Datasets:
sohomghosh
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FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
terms
stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
general obligation bonds
Bonds that are secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer, which includes the taxing authority of municipalities.
fmi
0
42.72
12.3
0
11.72
12.6
10.94
12
12
generalized dividend model
Calculates that the price of stock is determined only by the present value of the dividends.
fmi
0
63.7
8.4
0
9.97
9.2
7.39
11
13.9
Glass-Steagall Act
Law that made it illegal for com-mercial banks to underwrite securities for sale to the public.
fmi
0
55.24
9.5
0
10.73
10.1
10.35
12
13.9
goal independence
The ability of the central bank to set the goals of monetary policy.
fmi
0
66.74
7.2
0
6.37
5.4
10.35
8.5
14.43
Gordon growth model
A simplified model to compute the value of a stock by assuming constant divi-dend growth.
fmi
0
47.79
10.3
0
10.37
9.6
12.8
10.5
11.33
Governing Council of the ECB
One of the three main decision-making bodies of the European Central Bank @ECB@, consisting of governors from the 19 Euro area NCBs and members of the Executive Board.
fmi
0
43.06
14.2
0
10.97
16.1
12.36
19
18.34
haircuts
Requirements that borrowers have more collateral than the amount of the loan.
fmi
0
50.84
9.2
0
13.27
10.5
8.18
8
14.8
hedge
To protect oneself against risk.
fmi
0
83.32
2.9
0
9.6
7.4
10.2
1.5
2
hedge funds
A special type of mutual fund that acquires funds by selling shares but only to very wealthy people, so they are less regulated than mutual funds.
fmi
0
53.55
12.3
0
9.58
13.5
11
16
13.48
hierarchical mandate
A mandate for the central bank that puts the goal of price stability first, but as long as it is achieved other goals can be pursued.
fmi
0
70.47
9.9
0
6.68
11.1
9.18
14
11.94
hybrid funds
A mutual fund that is composed of both stocks and bonds.
fmi
0
85.69
4
0
5.26
3.8
11.36
5.5
8.04
impossible trinity
See policy trilemma.
fmi
0
34.59
9.2
0
7.32
8.3
14.31
1.5
14.53
incentive-compatible
Aligning the incentives of both parties to a contract.
fmi
0
62.34
6.8
0
9.94
7.1
11.1
4.5
8.04
income gap analysis
See gap analysis.
fmi
0
59.97
5.6
0
1.52
3.6
14.31
1.5
14.53
indexed bonds
Bonds whose interest and principal payments are adjusted for changes in the price level and whose interest rate thus provides a direct measure of a real interest rate.
fmi
0
43.06
14.2
0
11.78
16.1
9.54
19
15.49
individual retirement account @IRA@
Retirement account in which pretax dollars can be invested by individuals not covered by some other retire-ment plan. 566in˚ation targeting
fmi
0
25.8
14.6
0
16.94
16.8
13.31
15
16
initial public offering @IPO@
A corporation™s first sale of securities to the public.
fmi
0
45.42
9.2
0
10.58
7.7
9.35
5.5
12.49
insolvent
A situation in which the value of a firm™s or bank™s assets have fallen below its liabilities; bankrupt.
fmi
0
44.75
11.5
0
9.8
10.3
10.67
11
11.64
instrument independence
The ability of the central bank to set monetary policy instruments.
fmi
0
43.39
9.9
0
11.06
8.5
11.36
8.5
18.95
insured mortgage
Mortgages guaranteed by either the Federal Housing Administration or the Veterans Administration. These agen-cies guarantee that the bank making the loan will not suffer any losses if the borrower defaults.
fmi
0
30.87
12.7
0
15.77
13.9
10.7
11
14
interest parity condition
The observation that the domestic interest rate equals the foreign interest rate plus the expected appreciation in the foreign currency.
fmi
0
17.34
15.8
0
16.36
16.1
11.73
17
20
interest-rate forward contracts
Forward contracts that are linked to debt instruments.
fmi
0
71.82
5.2
0
13.7
10.3
11.93
4
8.2
interest-rate risk
The possible reduction in returns that is associated with changes in interest rates.
fmi
0
41.36
10.7
0
13.5
11.2
11.57
10.5
14.43
interest-rate swap
A financial contract that allows one party to exchange @swap@ a set of interest payments for another set of interest payments owned by another party.
fmi
0
37.64
14.2
0
11.32
14.6
9.3
17.5
13.2
intermediate-term
With reference to a debt instrument, having a maturity of between 1 and 10 years.
fmi
0
56.25
9.1
0
7.24
7.1
11.75
10.5
14
international banking facilities @IBFs@
Banking estab-lishments in the United States that can accept time deposits from foreigners but are not subject to either reserve requirements or restrictions on interest payments.
fmi
0
36.63
14.6
0
16.95
19.5
11
18
16.55
International Monetary Fund @IMF@
The international organization created by the Bretton Woods agree-ment whose objective is to promote the growth of world trade by making loans to countries experi-encing balance-of-payments difficulties.
fmi
0
10.23
18.5
0
19.96
23
13.75
20.5
18.21
international reserves
Central bank holdings of assets denominated in foreign currencies.
fmi
0
20.04
12.7
0
17.66
13.4
14.61
5.5
12.49
inverted yield curve
A yield curve that is downward sloping.
fmi
0
89.75
2.5
0
6.56
4.3
10.75
2.5
2.8
investment banker
A securities dealer who facilitates the transfer of securities from the original issuer to the public.
fmi
0
29.86
13.1
0
13.63
12.2
10.35
12
13.9
investment banks
Firms that assist in the initial sale of securities in the primary market.
fmi
0
58.28
8.4
0
9.03
7.5
10.35
7.5
11.35
January effect
An abnormal rise in stock prices from December to January.
fmi
0
61.33
7.2
0
9.08
6.6
7.29
7
8
junk bonds
Bonds rated lower than BBB by bond-rating agencies. Junk bonds are not investment grade and are considered speculative. They usually have a high yield to compensate investors for their high risk.
fmi
0
69.48
6.1
11.2
11.34
8.8
11.79
6.166667
10.57
large, complex banking organizations @LCBOs@
Large companies that provide banking as well as many other financial services.
fmi
0
50.84
9.2
0
13.73
10.9
10.81
7
11.47
later-stage investing
Investment by a venture capital firm in a company to help the firm grow to a critical mass needed to attract public financing.
fmi
0
39.67
13.4
0
9
11.4
10.27
16.5
14.42
law of large numbers
The observation that when many people are insured, the probability distri-bution of the losses will assume a normal prob-ability distribution.
fmi
0
8.88
17
0
17.23
17.5
13.31
15
16
law of one price
The principle that if two or more countries produce an identical good, the price of this good should be the same no matter which country produces it.
fmi
0
69.45
10.3
0
9
13.5
7.9
15.5
13.76
lender of last resort
Provider of reserves to financial institutions when no one else would provide them to prevent a financial crisis.
fmi
0
53.21
10.3
0
13.05
12.7
10.67
12
11.64
letter of intent
A document issued by a prospective buyer that signals a desire to go forward with a purchase and that outlines the preliminary terms of the purchase.
fmi
0
53.55
12.3
0
10.45
14
10.39
15
13.48
leverage cycle
A lending boom and then a lending crash.
fmi
0
88.74
2.9
0
3.55
2
6.01
3
3.2
liabilities
IOUs or debts.
fmi
0
119.19
-2.7
0
-4.29
-1.2
14.31
0.5
1.2
liability management
The acquisition of funds at low cost to increase profits.
fmi
0
69.79
6
0
8.5
6.2
10.45
5
8
lien
A legal claim against a piece of property that gives a lender the right to foreclose or seize the property if a loan on the property is not repaid as promised.
fmi
0
65.39
11.8
0
7.27
13.7
9.76
18.5
13.69
liquid
Easily converted into cash.
fmi
0
8.2
13.1
0
10.15
8.8
11.73
3
21.6
liquid market
A market in which securities can be bought and sold quickly and with low transaction costs.
fmi
0
72.16
7.2
0
9.63
8.9
7.39
9
11.4
liquidity management
The decision made by a bank to maintain sufficient liquid assets to meet the bank™s obligations to depositors.
fmi
0
44.75
11.5
0
12.06
11.9
11.55
13
16.09
liquidity preference framework
A model developed by John Maynard Keynes that predicts the equilib-rium interest rate on the basis of the supply of and demand for money.
fmi
0
47.12
12.7
0
10.1
12.9
12.72
15
12.93
liquidity premium theory
The theory that the interest rate on a long-term bond will equal an average of short-term interest rates expected to occur over the life of the long-term bond plus a positive term @liquidity@ premium.
fmi
0
36.97
16.6
0
10.8
18.7
10.43
25
21.84
liquidity risk
The risk that a firm may run out of cash needed to pay bills and to keep the firm operating.
fmi
0
85.02
6.4
0
3.6
5.8
8.58
11
10
liquidity services
Services that make it easier for customers to conduct transactions.
fmi
0
52.87
8.4
0
14.3
10.9
12.03
6
12
loan commitment
A bank™s commitment @for a speci-fied future period of time@ to provide a firm with loans up to a given amount at an interest rate that is tied to some market interest rate.
fmi
0
54.9
13.8
0
7.38
15.2
10.54
21.5
16.84
loan sale
The sale under a contract @also called a secondary loan participation@ of all or part of the cash stream from a specific loan, thereby removing the loan from the bank™s balance sheet.
fmi
0
55.92
13.4
0
10.17
16.9
9.66
19
16.55
London interbank bid rate @LIBID@
The rate of interest large international banks charge on overnight loans among themselves.
fmi
0
66.74
7.2
0
16.17
13.3
10.35
7.5
11.35
London interbank offer rate @LIBOR@
The interest rate charged on short-term funds bought or sold between large international banks.
fmi
0
57.27
8.8
0
15.25
13.2
9.97
8
11.31
long-term
With reference to a debt instrument, having a maturity of 10 years or more. 58longer-term refinancing operations
fmi
0
28.84
13.5
0
14.15
13.7
12.84
14.5
18.56
macro hedge
A hedge of interest-rate risk for a financial institution™s entire portfolio.
fmi
0
26.47
12.3
0
15.81
12.8
15.67
8.5
18.95
macroprudential regulation
Regulatory policy to affect what is happening in credit markets in the aggregate.
fmi
0
24.44
13.1
0
12.17
10.1
12.78
10.5
17.51
macroprudential supervision
Supervision that focuses on the safety and soundness of the financial system in the aggregate. 467main refinancing operations
fmi
0
10.91
16.2
0
16.88
15.8
12.42
15
20.53
margin credit
Loans advanced by a brokerage house to help investors buy securities.
fmi
0
60.31
7.6
0
12.1
9.3
11.36
6.5
11.67
margin requirement
A sum of money that must be kept in an account @the margin account@ at a brokerage firm.
fmi
0
78.59
6.8
0
4.35
6.1
7.16
9
9.42
marginal lending facility
The European Central Bank™s standing lending facility in which banks can borrow @against eligible collateral@ over-night loans from the national central bank at a rate 100 basis points above the target financing rate.
fmi
0
29.52
17.3
0
15.1
21.5
12.93
22.5
20.47
marginal lending rate
The interest rate charged by the European Central Bank for borrowing at its marginal lending facility.
fmi
0
38.32
11.9
0
13.63
12.2
12.33
13
18.9
market equilibrium
A situation occurring when the quantity that people are willing to buy @demand@ equals the quantity that people are willing to sell @supply@.
fmi
0
39.67
13.4
0
11.78
14.4
8.9
15.5
14.42
market fundamentals
Items that have a direct effect on future income streams of the security.
fmi
0
66.74
7.2
0
8.63
7.2
10.35
6.5
8.28
market maker
Dealers who buy or sell securities from their own inventories, thereby ensuring that there is always a market in which investors can buy or sell their securities.
fmi
0
44.07
13.8
0
11.78
15.8
8.48
17.5
15.24
market segmentation theory
A theory of the term structure that sees markets for different maturity bonds as completely separated and segmented such that the interest rate for bonds of a given maturity is determined solely by supply and demand for bonds of that maturity.
fmi
0
21.4
20.5
0
12.32
22.5
11.06
30.5
23.23
matched sale-purchase transaction
An arrangement whereby the Fed sells securities and the buyer agrees to sell them back to the Fed in the near future; sometimes called a reverse repo.
fmi
0
60.99
11.5
0
9.23
13.7
10.82
15.5
13.76
maturity
Time to the expiration date @maturity date@ of a debt instrument.
fmi
0
51.85
8.8
0
8.97
7.6
9.92
7.5
15.31
mean reversion
The phenomenon that stocks with low returns today tend to have high returns in the future, and vice versa.
fmi
0
69.11
8.3
0
8.99
9.9
10.4
10.5
9.71
mergers and acquisitions market
An informal and unorganized market where firms are bought, sold, or merged with other firms.
fmi
0
64.71
8
0
11.13
10.6
8.59
8.5
11.33
micro hedge
A hedge for a specific asset.
fmi
0
73.85
4.5
0
1.38
0.4
11.83
3
9.07
microprudential supervision
Supervision that focuses on the safety and soundness of individual finan-cial institutions.
fmi
0
0.08
16.2
0
19.53
16
13.44
11
18.13
monetary base
The sum of the Fed™s monetary liabili-ties @currency in circulation and reserves@ and the U.S. Treasury™s monetary liabilities @Treasury currency in circulation, primarily coins@.
fmi
0
8.53
15.1
0
17.39
15.2
12.13
10.5
14.8
monetary targeting
A monetary policy strategy in which the central bank announces that it will achieve a certain value @the target@ of the annual growth rate of a monetary aggregate.
fmi
0
43.06
14.2
0
10.57
15.5
10.66
20
18.34
monetary union
A situation in which a group of coun-tries decide to adopt a common currency. @Also called a currency union.@
fmi
0
52.19
10.7
0
8.99
10.6
11.23
12.5
11.81
money
Anything that is generally accepted in pay-ment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts. @Also called money supply.@
fmi
0
50.16
11.5
0
10.91
13.1
10.69
13.5
14.11
money center banks
Large banks in key financial cen-ters.
fmi
0
73.85
4.5
0
9.15
7.5
14.46
3
9.07
money market mutual funds
Funds that accumulate investment dollars from a large group of people and then invest in short-term securities such as Treasury bills and commercial paper.
fmi
0
38.66
13.8
0
14.45
16.5
10.75
16
16.27
money market securities
Securities that have an original maturity of less than one year, such as Treasury bills, commercial paper, banker™s accep-tances, and negotiable certificates of deposit.
fmi
0
30.2
15
0
16.83
19.2
12.06
19
19.6
monoline insurance companies
Companies that specialize in credit insurance.
fmi
0
14.63
12.7
0
17.85
13.7
14.46
5
22.4
money supply
See money.
fmi
0
77.91
2.9
0
-7.41
0.8
0.1
0
0.8
moral hazard
The risk that one party to a transaction will engage in behavior that is undesirable from the other party™s point of view.
fmi
0
57.61
10.7
0
9.11
11.2
9.03
14
14.25
mortgage
A long-term loan secured by real estate.
fmi
0
81.29
3.7
0
6.56
5
8.5
2.5
2.8
mortgage pass-through
A security that has the multiple borrowers™ mortgage payments pass through a trustee before being disbursed to the investors.
fmi
0
43.73
11.9
0
15.08
14.6
11.23
12.5
13.92
mutual insurance company
An insurance company that is owned by the policyholders and has the objective of providing insurance for the lowest possible price.
fmi
0
33.24
13.8
0
13.11
14
9.19
17.5
16.02
named-peril policy
Insurance policy that protects against loss from perils that are specifically named in the policy.
fmi
0
47.79
10.3
0
14.2
12.4
10.7
11.5
14
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System @NASDAQ@
A computerized net-work that links dealers around the country and provides price quotes on over-the-counter secu-rities.
fmi
0
38.32
11.9
0
18.67
17.5
11.34
11
8.9
national banks
Federally chartered banks.
fmi
0
9.21
12.7
0
18.92
17.8
19.58
1.5
14.53
National Credit Union Act of 1970
Law that estab-lished the National Credit Union Administration @NCUA@, an independent agency charged with the task of regulating and supervising federally chartered credit unions and state-chartered credit unions that receive federal deposit insurance.
fmi
0
4.14
20.9
0
20.9
26.5
13.41
26.5
22.9
National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund @NCUSIF@
Agency established by the National Credit Union Act of 1970 that is controlled by the National Credit Union Administration and insures the deposits in credit unions for $100,000 per account.
fmi
0
41.03
15
0
13.88
18.9
12.49
19
16
natural rate of unemployment
The rate of unemploy-ment consistent with full employment at which the demand for labor equals the supply of labor.
fmi
0
52.19
10.7
0
11.72
12.1
11.23
12.5
13.92
net asset value
The total value of a mutual fund™s assets minus any liabilities, divided by the num-ber of shares outstanding.
fmi
0
36.28
12.7
0
11.42
11.9
15.06
13
16.09
net exports
The balance of trade in both goods and services.
fmi
0
96.18
2.1
0
6.06
4
7.59
3.5
3.6
net interest margin @NIM@
The difference between interest income and interest expense as a per-centage of assets.
fmi
0
32.9
11.9
0
14.43
12.2
10.35
10.5
11.35
net worth
The difference between a firm™s assets @what it owns or is owed@ and its liabilities @what it owes@. @Also called equity capital.@
fmi
0
49.15
11.9
0
9.34
12.9
11.19
15
12.44
no-load fund
A mutual fund that does not charge a fee when funds are added to or withdrawn from the fund.
fmi
0
86.03
6
0
4.99
6.4
9.57
10.5
9.71
nominal anchor
A nominal variable such as the in˚a-tion rate, an exchange rate, or the money supply that monetary policy makers use to tie down the price level.
fmi
0
53.55
12.3
0
8.88
13.3
9.18
17
15.02
noncompetitive bidding
Offering to buy Treasury securities without specifying a price; the securi-ties are ultimately sold at the weighted average of the competitive bids accepted at the same auction.
fmi
0
18.69
17.4
0
14.8
18.4
12.58
21.5
21.17
nonconventional monetary policy tools
Three non-interest-rate tools used to stimulate the economy
fmi
0
29.52
11.1
0
16.6
13.2
13.9
6
18.2
off-balance-sheet activities
Bank activities that involve trading financial instruments and the generation of income from fees and loan sales, all of which affect bank profits but are not visible on bank balance sheets.
fmi
0
40.01
15.4
0
12.89
18.4
11.8
20.5
18.85