Datasets:
sohomghosh
/
FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
terms
stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
open-end fund
A mutual fund that accepts invest-ments and allows investors to redeem shares at any time. The value of the shares is tied to the value of investment assets of the fund.
fmi
0
72.66
7
0
7.89
7.4
10.52
8.25
8.78
open market operations
The buying and selling of government securities in the open market that affect both interest rates and the amount of reserves in the banking system. 230,
fmi
0
53.55
12.3
0
11.15
14.7
11
16
13.48
open-peril policies
See named-peril policies.
fmi
0
34.59
9.2
0
15.03
16.2
19.58
1.5
1.2
operating expenses
The expenses incurred from a bank™s ongoing operations.
fmi
0
29.52
11.1
0
14.46
10.8
13.9
6
18.2
operating income
The income earned on a bank™s ongoing operations.
fmi
0
46.44
8.8
0
10.11
7.3
11.93
5
13.2
opportunity cost
The amount of interest @expected return@ sacrificed by not holding an alternative asset.
fmi
0
32.9
11.9
0
14.43
12.6
11.57
10.5
17.51
options
Contracts that give the purchaser the option @right@ to buy or sell the underlying financial instrument at a specified price, called the exercise price or strike price, within a specific period of time @the term to expiration@.
fmi
0
33.92
17.7
0
12.14
21.4
11.45
27.5
24.53
originate-to-distribute model
A business model in which the mortgage is originated by a separate party, typically a mortgage broker, and then dis-tributed to an investor as an underlying asset in a security.
fmi
0
24.11
17.4
0
11.15
16.8
10.91
21
18.67
overfunded
Describing a pension plan that has assets greater than needed to make the pro-jected benefit payments owed by the plan.
fmi
0
59.64
9.9
0
11.14
12.1
12.52
13
12
overnight cash rate
The interest rate for very-short-term interbank loans in the euro area.
fmi
0
68.77
6.4
0
12.1
10.2
11.36
6.5
11.67
oversubscribed
Having received more offers to buy than there are securities available for sale.
fmi
0
66.74
7.2
0
11.7
9.7
9.14
6.5
8.28
over-the-counter @OTC@ market
A secondary market in which dealers at different locations who have an inventory of securities stand ready to buy and sell securities to anyone who comes to them and is willing to accept their prices.
fmi
0
44.41
15.8
0
10.63
18.4
8.53
22.5
17.43
pecking order hypothesis
The hypothesis that the larger and more established is a corporation, the more likely it will be to issue securities to raise funds.
fmi
0
48.13
12.3
0
10.28
12.6
9.58
15.5
16.16
pension plan
An asset pool that accumulates over an individual™s working years and is paid out during the nonworking years.
fmi
0
44.75
11.5
0
12.06
11.9
10.67
12
13.87
policy instrument
A variable that is very responsive to the central bank™s tools and indicates the stance of monetary policy. @Also called an operating instrument.@
fmi
0
39.67
13.4
0
13.29
15.5
13.02
17.5
19.63
policy trilemma
A country cannot pursue the following three policies at the same time
fmi
0
67.76
6.8
0
9.85
7.3
6.86
6
4.8
political business cycle
A business cycle caused by expansionary policies before an election.
fmi
0
44.41
9.6
0
14.88
11.4
12.03
5
8
portfolio
A collection of assets.
fmi
0
50.5
7.2
0
4.35
4.1
11.73
2
11.6
potential output
The level of output that is produced at the natural rate of unemployment. @Also called natural rate of output.@
fmi
0
52.19
10.7
0
9.86
11.1
8.73
12.5
11.81
premium
The amount paid for an option contract.
fmi
0
89.75
2.5
0
6.56
4.3
8.5
2.5
2.8
present discounted value
See present value.
fmi
0
93.81
0.9
0
3.43
5.2
0.15
0.5
1.2
present value
Today™s value of a payment to be received in the future when the interest rate is i. @Also called present discounted value.@
fmi
0
57.61
10.7
0
8.82
11.6
9.03
13
12.44
price earnings ratio @PE@
A measure of how much the market is willing to pay for $1 of earnings from a firm.
fmi
0
87.05
5.6
0
2.72
4.6
7.16
8
7.2
price stability
Low and stable inflation.
fmi
0
50.5
7.2
0
7.25
6.5
7.78
2
11.6
primary dealers
Government securities dealers, operating out of private firms or commercial banks, with whom the Fed™s open market desk trades.
fmi
0
43.73
11.9
0
15.08
15.1
12.06
13.5
13.92
private equity buyout
When a public company becomes private.
fmi
0
48.47
8
0
10.08
7.5
9.2
3
2.4
private mortgage insurance @PMI@
Insurance that pro-tects the lender against losses from defaults on mortgage loans.
fmi
0
67.76
6.8
0
15.65
12.8
14.76
6
8.13
private pension plan
A pension plan sponsored by an employer, group, or individual.
fmi
0
44.41
9.6
0
10.24
8.5
10.45
6
12
property insurance
Insurance that protects against losses from fire, theft, storm, explosion, and neglect.
fmi
0
59.3
8
0
16.17
14.4
12.13
7
11.47
proprietary trading
Financial institutions that trade with their own money.
fmi
0
46.44
8.8
0
14.46
10.8
7.98
5
13.2
prudent man rule
This rule states that those with the responsibility of investing money for others should act with prudence, discretion, intelligence, and regard for safety of capital as well as income.
fmi
0
33.58
15.8
0
13.94
18.6
8.89
19.5
17.12
public pension plan
A pension plan sponsored by a government body.
fmi
0
71.82
5.2
0
7.9
5.6
7.98
4
3.2
quantitative easing
Asset purchase programs that lead to an expansion of central bank™s balance sheet and the monetary base.
fmi
0
62.68
8.7
0
12.12
11.5
11.91
10.5
11.51
quotas
Restrictions on the quantity of foreign goods that can be imported.
fmi
0
60.31
7.6
0
11.06
8.5
9.92
7.5
15.31
rate of capital gain
The change in a security™s price relative to the initial purchase price.
fmi
0
59.3
8
0
10.83
8.5
10.81
7
11.47
real exchange rate
The rate at which domestic goods can be exchanged for foreign goods, meaning the price of domestic goods relative to foreign goods denominated in domestic currency.
fmi
0
36.63
14.6
0
13.58
16.8
9.18
19
16.55
real terms
Terms re˚ecting actual goods and ser-vices one can buy.
fmi
0
79.26
4.4
0
9.94
7.7
14.61
4.5
8.04
registered bonds
Bonds requiring that their own-ers register with the company to receive inter-est payments. Registered bonds have largely replaced bearer bonds, which did not require registration.
fmi
0
41.87
10.5
0
16.86
14.2
12.47
8.25
11.4
Regulation Z
The requirement that lenders disclose the full cost of a loan to the bor-rower. @Also known as the fitruth in lendingfl regulation.@
fmi
0
57.61
10.7
0
10.15
12.9
10.47
14
12.44
regulatory arbitrage
An attempt to avoid regulatory capital requirements by keeping assets on banks™ books that have the same risk-based capital requirement but are relatively risky, while taking off their books low-risk assets.
fmi
0
40.01
15.4
0
15.68
21
11.8
21.5
17.56
regulatory forbearance
Refraining from exercising a regulatory right to put insolvent savings and loans out of business.
fmi
0
30.87
12.7
0
13.85
12.1
9.64
11.5
16.67
reinsurance
Allocating a portion of the risk to another company in exchange for a portion of the premium.
fmi
0
45.76
11.1
0
8.35
8.4
8.19
12.5
11.51
reinvestment risk
The interest-rate risk associated with the fact that the proceeds of short-term investments must be reinvested at a future inter-est rate that is uncertain.
fmi
0
30.2
15
0
14.22
16.7
11.41
18
17.93
repossession
The taking of an asset that has been pledged as collateral for a loan when the bor-rower defaults. W-
fmi
0
69.11
8.3
0
7.14
8.7
10.4
11.5
9.71
repurchase agreement
A form of loan in which the borrower simultaneously contracts to sell securi-ties and contracts to repurchase them, either on demand or on a specified date.
fmi
0
36.63
14.6
0
11.55
15.3
9.78
18
16.55
required reserve ratio
The fraction of deposits that the Fed requires to be kept as reserves.
fmi
0
83.66
4.8
0
7.24
6.1
9.14
5.5
5.2
required reserves
Reserves that are held to meet Fed requirements that a certain fraction of bank deposits be kept as reserves.
fmi
0
69.11
8.3
0
10.21
10.6
7.9
10.5
9.71
reserve account
An account used to make insurance and tax payments due on property securing a mortgage loan. A portion of each monthly loan payment goes into the reserve account.
fmi
0
65.73
7.6
0
9.68
8.3
8.84
7.5
9.89
reserve currency
A currency such as the U.S. dollar that is used by other countries to denominate the assets they hold as international reserves.
fmi
0
49.15
11.9
0
10.15
12.5
10.47
14
14.25
reserve for loan losses
An account that offsets the loan accounts on a lender™s books that re˚ects the lender™s projected losses due to default.
fmi
0
68.1
8.7
0
11.72
12.4
12.52
11
10
reserve requirements
Regulations making it obliga-tory for depository institutions to keep a certain fraction of their deposits in accounts with the Fed.
fmi
0
25.8
14.6
0
14.91
15.2
10.94
14
14
reserves
Banks™ holding of deposits in accounts with the Fed, plus currency that is physically held by banks @vault cash@.
fmi
0
69.11
8.3
0
10.5
11.6
11.23
11.5
11.81
Resolution Trust Corporation @RTC@
A temporary agency created by FIRREA that was responsible for liqui-dating the assets of failed savings and loans.
fmi
0
36.28
12.7
0
13.05
13
13.3
13
13.87
restrictive covenants
Provisions that specify certain activities that a borrower can and cannot engage in.
fmi
0
32.9
11.9
0
13.5
11.2
10.35
10.5
17.51
return
The payments to the owner of a security plus the change in the security™s value, expressed as a fraction of its purchase price; more precisely called the rate of return.
fmi
0
49.49
13.8
0
9.82
15.6
9.86
18
14.67
return on assets @ROA@
Net profit after taxes per dollar of assets.
fmi
0
63.36
6.4
0
6.45
4.4
11.93
3
3.2
return on equity @ROE@
Net profit after taxes per dollar of equity capital.
fmi
0
36.96
10.3
0
8.67
6.1
11.1
5.5
8.04
revaluation
Resetting of the par value of a currency at a higher level.
fmi
0
59.3
8
0
4.57
3.4
9.5
7
11.47
revenue bonds
Bonds for which the source of income that is used to pay the interest and to retire the bonds is from a specific source, such as a toll road or an electric plant. If this revenue source is unable to make the payments, the bonds can default, despite the issuing municipality being otherwise healthy.
fmi
0
60.99
11.5
0
8.77
13.5
8.78
16
13.76
reverse transactions
Purchase or sale of eligible assets by the European Central Bank under repurchase agreements or credit operations against eligible assets as collateral that are reversed within two weeks.
fmi
0
17.68
17.8
0
15.96
19.5
12.36
20
18.34
risk
The degree of uncertainty associated with the return on an asset.
fmi
0
34.93
11.1
0
10.01
7.6
9.92
6.5
11.67
risk structure of interest rates
The relationship among the various interest rates on bonds with the same term to maturity.
fmi
0
47.79
10.3
0
11.13
9.9
10.7
11.5
16.67
roll over
To renew a debt when it matures.
fmi
0
89.75
2.5
0
0.76
-0.6
10.75
2.5
2.8
seasoned issues
Securities that have been trad-ing publicly long enough to have let the market clearly establish their value.
fmi
0
54.22
9.9
0
13.45
12.8
10.05
10.5
11.51
secondary reserves
U.S. government and agency securities held by banks.
fmi
0
46.44
8.8
0
10.8
9.1
13.9
5
8.2
secured debt
Debt guaranteed by collateral.
fmi
0
8.2
13.1
0
14.5
12.4
15.68
3
21.6
secured loan
A loan guaranteed by collateral.
fmi
0
32.56
10
0
9.6
7.4
10.2
3.5
18
securitized mortgage
See mortgage-backed-security.
fmi
0
-133.6
32.4
0
41.9
45.5
27.42
1
20.8
security
A claim on the borrower™s future income that is sold by the borrower to the lender. @Also called a ˚nancial instrument.@
fmi
0
58.62
10.3
0
9.23
11.5
10.69
13.5
12.21
seed investing
Investment by a venture capital firm in a company before it has a real product or is even clearly organized as a company.
fmi
0
39.67
13.4
0
7.72
10.3
8.9
16.5
12.68
Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities @STRIPS@
Securities that have their periodic interest payments separated from the final maturity payment and the two cash ˚ows are sold to different investors.
fmi
0
22.75
15.8
0
15.03
16.3
10.96
17.5
17.9
shadow banking system
A system in which bank lending is replaced by lending via the securities market.
fmi
0
57.27
8.8
0
9.45
8.1
9.97
7
8.46
share draft account
Accounts at credit unions that are similar to checking accounts at banks.
fmi
0
67.76
6.8
0
11.3
8.9
12.13
6
8.13
short-term
With reference to a debt instrument, having a maturity of one year or less.
fmi
0
57.27
8.8
0
7.01
6.4
8.84
9
14.17
simple loan
A credit market instrument providing the borrower with an amount of funds that must be repaid to the lender at the maturity date along with an additional payment @interest@.
fmi
0
42.04
14.6
0
11.73
16.6
10.52
20.5
19.88
smart card
A more sophisticated stored-value card that contains its own computer chip so that it can be loaded with digital cash from the owner™s bank account whenever needed.
fmi
0
44.07
13.8
0
12.25
16.1
9.65
18.5
15.24
speculative attack
A situation in which speculators engage in massive sales of a currency.
fmi
0
42.38
10.3
0
10.37
8.1
12.13
8
14.8
spinning
When an investment bank allocates hot, but underpriced, initial public offerings @IPOs@, shares of newly issued stock, to executives of other companies in return for their companies™ future business with the investment banks.
fmi
0
21.06
18.5
0
16.02
22.6
11.49
24.5
20.47
spot transaction
The immediate exchange of bank deposits denominated in different currencies.
fmi
0
2.11
15.5
0
19.52
15.1
10.45
8
16
standing lending facility
A lending facility in which healthy banks are allowed to borrow all they want from a central bank.
fmi
0
70.13
8
0
8.18
8.8
8.92
9
9.42
state banks
Banks chartered by the states.
fmi
0
100.24
0.5
0
7.28
5.6
10.2
1.5
2
state-owned banks
Banks that are owned by govern-ments.
fmi
0
90.77
2.1
0
8.17
6.7
11.83
3
2.4
sterilized foreign exchange intervention
A foreign exchange intervention with an offsetting open market operation that leaves the monetary base unchanged.
fmi
0
29.86
13.1
0
17.57
15.4
11.34
12
16.4
stock
A security that is a claim on the earnings and assets of a corporation.
fmi
0
57.27
8.8
0
5.73
5.1
9.97
8
11.31
stock company
An insurance company that issues stock and has the objective of making a profit for its shareholders.
fmi
0
54.22
9.9
0
11.08
10.6
9.12
12.5
13.86
stock market risk
The risk associated with ˚uctua-tions in stock prices.
fmi
0
37.98
10
0
13.01
10.3
13.9
5
8.2
stock option
An option on an individual stock.
fmi
0
48.47
8
0
5.27
3.6
9.2
3
9.07
stop loss order
An order placed with a broker to buy or sell when a certain price is reached; it is designed to limit an investor™s loss on a security position.
fmi
0
59.98
11.8
0
6.85
12.3
10.1
16
14.06
stress testing
Calculating losses under dire sce-narios.
fmi
0
-1.29
14.7
0
18.88
15.9
19.67
3.5
10
structured credit products
Securities that are derived from cash ˚ows of underlying assets and are tailored to have particular risk characteristics that appeal to investors with different prefer-ences.
fmi
0
20.72
16.6
0
17.35
19.3
13.09
18.5
16.4
subprime loans
Loans made to borrowers who do not qualify for loans at the usual rate of interest due to poor credit rating or too large of a loan.
fmi
0
69.45
10.3
0
5.58
10.6
9.07
16.5
15.24
subprime mortgages
Mortgage loans made to borrow-ers who do not qualify for loans at the usual rate of interest due to a poor credit history.
fmi
0
56.59
11.1
0
7.72
10.6
9.58
15.5
12.68
super display book @SDBK@
A computerized system for executing trades very rapidly that removes the specialist from the process.
fmi
0
47.79
10.3
0
15.36
13.4
11.75
10.5
14
superregional banks
Bank holding companies similar in size to money center banks whose headquar-ters are not based in one of the money center cities @New York, Chicago, San Francisco@.
fmi
0
52.53
12.6
0
11.38
16.1
11.99
17.5
15.24
supply curve
A curve depicting the relationship between quantity supplied and price when all other economic variables are held constant.
fmi
0
36.28
12.7
0
16.24
15.3
10.67
13
16.09
swap
A financial contract that obligates one party to exchange @swap@ a set of payments it owns for a set of payments owned by another party.
fmi
0
54.56
11.9
0
8.3
12.2
9.3
15.5
13.2
sweep account
An arrangement in which any balances above a certain amount in a corpora-tion™s checking account at the end of a business day are fiswept outfl of the account and invested in overnight repos that pay the corporation interest.
fmi
0
41.37
16.9
0
11.38
20.6
10.51
24
20.46
syndicate
A group of investment banks that come together for the purpose of issuing a security. The syndicate spreads the risk of the issue among the members. Each participant attempts to market the security and shares in losses.
fmi
0
58.99
8.1
11.9
10.02
8
10.22
7.5
10.33
systemic
Financial firms who pose a risk to the over-all financial system because their failure would cause widespread damage. 473systematically important financial institutions @SIFIs@
fmi
0
14.29
17
0
20.83
21.6
11.64
17.5
14.42
T-account
A simplified balance sheet with lines in the form of a T that lists only the changes that occur in a balance sheet starting from some ini-tial balance sheet position.
fmi
0
57.95
12.6
0
9.41
15.1
10.91
17
14.67