professor McGonagall summoning him to Quidditch practice. Malfoy tells Harry that first-year students are not allowed broomsticks. When he tries to report Harry to Professor Flitwick, Flitwick just expresses admiration for Harry]’s talent. Harry later meets Oliver Wood to learn the basics of Quidditch.
On Halloween, Prof. Flitwick begins teaching his students how to make things fly. Only Hermione succeeds; Ron, offended by her air of superiority, makes a nasty comment that Hermione overhears. Harry notices her running off in tears. Harry and Ron arrive at the Halloween feast, then heard Professor Quirrell, the teacher of Defence Against the Dark Arts, give a terrifying announcement about a twelve-foot troll in the building. As the prefects lead the students back to their dorms, Harry realises that Hermione doesn't know about the troll. They head off to warn her and come upon the troll. Unwittingly, they lock it in the girls’ bathroom, only to realise that Hermione is trapped in there with the troll. Using teamwork and magic, the three of them manage to knock the troll out. Professor McGonagall finds them and begins to scold the boys. Hermione interjects that Harry and Ron were looking for her. She then lies, saying that she went to face the troll herself and that Harry and Ron had been trying to save her from it. At this point, Hermione becomes their friend.
The Quidditch season begins, and Harry is about to play in his first match against Slytherin. To prepare, Harry borrows a book entitled Quidditch Through the Ages from Hermione. Professor Snape discovers Harry, Ron, and Hermione out with the book one evening and confiscates it from Harry on the feeble pretext that library books may not be taken outside. Harry’s suspicions of Snape continue to grow. Harry notices that Snape is limping. Going off to retrieve the book from Snape, Harry overhears Snape talking to Argus Filch about the three-headed dog, which makes Harry even more suspicious.
The next morning, the Quidditch match begins. Harry plays the position of Seeker, which means he must capture a little object called the Golden Snitch. He spots it and is flying toward it when the Slytherin Seeker pushes him out of the way and is penalised. Later in the game, Harry’s broom begins moving uncontrollably. Hagrid comments that only dark magic could make a broomstick so hard to manage. Hermione notices that Snape is staring at Harry and muttering to himself. As the Weasley twins try to rescue their team-mate Harry, Hermione rushes over to Snape, sneaks behind him, and sets his robe on fire. Suddenly, the spell on Harry’s broom is broken and Harry is once again in control. He starts speeding toward the ground and lands, catching the Golden Snitch in his mouth.
Hagrid takes Harry back to his hut with Hermione and Ron, who tells Harry that Snape was putting a curse on his broomstick. Hagrid does not believe this charge, asking why Snape would try to kill Harry. Harry tells Hagrid about Snape getting injured by the dog in the third-floor corridor. Hagrid involuntarily reveals that the three-headed dog, Fluffy, is his, and that what the dog is guarding is a secret known only to Albus Dumbledore and a man named Nicolas Flamel.
Christmas is approaching. Malfoy teases Harry about having to stay at Hogwarts for the holiday as he doesn't have parents. Harry, however, is looking forward to spending Christmas away from the Dursleys, especially because Ron is also staying at Hogwarts. The day the before the end of term, Hermione tears Harry and Ron away from a conversation with Hagrid to look in the library for more information about Nicolas Flamel. The librarian catches Harry prowling around the restricted-books section of the library and kicks him out.
The Christmas season
On Christmas day, Harry and Ron awaken to presents, though Harry’s are fewer. Harry receives a flute from Hagrid, a fifty pence coin from the Dursleys, some fudge and Chocolate Frogs from Hermione and a knitted sweater from Ron's mother. He also receives an Invisibility Cloak accompanied only by an anonymous note telling him that the cloak once belonged to Harry’s father. That night, after a satisfying Christmas dinner and after Ron has fallen asleep, Harry tries on his Invisibility cloak. Unseen, he is able to go to the library’s restricted-books section. But one of the books starts screaming when he opens it, so he quickly leaves. He passes Argus Filch and hides in an old classroom marked with an inscription that includes the word "Erised." Inside stands an old mirror. Harry looks in the mirror and sees many people standing behind him, but when he turns around in the room, he sees no one. Suddenly, he recognises that two of the people in the mirror are his dead mother and father. He tries to speak to them, but they can only communicate by waving. Harry lingers there a while but eventually returns to his room.
The next night, Harry brings Ron with him to the mirror room. Ron doesn't see Harry’s parents in the mirror, but instead sees himself holding a Quidditch Cup. Mrs. Norris, Filch’s prowling cat, notices them. On the third night, Ron is afraid of being caught and does not want to go back, so Harry returns alone. There he finds Albus Dumbledore, who explains to Harry that the mirror, which is known as the Mirror of Erised, displays the deepest desire of whoever looks into it. Harry is relieved to find that Dumbledore is not angry. However, he warns Harry that men have wasted away and been driven mad before the mirror and informs Harry that the mirror will be moved to a new location. When Harry asks what Dumbledore sees in the mirror, the answer is "socks".
Harry finds it hard to forget the image of his parents. Quidditch practice continues on, and it is revealed that Snape will referee the next match. Malfoy performs a leg-locker curse on Neville. Harry tells him he's "worth twelve of Malfoy". Harry suddenly remembers that he read the name Nicolas Flamel on a chocolate frog card and the team discover that he was a famous alchemist who is the only known maker of the Philosopher's Stone; its powers include turning any metal to gold and producing the Elixir of Life.
The Gryffindor vs. Hufflepuff Quidditch match arrives and Snape is predictably biased. Harry catches the Snitch and wins the match. Harry follows Snape into the Forbidden Forest, where he meets Quirrell and they speak of the Philosopher's Stone. Harry comes to believe that Snape is trying to figure out a way to the stone.
Harry, Ron and Hermione meet with Hagrid, who confirms the Stone is being kept in Hogwarts. Hermione charms him into talking about the enchantments used to guard it: Fluffy, the three headed dog, is Hagrid's, along with enchantments from Professor Sprout, Professor Flitwick, Professor McGonagall, Professor Quirrell, and Severus Snape. After this, Harry complains about the high temperature in Hagrid's hut, only to discover he has a dragon, which he names Norbert. Draco Malfoy discovers the dragon. To solve the problem, they convince Hagrid to send the dragon off to Ron's brother Charlie. Ron's hand is bitten by the dragon, and he is sent off to Madam Pomfrey. Harry and Hermione smuggle Norbert in a crate up to the tallest tower under Harry's Invisibility cloak and on the way they witness Professor McGonagall hauling Malfoy away. They pass the crate off to Charlie's friends, and head back down the stairs, where they meet up with Argus Filch, realising too late they had left the Cloak behind.
Filch takes them to McGonagall's office, where they meet Neville. Minerva McGonagall, very disappointed, takes fifty points each from the three of them and gives them detention, which they will serve with Malfoy. Their popularity with the other students suffers because of this. A week or so before exams, Harry hears Professor Quirrell, sounding as if he was being threatened. He then runs from a classroom ahead, straightening his turban. Harry heads to the library to tell Ron and Hermione. They are convinced Snape was threatening Quirrell, and means to steal the Stone soon. Hermione suggests they go to Dumbledore. Harry refuses, saying there is no proof.
Harry, Hermione, and Neville receive notes from Professor McGonagall telling them their detention would begin at eleven that night. Argus Filch takes them out to the Forbidden Forest, where Hagrid waited, to take them in to do a bit of investigating he needs to do. Hagrid shows them unicorn blood, and says they needed to find the unicorn. They split up, with Hagrid taking Harry and Hermione, and Neville and Malfoy going with Fang. Hagrid encounters a few centaurs, but gets no useful information from them. Hagrid sees red sparks in the air, signalling the other party is in trouble. He runs for them and returns, scolding Malfoy for teasing Neville. He switches Harry and Neville, sending Harry off with Malfoy. They eventually find the dead unicorn, and see something drinking its blood. Malfoy screams and runs away with Fang, leaving Harry, who is saved from the figure by a centaur. The centaur, Firenze, tells Harry that the unicorn blood can keep you alive but curses you in the process. He also asks Harry if he would know anyone who would want to drink the blood, or get the Stone, and Harry realises that the mysterious figure was Voldemort.
The Philosopher's Stone
- Dumbledore: "Harry, do you know why...Prof. Quirrell couldn't bear to have you touch him? It was because of your mother. She sacrificed herself for you. And that kind of act leaves a mark.. No, no. This kind of mark cannot be seen. It lives in your very skin."
- Harry: "What is it?"
- Dumbledore: "Love, Harry. Love."
- — Albus Dumbledore to Harry[src]
After finishing their exams, Harry realises the irony in Hagrid wanting a dragon more than anything else, only to meet a stranger who had one to give him. He, Ron and Hermione run to ask him about the man who gave Norbert to him, and he says he never saw his face, and was dressed in a cloak. Hagrid also mentions that they talked about Hogwarts and the stranger giving him drinks while getting information out of him. Hagrid lets slip how to get past Fluffy, which sends Harry, Ron, and Hermione off. They head for Dumbledore's office, only to see McGonagall, who tells them he has left for London. McGonagall insists no one could steal the Stone, but they decide to head out that night to try to get it themselves.
After cursing Neville for refusing to allow them to leave, they head up to the third floor room, finding the door ajar, and a harp on the floor. Harry plays the flute Hagrid gave him for Christmas, and Fluffy goes back to sleep. They head down through the trapdoor. They land in Professor Sprout's room, Devil's Snare, which almost smothers them before Hermione lights a fire, which drives it off. The next room, Professor Flitwick's, holds a bunch of flying keys and some broomsticks. Harry finds one that is different from the others and catches it, unlocking the next door with it. The next room is Professor McGonagall's, and has a large chessboard, for a game of Wizard's Chess which Ron helps them win, at the cost of him getting knocked out. Harry and Hermione continue to the next room, Professor Quirrell's, which has an unconscious troll. Lastly, they enter Professor Snape's room, and find seven potions in bottles along with a roll of paper giving clues on which one to drink to continue. Hermione solves the puzzle, and at Harry's instruction, drinks the one that will allow her to head back, while Harry drinks the one to head into the final room, where he is surprised at who he sees.
It is Quirrell in the room, not Snape. Harry, astonished, hears Quirrell tell him that next to Snape, no one would expect him to try to steal the Stone. Harry notices the Mirror of Erised, and Quirrell stops to examine it, saying it was the key to get the Stone. To distract him from the Mirror, Harry questions Quirrell, who said that he was serving Lord Voldemort, and although Snape hated Harry, he never wanted him dead. Quirrell asked for help from his master to get the Stone, and a voice tells him to use the boy. Harry is told to look into the Mirror. He sees his reflection pull the Stone out of his pocket and put it back in, and he feels it drop into his own pocket. He lies to Quirrell about what he sees, and Quirrell takes his turban off to show Harry what lies on the back of his head. Voldemort demands Harry give him the Stone, and when Harry refuses, he runs, and Quirrell seizes him, but the contact with Harry's skin burns him. Harry grabs Quirrell's face, then his arm, and holds on, with pain in his head building until he feels the arm wrenched away before he blacks out.
He woke in the hospital wing with Albus Dumbledore there, telling him Quirrell did not succeed at getting the Stone, and indeed the Stone has been destroyed. Dumbledore explained the reason why Quirrell could not touch him was that because Harry's mother had died to save him, protecting him with her love. Hagrid showed up later and gave Harry a book of photos of his parents.
At the end of term feast, Dumbledore awards Ron and Hermione fifty points, Harry sixty points, and Neville ten, which allows them to win the House Cup. Harry, Ron and Hermione all said their goodbyes before heading home.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
Notes and references
|First - Second - Third - Fourth - Fifth - Sixth - Seventh| | [
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22563,
767,
1485,
11,
2263,
257,
1402,
5301,
351,
683,
355,
339,
1364,
13,
5850,
5667,
21375,
6058,
447,
247,
82,
11,
465,
2000,
5901,
351,
2683,
13,
198,
18308,
318,
9247,
416,
1705,
326,
262,
33958,
487,
521,
669,
481,
423,
7348,
11658,
351,
262,
31615,
490,
1040,
11,
780,
339,
857,
407,
765,
284,
4341,
517,
640,
351,
31181,
39157,
13,
4627,
321,
26859,
354,
5983,
262,
1398,
11,
15165,
7216,
262,
649,
781,
3183,
572,
262,
2323,
13,
35840,
468,
281,
5778,
290,
9457,
465,
15980,
13,
4627,
321,
26859,
354,
2753,
683,
284,
262,
4436,
8539,
11,
5149,
2506,
284,
2652,
319,
262,
2323,
981,
673,
318,
1497,
13,
39157,
19748,
257,
42898,
1671,
439,
16686,
284,
35840,
11,
11103,
340,
510,
11,
290,
6140,
284,
6129,
1088,
351,
340,
13,
5850,
2925,
706,
39157,
11,
508,
12542,
262,
2613,
287,
262,
1633,
13,
5850,
17591,
340,
15013,
306,
290,
8604,
11512,
736,
319,
2323,
13,
2329,
788,
11,
8129,
11130,
261,
44906,
14443,
11,
41929,
27225,
5850,
290,
16216,
683,
284,
1061,
607,
13,
887,
2427,
286,
28641,
683,
11,
11130,
261,
44906,
20718,
683,
284,
15416,
5326,
11,
10654,
286,
262,
33958,
487,
521,
273,
2264,
1638,
2007,
1074,
11,
11170,
326,
5850,
481,
787,
281,
6275,
2264,
1638,
2007,
2137,
13,
198,
2953,
8073,
11,
5850,
6568,
306,
4952,
6575,
546,
9679,
262,
2264,
1638,
2007,
1074,
475,
4952,
683,
326,
15416,
5326,
3382,
284,
1394,
340,
257,
3200,
13,
39157,
2058,
625,
351,
465,
1067,
17300,
18653,
32379,
1350,
290,
20653,
402,
19802,
290,
573,
1386,
5850,
546,
1972,
287,
5876,
2961,
13,
383,
12097,
13676,
290,
39157,
6459,
5850,
284,
257,
18731,
447,
247,
82,
24662,
13,
5850,
18178,
11,
287,
15275,
286,
19959,
447,
247,
82,
2230,
284,
46066,
671,
606,
422,
7163,
262,
1524,
3173,
13,
1081,
5850,
290,
6575,
20528,
503,
1568,
326,
1755,
11,
19959,
8404,
284,
2245,
606,
475,
3011,
8970,
503,
286,
262,
18586,
290,
1276,
7621,
1863,
13,
35840,
635,
15449,
606,
13,
1119,
9240,
379,
262,
16383,
2119,
11,
262,
2524,
286,
262,
24662,
11,
475,
39157,
318,
12062,
284,
307,
1043,
13,
24975,
11,
484,
3285,
20559,
385,
7066,
354,
290,
465,
3797,
11,
9074,
13,
33444,
11,
3802,
262,
2119,
13,
1119,
2221,
284,
7808,
290,
788,
1057,
1497,
13,
1892,
1654,
810,
484,
389,
1016,
11,
484,
14716,
886,
510,
287,
262,
19467,
1989,
319,
262,
2368,
4314,
11,
16143,
379,
257,
1588,
290,
14343,
1115,
12,
15353,
3290,
13,
383,
1751,
6687,
284,
651,
736,
284,
511,
18586,
11512,
11,
996,
484,
389,
22144,
13,
19959,
41929,
1746,
5850,
11,
475,
11240,
82,
465,
20136,
416,
10609,
503,
326,
262,
3290,
373,
5055,
319,
257,
12840,
9424,
13,
198,
464,
1306,
3329,
11,
5850,
290,
6575,
389,
11142,
644,
262,
3290,
714,
307,
33294,
618,
262,
6920,
14443,
13,
5850,
11583,
257,
27168,
10885,
4751,
11,
290,
351,
257,
3465,
422,
8129,
11130,
261,
44906,
40292,
683,
284,
2264,
1638,
2007,
3357,
13,
39157,
4952,
5850,
326,
717,
12,
1941,
2444,
389,
407,
3142,
47085,
34810,
13,
1649,
339,
8404,
284,
989,
5850,
284,
8129,
1610,
270,
16239,
11,
1610,
270,
16239,
655,
27505,
28506,
329,
5850,
60,
447,
247,
82,
7401,
13,
5850,
1568,
11185,
15416,
5326,
284,
2193,
262,
19165,
286,
2264,
1638,
2007,
13,
198,
2202,
16032,
11,
4415,
13,
1610,
270,
16239,
6140,
7743,
465,
2444,
703,
284,
787,
1243,
6129,
13,
5514,
19959,
31137,
26,
6575,
11,
22231,
416,
607,
1633,
286,
26883,
11,
1838,
257,
17166,
2912,
326,
19959,
34789,
945,
13,
5850,
19748,
607,
2491,
572,
287,
10953,
13,
5850,
290,
6575,
9240,
379,
262,
16032,
26951,
11,
788,
2982,
8129,
2264,
343,
11252,
11,
262,
4701,
286,
16721,
12914,
262,
3801,
11536,
11,
1577,
257,
17623,
8009,
546,
257,
14104,
12,
5898,
13278,
287,
262,
2615,
13,
1081,
262,
662,
2309,
82,
1085,
262,
2444,
736,
284,
511,
18586,
82,
11,
5850,
1103,
2696,
326,
19959,
1595,
470,
760,
546,
262,
13278,
13,
1119,
1182,
572,
284,
9828,
607,
290,
1282,
2402,
262,
13278,
13,
791,
86,
2535,
306,
11,
484,
5793,
340,
287,
262,
4813,
447,
247,
12436,
11,
691,
284,
18996,
326,
19959,
318,
13640,
287,
612,
351,
262,
13278,
13,
8554,
48424,
290,
5536,
11,
262,
1115,
286,
606,
6687,
284,
10643,
262,
13278,
503,
13,
8129,
11130,
261,
44906,
7228,
606,
290,
6140,
284,
629,
727,
262,
6510,
13,
19959,
987,
752,
82,
326,
5850,
290,
6575,
547,
2045,
329,
607,
13,
1375,
788,
7363,
11,
2282,
326,
673,
1816,
284,
1986,
262,
13278,
5223,
290,
326,
5850,
290,
6575,
550,
587,
2111,
284,
3613,
607,
422,
340,
13,
1629,
428,
966,
11,
19959,
4329,
511,
1545,
13,
198,
464,
2264,
1638,
2007,
1622,
6140,
11,
290,
5850,
318,
546,
284,
711,
287,
465,
717,
2872,
1028,
31615,
490,
259,
13,
1675,
8335,
11,
5850,
8804,
82,
257,
1492,
9080,
2264,
1638,
2007,
9561,
262,
21449,
422,
19959,
13,
8129,
31008,
27472,
5850,
11,
6575,
11,
290,
19959,
503,
351,
262,
1492,
530,
6180,
290,
22735,
689,
340,
422,
5850,
319,
262,
46299,
35097,
326,
5888,
3835,
743,
407,
307,
2077,
2354,
13,
5850,
447,
247,
82,
30508,
286,
31008,
2555,
284,
1663,
13,
5850,
19748,
326,
31008,
318,
1761,
13886,
13,
19219,
572,
284,
19818,
262,
1492,
422,
31008,
11,
5850,
34789,
945,
31008,
3375,
284,
20559,
385,
7066,
354,
546,
262,
1115,
12,
15353,
3290,
11,
543,
1838,
5850,
772,
517,
13678,
13,
198,
464,
1306,
3329,
11,
262,
2264,
1638,
2007,
2872,
6140,
13,
5850,
5341,
262,
2292,
286,
1001,
28233,
11,
543,
1724,
339,
1276,
8006,
257,
1310,
2134,
1444,
262,
8407,
5489,
2007,
13,
679,
10222,
340,
290,
318,
7348,
3812,
340,
618,
262,
31615,
490,
259,
1001,
28233,
20070,
683,
503,
286,
262,
835,
290,
318,
23634,
1417,
13,
11450,
287,
262,
983,
11,
5850,
447,
247,
82,
47085,
6140,
3867,
39483,
1346,
13,
21375,
6058,
3651,
326,
691,
3223,
5536,
714,
787,
257,
47085,
13915,
523,
1327,
284,
6687,
13,
19959,
19748,
326,
31008,
318,
16143,
379,
5850,
290,
4517,
20212,
284,
2241,
13,
1081,
262,
49226,
20345,
1949,
284,
9992,
511,
1074,
12,
9830,
5850,
11,
19959,
38596,
625,
284,
31008,
11,
10505,
4730,
2157,
683,
11,
290,
5621,
465,
33192,
319,
2046,
13,
24975,
11,
262,
4822,
319,
5850,
447,
247,
82,
47085,
318,
5445,
290,
5850,
318,
1752,
757,
287,
1630,
13,
679,
4940,
26347,
3812,
262,
2323,
290,
8604,
11,
16508,
262,
8407,
5489,
2007,
287,
465,
5422,
13,
198,
39,
363,
6058,
2753,
5850,
736,
284,
465,
40812,
351,
19959,
290,
6575,
11,
508,
4952,
5850,
326,
31008,
373,
5137,
257,
17328,
319,
465,
47085,
13915,
13,
21375,
6058,
857,
407,
1975,
428,
3877,
11,
4737,
1521,
31008,
561,
1949,
284,
1494,
5850,
13,
5850,
4952,
21375,
6058,
546,
31008,
1972,
6686,
416,
262,
3290,
287,
262,
2368,
12,
28300,
20749,
13,
21375,
6058,
1876,
49605,
10069,
326,
262,
1115,
12,
15353,
3290,
11,
1610,
15352,
11,
318,
465,
11,
290,
326,
644,
262,
3290,
318,
33294,
318,
257,
3200,
1900,
691,
284,
978,
10885,
27442,
290,
257,
582,
3706,
29737,
1610,
17983,
13,
198,
44614,
318,
13885,
13,
39157,
573,
1386,
5850,
546,
1719,
284,
2652,
379,
30922,
329,
262,
9912,
355,
339,
1595,
470,
423,
3397,
13,
5850,
11,
2158,
11,
318,
2045,
2651,
284,
4581,
6786,
1497,
422,
262,
360,
1834,
21325,
11,
2592,
780,
6575,
318,
635,
10589,
379,
30922,
13,
383,
1110,
262,
878,
262,
886,
286,
3381,
11,
19959,
10953,
5850,
290,
6575,
1497,
422,
257,
5273,
351,
21375,
6058,
284,
804,
287,
262,
5888,
329,
517,
1321,
546,
29737,
1610,
17983,
13,
383,
300,
35808,
17591,
5850,
25055,
1359,
1088,
262,
10770,
12,
12106,
2665,
286,
262,
5888,
290,
17364,
683,
503,
13,
198,
464,
6786,
1622,
198,
2202,
6786,
1110,
11,
5850,
290,
6575,
26559,
284,
10969,
11,
996,
5850,
447,
247,
82,
389,
7380,
13,
5850,
11583,
257,
781,
1133,
422,
21375,
6058,
11,
257,
15334,
279,
594,
10752,
422,
262,
360,
1834,
21325,
11,
617,
277,
12587,
290,
24777,
28328,
82,
422,
19959,
290,
257,
638,
2175,
35685,
422,
6575,
338,
2802,
13,
679,
635,
11583,
281,
554,
4703,
2247,
36558,
11791,
691,
416,
281,
11614,
3465,
5149,
683,
326,
262,
24117,
1752,
19611,
284,
5850,
447,
247,
82,
2988,
13,
1320,
1755,
11,
706,
257,
19201,
6786,
8073,
290,
706,
6575,
468,
9292,
16039,
11,
5850,
8404,
319,
465,
554,
4703,
2247,
24117,
13,
791,
15898,
11,
339,
318,
1498,
284,
467,
284,
262,
5888,
447,
247,
82,
10770,
12,
12106,
2665,
13,
887,
530,
286,
262,
3835,
4940,
14788,
618,
339,
9808,
340,
11,
523,
339,
2952,
5667,
13,
679,
8318,
20559,
385,
7066,
354,
290,
30768,
287,
281,
1468,
15806,
7498,
351,
281,
40189,
326,
3407,
262,
1573,
366,
9139,
1417,
526,
14384,
6296,
281,
1468,
10162,
13,
5850,
3073,
287,
262,
10162,
290,
7224,
867,
661,
5055,
2157,
683,
11,
475,
618,
339,
4962,
1088,
287,
262,
2119,
11,
339,
7224,
645,
530,
13,
24975,
11,
339,
3018,
2696,
326,
734,
286,
262,
661,
287,
262,
10162,
389,
465,
2636,
2802,
290,
2988,
13,
679,
8404,
284,
2740,
284,
606,
11,
475,
484,
460,
691,
10996,
416,
25849,
13,
5850,
18459,
364,
612,
257,
981,
475,
4191,
5860,
284,
465,
2119,
13,
198,
464,
1306,
1755,
11,
5850,
6774,
6575,
351,
683,
284,
262,
10162,
2119,
13,
6575,
1595,
470,
766,
5850,
447,
247,
82,
3397,
287,
262,
10162,
11,
475,
2427,
7224,
2241,
4769,
257,
2264,
1638,
2007,
5454,
13,
9074,
13,
33444,
11,
7066,
354,
447,
247,
82,
25055,
1359,
3797,
11,
19748,
606,
13,
1550,
262,
2368,
1755,
11,
6575,
318,
7787,
286,
852,
4978,
290,
857,
407,
765,
284,
467,
736,
11,
523,
5850,
5860,
3436,
13,
1318,
339,
7228,
978,
10885,
27442,
11,
508,
6688,
284,
5850,
326,
262,
10162,
11,
543,
318,
1900,
355,
262,
17918,
286,
5256,
1417,
11,
11298,
262,
25420,
6227,
286,
16958,
3073,
656,
340,
13,
5850,
318,
22598,
284,
1064,
326,
27442,
318,
407,
7954,
13,
2102,
11,
339,
22145,
5850,
326,
1450,
423,
18359,
1497,
290,
587,
7986,
8805,
878,
262,
10162,
290,
30375,
5850,
326,
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10162,
481,
307,
3888,
284,
257,
649,
4067,
13,
1649,
5850,
7893,
644,
27442,
7224,
287,
262,
10162,
11,
262,
3280,
318,
366,
82,
3320,
1911,
198,
18308,
7228,
340,
1327,
284,
6044,
262,
2939,
286,
465,
3397,
13,
2264,
1638,
2007,
3357,
4477,
319,
11,
290,
340,
318,
4602,
326,
31008,
481,
22957,
262,
1306,
2872,
13,
39157,
17706,
257,
1232,
12,
5354,
263,
17328,
319,
35840,
13,
5850,
4952,
683,
339,
338,
366,
9268,
14104,
286,
39157,
1911,
5850,
6451,
18140,
326,
339,
1100,
262,
1438,
29737,
1610,
17983,
319,
257,
11311,
21264,
2657,
290,
262,
1074,
7073,
326,
339,
373,
257,
5863,
435,
28899,
508,
318,
262,
691,
1900,
16009,
286,
262,
18880,
8803,
338,
8026,
26,
663,
5635,
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] | 5,596 |
It is impossible for the information in DNA to have emerged through coincidences and natural processes.
The theory of evolution, which accounts for the origin of life in terms of chance, cannot provide a coherent explanation for even the existence of the most basic molecules in the cell. Advances in genetic science and the discovery of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, represented still further impasses for the theory. In 1955, research by two scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick, brought to light the DNA’s unbelievably complex structure and design.
The molecule known as DNA, found in every one of the 100 trillion cells in the human body, contains a flawless structural blueprint for the body as a whole. Information regarding all a person’s characteristics, from external appearance to the structures of the internal organs, is recorded in the DNA through a special coding system, via the arrangement of four special molecules that constitute the DNA spiral. These molecules, known as nucleotides, are referred to by their initial letters: A, T, G and C.
All the structural differences between human beings stem from these letters being arranged differently from one another. The arrangement of these molecules in DNA determines a person’s structure, down to the minutest detail. In addition to features such as height and the color of the eyes, hair and skin, the blueprints concerning the body’s 206 bones, 600 muscles, 100 billion nerve cells and 100 trillion cells are all contained in the DNA in any single cell. If you were to put down all the information in DNA on paper, you would need to a library of 900 volumes of 500 pages each. Yet this unimaginable amount of information is coded in the components of the DNA known as genes.
Any error arising in the arrangement of the nucleotides making up a gene will make that gene totally functionless. Bear in mind that there are 40,000 genes in the human body, and it seems absolutely impossible for the millions of nucleotides comprising these genes to have assumed their correct order by chance.
A medium protein might include about 300 amino acids. The DNA gene controlling this would have about 1,000 nucleotidase in its chain. Since there are four kinds of nucleotidase in a DNA chain, one consisting of 1,000 links could exist in 41000 or 10600. Ten multiplied by itself 600 times gives the figure 1 followed by 600 zeros! Imagine how many universes it would take to accommodate 10600 DNA chains! 130
Following a small logarithmic calculation, in 41000 is equivalent to a probability of 1 in 10600. That number is 1 followed by 600 zeros. Since 1 followed by 11 zeros equals 1 trillion, it is absolutely impossible to conceive of the number represented by 1 and 600 zeros. The impossibility of nucleotides coming together by chance to constitute DNA and RNA is expressed by the French evolutionist scientist Paul Auger:
We have to sharply distinguish the two stages in the chance formation of complex molecules such as nucleotides by chemical events. The production of nucleotides one by one—which is possible—and the combination of these within very special sequences. The second is absolutely impossible.131
The chances of a protein and nucleic acid (DNA-RNA) forming are far beyond what is estimated. In fact, the odds of a specific protein chain coming about are astronomically small. 132
The theory of evolution has not proven any of the evolutionary formations alleged to have taken place at the molecular level. As science progresses, far from producing answers to these questions, it actually makes those questions more complex and unanswerable, and thus confirms creation by default.
However, evolutionists have conditioned themselves to deny creation and are thus left with no alternative than to believe in the impossible. In his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, the well-known Australian molecular biologist Michael Denton describes the situation:
To the skeptic, the proposition that the genetic programmes of higher organisms, consisting of something close to a thousand million bits of information, equivalent to the sequence of letters in a small library of 1,000 volumes, containing in encoded form countless thousands of intricate algorithms controlling, specifying, and ordering the growth and development of billions and billions of cells into the form of a complex organism, were composed by a purely random process is simply an affront to reason. But to the Darwinist, the idea is accepted without a ripple of doubt— the paradigm takes precedence!133
130 Frank B. Salisbury, “Doubts about the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution.” American Biology Teacher, September 1971, p. 336.
131 Paul Auger, De La Physique Theorique a la Biologie, 1970, p. 118.
132 Ali Demirsoy, KalF5tF5m ve Evrim, Ankara: Meteksan YayF5nlarF5, 1984, p. 39.
133 Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis. London: Burnett Books, 1985, p. 351. | [
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] | 1,036 |
Blame the advertising man who misnamed it in the 1930s, but athlete's foot has nothing to do with athletes. It's a fungal infection of the feet. Also known as tinea pedis, or "ringworm of the feet," it has nothing to do with worms either. The Trichophyton fungus that causes the redness, itching, cracking, and scaling of athlete's foot can also infect the scalp, where it causes hair loss and scaly patches; the body, where it causes round, red, scaly patches that itch; and the groin, where the so-called "jock itch" causes itching and thickening of the skin. So what causes athlete's foot?
- Athlete's foot is the most common fungal infection of the skin. It affects more men than women, probably because men typically wear heavy, often airtight shoes, and the fungus loves hot, dark, moist environments.
- Contrary to popular myth, athlete's foot fungus isn't just found in locker rooms, although the moist locker-room environment is perfect for fungal growth. In fact, most people harbor the fungus on their skin, but it's kept in check by bacteria that also normally live on the skin.
- Skin that is irritated, weakened, or continuously moist is primed for an athlete's foot infection. And certain medications, including antibiotics, corticosteroids, birth control pills, and drugs that suppress immune function, can make you more susceptible. People who are obese and those who have diabetes mellitus or a weakened immune system, such as those with AIDS, also are at increased risk. Although anyone can get athlete's foot, teenage and adult males are at the top of the fungus-foot list.
Most cases of athlete's foot cause only bothersome redness, itching, flaking, and scaling on the soles of the feet and between the toes. In severe cases, however, blisters form on the soles of the feet; fissures, or cracks, that weep fluid can also open between the toes. These fissures can cause a stinging pain and are vulnerable to secondary infection. When the infection involves the toenails, it can cause the nails to become discolored and thick. Also, if left untreated, athlete's foot can infect other parts of the body.
Doctors don't agree on exactly how athlete's foot is spread, but most believe it's passed by direct contact with an infected person or with a contaminated surface, such as the floor of a shower stall. But the real determinants of whether or not you'll get the infection are how susceptible you are and how dry you keep your feet.
If you have contracted athlete's foot, don't despair. You can try a number of home remedies to give your athlete's foot the boot. See the next page to get started.
This information is solely for informational purposes. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. Neither the Editors of Consumer Guide (R), Publications International, Ltd., the author nor publisher take responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, procedure, exercise, dietary modification, action or application of medication which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. The publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or other health care provider. Before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider. | [
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] | 712 |
What to Expect During Radiation Therapy for Oral Cancer
External radiation therapy
External beam radiation therapy is the most common type of radiation given for oral cancer.
Radiation from a source outside the body is usually directed at the tumor site. You may also receive radiation to your neck. This type of radiation may come from a machine called a linear accelerator.
Preparing for your first treatment
Before you start radiation, you'll need a dental exam. If your teeth are in poor condition, the dentist will remove them. If all your teeth need to be removed, your dentist can create dentures for you to wear after the treatment is finished and any swelling has gone down. Removing teeth in bad condition helps prevent radiation damage to your jawbone, called osteoradionecrosis.
Before your first appointment to get radiation, you will have an appointment to learn exactly where on your body the radiation beam needs to be directed, in a process called simulation. The appointment may take up to two hours. Here's what you can expect to happen during the simulation process:
You'll lie still on a table while a radiation therapist uses a machine to identify your treatment field, which may also be called your port. The field is the exact area on your body where the radiation will be aimed. You may have more than one treatment field if you have cancer in more than one place. The therapist will mark your skin with tiny dots of colored permanent ink or tattoos. In this way, the therapist can aim the radiation at the same place each time.
You may also have imaging scans, such as CT scans, to help doctors know the exact location of your tumor to better determine the treatment area.
You may also have a face mask or other body molds made. Molds are used to help keep you from moving during the treatments.
You can get radiation as an outpatient at a hospital or clinic. That means you don't need to stay the night. You'll receive a schedule for radiation therapy. The schedule usually is for five days a week for six to seven weeks. Spreading out the radiation dose helps protect your healthy tissue. Some patients can be treated with newer techniques that are given twice daily on some or all of the treatment days. They receive better tumor control, but may have more side effects.
On the days you receive radiation treatment, you'll lie on a table while the machine is placed over you. Some radiation centers use a face mask to limit your movement while the radiation is being given. You may have to wear a hospital gown. A radiation therapist may place blocks or special shields to protect parts of your body that don't need to be exposed to radiation. To protect you, the therapist also lines up the machine exactly with your marked treatment fields, located during the earlier simulation. The experience is much like that of getting an X-ray, only it lasts longer (about 15 to 30 minutes for the whole process, with about one to five minutes of that spent getting the radiation).
The radiation therapist will leave the room to turn on the machine, but you will be able to talk to the therapist over an intercom. You can't feel radiation so it will be painless. You may hear whirring or clicking noises. You will not be radioactive afterward.
Brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy)
Brachytherapy usually comes from an implant placed in or near the cancerous area. The radiation material may be in flexible tubes called catheters or metal rods.
You may need to stay in the hospital for a few days while the treatment is done. And you may need to limit the time that people visit you. You may have pain and nausea as side effects. These should go away when the treatment is done.
When doctors remove the implant, your body will no longer be radioactive. In the past, doctors sometimes implanted radioactive pellets that would stay in the body permanently. This treatment is no longer popular for oral cancer. | [
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] | 804 |
|ROSAT Home Page||ROSAT
The time variability of X-ray emission can be studied with the HRI since each detected photon has its time of arrival recorded by the detector. The accuracy of this time is limited by the electronic resolution of the HRI processor which is 61 sec relative to the ROSAT spacecraft clock. The relative arrival times of photons during a single observation is accurate to this value. The absolute accuracy of the ROSAT spacecraft clock, and its conversion to UT, is expected to be a few milliseconds.
The HRI has a processing dead time during which events may not be counted which varies between 0.36 and 1.35 msec per event. The variation is discussed in section 188.8.131.52 and depends on the fine position of the event. Thus there is a dead time correction that needs to be made for calculating the true event rate from a source. A mean dead time of = 0.81 msec can be used for this purpose, and the true rate is then given by: , where n is the observed rate.
Due to the telescope wobble and the small variations in the QE of the HRI on spatial scales of a few arc minutes (see Fig. 5.13), the count rate of a source can vary by 5% between the extremities of a wobble. This can produce a low amplitude source variability on a time scale of approximately 100-400 seconds in some sources.
As for the PSPC, the HRI observations are typically interrupted once per orbit, and sometimes as much a three times per orbit. Typical continuous viewing times for a source will be about 2000 seconds, with some cases lasting up to 4000 seconds. Long term monitoring of sources on time scales of weeks of more will be limited by the solar view constraints of the satellite. This limits source accessibility to about one month every six months for a source in the elliptic plane, with greater access time for sources closer to the ecliptic poles. | [
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] | 404 |
In a country of nearly 310,000,000, the burdens placed on hospitals are both enormous and complex as they attempt to provide first rate health care to an ever-increasing population while adhering to strict and sometimes contradictory regulations from several different sources. To understand the scope of issues a hospital may face on any given day, it is important to become familiar with the building blocks that make up today’s health care hierarchy.
Who is responsible for oversight? At the top of the health care pyramid is the nation’s President, Barack Obama. Underneath the President lies a complex organization of individuals and agencies at both the federal and state level, who make up the gargantuan structure commonly referred to as health care. The President directly oversees the Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The following is the Organizational Chart for HHS:
Leading the HHS is the Acting Secretary, who is responsible for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services to those in need. The Acting Secretary also serves as the Assistant Secretary for Budget, Technology, and Finance. Next, the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs (IGA) serves the Secretary as the primary link between the HHS and state, local, and tribal governments. After the IGA is the Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS).
The OPHS is comprised of 12 core public health offices and the Commissioned Corps, a uniformed service of more than 6,000 health professionals who serve at HHS and other federal agencies. The Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) oversees the OPHS and stands as the primary advisor to the Secretary of the HHS on matters involving the nation’s public health. The Surgeon General, head of the Office of the Surgeon General (OSG), is responsible for overseeing all OPHS operations. Thereafter, the agencies below OPHS include:
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management (ASAM);
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Resources and Technology (ASRT);
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE);
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR);
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Legislation (ASL);
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA);
- Office of the General Counsel (OGC);
- Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals (OMHA);
- Office for Civil Rights (OCR);
- Office of Inspector General (OIG);
- Office of Global Health Affairs (OGHA);
- Departmental Appeals Board (DAB);
- Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC); and
- Center for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives (CFBCI).
The key operating divisions under OPHS jurisdiction include:
- Administration for Children and Families (ACF);
- Administration on Aging (AoA);
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ);
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR);
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC);
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS);
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA);
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA);
- Indian Health Service (IHS);
- National Institutes of Health (NIH); and
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
Each of the agencies and divisions under the OPHS serves a critical role in the delivery of health care nationwide, though some have a more prominent place in the public spotlight due to the nature of their jurisdiction. For example, one such division is the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Among its many roles, CMS is responsible for overseeing the certification of hospitals so that they can qualify for state and/or federal funding. Hospital clinical laboratories must be approved by a division of CMS, commonly known as CLIA (the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments). Covering approximately 200,000 laboratory programs, CLIA regulates all laboratory testing (except research) performed on humans in the United States.
Another important agency under HHS is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Protecting and promoting public health, the FDA consists of nine centers/offices, including:
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER);
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH);
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER);
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN);
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM);
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR);
- Office of Chief Counsel;
- Office of the Commissioner (OC); and
- Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA).
Though itself a regulatory agency, even within the FDA there exist many additional levels of oversight. Inside the OC, for example, at least 18 different entities are tasked with implementing the FDA’s mission efficiently and effectively. These programs and offices include:
- Ethics Program;
- Good Clinical Practice Program;
- History Office;
- Office of Chief Counsel;
- Office of Combination Products;
- Office of Crisis Management;
- Office of Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity Management;
- Office of Financial Management;
- Office of International Programs;
- Office of the Ombudsman;
- Office of Orphan Products Development;
- Office of Pediatric Therapeutics;
- Office of Planning;
- Office of Policy;
- Office of Public Affairs;
- Office of Special Health Issues;
- Office of Women’s Health; and
- Small Business Program.
Accreditation and Certification
Due to the sensitive nature of their services, hospitals must exist in a heavily regulated industry. Notwithstanding the seemingly endless number of agencies within agencies within HHS, the Federal government is only part of the overall health care regulatory equation. Accreditation, certification and periodic review come from a variety of both public and private sources, though the goal is generally consistent: develop uniform standards to ensure that hospitals in the United States all operate at an acceptable safety level and deliver quality patient care in an appropriate and effective manner.
Any one healthcare institution can be subject to accreditation review at any time from entities such as the Joint Commission, Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP, formerly the American Osteopathic Association), Community Health Accreditation Program, Accreditation Commission for Health Care, The Compliance Team, or Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation (HQAA).
Each program or department is governed by its own set of rules. For example, Joint Commission surveys hospitals by following more than 276 standards, reviewing 1,612 elements of performance. HFAP does largely the same thing, pursuant to its 1,100 or more individual standards. Focusing on durable medical equipment (DME), HQAA has developed its own review process, and “vows to continuously strive to set standards of the highest quality on behalf of the DME industry and business owners.” Indeed, HQAA “listen[s] . . . act[s] . . . [and] stand[s] together and in unison to bring the whole of DME service and provision to the next level.”
There are numerous other entities participating in the certification/accreditation process, and virtually every facet of the health care system is governed and reviewed by multiple organizations. Take the American Hospital Association, which designs and administers Certification Programs to recognize mastery of well-defined bodies of knowledge within health care management disciplines. The Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology is a recognized certification body for electronic health records and their networks. Even educational programs, general education or specialty education (such as podiatric medicine) must receive proper accreditation in a hospital setting.
In addition to the list above, every hospital is subject to special regulations from its own state. Health care facilities in California are licensed, regulated, inspected, and/or certified by a number of public and private agencies at both the state and federal level, including the California Department of Public Health (CDPH, previously called the California Department of Health Services).
State and federal agencies have separate jurisdictions, but there is overlap. For example, CDPH’s License and Certification Division (“L&C”) is responsible for ensuring that hospitals comply with state law, but it also cooperates with CMS to verify that facilities accepting Medicare and Medi-Cal (Medi-Cal is California’s version of Medicaid) payments meet federal requirements. California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) regulates hospital construction and administers programs which endeavor to implement the vision of “Equitable Healthcare Accessibility for California.”
These two examples serve to emphasize as well as outline the complexities of state regulations that often accompany their federal counterparts. CDPH is divided into eight separate programs, including:
- Office of the Director, or State Public Health Officer;
- External Affairs;
- Policy and Programs;
- Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion;
- Center for Environmental Health;
- Center for Family Health;
- Center for Health Care Quality; and
- Center for Infectious Disease.
Like CDPH, OSHPD is part of California’s Health and Human Services Agency.
Made up of six separate boards and commissions, OSHPD’s mission is “to promote healthcare accessibility through leadership in analyzing California’s healthcare infrastructure, promoting a diverse and competent healthcare workforce, providing information about healthcare outcomes, assuring the safety of buildings used in providing healthcare, insuring loans to encourage the development of healthcare facilities, and facilitating development of sustained capacity for communities to address local healthcare issues.”
Under OSHPD’s jurisdiction is the Hospital Building Safety Board (HBSB), which oversees seismic safety standards for hospitals in California. HBSB is made up of sixteen board members appointed by the Director of OSHPD from nominations submitted by professional associations. Six additional members, representing state agencies that interact with the hospital design and construction program, also have seats on the Board. The Director has the authority to appoint three additional members as desired. Appointed Board members serve 4-year terms with a two term limit. This board is particularly important, as California hospitals will spend approximately $120 billion before 2013 in order to meet state seismic safety standards. | [
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] | 2,146 |
State Rank for US Production (1996):
19th in nation
Percent Total US Production (1996):
Dollar Value of Production (1,000s):
Cattle ranching came to Idaho early because range cattle were able to travel long distances to the mines and other markets. Cattle could roam over thousands of acres of grasslands and were relatively easy to drive from Oregon, Washington, and Idaho across the Camas Prairie to Cheyenne for shipment by railroads to the eastern states.
Today the majority of Idaho beef cattle (the major livestock raised in the state) graze on public rangelands across the state.
Dairy cattle are more typically raised in the southern regions, usually on private ranches.
Idaho Department of | [
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] | 154 |
Most food items contain toxins like mercury, pesticides and acrylamide that can affect children in the long run
Even healthy food like fruit, vegetables, meat and fish might be putting children’s health at risk. These food items also contain toxins like mercury, pesticides and acrylamide that can, over a long time, make children vulnerable to cancer and affect their nervous and reproductive systems. This is the finding of a study on effects of 11 such food-borne toxins on people of different age groups in the US, carried out by researchers from the University of California, Davis, and University of California, Los Angeles. Irva Hertz-Picciotto, professor and chief of the division of environmental and occupational health at University of California, Davis, says toxins in food affect children the most as their brains and other organs are still developing. | [
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] | 173 |
Symposium takes a look at the history, education, literature, art, and civil rights struggles of Latinos in the Midwest
By Kelli Andresen for Iowa Now
While food, culture, and music are the most visible manifestations of Latinos’ presence in the Midwest, their influence in the region is more widespread but less known. Latino workers have harvested the region’s crops, manufactured its industrial goods, and processed its livestock. Moreover, Latino business owners have rejuvenated abandoned downtowns, while students have increased enrollments and diversified schools.
The contributions of Latinos to the nation’s heartland are the focus of The Latino Midwest , the 2012-13 University of Iowa Obermann-International Programs Humanities symposium. This interdisciplinary conference will examine the history, education, literature, art, and civil rights struggles of Latinos in light of the demographic changes experienced by Midwestern states with growing Latino populations.
“People often think of Latinos as recent immigrants to the Midwest,” says Omar Valerio-Jiménez, associate professor of history and symposium co-director, “but Latinos have been in the region since the late nineteenth century. The symposium will showcase Latinos’ long history in the Midwest and highlight their dramatic population growth, increasing political clout, and crucial economic contributions.”
The main symposium takes place Oct. 11-13 and will include panels, lectures, performances, and literary readings. The Latino Midwest is organized by three faculty members in the UI College of Liberal Arts and Sciences: Claire Fox, associate professor of English and Spanish and Portuguese, whose teaching and research interests include the literature and arts of the Americas; Valerio-Jiménez, who is currently working on a study of Latinos in early 20th-century Iowa that explores acculturation, labor, and gender relations; and Santiago Vaquera-Vásquez, assistant professor of Spanish and Portuguese, a Chicano writer, and member of the creative writing section in Spanish whose current research focuses on literature and art from the U.S./Mexico borderlands.
Related events extend beyond the main symposium. All of the events, with the exception of the Lila Downs concert, are free and open to the public.
For a list of related events and more information, visit Iowa Now . | [
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] | 478 |
Transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve "Mura-Drava-Danube"
Under the auspices of the RAMSAR COP11, representatives of the governments of Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia, IUCN, ICPDR, Ramsar Secretariat, Wetlands International, WWF, other NGOs and participants at the conference gathered to celebrate the new achievements on the way to designate the pentalateral UNESCO Biosphere Reserve “Mura-Drava-Danube”.
WWF’s introduction to the initiative to conserve the unique natural values of the three rivers Mura, Drava and the Danube, and their floodplains, was followed by statements of the five countries (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia) highlighting their commitment to achieve the final designation of the area as a Biosphere Reserve. The efforts made up to date by all parties involved were rewarded by the announcement of the first nomination of a significant part of the area (80%, about 630.000 ha) shared by Croatia and Hungary, as a Biosphere Reserve.
The importance of the initiative for nature conservation but at the same time as a framework for increased cooperation between the countries to commonly address upcoming threats from unsustainable development (especially navigation) was emphasized by IUCN, ICPDR, Ramsar and Wetlands International representatives. From a global perspective, the “Mura–Drava– Danube” transboundary Biosphere Reserve would also serve as a leading example of international cooperation to save one of the last remaining natural wetland areas in Europe.
Read more here. | [
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] | 335 |
Key tools for tackling invasive species
31 May 2011 | News story
Prevention, eradication and early detection system are key tools for tackling invasive species. This was the conclusion of the conference “The Challenge of Invasive Species and Destructive Insects” organised on the 24 May 2011 in the European Parliament. The event highlighted disastrous consequences of the proliferation of invasive species and shaped the necessary tools for putting an end to this plague.
“Invasive alien species should be regarded as one of the most important environmental topics in Europe. To stop their spread in Europe it is critical to act, and to act quickly,” argued MEP Gaston Franco, Chair of the conference “The Challenge of Invasive Species and Destructive Insects”.
One out of every ten introduced species becomes invasive due to their ability to compete with indigenous species. This worrying problem has a major impact not only on environment but also on the economy and health. As recalled by Pia Bucella, Director in DG Environment, 12 billion euros are lost every year due to invasive alien species while at the Global level it amounts to 1.4 trillion per year.
Surprisingly, there is no EU comprehensive instrument to tackle this problem. Local solutions are therefore implemented such as the ambitious strategy in the city of Nice (France) to cope with the devastating red palm weevil or the program to stop the invasion of grey squirrels in some parts of the UK.
Everybody agreed that prevention through communication, education and full involvement of the public combined with eradication and early detection system are powerful tools. Piero Genovesi from IUCN called for an Early Warning Rapid Response system enabling to share information globally and rapidly. Whatever the solution, both animal welfare and human ethics should be taken into account, according to Prof. Dirk Lips from the KUL University.
Organized by the Secretariat of the European Parliament Intergroup “Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development”, run jointly by the European Bureau for Conservation and Development (EBCD) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the conferencebrought together high level International, European, national and regional experts.
For more information, please contact Mélanie Lamaison from EBCD. | [
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] | 466 |
May be of interest to some of my readers.
1. Data protection challenge of the future: what is Big Data?
The three V’s - Volume, Velocity, and Variety – are the essential characteristics of “Big Data”. While data protection and privacy laws are still busy catching up with technologies of yesterday, Big Data is growing at a lightning speed on a daily basis. How can companies deal with the data protection challenges brought about by Big Data in order to truly benefit from the opportunities introduced by Big Data? First, one must truly grasp what is Big Data. We interview Jeff Jonas, Chief Scientist at IBM Entity Analytics, to obtain his perspectives and definition of Big Data, and his experience handling Big Data.
2. When did data become big?
Big Data did not become big overnight. What I think happened is data started getting generated faster than organizations could get their hands around it. Then one day you simply wake up and feel like you are drowning in data. On that day, data felt big.
3. Please explain and elaborate on the characteristics of Big Data?
Big Data means different things to different people.
Personally, my favorite definition is: “something magical happens when very large corpuses of data come together.” Some example of this can be seen at Google, for example Google flu trends and Google translate. In my own work, I witnessed this first in 2006. In this particular system, the system started getting higher quality predictions and faster as it ingested more data. This is so counter intuitive. The easiest way to explain this though is to consider the familiar process of putting a puzzle together at home. Why is it do you think the last few pieces are as easy as the first few – even though you have more data in front of you then ever before? Same thing really that is happening in my systems these days. It’s rather exciting to tell you the truth.
To elaborate briefly on the new physics of Big Data, I pinpointed the three phenomena of Big Data physics in my blog entry - Big Data. New Physics – drawing from my personal experience of 14 years of designing and deploying a number of multi-billion row context accumulating systems:
1. Better Prediction. Simultaneously lower false positives and lower false negatives
2. Bad data good. More specifically, natural variability in data including spelling errors, transposition errors, and even professionally fabricated lies – all helpful.
3. More data faster. Less compute effort as the database gets bigger.
Another definition of Big Data is related to the ability for organizations to harness data sets previously believed to be “too large to handle.” Historically, Big Data means too many rows, too much storage and too much cost for organizations who lack the tools and ability to really handle data of such quantity. Today, we are seeing ways to explore and iterate cheaply over Big Data.
4. When did data become big for you? What is your “Big Data” processing experience?
As previously mentioned, for me, Big Data is about the magical things that happen when a critical mass is reached. To be honest, Big Data does not feel big to me unless it is hard to process and make sense of. A few billion rows here and a few billion rows there – such volumes once seemed a lot of data to me. Then helping organizations think about dealing volumes of 100 million or more records a day seemed like a lot. Today, when I think about the volumes at Google and Facebook, I think: “Now that really is Big Data!”
My personal interest and primary focus on Big Data these days is: how to make sense of data in real time, that is fast enough to do something about the transaction while the transaction is still happening. While you swipe that credit card, there is only a few seconds to decide if that is you or maybe someone pretending to be you. If an unauthorized user is inside your network, and data starts getting pumped out, an organization needs sub-second “sense and respond” capabilities. End of day batch processes producing great answers is simply late!
5. What are the technologies currently adopted to process Big Data?
The availability of Big Data technologies seems to be growing by leaps and bounds and on many fronts. We are seeing a large corporate investments resulting in commercial products – at IBM two examples would be IBM InfoSphere Streams for Big Data in motion and IBM InfoSphere Big Insights for pattern discovery over data at rest. There are also many Big Data open source efforts under way for example HADOOP, Cassandra and Lucene. If one were to divide these into types one would find some well suited for streaming analytics and others for batch analytics. Some help organizations harness structured data while others are ideal for unstructured data. One thing is for sure – there are many options, and there will be many more choices to come as Big Data continues to get investment.
6. How can companies benefit from the use of Big Data?
I’d like to think consumers benefit too, just to be clear. To illustrate my point, I find it very helpful when Google responds to my search with “did you mean ______”. To pull this very smart stunt, Google must remember the typographical errors of the world, and that I do believe would qualify as Big Data. Moreover, I think health care is benefiting from Big Data, or let’s hope so. Organizations like financial institutions and insurance companies are benefitting from Big Data also by using these insights to run more efficient operations and mitigate risks.
We, you and I, are responsible in part for generating so much Big Data. These social media platforms we use to speak our mind and stay connected are responsible for massive volumes of data. Companies know this and are paying attention. For example, my friend’s wife complained on Twitter about a specific company’s service. Not long thereafter they reached out to her because they too were listening. They fixed the problem and she was as happy as ever. How did the company benefit? They kept a customer.
7. What is the trend of processing Big Data?
I think a lot of Big Data systems are running as periodic batch processes, for example, once a week or once a month. My suspicion is as these systems begin to generate more and more relevant insight, it will not be long before the users say: “Why did I have to wait until the end of the week to learn that? They already left the web site.”; or, “I already denied their loan when it is now clear I should have granted them that loan.”
8. What are the complications dealing with the privacy implications brought about by Big Data compare to average sized data?
There are lots of privacy complications that come along with Big Data. Consumers, for example, often want to know what data an organization collects and the purpose of the collection. Something that further complicates this: I think many consumers would be surprised to know what is computationally possible with Big Data. For example, where you are going to be next Thursday at 5:35pm or your three best friends, and which two of them are not on Facebook. Big Data is making it harder to have secrets. To illustrate using lines from my blog entry - Using Transparency As A Mask – ‘Unlike two decades ago, humans are now creating huge volumes of extraordinarily useful data as they self-annotate their relationships and yours, their photographs and yours, their thoughts and their thoughts about you … and more. With more data, comes better understanding and prediction. The convergence of data might reveal your “discreet” rendezvous or the fact you are no longer on speaking terms your best friend. No longer secret is your visit to the porn store and the subsequent change in your home’s late night energy profile, another telling story about who you are … again out of the bag, and little you can do about it. Pity … you thought that all of this information was secret.’
9. What are the privacy concerns & threats Big Data might bring about - to companies and to individuals whose data are contained in 'Big Data'?
My number one recommendation to organizations is “Avoid Consumer Surprise.”
10. How are companies currently applying privacy protection principles before/after Big Data has been processed?
I think there are many best practices being adopted. One of my favorites involves letting consumers opt-in instead of opting them in automatically and then requiring them to opt-out. One new thing I would like to see become a new best practice is: a place on the web site, for example my bank, where I can see a list of third parties whom my bank has shared my data with. I think this transparency would be good and certainly would make consumers more aware.
11. What is “Big Data”, according to Jeff Jonas?
Big Data is a pile of data so big - and harnessed so well - that it becomes possible to make substantially better predictions, for example, what web page would be the absolute best web page to place first on your results, just for you. | [
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] | 1,877 |
Department of Energy
- Land is essential for all types of economic activity - every business has a footprint.
- At the height of the 2006 real estate boom, land in the US is estimated to have been worth more than $17 trillion.
- Research presented by @AEI’s Stephen Oliner suggests that land is indeed a high-risk investment.
Land is essential for all types of economic activity. Every business — whether it’s General Motors or the corner grocery store — has a footprint. The same is true for the homes and apartments in which people live.
Land also constitutes a major part of wealth. At the height of the real estate boom in 2006, land in the United States (excluding farmland and land held by the government) is estimated to have been worth more than $17 trillion. This figure represents about 40 percent of the value of commercial real estate and housing in the United States.1 Of course, much of that wealth dissolved over the next few years as real estate markets crashed. The new research presented in this Letter documents the huge swing in land value over the recent cycle, showing that land is indeed a high-risk investment.
Read the full text of the letter here. | [
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] | 248 |
Thyroid cancer is cancer of the thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, and it is found in the front of the neck. Thyroid gland tumors often appear as bumps in the neck, called nodules. In most cases, thyroid nodules are not cancerous. However, those that are cancerous have the potential to spread throughout the body.
There are several types of thyroid cancer, including:
- Papillary carcinoma (most common type)—It usually grows very slowly and often spreads to lymph nodes in the neck. If caught early, this type of thyroid cancer is often curable.
- Follicular carcinoma (second most common type)—It usually stays in the thyroid gland, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and bones. It does not usually spread to the lymph nodes. If caught early, this type of thyroid cancer is often curable.
- Anaplastic carcinoma (rare form of thyroid cancer)—It quickly invades the neck and other parts of the body and is often fatal.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)—This cancer develops from cells in the thyroid gland called C-cells.
MTC often spreads to the lymph nodes, lungs, or liver before a thyroid nodule has been discovered. There are two types of MTC:
- Sporadic MTC
- Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC)
- Thyroid lymphoma (rare type of thyroid cancer)—Many cases occur in people who have a disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis .
Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid cancer include:
- Diet low in iodine
- History of radiation to the head, neck, or chest, especially in infancy or childhood
- Family history of thyroid cancer
- Sex: female
- Age: 30 and over
- Exposure to radioactive fallout (eg, exposed to radiation from nuclear accidents or exposed to nuclear testing area during childhood)
Symptoms may include:
- A lump in the neck
- Neck pain (sometimes going up to the ears)
- Difficulty swallowing
- Difficulty breathing
- Persistent cough
- Enlarged lymph glands in the neck
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will also be done. This may include a careful examination of your neck to look for lumps or abnormalities.
Your doctor may order tests, such as:
Once thyroid cancer is found, staging tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. Examples of treatment options include:
- Thyroidectomy —This is the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland.
- Radioactive iodine therapy —This uses large doses of radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland and thyroid cancer without affecting the rest of the body.
- External radiation therapy —This is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation is directed at the tumor from a source outside the body.
If you are diagnosed with thyroid cancer, follow your doctor's instructions .
Because the exact cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, finding it early and treating it is the best way to prevent dying from the disease. Your doctor may recommend screening tests for you, for example:
- Have a thyroid exam every three years if you are aged 20-39 years old
- Have a thyroid exam every year if you are aged 40 years or older
Since exposure to radiation is a major risk factor for thyroid cancer, you should:
- Avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation.
- If you have been exposed to radiation of the head, neck, or chest, have frequent checks for thyroid cancer.
- Reviewer: Igor Puzanov, MD
- Review Date: 10/2012 -
- Update Date: 10/31/2012 - | [
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After kids or teens are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the next step is to create a diabetes management plan to help them manage the condition and stay healthy and active.
Treatment plans for type 2 diabetes are based on each child's needs and the suggestions of the diabetes health care team.
Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Basics
The blood glucose level is the amount of glucose in the blood. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells and is carried to each cell through the bloodstream. The hormone insulin allows the glucose to get into the cells. In type 2 diabetes, the body doesn't respond normally to insulin, so glucose is less able to enter the cells. This causes the blood glucose level to rise.
Treatment goals for kids with diabetes are to control the condition in a way that minimizes symptoms, prevents short- and long-term health problems, and helps them to have normal physical, mental, emotional, and social growth and development. To do this, parents and kids should aim for the goal of keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible.
It is also important to treat other conditions that can be associated with type 2 diabetes, like obesity, high blood pressure, or abnormal blood lipid (fat) levels.
In general, kids with type 2 diabetes need to:
eat a healthy, balanced diet and follow a meal plan
get regular exercise
take medications as prescribed
monitor blood sugar levels regularly
Helping kids with type 2 diabetes switch to healthier habits is a key part of treatment. Because most kids are overweight when they're diagnosed, it's important to promote healthy eating and physical activity to prevent further weight gain or to encourage weight loss while making sure they grow and develop properly.
Weight gain occurs when someone eats more calories, or energy, than is used up through physical activity. The body stores those extra calories as fat. Over time, excessive weight gain can lead to obesity and diseases related to obesity like type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Kids with type 2 diabetes who are trying to manage their weight still need energy to develop normally. To get it, they'll need enough calories to grow without gaining too much fat. The best way is to eat nutritious foods and exercise.
Many parents worry about what to feed their kids with type 2 diabetes. The key is a balanced, healthy diet. Kids with diabetes benefit from the same kind of diet as those without diabetes — one that includes a variety of nutritious foods that help the body grow and function properly.
The three main types of nutrients found in foods are carbohydrates (carbs), proteins, and fats, which provide energy in the form of calories. Foods containing carbs cause blood sugar levels to go up the most. Foods that are mostly protein and/or fat don't affect blood sugar levels nearly as much.
Our bodies need many nutrients — in different amounts — to function normally. So when you and the diabetes health care team create a diabetes meal plan to help keep your child's blood sugar within the target range, it will include a variety of nutrients.
Meal plans usually consist of breakfast, lunch, and dinner with small, scheduled between-meal snacks. The plan won't restrict your child to eating specific foods, but will guide you in selecting from the basic food groups to achieve a healthy balance.
Meal plans are based on a child's age, activity level, schedule, and food likes and dislikes, and should be flexible enough to accommodate special situations like parties and holidays. The meal plan should make it easier to keep your child's blood sugar within his or her goal range.
The meal plan also might recommend limiting extra fat and "empty" calories (foods that contain lots of calories but few nutrients). Everyone should limit these foods anyway because eating too much of them can lead to excess weight gain or long-term health problems like heart disease, for which people with diabetes are already at risk.
Portion control — even of healthy foods — is important for kids with type 2 diabetes because they generally weigh more than kids who don't have the disease. As you're following your child's meal plan, be wary of special foods marketed to people with diabetes. Sugar-free and fat-free foods are not always calorie-free or even low-calorie foods.
A registered dietitian (RD) can help you choose and cook healthier foods, read food labels, and learn how much food your child should be eating in a day. The RD also can adjust meal plans depending on how your child is doing regarding meeting weight management goals. If you don't have a dietitian on the diabetes health care team, ask your doctor for a referral to see one.
Getting Regular Exercise
Exercise is good for everyone — adults and kids, with or without diabetes. Getting regular physical activity is also an important part of diabetes treatment. Overweight kids and teens with type 2 diabetes tend to be less active, so exercise is a very important part of the treatment plan.
Exercise helps improve the body's response to insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels. It also helps the body burn more calories, which can reduce excess body fat. And it's healthier for growing kids who are overweight to burn more calories through exercise than to severely restrict the food they eat.
Regular physical activity also can help reduce the risk of other chronic illnesses, like cancer. In addition to all of these benefits, exercise can help kids with diabetes:
get and keep their heart, lungs, and blood vessels in good shape
feel more normal by doing things that kids without diabetes can do
Kids don't have to be athletic to reap the benefits of physical activity. Things like walking the dog, helping around the house, and playing outside with friends are great — anything that gets them moving regularly can go a long way toward helping control diabetes.
To help avoid problems during exercise, kids with type 2 diabetes may need to:
have an extra snack prior to activity
carry snacks, water, and supplies with them when they exercise
check their blood sugar levels before, during, and after exercise
make sure their coaches know about their diabetes and what to do if problems occur
Make sure your child wears a medical identification bracelet (this should always be worn, but it's even more important during exercise, sports, and and fitness activities).
The diabetes health care team will make suggestions to help your child get ready for exercise or join a sport. They'll also provide instructions to help you and your child respond to any diabetes problems that could occur during exercise, like hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Taking Medications as Prescribed
Sometimes, a combination of diet and exercise are enough to control blood sugar levels in kids with type 2 diabetes. Other times, pills that help insulin work better also need to be taken. These pills are not a form of insulin.
Sometimes pills for diabetes — even when combined with diet and exercise — still aren't enough to keep blood sugar levels under control, and a child with type 2 diabetes must take insulin. The acids and digestive juices in the stomach and intestines would break down and destroy insulin if it was swallowed, so it can't be taken in a pill. The only way to get insulin into the body is with an injection or an insulin pump.
There is no-one-size-fits-all insulin schedule — the types of insulin used and number of daily injections a child needs will depend on the diabetes management plan. Usually, kids inject a combination of different types of insulin to handle the sugar that circulates in the blood after eating and between meals. Also, you can't turn off the action of insulin once it's been injected, so insulin doses need to be adjusted to handle the rise in blood sugar that occurs with meals and provide the amounts of insulin the body needs between meals and overnight.
Eating meals at regular times generally makes this easier. Although eating on schedule may work well for younger kids, sticking to a routine can be a challenge for older kids, whose school, sleep, and social schedules might not be as routine. The diabetes health care team can help you work through any problems your child might have with scheduling meals and insulin injections.
The promising news about type 2 diabetes is that by following a balanced diet, getting regular physical activity, and achieving a healthy weight, blood sugar levels can improve significantly. In some kids, following the treatment plan for type 2 diabetes can even eliminate the need for medication altogether.
Treating type 2 diabetes also involves checking blood sugar levels regularly and responding to the results. Controlling blood sugar levels helps kids with diabetes feel well, grow and develop normally, and also reduces the risk of long-term diabetes complications.
The diabetes treatment plan will recommend how many times a day to check blood sugar levels, which is the only way to monitor the effectiveness of your child's day-to-day blood sugar control.
The diabetes health care team also will let you know what your child's target blood sugar levels are. In general, kids with type 2 diabetes should test their blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter at least twice a day, but might need to test more frequently if they're taking insulin, have just been diagnosed, or are having problems with blood sugar control.
A blood glucose meter measures the blood sugar level at the moment of testing. Another blood sugar test, the glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c) test, indicates what blood sugar levels have been over the past few months.
Putting it All Together
Treating and managing diabetes can seem overwhelming at times. But the diabetes health care team is there for you. Your child's diabetes management plan should be easy to understand, detailed, and written down for easy reference. You also should have the names and phone numbers of the health care team members in case of emergencies or if you have questions about how to take care of your child's diabetes.
Besides the standard diabetes treatments, you also might hear of alternative or complementary treatments, such as herbal remedies and vitamin or mineral supplements. Although research continues into their possible benefits, studies thus far haven't proved their effectiveness. Aside from being potentially ineffective, they could even be dangerous for kids and teens with type 2 diabetes, especially if used to replace medically recommended treatments. Talk to the diabetes health care team if you have questions.
Each day, researchers all over the world are working to find a cure for diabetes, and many treatment advances have made treatment easier and more effective. Insulin might soon be available in pill, patch, and spray forms, and scientists continue efforts to improve results of pancreas or islet cell transplants. Versions of an artificial pancreas — a device that senses blood sugar and gives insulin — also are being tested.
These new developments are exciting, but they still need extensive testing — especially for use in kids — before they become available. | [
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] | 2,229 |
Have you ever eaten gluten? No, not glue — gluten! If you've ever eaten a piece of bread, a slice of pizza, or a bowl of cereal, chances are you have.
Gluten (say: gloo-tin) is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley — grains that are in many everyday foods. Most of us eat food with gluten with no trouble. But for some people, eating gluten can cause a reaction in their bodies. Someone who has this problem has celiac (say: see-lee-ak) disease.
After you eat food, it goes to your stomach, which is part of a group of organs that make up your digestive system. An important part of the digestive system is the small intestine, which is lined with villi (say: vil-eye).
Villi are usually described as microscopic, finger-like projections. Weird, huh? Fingers in your intestines! But don't forget that they're microscopic, meaning they are extremely small — so small you can't see them without a microscope. The villi are important because they absorb nutrients into the body.
For someone with celiac disease, eating gluten — in a piece of bread, for instance — causes an immune system reaction. Your immune system ordinarily keeps you from getting sick, but in someone with celiac disease, the body starts damaging and destroying the villi. Without villi, the body can't absorb vitamins and nutrients from food. Without enough nutrients, a kid's body has a tough time staying healthy and growing properly. Even if the person eats a lot, he or she still might lose weight and might develop anemia (say: uh-nee-me-uh) from not absorbing enough iron.
No one is sure why celiac disease happens, but it appears to run in families. You have a 5% to 10% chance of getting celiac disease if someone in your family has it. It's common in people from the northern European countries and the United States. How common? About 1 in every 133 people in the United States has celiac disease.
Obviously, many people who have celiac disease do not know it. If all these people were diagnosed, celiac disease would be more common than type 1 diabetes. Fortunately, awareness is growing about the problem, and there are better ways of testing people for it.
Signs and Symptoms
Some common symptoms of celiac disease are diarrhea, decreased appetite, stomachache and bloating, poor growth, and weight loss. Many kids are diagnosed with it when they're between 6 months and 2 years old. It makes sense because, at this time kids are getting their first taste of gluten in foods.
For some people, the problems occur gradually and the symptoms may be terrible one week and not as bad the next. Because of this, some people aren't diagnosed with celiac disease until they're older. The problem is chronic, which means that although symptoms may come and go, people who have celiac disease will always have it.
Someone with celiac disease may feel tired and could be irritable. Some also have skin rashes and mouth sores. The problem is sometimes mistaken for other digestive problems called inflammatory bowel disease or lactose intolerance. And in some cases, a kid won't have any symptoms and then will all of a sudden start having problems during a time of stress, such as after an injury.
Someone who has a lot of stomachaches, diarrhea, weight loss, or any of other symptoms of celiac disease should talk to a doctor. It may or may not be celiac disease, but a doctor can help sort this out and will usually order a screening blood test.
If the screening tests show a person might have celiac disease, the next stop usually is to see a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in digestive problems. This specialist may decide to take a sample of the small intestine to look at under the microscope. This small sample is called a biopsy. If a biopsy is done, the doctor will give some special medicine to help the person stay comfortable during the procedure.
How Is It Treated?
Celiac disease is treated by not eating gluten. This can be difficult because gluten is in many foods, but a dietitian can help adjust someone's diet to cut out gluten. It is important not to start a gluten-free diet unless you are truly diagnosed with celiac disease.
Following a gluten-free diet allows the small intestine to heal. But that doesn't mean the person can start eating gluten again. For someone with celiac disease, gluten will always irritate the intestines and, if this happens, the diarrhea, stomachaches, and other problems will return.
If you're diagnosed with celiac disease, it can be a challenge to learn which foods contain gluten. You may not be able to remember them all, but you can keep a list with you and ask about menu items at restaurants before digging in. Before you know it, you'll be a pro at knowing which foods are safe and which are not.
Here's a quick quiz: Which of these foods contain gluten?
If you said all three, you're right! Pizza was the easiest choice because you know the crust is bread. But did you know that battered foods like fried chicken and even some French fries contain gluten? Pasta also contains gluten because it is made from wheat. Luckily, you can make or buy gluten-free pizza crust, make fried chicken with a gluten-free batter, and find gluten-free pasta. In fact, nearly all of the foods we eat can be made gluten free.
In addition to foods that contain gluten, you'll need to watch out for foods that may have been contaminated with gluten. That means a food doesn't contain gluten as an ingredient but came into contact with gluten-containing foods. This is most likely to occur at home in your own kitchen — for instance, wheat bread crumbs in the toaster, the butter, or peanut butter.
If you have celiac disease you will need your own toaster and you should also have separate spreads and condiments to avoid this cross-contamination. Some foods are contaminated during processing, so your mom or dad can help you by finding certified gluten-free foods. For instance, gluten-free oats are now available for people with celiac disease.
The best approach is to read labels, but here are a few foods to steer clear of until you can verify that they are gluten free:
packaged rice mixes
There's also a labeling act that requires the labeling of wheat-free products. But a "wheat-free" food isn't necessarily a "gluten-free" one because wheat-free products may have barley and rye (gluten-containing grains) in them.
A diagnosis of celiac disease does not mean giving up all your favorite foods. It just means adapting them to be gluten free. Many different gluten-free products, baking mixes, and recipes are available. A support group is a great resource for finding out which recipes and products are best.
A support group can help keep you up to date as well. For instance, a few years ago it was recommended that distilled vinegar be completely avoided on a gluten-free diet. Now we know that the gluten molecules do not appear in the distillate. Huh? What this means is that distilled vinegar is now an OK ingredient. That made a big change in the allowed foods someone with celiac disease could eat.
If you're part of a support group, you hear of these kinds of changes right away. A support group is also a great place to get to know other kids who have celiac disease and to learn that you're not alone. | [
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] | 1,587 |
Ah, summer camp. The mosquitoes, the swim races, the friendships, the bug juice, the postcards home. What child wouldn't benefit from the fun and structured freedom camps provide?
Kids with special needs are no exception. But the idea can seem challenging to parents and kids alike — how can you be sure that your child will get the attention he or she needs? Will your child be able to participate fully? What about the other kids? Will your child make friends? Will they understand your child's special needs?
The good news is that there are many camp choices for kids with special needs. From highly specialized camps to regular camps that accommodate kids with special needs, options abound.
Different Types of Camps
When it comes to camps, kids with special needs have as many choices as other kids. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires all camps to make reasonable accommodations (such as the installation of wheelchair-accessible ramps) so that kids with special needs can attend. So, camps that previously couldn't host kids with special needs might now be on your list of possibilities.
Inclusionary (or mainstream) camps do just what their name implies: They include kids with special needs in their groups of children with regular needs. These camps may have started out serving only a general population of kids, but they've gradually changed as the needs of the families they serve have changed.
Some camps are designed just for kids with special needs, including kids who have learning or behavioral problems, those with specific chronic illnesses, and kids with mental or physical impairments. Many accept kids with a variety of needs, but some only accept kids with specific problems (such as camps for kids with diabetes, cancer, speech or hearing impairment, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, etc.).
Within all of these categories, you'll have even more choices to consider regarding length of stay, philosophy, and cost. There are nonprofit and for-profit camps, religious camps, camps run by national organizations, private camps, day camps, camps that run weekend sessions, and sleepover camps that accept kids for the entire summer.
The benefits of camp for kids with special needs are often the same as for any child:
increased confidence and independence
activity and exercise
the opportunity to interact with other kids, develop friendships, and build relationships
positive role modeling by adults
a chance for parents to have a much-needed break
Independence is an important camp benefit. For example, an overnight mainstream camp can give special-needs kids the chance to be without parents, doctors, or physical therapists for a week. They'll do more things for themselves and learn how to ask friends to help, which can boost problem-solving and communication skills.
Also, camp provides the physical benefits of increased activity. Many kids with disabilities or chronic illnesses are sedentary and don't get to participate in the sports or recreational activities that their peers do. They therefore miss out on the social and health benefits that exercise brings.
Camp provides a variety of activities such as swimming, wheelchair racing, dancing, tennis, or golf. These give immediate health benefits (such as improved cardiovascular fitness) and recreational options that can carry over into adult life.
Many camps combine learning environments with these physical activities, giving kids with behavioral or learning problems the chance to develop, or catch up on, needed skills during the summer.
Starting Your Camp Search
To find a camp, make lists of the basics you're looking for: a list of goals, a list of caretaking priorities, and a list of other considerations (such as cost).
Then consider which type of camp might best suit your child:
inclusionary (or mainstream) camps
camps for kids with a specific special need
camps for kids with many different kinds of special needs
Consider whether your child has ever been away from home, for the weekend or even longer, and what experiences might have helped prepare him or her for camp. This will help you to decide not only the type of camp, but whether your child is ready for a day camp or a sleepover (residential) camp.
Involving kids in the camp search will help to ensure that they get the most out of the camp selected. So, ask your child:
What do you want to get out of summer camp?
What are your preferences?
Do you want to go to a coed camp, or just be around kids of the same gender?
Are there any activities you really want to try?
Would you be more comfortable going to a camp with kids who do or don't have special needs?
Are you comfortable being away from home? If so, for how long?
Do you have classmates or friends who have gone to a summer camp? If so, which ones? And did they like it?
If it turns out that the idea of camp is a bit overwhelming for both you and your child, you might want to try starting small, like weekend sessions at a special-needs camp.
Whatever type of camp you're leaning toward, it's important to do your research. Many places offer information — the American Camp Association (ACA), for example, has an online listing of special-needs camps broken down by the types of camps, cost, length of stay, state/region, and campers' ages. The site is also loaded with general and age-appropriate advice for parents of would-be campers.
You also can call local chapters of major disability organizations about camps in your area. Many organizations publish lists of camps and can connect you with camp directors and former campers.
You might have a special-needs camp fair in your area. Check the calendar listings in your local newspapers and monthly parenting magazines. Many of these are held in January or February, which means that you need to start your camp search early.
Of course, part of your research will involve figuring out what you can afford. The cost of camps varies widely, with some high-end special-needs camps costing thousands of dollars for multiple-week sessions.
You can help fund your child's camp experience by applying for scholarships — experts say to do so from December through March, because the money is gone by April or May. You can contact charitable organizations and fraternal organizations (such as the Lions, Kiwanis, and Rotary Clubs, all of which sponsor special-needs camps). And depending on your child's specific special need, he or she may be eligible for financial aid from your state. Other sources of scholarships include religious or ethnic charities.
One thing to know: You usually first need to find a camp that can take your child — most of these organizations send the scholarship money to the camp in the child's name, not to the parents directly.
So, how do you narrow down your choices and pick the camp that's right for your child? Some basic and special-needs-specific questions you'll need to have answered include:
How long are the sessions?
What's the cost? Are scholarships available?
Is it coed, girls-only, or boys-only?
What's the age range of campers?
Where is it located — and how far away from your home is it?
What's the staff-to-camper ratio?
How old are most of the counselors?
What type of certification do the counselors have?
What's the turnover rate? Do kids and staff come back?
What's the camp's philosophy? Does it fit with your goals for your child?
What's the camp's transportation system like?
If physical accessibility is an issue, what's the layout of the camp? What provisions has the camp made (or can it make) for wheelchairs or crutches?
If your child needs a special diet, can the camp provide appropriate meals? If not, can you provide food for your child?
Do staff members have a background working with kids with special needs?
Do the counselors have first-aid training?
What kind of medical staff is available in the infirmary and during what hours? Can the staff administer any medications your child needs?
If your child has behavior problems, what's the training and experience of the available staff to help? And how does the camp staff handle behavioral problems?
What's the procedure if your child develops a complication related to his or her medical problems? How far is the nearest hospital? If your child needs specialized treatment, is it available at that hospital?
Although you can get some of this information through phone calls, emails, brochures, and websites, experts recommend visiting the camp. You can talk to the director, visit the site, and get a comprehensive picture of where your child will be.
Probably the only way to get a true feel for the camp is for you and your child to visit it together. This is especially important if your child is going to a regular (inclusionary or mainstream) camp where they haven't hosted many children with special needs, because it gives you the opportunity to point out changes they might need to make and to gauge the reaction of the camp's staff to your requests.
If you can't visit a camp, interview the director and some staff members to get a feel for the place. Ask them to describe the physical layout and the kinds of activities your child will do. You should also ask to speak with other families whose kids have attended to see what their experiences were like. In fact, word of mouth is one of the best ways to find out what you need to know about each camp.
As you're trying to figure out which camp is best, just remember that whatever the special need, there's likely a camp out there to suit your child. With some research and understanding between you, your child, and the camp director, your camper-to-be can have an unforgettable summer. | [
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] | 2,023 |
Adenoids and tonsils are often talked about together. You can see your tonsils in the back of your throat, but where are your adenoids? For that matter, what are your adenoids? Let's find out.
What Are Adenoids?
The adenoids (say: add-eh-noids) are lumpy clusters of spongy tissue that help protect kids from getting sick. They sit in the back of the nasal cavity and are above the roof of the mouth.
Although you can easily see your tonsils by standing in front of a mirror and opening your mouth wide, you can't see your adenoids this way. A doctor has to use a special telescope to get a peek at your adenoids. The doctor can also get an idea of the size of the adenoids by getting an X-ray of your head.
Like tonsils, adenoids help keep your body healthy by trapping harmful bacteria and viruses that you breathe in or swallow. Adenoids also contain cells that make antibodies to help your body fight infections.
Adenoids do important work as infection fighters for babies and little kids. But they become less important once a kid gets older and the body develops other ways to fight germs.
Adenoids usually shrink after about age 5, and by the teenage years they often practically disappear.
When Adenoids Swell
Because adenoids trap germs that enter the body, adenoid tissue sometimes temporarily swells (gets puffier) as it tries to fight off an infection. The swelling might go away on its own, but sometimes medical treatment is necessary. Adenoids can get so walloped by a bacterial invasion that they become infected themselves.
Swollen or enlarged adenoids are common. When this happens, the tonsils may also get swollen, too. Swollen or infected adenoids can make it tough to breathe and cause these problems:
a very stuffy nose, so a kid can breathe only through his or her mouth
snoring and trouble getting a good night's sleep
sore throat and trouble swallowing
swollen glands in the neck
Tell a grownup if you have any of these problems, so he or she can take you to the doctor.
At the doctor's office, the doctor will ask you how things feel in your ears, nose, and throat, and then take a look at these parts. Your doctor will also feel your neck near your jaw.
Your doctor may use a flexible telescope to look at your adenoids, and might also send you for an X-ray. If it looks your adenoids are infected, the doctor may give you an antibiotic (a germ-fighting medicine) to take.
When Adenoids Come Out
Sometimes doctors recommend removing the adenoids if medicine doesn't help or if they're making a kid sick a lot. This means going into the hospital and having surgery.
Sometimes, a kid's tonsils and adenoids are removed at the same time. That's called a tonsillectomy (say: tahn-suh-lek-tuh-me) and adenoidectomy (say: add-eh-noid-ek-tuh-me). Both are common surgeries for kids to have.
During these surgeries, kids get special medicine that makes them fall asleep and ensures that they don't feel any pain while the operation is being done. Usually, neither operation requires stitches. The cut areas will heal on their own. It takes a little time, though. After surgery, a kid will have a sore throat and will need to eat soft foods for a while.
Most kids are feeling back to normal in less than a week. And do they miss their adenoids? Not one bit! | [
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] | 781 |
Do Allergies Cause Asthma?
Do allergies cause asthma? The answer to this question is: yes and no. People who have certain kinds of allergies are more likely to have asthma. Which kind of allergies? Usually, the type of allergies that affect your nose and eyes, causing problems like a runny nose or red, itchy eyes.
Whatever causes an allergic reaction, such as pollen or dust mites, can also trigger asthma symptoms. But not everyone who has allergies develops asthma. And not all cases of asthma are related to allergies.
About 23 million people in the United States have asthma. Of these, about 70% have an allergy to something. Many of these people find their asthma symptoms get worse when they're exposed to certain allergens (things that can cause allergic reactions). Common allergens include dust mites, mold, pollen, and animal dander. Parents who have allergies or asthma often pass along the tendency to have these conditions to their kids.
If you have allergies, your immune system reacts to these allergens as if the allergens were invading the body. To fight the allergen, your immune system produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE).
When the IgE combines with the allergen, a process is set in motion that results in the release of certain substances in the body. One of the substances released is histamine, which causes allergic symptoms that can affect the eyes, nose, throat, skin, gastrointestinal tract, or lungs. When the airways in the lungs are affected, symptoms of asthma (such as coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing) can occur.
The body remembers this reaction, so each time the allergen comes into contact with the body, the same thing can happen. Because of that, allergies can make it difficult for some people to keep their asthma under control.
If you have asthma, it's a good idea to look at whether allergies may be triggering your symptoms. Talk with your doctor about how to identify possible triggers. Your doctor might also recommend a visit to an allergist to help you find out if you're allergic to anything. But even if you are allergic to something — or a whole list of things — it doesn't mean that those allergies are causing your asthma symptoms. It does allow you and your doctor to start investigating the connection, though.
Limiting your exposure to possible allergens may be a big help in controlling your asthma. If you can't completely limit your exposure to something, and you have been shown to be allergic to it, your doctor may recommend allergy shots.
Reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD
Date reviewed: October 2010
Share this page using:
Note: All information on TeensHealth® is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995- The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved. | [
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] | 598 |
New Research Reveals That Obesity Can Actually Drive You Crazy
Most of us are fully aware that obesity causes all sorts of health problems including diabetes and high blood pressure, but now shocking new research shows that being overweight can actually lead to insanity.
A research team consisting of staff from INSERM, the French research institute in Paris and University College London in England, discovered that people suffering from metabolically abnormal obesity were more at risk for experiencing a rapid decline in mental function than those individuals with a healthy weight.
Researchers say that the term “metabolically abnormal” is one they use to classify individuals who are taking medication for diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure and lower good cholesterol levels.
The study consisted of more than 6,000 people of all shapes and sizes well into their 50’s at the time the study began. Their initial BMI and risk factors for disease were then documented prior to undergoing cognitive tests three times a week over the course of the next decade.
What researchers found was that out of the 582 obese participants, 350, or roughly 60 percent, could be classified as metabolically abnormal, and those individuals experienced a decline in mental ability that was nearly 23 percent faster than participants with a normal weight.
While study experts say more research is needed to look closely at the effects of genetic factors and the duration of a person’s obesity and metabolic risk factors, they hope that this study will assist in better understanding the link between obesity and cognitive function, such as thinking, reasoning and memory. | [
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] | 310 |
Japanese-style rooms are
covered with tatami mats.
Tatami is made of straw and rush.
The filling is made of hard-packed straw,
and the smooth facing is made of woven rushes.
The long sides of tatami have a cloth edging.
Tatami is a very good material for floors
because it's so humid in Japan.
Tatami is derived from a verb tatamu which means to fold or to pile.
It shows us that the original tatami was used in different way.
The oldest description is seen in Kojiki,
the oldest history book in Japan written in 712.
In the Heian period (794 - 1191) it has been used only by high status people.
When you see the pictures of "hyakunin isshu "(Japanese traditional cards),
you will find emperors or nobles sitting on tatami
which was placed on the wooden floor as isolated pieces.
In the Muromachi period they began to cover the whole floor with tatami.
Tatami are arranged by the following rules:
1: The corners of four tatami mats should not meet at one point
2: There should not be a line that bisects the tatami layout
either vertically or horizontally
(a line like this resembles an image of harakiri )
3: Only one half size tatami should be used per room. | [
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] | 306 |
Forty years ago, killer whales were widely feared and largely misunderstood. Fisherman and mariners often shot at them on sight due to the misconception that these animals posed a threat to their livelihoods and were a danger to humans. With the introduction of killer whales into aquariums and oceanariums in the 1960’s and 70’s public perception began to change rapidly. They were no longer thought of as ferocious beasts but rather as intelligent, sensitive and inquisitive creatures. This new perception helped stimulate research on wild killer whales and led to the species’ protection from shooting and deliberate harassment. Today, however, we are threatening killer whales in new ways. Over-fishing, pollution, increased boat traffic and other human activities all pose a threat to whales and their fragile environment.
Click here to learn more about threats facing killer whales and what you can do to help. | [
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] | 180 |
Superstorm Sandy: Before, During And Beyond
Tue November 20, 2012
Thousands Of Trees Gone, Ripped Out By Sandy
Originally published on Tue November 20, 2012 5:14 pm
New York City lost almost 10,000 trees from the winds of Superstorm Sandy and the nor'easter that followed. That's far more trees lost in the city than in any other storm for which tree damage was recorded.
Walking through Central Park, Ken Chaya peers past a stone arch, observing the damage and uprooting of about 800 trees. He knows more about the park's trees than just about anybody else; he created a map that charts every single one of the roughly 20,000 trees.
"Looking over Glen Span, I can count 1-2-3-4-5 — at least five — fresh cuts of mature trees," he says, also noting the number of tree crews.
The city's Parks and Recreation Department, which looks out for street trees as well as those in parks, went on alert way before Sandy arrived. Five days before the storm, the department was already making arrangements with tree crews from around the country.
For several years, the department has noticed dramatic changes in weather. Bram Gunther, chief of forestry, horticulture and natural resources for the department, notes the unprecedented string of natural disasters in the last two years: two tornadoes, a freak storm that took down 500 Central Park trees, an unusual early winter storm and Tropical Storm Irene.
"When that happened, that really opened our eyes, and it opened our eyes to the power of these storms which we had not experienced directly in New York City, at least since I was a child," Gunther says.
Irene took down about 3,400 trees throughout the city, while Sandy claimed three times that amount. Many of those trees were old, beloved and as large as 6 feet in diameter.
"The bigger the tree, the more carbon it captures, the more particulate matter it filters, the more storm water it captures," Gunther says, "so it's a huge number in terms of environmental benefits and what it does for a community."
A study from the U.S. Department of Agriculture shows that the city's more than 5 million trees remove 42,000 tons of carbon and about 2,000 tons of air pollution per year. They also have a whopping monetary value of $5.2 billion.
Twenty-four hours after the storm, the department sent people walking, riding and bicycling all 33,000 blocks of New York City with handheld computers, reviewing damage and putting in work orders.
"We do every single one to assess and evaluate the damage of the trees and the safety of that particular block," explains Gunther, who monitored all the computers from his mobile command center.
In Central Park, Chaya points to a 75-year-old black locust. "Its trunk was just yanked out of the ground by the wind," he says.
Nearby, a downed tree has pulled up a huge rock — a piece of Manhattan schist, the 450-million-year-old bedrock that lies beneath Manhattan. Chaya says there is only a little layer of soil over the bedrock and trees can't sink a deep tap root, so they branch out horizontally. In a storm, many of the trees just topple over.
The city is already ahead of schedule in its commitment to plant 1 million trees by 2017. Because newly planted trees are small, Chaya says, it'll be years before the city can truly be what he calls an urban forest.
"Our urban forest, it's fading, we're losing it," he says. | [
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] | 757 |
Midwest Energy News: “Can airports be green? With solar farm, Chicago argues they can.”
Aviation is a carbon intensive industry, with air travel and transport contributing two percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
But airports around the world are making significant efforts to reduce their carbon footprints, and Chicago O’Hare International Airport is among the leaders.
In addition to other environmental measures, O’Hare is planning a new solar farm, slated for completion in 2016, that could provide five to 10 percent of the airport’s electricity needs, according to Chicago Department of Aviation spokesperson Karen E. Pride.
Since 2007 Chicago has hosted an annual international “Airports Going Green” conference which began as a one-day seminar and “has become more than just a conference – it’s a movement,” in Pride’s words.
Seriously? A solar power project supplying maybe 5 to 10 percent of the airport’s electricity constitutes going green? How much in carbon emissions are avoided by a solar power project, and at what cost, and how much would be avoided by, for example, some ground control improvements that shaved 1 minute off the time each plane idles before taking off.
The article does observe that airports are the source of about 5 percent of the industry’s carbon emission, so 5 to 10 percent of that amounts to a 0.25 to 0.5 percent shift if every airport made a similar investment. And, again, at what cost this small step? The article does also point out that larger potential environmental effects can come from air traffic systems changes, but notes those actions are more the responsibility of the federal government and airlines.
But on-the-ground organization, airfield layout, and at least some takeoff and landing matters are dictated by airport management, and making improvements in these areas could reduce airplane emissions on the ground. The article highlights the easy-to-promote idea of solar PV over what are likely to be more effective actions elsewhere.
One “feels good” and the other would make people better off. Guess one gets the press? | [
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] | 451 |
Shots - Health News Blog
FDA Approves First Drug To Prevent Preterm Births
The biggest reason why the United States has higher infant mortality than other developed countries is that American women are more likely to deliver prematurely – before 37 weeks. And, for unknown reasons, the US rate of preterm delivery has been going up in recent years.
That's why it's a pretty big deal that the Food and Drug Administration has okayed a drug, called 17-HP, that experts say could make a dent in the preemie problem.
Not a huge dent, but a significant one. The March of Dimes calculates that if all the women eligible to get the newly approved drug actually did, there would be 10,000 fewer preemies a year – out of more than half-a-million born that way.
"Although that may seem like a small percent, it's really a very extraordinary ability to impact on what is really a major public health problem," Dr. Alan Fleischman, the March of Dimes medical director, told Shots.
According to the best research, the drug reduces the risk of premature birth by one-third among women who are at high risk because they had a previous preterm birth.
The drug is not for women whose prior premature births were of twins or other multiple births, or who are carrying more than one fetus in their current pregnancy. Nor is it for women who have other conditions that raise their risk of preterm birth, such as high blood pressure or infection.
And even for the 30,000 or so women who are eligible, 17-HP, which will be marketed as Makena, isn't a magic bullet. The study showed that 37 percent of women who got weekly injections of it delivered prematurely, compared to 55 percent of women who got injections of a placebo.
Interestingly, the drug is not new — it's just taken a long and circuitous route to approval.
In 1956, the FDA approved 17-HP for the treatment of certain cancers and other hormonal disorders, under the brand name Delalutin. But its manufacturer withdrew it from the market in 2000 "for reasons unrelated to safety," as the FDA puts it.
In fact, as a Federal Register posting last year chronicled, there have been questions raised about whether 17-HP caused birth defects of various kinds. In the 1970s, the FDA required warnings on drugs containing progesterone, as 17-HP does, because of an increased risk of birth defects. They later revoked them.
The FDA is apparently satisfied that 17-HP is safe, but it's requiring its sponsors KV Pharmaceuticals and TherRx to conduct further studies of women who have taken it and children exposed during pregnancy.
Everyone in this field is mindful of the long-running tragedy of vaginal and other cancers and male urinary disorders that resulted from the last drug thought to prevent premature birth – a synthetic estrogen called diethylstilbesterol, or DES. In 1971 researchers realized children exposed to DES in utero had a higher incidence of vaginal and breast cancers, and males were subsequently found to have urinary-tract problems.
Fleischman, the March of Dimes official, says there's no such risk from 17-HP, partly because it's not used before the 16th week of pregnancy, when fetal organs have already formed.
"We have been very aggressively tracking all the data," Fleischman says, "and we have no reason to believe that this drug will increase birth defects." Copyright 2011 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. | [
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] | 741 |
Tue March 5, 2013
Study Finds Climate Change To Open Arctic Sea Routes By 2050
Originally published on Tue March 5, 2013 11:22 am
Climate change will make commercial shipping possible from North America to Russia or Asia over the North Pole by the middle of the century, a new study says.
Two researchers at the University of California ran seven different climate models simulating two classes of vessels to see if they could make a relatively ice-free passage through the Arctic Ocean. In each case, the sea routes are sufficiently clear after 2049, they say.
The study, published Monday in the journal PNAS by Laurence C. Smith and Scott R. Stephenson, found that the sea ice will become thin enough that a "corridor directly over the north pole" will open up. "The shortest great circle route thus becomes feasible, for ships with moderate ice-breaking capability."
(A great circle route is the shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere, such as the Earth.)
Smith and Stephenson conclude that the opening of the new routes "heightens the urgency for a mandatory International Maritime Organization regulatory framework to ensure adequate environmental protections, vessel safety standards, and search-and-rescue capability."
According to The Guardian:
"The northern sea route has been shown to save a medium-sized bulk carrier 18 days and 580 tons of bunker fuel on a journey between northern Norway and China. Shipowners have said it can save them €180,000-€300,000 ($235,000-$390,000) on each voyage. A direct route over the pole could save up to 40 percent more fuel and time."
Arctic sea ice has shrunk to its smallest extent on record in recent years, which has already opened up a seasonal northern route over Canada. Last year, a solo sailor in a 27-foot fiberglass sailboat was one of 18 private yachts to make the voyage. | [
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] | 396 |
At a Glance
Why Get Tested?
To determine lithium levels in the blood in order to maintain a therapeutic level or to detect lithium toxicity
When to Get Tested?
When beginning treatment with lithium as the dose is adjusted to achieve therapeutic blood levels; at regular intervals to monitor lithium levels; as needed to detect low or toxic concentrations
A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm
Test Preparation Needed?
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
This test measures the amount of lithium in the blood. Lithium is one of the most well-established and widely-used drugs prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania. These periods may be as short as a few days or weeks or may be months or years long. During a depressive episode, those affected may feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and lose interest in daily activities. They may be fatigued but have trouble sleeping, experience weight loss or gain, have difficulty concentrating, and have thoughts of suicide. During a manic episode, those affected may be euphoric, irritable, have high energy and grandiose ideas, use poor judgment, and participate in risky behaviors. Sometimes affected people will have mixed episodes with aspects of both mania and depression. Bipolar disorder can affect both adults and children.
Lithium is prescribed to even out the moods of a person with bipolar disorder; it is often called a "mood stabilizer" and is sometimes prescribed for people with depression who are not responding well to other medications. It is a relatively slow-acting drug and it may take several weeks to months for lithium to affect a person's mood. Dosages of the drug are adjusted until a steady concentration in the blood that is within therapeutic range is reached. The actual amount of drug that it will take to reach this steady state will vary from person to person and may be affected by a person's age, general state of health, and other medications that they are taking.
Lithium levels are monitored on a regular basis because blood levels must be maintained within a narrow therapeutic range. Too little and the medication will not be effective; too much and symptoms associated with lithium toxicity may develop, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and tremors. Extremely high levels can lead to stupor, seizures, and can be fatal.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed. However, timing of the sample collection may affect results. Generally, lithium blood levels are performed 12-18 hours after the last dose (also known as a "trough" level). Tell the laboratorian who is drawing your blood when you took your last dose so that the results can be interpreted correctly.
Ask a Laboratory Scientist
This form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. If your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our Contact Us form. Thank you.
* indicates a required field
NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.
Sources Used in Current Review
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER and Bruns DE, eds. 4th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2006, Pp 1271-1272.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson JL, eds. McGraw-Hill, 2005 Pg 2557.
(Updated March 24, 2009) Lee D, Gupta M. Toxicity, Lithium from Medscape. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/815523-overview through http://emedicine.medscape.com. Accessed September 2009.
(January 15, 2009) MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Bipolar Disorder. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000926.htm. Accessed September 2009.
(January 4, 2009) Mayo Clinic. Bipolar Disorder. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bipolar-disorder/DS00356 through http://www.mayoclinic.com. Accessed September 2009.
National Alliance on Mental Illness. Medications, Lithium. Available online through http://www.nami.org. Accessed September 2009.
(Jan 14, 2009) Lloyd A. Netdoctor: Lithium. Available online at http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/depression/lithium_000290.htm through http://www.netdoctor.co.uk. Accessed September 2009.
Sources Used in Previous Reviews
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition]. Pp 1121.
Spearing, M. Updated (2006 February 17,Updated). Bipolar Disorder. NIMH [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolar.cfm#bp6 through http://www.nimh.nih.gov.
Goldberg, J. and Citrome, L. (2005 February). Latest therapies for bipolar disorder, Looking beyond lithium. Postgraduate Medicine online v 117 (2) [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/02_05/goldberg.htm through http://www.postgradmed.com.
Geddes, J. et. al. (2004 February). Long-Term Lithium Therapy for Bipolar Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Psychiatry 161:217-222 [On-line journal]. Available online at http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/161/2/217 through http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org.
Newport, D. J. et. al. (2005 November). Lithium Placental Passage and Obstetrical Outcome: Implications for Clinical Management During Late Pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry 162:2162-2170 [on-line abstract]. Available online at http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/11/2162 through http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org.
Schapiro, N. (2005). Bipolar Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Medscape from J Pediatr Health Care. 2005; 19 (3): 131-141 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/504584_1 through http://www.medscape.com.
Menon, L. (2005 August, Updated). Lithium. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.nami.org.
Walling, A. (2005 January 1). Evidence-Based Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder Therapy. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050101/tips/19.html through http://www.aafp.org. | [
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] | 1,771 |
For millennia, teachers and students have loved and hated one another. The excitement of kindergartners eager to tell their teacher what happened at home last night and the teenager with head down on desk waiting to hear the buzzer end 54-minutes of listening to the teacher–all are part of the relationship between students and teachers. The classroom was (and is) a place where students watched the second-hand of the clock move ever so slowly, a room where adults and children eagerly learned from each other, and, yes, a site for humor. Here is another collection of cartoons showing the funny side of teachers and students interacting.
For readers interested in looking at the monthly posts of cartoons in this blog, see: “Digital Kids in School,” “Testing,” “Blaming Is So American,” “Accountability in Action,” “Charter Schools,” and “Age-graded Schools,” Students and Teachers, Parent-Teacher Conferences, Digital Teachers, Addiction to Electronic Devices, Testing, Testing, and Testing, Business and Schools, Common Core Standards, Problems and Dilemmas, Digital Natives (2), and Online Courses. | [
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Today is the 145th anniversary of the ending of the American Civil War. Here’s the description from Answers.com:
Apr 9, 1865. At 1:30 pm General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, commander in chief of the Union Army, ending four years of civil war. The meeting took place in the house of Wilmer McLean at the village of Appomattox Court House, VA. Confederate soldiers were permitted to keep their horses and go free to their homes, while Confederate officers were allowed to retain their swords and sidearms as well. Grant wrote the terms of surrender.
I thought this might be a good opportunity for another “The Best…” list.
You might also be interested in:
The Best Resources About President’s Day (to explore the resources on Abraham Lincoln)
Here are my choices for The Best Sites For Learning About the American Civil War (and are accessible to English Language Learners):
To start-off with, I’m going to direct you to my United States History Classes blog. You can find my entire year’s curriculum there, though here are links to the lessons specifically about the Civil War:
In addition to the multiple activities and links in those posts, here are a few more resources:
The Best Civil War Photos from LIFE.
How Stuff Works has countless short online videos about the Civil War.
The History Channel has a similar video collection.
Here are a number of online activities for English Language Learners that are related to the War.
The Story of the Monitor is an interactive exhibition on the ironclad that fought for the Union during the Civil War. Key parts, but not all, of the interactive provides audio support for the text. There are also excellent images.
These are two school-oriented websites with a variety of accessible info on the Civil War:
Slave Narratives from The Museum of The African Diaspora.
EL Civics on The Civil War.
“The Price Of Freedom: Americans At War” is a Smithsonian multimedia interactive on each war in United States’ history. Videos (with transcript), images and text are included.
In pictures: Faces of US Civil War is a slideshow from the BBC. The BBC says:
Virginia collector Tom Liljenquist has donated nearly 700 photographs from the US Civil War to the Library of Congress. Library curators say the photos are an invaluable depiction of the ordinary men who fought the war.
Thinkfinity has a number of useful lessons on the Civil War.
A Civil War Interactive Timeline from The New York Times
150 years later: Civil War anniversary stirs controversy is an interactive from The Associated Press
The Civil War is from Mr. Nussbaum
Civil War: 150th Anniversary is from The History Channel
Faces of The Civil War is a Washington Post slideshow
Decisive Battles of the Civil War is a U.S. News interactive
How Stuff Works has many Civil War related videos
African-Americans And The Civil War is a slideshow from NPR.
Faces From The Civil War is a slideshow from TIME Magazine.
Civil War 150 is from the History Channel.
Who Am I? is an interactive from the Smithsonian.
The Civil War is from Shmoop.
The Top 10 Civil War Innovations is a slideshow from Discovery.
The Kids Guide to The Civil War is a student-created site.
The Civil War comes from Parade Magazine.
On War: The 150th Anniversary of the Civil War are photographs from The Denver Post.
Here’s a video from MSNBC showing newly discovered photos from the Civil War:
Hundreds of Civil War photos unearthed comes from MSNBC.
150 years on, 3-D Civil War photos unveiled also comes from MSNBC.
Civil War Photography is a slideshow from Discovery.
Of Course the Civil War Was About Slavery is from Miller-McCune.
Photo Essay: The Civil War: Between the Battles is from the PBS News Hour.
Here are several Civil War-related slideshows from LIFE.
Resources | Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War comes from The New York Times Learning Network.
Then and now: Civil War battlefields is from CNN.
Blogging History: Interpreting Civil War-Era Primary Sources is from The New York Times Learning Network.
Battles and Casualties of the Civil War is an interactive from The Washington Post.
Civil War Timeline: Fury Unleashed is another interactive from The Post.
Five myths about why the South seceded is from The Washington Post.
3-D ‘Motion Pictures’ From The Civil War is a series of really cool “animated” photos from the Civil War. You really should check them out.
Russel Tarr, who has created a ton of great online learning activities, has just unveiled another one — an interactive simulation of the American Civil War. It seems quite engaging, and I’ll try using it in my U.S. History class this year. Russel has also created an entire unit on the war.
To My Old Master is an amazing letter written by a former slave to his “owner.”
The Atlantic recently published three collections of Civil War photographs:
The Civil War is quite an impressive interactive infographic on…the Civil War. It shows casualties, stories, and a whole lot more. And it’s a college student’s project.
Disunion: The Civil War is a multimedia collection from The New York Times.
Civil War 2013: Photographs From the Grisly American Conflict is a video and article from The New York Times:
Feedback and suggestions are welcome!
If you found this post useful, you might want to consider subscribing to this blog for free.
You might also want to explore the 400 other “The Best…” lists I’ve compiled. | [
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] | 1,233 |
Rare clouded leopard cubs born at Nashville Zoo
Back in March, the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Center announced the birth of two clouded leopard cubs. The cubs' birth was big news, in part because clouded leopards are severely endangered and in part because the species presents unique problems to those attempting to breed it in captivity. (Male clouded leopards are prone to behavior so aggressive that they often wind up killing their potential mates. Females are known for, whether intentionally or accidentally, killing their cubs shortly after they're born.)
The National Zoo's cubs represented the first successful breeding of clouded leopards in any North American zoo in six years. Their parents, Hannibal and Jao Chu, were one of two breeding pairs imported from Thailand last year. The other breeding pair went to the Nashville Zoo, where three cubs were born May 30!
The cubs -- two males and one female -- are in good health, as are their parents, Jing Jai and Arun. Like the National Zoo's clouded leopard cubs, they are being hand-raised by keepers rather than by their parents. Hand-raising the cubs is, in part, for their own protection. It's also expected to make things simpler down the line, when the cubs reach maturity and become part of the breeding program designed to save their species from extinction.
"We've learned how to reduce fatal attacks by hand-raising cubs and introducing males to mates at a young age," Nashville Zoo President Rick Schwartz explained.
Plans are already underway to introduce the Nashville Zoo's female cub to one of those born at the National Zoo (both of those are males) when she's about 6 months old.
-- Lindsay Barnett
Photo credit: Jim Bartoo / Associated Press | [
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] | 374 |
By Hilarie Meyers, Development and Communications Intern
Over the past year, numerous positive advancements have been made in the realm of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, such as the development of various microbicides, the empirical success of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) pills, and even the Pope’s recent statements regarding the role of condoms in HIV prevention efforts. Yet, there is still work to be done.
In honor of World AIDS Day, which is held annually on December 1st, consider diving into the world of AIDS activism, if you haven’t already. Click here for a list of ways to contribute to the fight against AIDS. While an annual day of activism is a great way to get people involved, it’s even better if people begin to incorporate such activism into their daily lives. My recommendation on where to get started: get tested!
The 2010 edition of the UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic estimates that there are 1.2 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS, with an estimated 54,000 new infections in the US alone during the year 2009. Women account for one-half of all people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and more than a quarter of those in the US.
Latinas and African American women are particularly affected by HIV/AIDS. Although Latinas and African Americans make up only 25% of the US’s female population, they make up over 80% of (or 4 out of 5) females living with HIV/AIDS in the US.
According to the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Latinas account for 16% of new HIV infections among women in the US. Furthermore, the rate of new HIV infections for Latinas is nearly 4 times that of white women. AIDS is also the fourth-leading cause of death for Latinas between the ages of 35 and 44.
An individual’s personal reasons for getting tested may have little to do with whether or not the medical community considers him or her to be “at risk” for HIV infection. While undoubtedly such categories can be useful when designing campaigns or allocating resources, they also can be misleading and stigmatizing. In fact, labeling certain people and behaviors according to their level of “risk” can actually inhibit treatment and prevention efforts, particularly when it comes to testing. In “Women and HIV/AIDS: An Overview,” Elinor Nauen and Bonnie Goldman explain:
Women Alive [a Los Angeles-based nonprofit organization created by, and for, women living with HIV/AIDS] found that the concept of “sexual risk” tripped up the very people who were supposed to improve women’s access to HIV testing. The testers refused services to many women because they didn’t fit into traditional high-risk groups…When Los Angeles County looked at the data relating to women, ‘They discovered that 40% to 60% of African-American women and Latinas testing positive did not fit in those risk groups.’
The Center for Disease Control recommends that all adults between the ages of 13 and 64 be tested for HIV “as a routine part of their medical care.”
Because early diagnosis is a crucial component in both prevention and treatment efforts, testing for HIV needs to be emphasized as a priority for everyone. The Well Project explains:
If you test positive, you can take [steps] to prevent passing the virus on to others, including during pregnancy. And while there is no cure yet, many HIV+ women are living longer and stronger lives thanks to effective care and treatment.
Once diagnosed, individuals can take the actions necessary to preserve their own health and well-being, as well as the health and well-being of the people around them. Research shows that people who are diagnosed with HIV sooner rather than later have a lower risk of developing AIDS and thus typically have better health outcomes. However, approximately 27% of the 1.2 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS are unaware of their status. Women in particular tend to be “late-testers”, and are often only diagnosed after developing symptoms or during pregnancy.
Despite the overwhelming benefits of HIV testing and early diagnosis, data from the CDC shows that only about 45% of US adults reported ever being tested for HIV. A number of complex factors influence a person’s decision to get tested. However, both stigma and fear play a large role in deterring people from HIV testing. As a fact sheet from the Latino Commission on AIDS explains, “the stigma that is attached to female sexuality often prevents…women from accessing reproductive and sexual health services, screening, and information.”
As long as HIV is associated with “deviant” and “risky” behaviors, these stigmas will prevent people from getting tested, thereby limiting the effectiveness of treatment and prevention efforts.
While individuals may do their part by getting tested, institutions, such as health clinics, schools, and hospitals, must also play an important role by offering information about and access to testing. According to Naina Khanna, in her article “Women and HIV: A Nuanced Epidemic”:
Many women are never offered an HIV test. The National Women and AIDS Collective has documented numerous instances of women being discouraged from taking, or being flat-out denied, an HIV test. This is true even when HIV testing was medically indicated.
Such actions are ultimately detrimental to the health of individuals and our society as a whole.
In honor of World AIDS Day, take action to help promote HIV testing as a key component of everyone’s medical routine, rather than a reflection on one’s behavior or character. Get tested today.
To find a testing site near you, send a text message with your zip code to “KNOWIT” (566948) or click here.
By Hilarie Meyers, Development and Communications Intern | [
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] | 1,225 |
This work presents a myth-busting account of how class conflict and economic development, and not only interstate rivalry, led to the emergence of the modern state system.
Inspired by the groundbreaking historical work of Robert Brenner, Teschke argues that property relations provide the key to unlocking the changing meaning of 'international' across the medieval, early modern and modern periods. Challenging the reification of the Treaty of Westphalia, Teschke shows that international politics remained under the control of dynastic and absolutist political elites that were rooted in feudal property regimes.
The book rejects a commonplace of European history: that the treaties of Westphalia not only closed the Thirty Years’ War but also inaugurated a new international order driven by the interaction of territorial sovereign states. Benno Teschke, through this thorough and incisive critique, argues that this is not the case. Domestic ‘social property relations’ shaped international relations in continental Europe down to 1789 and even beyond.
The dynastic monarchies that ruled during this time differed from their medieval predecessors in degree and form of personalization, but not in underlying dynamic. 1648, therefore, is a false caesura in the history of international relations. For real change we must wait until relatively recent times and the development of modern states and true capitalism. In effect, it’s not until governments are run impersonally, with no function other than the exercise of its monopoly on violence, that modern international relations are born.
|The myth of 1648 - Benno Teschke||14.84 MB| | [
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] | 328 |
Probable Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment on December 5
Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment will take place, it may now be predicted with virtual certainty, on December 5, nine months and one-half following submission to the states of the Twenty-first, or repeal, amendment on February 20, 1933. Virginia became on October 3 the 32nd state to vote in unbroken succession for repeal of federal prohibition. Florida is expected to take similar action on October 10. On November 7 the voters of six more states—Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Utah—will go to the polls to record their verdict on the question, making 39 states in all that will have acted by that date. Ratification conventions will be held in four states—-Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Utah—on December 5. Since this formal action will have been taken before that date in all but three of the necessary number of states, one of these four will in all probability be the 36th state to ratify, thus completing the process of taking prohibition out of the Constitution.
The repeal amendment becomes effective immediately upon ratification. Since the authority under which Congress legislated against the manufacture, transportation, and sale of liquor in the states will thereby be withdrawn, the regulatory sections of the Volstead act will automatically expire so far as they apply in the states, though they may remain in force, pending further congressional action, in the District of Columbia, the Panama Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands. In Alaska and Hawaii local prohibition acts will probably still be effective, while prohibition may be, continued by the naval authorities in Guam and Samoa. Puerto Rico's prohibition law has been repealed, and that territory will be wet. The Philippine Islands have never been subject to American prohibition laws.
While there is a possibility that Congress will be summoned to Washington in advance of the regular January session, in order to revise taxes and tariffs on wines and liquors, the President has not yet indicated any intention of calling a special session. Certain emergency taxes imposed by the National Recovery Act will, under the terms of that law, be removed on January 1 by reason of previous repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, liquor taxes being counted upon to yield an equivalent or greater revenue. Since the revised imposts on liquor sales and imports will presumably be higher than those fixed by existing laws, the federal government will lose potential revenue until Congress has an opportunity to act upon new rates. The interim period between the prospective date of repeal and the time when a new law can be enacted in the normal course of events is so short, however, that the administration may be guided largely by political considerations in deciding whether or not to call a special session. | [
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] | 550 |
Natural Mind and Memory Boosters
- Choline and DMAE building blocks of acetylcholine.
- Pyroglutamate, phosphatidylserine, and omega-3 fats receptor enhancers.
- Ginkgo (ginkgo biloba) and vinpocetine circulation improvers.
- Acetyl-L-carnitine and glutamine fuel for brain cells.
- Specific supporting vitamins and minerals.
Choline: The Building Block Of Memory
The key brain chemical for memory is acetylcholine. A deficiency in this chemical is probably the single most common cause for declining memory. Acetylcholine is derived from the nutrient choline. Fish, especially sardines, are rich in it, hence the old wives' tale of fish being good for the brain. Eggs are also a major source of choline, followed by liver, soy beans, peanuts, and other nuts. Ever since egg phobia set in, the average intake of choline from the diet has dropped dramatically. From the point of view of memory enhancement, it is certainly worth eating more eggs. But just eating choline-rich foods won't do it. You also need vitamins B5 (pantothenic acid), B1, B12, and C to form acetylcholine in your body.
Supplementing choline has some truly remarkable effects. Recent research at Duke University Medical Center demonstrated that giving choline to pregnant female rats created the equivalent of "superbrains" in the offspring. The researchers fed pregnant rats choline halfway through their pregnancy. The infant rats of mothers who received choline had vastly superior brains with more neuronal connections and, consequently, improved learning ability and better memory recall, all of which persisted into old age. This research showed that giving choline helps restructure the brain for improved performance. Based on this and numerous other studies that support the brain-enhancing properties of choline, and the fact that choline has no known toxicity, supplementing with choline during pregnancy is likely to enhance an infant's brain development.
High doses of choline has also been proven to boost memory in adults. For example, Florence Safford of Florida International University gave forty-one people, ages fifty to eighty, 500 mg doses of choline every day for five weeks. The subjects reported having only half the number of incidents of memory lapses such as forgetting names or losing things as before. If you combine choline with other smart nutrients, such as pyroglutamate, you can achieve the same memory-boosting effect at lower doses.
In addition to making the memory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, choline is also a vital raw material for building nerve cells and receptor sites for neurotransmitters. According to Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Dr. Richard Wurtman, piracetam and other nootropic drugs that stimulate the release of acetylcholine should always be taken with choline. Otherwise, if choline levels are depleted, your body will divert the choline needed to build vital nerve cells into the production of more acetylcholine.
Some forms of choline cross more easily from the blood into the brain, referred to as "crossing the blood-brain barrier." These forms include phosphatidyl choline and a precursor for choline called DMAE (short for dimethylaminoethanol), which we'll investigate below. Phosphatidyl choline, or PC for short, is also found in lecithin, a supplement widely available in granules or capsules. Pure choline imparts a fishy smell, so you may prefer to use lecithin or PC.
A form of choline called citicholine has been used as a precursor to acetylcholine. It also boosts levels of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. It has even been used to treat victims of head injuries and strokes, since it protects brain cells from ischemia (decreased blood flow). It has also been shown to improve memory and learning in the elderly.
Recently a more potent form of choline, derived from soy lecithin, has become available in the United States. Alpha-GPC (L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine, or choline alfoscerate) has a long history of use in Europe. Research on more than 3,000 patients and volunteers has shown Alpha-GPC to be more effective than citicholine, and with very few side effects (fifteen reported cases of diarrhea, dizziness, insomnia, or restlessness that resolved when the product was stopped). Besides possessing all the positive effects of citicholine, Alpha-GPC has also been shown to enhance the release of human growth hormone, the master antiaging hormone. Research with athletes has shown that it improves coordination, balance, and endurance. A limiting factor in its use has been its unavailability. However, we have discovered a source, which is listed in the Resources. Their Web site carries further product information (www.futurefoods.com). The recommended dose is 500-1,500 mg daily.
More on: Alternative Health Care
From NATURAL HIGHS: Supplements, Nutrition, and Mind/Body Techniques to Help You Feel Good by Hyla Cass and Patrick Holford. Copyright © Hyla Cass, M.D., and Patrick Holford. Used by arrangement with Avery, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit www.penguin.com. Get a 15% discount with the coupon code FENPARENT. | [
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] | 1,165 |
Curiosity is on its 37th Martian day, and it's almost ready to head out on its first scientific expedition.
The 2,000-pound wonder-rover is about to complete its (or "her," if you're fond of spacecraft) final day of checkouts.
Scientists have been testing many of the instruments and components of the rover and updating software. Curiosity has performed "almost flawlessly" in all aspects, Jennifer Trosper, Curiosity's mission manager, said at a news briefing Wednesday hosted by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"Starting on Friday evening, the plan is to drive, drive, drive," Trosper said. The rover will stop when Curiosity finds a rock that scientists deem appropriate for conducting contact science observations.
But first, on Wednesday, the rover will point a camera at the sun to capture the transit of the Martian moon Phobos.
Mission specialists also revealed a few more fun facts about the rover:
• What's up with the holes in the wheels? "That’s Morse code for 'JPL,' and it makes that imprint on the ground," said Joy Crisp, a deputy project scientist with the mission.
But that's for more than vanity: NASA scientists know what the exact spacing between those marks should be, so if there's wheel slippage, the distance between the marks will be different.
• Curiosity has a 1909 penny on board that the MAHLI camera recently photographed for the purposes of calibration. Abraham Lincoln was first featured on the American one-cent coin in 1909. Grains of Martian sand are visible on the penny.
• Mars rover scientists are living on Mars time; a day on Mars is about 40 minutes longer than on Earth. But by the rover's 90th day on Mars, the transition back to seven-day Earth time can begin, Trosper said.
They'll probably still need to cover all hours except from midnight to 5 a.m.; shifts will need to be adjusted accordingly, depending on when the data come down, Trosper said.
"Probably a few months after that, we'll get to the point where we don't have to adjust the shifts every day, because we'll get much more efficient in our ability to build the commands and look at the data and do the assessment."
Curiosity will be headed for Glenelg, a site that has three types of terrain, including layered bedrock. This could be a good place for Curiosity to drill.
Then the rover will go to Mount Sharp, a 3-mile-high mountain formed from rock layers that built up over time. Curiosity will climb part of this mountain, testing the different layers. The goal is to look for signs that life could have once existed on the Red Planet. | [
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] | 567 |
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a rallying point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years.
The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace, is the seat of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom—the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the heart of the London borough of the City of Westminster, close to the historic Westminster Abbey and the government buildings of Whitehall and Downing Street.
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower), is a historic fortress and scheduled monument in central London, England, on the north bank of the River Thames. It is located within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It is the oldest building used by the British government.
Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south west London; it has not been lived in by the British royal family since the 18th century. The palace is located 11.7 miles (18.8 km) south west of Charing Cross and upstream of Central London on the River Thames. It was originally built for Cardinal Wolsey, a favourite of King Henry VIII, circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed to the King, who enlarged it.
Woodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire. The title of "palace" was first used to refer to it during the twelfth century, when it was favoured by King Henry I of England. In about 1120, he created a zoo in the grounds. His grandson, Henry II was also fond of Woodstock, and spent time here with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford.
The Savoy Palace was considered the grandest nobleman's residence of medieval London, until it was destroyed in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. It fronted Strand, on the site of the present Savoy Theatre and the Savoy Hotel that memorialise its name. In its area the rule of law was different from the rest of London.
Richmond is a suburban town in southwest London, England and part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It is located 8.2 miles (13.2 km) west-southwest of Charing Cross and is one of thirty five major centres identified in the London Plan. The formation and naming of the town is due to the building of Richmond Palace in the 16th century and the development of Richmond as a London suburb began with the opening of the railway station in 1846.
Marlborough House is a mansion in Westminster, London, in Pall Mall just east of St James's Palace. It was built for Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, the favourite and confidante of Queen Anne. The Duchess wanted her new house to be "strong, plain and convenient". Christopher Wren, both father and son, designed a brick building with rusticated stone quoins that was completed in 1711. For over a century it served as the London residence of the Dukes of Marlborough.
The Palace of Beaulieu also known as New Hall was located in Essex, England, north of Chelmsford. The estate on which it was built - the manor of Walhfare in Boreham - was granted to the Canons of Waltham Abbey in 1062. Charter S 1036 After various changes of possession it was granted by the Crown to the Earl of Ormond in 1491. By this time it had a house called New Hall. In 1516 New Hall was sold by Thomas Boleyn to Henry VIII of England for £1,000 (£42,000 in today's money).
Walmer Castle was built by Henry VIII in 1539–1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from Catholic France and Spain. It was part of his programme to create a chain of coastal defences along England's coast known as the Device Forts or as Henrician Castles. It was one of three forts constructed to defend the Downs, an area of safe anchorage protected by the Goodwin Sands, in Kent, south east England. The other forts were at Deal and Sandown.
The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms, overtaking the Vatican and Versailles.
The Queen's House, Greenwich, is a former royal residence built between 1614-1617 in Greenwich, then a few miles downriver from London, and now a district of the city. Its architect was Inigo Jones, for whom it was a crucial early commission, for Anne of Denmark, the queen of King James I of England. It was altered and completed by Jones, in a second campaign about 1635 for Henrietta Maria, queen of King Charles I.
The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester in 1447, in Greenwich, on the banks of the River Thames, downstream from London. The Palace was demolished in the seventeenth century and replaced with the Greenwich Hospital in the late seventeenth century.
St. James's Palace is one of London's oldest palaces. It is situated in Pall Mall, just north of St. James's Park. Although no sovereign has resided there for almost two centuries, it has remained the official residence of the Sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the UK. For this reason it gives its name to the Royal Court.
Clarence House is a royal home in London, situated on The Mall. It is attached to St. James's Palace and shares the palace's garden. For nearly 50 years, from 1953 to 2002, it was home to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, but is now the official residence of The Prince of Wales, The Duchess of Cornwall, and the Princes William and Harry. It is open to visitors for approximately two months each summer. The house was built between 1825 and 1827 to a design by John Nash.
Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. It has been a residence of the British Royal Family since the 17th century. Today it is the official residence of The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester; the Duke and Duchess of Kent; and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. Kensington Palace is also used on an unofficial basis by Prince Harry, as well as his cousin Zara Phillips.
This is a list of residences occupied by the British Royal family, noting the seasons of the year they are traditionally occupied. Members of the British Royal Family inhabit a range of residences around the United Kingdom. Some are royal palaces, owned by the state and held in trust by the monarch; others are privately owned. Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House have been inherited as private property for several generations. Other royal palaces are no longer residences.
Bridewell Palace, London, originally a residence of Henry VIII, later became a poorhouse and prison. Its name has come to be synonymous with police stations and detention facilities in England and Ireland. It was built on the site of the medieval St Bride's Inn at a cost of £39,000 for Henry VIII, who lived there between 1515–1523. Standing on the banks of the River Fleet, it was named after a nearby well dedicated to St Bride.
Sandringham House is a country house on 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of land near the village of Sandringham in Norfolk, England. The house is privately owned by the British Royal Family and is located on the royal Sandringham Estate, which lies within the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Claremont is an 18th-century Palladian mansion situated less than a mile south of Esher in Surrey, England. The buildings are now occupied by Claremont Fan Court School, and its landscaped gardens are owned and managed by the National Trust.
Kew Palace is a British Royal Palace in Kew Gardens, Kew on the banks of the Thames up river from London. There have been at least four Palaces at Kew, and three have been known as Kew Palace, the first building may not have been known as Kew as no records survive other than the words of another courtier. One survives and is open to visitors. It is cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown.
Carlton House was a mansion in London, best known as the town residence of the Prince Regent for several decades from 1783. It faced the south side of Pall Mall, and its gardens abutted St. James's Park in the St James's district of London. | [
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] | 1,960 |
William H. Herndon
William H. Herndon joined Abraham Lincoln in a new law practice in 1844. In this practice Lincoln tried a variety of cases, ranging from criminal defense to wills to railroad law. With Herndon as his partner Lincoln successfully ran for Congress, then returned to Springfield to resume his practice. Working with the antislavery Herndon, Lincoln returned to the political arena with the emergence of Stephen Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Act as a major political issue in the 1850s. | [
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Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe – Virgins, Kids and Indigenous Costumes
Every 12th of December in Guatemala on the Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe children throughout the country dress up in colorful, traditional indigenous costumes and carry an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in local processions. Usually marimba and hordes of traditional food stalls go with the festivities.
Originating in Mexico after the Spanish conquest, when the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to an indigenous peasant, the custom continues throughout the Americas.
In Antigua the celebrations take place in front of the beautiful baroque church of La Merced. Rustic mini-scenes backed by painted images of the Virgin are set up in front of the church and parents pose their children for photographers. Tiny replicas of adults, the boys have mustaches painted on their faces and the girls little baskets tied to their heads. Each scene has a variety of typical Guatemalan everyday items for the children to use as props including miniature marimba, tortillas on a comal, model horses and a strange collection of live chickens and toy tigers.
Colorful images of the Virgin.
Children dressed up in traditional indigenous costumes. | [
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Microrover Mission Milestones
Rover Telecom Lessons Learned
What is Sojourner doing now?
What happened to the Rover Telecom System on Sol 1 & 2?
How do the radio modem telecom protocols work?
How does the lander telecom system communicate with Earth?
How far is the communications range of the rover?
What is the communications delay between Earth and Mars?
Why are the rover batteries not rechargeable?
How long can the rover keep functioning on Mars?
Can I get schematics and engineering drawings of the Microrover?
Where can I download Rover and Lander Images?
Does the Lander or Rover have a microphone for recording sounds?
Will the Rover be coming back to Earth?
Will the Rover collect soil samples?
What kind of computer is in the Rover and Lander?
Where can I get a pair of 3D glasses?
To get to the Live From Mars Frequently Asked Questions site click HERE. This site has dozens of answers to FAQ's about Mars and Mars missions. Also, to hear the daily report on the Mars Pathfinder Mission from North America call 1-800-391-6654 and press 3. Other mission reports are also available at that number.
For those of you who like trivia and factoids, here is a table listing some of the Sojourner microrover's accomplishments. Yes, there is some relative uncertainty in a few of these values. In particular, the odometry values have some statistical error due to gyro drift, accelerometer noise and rover driver heading and position corrections.
When the lander problems began, the rover was at a rock named Chimp, where it had performed an APXS measurement on Sol 81 and 82. Chimp is about 9.3 meters radially from the center of the lander. The drive back to the lander could have taken several different paths. One possibility is that the rover drove in an arcing turn toward the lander as shown HERE. Note, the forward ramp is inside the 3 meter stayout zone. In another possibility, the rover would have executed a left turn and made a beeline to the lander. This path would have possibly taken it between the rocks named Hassock and Wedge. However, the rover uses its hazard avoidance to drive around rocks, so if it encountered any nearer rocks, particularly Ender, first it would have tried to drive to either side of them depending on its assessment of the hazards. If it got past those obstacles (located about 4.5 meters from the lander) without any severe driving (articulation) errors it could have arrived at the lander in the vicinity of either the forward ramp or near Torres rock. If it made it to the 3 meter virtual wall, it would have stopped and then tried to drive around the wall like any other hazard. But since it's onboard software won't let it go beyond the 3 meters, the rover will begin to drive around the lander following an arcing circular path. Since the rover has inherent drift in its gyros and somewhat noisy accelerometers, its autonomous driving may incur heading errors. Depending on how long the rover is driving, the accumulated heading errors may cause it to spiral toward or away from the lander, possibly getting it into trouble. In it's driving around the Lander, Sojourner could have accidently driven up onto a rock and received a traverse error that would have stopped it. If that has happened then the rover will be parked in that one spot, never to move again on her own. Without any hard data, these scenarios are mere speculation based on how we know the rover operates. In reality we just don't know and may never know where Sojourner is and what she's doing right now.
Sol 1 Rover Telecom Scenario:
The rover woke up via lander reed relay at 06:59:13 TLST as expected and immediately produced erroneous level 2 health check telemetry caused by a known +12V regulator (A/D converter) problem not related to the radio modem. The first level 2 health check data was unusable and a subsequent commanded level 3 health check (cmd 1034) was performed (291 bytes) at 07:35 TLST. Telemetry from the rover health check indicated that the telecom system was working nominally with a modem operating temperature of -4.0 degree C. At approximately 7:40 TLST the lander LGA downlink session had ended. It was noticed from 7:38 to 9:21 TLST that the LMRE (Lander Mounted Rover Equipment) link quality, which is a measure of how well it is receiving good data frames (1 complete frame = 6 byte ACK + 250 bytes of data) from the rover, dropped to 44% and continued to degrade to 14%. After that point no more good data was received from the rover for the remainder of the sequence. A large number of garbled frames (ones containing CRC errors), however, continued to be received by the LMRE modem which indicated that the rover modem was still transmitting, and had not completely failed. During this period when rover communications degraded, the lander switched from the low gain antenna to the high gain antenna after doing a sun-search with the IMP camera. Also, the lander +Y petal was elevated to 45°, an air-bag retraction sequence was run, and the petal was returned to a horizontal position. All during this time the rover was in the stowed configuration on the petal with its antenna down. Lastly, it was decided not to deploy both rover ramps that day and wait until Sol 2 to perform the rover release, standup and egress down the rear ramp.
Sol 1 Considerations:
The following have been considered and discounted as communications problems:
The following are the most likely contributors to the communication degradation problem:
The protocol at the data-link layer used on the UHF link between Sojourner and the Pathfinder lander is of the acknowledge/negative-acknowledge (ACK/NAK) type. There is no forward error correction channel coding whatsoever. The response of ACK or NAK is dictated by a cyclic redundancy character (CRC) check computed over the contents of each transmission frame. A frame generating a NAK can be retried up to three times before the software errors-out and skips to the next frame in the transmission queue. ACK/NAK protocols are very simple to implement and permit confidence in the fidelity of the data transfer when signaled by the ACK confirmation, but they are extremely fragile data-link layer implementations: that is, the throughput of the link can collapse catastrophically for small incremental changes in the bit error rate (BER) of the physical layer. Click on this graph to see how quickly the probability of receiving different size data frames can change with just a small change in BER performance.
The maximum frame size used on the UHF link between the Sojourner rover and the Pathfinder lander is 256 bytes, and examination of the graph shows a rapid collapse of communications throughput for bit error rates exceeding approximately 10-4. Note also that short frames (those of length less than 256 bytes) can get through with high probability even when those of maximal length are likely to fail. It was this phenomenon that was frequently observed on Sol 1 and 2: short frames got across; fully stuffed frames did not. Clearly the communications problem was not one of hardware failure or even of hardware intermittency, it was mainly an increase in bit error rate that was coupled with an extremely unforgiving data-link layer protocol.
Sol 2 Rover Telecom Scenario:
During the night of Sol 1 the lander experienced a software reset which, it was concluded, did not affect the quality of the lander to rover UHF link. Also, it has been concluded that switching between both LMRE modem DC-DC converters had no corrective effect. It is likely that because of configuration differences with the location of the HGA and IMP that scattering/multipath conditions at the beginning of Sol 2 had changed. The changes may have made the communications environment favorable enough to allow reception to occur.
The rover woke up nominally via alarm clock on Sol 2 at 07:01:53 TLST with no A/D problems. The small packet size command sequences for Sol 2 were received normally by the rover. This indicated that the rover was able to receive data without any problems and it then began transmitting data to the lander. Its first level 2 health check showed that its modem temperature was at -30C, much colder than the day before because no modem heating was performed. The rover was still stowed on the petal with its antenna down. Data was apparently buffered on the rover overnight when comm with the lander was lost. A total of 31,491 bytes of sequence data were received. This coincides with the amount of EEPROM available for buffering data (32K). All indications are that the rover continued to perform runout or commanded sequence but had no place to buffer the additional data. The rover UNSTOW (cmd 2520) command executed nominally at 11:47:55 TLST. At that time the rover UHF antenna was deployed and a co-polarization condition existed between the rover and lander antennas. LMRE Link quality was marginal, and remained at about 40% until rover egress. During the second downlink pass no rover data was received because a mistake in the lander sequence turned off the LMRE radio from 8:01 and 11:29 TLST. This was reflected in the rover telemetry as an increase in timeout errors as the rover attempted to communicate with the lander which was not receiving. In downlink session 3 the rover was executing the remainder of its final Sol 2 sequence which included the petal egress move down the rear ramp.
The traverse down the rear ramp is executed with two 1000mm MOVE commands. After confirmation of the first MOVE command, which would have placed the rover half way down the ramp at 14:40 TLST, communication with the rover ceased. Rover telemetry at that moment showed the modem temperature to be +30C. Lander data indicates that the rover continued trying to communicate with the lander for another 16 minutes (trying every 10 seconds to send the second 3628 byte MOVE command and other commands) until the rover executed a SHUTDOWN command at which point the lander no longer heard from the rover. Lander data also indicates that at that time the LMRE link quality had degraded to 27%. With 100% link quality, it should have taken just 12 seconds to receive the second move command. At a lower link quality it would have taken significantly longer to receive. Being unable to send the MOVE command data, the rover buffered that data to memory. From examination of the rover sequence (50250V), after the rover performed the second MOVE command, it was commanded to HOLD_COMM and deploy the APXS onto the soil. After that was done, HOLD_COMM was removed. Note, it is a requirement that rover communication be suspended during APXS activities because a +9V DC converter is switched from the modem to the APXS (both can't operate at the same time). With 6 wheels on soil and in a slightly different location after the final MOVE, the rover then successfully transmitted some of its buffered telemetry data to the lander, including a rover image taken of the front ramp. The rover performed an auto shutdown at 19:08 TLST and remained silent (no communication) for approximately 18 hours and took two APXS spectra of the soil.
Sol 2 Considerations:
The following have been considered and discounted as communications problems:
The following are the most likely contributors to the communication degradation problem:
Again, based on these two key factors listed above and the sensitivity of the rover protocol layer to BER we feel that it was an individual factor or combination of these factors which resulted in the degradation and unexpected loss of radio communication during the remainder of the Sol 2 sequence.
Sol 3 Rover Telecom Scenario:
The rover woke up nominally on Sol 3 using solar power at 05:27 TLST. The command sequence for Sol 3 was queued on time and sent to the rover. The rover radio modem was much warmer (-15C) at wake up on Sol 3 than Sol 2 because of the execution of a modem heating command. The two overnight Sol 2 APXS spectra were received by the rover, as well as the remainder of the final Sol 2 telemetry. The Sol 3 sequence performed very well , with the rover positioning its APXS on the rock named 'Barnacle Bill' for the night. LMRE Link quality steadily improved throughout the day and into the night, with the improvement in link quality being related to the rover moving out of the region of scattering/multipath by the lander, and its modem operating temperature being above +25C. The only problem relating to telecom was 15 lost packets of rear image data with all other data successfully sent.
Conclusions and Operational Recommendations for the Mission:
Initially, all rover telecom problems were caused by a combination of environmental and configuration conditions. At no time were there any electrical, mechanical or software interface failures with either the LMRE radio modem or Rover radio modem. LMRE modem UART interface resets occur periodically, and are a normal part of operation on that side of the interface. Rover modem resets occur when the rover performs a SHUTDOWN or any APXS related activities in its sequence, which requires a HOLD_COMM command. Note, the only factor which has not been conclusively ruled out is the possibility of the loss of hermeticity in one of the four crystal local oscillator cans used in the modems. The crystals utilize a solder perform hermetic seal between the base and body of the can, in a 1 atmosphere inert gas. A failure of the hermetic seal would definitely shift the crystal's frequency (on Mars) because of the change in pressure inside the can. According to the manufacturer, a 5 PPM change in the resonant frequency of the crystal equates to about a 2 KHz frequency shift of the output frequency. But, based on the recent operation of the telecom system, and a comparison of pre-delivery thermal test data performed at JPL and thermal data from Mars, the probability of loss of hermeticity is low. If it has occurred, the consensus is that the LMRE receive LO crystal may be the culprit. To thoroughly understand how a loss of hermeticity would shift the operating frequencies of the radios, an experiment could be performed on a group of modems at different pressure levels, and with the loss of hermeticity invoked in combinations of the crystals. This experiment would be time consuming to perform and give insight into only one problem associated with the function of the radio modems.
It should be noted that the aging process of the LO crystal has been examined carefully. Pre-launch lab measurements of three spare radio units showed that the aging rate is consistent with expectation for that design, namely a negative drift in the output frequency that is logarithmic in time; linear on a log-scale of time.
For present and future Sojourner rover telecommunications activities, here are the recommendations for hardware usage and when planning operations sequences:
Most of the these recommendations have already been communicated to the Mars Pathfinder project and implemented as part of rover operations. They have proved to work leading to significant improvements in the functioning of the Sojourner telecommunications subsystem.
These radio modems use the standard RTS/CTS handshake method, similar to modems used in personal computers. The standard interface on these radios is RS232, however, the RS232 converter chip on the digital board has been replaced with jumpers so that 0-5 v TTL levels could be used with the rover and lander computers. The radios are hardwired for 9600 bps asynchronous communication with 8 data bits and 1 stop bit.
The atmospheric pressure on Mars is between 6 and 10 Torr (units of Torr are mm Hg @ 0C and 1 Torr = 1.33X10-3 bar), compared to 735.56 Torr (at sea level) for atmospheric pressure on Earth. Here are two equations that are frequently used to calculate sound levels. The first equation is for acoustic pressure levels and is equal to 20 log10 (P/Pref) in decibels, where P is the pressure in the medium and is a function of the density of that medium, and Pref = 2X10-10 bar is the equilibrium pressure. The equation for sound intensity levels is 10 log10 (I/I0) also in decibels, where I0 = 10-16 watt per square centimeter. Pref and I0 are reference pressure and intensity values which both correspond to near absolute silence (no pressure changes). Both equations are logarithmic and this is convenient because the sensitivity of the human ear is roughly logarithmic. One thing to note is that on Earth, the pressure changes that create sounds are very small compared to the overall atmospheric pressure.
Here are the A-weighted RMS (root-mean-square) pressure levels of a few common sounds:
Even the thin atmosphere on Mars supports the propagation of sound waves. But because of the lower pressure, the same sounds would have to be more intense (displace more atmosphere) for a typical microphone or human ear to hear them at the same level as here on Earth. For instance, given the same distance between the sound source and destination (say 10 feet), the reduction of pressure by a factor of 10 would reduce the sound pressure level by 20 dB. The reduction of pressure by a factor of 100 would reduce the sound pressure level by 40 dB. The pressure on Mars (at ground level) is approximately 100 times less than the atmospheric pressure on Earth (at sea level).
Using the same reference pressure level of 2X10-10 bar, here are the equivalent Martian sound levels for the same common sounds on Earth:
As you can see, for the same given distance, the sound of an electric table saw on Mars would be perceived as loud as a normal conversation here on Earth. The design of a dynamic microphone or some sort of acoustic sensor to function in the harsh Martian environment could definitely be accomplished, as could the design of an audio frequency amplifier with 40 dB more sensitivity to the lower sound levels. So it is entirely possible to measure and record sound on Mars, but the scientific return is probably not high enough to justify flying the extra equipment weight.
The lander computer on the other hand has much more computing horsepower. Its 32-bit RISC CPU and architecture is the derviative of a commercially available IBM 6000 computer. It executes at about 20 MIPS. The lander also does not have a hard disk, but has a rather large 128 MB of DRAM where data and images can be buffered for transmission back to Earth. Like the rover, it also uses radiation hardened components on its computer board. | [
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] | 3,934 |
Ibrahim Haddad and David Gordon
in an O'Reilly article.
"Securing DNS is important in order to deal with the various threats originating from the Internet, threats that the original DNS design did not anticipate. One technique for securing DNS is through DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC), a set of extensions to DNS that provide authenticity and integrity. In this article, we will provide an overview of DNS and DNSSEC and a step-by-step tutorial that gives you the needed instructions to secure your own DNS servers with DNSSEC.
to post comments) | [
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] | 120 |
How to Build a Better Bike Lane (and Get More People Out on Bikes)
Martha Roskowski has been a bicycle advocate in the United States for some 20 years. It hasn’t always been easy. These days, though, things are starting to feel different.
"In the past few years, we have seen a sea change," says Roskowski, who is heading up a two-year effort called the Green Lane Project (GLP) for the national advocacy group Bikes Belong. "Top city officials are now seeing bicycling as a really practical, rational part of the mobility picture." In other words, it’s not just a bunch of "bike nuts" who see the benefits of building better bike lanes. Urban transportation officials, facing growing populations, automobile congestion, and strained transit systems, are increasingly looking to bicycles as part of an overall solution. "Cities are really leading this, even when the feds aren’t," says Roskowski.
The GLP aims to foster this evolving mindset by helping six target cities to adopt high-quality bicycle infrastructure – bike lanes where people can ride with at least some protection from car traffic in the form of bollards, parked cars, raised pavement, or other separation. Often they are painted – that’s right – green. GLP is educating city officials through travel and the exchange of information with peers around the world; identifying obstacles to implementation of better bike infrastructure; and gathering data to quantify the effect such lanes have on riding patterns and demographics. It will make its findings available to the general public as the project progresses.
Protected, separated bike lanes on urban streets are not an entirely new phenomenon in the United States. One of the oldest can be found in New York City on Ocean Parkway, where a dedicated bicycle facility was opened in 1894 in a ceremony attended by the members of some 60 "wheelman clubs."
But for the most part, such lanes are an innovation in the U.S., regarded with some skepticism by some longtime urban cyclists as well as the general public. By partnering with officials in Austin, San Francisco, Portland, Oregon, Chicago, Memphis, and Washington, D.C. – New York is serving as an advising city -- the GLP hopes to educate municipal planners and engineers, increase the visibility of such lanes, and make them part of a mainstream approach to designing urban streets.
The idea, says Roskowski, is to get cities to start building bike networks that provide a comfortable place to ride not just for what she calls "the 1 percent" – the fearless, physically fit, expert bike handlers who are willing to jockey for space with cars, trucks, and pedestrians. Green lanes are meant to serve a more cautious group, people who might want to ride to work, to socialize, or to do errands, but who are intimidated by pedaling through hectic urban traffic.
The GLP was envisioned as a relatively low-cost way to support cities that already “get it” to build more protected bike lanes, learn best practices from around the world, and quantify their progress. City transportation officials have traveled to the Netherlands, for instance, where the network of protected lanes is vast and people of all ages – 8 to 80 is the goal – are able to ride with a full expectation of comfort and safety.
Market Street, San Francisco. Image courtesy of Mark Dreger
Seeing that ideal in practice can be a little daunting, says Roskowski. She recalls how Chicago’s transportation commissioner, Gabe Klein, reacted to his Dutch experience, at first feeling euphoric when he saw how great city biking can be, then plunging into depression when he remembered how many obstacles there are to bike networks in the U.S., and finally stabilizing somewhere in between.
Most participants are feeling energized by the challenge, says Roskowski. As part of the two-year program, the GLP is gathering data on how many new lanes are built in each city and how many people are out riding them. “I just went to give a talk in San Francisco and they wanted to know how their city is measuring up," says Roskowski. "Who is making the most progress? There is a real sense of competitiveness. They all want to be the best."
So far, New York added 11.3 miles of new green lanes in 2012, with Chicago installing 9.4 and San Francisco logging 5.5. That may have put S.F. in third place by one measure, but Roskowski reassured the Bay Area officials that they were doing great when you looked at their total roadway miles compared to the other cities.
Opening up bicycling to a larger population, Roskowski says, will mean a culture shift away from the often contentious identity politics that have characterized bicycle advocacy and policy for a generation. This isn’t about messengers and Lycra-clad road riders anymore, says Roskowski.
"It’s not that those cultures are going to go away," she says. "But how do you speed this progression from ‘cyclist’ being a weird subset of the population to having riding a bike being something you just do to get around?"
Roskowski admits that "green lanes" as they exist in the U.S. today are imperfect and incomplete. But she says that they represent an important step in the evolution of American streets as a place for all users. One Dutch official, she says, looked at a picture of an American green lane and told her, "That’s what Amsterdam looked like in the 1970s."*
Maybe the biggest change, Roskowski says, is psychological. Now, when they look at streets, city planners in the U.S. are increasingly seeing something new, and the public is beginning to see it, too. "We’re getting away from the assumption, ‘That’s car space and can’t be used for anything else," she says. "It’s space for people – in cars, on bikes, on transit, and on foot. It’s public space."
* Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated the decade. | [
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] | 1,270 |
e shield. The head is rounded and immovable of its own volition. The abdominal part is in rings that can be turned and twisted; on the tip are two tiny, needlesharp points, and on each of three rings of the abdominal shield there are in many cases a pair of tiny hooks, very slight projections, yet enough to be of use. Some lepidopterists think the pupa works head first to the surface, pushing with the abdomen. To me this seems impossible. The more one forced the blunt head against the earth the closer it would pack, and the delicate tongue shield surely would break. There is no projection on the head that would loosen or lift the earth.
One prominent lepidopterist I know, believes the moth emerges underground, and works its way to the surface as it fights to escape a cocoon. I consider this an utter impossibility. Remember the earth-encrusted cicada cases you have seen clinging to the trunks of trees, after the insect has reached the surface and abandoned them. Think what would happen | [
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] | 217 |
New research shows that dolphins can stay awake for at least 15 days in a row without experiencing fatigue, or other negative side effects.
To put this in perspective, human research subjects have been able to stay awake for only eight to 10 days, and all experienced progressive deterioration in concentration, motivation, perception and other mental processes as the period of sleep deprivation increased.
Dolphins can stay awake for this long because they sleep with only half of their brain at a time. This process, called unihemispheric sleep, was thought to have evolved as a way to allow dolphins to continue breathing at the surface while resting.
Brian Branstetter from the National Marine Mammal Foundation and colleagues studied two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), one male and one female, and found that they could use echolocation with “near-perfect accuracy” for up to 15 days. Both dolphins showed no signs of fatigue for five days, and the female continued other tasks for 10 additional days.
“These majestic beasts are true unwavering sentinels of the sea. The demands of ocean life on air breathing dolphins have led to incredible capabilities, one of which is the ability to continuously, perhaps indefinitely, maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation” said Branstetter.
The research was published in the journal PLoS ONE on October 17: Dolphins Can Maintain Vigilant Behavior through Echolocation for 15 Days without Interruption or Cognitive Impairment.
Copyright © 2012 by Marine Science Today, a publication of Marine Science Today LLC. | [
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The sky's the limit for 3D printing. Two students at the University of Virginia 3D-printed and assembled a plane. When it successfully took off, their unmanned plane became just the third 3D-printed drone to ever fly.
3D printing is a revolutionary technology, which some speculate could have an impact similar to that of the personal computer. In fact, new potential applications for 3D printers seem to be appearing every week.
Steven Easter and Jonathan Turman, two third-year engineering students at University of Virginia for the MITRE Corporation, a federally funded research and development center, designed and assembled the plane this summer. The result of their work is a 6.5-foot wingspan drone, entirely built with 3D-printed parts.
The students proved that 3D printing can bring manufacturing cost down and still deliver a quality product. "To make a plastic turbofan engine to scale five years ago would have taken two years, at a cost of about $250,000," David Sheffler, a U.Va. Engineering School alumnus and 20-year veteran of the aerospace industry who helped the two students, told UVAToday. "But with 3D printing, we designed and built it in four months for about $2,000."
What do you think of this exciting project? Tell us your thoughts in the comments below.
Image courtesy of University of Virginia. | [
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] | 289 |
One of my favourite stories is about slow elevators. As it is told, there was a co-op building in New York where tenants were complaining about slow elevators. Management considered all sorts of solutions including installing additional elevators or speeding up the existing ones until one day someone came up with the idea of putting mirrors beside the elevators so people would have something to do when waiting and then wouldn’t notice the slow service. Great lateral thinking.
Lateral thinking as defined by Wikipedia is “solving problems through an indirect and creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic. The term was coined in 1967 by Edward de Bono.”
One of the best ways to innovate is using lateral thinking, so in order to get your innovative juices flowing I want you to solve the following puzzle. I’ll post the answer tomorrow in a reply to the blog in case you don’t get it.
A woman had two sons who were born on the same hour of the same day of the same year. But they were not twins. How could this be so? | [
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Search Loci: Convergence:
The Reader may here observe the Force of Numbers, which can be successfully applied, even to those things, which one would imagine are subject to no Rules. There are very few things which we know, which are not capable of being reduc'd to a Mathematical Reasoning; and when they cannot it's a sign our knowledge of them is very small and confus'd; and when a Mathematical Reasoning can be had it's as great a folly to make use of any other, as to grope for a thing in the dark, when you have a Candle standing by you.
Of the Laws of Chance (1692)
Georg Cantor at the Dawn of Point-Set Topology
A first course in point-set topology can be challenging for the student because of the abstract level of the material. In an attempt to mitigate this problem, we use the history of point-set topology to obtain natural motivation for the study of some key concepts. In this article, we study an 1872 paper by Georg Cantor. We will look at the problem Cantor was attempting to solve and see how the now familiar concepts of a point-set and derived set are natural answers to his question. We emphasize ways to utilize Cantor's methods in order to introduce point-set topology to students.
In his introduction to his book Introduction to Phenomenology , Msgr. Robert Sokolowski writes
As a philosopher, Msgr. Sokolowski is accustomed to the traditional methods of teaching philosophy to undergraduates – start with Plato, Aristotle and the other ancients, continue with developments through the Scholastic and Enlightenment eras, and then show how modern philosophy builds upon all that has gone before. He must be puzzled, then, by the lack of attention to the historical development of ideas that generally attends to the teaching of mathematics. He perceives that something important is missing, and he is correct.
In recent years, interest has grown considerably in developing an historical approach to the teaching of mathematics. Victor Katz has edited an anthology of articles giving different perspectives on the development of mathematics in general from an historical point of view . Some authors, such as Klyve, Stemkoski, and Tou, focus on one particular historical figure – in their case, Euler – important to the development of mathematics . There is also interest in the historical development of certain areas of mathematics commonly included in the undergraduate curriculum. Brian Hopkins has written a textbook introducing discrete mathematics from an historical point of view ; David Bressoud has written two textbooks that present analysis from an historical perspective (, ); and Adam Parker has compiled an original sources bibliography for ordinary differential equations instructors that contains many of the original papers in ODEs.
This is the first paper in a planned series that will outline ways to introduce point-set topology concepts motivated by their place in history. To borrow a phrase from David Bressoud, it is an "attempt to let history inform pedagogy" [2, p. vii]. A growing collection of the historic papers that are important to the development of point-set topology may be found on the author's web site.
This paper focuses on the seminal work of Georg Cantor (1845-1918), a German mathematician well-known for his contributions to the foundations of set theory, but whose contributions to point-set topology are not very well known. Cantor’s works are collected in . For complete biographical information, see Dauben’s definitive work .
Table Of Contents
Scoville, Nicholas, "Georg Cantor at the Dawn of Point-Set Topology," Loci (March 2012), DOI: 10.4169/loci003861 | [
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] | 764 |
Unitary Method Problem
Date: 02/01/99 at 19:13:36 From: Tamara Subject: A Unitary Method Problem Runts come in a carton. There are 8 packages in one carton. There are 3 boxes in each package. If there are 170 runts in one box, how many runts are there in 6 cartons?
Date: 03/01/99 at 17:48:36 From: Doctor Swiss Subject: Re: A Unitary Method Problem This can be a difficult question to take in all at once. The best way to approach it is to break it down into steps. The first step is to notice how runts, boxes, packages, and cartons are related. It might help to draw a diagram, like this one: 170 runts/box --> 3 boxes/package --> 8 packages/carton --> 6 cartons Just so you know, by runt/box, we mean runts in a box. Now you can see how everything is related, and you can also see the steps that you have to take. Now to find out the number of runts in 6 cartons, it would help us to see how many packages are in 6 cartons. Why? Well, once we know the number of packages in 6 cartons, we can find out the number of boxes in 6 cartons, and finally the number of runts in 6 cartons. So now we are trying to find the number of packages in 6 cartons. We know the number of packages on 1 carton is 8. What if we had 2 cartons? Then we would have 8 cartons from the first package and 8 from the second, for a total of 8 + 8 = 16. Note that this is also 8 * 2 = 16 cartons. Try this for 3 cartons. I hope you can see the jump and figure out that there are 8 * 6 packages in 6 cartons. You can repeat this process to find that there are 3 * 8 * 6 boxes in 6 cartons. You need one more step to find the number of runts in 6 cartons. It turns out that this problem is just one big multiplication problem. Please write back if you need more help or have any more questions. Good luck, - Doctors Swiss, Teeple, and Stacey, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
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© 1994-2013 The Math Forum | [
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] | 515 |
Tanzanian health care facilities offer all basic services, but shortage of commodities and poor infection control are major challenges
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. More than 70 percent of all health facilities in Tanzania offer a full range of basic health services. Curative care for sick children is almost universally available, and three in four services provide antenatal care and childbirth. At the same time, lack of running water and shortage of some types of medicines compromise the quality of care offered to children and adults. These problems are found nationwide, in both governmental and non-governmental facilities, and in all types of facilities, according to a new survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
While many critical gaps exist, the new study shows important strengths in Tanzania’s health care system. More than 70 percent of all health facilities in Tanzania offer a full range of basic health services, including child care, family planning, and treatment for infectious diseases. Curative care for sick children and for sexually transmitted infections is almost universally available in Tanzanian health facilities. Most hospitals and three-fourths of health centres offer 24-hour delivery services for pregnant women. Antenatal care (ANC) services are available in 4 out of 5 facilities, including almost all government facilities. And, nearly 60 percent of health facilities offer the full range of client comfort amenities: a protected waiting area; a basic level of cleanliness; and a functioning client latrine.
HIV services are available throughout Tanzania. About one in four health care facilities have an HIV counseling and testing system, and one in eight provides prevention of mother-to-child transmission services. Antiretroviral treatment is far less available, however, Nationwide, however, only 4 percent of all health facilities prescribe antiretroviral therapy.
Problems with infrastructure and infection control plague Tanzanian health care services. Only 33 percent of health care facilities in Tanzania, including half of all hospitals, have running water. Other items needed for infection control are also in short supply: one-third of facilities do not have soap; only half of facilities have latex gloves; and less than one-third has adequate systems for disposing of needles and infectious waste. These conditions endanger both staff and patients.
Stock outs of medicines and poor storage systems also affect patient care. While more than 90 percent of health facilities say they offer immunization services, only 74 percent had vaccines available at the time of the survey. Among these facilities, less than half have the necessary equipment for correct temperature monitoring, and about a third do not maintain the cold chain at all. Improper storage destroys the effectiveness of some vaccines, making them useless for disease prevention. Medicines to cure tuberculosis (TB) are available in only 60 percent of facilities following the national DOTS strategy (directly observed treatment short-course). Patients who do not take their TB drugs regularly run the risk of developing drug resistant and hard-to-cure strains of TB.
Insufficient counseling, not lack of drugs, is a problem in some services. For example, most facilities providing antenatal care had the antimalarial medicine for intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women. However, less than one third of pregnant women were given the first IPT dose in the facility under the supervision of a provider, and less than 10 percent were advised to get the second dose. Similarly, only half of pregnant women were given a voucher for insecticide treated bed nets (ITN) and told about the importance of using ITNs regularly. Other critical issues were neglected in antenatal care (ANC) services. During more than 1,000 observed counseling sessions in ANC clinics, providers described the risk symptoms of pregnancy in only one-fourth of sessions and discussed nutrition in less than 20 percent.
The 2006 Tanzania Service Provision Assessment Survey (TSPA) was carried out by the National Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the United Republic of Tanzania. Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance through the worldwide MEASURE DHS project. The TSPA collected data from a nationally representative sample of 611 health facilities in Tanzania, covering all levels of facilities, from dispensaries to hospitals.
Funding for technical assistance was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Local costs of the survey were financed entirely by the pooled fund of the Poverty Eradication Division (PED) in the Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment.
Additional information about the 2006 TSPA may be obtained from the Macro International Inc. at 301-572-0931 or [email protected]. You may also contact the headquarters of the National Bureau of Statistics, Kivukoni Front, P.O. Box 796, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Telephone: (255) 22 212-2722/3, Fax: (255) 22 213-0852, e-mail: [email protected]. Information may also be obtained from http://www.nbs.go.tz/ | [
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
Sorry no news is found ... Your search criteria may have been too narrow. You can quickly re-sort the news in different ways by clicking on the tabs at the top of this page.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also known as winter depression, winter blues, summer depression, summer blues, or seasonal depression, is a mood disorder in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer, spring or autumn year after year. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), SAD is not a unique mood disorder, but is "a specifier of major depression".
Although experts were initially skeptical, this condition is now recognized as a common disorder, with its prevalence in the U.S. ranging from 1.4 percent in Florida to 9.7 percent in New Hampshire.
The U.S. National Library of Medicine notes that "some people experience a serious mood change when the seasons change. They may sleep too much, have little energy, and may also feel depressed. Though symptoms can be severe, they usually clear up." The condition in the summer is often referred to as reverse seasonal affective disorder, and can also include heightened anxiety.
SAD was formally described and named in 1984 by Norman E. Rosenthal and colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health.
There are many different treatments for classic hormones (winter-based) seasonal affective disorder, including light therapy with sunlight or bright lights, antidepressant medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, ionized-air administration, and carefully timed supplementation of the hormone melatonin.
This text uses material from Wikipedia and is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.
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] | 850 |
Your doctor will take a detailed history from you and observers to help determine if you have epilepsy . The history may include questions about:
- Your past medical history
- Family medical history
- Any and all medications you take
- How were you feeling before the seizure?
- How old were you at the onset of the condition?
- Was there any warning?
- What did the seizure look like, or what were you told it looked like?
- Were there any symptoms after the seizure?
- How long did the seizure last?
- How many seizures have you had before?
- After the seizure, did paralysis, twitches, confusion, slowed responsiveness, urine incontinence, or tongue biting occur?
Your doctor may perform a physical exam. Special attention will be given to your nervous system. Tests will be taken to see if you might have epilepsy, and if so, what type of seizures you have.
Tests may include:
You may need to have your brain activity tested. This can be done with:
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) —Best results are achieved when this test is performed within 24 hours of a seizure. Many times repetitive or continuous EEG monitoring may be needed.
- Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
- You may need to have brain scans. These can be done with:
- You may need to have your blood tested. Blood tests check for possible causes of the seizures, including:
You may need to have your bodily fluids tested. This can be done with urine tests.
- Urine tests
- Lumbar puncture , also known as a spinal tap
You may need to have your motor abilities, behavior and intellectual capacity tested. This can be done with:
- Developmental tests
- Neurological tests
- Behavioral tests
- Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD
- Review Date: 03/2013 -
- Update Date: 00/31/2013 - | [
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] | 410 |
To help reduce your risk of developing hypertension , follow these guidelines:
- If you are overweight, lose weight.
- Avoid heavy alcohol use.
- If you smoke, quit.
- Eat a heart-healthy diet.
- Exercise regularly.
- Manage stress.
- Monitor use of pain relievers.
- Consider taking folic acid.
Losing as little as 10 pounds can help decrease your heart’s workload and lower your blood pressure. Follow the dietary and exercise plans recommended by your doctor. To lose weight, consume fewer calories than you expend. To maintain a healthy weight, balance the number of calories you consume with the number you expend. Try to keep your body mass index (BMI) below 25.
Drinking too much alcohol increases blood pressure and can lead to other heart problems. Moderate alcohol intake, however, is not associated with high blood pressure. Moderate alcohol intake is two drinks or fewer per day for men and one drink or fewer per day for women. Talk to your doctor if you need help reducing your alcohol intake, or quitting drinking entirely.
Smoking can increase the amount of fatty material that collects in your arteries and may contribute to elevated blood pressure readings.
A diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol, while rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables will help lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body weight—all of which leads to a healthier heart. Follow the meal plan recommended by your doctor, or ask for a referral to a registered dietitian.
A clinical study, called Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, has found that certain healthful eating patterns can reduce blood pressure. This is called the DASH diet . Findings from the second phase of the DASH study indicate that cutting salt intake is another effective way to lower blood pressure.
Choose exercises you enjoy and will make a regular part of your day. Strive to maintain an exercise program that keeps you fit and at a healthful weight. For many people, this includes walking or participating in another aerobic activity for 30 minutes per day. Exercise also can help you manage stress . Check with your doctor before starting any exercise program.
Although stress does not cause hypertension, hormones released by your body when you are under stress can increase your blood pressure. Take time out to relax, exercise, and practice relaxation techniques.
Taking pain relievers (eg, ibuprofen ) more often than once per week has been linked to the development of high blood pressure in women. If possible, limiting the use of these medicines to once per week may be something to consider if you are at risk of high blood pressure.
Women who take folic acid supplements daily may reduce their risk of high blood blood pressure. *¹ If you think you may not be getting enough folic acid (a B vitamin) in your diet, consider taking a daily 400 microgram supplement.
- Reviewer: Michael J. Fucci, DO
- Review Date: 09/2012 -
- Update Date: 00/91/2012 - | [
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] | 628 |
As the more accessible methods for micro energy (microwatt-hour to watt-hour) harvesting and storage become commercialized, the research community will focus on extremes in efficiency and cost breakthroughs and exploration of entirely new methods and applications. Make no mistake; there is plenty of exciting new ground to be covered! We will in this session profile the space of current and anticipated micro energy harvesting needs and approaches suitable for sensing, computing, and communications.
The Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center will conduct this afternoon- through- evening conference and reception at the Leeds Certified Green David Brower Center on the edge of the beautiful UC Berkeley campus on Wednesday March 9th.
Applications Drivers: Energy Consumption in Communicating Sensor Networks
Will radical reductions in power requirements of wireless radios and integrated sensors and processors make energy “harvesting” ubiquitous, or unnecessary? Application requirements, hardware trends, and protocol efficiency will be discussed in the context of energy harvesting solutions.
Advanced Sensing Technology for Harsh Environments
Present and future research directions for harsh environment telemetry will be discussed in this presentation. Using the application of sensors in geothermal power plants as a focus, a comprehensive research program will be described for the development of sensors, telemetry, energy harvesting, materials, packaging and bonding. Aluminum Nitride and Silicon Carbide material technologies (as well as other related material technologies) will be described.
Energy Harvesting and Sensing for the Power Grid
BSAC work on energy harvesting and wireless sensors for the Smart Grid will be discussed. The current situation of sparse deployment of expensive sensors for even basic electrical parameters and without ability to quickly locate faults, and with no way of predicting future faults will be addressed by these technologies. As renewable but rapidly fluctuating wind and solar power sources are connected, the sensing and actuation situation will become critical.
Small, hermetically sealed, meso-scale and MEMS-based lightweight sensors and scavengers with the goal of increase in the granularity of sensing and the controllability of our power grids. Some of these devices involve piezo-magnetic harvesting, MEMS-on-glass manufacture and packaging, and scavengers that draw the small amount of energy they need from the power lines themselves. They will include new methods for extending the usable life of piezoelectric members.
Cost Effective and Efficient Microphotovoltaics
Solar energy presents a viable candidate for fossil fuel replacement. In this regard, developing technologies for $1/W installed PV system is needed. The choice of materials and cell architecture, the cost and abundance of the raw materials, the component manufacturing costs, the cell design and framework, the capital cost, and the installation costs are all important contributing factors to the final cost. Although there is considerable current focus on the absorber materials and the required deposition processes, the rest of the cell, including transparent conductors, texturing, optical coatings, etc., and reliability are equally important. All of these are fundamentally materials related problems and progress requires an interdisciplinary approach drawing on materials science, chemistry, applied physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, however, significant challenges exist in developing efficient and low cost systems that are scalable to small formats and small capacities (micropower) as well as to commercial scale (kilowatts to megawatts).
Micro Energy Storage
Micro energy storage is indispensable for energy harvester systems. Energy generation from various resources is required to be stored and released when the power is needed. Two systems are commonly known in the macroscale systems: battery and supercapacitors. This talk will provide efforts in micro energy storage systems including high power density supercapacitors with high energy storage capability and nanostructure-based micro batteries.
Biologically-Inspired Scavenging Technologies
Recent developments focusing on two very different bio-inspired energy harvesting Microsystems will be discussed. The first, in collaboration with CFD Corporation, is a miniaturized electrochemical system for harvesting energy from an insect’s reactions with the sugar trehalose. The system is being designed to produce 100′s of uW’s in a compact footprint, suitable for powering instrumentation on a cyborg insect. A similar system is being studied for mammalian implants. The second topic will briefly discuss developments in the scavenging of power from evaporation and low pressure head flows, including our work on microscale boundary-layer turbines (so-called Tesla turbines), a topic which has applications beyond scavenging.
Panel and Mixing Reception
The topics are certain to generate interest if not some controversy among the audience and speakers. An extended reception and mixing event will allow continuation of the discussions and renewal of prior and establishment of new connections among practitioners, students, and investors of impacted applications.
Agenda and registration can be found here: http://bsac.berkeley.edu/events/8706520851/ | [
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] | 1,000 |
A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees.
This wood is very durable in water and not so durable in dry conditions. Historically it was used a lot in pumps, piles and sluices.
Durable wood native to northern Europe which polishes to a flesh-colour, knotty finish. It is an easy wood to turn, and was used in the 18th and 19th centuries for country furniture, occasionally for the turned members of Windsor chairs.
Hard, strong wood that seasons easily, works well, is easily stained to imitate walnut and mahogany. It has a maple-like figure
Leppä Al Alnus
(Alnus glutinosa) Orangey brown, turns and finishes well.
A druid sacred tree. A whistle made of Alder is the basis for the old superstition of whistling up the wind.
wood of any of various alder trees; resistant to underwater rot; used for bridges etc
north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and conelike fruit; bark is used in tanning and dyeing and the rot-resistant wood
a tree or a shrub, depending on which part of the world it's growing in
A hard strong wood resembling maple, easily stained to imitate darker woods.
Alnus Katsuratree Cercidiphyllum
a deciduous shrub or tree of the birch family, with toothed leaves, growing in a cool climate
Any shrub or small tree of the genus Alumnus, of the oak family.
a wood sometimes used in making chairs of common variety; it grows in England on swampy ground and is of orange yellow colour. The bark is used for dyeing.
Strong hard, wood similar to maple, readily accepts stains imitating darker woods.
Any of several species of large rough shrubs belonging to the genus Alnus. Two of the most common of North Woods shrubs are Green Alder ( Alnus crispa) and Speckled Alder ( Alnus incana). From the Old English alor,aler. Wadôp in the Ojibwe.
Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family (Family Betulaceae). The genus comprises about 30 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, few reaching large size, distributed throughout the North Temperate zone, and in the New World also along the Andes southwards to Chile. The leaves are deciduous (not evergreen), alternate, simple, and serrated. | [
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] | 587 |
The Hizen region of Kyūshū was the center of early porcelain production in Japan. Although many designs and wares made in Kyūshū were intended for export, works of Hizen ware known as the Nabeshima type were commissioned by the Nabeshima clan and produced at an exclusive kiln. A dish like this example would have been part of a dining service. These sets were frequently sent to the shogun in Edo (Tokyo) as an annual tribute. The cheerful design of jars on this dish features the bold, luminous colors and exacting standards characteristic of the high-quality porcelains produced at the Nabeshima kiln. | [
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] | 139 |
To the untrained ear, monkeys of a certain species may all sound the same, but Japanese researchers have found that, like human beings, they actually have an accent depending on where they live.
The finding, the first of its kind, will appear in the December edition of a German scientific journal, Ethology, to be published on December 5, the primate researchers said on Tuesday.
“Differences between chattering by monkeys are like dialects of human beings,” said Nobuo Masataka, professor of ethology at Kyoto University’s Primate Research Institute.
The research team analysed voice tones of two groups of the same species of primates, the Japanese Yakushima macaque—also known as Macaca fuscata yakui—between 1990 and 2000.
One group was formed by 23 monkeys living on the southern Japanese island of Yakushima, and the other group comprised 30 descendants from the same tribe moved from the island to Mount Ohira, central Japan, in 1956.
The result showed that the island group had a tone about 110 hertz higher on average than the one taken to central Japan.
Monkeys on Yakushima Island have an accent with a higher tone because tall trees on the island tend to block their voices, Masataka said.
“On the other hand, monkeys on Mount Ohira do not have to gibber with a high tone as trees there are low,” he said. “Each group adopted their own accent depending upon their environment.”
This suggests differences in voice tones are not caused by genes, Masataka said, adding the results “may lead to a clue to the origin of human language”.—Sapa-AFP. | [
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] | 352 |
After participating in this activity, students will be able to:
- Describe the difference between herbivores, carnivores, and producers.
- Answer questions about the interdependence of herbivores, carnivores, and producers as members of a food chain.
- Answer questions about how pollution affects food chains.
All living organisms depend on one another for food. By reviewing the relationships of organisms that feed on one another, students begin to see how all organisms—including humans—are linked. If students understand the relationships in a simple food chain, they will better understand the importance and sensitivity of these connections, and why changes to one part of the food chain almost always impact another.
A food chain is a simplified way to show the relationship of organisms that feed on each other. It’s helpful to classify animals in a simple food chain by what they eat, or where they get their energy.
Green plants, called producers, form the basis of the aquatic food chain. They get their energy from the sun and make their own food through photosynthesis. In the Great Lakes, producers can be microscopic phytoplankton (plant plankton), algae, aquatic plants like Elodea, or plants like cattails that emerge from the water’s surface.
Herbivores, such as ducks, small fish, and many species of zooplankton (animal plankton), eat plants. Carnivores (meat eaters) eat other animals and can be small (i.e, frog) or large (i.e, lake trout). Omnivores are animals (including humans) that eat both plants and animals. Each is an important part of the food chain.
In reality, food chains overlap at many points—because animals often feed on multiple species—forming complex food webs. Food web diagrams depict all feeding interactions among species in real communities. These complex diagrams often appear as intricate spider webs connecting the species. See: Unit 1, Lesson 2
This lesson demonstrates that changes in one part of a food chain or web may affect other parts, resulting in impacts on carnivores, herbivores, and eventually on producers. An example of this might be the harmful effects of pollution.
The point that should be made is that when something disrupts a food web, humans should try to understand and minimize the disturbance. Students should also come to recognize that humans, too, are part of this complex web of life. | [
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] | 505 |
It's normal for some female monarchs to develop eggs in the winter along the Gulf coast,
south Atlantic coast and California coast even in locations where there is no milkweed. These females desperately want to find milkweed to lay their eggs on. Intentionally depriving them of milkweed (via cutting the milkweed down to the ground) will cause them alot of stress and they will end up dying without breeding. Providing these females with milkweed (any kind of milkweed) will give their offspring a chance to survive and contribute to the growth of future generations of monarchs.
Paradoxically, some of the same people who think its cruel for commercial butterfly breeders to ship monarchs to the northern states in the early Spring because there is no milkweed for them that early in the year, think its beneficial for home gardeners along the gulf coast to cut tropical milkweed to the ground in the late fall and winter even though the consequences are just as cruel: the females will frantically look for milkweed and die without breeding. Another irony is that far from harming the migratory instincts of the monarchs, the monarch migrations in Australia and New Zealand are actually 100% dependent on a evergreen tropical milkweed (Asclepias fruticosa) because that's the only kind of milkweed that grows at temperate zone latitudes in those countries. So monarch conservationists in those countries would never dream of cutting tropical milkweed down to the ground in the late fall and winter. | [
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] | 307 |
A few months ago I read about a very simple but fun probability puzzle. Someone tells you:Try to solve it yourself. John Baez mentions that you would think or he would think that the information about Tuesday is irrelevant because the days of the week are independent of the sex and we only care about the latter.
“I have two children. At least one is a boy born on a Tuesday. [And if it were not the case, I would have told you.] What is the probability I have two boys?”
So you would think that there are 4 equally represented groups of 2-kid families, namely boy-boy, boy-girl, girl-boy, and girl-girl families where the two hyphenated words refer to the younger and older kid, respectively. Only the girl-girl families are eliminated, and 1 of the remaining 3 groups is a two-boy family, so the conditional probability is 1/3.
However, that's a wrong result. The information about the Tuesday actually does matter. Here's why:
In all families with exactly 2 children, one may label the children as the "younger" and "older" one, even if the difference is just in seconds.
Each kid may be born on any day and have any sex, so there are 14 equally likely possibilities for each child. The two children are independent (forget that the phenomenon of twins tends to increase the same-day pairs), so there are 14 x 14 possibilities for two kids. Each of these 14 x 14 possibilities is equally likely. So 1/196 of the world's families with exactly 2 kids fits each condition.
Among the 196 types of the families, how many of them contain at least one Tuesday son? Well, in 14 of them, the younger kid is a Tuesday son (the older one may be anything chosen from the 14 possibilities). In 14 other of them (the younger can be anything), the older one is a Tuesday son. However, I have counted the families with two Tuesday sons twice. So there are 14+14-1 = 27 possibilities among the 196 for which the condition "at least one kid is a Tuesday son" is satisfied.
This is the assumption which is a part of the calculation of the conditional probability. We need the other part, too. Among these 27/196 of the families, 13/196 of all families have two boys, by pure counting, so the result is
P = 13/27as the fraction of the families that satisfied the condition. Note that it is just slightly less than 1/2 = 13.5/27 i.e. much more than 1/3. I had to highlight the result because almost no one reads the full article and almost no one notices that the right results is neither 1/3 nor 1/2.
Indeed, the large difference of the right result from 1/3 appears because one de facto identifies one of the sons by mentioning that it is the kid from Tuesday. If you assumed there were infinitely many days in a week and you would take any family with at least one Tuesday kid, the "Tuesday" information would identify this kid completely (two Tuesday kids would be infinitesimally unlikely), and the question what is the probability of 2 sons would be reduced to the question what is the probability that the other, equally specific kid - the non-Tuesday kid - is male - which is of course 1/2.
I will discuss this "identification" and reasons why the result is close to 1/2 at the very end.
Indistinguishable kids' bound states
With kids that would satisfy the Bose or Fermi statistics, the counting would be different but equally straightforward. Instead of 14 x 14 = 196 possibilities, one has 14 x 15 / 2 = 105 for bosons (the symmetric triangle) and 14 x 13 / 2 = 91 (the antisymmetric triangle) for fermions. Among the 105 or 91 options, how many of them contain at least one Tuesday son? Well, in these two cases, we can't say which of them is older and younger: they're identical.
So if there is at least 1 Tuesday son, the number of states with at least 1 Tuesday son is 14 for the bosons - we can just create the other particle into the 1-particle state - or 13 for the fermions - we can also add the second creation operator, but with another Tuesday son, the state will vanish because of Pauli's exclusion principle.
Among these 14 or 13 states respectively, for bosons and fermions, 7 or 6 are two-son states, respectively. So the odds are 7/14 = 1/2 for the bosons and 6/13 for the fermions. Note that the bosons literally saturate the 1/2 bound while the fermions are just slightly below it.
Why not one third?
Finally, I want to comment on "why the information about Tuesday matters". If we sum up the probabilities for the problems where the son is born on Sunday, Monday... and up to Saturday, shouldn't we get the same result? And by symmetry, the result must be equal for all 7 days, so doesn't each term have to be 1/3?
The answer is that we can't add the probabilities in this way because the "at least one Monday son" etc. are assumptions, not propositions conditioned by these assumptions, and they're not disjoint. At any rate, the calculation is nonlinear because the conditional probabilities have the probability of the assumption in the denominator rather than the numerator, so you can't simply add the possibilities in any way.
The word term in the previous paragraph is therefore incorrect.
How and why 1/3 gets enhanced to nearly 1/2
If you were only told that "one of the kids is a boy", the mixed families would be overrepresented over the two-boy families by the 2-to-1 ratio because boy-girl and girl-boy families are as likely as boy-boy families; again, the kids notation is younger-older.
However, if you're told that "one of the kids is a Tuesday boy", this overrepresentation almost disappears. Why? Because 1/7 of the boy-girl and girl-boy families have a Tuesday boy. But (approximately) 2/7 of the boy-boy families have at least one Tuesday boy because each of these two boys has a chance to be born on Tuesday.
In this way, the boy-boy families (nearly) compensate the factor of two by which they were underrepresented relatively to the mixed families.
Bonus: this puzzle and crackpot Sean Carroll's misunderstanding of logic
This logical puzzle is actually a very precise pedagogical example showing what's wrong with the thinking of various people about the arrow of time. Some people - those who say that the information about Tuesday doesn't matter and who typically end up with the result 1/3 - think that
Prob(cond,any_day) = Prob(cond,Monday) + ... + Prob(cond,Sunday)where "cond" is an extra condition. So if we make a statement about a specific object and if this statement doesn't prefer any day of the week, then adding the information about "its" day of the week doesn't matter. It only reduces the probability by a factor of 7 if the probability is day-blind.
That's right for "conclusions" or "outcomes". However, the error that these people are making is that they think that this "additive" counting of the probabilities also holds for the probabilities of assumptions, i.e. probabilities of conditions in the conditional probability. But no such a linearity exists over there. Conditions (and initial states) don't follow the same maths as the outcomes (and final states)!
There is no condition-outcome or past-future symmetry in mathematical logic! That's why it matters for the probabilities whether the information about Tuesday is specified even though there is nothing special about Tuesday. | [
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] | 1,662 |
Here are a few interesting facts I found while doing some health psychology study during the past week:
Men who understand others well which means being able to read their emotions are likely to be more socially successful and compete more successfully for females. Thus males may have pressures both to feel and not to feel...
Men inhibit expressions of fear and sadness more often whereas women are more likely to inhibit expressions of anger. How much gender differences in regulation of anger are not entirely clear though. Recent research has found that women express as much anger as men but only if the target of their anger is not present.
Females are more cognitively complex (the reason behind their attitudes are more logical and specific) than males but men and women in close relationships have similar cognitive complexity. We are drawn to people who are at the same level of cognitive complexity to us.
Research consistently finds that when people feel and act attractive, others are more likely to see them that way.
- From Psychology : Australian and New Zealand edition by Drew Westen, Lorelle Burton, Robin Kowalski | [
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] | 219 |
Stop Saying This Is a Nation of Immigrants!
by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
A nation of immigrants: This is a convenient myth developed as a response to the 1960s movements against colonialism, neocolonialism, and white supremacy. The ruling class and its brain trust offered multiculturalism, diversity, and affirmative action in response to demands for decolonization, justice, reparations, social equality, an end of imperialism, and the rewriting of history -- not to be "inclusive" -- but to be accurate. What emerged to replace the liberal melting pot idea and the nationalist triumphal interpretation of the "greatest country on earth and in history," was the "nation of immigrants" story.
By the 1980s, the "waves of immigrants" story even included the indigenous peoples who were so brutally displaced and murdered by settlers and armies, accepting the flawed "Bering Straits" theory of indigenous immigration some 12,000 years ago. Even at that time, the date was known to be wrong, there was evidence of indigenous presence in the Americas as far back as 50,000 years ago, and probably much longer, and entrance by many means across the Pacific and the Atlantic -- perhaps, as Vine Deloria jr. put it, footsteps by indigenous Americans to other continents will one day be acknowledged. But, the new official history texts claimed, the indigenous peoples were the "first immigrants." They were followed, it was said, by immigrants from England and Africans, then by Irish, and then by Chinese, Eastern and Southern Europeans, Russians, Japanese, and Mexicans. There were some objections from African Americans to referring to enslaved Africans hauled across the ocean in chains as "immigrants," but that has not deterred the "nation of immigrants" chorus.
Misrepresenting the process of European colonization of North America, making everyone an immigrant, serves to preserve the "official story" of a mostly benign and benevolent USA, and to mask the fact that the pre-US independence settlers, were, well, settlers, colonial setters, just as they were in Africa and India, or the Spanish in Central and South America. The United States was founded as a settler state, and an imperialistic one from its inception ("manifest destiny," of course). The settlers were English, Welsh, Scots, Scots-Irish, and German, not including the huge number of Africans who were not settlers. Another group of Europeans who arrived in the colonies also were not settlers or immigrants: the poor, indentured, convicted, criminalized, kidnapped from the working class (vagabonds and unemployed artificers), as Peter Linebaugh puts it, many of who opted to join indigenous communities.
Only beginning in the 1840s, with the influx of millions of Irish Catholics pushed out of Ireland by British policies, did what might be called "immigration" begin. The Irish were discriminated against cheap labor, not settlers. They were followed by the influx of other workers from Scandinavia, Eastern and Southern Europe, always more Irish, plus Chinese and Japanese, although Asian immigration was soon barred. Immigration laws were not even enacted until 1875 when the US Supreme Court declared the regulation of immigration a federal responsibility. The Immigration Service was established in 1891.
Buried beneath the tons of propaganda -- from the landing of the English "pilgrims" (fanatic Protestant Christian evangelicals) to James Fennimore Cooper's phenomenally popular "Last of the Mohicans" claiming "natural rights" to not only the indigenous peoples territories but also to the territories claimed by other European powers -- is the fact that the founding of the United States was a division of the Anglo empire, with the US becoming a parallel empire to Great Britain. From day one, as was specified in the Northwest Ordinance that preceded the US Constitution, the new republic for empire (as Jefferson called the US) envisioned the future shape of what is now the lower 48 states of the US. They drew up rough maps, specifying the first territory to conquer as the "Northwest Territory," ergo the title of the ordinance. That territory was the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region, which was filled with indigenous farming communities.
Once the conquest of the "Northwest Territory" was accomplished through a combination of genocidal military campaigns and bringing in European settlers from the east, and the indigenous peoples moved south and north for protection into other indigenous territories, the republic for empire annexed Spanish Florida where runaway enslaved Africans and remnants of the indigenous communities that had escaped the Ohio carnage fought back during three major wars (Seminole wars) over two decades. In 1828, President Andrew Jackson (who had been a general leading the Seminole wars) pushed through the Indian Removal Act to force all the agricultural indigenous nations of the Southeast, from Georgia to the Mississippi River, to transfer to Oklahoma territory that had been gained through the "Louisiana Purchase" from France. Anglo settlers with enslaved Africans seized the indigenous agricultural lands for plantation agriculture in the Southern region. Many moved on into the Mexican province of Texas -- then came the US military invasion of Mexico in 1846, seizing Mexico City and forcing Mexico to give up its northern half through the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Texas were then opened to "legal" Anglo settlement, also legalizing those who had already settled illegally, and in Texas by force. The indigenous and the poor Mexican communities in the seized territory, such as the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche, resisted colonization, as they had resisted the Spanish empire, often by force of arms, for the next 40 years. The small class of Hispanic elites welcomed and collaborated with US occupation.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for the indigenous peoples of North America? No.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for enslaved Africans? No.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for the original European settlers? No.
Are "immigrants" the appropriate designation for Mexicans who migrate for work to the United States? No. They are migrant workers crossing a border created by US military force. Many crossing that border now are also from Central America, from the small countries that were ravaged by US military intervention in the 1980s and who also have the right to make demands on the United States.
So, let's stop saying "this is a nation of immigrants."
Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz is a long-time activist, university professor, and writer. In addition to numerous scholarly books and articles, she has written three historical memoirs, Red Dirt: Growing Up Okie (Verso, 1997), Outlaw Woman: Memoir of the War Years, 1960–1975 (City Lights, 2002), and Blood on the Border: A Memoir of the Contra War (South End Press, 2005) about the 1980s contra war against the Sandinistas. | [
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] | 1,403 |
Researching The History Of A Country House
A Guide to Sources & Their Use
Date of publication: 2010
The origins of this book date from the early 1990s when the author began to research the history of his own country house in the Kent Downs at Trimworth, near Canterbury. These early investigations led him to see how Trimworth could be used as a case study in a voyage of discovery which others could also enjoy. The book will be most relevant to the owners of country houses, providing a methodology for the less experienced to trace an exciting pathway of inquiry. It is based on an exploration of a wide range of maps and documentary sources available from local, regional and national archive centres. This fully illustrated guide encourages a systematic process of research into the fascinating and topical subject of house history and makes frequent reference to online sources. | [
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973,
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257,
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287,
257,
31505,
286,
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543,
1854,
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635,
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481,
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] | [
1,
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] | 169 |
Rural/Urban Counties in North Carolina
Rural: The Rural Center serves 85 of the state's counties. Of these, 80 have an average population density of 250 per square mile or less, as of the 2010 Census. Five rural transitional counties have higher population densities but still retain significant rural characteristics.
Click on the image to enlarge. | [
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] | [
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] | 72 |
Mathematician and physicist; b. at Perugia, Italy, 1577; d. at Rome, 1644. He was destined by his parents for the service of the Church and entered the Order of St. Benedict, at Monte Cassino. There he became abbot, and in 1640 he was transferred to the Abbey of San Benedetto Aloysio. He was specially interested in the mathematical sciences and their application to hydraulics. Galileo, his teacher, and Toricelli, one of his pupils, speak very highly of his scientific attainments, and both of them frequently asked his advice. In 1623 Urban VIII invited him to Rome and later appointed him chief mathematician to the pope and public professor of mathematics in the University of Rome. In 1625 he was sent with Monsignore Corsini to study the disorders occasioned by the waters of the Romagna, and to propose a remedy. Here he completed his important work on the "Mensuration of Running Water", in which he developed the important relations, that the speed of a current varies inversely as the area of its cross section, and that the discharge from a vessel depends on the depth of the tap below the free surface of the water. He was often consulted in other provinces of Italy in connexion with drainage, water-supply, prevention of floods, and the like.
His chief work is "Della misura dell'acqua corrente" (Rome, 1628; 3rd ed., 1660), translated into English by Salusbury (London, 1661), and into French by Saporta (1664), reprinted (Bologna, 1823) in Cardinali's collection "d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acqua". Another work is "Risposta alle oppositioni del Sig. Lodvico, &c., contro al trattato del Sig. Galileo, Delle cose che stanno sopra acqua" (Bologna, 1655). According to Poggendorf, the invention of the helioscope is ascribed to him.
SALUSBURY, Math. Collections and Translations (London, 1661); La Grande Encycl., s.v.
APA citation. (1908). Benedetto Castelli. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03408d.htm
MLA citation. "Benedetto Castelli." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03408d.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas J. Bress.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. November 1, 1908. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | [
19044,
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290,
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] | 703 |
5:30 pm to 6:30 pm
The paper examines how California Indians resisted the pull of assimilation to non-Indian culture and undermined the homogeneity of federal Indian citizenship policy in the early twentieth century. Prior to 1924, Indians wishing to become United States citizens had to first demonstrate their assimilation to American culture through the ownership and appropriate use of land. In this way, the Indian Office hoped to align the individual, functional relationship with the state to an affective sympathy with the collective national culture. But this paper provides two case studies of how Indians navigated the crosscurrents of federal Indian policy, leveraging citizenship and off-reservation employment to strengthen Indian communities.
AIS seminar papers are pre-circulated electronically two weeks prior to the seminar date. Email [email protected] to request a copy of the paper. Please do not request a paper unless you plan to attend. | [
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] | 182 |
By Mark Kinver
Science and environment reporter, BBC News
The populations of the world's common birds are declining as a result of continued habitat loss, a global assessment has warned.
The survey by BirdLife International found that 45% of Europe's common birds had seen numbers fall, as had more than 80% of Australia's wading species.
The study's authors said governments were failing to fund their promises to halt biodiversity loss by 2010.
The findings will be presented at the group's World Conference in Argentina.
The State of the World's Birds 2008 report, the first update since 2004, found that common species - ones considered to be familiar in people's everyday lives - were declining in all parts of the world.
In Europe, an analysis of 124 species over a 26-year period revealed that 56 species had declined in 20 countries.
Farmland birds were worst affected, with the number of European turtle-doves (Streptopelia turtur) falling by 79%.
In Africa, birds of prey were experiencing "widespread decline" outside of protected areas. While in Asia, 62% of the continent's migratory water bird species were "declining or already extinct".
"For decades, people have been focusing their efforts on threatened birds," explained lead editor Ali Stattersfield, BirdLife International's head of science.
"But alongside this, we have been working to try to get a better understanding of what is going on in the countryside as a whole."
By consolidating data from various surveys, the team of researchers were able to identify trends affecting species around the world.
"It tells us that environmental degradation is having a huge impact - not just for birds, but for biodiversity as well," she told BBC News.
While well-known reasons, such as land-use changes and the intensive farming, were causes, Ms Stattersfield said that it was difficult to point the finger of blame at just one activity.
"The reasons are very complex," she explained. "For example, there have been reported declines of migratory species - particularly those on long-distance migrations between Europe and Africa.
"It is not just about understanding what is happening at breeding grounds, but also what is happening at the birds' wintering sites."
She said the findings highlighted the need to tackle conservation in a number of different ways.
"It is not enough to be looking at individual species or individual sites; we need to be looking at some of the policies and practices that affect our wider landscapes."
The global assessment also showed that rare birds were also continuing to be at risk.
One-in-eight of the world's birds - 1,226 species - was listed as being Threatened. Of these, 190 faced an imminent risk of extinction.
The white-rumped vulture, a once common sight in India, has seen its population crash by 99.9% in recent years.
An anti-inflammatory drug for cattle, called diclofenac, has been blamed for poisoning the birds, which eat the carcasses of the dead livestock.
"That has been a really shocking story," Ms Stattersfield said.
The world is failing in its 2010 pledge to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biodiversity
Dr Mike Rand,
BirdLife International's CEO
"Four years ago, we were not even sure what was responsible for the dramatic declines. It happened so suddenly, people were not prepared for it.
"Since then, the basis for the decline is well understood and measures are being taken to remove diclofenac from veterinary use in India.
"However, it is still available for sale and there still needs to be a lot more work to communicate the problem at a local level.
"But it demonstrates that we can get to the bottom of the reasons behind declines."
The plight of albatrosses becoming entangled in long-line fishing tackle has also been the subject of sustained campaigning, attracting high-profile supporters such as Prince Charles and yachtswoman Dame Ellen MacArthur.
About 100,000 of the slow-breeding birds are estimated to drown each year as a result of being caught on the lines' fish hooks.
But fisheries in a growing number of regions are now introducing measures to minimise the risk to albatrosses.
Ms Stattersfield said these examples showed that concerted effort could investigate and identify what was adversely affecting bird populations.
But she quickly added that prevention was always better than finding a cure.
"We don't want to have to react to problems that come about from bad practice.
"What we are trying to do with this report is to be as clear as possible about what are the underlying causes, and then present a range of conservation measures that can preserve birds and biodiversity."
BirdLife International will use the report, which is being published at its week-long World Conference in Buenos Aires and on the group's website, to call for governments to make more funds available for global conservation.
"Effective biodiversity conservation is easily affordable, requiring relatively trivial sums at the scale of the global economy," said Dr Mike Rands, BirdLife's chief executive.
He estimated that safeguarding 90% of Africa's biodiversity would cost less than US $1bn (£500m) a year.
"The world is failing in its 2010 pledge to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biodiversity," he warned.
"The challenge is to harness international biodiversity commitments and that concrete actions are taken now." | [
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Despite their collective efficiency and order, beehives are often plagued by scourges that would rival a medieval city. Varroa mites, deformed wing virus, and intestinal fungi are just a few of the worst. Now researchers have identified a new enemy that ought to strike fear in the hearts of honey bees: A tiny fly that lays its eggs in the bee abdomen, giving rise to maggots that wiggle out near the victim's head. So far, the infection rate does not appear to be high enough to cause problems for hives, but experts are casting a wary eye on the fly. "It's certainly worth a lot more attention," says Dennis vanEngelsdorp of the University of Maryland, College Park.
The parasitism was discovered by accident. In 2008, John Hafernik, an entomologist at San Francisco State University in California, was looking for insects to feed to praying mantises he had collected for a class. He scooped up some dead honey bees that were lying under a light outside his building on campus and left several of the corpses in a vial on his desk. About a week later, Hafernik noticed maggots in the vial. "I knew there was something strange going on," he recalls. After the maggots matured into flies, entomologist Brian Brown from the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in California identified the insects as Apocephalus borealis, a kind of scuttle fly. The flies are native to North America and were known to parasitize bumble bees, but they had not been seen afflicting honey bees.
When Hafernik and his students collected more dead bees under the light outside the building, they found that the vast majority had been parasitized by the scuttle fly. In a clear plastic box in the lab, they observed the flies chasing live honey bees and laying eggs in them. After a week, up to a dozen larvae squirmed out near the bee's head. In the wild, as the larvae grow inside them, infected bees abandon the hive at night, head for bright lights, and then die stumbling on the ground.
The problem was not unique to the campus; the researchers found fly-parasitized bees in three out of four honey bee hives sampled in the San Francisco Bay Area, they report online today in PLoS ONE. The good news is that when Hafernik's group examined a hive that had been set up near the entomology building a few years ago, only about 5% to 15% of the forager bees were infected—not a level that would threaten the hive. For individual bees, of course, being parasitized is bad news. "It's a death sentence," Hafernik says. "We don't find bees that are surviving." In addition, the flies appear to be able to transmit deformed wing virus, which is fatal, and the deadly fungus Nosema ceranae, which causes bee diarrhea.
It's not clear when or how the fly might have jumped from bumble bees to honey bees. Because the fly is present across the continent, the next step is to figure out where it is parasitizing honey bees. DNA analysis of commercial hive samples suggests that the flies are present in South Dakota and the Central Valley of California. (Honey bees are trucked between these two locations.) The distribution of the flies in Europe or Asia is unknown. "Extensive surveys are now needed on the distribution of the flies in the global honey bee population," says bee pathologist Elke Genersch of the Institute for Bee Research in Hohen Neuendorf, Germany, who was not involved in the study.
The parasites conceivably might play a role in colony collapse disorder (CCD), the sudden abandonment that has been resulting in the loss of 7% of hives a year in the United States. "Anything that further stresses the bee population and increases bee losses can contribute to CCD," says Eric Mussen of the University of California, Davis, who was not involved in the study. But given the infection rate observed in the San Francisco State University hive, the parasite "does not appear to be a dominant factor," he says. The situation could change if the flies are able to reproduce within bee hives and thus easily parasitize many bees, Genersch says. "Such a high host density might allow the fly population to explode." | [
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] | 907 |
Will The Earth Stop Rotating?
Date: 1999 - 2000
Will the earth stop rotating?
Yes, but not for a long long long time. (If I remember correctly, it is
currently slowing down by about half a second per century.) As the
earth rotates it gets stretched and squeezed by tidal forces. The
energy required to do this work comes from the earth's rotation.
The simple answer to this is No.
It is believed that the Earth's day will be twice as long as it is now, in
about 5 thousand million years time, but there is too much momentum in the
Earth to stop it from rotating.
By the way, at the moment the Earth is rotating its fastest since the late
1920s, having lost approximately 0.63 milliseconds per day in the last 12
months (to June 28, 2001) against atomic time, based on preliminary
International Earth Rotation Service data; compared with 3.13 milliseconds
per day in 1972, and 3.89 milliseconds per day in 1912. The Earth GAINED on
atomic time in 1929 by 0.35 ms/day.
Because of tidal friction.... yes it will. In fact, it is slowing as
we ride on it now. Actually, it will not stop, but rather the period of
rotation will equal its period of revolution. I do not have the number
at hand, but I seem to recall that each (solar) year is .00024 seconds
slower than the year one century earlier. The number may not be
correct, but the concept is. In the same way that the moon has rotates
around the earth, the earth will eventually rotate around the sun... if
the sun does not supernova first!
There is a small tidal drag on the earth caused by the gravitational
forces of the moon and sun which have a small effect on the earth's
rotation, but the effect, while measurable, is exceedingly small. On the
other hand, the reason the moon always presents the same face to the earth
it is believed was caused by tidal drag of the earth on the moon, which is
much greater because the mass of the moon is so much smaller than that of
Click here to return to the Astronomy Archives
Update: June 2012 | [
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] | 477 |
POTSDAM – Clarkson University's Egon Matijevic, the Victor K. LaMer Professor of Colloid and Surface Science, and Evgeny Katz, the Milton Kerker Chair in Colloid Science, are listed in the H-index of living scientists.
The H-index attempts to measure both the scientific productivity and the apparent scientific impact of a scientist. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other people's publications.
At ranking #218, Matijevic, with an H of 69, has published 69 papers (among total 575 papers), which have each received at least 69 citations.
At ranking #380, Katz, with an H of 60, has published 60 papers (among more than 300 papers), which have each received at least 60 citations.
It should be noted that this listed of the most-cited chemists totals only 587 worldwide with the two Clarkson's professors among them.
The index was suggested by physicist Jorge E. Hirsch as a tool for determining quality of scientific publications of a person and is sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number.
The purpose of this index is similar to the popular impact factor, which is used to rank the quality of scientific journals, but it is applied to a person. The definition of the H-index and the explanations of its importance can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index .
The latest list, compiled by Henry Schaefer of the University of Georgia, together with colleague Amy Peterson, was updated in November 2010 and can be found at http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/news/2007/april/23040701.asp . | [
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] | 367 |
Since the human body has no mechanism to excrete excess iron, it is probably best to refrain from consuming blood-based (heme) iron and taking iron supplements unless prescribed (for example, for pregnant women who are demonstrably anemic). This is because iron pills have been linked to birth complications such as preterm birth and maternal hypertension. Presumably because of iron’s pro-oxidant qualities, it can be a double-edged sword; lowering the iron level of cancer patients has been associated with dropping death rates. The absorption of plant-based (non-heme) iron can be regulated by the body, though, making dark green leafy veggies and legumes such as lentils preferable sources, especially since food is a package deal.
Topic summary contributed by a volunteer
To help out on the site, email [email protected] | [
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] | 175 |
Formatting marks in a Word document.
Imagine that you have typed a few paragraphs. The paragraphs seem very far apart, and the second paragraph starts farther to the right than the first paragraph.
You can see what's going on in your document by looking at the formatting marks that Word automatically inserts as you type. These marks are always in documents, but they are invisible to you until you display them.
For example, a dot appears every time you press the SPACEBAR, such as between words. One dot is one space; two dots are two spaces, and so on. Normally there should be one space between each word.
Word inserts a paragraph mark ( ) each time you press ENTER to start a new paragraph. In the picture, there are two paragraph marks between the two paragraphs, which means that ENTER was pressed twice. This creates extra space between paragraphs.
One arrow ( ) appears each time TAB is pressed. In the picture there is one arrow before the first paragraph and two arrows before the second paragraph, so TAB was pressed twice in the second paragraph.
To see formatting marks, go to the ribbon, at the top of the window. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Show/Hide button ( ). Click the button again to hide formatting marks.
Note: These marks are just for show. They won't be on printed pages, even when you see them on the screen. | [
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] | 294 |
From Ohio History Central
The Progressive Movement was a widespread reform effort to cure the many social and political ills in America after the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
During the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, the United States of America underwent tremendous change. One of the principal changes was the shift from a predominantly agricultural economy to a much more industrialized one. This change also brought stark social changes to the United States. Now millions of Americans relied on other people -- business owners -- for their livelihood. Oftentimes, the employers reinvested profits back into the company, rather than paying workers a fair wage. These business owners also had tremendous power within the federal government. Many Americans believed that the business owners had undue influence over the government and that the employers had no desire to relinquish any power to middle and working-class Americans.
By the 1890s, a group of reformers, known as the Progressives, emerged to combat some of the ill effects of these changes. Most Progressives came from middle-class backgrounds. Many of them were college educated. Progressives generally believed that industrialization was good for the United States, but they also contended that human greed had overcome industrialization's more positive effects. They hoped to instill in Americans moral values based upon Protestant religious beliefs. The Progressives wanted employers to treat their workers as the bosses wanted to be treated. They also hoped that, if working conditions improved, Americans would not engage in immoral activities, like drinking and gambling, to forget the difficulties that they faced.
Progressives sought better pay, safer working conditions, shorter hours, and increased benefits for workers. Believing that only education would allow Americans to lead successful lives, Progressives opposed child labor, wanting children to attend school rather than working in mines and factories. They supported Prohibition and succeeded in enacting a ban on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919. Progressives also sought to reclaim government from the business owners and corrupt politicians partly by supporting the direct election by the people of United States Senators. The Progressives succeeded in attaining this reform with the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913. Other reforms included Initiative, which allowed voters to pass legislation on their own, Referendum, which allowed voters to repeal laws that they did not support, and Recall, which allowed voters to remove elected officials from office. Many Progressives supported women's suffrage, helping women secure the right to vote through the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919. Progressives also battled against city bosses, including Cincinnati, Ohio's George Cox, by hiring city managers.
While Progressives enacted numerous positive reforms, some of their goals were questionable. They did seek to make the United States government more democratic and to protect American workers, but they also sought to force their social and political beliefs on others. Progressives opposed immigration and enacted several immigration restrictions during the 1920s. Progressives also tried to force immigrants to adopt Progressive moral beliefs. One way they tried to accomplish this was through settlement houses. Settlement houses existed in most major cities during the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. They were places where immigrants could go to receive free food, clothing, job training, and educational classes. While all of these items greatly helped immigrants, Progressives also used the settlement houses to convince immigrants to adopt "American" or Progressive beliefs, causing the foreigners to forsake their own culture. During the 1920s, many Progressives also joined the Ku Klux Klan, a self-proclaimed religious group that was to enforce morality -- based on Progressive beliefs -- on other people. Due to such the Progressives' participation in Prohibition, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration restrictions, many Americans stopped supporting the Progressive Movement. While aspects of its beliefs remain today, as a functioning and clearly identifiable group, the Progressive Movement began to weaken by the late 1920s and the early 1930s. | [
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] | 802 |
What is OPEC?
OPEC is an acronym for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC was formed in 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq with five founding member countries. Currently OPEC is a cartel composed of 11
oil producing countries. Current member countries include: Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC's stated purpose is said to serve three main functions:
- Help stabilize world oil prices
- Ensure oil producers achieve a reasonable rate of return on production
- Ensure a stable supply of crude oil for consumer use. OPEC has a current goal of $27 US per barrel of oil.
How much crude oil do the OPEC countries produce?
Collectively these countries hold approximately 77% of known world crude oil reserves.
In terms of daily crude oil production OPEC countries currently produce about 41% (24.2 million barrels per day) of the world's crude oil. The oil exported by the OPEC countries accounts for 55% of all oil traded internationally. OPEC countries also represent about 15% of
total world natural gas production.
How does OPEC set oil prices?
OPEC does not "set" oil prices. OPEC manipulates the free market price of crude oil by setting caps on the oil production of its member countries. Twice each year, ministers from each OPEC country meet
in Vienna, Austria to review the status of the international oil market and to forecast the future oil demands in order to agree upon an appropriate crude oil production level. | [
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] | 312 |
Exposure to violent video games. A failure to take medication to treat mental illness or a development disorder. Access to assault weapons. And is it time to profile White males?
These issues and questions have been raised in the aftermath of one of the worst mass shootings in modern American history. A week ago, 20-year-old Adam Lanza went on a shooting rampage, killing 20 children and 6 adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., where he lived with his mother, Nancy, whom he also killed. He pumped several bullets in her head before heading out of the door and turning the gun on himself at the school after the shootings.
While it’s difficult to know Lanza’s mental state and what steps his mother took to seek treatment for him, experts are weighing in based on what they know from news reports of interviews with neighbors and people in the community who say he was in need of mental health treatment.
“Most children who play violent video games do not commit crimes or violent acts,” Jeff Gardere, a clinical psychologist and assistant professor of behavioral medicine at Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, told NewsOne. “But some youth can be at risk for violence if there is mental illness and an oversaturation of violent video gaming, according to some studies. There have been studies showing a link between violent gaming and acting out because these kids become desensitized. The answer is about parents finding the proper balance and not allowing the child to isolate.”
Law enforcement authorities are still trying to piece together what led to the horrific crime in which Lanza, known as withdrawn and anti-social, used high-powered weapons obtained from his mother. She reportedly took him to shooting ranges and the three weapons, including a Bushmaster rifle, used in the attack were all legal. The shooting prompted President Barack Obama to appoint Vice President Joe Biden to push to strengthen gun laws.
Lanza was reportedly isolated and spent hours in a windowless basement den, playing violent video games, which has caused speculation about the desensitization to violence. And some reports have emerged that Nancy Lanza was preparing to commit her son to a psychiatric facility for treatment of Asperger’s syndrome, a form of autism, and unspecified mental health issues.
Experts say she took the right steps, but his problems reportedly went on for a while. Mental health experts suggest that parents seek help immediately if a teen or young adult shows signs of trouble, including antisocial behavior, chronic defiance, harms self or destroys property of others, and engages in criminal behavior, according to a report on Yahoo.
“This is not just about mental health,” Gardere said. “It’s certainly not just about gun control, but I think a combination of both those things. We’re going to have to reform gun laws, but we also have to look at the fact that we have a serious hole in the mental health procedures and entitlement parities as they stand today.”
Overall, the nation faces a treatment problem for young males, who are at the onset of severe mental illness, including schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, extreme rage and severe personality disorders, including schizoid or schizotypal or even some sort of conduct disorder that may turn into something pathological, Gardere said. | [
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] | 683 |
By JOE COCHRANE
A 19th-century warehouse that lies off the main square of Jakarta's Dutch Batavia quarter once held supplies for the needs of traders, seamen, colonial civil servants and foreign adventurers.
Today, inside the terra-cotta colored building, giant trees stretch more than 20 meters into the air through a caved-in roof. What were once wooden floors in the 400-square-meter dwelling are now uneven hills of dirt and debris that has fallen into the gutted-out structure for more than half a century.
The shop house's owner is Ella Ubaidi, leader of a local conservation group. She bought the building several years ago and has plans to restore it to its former glory. But Ms. Ubaidi, an Indonesian who has a Dutch grandmother, says she won't act until a comprehensive revitalization program for the Batavia quarter gets underway.
Also known as "Kota Tua" or the Old Town, Batavia is an 87-hectare neighborhood of centuries-old colonial buildings that are abandoned and steadily decaying into ruins.
"Twenty-five years ago, Amsterdam was crumbling. So a Dutch company bought the [old] buildings, developed them and rented them out," Ms. Ubaidi says. "We need that model here."
The first Dutch sailing fleet arrived in Jakarta in 1607, and in the ensuing decades the Dutch built a trading post in the city. During its economic peak in the 1650s, Batavia was where the Dutch East India Company, or Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, ran its spice trade of cloves, pepper and nutmeg and administered one of Europe's most-envied colonial possessions. Surrounded by Batavia's high walls that kept out hostile local tribes and invading Central Javanese armies, traders, merchants, bankers, civil servants, engineers, soldiers, plantation operators and tax collectors worked here through the 17th and into the 18th centuries. Around the main square, known as Taman Fatahillah, there were packed warehouses, busy trading houses, Dutch administrative offices, a church, and ale houses that served warm beer amid the tropical heat.
Batavia was in decline in the mid-1700s and by the 1770s was nearly a ghost town. The city had become overcrowded, its rivers packed with garbage, and diseases such as dysentery and dengue fever were rife. By the 20th century, it was a shadow of its former self. Today, Central Jakarta lies several miles inland, surrounded by high-rise office buildings and outlandish upscale shopping malls, while the capital's main port lies eight kilometers to the east of the old Dutch quarter.
The fact that Batavia lies in an area where demand for commercial property is low may have saved it from the wrecking ball, unlike colonial Asian buildings in Hong Kong, Singapore, Hanoi and Shanghai. In today's Batavia, there are preserved buildings with original stain-glass windows, and arched bridges over Dutch-built canals and waterways. But aside from one restaurant and a few museums—a karaoke bar and pool hall recently closed—the area is neglected.
Jakarta Gov. Fauzi Bowo, who as a boy played in Batavia's dusty streets, is trying to become the first city leader since the 1970s to make economic use of its past. In 2008, his office drafted a new revitalization master plan for Batavia — the ninth since 1991. Taman Fatahillah square and its surrounding area were closed to traffic, and jackhammers tore up the old pavement. New cobblestones, a new drainage system and ground lighting were installed at a cost of $5 million.
The square buzzes with life during daylight hours, hosting weekend music concerts, cultural exhibits and historic walking and bicycle tours. Foreign and local tourists roll off of buses to walk through the dungeons of the old city hall, which was built in 1710 and is now a museum. The square is also a favorite spot for young couples to do pre-wedding photo shoots. Café Batavia, which opened in 1993 inside a 19th-century restored warehouse, has become a must for new Jakarta expatriates and foreign visitors.
But beyond the main square, nearly all of the 59 colonial-era buildings surrounding it remain empty and unused. Some are occupied by squatters while others are literally falling apart, like the Jasindo Building, built in 1912, which in March saw two-thirds of its roof collapse. When the sun goes down, affluent city residents scurry home, and squatters, beggars and garbage scavengers come out and occupy the streets and the main square.
"The city did what they could do, but it didn't bring any change because there is no economic activity," Ms. Ubaidi says. "Starbucks could consider opening an outlet if it gets traffic. But if people hanging out at night only spend 10,000 rupiah ($1.17), who will invest?"
The main obstacle to revitalizing Batavia, according to local officials and conservationists, is that about half of the historic buildings surrounding Taman Fatahillah are owned by the Indonesian government. Current state regulations restrict them being leased for commercial use. With so many other problems to be solved, there's not much appetite among some locals for tackling this heritage issue.
"Conservation is still the idea of the elites, not the general public," says Mohammad Danisworo, chairman of the Center for Urban Design Studies in Bandung, West Java, and an adviser to five Jakarta governors. "Batavia is not their history. It's the Dutch history."
The Jakarta Governor's Office and national Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises have a vague agreement on leasing out the buildings for private commercial use as well as public use, including restoring a building for a satellite campus of the Jakarta Arts Institute. Gatut Dwihastoro, the new head of a city government redevelopment unit for Batavia, said he remains hopeful that the Jakarta city administration and national government will finally implement their agreement so the buildings can be saved and turned into privately run shops, restaurants, galleries, and wine bars.
"I will not give up," he said.
Ms. Ubaidi, meanwhile, is considering renovating the front porch of her 19th-century warehouse to turn it into a hangout lounge with free Wi-Fi and soft drinks."I'm curious to see what happens, what the impact is," she says. "Somebody has to start to think about how to take those abandoned buildings and make the area alive." | [
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] | 1,370 |
A rollover is a type of vehicle accident, where a vehicle turns over on its side or roof. Such accidents have a tendency to badly injure the occupants of the vehicle, car, bus or truck involved and those around the vehicle. While many auto accidents occur because of human error, many also can be caused or worsened by defective products or inadequate safety mechanisms. Among these problems are vehicles that are prone to rollovers, especially increasingly popular sport utility vehicles, or SUVs. A number of vehicles have also been found to have roofs that cannot withstand rollover accidents, with drivers and passengers injured and killed. People who are injured in rollover accidents may be compensated for their injury, lost income, and pain and suffering. | [
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] | 145 |
Using OpenMP - The Book and Examples
Use this forum to discuss the book: Using OpenMP- Portable Shared Memory Parallel Programming
by Barbara Chapman, Gabriele Jost and Ruud van der Pashttp://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11387
The sources are available as a free download under the BSD license. Each source comes with a copy of the license. Please do not remove this.
You are encouraged to try out these examples and perhaps use them as a starting point to better understand and perhaps further explore OpenMP.
Each source file constitutes a full working program. Other than a compiler and run time environment to support OpenMP, nothing else is needed.
With the exception of one example, there are no source code comments. Not only are these examples very straightforward, they are also discussed in the above mentioned book.
As a courtesy, each source directory has a make file called "Makefile". This file can be used to build and run the examples in the specific directory.
Before you do so, you need to activate the appropriate include line in file Makefile. There are include files for several compilers and Unix based Operating Systems (Linux, Solaris and Mac OS to precise). These files have been put together on a best effort basis.
The User's Guide that is bundled with the examples explains this in more detail.
Please post your feedback about the book and/or these examples to this forum. | [
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] | 313 |
- Proton Transfer Networks and the Mechanism of Long Range Proton Transfer in Proteins (2010)
- The main energy providing reaction systems in living cells, for example the photosynthesis or the respiratory chain, are based on long range proton transfer (LRPT) reactions. Even since these LRPT reactions have been heavily investigated in the last decades, the mechanism of these reactions is still not completely understood. The reaction kinetics of the LRPT are under heavy discussion and it is not clear, whether the reorientation of the hydrogen bond network (HBN)or the electrostatic barrier for the charge transfer is rate limiting. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the dynamics of chemical reactions inside of proteins, focused on long range proton transfer reactions. Electron transfer reactions, rotations of water molecules or conformational changes of the protein are also considered. The developed sequential dynamical Monte Carlo (SDMC) method is applicable to almost all kinds of chemical reactions. For all proton transfer reactions, the HBN of a protein plays a major role. Protons are transferred along such hydrogen bonds. Therefore, knowledge about the hydrogen bond network of a protein is crucial for the simulation of LRPT systems. The HBN can be calculated from the protein structure and the rotational state of the amino acid side chains. The reaction rate can be calculated from the electrostatic energies of the participating proton donor and acceptor groups. These two criteria are combined for the decision if a proton transfer between two molecules is possible and how fast this transfer would happen. While the calculation of electrostatic energies of protonatable amino acid side chains or relevant cofactors in proteins (among them also water molecules) is already solved - implemented in various programs - the remaining tasks - calculating the hydrogen bond network followed by calculating the reaction rates - were solved during this work. Before the hydrogen bond network and the electrostatic energies could be calculated, the lack of water positions in many available crystallographically resolved protein structures made it necessary to develop an algorithm to detect internal cavities in proteins and fill these cavities with water molecules. The derived water positions could be included in the electrostatic calculations as well as in the calculation of the HBN. The simulation of the LRPT in Gramicidin A (gA) compared to experimental data of the proton transfer in this polypeptide showed the possibilities of the simulation of the LRPT by the SDMC algorithm. The promising results encouraged us to investigate the mechanism of the LRPT, especially, if the reorientation of the HBN or the electrostatic energy barrier of the charge transfer is rate limiting for the LRPT. The results indicate, that both effects influence the LRPT and none of them is exclusively responsible for the LRPT rate. Further analysis of the hydrogen bond network topology showed that graph algorithms can be used to analyze these networks. Hydrogen bond networks can be clustered into regions which are close connected to each other. On the other hand, residues connecting two or more of these densely connected regions might play an important role for proton transfer pathways since a loss of such residues cuts a proton transfer pathway. A comparison of an analysis of the HBN topology of the photosynthetic reaction center with mutation studies of the same system showed, that residues identified as important for proton transfer by the mutation studies are identified as connection points between clusters by the network analysis. The developed algorithms together with the introduction of a new method for the simulation of the LRPT process (SDMC) improved the picture of the proton transfer processes in proteins. Starting from the protein structure, the developed algorithms cover all steps from the detection of protein cavities, the placement of water molecules in these cavities, the calculation and analysis of the hydrogen bond network, the simulation of the LRPT and the investigation of the reaction kinetics. The analysis of the HBN by graph theoretical methods gives further insight into the HBN topology and identifies residues important for proton transfer pathways and therefore important for the protein activity. | [
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] | 819 |
An Analysis of the Classic Arctic Outbreak Event of Late December 2008-Early January 2009
By Christian M. Cassell
Stratospheric Role |
The 2008-2009 winter was characterized by colder than normal temperatures and above normal snowfall for each month from October through March. While there was no one significant snow event that overshadowed any other this past winter, a bitterly cold Arctic outbreak that persisted for more than two weeks brought the coldest temperatures in a decade to the Anchorage area, and grabbed headlines around the world for extreme cold in interior parts of the state. This analysis will show how the outbreak developed and how it was able to persist for a prolonged period of time.
*-Indicates a record low value for that particular date.
1. Summary of temperatures and records from the outbreak
The following chart is a breakdown of temperatures and extremes at Anchorage during the two week Arctic outbreak.
**-Indicates tying or setting of the lowest temperature of this decade (2000-2009).
Though it is arbitrary as to when the outbreak began and ended based on the numbers, the temperature at Anchorage dropped below zero degrees during the evening hours of December 29th, and remained below zero until January 8th except for a one-hour period during the afternoon of January 5th when the temperature managed to make it to 0.4 degrees briefly during the mid afternoon hours. This represented the longest streak of sub-zero days since 30 January . 5 February 1999.
Additionally, the eleven-day streak (29 Dec . 8 Jan) with the minimum temperature falling to
-10 degrees or lower from the official reporting station at the National Weather Service office on Sand Lake Road was the longest such streak since 17-29 December 1961. Therefore, while there were no record low minimum temperature values set at the official temperature station in Anchorage, the duration of the cold in terms of minimum temperatures at or below -10 degrees was the longest such stretch in 47 years.
Go to next page
Stratospheric Role | | [
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] | 407 |
Quebec City is divided into six arrondissements or boroughs. These boroughs are the result of several waves of amalgamation and reorganization of the political boundaries of Quebec City. Most of the land area of the current city From 2002 to 2009 there were eight boroughs. Prior to the 197s
The six boroughs are further divided into 36 quartiers ("neighbourhoods"), which are numbered instead of named.
Until October 31, 2009, the city had eight boroughs: La Cité, Les Rivières, Sainte-Foy—Sillery, Charlesbourg, Beauport, Limoilou, La Haute-Saint-Charles and Laurentien. The boroughs of La Cité and Limoilou were merged on November 1, while the borough of Laurentien was dissolved and divided between Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge and La Haute-Saint-Charles. | [
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] | 196 |
Subsets and Splits