Datasets:
sohomghosh
/
FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
terms
stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
credit default swap
A transaction in which one party who wants to hedge credit risk pays a fixed payment on a regular basis, in return for a con-tingent payment that is triggered by a credit event such as the bankruptcy of a particular firm or the downgrading of the firm™s credit rating by a credit rating agency.
fmi
0
25.13
23.2
0
9.19
26.6
12.16
33
25.3
credit derivatives
Derivatives that have payoffs to previously issued securities, but ones that bear credit risk.
fmi
0
31.89
12.3
0
14.84
12.8
13.35
9
14.17
credit easing
The altering of the composition of the Fed™s balance sheet in order to improve the functioning of particular segments of the credit markets.
fmi
0
39.67
13.4
0
12.54
14.2
10.96
15.5
16.16
credit-linked note
A type of credit derivative that is a combination of a bond and a credit option.
fmi
0
55.24
9.5
0
5.62
5.7
10.35
9
11.4
credit options
Options in which for a fee, the purchaser has the right to get profits that are tied either to the price of an underlying risky security or to an interest rate.
fmi
0
56.93
13
0
7.27
13.8
9.76
19.5
17.56
credit rationing
A lender™s refusing to make loans even though borrowers are willing to pay the stated interest rate or even a higher rate or restricting the size of loans to less than the amount being sought.
fmi
0
61.33
13.4
0
9.35
17.3
9.88
21.5
18.57
credit swap
A transaction in which risky payments on loans are swapped for each other.
fmi
0
83.66
4.8
0
9.03
7.5
10.35
6.5
8.28
credit union
A financial institution that focuses on servicing the banking and lending needs of its members, who must be linked by a common bond.
fmi
0
48.13
12.3
0
10.28
12.6
12.33
15.5
16.16
Credit Union National Association @CUNA@
A central credit union facility that encourages establishing credit unions and provides information to its members.
fmi
0
21.4
14.3
0
18.33
16
14.3
12
16.4
Credit Union National Extension Bureau @CUNEB@
A central credit union facility established in 1921 that was later replaced by the Credit Union National Association.
fmi
0
27.83
13.9
0
14.32
13.8
13.3
13
16.09
creditor
A lender or holder of debt.
fmi
0
99.23
0.9
0
-0.54
-1.2
9.2
2
2.4
currency board
A monetary regime in which the domestic currency is backed 100% by a foreign currency @say, dollars@ and in which the note-issuing authority, whether the central bank or the government, establishes a fixed exchange rate to this foreign currency and stands ready to exchange domestic currency at this rate whenever the public requests it.
fmi
0
16.67
24.4
0
13.25
30.3
10.99
39
26.04
currency swap
A swap that involves the exchange of a set of payments in another currency.
fmi
0
65.73
7.6
0
7.42
6.4
8.84
8
8.46
currency union
A situation in which a group of coun-tries decide to adopt a common currency. @Also called a monetary union.@
fmi
0
52.19
10.7
0
8.99
10.6
12.06
12.5
13.92
current account
An account that shows international transactions involving currently produced goods and services.
fmi
0
17
13.9
0
22.9
18.3
13.44
9
18.13
dealers
People who link buyers with sellers by buy-ing and selling securities at stated prices.
fmi
0
57.27
8.8
0
11.94
10.5
13.35
7
8.46
deductible
An amount of any loss that must be paid by the insured before the insurance company will pay anything.
fmi
0
69.11
8.3
0
8.07
8.9
6.24
11.5
9.71
deep markets
Markets in which there are many par-ticipants and a great deal of activity, thus ensuring that securities can be rapidly sold at fair prices.
fmi
0
55.58
11.5
0
10.8
13.7
10.09
16
16.27
default
A situation in which the party issuing a debt instrument is unable to make interest payments or pay off the amount owed when the instrument matures.
fmi
0
45.09
13.4
0
10.22
13.8
10.39
18
16.55
default-free bonds
Bonds with no default risk, such as U.S. government bonds.
fmi
0
86.71
3.7
0
7.34
6.6
12.03
5
4
default risk
The risk that a loan customer may fail to repay a loan as promised.
fmi
0
99.57
2.9
0
4.11
3.8
6.59
6
5.6
defensive open market operations
Open market operation intended to offset movements in other factors that affect reserves and the monetary base.
fmi
0
37.3
12.3
0
14.5
13.4
11.91
11.5
13.86
deferred load
A fee on a mutual fund investment that is charged only if the investment is withdrawn. The amount of the deferred load usually falls the longer the investment is left in the fund. 528defined-benefit plan
fmi
0
62.17
8.9
0
9.92
10.1
9.92
11.75
11.57
deleveraging
When financial institutions cut back on their lending because they have less capital.
fmi
0
49.82
9.5
0
13.96
11.5
7.93
8.5
11.35
demand curve
A curve depicting the relationship between quantity demanded and price when all other economic variables are held constant.
fmi
0
36.28
12.7
0
16.24
15.3
10.67
14
18.31
demand deposit
A deposit held by a bank that must be paid to the depositor on demand. Demand deposits are more commonly called checking accounts
fmi
0
68.26
6.6
0
8.27
6.2
9.01
5.75
8.08
deposit facility
The European Central Bank™s standing facility in which banks are paid a fixed interest rate 100 basis points below the target financing rate.
fmi
0
48.13
12.3
0
12.77
14.4
13.7
15.5
16.16
deposit rate ceilings
Restrictions on the maximum interest rates payable on deposits.
fmi
0
45.42
9.2
0
15.74
11.8
14.61
6.5
16.93
depreciation
Decrease in a currency™s value.
fmi
0
49.48
7.6
0
8.44
6.5
13.36
2.5
10
devaluation
Resetting of the par value of a currency at a lower level.
fmi
0
59.3
8
0
4.05
3
9.5
7
11.47
direct placement
An issuer™s bypassing the dealer and selling the security directly to the investor. 299dirty ˚oat
fmi
0
47.79
10.3
0
13.85
12.1
14.91
10.5
14
discount
When the bond sells for less than the par value.
fmi
0
103.63
1.3
0
3.28
1.9
8.87
4
4
discount loans
A bank™s borrowings from the Federal Reserve System. @Also known as advances.@ 245,
fmi
0
58.28
8.4
0
11.3
10.8
12.78
7.5
11.35
discount points
Percentage of the total loan paid back immediately when a mortgage loan is obtained. Payment of discount points lowers the annual interest rate on the debt.
fmi
0
58.28
8.4
0
10.6
8.8
10.96
7.5
11.35
discount rate
The interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges banks on discount loans. 246,
fmi
0
66.74
7.2
0
11.3
9.7
14
7.5
11.35
discount window
The Federal Reserve facility at which discount loans are made to banks.
fmi
0
59.3
8
0
10.37
8.1
12.13
7
11.47
discount yield
See yield on a discount basis.
fmi
0
90.77
2.1
0
2.37
1.2
11.83
2
2.4
discounting
Reduction in the value of a security at purchase such that when it matures at full value, the investor receives a fair return.
fmi
0
56.59
11.1
0
8.71
11.4
8.9
13.5
12.68
disintermediation
A reduction in the ˚ow of funds into the banking system that causes the amount of financial intermediation to decline. 491diversification
fmi
0
16.32
16.2
0
14.74
15.3
12.2
14.5
16.02
dividends
Periodic payments made by equities to shareholders.
fmi
0
22.07
11.9
0
16.54
12.4
13.01
5.5
19.94
dollarization
A monetary strategy in which a country abandons its currency altogether and adopts that of another country, typically the U.S. dollar.
fmi
0
24.78
15
0
13.11
14.6
11.45
16.5
17.92
down payment
A portion of the original purchase price that is paid by the borrower so that the borrower will have equity @ownership interest@ in the asset pledged as collateral.
fmi
0
43.06
14.2
0
10.8
15.6
10.66
21
19.77
dual banking system
The system in the United States in which banks supervised by the federal govern-ment and banks supervised by the states operate side by side.
fmi
0
55.58
11.5
0
11.03
13.7
8.77
17
14.6
dual mandate
A central bank mandate in which there are two equal objectives, price stability and maximum employment.
fmi
0
46.78
10.7
0
13.63
12.5
10.35
12
16.4
due diligence period
A 20- to 40-day period used by the buyer of a firm to verify the accuracy of the information contained in the confidential memo-randum.
fmi
0
30.2
15
0
9.12
12.6
12.72
18
17.93
duration gap analysis
A measurement of the sensi-tivity of the market value of a bank™s assets and liabilities to changes in interest rates.
fmi
0
34.26
13.5
0
10.85
11.9
11.73
14
16
dynamic open market operations
Open market opera-tions intended to change the level of reserves and the monetary base.
fmi
0
48.81
9.9
0
11.94
10.5
9.97
9
11.31
early-stage investing
Investment by a venture capital firm in a company that is in the very beginning stage of its development.
fmi
0
52.19
10.7
0
8.99
9.6
7.9
14.5
11.81
easing of monetary policy
A lowering of the federal funds rate.
fmi
0
64.37
6
0
4.94
2.9
10.75
4.5
14.23
e-cash
A form of electronic money used on the Internet to pay for goods and services.
fmi
0
73.17
6.8
0
6.49
6.2
7.54
8.5
11.33
econometric model
A model whose equations are estimated using statistical procedures.
fmi
0
11.58
13.9
0
18.3
14
14.61
6.5
16.93
economies of scale
Savings that can be achieved through increased size.
fmi
0
88.74
2.9
0
12.25
9.1
7.98
3
3.2
economies of scope
Increased business that can be achieved by offering many products in one easy-to-reach location. 66, 197,
fmi
0
55.24
9.5
0
13.22
13.1
11.34
11
11.4
Edge Act corporation
A special subsidiary of a U.S. bank that is engaged primarily in international banking.
fmi
0
40.35
11.1
0
11.53
10.5
13.35
8
11.31
effective exchange rate index
An index re˚ecting the value of a basket of representative foreign currencies. 392efficient market hypothesis
fmi
0
5.49
16.2
0
18.49
15.9
12.8
11.5
16.67
electronic money @or e-money@
Money that exists only in electronic form and substitutes for cash as well.
fmi
0
66.74
7.2
0
9.5
7.9
7.93
7.5
11.35
emerging market economies
Economies in an earlier stage of market development that have recently opened up to the ˚ow of goods, services, and capital from the rest of the world.
fmi
0
60.99
11.5
0
9.23
13.9
9.07
17.5
15.24
Employee Retirement Income Security Act @ERISA@
A comprehensive law passed in 1974 that set standards that must be followed by all pension plans.
fmi
0
71.14
7.6
0
9.74
9.5
10.98
8.5
9.15
equities
Claims to share in the net income and assets of a corporation @such as common stock@.
fmi
0
72.16
7.2
0
6.73
7.2
8.38
8
8.9
equity capital
See net worth.
fmi
0
119.19
-2.7
0
-4.29
-1.2
0.15
0.5
1.2
equity multiplier
The amount of assets per dollar of equity capital.
fmi
0
53.88
8
0
7.39
5.1
9.35
5.5
8.04
Euro system
The monetary authority of the Eurozone, comprising the ECB and the NCBs of those EU member states that have adopted the euro.
fmi
0
57.61
10.7
0
9.63
11.8
11.19
15
16.07
Eurobonds
Bonds denominated in a currency other than that of the country in which they are sold.
fmi
0
63.7
8.4
0
7.83
7.5
7.39
9
11.4
Eurocurrencies
Foreign currencies deposited in banks outside the home country.
fmi
0
45.42
9.2
0
15.74
11.8
11.1
5.5
12.49
European System of Central Banks @ESCB@
A banking system that consists of the European Central Bank @ECB@ and the national central banks @NCBs@ of all 28 member states of the European Union @EU@.
fmi
0
60.99
11.5
0
9.23
14.6
11.99
16.5
13.76
Eurozone or area
The economic region formed by those European Union @EU@ member countries that have adopted the euro.
fmi
0
55.24
9.5
0
12.18
11.6
13.31
9
11.4
excess demand
A situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.
fmi
0
34.93
11.1
0
14.25
11.1
11.36
8.5
15.31
excess reserves
Reserves in excess of required reserves.
fmi
0
56.93
6.8
0
12.05
9
11.83
2
2.4
excess supply
A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.
fmi
0
34.93
11.1
0
14.25
11.1
11.36
8.5
15.31
Executive Board of the ECB
One of the three main decision-making bodies of the European Central Bank @ECB@, consisting of the president and the vice-president of the ECB along with 4 other members.
fmi
0
43.06
14.2
0
11.38
16.6
10.66
19
16.91
exercise price
The price at which the purchaser of an option has the right to buy or sell the under-lying financial instrument. @Also known as the strike price.@
fmi
0
62.01
11.1
0
8.88
13.5
7.96
17
15.02
factoring
The sale of accounts receivable to another firm, which takes responsibility for collections. W-
fmi
0
31.89
12.3
0
14.84
13.2
12.23
11
14.17
fair-value accounting
An accounting principle in which assets are valued in the balance sheet at what they would sell for in the market.
fmi
0
67.08
9.1
0
8.41
10.2
8.44
12.5
12.21
Federal Credit Union Act
Law passed in 1934 that allowed federal chartering of credit unions in all states. W-
fmi
0
73.17
6.8
0
8.81
8.3
12.8
8.5
11.33
federal funds rate
The interest rate on overnight loans of deposits at the Federal Reserve.
fmi
0
67.76
6.8
0
10.83
8.5
10.81
7
11.47
Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932
Law that created the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and a net-work of regional home loan banks. W-
fmi
0
70.13
8
0
6.9
8.2
8.92
12
13.87
Federal Home Loan Bank Board @FHLBB@
Agency respon-sible for regulating and controlling savings and loan institutions, abolished by FIRREA in 1989.
fmi
0
22.41
13.9
0
18.09
16.2
13.85
11.5
14
Federal Open Market Committee @FOMC@
The commit-tee that makes decisions regarding the conduct of open market operations; composed of the seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the presidents of four other Federal Reserve banks on a rotating basis.
fmi
0
12.27
24
0
12.38
27.4
12.12
36
26.4
Federal Reserve banks
The 12 district banks in the Federal Reserve system.
fmi
0
62.34
6.8
0
8.67
6.1
14.61
4.5
8.04
Federal Reserve System @the Fed@
The central banking authority responsible for monetary policy in the United States.
fmi
0
17
13.9
0
16.17
12.8
12.13
9
18.13
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation @FSLIC@
An agency that provided deposit insurance to savings and loans similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that insures banks. FSLIC was eliminated in 1989.
fmi
0
33.41
11.7
0
14.08
11.4
11.84
8.75
14.6
FICO scores
A credit history of a potential borrower by lenders to determine a borrowers™ creditwor-thiness. 360financial crisis
fmi
0
-3.99
17.8
0
18.33
16.3
14.3
15
21.4
futures options
Options in which the under-lying instrument is a futures contract. @Also called futures options.@ 630financial globalization
fmi
0
12.94
15.4
0
20.12
18.6
11.34
12
13.9
Financial Institutions Reform Act
Law passed in 1978 that created the Central Liquidity Facility as the lender of last resort for credit unions. W-
fmi
0
51.18
11.1
0
9.4
10.7
13.31
13
14
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act
Law passed in 1989 to stop losses in the sav-ings and loan industry. It reversed much of the deregulation included in the GarnŒSt Germain Act of 1982.
fmi
0
74.69
6.2
0
8.11
6.9
11.32
7.25
9.84
FINRA
The Financial Industry Regulatory Author-ity; formerly the National Association of Security Dealers @NASD@. 324fire sales
fmi
0
-28.36
20.9
0
21.57
19.7
17.01
15.5
24.67
Fisher effect
The outcome that when expected inflation occurs, interest rates will rise; named after economist Irving Fisher. 121fixed exchange rate regime
fmi
0
34.26
13.5
0
17.23
17.3
14.1
14
16
foreign bonds
Bonds sold in a foreign country and denominated in that country™s currency.
fmi
0
42.38
10.3
0
12.28
9.7
10.81
7
11.47
foreign exchange intervention
An international finan-cial transaction in which a central bank buys or sells currency to in˚uence foreign exchange rates.
fmi
0
36.28
12.7
0
15.6
15
14.18
13
13.87
foreign exchange rate
See exchange rate.
fmi
0
93.81
0.9
0
3.43
5.2
0.15
0.5
1.2
forward guidance
A strategy in which the Fed committed to keep the federal funds rate at zero
fmi
0
64.71
8
0
6.08
5.5
9.64
10.5
14
forward rate
The interest rate predicted by pure expectations theory of the term structure of interest rates to prevail in the future.
fmi
0
42.72
12.3
0
12.01
12.6
10.94
15
16
forward transaction
An exchange rate transaction that involves the exchange of bank deposits denominated in different currencies at some specified future date.
fmi
0
25.8
14.6
0
17.23
16.8
10.16
15
16
free-rider problem
The problem that occurs when people who do not pay for information take advantage of the information that other people have paid for.
fmi
0
48.13
12.3
0
10.74
12.8
7.52
14.5
12.68
fully amortized loan
A fixed-payment loan in which the lender provides the borrower with an amount of funds that must be repaid by making the same payment every period, consisting of part of the principal and interest for a set number of years.
fmi
0
39.34
17.7
0
9.59
20.2
9.96
26
21
fully funded
Describing a pension plan in which the contributions to the plan and their earnings over the years are sufficient to pay out the defined benefits when they come due.
fmi
0
58.96
12.2
0
10.51
15.3
9.43
18.5
17.12
fully subscribed
Describing a security issue for which all of the securities available have been spoken for before the issue date.
fmi
0
43.73
11.9
0
11.43
11.6
9.57
12.5
13.92
fundamental economic values
The values of assets based on realistic expectations of the assets™ future income streams.
fmi
0
31.89
12.3
0
13.62
11.5
12.23
9
11.31
gap analysis
A measurement of the sensitivity of bank profits to changes in interest rates, calculated by subtracting the amount of rate-sensitive liabilities minus rate-sensitive assets. @Also called income gap analysis.@
fmi
0
-0.27
20.5
0
18.11
22.5
13.24
23.5
22.63
General Council of the ECB
One of the three main decision-making bodies of the European Central Bank @ECB@, consisting of the president and the vice-president of the ECB and the governors of the NCBs of the 28 EU member states.
fmi
0
44.41
15.8
0
9.82
18.4
10.79
23.5
19.71