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Alexander Bogdanov | {
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early years",
"Bolshevism",
"During World War I",
"During the Russian Revolution",
"After the October Revolution",
"Proletkult",
"Arrest",
"Later years and death",
"Legacy",
"In popular culture",
"Published works",
"Russian",
"Non-fiction",
"Fiction",
"English translation",
"Non-fiction",
"Fiction",
"See also",
"Notes",
"Sources",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
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"\n\n**Alexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov** (; – 7 April 1928\\), born **Alexander Malinovsky**, was a [Russian](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") and later [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") [physician](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\"), [philosopher](/wiki/Philosopher \"Philosopher\"), [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction \"Science fiction\") writer and [Bolshevik](/wiki/Bolshevism \"Bolshevism\") [revolutionary](/wiki/Revolutionary \"Revolutionary\"). He was a [polymath](/wiki/Polymath \"Polymath\") who pioneered [blood transfusion](/wiki/Blood_transfusion \"Blood transfusion\"), as well as general [systems theory](/wiki/Systems_theory \"Systems theory\"), and made important contributions to [cybernetics](/wiki/Cybernetics \"Cybernetics\").\n\nHe was a key figure in the early history of the [Russian Social Democratic Labor Party](/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party \"Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\") (later the [Communist Party of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\")), originally established 1898, and of its [Bolshevik](/wiki/Bolshevik \"Bolshevik\") faction. Bogdanov co\\-founded the Bolsheviks in 1903, when they split with the [Menshevik](/wiki/Menshevik \"Menshevik\") faction. He was a rival within the Bolsheviks to [Vladimir Lenin](/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin \"Vladimir Lenin\") (1870–1924\\), until being expelled in 1909 and founding his own faction [Vpered](/wiki/Vpered \"Vpered\"). Following the [Russian Revolutions](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\") of 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power in the collapsing [Russian Republic](/wiki/Russian_Republic \"Russian Republic\"), he was an influential opponent of the Bolshevik government and Lenin from a [Marxist](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") leftist perspective during the first decade of the subsequent [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") in the 1920s.\n\nBogdanov received training in medicine and psychiatry. His wide scientific and medical interests ranged from the universal [systems theory](/wiki/Systems_theory \"Systems theory\") to the possibility of human [rejuvenation](/wiki/Rejuvenation_%28aging%29 \"Rejuvenation (aging)\") through [blood transfusion](/wiki/Blood_transfusion \"Blood transfusion\"). He invented an original philosophy called \"[tectology](/wiki/Tectology \"Tectology\")\", now regarded as a forerunner of [systems theory](/wiki/Systems_theory \"Systems theory\"). He was also an economist, culture theorist, science fiction writer, and political activist. Lenin depicted him as one of the \"[Russian Machists](/wiki/Russian_Machism \"Russian Machism\")\".\n\n",
"Early years\n-----------\n\nA Russian born in [Belarus](/wiki/Belarus \"Belarus\"), Alexander Malinovsky was born in [Sokółka](/wiki/Sok%C3%B3%C5%82ka \"Sokółka\"), [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") (now Poland), into a rural teacher's family, the second of six children. He attended the [Gymnasium](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\") at [Tula](/wiki/Tula%2C_Russia \"Tula, Russia\"), which he compared to a barracks or prison. He was awarded a gold medal when he graduated.\n\nUpon completion of the gymnasium, Bogdanov was admitted to the Natural Science Department of [Imperial Moscow University](/wiki/Imperial_Moscow_University \"Imperial Moscow University\"). In his autobiography, Bogdanov reported that, while studying at Moscow University, he joined the Union Council of Regional Societies and was arrested and exiled to Tula because of it.Bogdanov, Autobiography\n\nThe head of the Moscow [Okhrana](/wiki/Okhrana \"Okhrana\") had used an informant to acquire the names of members of the Union Council of Regional Societies, which included Bogdanov's name. On October 30, 1894, students rowdily demonstrated against a lecture by the history Professor [Vasily Klyuchevsky](/wiki/Vasily_Klyuchevsky \"Vasily Klyuchevsky\") who, despite being a well\\-known liberal, had written a favourable eulogy for the recently deceased Tsar [Alexander III of Russia](/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia \"Alexander III of Russia\"). Punishment of a few of the students was seen as so arbitrary and unfair that the Union Council requested a fair reexamination of the issue. That very night, the Okhrana arrested all the students on the list mentioned above – including Bogdanov – all of whom were expelled from the university and banished to their hometowns.\n\nExpelled from Moscow State University, he enrolled as an external student at the University of Kharkov, from which he graduated as a physician in 1899\\. Bogdanov remained in Tula from 1894 to 1899, where – since his own family was living in Sokółka – he lodged with Alexander Rudnev, the father of [Vladimir Bazarov](/wiki/Vladimir_Bazarov \"Vladimir Bazarov\"), who became a close friend and collaborator in future years. Here he met and married Natalya Bogdanovna Korsak, who, as a woman, had been refused entrance to the university. She was eight years older than he was and worked as a nurse for Rudnev. Malinovsky adopted the [pen name](/wiki/Pen_name \"Pen name\") that he used when he wrote his major theoretical works and his novels from her [patronym](/wiki/Patronym \"Patronym\").\n\nAlongside Bazarov and [Ivan Skvortsov\\-Stepanov](/wiki/Ivan_Skvortsov-Stepanov \"Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov\") he became a tutor in a workers' [study circle](/wiki/Study_circle \"Study circle\"). This was organised in the Tula Armament Factory by Ivan Saveliev, whom Bogdanov credited with founding [Social Democracy](/wiki/Social_Democracy \"Social Democracy\") in Tula. During this period, he wrote his *Brief course of economic science*, which was published – \"subject to many modifications made for the benefit of the censor\" – only in 1897\\. He later said that this experience of student\\-led education gave him his first lesson in [proletarian culture](/wiki/Proletarian_culture \"Proletarian culture\").\n\nIn autumn 1895, he resumed his medical studies at the university of [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\") (Ukraine) but still spent much time in Tula. He came across the works of [Lenin](/wiki/Lenin \"Lenin\") in 1896, particularly the latter's critique of [Peter Berngardovich Struve](/wiki/Peter_Berngardovich_Struve \"Peter Berngardovich Struve\"). In 1899, he graduated as a medical doctor and published his next work, \"Basic elements of the historical perspective on nature\". However, because of his political views, he was also arrested by the Tsar's police, spent six months in prison, and was exiled to [Vologda](/wiki/Vologda \"Vologda\").\n\n",
"Bolshevism\n----------\n\nBogdanov dated his support for Bolshevism from autumn of 1903\\. Early in 1904, [Martyn Liadov](/wiki/Martyn_Liadov \"Martyn Liadov\") was sent by the Bolsheviks in [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") to seek out supporters in Russia. He found a sympathetic group of revolutionaries, including Bogdanov, in [Tver](/wiki/Tver \"Tver\"). Bogdanov was then sent by the Tver Committee to Geneva, where he was greatly impressed by Lenin's *[One Step Forward, Two Steps Back](/wiki/One_Step_Forward%2C_Two_Steps_Back \"One Step Forward, Two Steps Back\")*. Back in Russia during the [1905 Revolution](/wiki/1905_Revolution \"1905 Revolution\"), Bogdanov was arrested on 3 December 1905 and held in prison until 27 May 1906\\. Upon release, he was exiled to [Bezhetsk](/wiki/Bezhetsk \"Bezhetsk\") for three years. However, he obtained permission to spend his exile abroad, and joined Lenin in [Kokkola](/wiki/Kokkola \"Kokkola\"), Finland.\n\nFor the next six years, Bogdanov was a major figure among the early Bolsheviks, second only to Lenin in influence. In 1904–1906, he published three volumes of the philosophic treatise *Empiriomonizm* (*Empiriomonism*), in which he tried to merge [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") with the philosophy of [Ernst Mach](/wiki/Ernst_Mach \"Ernst Mach\"), [Wilhelm Ostwald](/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald \"Wilhelm Ostwald\"), and [Richard Avenarius](/wiki/Richard_Avenarius \"Richard Avenarius\"). His work later affected a number of Russian Marxist theoreticians, including [Nikolai Bukharin](/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin \"Nikolai Bukharin\").Cohen p. 15 In 1907, he helped organize the [1907 Tiflis bank robbery](/wiki/1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery \"1907 Tiflis bank robbery\") with both Lenin and [Leonid Krasin](/wiki/Leonid_Krasin \"Leonid Krasin\").\n\nFor four years after the collapse of the [Russian Revolution of 1905](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905 \"Russian Revolution of 1905\"), Bogdanov led a group within the Bolsheviks (\"[ultimatists](/wiki/Ultimatists \"Ultimatists\")\" and \"[otzovists](/wiki/Otzovists \"Otzovists\")\" or \"recallists\"), who demanded a recall of Social Democratic deputies from the [State Duma](/wiki/State_Duma \"State Duma\"), and he vied with Lenin for the leadership of the Bolshevik faction. In 1908 he joined Bazarov, [Lunacharsky](/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky \"Anatoly Lunacharsky\"), [Berman](/wiki/Jakov_Berman \"Jakov Berman\"), [Helfond](/wiki/Osip_Gelfond \"Osip Gelfond\"), [Yushkevich](/wiki/Pavel_Yushkevich \"Pavel Yushkevich\") and [Suvorov](/wiki/Sergei_Suvorov \"Sergei Suvorov\") in a symposium *Studies in the Philosophy of Marxism* which espoused the views of the Russian Marxists. By mid\\-1908, the factionalism within the Bolsheviks had become irreconcilable. A majority of Bolshevik leaders either supported Bogdanov or were undecided between him and Lenin.\n\nLenin concentrated on undermining Bogdanov's reputation as a philosopher. In 1909 he published a scathing book of criticism entitled *[Materialism and Empiriocriticism](/wiki/Materialism_and_Empiriocriticism \"Materialism and Empiriocriticism\")*, assaulting Bogdanov's position and accusing him of [philosophical idealism](/wiki/Philosophical_idealism \"Philosophical idealism\").Woods, Part Three In June 1909, Bogdanov was defeated by Lenin at a Bolshevik mini\\-conference in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") organized by the editorial board of the Bolshevik magazine *[Proletary](/wiki/Proletary \"Proletary\")* and was expelled from the Bolsheviks.\n\nHe joined his brother\\-in\\-law [Anatoly Lunacharsky](/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky \"Anatoly Lunacharsky\"), [Maxim Gorky](/wiki/Maxim_Gorky \"Maxim Gorky\"), and other [Vperedists](/wiki/Vpered \"Vpered\") on the island of [Capri](/wiki/Capri \"Capri\"), where they started the [Capri Party School](/wiki/Capri_Party_School \"Capri Party School\") for Russian factory workers. In 1910, Bogdanov, Lunacharsky, [Mikhail Pokrovsky](/wiki/Mikhail_Pokrovsky \"Mikhail Pokrovsky\"), and their supporters moved the school to [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\"), where they continued teaching classes through 1911, while Lenin and his allies soon started the [Longjumeau Party School](/wiki/Longjumeau_Party_School \"Longjumeau Party School\") just outside of Paris.\n\nBogdanov broke with the *[Vpered](/wiki/Vpered \"Vpered\")* in 1912 and abandoned revolutionary activities. After six years of his political exile in Europe, Bogdanov returned to Russia in 1914, following the political amnesty declared by Tsar [Nicholas II](/wiki/Nicholas_II \"Nicholas II\") as part of the festivities connected with the tercentenary of the Romanov Dynasty.\n\n",
"During World War I\n------------------\n\nBogdanov was drafted soon after the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") and was assigned as a junior regimental doctor with the 221st [Smolensk](/wiki/Smolensk \"Smolensk\") infantry division in the Second Army commanded by General [Alexander Samsonov](/wiki/Alexander_Samsonov \"Alexander Samsonov\"). In the Battle of Tannenberg, August 26–30, the Second Army was surrounded and almost completely destroyed, but Bogdanov survived because he had been sent to accompany a seriously wounded officer to Moscow. However following the [Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes](/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes \"Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes\"), he succumbed to a [nervous disorder](/wiki/Shell_shock \"Shell shock\") and subsequently became junior house surgeon at an evacuation hospital.Biggart J. (1998\\) 'the Rehabitation of Bogdanov' in *Bogdanov and His Work*, Aldershot: Ashgate\n\nIn 1916 he wrote four articles for *Vpered* which provided an analysis of the World War and the dynamics of war economies. He attributed a central role to the armed forces in the economic restructuring of the belligerent powers. He saw the army as creating a \"consumers' communism\" with the state taking over ever\\-increasing parts of the economy.\n\nAt the same time military authoritarianism had also spread to civil society. This created the conditions for two consequences: consumption\\-led [war communism](/wiki/War_communism \"War communism\") and the destruction of the means of production. He thus predicted that even after the war, the new system of [state capitalism](/wiki/State_capitalism \"State capitalism\") would replace that of [finance capitalism](/wiki/Finance_capitalism \"Finance capitalism\") even though the destruction of the forces of production would cease.\n\n",
"During the Russian Revolution\n-----------------------------\n\nBogdanov had no party\\-political involvement in the [Russian Revolution of 1917](/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917 \"Russian Revolution of 1917\"), although he did publish a number of articles and books about the events that unfurled around him. He supported the [Zimmerwaldist](/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference \"Zimmerwald Conference\") programme of \"peace without annexations or indemnities\". He deplored the [Provisional Government](/wiki/Provisional_Government \"Provisional Government\")'s continued prosecution of the war. After the [July Days](/wiki/July_Days \"July Days\"), he advocated \"revolutionary democracy\" as he now considered the socialists capable of forming a government. However, he viewed this as a broad\\-based socialist provisional government that would convene a [Constituent Assembly](/wiki/Constituent_Assembly \"Constituent Assembly\").\n\nIn May 1917, he published *Chto my svergli* in *Novaya Zhizn*. Here he argued that between 1904 and 1907, the Bolsheviks had been \"decidedly democratic\" and that there was no pronounced cult of leadership. However, following the decision of Lenin and the émigré group around him to break with *Vpered* in order to unify with the Mensheviks, the principle of leadership became more pronounced. After 1912, when Lenin insisted on splitting the Duma group of the RSDLP, the leadership principle became entrenched. However, he saw this problem as not being confined to the Bolsheviks, noting that similar authoritarian ways of thinking were shown in the Menshevik attitude to [Plekhanov](/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov \"Georgi Plekhanov\"), or the cult of heroic individuals and leaders amongst the [Narodniks](/wiki/Narodnik \"Narodnik\").\n\n",
"After the October Revolution\n----------------------------\n\nAt the beginning of February 1918, Bogdanov denied that the Bolsheviks' October seizure to power had constituted a conspiracy. Rather, he explained that an explosive situation had arisen through the prolongation of the war. He pointed to a lack of cultural development in that all strata of society, whether the bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, or the workers, had shown a failure to resolve conflicts through negotiation. He described the revolution as being a combination of a peasant revolution in the countryside and a soldier\\-worker revolution in the cities. He regarded it as paradoxical that the peasantry expressed itself through the Bolshevik party rather than through the [Socialist Revolutionaries](/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries \"Socialist Revolutionaries\").\n\nHe analysed the effect of the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") as creating '[War Communism](/wiki/War_Communism \"War Communism\")', which he defined as a form of 'consumer communism', which created the circumstances for the development of [state capitalism](/wiki/State_capitalism \"State capitalism\"). He saw military state capitalism as a temporary phenomenon in the West, lasting only as long as the war. However, thanks to the predominance of the soldiers in the Bolshevik Party, he regarded it as inevitable that their backwardness should predominate in the re\\-organisation of society. Instead of proceeding in a methodical fashion, the pre\\-existing state was simply uprooted. The military\\-consumerist approach of simply requisitioning what was required had predominated and could not cope with the more complex social relations necessitated by the market:\n\nHe refused multiple offers to rejoin the party and denounced the new regime as similar to [Aleksey Arakcheyev](/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev \"Aleksey Arakcheyev\")'s arbitrary and despotic rule in the early 1820s.Rosenthal, p. 118\n\nIn 1918, Bogdanov became a professor of economics at the [University of Moscow](/wiki/University_of_Moscow \"University of Moscow\") and director of the newly established [Socialist Academy of Social Sciences](/wiki/Socialist_Academy_of_Social_Sciences \"Socialist Academy of Social Sciences\").\n\n",
"Proletkult\n----------\n\nBetween 1918 and 1920, Bogdanov co\\-founded the proletarian art movement [Proletkult](/wiki/Proletkult \"Proletkult\") and was its leading theoretician. In his lectures and articles, he called for the total destruction of the \"old bourgeois culture\" in favour of a \"pure proletarian culture\" of the future. It was also through Proletkult that Bogdanov's educational theories were given form with the establishment of the [Moscow Proletarian University](/wiki/Moscow_Proletarian_University \"Moscow Proletarian University\").\n\nAt first Proletkult, like other radical cultural movements of the era, received financial support from the Bolshevik government, but by 1920, the Bolshevik leadership grew hostile, and on December 1, 1920, *[Pravda](/wiki/Pravda \"Pravda\")* published a decree denouncing Proletkult as a \"petit bourgeois\" organization operating outside of Soviet institutions and a haven for \"socially alien elements\". Later in that month, the president of Proletkult was removed, and Bogdanov lost his seat on its Central Committee. He withdrew from the organization completely in 1921–1922\\.Rosenthal, p. 162\n\n",
"Arrest\n------\n\nBogdanov gave a lecture to a club at [Moscow University](/wiki/Moscow_University \"Moscow University\"), which, according to [Yakov Yakovlev](/wiki/Yakov_Yakovlev \"Yakov Yakovlev\"), included an account of the formation of [Vpered](/wiki/Vpered \"Vpered\") and reiterated some of the criticisms Bogdanov had made at the time of the individualism of certain leaders. Yakovlev further claimed that Bogdanov discussed the development of the concept of proletarian culture up to the present day and discussed to what extent the [Communist Party](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") saw Proletkult as a rival. Bogdanov hinted at the prospect of a new International that might emerge if there were a revival of the socialist movement in the West. He said he envisaged such an International as merging political, trade union, and cultural activities into a single organisation. Yakovlev characterised these ideas as [Menshevik](/wiki/Menshevik \"Menshevik\"), pointing to the refusal of *Vpered* to acknowledge the authority of the 1912 [Prague Conference](/wiki/Prague_Conference \"Prague Conference\"). He cited Bogdanov's characterization of the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") as \"soldiers'\\-peasants' revolt\", his criticisms of the [New Economic Policy](/wiki/New_Economic_Policy \"New Economic Policy\"), and his description of the new regime as expressing the interests of a new class of technocratic and bureaucratic intelligentsia, as evidence that Bogdanov was involved in forming a new party.\n\nMeanwhile, *[Workers' Truth](/wiki/Workers%27_Truth \"Workers' Truth\")* had received publicity in the Berlin\\-based Menshevik journal *Sotsialisticheskii Vestnik*, and they also distributed a manifesto at the [12th Bolshevik Congress](/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29 \"12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\") and were active in the industrial unrest which swept Moscow and [Petrograd](/wiki/Petrograd \"Petrograd\") in July and August 1923\\. On 8 September 1923, Bogdanov was among a number of people arrested by the [GPU](/wiki/State_Political_Directorate \"State Political Directorate\") (the Soviet secret police) on suspicion of being involved in them. He demanded to be interviewed by [Felix Dzerzhinsky](/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky \"Felix Dzerzhinsky\"), to whom he explained that while he shared a range of views with *Workers' Truth*, he had no formal association with them. He was released after five weeks on 13 October; however, his file was not closed until a decree passed by the [Supreme Soviet of the USSR](/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR \"Supreme Soviet of the USSR\") on 16 January 1989\\. He wrote about his experiences under arrest in *Five weeks with the GPU*.'The rehabilitation of Bogdanov' by John Biggart in *Bogdanov and His Work: A Guide to the Published and Unpublished Works of Alexander A. Bogdanov (Malinovsky), 1873–1928*, 1998, p. 12\\.\n\n",
"Later years and death\n---------------------\n\nIn 1922 whilst visiting London to negotiate the [Anglo\\-Soviet Trade Agreement](/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Trade_Agreement \"Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement\"), Bogdanov acquired a copy of the British surgeon [Geoffrey Keynes](/wiki/Geoffrey_Keynes \"Geoffrey Keynes\")'s book *Blood Transfusion*. Returning to Moscow, he founded the Institute for Haematology and Blood Transfusions in 1924\\-25 and started [blood transfusion](/wiki/Blood_transfusion \"Blood transfusion\") experiments, apparently hoping to achieve [eternal youth](/wiki/Elixir_of_life \"Elixir of life\") or at least partial [rejuvenation](/wiki/Rejuvenation_%28aging%29 \"Rejuvenation (aging)\"). Lenin's sister [Maria Ulyanova](/wiki/Maria_Ilyinichna_Ulyanova \"Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova\") was among many who volunteered to take part in Bogdanov's experiments. After undergoing 11 blood transfusions, he remarked with satisfaction the improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other positive symptoms. His fellow revolutionary [Leonid Krasin](/wiki/Leonid_Krasin \"Leonid Krasin\") wrote to his wife that \"Bogdanov seems to have become 7, no, 10 years younger after the operation\". In 1925–1926, Bogdanov founded the Institute for [Haematology](/wiki/Hematology \"Hematology\") and Blood Transfusions, which was later named after him.\n\nA later transfusion in 1928 cost him his life, when he took the blood of a student suffering from [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\") and [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"). The student injected with his blood made a complete recovery. Some scholars (e.g. [Loren Graham](/wiki/Loren_Graham \"Loren Graham\")) have speculated that his death may have been a suicide, because Bogdanov wrote a highly nervous political letter shortly beforehand. However, his death could be attributed to the [adverse effects of blood transfusion](/wiki/Blood_transfusion%23Adverse_effects \"Blood transfusion#Adverse effects\"), which were poorly understood at the time.Rosenthal, pp. 161–162\n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\nBoth Bogdanov's fiction and his political writings imply that he expected the coming revolution against [capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism \"Capitalism\") to lead to a [technocratic](/wiki/Technocratic \"Technocratic\") society.Sochor, p. \\_\\_\\_ This was because the workers lacked the knowledge and initiative to seize control of social affairs for themselves as a result of the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of the capitalist production process. However, Bogdanov also considered that the hierarchical and authoritarian mode of organization of the Bolshevik party was also partly to blame, although Bogdanov considered at least some such organization necessary and inevitable.\n\nIn the 1920s and 1930s, Bogdanov's theorizing, being the product of a non\\-Leninist Bolshevik, became an important, though \"underground\", influence on certain dissident factions in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") who turned against Bolshevik autocracy while accepting the necessity of the Revolution and wishing to preserve its achievements.*Socialist Standard*, April 2007\n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nBogdanov served as an inspiration for the character Arkady Bogdanov in [Kim Stanley Robinson](/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson \"Kim Stanley Robinson\")'s science\\-fiction novels the [Mars Trilogy](/wiki/Mars_trilogy \"Mars trilogy\"). It is revealed in 'Blue Mars' that Arkady is a descendant of Alexander Bogdanov.\n\nBogdanov is also the protagonist of the novel *Proletkult* (2018\\) by Italian collective [Wu Ming](/wiki/Wu_Ming \"Wu Ming\").\n\n",
"Published works\n---------------\n\n### Russian\n\n#### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Poznanie s Istoricheskoi Tochki Zreniya* (*Knowledge from a Historical Viewpoint*) (St. Petersburg, 1901\\)\n* *Empiriomonizm: Stat'i po Filosofii* (*Empiriomonism: Articles on Philosophy*) 3 volumes (Moscow, 1904–1906\\)\n* *Kul'turnye zadachi nashego vremeni* (*The Cultural Tasks of Our Time*) (Moscow: Izdanie S. Dorovatoskogo i A. Carushnikova 1911\\)\n* *Filosofiya Zhivogo Opyta: Populiarnye Ocherki* (*Philosophy of Living Experience: Popular Essays*) (St. Petersburg, 1913\\)\n* *Tektologiya: Vseobschaya Organizatsionnaya Nauka* 3 volumes (Berlin and Petrograd\\-Moscow, 1922\\)\n* \"Avtobiografia\" in *Entsiklopedicheskii slovar*, XLI, pp. 29–34 (1926\\)\n* *God raboty Instituta perelivanya krovi* (*Annals of the Institute of Blood Transfusion*) (Moscow 1926–1927\\)\n\n#### Fiction\n\n* *Krasnaya zvezda* (*[Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_%28novel%29 \"Red Star (novel)\")*) (St. Petersburg, 1908\\)\n* *Inzhener Menni* (*Engineer Menni*) (Moscow: Izdanie S. Dorovatoskogo i A. Carushnikova 1912\\) The title page carries the date 1913\n\n### English translation\n\n#### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Art and the working class*, translated by Taylor R Genovese (Iskra Books, 2022\\)\n* Essays in Organisation Science (1919\\) [Очерки организационной науки](http://az.lib.ru/b/bogdanow_aleksandr_aleksandrowich/text_0030.shtml) (Ocherki organizatsionnoi nauki) *Proletarskaya kul'tura*, No. 7/8 (April–May)\n* '[Proletarian Poetry](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/1923/proletarian-poetry.htm)' (1918\\), *[Labour Monthly](/wiki/Labour_Monthly \"Labour Monthly\")*, Vol IV, No. 5–6, May–June 1923\n* 'The Criticism of Proletarian Art' (from *Kritika proletarskogo iskusstva*, 1918\\) *Labour Monthly*, Vol V, No. 6, December 1923\n* '[Religion, Art and Marxism](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/1924/religion-art.htm)', *Labour Monthly*, Vol VI, No. 8, August 1924\n* *Essays in Tektology: The General Science of Organization*, translated by George Gorelik (Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications, 1980\\)\n* *[A Short Course of Economics Science](https://monoskop.org/images/d/d8/Bogdanov_Alexander_A_Short_Course_of_Economics_Science.pdf)*, (London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1923\\)\n* *Bogdanov's Tektology. Book 1*, edited by Peter Dudley (Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies Press, 1996\\).\n* *[The Philosophy of Living Experience](https://brill.com/view/title/21879)* (1913/2015\\). Translated, edited and introduced by David G. Rowley, Leiden \\& Boston: Brill (2015\\)\n* *[Empiriomonism: Essays in Philosophy, Books 1–3](https://brill.com/view/title/32104)*. Edited and translated by David G. Rowley, Leiden \\& Boston: Brill (2019\\)\n\n#### Fiction\n\n* *[Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_%28novel%29 \"Red Star (novel)\"): The First Bolshevik Utopia*, edited by [Loren Graham](/wiki/Loren_Graham \"Loren Graham\") and [Richard Stites](/wiki/Richard_Stites \"Richard Stites\"); trans. Charles Rougle (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984\\):\n\t+ *Red Star* (1908\\). Novel. In English\n\t+ *Engineer Menni* (1913\\). Novel.\n\t+ \"A Martian Stranded on Earth\" (1924\\). Poem.\n",
"### Russian\n\n#### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Poznanie s Istoricheskoi Tochki Zreniya* (*Knowledge from a Historical Viewpoint*) (St. Petersburg, 1901\\)\n* *Empiriomonizm: Stat'i po Filosofii* (*Empiriomonism: Articles on Philosophy*) 3 volumes (Moscow, 1904–1906\\)\n* *Kul'turnye zadachi nashego vremeni* (*The Cultural Tasks of Our Time*) (Moscow: Izdanie S. Dorovatoskogo i A. Carushnikova 1911\\)\n* *Filosofiya Zhivogo Opyta: Populiarnye Ocherki* (*Philosophy of Living Experience: Popular Essays*) (St. Petersburg, 1913\\)\n* *Tektologiya: Vseobschaya Organizatsionnaya Nauka* 3 volumes (Berlin and Petrograd\\-Moscow, 1922\\)\n* \"Avtobiografia\" in *Entsiklopedicheskii slovar*, XLI, pp. 29–34 (1926\\)\n* *God raboty Instituta perelivanya krovi* (*Annals of the Institute of Blood Transfusion*) (Moscow 1926–1927\\)\n\n#### Fiction\n\n* *Krasnaya zvezda* (*[Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_%28novel%29 \"Red Star (novel)\")*) (St. Petersburg, 1908\\)\n* *Inzhener Menni* (*Engineer Menni*) (Moscow: Izdanie S. Dorovatoskogo i A. Carushnikova 1912\\) The title page carries the date 1913\n\n",
"#### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Poznanie s Istoricheskoi Tochki Zreniya* (*Knowledge from a Historical Viewpoint*) (St. Petersburg, 1901\\)\n* *Empiriomonizm: Stat'i po Filosofii* (*Empiriomonism: Articles on Philosophy*) 3 volumes (Moscow, 1904–1906\\)\n* *Kul'turnye zadachi nashego vremeni* (*The Cultural Tasks of Our Time*) (Moscow: Izdanie S. Dorovatoskogo i A. Carushnikova 1911\\)\n* *Filosofiya Zhivogo Opyta: Populiarnye Ocherki* (*Philosophy of Living Experience: Popular Essays*) (St. Petersburg, 1913\\)\n* *Tektologiya: Vseobschaya Organizatsionnaya Nauka* 3 volumes (Berlin and Petrograd\\-Moscow, 1922\\)\n* \"Avtobiografia\" in *Entsiklopedicheskii slovar*, XLI, pp. 29–34 (1926\\)\n* *God raboty Instituta perelivanya krovi* (*Annals of the Institute of Blood Transfusion*) (Moscow 1926–1927\\)\n",
"#### Fiction\n\n* *Krasnaya zvezda* (*[Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_%28novel%29 \"Red Star (novel)\")*) (St. Petersburg, 1908\\)\n* *Inzhener Menni* (*Engineer Menni*) (Moscow: Izdanie S. Dorovatoskogo i A. Carushnikova 1912\\) The title page carries the date 1913\n\n",
"### English translation\n\n#### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Art and the working class*, translated by Taylor R Genovese (Iskra Books, 2022\\)\n* Essays in Organisation Science (1919\\) [Очерки организационной науки](http://az.lib.ru/b/bogdanow_aleksandr_aleksandrowich/text_0030.shtml) (Ocherki organizatsionnoi nauki) *Proletarskaya kul'tura*, No. 7/8 (April–May)\n* '[Proletarian Poetry](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/1923/proletarian-poetry.htm)' (1918\\), *[Labour Monthly](/wiki/Labour_Monthly \"Labour Monthly\")*, Vol IV, No. 5–6, May–June 1923\n* 'The Criticism of Proletarian Art' (from *Kritika proletarskogo iskusstva*, 1918\\) *Labour Monthly*, Vol V, No. 6, December 1923\n* '[Religion, Art and Marxism](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/1924/religion-art.htm)', *Labour Monthly*, Vol VI, No. 8, August 1924\n* *Essays in Tektology: The General Science of Organization*, translated by George Gorelik (Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications, 1980\\)\n* *[A Short Course of Economics Science](https://monoskop.org/images/d/d8/Bogdanov_Alexander_A_Short_Course_of_Economics_Science.pdf)*, (London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1923\\)\n* *Bogdanov's Tektology. Book 1*, edited by Peter Dudley (Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies Press, 1996\\).\n* *[The Philosophy of Living Experience](https://brill.com/view/title/21879)* (1913/2015\\). Translated, edited and introduced by David G. Rowley, Leiden \\& Boston: Brill (2015\\)\n* *[Empiriomonism: Essays in Philosophy, Books 1–3](https://brill.com/view/title/32104)*. Edited and translated by David G. Rowley, Leiden \\& Boston: Brill (2019\\)\n\n#### Fiction\n\n* *[Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_%28novel%29 \"Red Star (novel)\"): The First Bolshevik Utopia*, edited by [Loren Graham](/wiki/Loren_Graham \"Loren Graham\") and [Richard Stites](/wiki/Richard_Stites \"Richard Stites\"); trans. Charles Rougle (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984\\):\n\t+ *Red Star* (1908\\). Novel. In English\n\t+ *Engineer Menni* (1913\\). Novel.\n\t+ \"A Martian Stranded on Earth\" (1924\\). Poem.\n",
"#### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Art and the working class*, translated by Taylor R Genovese (Iskra Books, 2022\\)\n* Essays in Organisation Science (1919\\) [Очерки организационной науки](http://az.lib.ru/b/bogdanow_aleksandr_aleksandrowich/text_0030.shtml) (Ocherki organizatsionnoi nauki) *Proletarskaya kul'tura*, No. 7/8 (April–May)\n* '[Proletarian Poetry](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/1923/proletarian-poetry.htm)' (1918\\), *[Labour Monthly](/wiki/Labour_Monthly \"Labour Monthly\")*, Vol IV, No. 5–6, May–June 1923\n* 'The Criticism of Proletarian Art' (from *Kritika proletarskogo iskusstva*, 1918\\) *Labour Monthly*, Vol V, No. 6, December 1923\n* '[Religion, Art and Marxism](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/1924/religion-art.htm)', *Labour Monthly*, Vol VI, No. 8, August 1924\n* *Essays in Tektology: The General Science of Organization*, translated by George Gorelik (Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications, 1980\\)\n* *[A Short Course of Economics Science](https://monoskop.org/images/d/d8/Bogdanov_Alexander_A_Short_Course_of_Economics_Science.pdf)*, (London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1923\\)\n* *Bogdanov's Tektology. Book 1*, edited by Peter Dudley (Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies Press, 1996\\).\n* *[The Philosophy of Living Experience](https://brill.com/view/title/21879)* (1913/2015\\). Translated, edited and introduced by David G. Rowley, Leiden \\& Boston: Brill (2015\\)\n* *[Empiriomonism: Essays in Philosophy, Books 1–3](https://brill.com/view/title/32104)*. Edited and translated by David G. Rowley, Leiden \\& Boston: Brill (2019\\)\n",
"#### Fiction\n\n* *[Red Star](/wiki/Red_Star_%28novel%29 \"Red Star (novel)\"): The First Bolshevik Utopia*, edited by [Loren Graham](/wiki/Loren_Graham \"Loren Graham\") and [Richard Stites](/wiki/Richard_Stites \"Richard Stites\"); trans. Charles Rougle (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984\\):\n\t+ *Red Star* (1908\\). Novel. In English\n\t+ *Engineer Menni* (1913\\). Novel.\n\t+ \"A Martian Stranded on Earth\" (1924\\). Poem.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Two Events Celebrating the Life and Contribution of Alexander Bogdanov](https://execeducation.hull.ac.uk/the-centre-for-systems-studies-annual-mike-jackson-lecture/), hosted by the Centre for Systems Studies on 2–3 June 2021\n* [List of dystopian literature](/wiki/List_of_dystopian_literature \"List of dystopian literature\")\n* [1908 in literature](/wiki/1908_in_literature \"1908 in literature\")\n* [Arkady Bogdanov](/wiki/Arkady_Bogdanov \"Arkady Bogdanov\"), a character in [K.S. Robinson](/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson \"Kim Stanley Robinson\")'s *[Mars Trilogy](/wiki/Mars_Trilogy \"Mars Trilogy\")*, inspired by Aleksandr Bogdanov\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* Cohen, Stephen F. 1980 \\[1973]. *Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938*. Oxford University Press. . First published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1973\\. Published 1980 by Oxford University Press with corrections and a new introduction. [Google Books preview as of 20101006](https://books.google.com/books?id=BUg-lWpZcsIC&q=editions:BUg-lWpZcsIC)\n* Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer. 2002\\. *New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism*. The Pennsylvania State University Press. [Google Books preview as of 20101006](https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppvr3LZ8o2wC&q=new+myth,+new+world)\n* Sochor, Zenovia. 1988\\. *Revolution and Culture: The Bogdanov\\-Lenin Controversy*. Cornell University Press.\n* *Socialist Standard*. 2007 April. [Bogdanov, technocracy and socialism](https://web.archive.org/web/20110927014144/http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/apr07/page10.html). 106 (1232\\): 10\\.\n* [Souvarine, Boris](/wiki/Boris_Souvarine \"Boris Souvarine\"). 1939\\. *Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism*. New York: Alliance Group Corporation; Longmans, Green, and Co. \n* [Woods, Alan](/wiki/Alan_Woods_%28political_theorist%29 \"Alan Woods (political theorist)\"). 1999\\. *Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution*. Wellred Publications. [Part Three: The Period of Reaction](http://www.marxist.com/bolshevism/part3-5.html)\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Biggart, John; Georgii Gloveli; Avraham Yassour. 1998\\. *Bogdanov and his Work. A guide to the published and unpublished works of Alexander A. Bogdanov (Malinovsky) 1873–1928*, Aldershot: Ashgate. \n* Biggart, John; Peter Dudley; Francis King (eds.). 1998\\. *Alexander Bogdanov and the Origins of Systems Thinking in Russia*. Aldershot: Ashgate. \n* Brown, Stuart. 2002\\. *Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth\\-Century Philosophers*, London: Routledge. \n* Dudley, Peter. 1996\\. *Bogdanov's Tektology* (1st Engl transl). Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies, [University of Hull](/wiki/University_of_Hull \"University of Hull\").\n* Dudley, Peter; Simona Pustylnik. 1995\\. *Reading The Tektology: provisional findings, postulates and research directions*. Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies, University of Hull.\n* Gorelick, George. 1983\\. Bogdanov's Tektology: Nature, Development and Influences. *Studies in Soviet Thought*, 26:37–57\\.\n* Jensen, Kenneth Martin. 1978\\. *Beyond Marx and Mach: Aleksandr Bogdanov's Philosophy of Living Experience*. Dordrecht: Kluwer. \n* Pustylnik, Simona. 1995\\. *Biological Ideas of Bogdanov's Tektology*. Presented at the international conference, Origins of Organization Theory in Russia and the Soviet Union, University of East Anglia (Norwich), Jan. 8–11, 1995\\.\n* M. E. Soboleva. 2007\\. *A. Bogdanov und der philosophische Diskurs in Russland zu Beginn des 20\\. Jahrhunderts. Zur Geschichte des russischen Positivismus* \\[*The history of Russian positivism*.]. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms Verlag. 278 pp.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Alexander Bogdanov Archive at marxists.org](http://www.marxists.org/archive/bogdanov/index.htm)\n* [А. А. Bogdanov](http://www.bogdinst.ru/HTML/English/Bogdanov/biography.htm) Biographic essay (English)\n* [International Alexander Bogdanov Institute](http://www.bogdinst.ru) (Russian)\n* [Short biography and bibliography](http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/references?id=per365) in the [Virtual Laboratory](/wiki/Virtual_Laboratory \"Virtual Laboratory\") of the [Max Planck Institute for the History of Science](/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science \"Max Planck Institute for the History of Science\")\n* [Red Hamlet](http://www.ng.ru/science/2002-12-11/15_hamlet.html)\n* [*Science in Russia and the Soviet Union*: *A Short History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=m_wPpj64GqMC&dq=General+counsel+of+technocratic+party+russia&pg=PA163) Loren R. Graham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 – Russian technocratic influence of engineers, subsequent deaths, trials and imprisonments\n* [About tectology](https://web.archive.org/web/20090531221355/http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/genre/jmikes.htm) John A. Mikes, prepared for the \\[International Conference on Complex Systems] New England Complex Systems Institute, September 21–27, 1997, in [Nashua, NH](/wiki/Nashua%2C_NH \"Nashua, NH\")\n\n[Category:1873 births](/wiki/Category:1873_births \"1873 births\")\n[Category:1928 deaths](/wiki/Category:1928_deaths \"1928 deaths\")\n[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party \"Members of the Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\")\n[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party \"Members of the Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\")\n[Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party](/wiki/Category:Candidates_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party \"Candidates of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\")\n[Category:People from Sokółka](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82ka \"People from Sokółka\")\n[Category:People from Sokolsky Uyezd](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sokolsky_Uyezd \"People from Sokolsky Uyezd\")\n[Category:Old Bolsheviks](/wiki/Category:Old_Bolsheviks \"Old Bolsheviks\")\n[Category:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members](/wiki/Category:Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_members \"Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members\")\n[Category:Soviet inventors](/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventors \"Soviet inventors\")\n[Category:Soviet economists](/wiki/Category:Soviet_economists \"Soviet economists\")\n[Category:Soviet hematologists](/wiki/Category:Soviet_hematologists \"Soviet hematologists\")\n[Category:Soviet art critics](/wiki/Category:Soviet_art_critics \"Soviet art critics\")\n[Category:Narodnaya Volya](/wiki/Category:Narodnaya_Volya \"Narodnaya Volya\")\n[Category:Art critics from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Art_critics_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Art critics from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Communists from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Communists_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Communists from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Economists from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Economists_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Economists from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Inventors_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Inventors from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Philosophers from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Philosophers_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Philosophers from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Physicians from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Physicians_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Physicians from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Writers from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Writers from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Soviet people of Polish descent](/wiki/Category:Soviet_people_of_Polish_descent \"Soviet people of Polish descent\")\n[Category:Soviet philosophers](/wiki/Category:Soviet_philosophers \"Soviet philosophers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Russian philosophers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Russian_philosophers \"20th-century Russian philosophers\")\n[Category:Russian systems scientists](/wiki/Category:Russian_systems_scientists \"Russian systems scientists\")\n[Category:Marxist theorists](/wiki/Category:Marxist_theorists \"Marxist theorists\")\n[Category:National University of Kharkiv alumni](/wiki/Category:National_University_of_Kharkiv_alumni \"National University of Kharkiv alumni\")\n[Category:Academic staff of Moscow State University](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Moscow_State_University \"Academic staff of Moscow State University\")\n[Category:Inventors killed by their own invention](/wiki/Category:Inventors_killed_by_their_own_invention \"Inventors killed by their own invention\")\n[Category:20th\\-century deaths from tuberculosis](/wiki/Category:20th-century_deaths_from_tuberculosis \"20th-century deaths from tuberculosis\")\n[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in the Soviet Union](/wiki/Category:Tuberculosis_deaths_in_the_Soviet_Union \"Tuberculosis deaths in the Soviet Union\")\n[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Russia](/wiki/Category:Tuberculosis_deaths_in_Russia \"Tuberculosis deaths in Russia\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of highest-grossing films in China | {
"id": [
12145656
],
"name": [
"LionFosset"
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} | h6g9al2b5fk7rswcqkb4x5vihfgx5vo | 2024-09-17T19:15:09Z | 1,242,412,342 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Highest-grossing films by box office revenue",
"Top 50 all-time highest-grossing films",
"Top 20 domestic films",
"Top 20 foreign films",
"Highest-grossing films by box office admissions",
"Timeline of highest-grossing films",
"High-grossing films by year",
"Box office milestones",
"Highest-grossing openings",
"Opening records",
"Opening days",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
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2
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"content": [
"\nThis is a list of the highest\\-grossing films in [Mainland China](/wiki/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\"). Most of the data below is provided by EntGroup's China Box Office (CBO) website, with the gross in [yuan](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\").\n\n",
"Highest\\-grossing films by box office revenue\n---------------------------------------------\n\n### Top 50 all\\-time highest\\-grossing films\n\n* Films that are currently in cinema*\n\n| Rank | Title | Total gross () | Country / Region | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 5,775,750,000 | [China](/wiki/Cinema_of_China \"Cinema of China\") | 2021 |\n| 2 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | 5,688,740,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 3 | *[Hi, Mom](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\")* | 5,413,300,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 4 | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | 5,035,020,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 5 | *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 4,687,710,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 6 | *[Full River Red](/wiki/Full_River_Red \"Full River Red\")* | 4,545,890,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 7 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | 4,522,350,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 8 \\* | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 4,250,380,000 | [United States](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") | 2019 |\n| 9 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | 4,071,140,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 10 | *[The Wandering Earth 2](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth_2 \"The Wandering Earth 2\")* | 4,030,270,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 11 | *[No More Bets](/wiki/No_More_Bets \"No More Bets\")* | 3,851,180,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 12 | *[Operation Red Sea](/wiki/Operation_Red_Sea \"Operation Red Sea\")* | 3,652,540,000 | China, [Hong Kong](/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong \"Cinema of Hong Kong\") | 2018 |\n| 13 | [*Lost in the Stars*](/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars_%282023_film%29 \"Lost in the Stars (2023 film)\") | 3,526,690,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 14 | *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | 3,397,690,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 15 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | 3,397,180,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2016 |\n| 16 | *[Yolo](/wiki/YOLO_%28film%29 \"YOLO (film)\")* | 3,295,970,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 17 | *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 3,176,390,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2019 |\n| 18 | *[Moon Man](/wiki/Moon_Man_%282022_film%29 \"Moon Man (2022 film)\")* | 3,105,330,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 19 | *[The Eight Hundred](/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred \"The Eight Hundred\")* | 3,102,320,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 20 | *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 3,099,960,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 21 | *[Pegasus 2](/wiki/Pegasus_2_%28film%29 \"Pegasus 2 (film)\")* | 3,083,400,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 22 | *[The Captain](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 \"The Captain (2019 film)\")* | 2,913,710,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 23 | *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2,828,960,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 24 \\* | *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | 2,670,960,000 | United States | 2017 |\n| 25 | *[Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms](/wiki/Creation_of_the_Gods_I:Kingdom_of_Storms \"Kingdom of Storms\")* | 2,636,080,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 26 | *[Too Cool to Kill](/wiki/Too_Cool_to_Kill \"Too Cool to Kill\")* | 2,630,450,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 27 | *[Hello Mr. Billionaire](/wiki/Hello_Mr._Billionaire \"Hello Mr. Billionaire\")* | 2,547,570,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 28 | *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* | 2,441,460,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2015 |\n| 29 \\* | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | 2,426,590,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 30 \\* | *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | 2,390,540,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 31 | *[Monster Hunt 2](/wiki/Monster_Hunt_2 \"Monster Hunt 2\")* | 2,237,150,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2018 |\n| 32 | *[Crazy Alien](/wiki/Crazy_Alien \"Crazy Alien\")* | 2,214,250,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 33 | *[Never Say Never](/wiki/Never_Say_Never_%282023_film%29 \"Never Say Never (2023 film)\")* | 2,208,710,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 34 | *[Never Say Die](/wiki/Never_Say_Die_%282017_film%29 \"Never Say Die (2017 film)\")* | 2,201,750,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 35 | *[Article 20](/wiki/Article_20 \"Article 20\")* | 2,084,720,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 36 \\* | *[Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman_%28film%29 \"Aquaman (film)\")* | 2,013,200,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 37 \\* | *[Transformers: Age of Extinction](/wiki/Transformers:Age_of_Extinction \"Age of Extinction\")* | 1,977,520,000 | United States | 2014 |\n| 38 | *[The Ex\\-File 3: The Return of the Exes](/wiki/The_Ex-File_3:The_Return_of_the_Exes \"The Return of the Exes\")* | 1,941,740,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 39 \\* | *[Venom](/wiki/Venom_%282018_film%29 \"Venom (2018 film)\")* | 1,870,680,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 40 | *[Boonie Bears:Time Twist](/wiki/Boonie_Bears:Time_Twist \"Time Twist\")* | 1,831,540,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 41 | *[Chang'an](/wiki/Chang%27an_%28film%29 \"Chang'an (film)\")* | 1,825,400,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 42 | *[Kung Fu Yoga](/wiki/Kung_Fu_Yoga \"Kung Fu Yoga\")* | 1,752,600,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 43 | *[Pegasus](/wiki/Pegasus_%28film%29 \"Pegasus (film)\")* | 1,729,370,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 44 | *[Lighting Up the Stars](/wiki/Lighting_Up_the_Stars \"Lighting Up the Stars\")* | 1,713,220,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 45 \\* | [*Avatar*](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\") | 1,712,860,000 | United States | 2009 |\n| 46 | *[The Bravest](/wiki/The_Bravest \"The Bravest\")* | 1,707,190,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 47 \\* | *[Avatar: The Way of Water](/wiki/Avatar:The_Way_of_Water \"The Way of Water\")* | 1,697,500,000 | United States | 2022 |\n| 48 \\* | *[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom](/wiki/Jurassic_World:Fallen_Kingdom \"Fallen Kingdom\")* | 1,695,880,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 49 | *[Mojin: The Lost Legend](/wiki/Mojin:The_Lost_Legend \"The Lost Legend\")* | 1,682,740,000 | China | 2015 |\n| 50 | *[Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:The_Demons_Strike_Back \"The Demons Strike Back\")* | 1,655,930,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2017 |\n| *Films marked as \\* are American productions* | | | | | |\n\n### Top 20 domestic films\n\n* Films that are currently in cinema*\n\n| Rank | Title | Total gross (CN¥) | Country / Region | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 5,712,620,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 2 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | 5,688,740,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 3 | *[Hi, Mom](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\")* | 5,413,300,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 4 | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | 5,035,020,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 5 | *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 4,686,810,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 6 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | 4,522,340,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 7 | *[Full River Red](/wiki/Full_River_Red \"Full River Red\")* | 4,544,130,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 8 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | 4,058,620,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 9 | *[The Wandering Earth 2](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth_2 \"The Wandering Earth 2\")* | 4,028,130,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 10 | *[Operation Red Sea](/wiki/Operation_Red_Sea \"Operation Red Sea\")* | 3,651,880,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2018 |\n| 11 | [*Lost in the Stars*](/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars_%282023_film%29 \"Lost in the Stars (2023 film)\") | 3,471,500,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 12 | *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | 3,397,690,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 13 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | 3,397,180,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2016 |\n| 14 | *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 3,176,120,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2019 |\n| 15 | *[Moon Man](/wiki/Moon_Man_%282022_film%29 \"Moon Man (2022 film)\")* | 3,103,010,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 16 | *[The Eight Hundred](/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred \"The Eight Hundred\")* | 3,102,320,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 17 | *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 3,099,960,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 18 | *[The Captain](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 \"The Captain (2019 film)\")* | 2,913,120,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 19 | *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2,828,830,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 20 | *[Too Cool to Kill](/wiki/Too_Cool_to_Kill \"Too Cool to Kill\")* | 2,629,870,000 | China | 2022 |\n\n### Top 20 foreign films\n\n| Rank | Title | Total gross (CN¥) | Country / Region | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 4,250,250,000 | [United States](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") | 2019 |\n| 2 | *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | 2,670,960,000 | United States | 2017 |\n| 3 | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | 2,426,590,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 4 | *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | 2,390,540,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 5 | *[Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman_%28film%29 \"Aquaman (film)\")* | 2,013,210,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 6 | *[Transformers: Age of Extinction](/wiki/Transformers:Age_of_Extinction \"Age of Extinction\")* | 1,977,520,000 | United States | 2014 |\n| 7 | *[Venom](/wiki/Venom_%282018_film%29 \"Venom (2018 film)\")* | 1,870,680,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 8 | *[Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\")* | 1,712,860,000 | United States | 2010 |\n| 9 | *[Avatar: The Way of Water](/wiki/Avatar:The_Way_of_Water \"The Way of Water\")* | 1,697,430,000 | United States | 2022 |\n| 10 | *[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom](/wiki/Jurassic_World:Fallen_Kingdom \"Fallen Kingdom\")* | 1,695,880,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 11 | *[Transformers: The Last Knight](/wiki/Transformers:The_Last_Knight \"The Last Knight\")* | 1,551,240,000 | United States | 2017 |\n| 12 | *[Zootopia](/wiki/Zootopia \"Zootopia\")* | 1,530,360,000 | United States | 2016 |\n| 13 | *[Warcraft](/wiki/Warcraft_%28film%29 \"Warcraft (film)\")* | 1,472,300,000 | United States | 2016 |\n| 14 | *[Avengers: Age of Ultron](/wiki/Avengers:Age_of_Ultron \"Age of Ultron\")* | 1,464,390,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 15 | *[Fast \\& Furious Presents: Hobbs \\& Shaw](/wiki/Hobbs_%26_Shaw \"Hobbs & Shaw\")* | 1,434,640,000 | United States | 2019 |\n| 16 | *[Jurassic World](/wiki/Jurassic_World \"Jurassic World\")* | 1,420,730,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 17 | *[Spider\\-Man: Far From Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:Far_From_Home \"Far From Home\")* | 1,417,740,000 | United States | 2019 |\n| 18 | *[Ready Player One](/wiki/Ready_Player_One_%28film%29 \"Ready Player One (film)\")* | 1,396,660,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 19 | *[F9:The Fast Saga](/wiki/F9_%28film%29 \"F9 (film)\")* | 1,360,460,000 | United States | 2021 |\n| 20 | *[Dangal](/wiki/Dangal_%282016_film%29 \"Dangal (2016 film)\")* | 1,299,180,400 | [India](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") | 2017 |\n\n",
"### Top 50 all\\-time highest\\-grossing films\n\n* Films that are currently in cinema*\n\n| Rank | Title | Total gross () | Country / Region | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 5,775,750,000 | [China](/wiki/Cinema_of_China \"Cinema of China\") | 2021 |\n| 2 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | 5,688,740,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 3 | *[Hi, Mom](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\")* | 5,413,300,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 4 | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | 5,035,020,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 5 | *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 4,687,710,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 6 | *[Full River Red](/wiki/Full_River_Red \"Full River Red\")* | 4,545,890,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 7 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | 4,522,350,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 8 \\* | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 4,250,380,000 | [United States](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") | 2019 |\n| 9 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | 4,071,140,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 10 | *[The Wandering Earth 2](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth_2 \"The Wandering Earth 2\")* | 4,030,270,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 11 | *[No More Bets](/wiki/No_More_Bets \"No More Bets\")* | 3,851,180,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 12 | *[Operation Red Sea](/wiki/Operation_Red_Sea \"Operation Red Sea\")* | 3,652,540,000 | China, [Hong Kong](/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong \"Cinema of Hong Kong\") | 2018 |\n| 13 | [*Lost in the Stars*](/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars_%282023_film%29 \"Lost in the Stars (2023 film)\") | 3,526,690,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 14 | *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | 3,397,690,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 15 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | 3,397,180,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2016 |\n| 16 | *[Yolo](/wiki/YOLO_%28film%29 \"YOLO (film)\")* | 3,295,970,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 17 | *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 3,176,390,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2019 |\n| 18 | *[Moon Man](/wiki/Moon_Man_%282022_film%29 \"Moon Man (2022 film)\")* | 3,105,330,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 19 | *[The Eight Hundred](/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred \"The Eight Hundred\")* | 3,102,320,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 20 | *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 3,099,960,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 21 | *[Pegasus 2](/wiki/Pegasus_2_%28film%29 \"Pegasus 2 (film)\")* | 3,083,400,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 22 | *[The Captain](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 \"The Captain (2019 film)\")* | 2,913,710,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 23 | *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2,828,960,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 24 \\* | *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | 2,670,960,000 | United States | 2017 |\n| 25 | *[Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms](/wiki/Creation_of_the_Gods_I:Kingdom_of_Storms \"Kingdom of Storms\")* | 2,636,080,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 26 | *[Too Cool to Kill](/wiki/Too_Cool_to_Kill \"Too Cool to Kill\")* | 2,630,450,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 27 | *[Hello Mr. Billionaire](/wiki/Hello_Mr._Billionaire \"Hello Mr. Billionaire\")* | 2,547,570,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 28 | *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* | 2,441,460,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2015 |\n| 29 \\* | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | 2,426,590,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 30 \\* | *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | 2,390,540,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 31 | *[Monster Hunt 2](/wiki/Monster_Hunt_2 \"Monster Hunt 2\")* | 2,237,150,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2018 |\n| 32 | *[Crazy Alien](/wiki/Crazy_Alien \"Crazy Alien\")* | 2,214,250,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 33 | *[Never Say Never](/wiki/Never_Say_Never_%282023_film%29 \"Never Say Never (2023 film)\")* | 2,208,710,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 34 | *[Never Say Die](/wiki/Never_Say_Die_%282017_film%29 \"Never Say Die (2017 film)\")* | 2,201,750,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 35 | *[Article 20](/wiki/Article_20 \"Article 20\")* | 2,084,720,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 36 \\* | *[Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman_%28film%29 \"Aquaman (film)\")* | 2,013,200,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 37 \\* | *[Transformers: Age of Extinction](/wiki/Transformers:Age_of_Extinction \"Age of Extinction\")* | 1,977,520,000 | United States | 2014 |\n| 38 | *[The Ex\\-File 3: The Return of the Exes](/wiki/The_Ex-File_3:The_Return_of_the_Exes \"The Return of the Exes\")* | 1,941,740,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 39 \\* | *[Venom](/wiki/Venom_%282018_film%29 \"Venom (2018 film)\")* | 1,870,680,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 40 | *[Boonie Bears:Time Twist](/wiki/Boonie_Bears:Time_Twist \"Time Twist\")* | 1,831,540,000 | China | 2024 |\n| 41 | *[Chang'an](/wiki/Chang%27an_%28film%29 \"Chang'an (film)\")* | 1,825,400,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 42 | *[Kung Fu Yoga](/wiki/Kung_Fu_Yoga \"Kung Fu Yoga\")* | 1,752,600,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 43 | *[Pegasus](/wiki/Pegasus_%28film%29 \"Pegasus (film)\")* | 1,729,370,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 44 | *[Lighting Up the Stars](/wiki/Lighting_Up_the_Stars \"Lighting Up the Stars\")* | 1,713,220,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 45 \\* | [*Avatar*](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\") | 1,712,860,000 | United States | 2009 |\n| 46 | *[The Bravest](/wiki/The_Bravest \"The Bravest\")* | 1,707,190,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 47 \\* | *[Avatar: The Way of Water](/wiki/Avatar:The_Way_of_Water \"The Way of Water\")* | 1,697,500,000 | United States | 2022 |\n| 48 \\* | *[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom](/wiki/Jurassic_World:Fallen_Kingdom \"Fallen Kingdom\")* | 1,695,880,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 49 | *[Mojin: The Lost Legend](/wiki/Mojin:The_Lost_Legend \"The Lost Legend\")* | 1,682,740,000 | China | 2015 |\n| 50 | *[Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:The_Demons_Strike_Back \"The Demons Strike Back\")* | 1,655,930,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2017 |\n| *Films marked as \\* are American productions* | | | | | |\n\n",
"### Top 20 domestic films\n\n* Films that are currently in cinema*\n\n| Rank | Title | Total gross (CN¥) | Country / Region | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 5,712,620,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 2 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | 5,688,740,000 | China | 2017 |\n| 3 | *[Hi, Mom](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\")* | 5,413,300,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 4 | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | 5,035,020,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 5 | *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 4,686,810,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 6 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | 4,522,340,000 | China | 2021 |\n| 7 | *[Full River Red](/wiki/Full_River_Red \"Full River Red\")* | 4,544,130,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 8 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | 4,058,620,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 9 | *[The Wandering Earth 2](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth_2 \"The Wandering Earth 2\")* | 4,028,130,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 10 | *[Operation Red Sea](/wiki/Operation_Red_Sea \"Operation Red Sea\")* | 3,651,880,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2018 |\n| 11 | [*Lost in the Stars*](/wiki/Lost_in_the_Stars_%282023_film%29 \"Lost in the Stars (2023 film)\") | 3,471,500,000 | China | 2023 |\n| 12 | *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | 3,397,690,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 13 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | 3,397,180,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2016 |\n| 14 | *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 3,176,120,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2019 |\n| 15 | *[Moon Man](/wiki/Moon_Man_%282022_film%29 \"Moon Man (2022 film)\")* | 3,103,010,000 | China | 2022 |\n| 16 | *[The Eight Hundred](/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred \"The Eight Hundred\")* | 3,102,320,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 17 | *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 3,099,960,000 | China | 2018 |\n| 18 | *[The Captain](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 \"The Captain (2019 film)\")* | 2,913,120,000 | China | 2019 |\n| 19 | *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2,828,830,000 | China | 2020 |\n| 20 | *[Too Cool to Kill](/wiki/Too_Cool_to_Kill \"Too Cool to Kill\")* | 2,629,870,000 | China | 2022 |\n\n",
"### Top 20 foreign films\n\n| Rank | Title | Total gross (CN¥) | Country / Region | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 4,250,250,000 | [United States](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") | 2019 |\n| 2 | *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | 2,670,960,000 | United States | 2017 |\n| 3 | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | 2,426,590,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 4 | *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | 2,390,540,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 5 | *[Aquaman](/wiki/Aquaman_%28film%29 \"Aquaman (film)\")* | 2,013,210,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 6 | *[Transformers: Age of Extinction](/wiki/Transformers:Age_of_Extinction \"Age of Extinction\")* | 1,977,520,000 | United States | 2014 |\n| 7 | *[Venom](/wiki/Venom_%282018_film%29 \"Venom (2018 film)\")* | 1,870,680,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 8 | *[Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\")* | 1,712,860,000 | United States | 2010 |\n| 9 | *[Avatar: The Way of Water](/wiki/Avatar:The_Way_of_Water \"The Way of Water\")* | 1,697,430,000 | United States | 2022 |\n| 10 | *[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom](/wiki/Jurassic_World:Fallen_Kingdom \"Fallen Kingdom\")* | 1,695,880,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 11 | *[Transformers: The Last Knight](/wiki/Transformers:The_Last_Knight \"The Last Knight\")* | 1,551,240,000 | United States | 2017 |\n| 12 | *[Zootopia](/wiki/Zootopia \"Zootopia\")* | 1,530,360,000 | United States | 2016 |\n| 13 | *[Warcraft](/wiki/Warcraft_%28film%29 \"Warcraft (film)\")* | 1,472,300,000 | United States | 2016 |\n| 14 | *[Avengers: Age of Ultron](/wiki/Avengers:Age_of_Ultron \"Age of Ultron\")* | 1,464,390,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 15 | *[Fast \\& Furious Presents: Hobbs \\& Shaw](/wiki/Hobbs_%26_Shaw \"Hobbs & Shaw\")* | 1,434,640,000 | United States | 2019 |\n| 16 | *[Jurassic World](/wiki/Jurassic_World \"Jurassic World\")* | 1,420,730,000 | United States | 2015 |\n| 17 | *[Spider\\-Man: Far From Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:Far_From_Home \"Far From Home\")* | 1,417,740,000 | United States | 2019 |\n| 18 | *[Ready Player One](/wiki/Ready_Player_One_%28film%29 \"Ready Player One (film)\")* | 1,396,660,000 | United States | 2018 |\n| 19 | *[F9:The Fast Saga](/wiki/F9_%28film%29 \"F9 (film)\")* | 1,360,460,000 | United States | 2021 |\n| 20 | *[Dangal](/wiki/Dangal_%282016_film%29 \"Dangal (2016 film)\")* | 1,299,180,400 | [India](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") | 2017 |\n\n",
"Highest\\-grossing films by box office admissions\n------------------------------------------------\n\n| Chinese title | English title | Year | Admissions ( ticket sales) | Country / Region | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 白蛇传 (*Bai she zhuan*) | *[Legend of the White Snake](/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake \"List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake\")* | [1980](/wiki/1980_in_film \"1980 in film\") | 700,000,000 | [China](/wiki/Cinema_of_China \"Cinema of China\") | |\n| [喜盈門 (*Xi ying men*)](/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E7%9B%88%E9%96%80 \"喜盈門\") | ** | [1981](/wiki/1981_in_film \"1981 in film\") | 650,000,000 | China | |\n| 武当 (*Wudang*) | *Wudang / The Undaunted Wudang* | [1983](/wiki/1983_in_film \"1983 in film\") | 610,000,000 | China | |\n| 保密局的槍聲 (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | *Gunshots in the CIB* | [1979](/wiki/1979_in_film \"1979 in film\") | 600,000,000 | China | |\n| 405谋杀案 (*405 mou sha an*) | ** | 1980 | 600,000,000 | China | |\n| 少林寺弟子 (*Shao lin si di zi*) | *The Disciple of the Shaolin Temple / Shaolin Brothers* | 1983 | 520,000,000 | China, [Hong Kong](/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong \"Cinema of Hong Kong\") | |\n| 少林寺 (*Shao lin si*) | *[Shaolin Temple](/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_%281982_film%29 \"Shaolin Temple (1982 film)\")* | [1982](/wiki/1982_in_film \"1982 in film\") | 500,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 七品芝麻官 (*Qi pin zhi ma guan*) | ** | 1980 | 500,000,000 | China | |\n| 武林志 (*Wu lin zhi*) | *Deadly Fury / Pride's Deadly Fury* | [1984](/wiki/1984_in_film \"1984 in film\") | 500,000,000 | China | |\n| 从奴隶到将军 (*Cong Nu Li Dao Jiang Jun*) | *Cong Nu Li Dao Jiang Jun* | 1979 | 470,000,000 | China | |\n| 西安事变 (*Xi'an shi bian*) | [*The Xi'an Incident*](/wiki/The_Xi%27an_Incident_%28film%29 \"The Xi'an Incident (film)\") | 1981 | 450,000,000 | China | |\n| 神秘的大佛 (*Shen mi de da fo*) | *Mysterious Buddha* | 1980 | 400,000,000 | China | |\n| 吉鸿昌 (*Ji Hongchang*) | *[Ji Hongchang](/wiki/Ji_Hongchang \"Ji Hongchang\")* | 1979 | 380,000,000 | China | |\n| 追捕 (*Zhuībǔ*) | *[Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare](/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\") / Manhunt* | [1978](/wiki/1978_in_film \"1978 in film\") | ,000,000\\+ | [Japan](/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan \"Cinema of Japan\") | |\n| 开枪，为他送行 (*Kai Qiang, Wei Ta Song Xing*) | ** | 1982 | 330,000,000 | China | |\n| 地道战 (*Dì dào zhàn*) | *[Tunnel War](/wiki/Tunnel_War \"Tunnel War\")* | 1965 | 300,000,000\\+ | China | |\n| 大篷车 (*Dà péngchē*) | *[Caravan](/wiki/Caravan_%281971_film%29 \"Caravan (1971 film)\")* | 1979 | 300,000,000 | [India](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") | |\n| 杜十娘 (*Du Shiniang*) | *[Du Shiniang](/wiki/Du_Shiniang \"Du Shiniang\")* | 1981 | 260,000,000 | China | |\n| 佩剑将军 (*Pei jian jiang jun*) | *A General Wearing the Sword* | 1983 | 260,000,000 | China | |\n| 自古英雄出少年 (*Zi gu ying xiong chu shao nian*) | *Little Heroes / Young Heroes* | 1983 | 260,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 火烧圆明园 (*Huo shao yuan ming yuan*) | *[The Burning of Imperial Palace](/wiki/The_Burning_of_Imperial_Palace \"The Burning of Imperial Palace\")* | 1983 | 240,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 木棉袈裟 (*Mui mien ka sha*) | *Holy Robe of the Shaolin Temple* | [1985](/wiki/1985_in_film \"1985 in film\") | 200,000,000 | [Hong Kong](/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong \"Cinema of Hong Kong\") | |\n| 飞来的女婿 (*Fei lai de nü xu*) | *Son\\-in\\-Law Flew Out of Nowhere* | 1982 | 199,500,000 | China | |\n| 蓝盾保险箱 (*Lan dun bao xian xiang*) | *Blue Shield Safe* | 1983 | 170,000,000 | China | |\n| 少年犯 (*Shao nian fan*) | *Juvenile Delinquents / Innocent Teenagers* | 1985 | 161,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 战狼2 (*Zhan lang 2*) | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | [2017](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2017 \"List of Chinese films of 2017\") | 160,000,000 | China | |\n| 庐山恋 (*Lúshān Liàn)* | *[Romance on Lushan Mountain](/wiki/Romance_on_Lushan_Mountain \"Romance on Lushan Mountain\")* | 1980 | 140,000,000\\+ | China | |\n| 哪吒之魔童降世 (*Nézhā zhī Mótóng Jiàngshì*) | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | [2019](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2019 \"List of Chinese films of 2019\") | 140,000,000 | China | |\n| 少林小子 (*Shao lin xiao zi*) | *[Shaolin Temple 2: Kids from Shaolin](/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_2:Kids_from_Shaolin \"Kids from Shaolin\")* | 1984 | 140,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 特殊身份的警官 (*Tèshū shēnfèn de jǐngguān*) | *A Policeman with a Special Identity* | 1982 | 130,000,000 | China | |\n| 长津湖 (*Chang jin hu*) | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | [2021](/wiki/2021_in_film \"2021 in film\") | 125,000,000 | China | |\n| 你好，李焕英 (*Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ Huànyīng*) | [*Hi, Mom*](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\") | 2021 | 121,000,000 | China | |\n| 大上海1937 (*Da Shang Hai 1937*) | ** | [1986](/wiki/1986_in_film \"1986 in film\") | 121,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 人到中年 (*Ren dao zhong nian*) | ** | 1982 | 120,000,000 | China | |\n| 蛇案 (*She an*) | *She an* | 1983 | 120,000,000 | China | |\n| 南北少林 (*Nan Bei Shao Lin*) | *[Shaolin Temple 3: Martial Arts of Shaolin](/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_3:Martial_Arts_of_Shaolin \"Martial Arts of Shaolin\")* | 1986 | 116,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 海市蜃楼 (*Hai shi shen lou*) | *Mirage* | [1987](/wiki/1987_in_film \"1987 in film\") | 113,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| 咱们的牛百岁 (*Zan men de niu bai sui*) | ** | 1983 | 110,000,000 | China | |\n| 流浪地球 (*Liúlàng dìqiú*) | *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 2019 | 105,314,500 | China | |\n| 流浪者 (*Liúlàng zhě*) | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\") / The Vagabond* | [1955](/wiki/1955_in_film \"1955 in film\") | 100,000,000\\+ | India | |\n| 望乡 (*Wàng Xiāng*) | *[Sandakan No. 8](/wiki/Sandakan_No._8 \"Sandakan No. 8\")* | 1978 | 100,000,000\\+ | Japan | |\n| 狐狸的故事 (*Húlí de gùshì*) | ** | 1979 | 100,000,000\\+ | Japan | |\n| 周恩來 (*Zhou Enlai*) | | [1992](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1992 \"List of Chinese films of 1992\") | 100,000,000 | China | |\n| 东方剑 (*Dong fang jian*) | *Dong fang jian* | 1982 | 100,000,000 | China | |\n\n",
"Timeline of highest\\-grossing films\n-----------------------------------\n\nUp until the 1980s, the Chinese box office was typically reported in terms of [box office admissions](/wiki/List_of_films_by_box_office_admissions \"List of films by box office admissions\") (ticket sales), rather than [gross revenue](/wiki/Gross_revenue \"Gross revenue\"). The film with the highest ticket sales in China is *[Legend of the White Snake](/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake \"List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake\")* (1980\\) with an estimated admissions, followed by with ticket sales. The foreign film with the highest ticket sales in China was the 1976 [Japanese film](/wiki/Japanese_film \"Japanese film\") *[Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare](/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\")* (*Manhunt*), which had its Chinese release in 1978 and sold more than tickets in China, followed by the [Indian](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") film *[Caravan](/wiki/Caravan_%281971_film%29 \"Caravan (1971 film)\")* (1971\\) which had its Chinese release in 1979 and sold about tickets in China. [Hollywood film](/wiki/Hollywood_film \"Hollywood film\") releases were relatively rare in China up until *[First Blood](/wiki/First_Blood \"First Blood\")* (1982\\), which had its Chinese release in 1985, and went on to sell tickets, the highest for a Hollywood film in China up until 2018\\.\n\n was released in 1992 and became China's highest\\-grossing film with . China began releasing box office gross revenue results for foreign non\\-[Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\") films in November 1994, upon the release of *[The Fugitive](/wiki/The_Fugitive_%281993_film%29 \"The Fugitive (1993 film)\")* (1993\\). In 1995, the [Hong Kong action film](/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_film \"Hong Kong action film\") *[Rumble in the Bronx](/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx \"Rumble in the Bronx\")*, directed by [Stanley Tong](/wiki/Stanley_Tong \"Stanley Tong\") and starring [Jackie Chan](/wiki/Jackie_Chan \"Jackie Chan\"), became the all\\-time highest\\-grossing foreign film in China, where it grossed ; it is not considered a domestic film as it was produced in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") (then a [British Dependent Territory](/wiki/British_Hong_Kong \"British Hong Kong\")). It was above the year's highest domestic Chinese film, [Jiang Wen](/wiki/Jiang_Wen \"Jiang Wen\")'s *[In the Heat of the Sun](/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Sun \"In the Heat of the Sun\")* with ¥50 million. Stanley Tong and Jackie Chan surpassed their own record with the Hong Kong action film *[Police Story 4: First Strike](/wiki/First_Strike_%281996_film%29 \"First Strike (1996 film)\")* (1996\\), which grossed in China. In 1998, *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")* (directed by [James Cameron](/wiki/James_Cameron \"James Cameron\")) became the all\\-time highest\\-grossing film to be released in China, with a then\\-unprecedented ¥360 million. In 2002, *[Hero](/wiki/Hero_%282002_film%29 \"Hero (2002 film)\")* became the second highest\\-grossing domestic film, with . China's first domestic film to breach ¥360 million was released in 2009, *[The Founding of a Republic](/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Republic \"The Founding of a Republic\")*. In 2015, *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* became the first domestic film in 17 years to become the overall highest\\-grossing film in China, earning ¥2\\.44 billion.\n\n### High\\-grossing films by year\n\nSince the 1990s, the most represented filmmaker in the chart has been American film director [Michael Bay](/wiki/Michael_Bay \"Michael Bay\") with four films to his credit, occupying the top spot in 2001, 2007, 2011, and 2014\\. Among domestic filmmakers, [Feng Xiaogang](/wiki/Feng_Xiaogang \"Feng Xiaogang\") (1999, 2003, 2008\\), [Zhang Yimou](/wiki/Zhang_Yimou \"Zhang Yimou\") (2002, 2006, 2023\\), [Stephen Chow](/wiki/Stephen_Chow \"Stephen Chow\") (2004, 2013, 2016\\), [Chen Kaige](/wiki/Chen_Kaige \"Chen Kaige\") (2005, 2021, 2022\\) and [Dante Lam](/wiki/Dante_Lam \"Dante Lam\") (2018, 2021, 2022\\) are the most represented with three films each.\n\n* Films that are currently in cinema (as of* *April 2022\\)*\n\n| \\+Highest\\-grossing films by year of release | Year | Title | Revenue | Admissions | Country / Region | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1939](/wiki/1939_in_film \"1939 in film\") | *Children of China* | | 9,000,000 | [China](/wiki/Cinema_of_China \"Cinema of China\") | |\n| [1950](/wiki/1950_in_film \"1950 in film\") | *Iron Soldier* | | 11,000,000 | China | |\n| [1951](/wiki/1951_in_film \"1951 in film\") | *[The White Haired Girl](/wiki/The_White_Haired_Girl \"The White Haired Girl\")* | | 6,000,000 | China | |\n| [1954](/wiki/1954_in_film \"1954 in film\") | *[A Torn Lily](/wiki/A_Torn_Lily \"A Torn Lily\")* | | 8,722,000 | [Hong Kong](/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong \"Cinema of Hong Kong\") | |\n| [1955](/wiki/1955_in_film \"1955 in film\") | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (*The Vagabond*) | | 100,000,000\\+ | [India](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") | |\n| [1956](/wiki/1956_in_film \"1956 in film\") | *The Peerless Beauty* | | 11,645,000 | Hong Kong | |\n| [1962](/wiki/1962_in_film \"1962 in film\") | *[The Red Shoes](/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_%281948_film%29 \"The Red Shoes (1948 film)\")* | | 44,000,000 | [United Kingdom](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Cinema of the United Kingdom\") | |\n| [1965](/wiki/1965_in_film \"1965 in film\") | *[Tunnel War](/wiki/Tunnel_War \"Tunnel War\")* | | 300,000,000\\+ | China | |\n| [1973](/wiki/1973_in_film \"1973 in film\") | *Maihua guniang* (*The Flower Seller*) | | 6,000,000 | [North Korea](/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea \"Cinema of North Korea\") | |\n| [1978](/wiki/1978_in_film \"1978 in film\") | *[Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare](/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\")* (*Manhunt*) | | ,000,000\\+ | [Japan](/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan \"Cinema of Japan\") | |\n| [1979](/wiki/1979_in_film \"1979 in film\") | *Gunshots in the CIB* (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | [¥](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\")180,000,000 | 600,000,000 | China | |\n| [1980](/wiki/1980_in_film \"1980 in film\") | *[Legend of the White Snake](/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake \"List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake\")* (*Bai she zhuan*) | | 700,000,000 | China | |\n| [1981](/wiki/1981_in_film \"1981 in film\") | | ¥100,000,000 | 650,000,000 | China | |\n| [1982](/wiki/1982_in_film \"1982 in film\") | *[Shaolin Temple](/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_%281982_film%29 \"Shaolin Temple (1982 film)\")* | ¥161,578,014 | 500,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [1983](/wiki/1983_in_film \"1983 in film\") | *Wudang* (*The Undaunted Wudang*) | | 610,000,000 | China | |\n| [1984](/wiki/1984_in_film \"1984 in film\") | *Deadly Fury* (*Pride's Deadly Fury*) | | 500,000,000 | China | |\n| [1985](/wiki/1985_in_film \"1985 in film\") | *Holy Robe of the Shaolin Temple* (*Mui mien ka sha*) | | 200,000,000 | Hong Kong | |\n| [1986](/wiki/1986_in_film \"1986 in film\") | *Great Shanghai 1937* (*Da Shang Hai 1937*) | | 121,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [1987](/wiki/1987_in_film \"1987 in film\") | *Mirage* (*Hai shi shen lou*) | | 113,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [1988](/wiki/1988_in_film \"1988 in film\") | *Yellow River Fighter* | | 130,000,000 | China | |\n| [1989](/wiki/1989_in_film \"1989 in film\") | *[The Birth of New China](/wiki/The_Birth_of_New_China \"The Birth of New China\")* | ¥100,000,000 | | China | |\n| [1990](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1990 \"List of Chinese films of 1990\") | | ¥94,000,000 | | [Taiwan](/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan \"Cinema of Taiwan\") | |\n| [1992](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1992 \"List of Chinese films of 1992\") | | ¥270,000,000 | 100,000,000 | China | |\n| [1994](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1994 \"List of Chinese films of 1994\") | *[The Fugitive](/wiki/The_Fugitive_%281993_film%29 \"The Fugitive (1993 film)\")* | ¥25,800,000 | | [United States](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") | |\n| [1995](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1995 \"List of Chinese films of 1995\") | *[Rumble in the Bronx](/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx \"Rumble in the Bronx\")* | ¥110,000,000 | | Hong Kong | |\n| [1996](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1996 \"List of Chinese films of 1996\") | *[Police Story 4: First Strike](/wiki/First_Strike_%281996_film%29 \"First Strike (1996 film)\")* | ¥112,000,000 | | Hong Kong | |\n| [1997](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1997 \"List of Chinese films of 1997\") | *[The Lost World: Jurassic Park](/wiki/The_Lost_World:Jurassic_Park \"Jurassic Park\")* | ¥72,100,000 | | United States | |\n| [*The Opium War*](/wiki/The_Opium_War_%28film%29 \"The Opium War (film)\") | ¥72,000,000\\+ | 14,000,000 | China | |\n| [1998](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1998 \"List of Chinese films of 1998\") | *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")* | ¥360,000,000 | 40,039,923 | United States | |\n| [1999](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1999 \"List of Chinese films of 1999\") | *[Be There or Be Square](/wiki/Be_There_or_Be_Square \"Be There or Be Square\")* | ¥43,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2000](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2000 \"List of Chinese films of 2000\") | *Final Decision* | ¥120,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2001](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2001 \"List of Chinese films of 2001\") | *[Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_%282001_film%29 \"Pearl Harbor (2001 film)\")* | ¥105,000,000 | | United States | |\n| [2002](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2002 \"List of Chinese films of 2002\") | *[Hero](/wiki/Hero_%282002_film%29 \"Hero (2002 film)\")* | ¥250,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2003](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2003 \"List of Chinese films of 2003\") | *[Cell Phone](/wiki/Cell_Phone_%28film%29 \"Cell Phone (film)\")* | ¥56,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2004](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2004 \"List of Chinese films of 2004\") | *[Kung Fu Hustle](/wiki/Kung_Fu_Hustle \"Kung Fu Hustle\")* | ¥173,000,000 | | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2005](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2005 \"List of Chinese films of 2005\") | *[The Promise](/wiki/The_Promise_%282005_film%29 \"The Promise (2005 film)\")* | ¥181,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2006](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2006 \"List of Chinese films of 2006\") | *[Curse of the Golden Flower](/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flower \"Curse of the Golden Flower\")* | ¥291,000,000 | 7,710,000 | China | |\n| [2007](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2007 \"List of Chinese films of 2007\") | *[Transformers](/wiki/Transformers_%28film%29 \"Transformers (film)\")* | ¥282,000,000 | 9,310,000 | United States | |\n| [2008](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2008 \"List of Chinese films of 2008\") | *[If You Are the One](/wiki/If_You_Are_the_One_%28film%29 \"If You Are the One (film)\")* | ¥325,000,000 | 9,500,000 | China | |\n| [2009](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2009 \"List of Chinese films of 2009\") | *[2012](/wiki/2012_%28film%29 \"2012 (film)\")* | ¥466,000,000 | 17,623,604 | United States | |\n| [2010](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2010 \"List of Chinese films of 2010\") | *[Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\")* | ¥1,339,860,000 | 49,179,036 | United States | |\n| [2011](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2011 \"List of Chinese films of 2011\") | *[Transformers: Dark of the Moon](/wiki/Transformers:Dark_of_the_Moon \"Dark of the Moon\")* | ¥1,071,570,000 | 25,652,900 | United States | |\n| [2012](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2012 \"List of Chinese films of 2012\") | *[Lost in Thailand](/wiki/Lost_in_Thailand \"Lost in Thailand\")* | ¥1,271,950,000 | 39,281,300 | China | |\n| [2013](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2013 \"List of Chinese films of 2013\") | *[Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:Conquering_the_Demons \"Conquering the Demons\")* | ¥1,246,990,000 | 31,050,300 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2014](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2014 \"List of Chinese films of 2014\") | *[Transformers: Age of Extinction](/wiki/Transformers:Age_of_Extinction \"Age of Extinction\")* | ¥1,977,520,000 | 47,417,700 | United States | |\n| [2015](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2015 \"List of Chinese films of 2015\") | *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* | ¥2,440,020,000 | 65,689,800 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2016](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2016 \"List of Chinese films of 2016\") | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | ¥3,392,110,000 | 92,642,600 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2017](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2017 \"List of Chinese films of 2017\") | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | ¥5,679,290,000 | 160,000,000 | China | |\n| [2018](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2018 \"List of Chinese films of 2018\") | *[Operation Red Sea](/wiki/Operation_Red_Sea \"Operation Red Sea\")* | ¥3,650,790,000 | 93,610,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2019](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2019 \"List of Chinese films of 2019\") | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | ¥5,013,350,000 | 140,000,000 | China | |\n| [2020](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2020 \"List of Chinese films of 2020\") | *[The Eight Hundred](/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred \"The Eight Hundred\")* | ¥3,102,320,000 | 80,919,900 | China | |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_in_film \"2021 in film\") | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | ¥5,875,450,000 | 125,000,000 | China | |\n| [2022](/wiki/2022_in_film \"2022 in film\") | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | ¥4,067,330,000 | | China | |\n| [2023](/wiki/2023_in_film \"2023 in film\") | *[Full River Red](/wiki/Full_River_Red \"Full River Red\")* | ¥4,545,890,000 | | China | |\n| [2024](/wiki/2024_in_film \"2024 in film\") | *[YOLO](/wiki/YOLO_%28film%29 \"YOLO (film)\")* | ¥3,295,970,000 | | China | |\n\n### Box office milestones\n\n| Milestone | Title | Total gross | Country / Region | Date reached | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 5,000,000 tickets | *[The White Haired Girl](/wiki/The_White_Haired_Girl \"The White Haired Girl\")* | 6,000,000 tickets | China | 1951 | |\n| 10,000,000 tickets | *Iron Soldier* | 11,000,000 tickets | China | 1952 | |\n| 20,000,000 tickets | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (*The Vagabond*) | 100,000,000\\+ tickets | India | 1955 | |\n| 30,000,000 tickets | *[The Red Shoes](/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_%281948_film%29 \"The Red Shoes (1948 film)\")* | 44,000,000 tickets | United Kingdom | 1962 | |\n| 40,000,000 tickets | 1963 |\n| 50,000,000 tickets | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (*The Vagabond*) | 100,000,000\\+ tickets | India | 1978 | |\n| 100,000,000 tickets |\n| 200,000,000 tickets | *[Tunnel War](/wiki/Tunnel_War \"Tunnel War\")* | 300,000,000\\+ tickets | China | 1978 | |\n| 300,000,000 tickets |\n| 330,000,000 tickets | *[Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare](/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\")* (*Manhunt*) | ,000,000\\+ tickets | Japan | 1979 | |\n| 400,000,000 tickets | *Gunshots in the CIB* (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | 600,000,000 tickets | China | 1979 | |\n| 500,000,000 tickets | 1980 |\n| 600,000,000 tickets |\n| 700,000,000 tickets | *[Legend of the White Snake](/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake \"List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake\")* (*Bai she zhuan*) | 700,000,000 tickets | China | 1980 | |\n| [¥](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\")100,000,000 | *Gunshots in the CIB* (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | [¥](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\")180,000,000 | China | 1980 | |\n| ¥200,000,000 | | ¥270,000,000 | China | 1992 | |\n| ¥300,000,000 | *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")* | ¥360,000,000 | United States | 1998\\-02\\-01 | |\n| ¥400,000,000 | *[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen](/wiki/Transformers:Revenge_of_the_Fallen \"Revenge of the Fallen\")* | ¥403,665,000 | United States | 2009\\-08\\-02 | |\n| ¥500,000,000 | *[Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\")* | ¥1,160,500,000 | United States | 2010\\-01\\-17 | |\n| ¥1,000,000,000 | 2010\\-02\\-08 | |\n| ¥2,000,000,000 | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | ¥2,426,590,000 | United States | 2015\\-04\\-26 | |\n| ¥2,400,000,000 | *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* | ¥2,440,020,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2015\\-09\\-06 | |\n| ¥3,000,000,000 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | ¥3,392,100,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2016\\-02\\-26 | |\n| ¥4,000,000,000 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | ¥5,679,290,000 | China | 2017\\-08\\-13 | |\n| ¥5,000,000,000 | 2017\\-08\\-19 | |\n| ¥5,500,000,000 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | ¥5,875,450,000 | China | 2021\\-10\\-31 | |\n\n",
"### High\\-grossing films by year\n\nSince the 1990s, the most represented filmmaker in the chart has been American film director [Michael Bay](/wiki/Michael_Bay \"Michael Bay\") with four films to his credit, occupying the top spot in 2001, 2007, 2011, and 2014\\. Among domestic filmmakers, [Feng Xiaogang](/wiki/Feng_Xiaogang \"Feng Xiaogang\") (1999, 2003, 2008\\), [Zhang Yimou](/wiki/Zhang_Yimou \"Zhang Yimou\") (2002, 2006, 2023\\), [Stephen Chow](/wiki/Stephen_Chow \"Stephen Chow\") (2004, 2013, 2016\\), [Chen Kaige](/wiki/Chen_Kaige \"Chen Kaige\") (2005, 2021, 2022\\) and [Dante Lam](/wiki/Dante_Lam \"Dante Lam\") (2018, 2021, 2022\\) are the most represented with three films each.\n\n* Films that are currently in cinema (as of* *April 2022\\)*\n\n| \\+Highest\\-grossing films by year of release | Year | Title | Revenue | Admissions | Country / Region | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1939](/wiki/1939_in_film \"1939 in film\") | *Children of China* | | 9,000,000 | [China](/wiki/Cinema_of_China \"Cinema of China\") | |\n| [1950](/wiki/1950_in_film \"1950 in film\") | *Iron Soldier* | | 11,000,000 | China | |\n| [1951](/wiki/1951_in_film \"1951 in film\") | *[The White Haired Girl](/wiki/The_White_Haired_Girl \"The White Haired Girl\")* | | 6,000,000 | China | |\n| [1954](/wiki/1954_in_film \"1954 in film\") | *[A Torn Lily](/wiki/A_Torn_Lily \"A Torn Lily\")* | | 8,722,000 | [Hong Kong](/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong \"Cinema of Hong Kong\") | |\n| [1955](/wiki/1955_in_film \"1955 in film\") | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (*The Vagabond*) | | 100,000,000\\+ | [India](/wiki/Cinema_of_India \"Cinema of India\") | |\n| [1956](/wiki/1956_in_film \"1956 in film\") | *The Peerless Beauty* | | 11,645,000 | Hong Kong | |\n| [1962](/wiki/1962_in_film \"1962 in film\") | *[The Red Shoes](/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_%281948_film%29 \"The Red Shoes (1948 film)\")* | | 44,000,000 | [United Kingdom](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Cinema of the United Kingdom\") | |\n| [1965](/wiki/1965_in_film \"1965 in film\") | *[Tunnel War](/wiki/Tunnel_War \"Tunnel War\")* | | 300,000,000\\+ | China | |\n| [1973](/wiki/1973_in_film \"1973 in film\") | *Maihua guniang* (*The Flower Seller*) | | 6,000,000 | [North Korea](/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea \"Cinema of North Korea\") | |\n| [1978](/wiki/1978_in_film \"1978 in film\") | *[Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare](/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\")* (*Manhunt*) | | ,000,000\\+ | [Japan](/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan \"Cinema of Japan\") | |\n| [1979](/wiki/1979_in_film \"1979 in film\") | *Gunshots in the CIB* (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | [¥](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\")180,000,000 | 600,000,000 | China | |\n| [1980](/wiki/1980_in_film \"1980 in film\") | *[Legend of the White Snake](/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake \"List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake\")* (*Bai she zhuan*) | | 700,000,000 | China | |\n| [1981](/wiki/1981_in_film \"1981 in film\") | | ¥100,000,000 | 650,000,000 | China | |\n| [1982](/wiki/1982_in_film \"1982 in film\") | *[Shaolin Temple](/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_%281982_film%29 \"Shaolin Temple (1982 film)\")* | ¥161,578,014 | 500,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [1983](/wiki/1983_in_film \"1983 in film\") | *Wudang* (*The Undaunted Wudang*) | | 610,000,000 | China | |\n| [1984](/wiki/1984_in_film \"1984 in film\") | *Deadly Fury* (*Pride's Deadly Fury*) | | 500,000,000 | China | |\n| [1985](/wiki/1985_in_film \"1985 in film\") | *Holy Robe of the Shaolin Temple* (*Mui mien ka sha*) | | 200,000,000 | Hong Kong | |\n| [1986](/wiki/1986_in_film \"1986 in film\") | *Great Shanghai 1937* (*Da Shang Hai 1937*) | | 121,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [1987](/wiki/1987_in_film \"1987 in film\") | *Mirage* (*Hai shi shen lou*) | | 113,000,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [1988](/wiki/1988_in_film \"1988 in film\") | *Yellow River Fighter* | | 130,000,000 | China | |\n| [1989](/wiki/1989_in_film \"1989 in film\") | *[The Birth of New China](/wiki/The_Birth_of_New_China \"The Birth of New China\")* | ¥100,000,000 | | China | |\n| [1990](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1990 \"List of Chinese films of 1990\") | | ¥94,000,000 | | [Taiwan](/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan \"Cinema of Taiwan\") | |\n| [1992](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1992 \"List of Chinese films of 1992\") | | ¥270,000,000 | 100,000,000 | China | |\n| [1994](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1994 \"List of Chinese films of 1994\") | *[The Fugitive](/wiki/The_Fugitive_%281993_film%29 \"The Fugitive (1993 film)\")* | ¥25,800,000 | | [United States](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\") | |\n| [1995](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1995 \"List of Chinese films of 1995\") | *[Rumble in the Bronx](/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx \"Rumble in the Bronx\")* | ¥110,000,000 | | Hong Kong | |\n| [1996](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1996 \"List of Chinese films of 1996\") | *[Police Story 4: First Strike](/wiki/First_Strike_%281996_film%29 \"First Strike (1996 film)\")* | ¥112,000,000 | | Hong Kong | |\n| [1997](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1997 \"List of Chinese films of 1997\") | *[The Lost World: Jurassic Park](/wiki/The_Lost_World:Jurassic_Park \"Jurassic Park\")* | ¥72,100,000 | | United States | |\n| [*The Opium War*](/wiki/The_Opium_War_%28film%29 \"The Opium War (film)\") | ¥72,000,000\\+ | 14,000,000 | China | |\n| [1998](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1998 \"List of Chinese films of 1998\") | *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")* | ¥360,000,000 | 40,039,923 | United States | |\n| [1999](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1999 \"List of Chinese films of 1999\") | *[Be There or Be Square](/wiki/Be_There_or_Be_Square \"Be There or Be Square\")* | ¥43,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2000](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2000 \"List of Chinese films of 2000\") | *Final Decision* | ¥120,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2001](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2001 \"List of Chinese films of 2001\") | *[Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_%282001_film%29 \"Pearl Harbor (2001 film)\")* | ¥105,000,000 | | United States | |\n| [2002](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2002 \"List of Chinese films of 2002\") | *[Hero](/wiki/Hero_%282002_film%29 \"Hero (2002 film)\")* | ¥250,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2003](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2003 \"List of Chinese films of 2003\") | *[Cell Phone](/wiki/Cell_Phone_%28film%29 \"Cell Phone (film)\")* | ¥56,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2004](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2004 \"List of Chinese films of 2004\") | *[Kung Fu Hustle](/wiki/Kung_Fu_Hustle \"Kung Fu Hustle\")* | ¥173,000,000 | | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2005](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2005 \"List of Chinese films of 2005\") | *[The Promise](/wiki/The_Promise_%282005_film%29 \"The Promise (2005 film)\")* | ¥181,000,000 | | China | |\n| [2006](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2006 \"List of Chinese films of 2006\") | *[Curse of the Golden Flower](/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flower \"Curse of the Golden Flower\")* | ¥291,000,000 | 7,710,000 | China | |\n| [2007](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2007 \"List of Chinese films of 2007\") | *[Transformers](/wiki/Transformers_%28film%29 \"Transformers (film)\")* | ¥282,000,000 | 9,310,000 | United States | |\n| [2008](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2008 \"List of Chinese films of 2008\") | *[If You Are the One](/wiki/If_You_Are_the_One_%28film%29 \"If You Are the One (film)\")* | ¥325,000,000 | 9,500,000 | China | |\n| [2009](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2009 \"List of Chinese films of 2009\") | *[2012](/wiki/2012_%28film%29 \"2012 (film)\")* | ¥466,000,000 | 17,623,604 | United States | |\n| [2010](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2010 \"List of Chinese films of 2010\") | *[Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\")* | ¥1,339,860,000 | 49,179,036 | United States | |\n| [2011](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2011 \"List of Chinese films of 2011\") | *[Transformers: Dark of the Moon](/wiki/Transformers:Dark_of_the_Moon \"Dark of the Moon\")* | ¥1,071,570,000 | 25,652,900 | United States | |\n| [2012](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2012 \"List of Chinese films of 2012\") | *[Lost in Thailand](/wiki/Lost_in_Thailand \"Lost in Thailand\")* | ¥1,271,950,000 | 39,281,300 | China | |\n| [2013](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2013 \"List of Chinese films of 2013\") | *[Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons](/wiki/Journey_to_the_West:Conquering_the_Demons \"Conquering the Demons\")* | ¥1,246,990,000 | 31,050,300 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2014](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2014 \"List of Chinese films of 2014\") | *[Transformers: Age of Extinction](/wiki/Transformers:Age_of_Extinction \"Age of Extinction\")* | ¥1,977,520,000 | 47,417,700 | United States | |\n| [2015](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2015 \"List of Chinese films of 2015\") | *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* | ¥2,440,020,000 | 65,689,800 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2016](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2016 \"List of Chinese films of 2016\") | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | ¥3,392,110,000 | 92,642,600 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2017](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2017 \"List of Chinese films of 2017\") | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | ¥5,679,290,000 | 160,000,000 | China | |\n| [2018](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2018 \"List of Chinese films of 2018\") | *[Operation Red Sea](/wiki/Operation_Red_Sea \"Operation Red Sea\")* | ¥3,650,790,000 | 93,610,000 | China, Hong Kong | |\n| [2019](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2019 \"List of Chinese films of 2019\") | *[Ne Zha](/wiki/Ne_Zha_%282019_film%29 \"Ne Zha (2019 film)\")* | ¥5,013,350,000 | 140,000,000 | China | |\n| [2020](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2020 \"List of Chinese films of 2020\") | *[The Eight Hundred](/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred \"The Eight Hundred\")* | ¥3,102,320,000 | 80,919,900 | China | |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_in_film \"2021 in film\") | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | ¥5,875,450,000 | 125,000,000 | China | |\n| [2022](/wiki/2022_in_film \"2022 in film\") | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | ¥4,067,330,000 | | China | |\n| [2023](/wiki/2023_in_film \"2023 in film\") | *[Full River Red](/wiki/Full_River_Red \"Full River Red\")* | ¥4,545,890,000 | | China | |\n| [2024](/wiki/2024_in_film \"2024 in film\") | *[YOLO](/wiki/YOLO_%28film%29 \"YOLO (film)\")* | ¥3,295,970,000 | | China | |\n\n",
"### Box office milestones\n\n| Milestone | Title | Total gross | Country / Region | Date reached | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 5,000,000 tickets | *[The White Haired Girl](/wiki/The_White_Haired_Girl \"The White Haired Girl\")* | 6,000,000 tickets | China | 1951 | |\n| 10,000,000 tickets | *Iron Soldier* | 11,000,000 tickets | China | 1952 | |\n| 20,000,000 tickets | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (*The Vagabond*) | 100,000,000\\+ tickets | India | 1955 | |\n| 30,000,000 tickets | *[The Red Shoes](/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_%281948_film%29 \"The Red Shoes (1948 film)\")* | 44,000,000 tickets | United Kingdom | 1962 | |\n| 40,000,000 tickets | 1963 |\n| 50,000,000 tickets | *[Awaara](/wiki/Awaara \"Awaara\")* (*The Vagabond*) | 100,000,000\\+ tickets | India | 1978 | |\n| 100,000,000 tickets |\n| 200,000,000 tickets | *[Tunnel War](/wiki/Tunnel_War \"Tunnel War\")* | 300,000,000\\+ tickets | China | 1978 | |\n| 300,000,000 tickets |\n| 330,000,000 tickets | *[Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare](/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare \"Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare\")* (*Manhunt*) | ,000,000\\+ tickets | Japan | 1979 | |\n| 400,000,000 tickets | *Gunshots in the CIB* (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | 600,000,000 tickets | China | 1979 | |\n| 500,000,000 tickets | 1980 |\n| 600,000,000 tickets |\n| 700,000,000 tickets | *[Legend of the White Snake](/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake \"List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake\")* (*Bai she zhuan*) | 700,000,000 tickets | China | 1980 | |\n| [¥](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\")100,000,000 | *Gunshots in the CIB* (*Bao mi ju de qiang sheng*) | [¥](/wiki/Renminbi \"Renminbi\")180,000,000 | China | 1980 | |\n| ¥200,000,000 | | ¥270,000,000 | China | 1992 | |\n| ¥300,000,000 | *[Titanic](/wiki/Titanic_%281997_film%29 \"Titanic (1997 film)\")* | ¥360,000,000 | United States | 1998\\-02\\-01 | |\n| ¥400,000,000 | *[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen](/wiki/Transformers:Revenge_of_the_Fallen \"Revenge of the Fallen\")* | ¥403,665,000 | United States | 2009\\-08\\-02 | |\n| ¥500,000,000 | *[Avatar](/wiki/Avatar_%282009_film%29 \"Avatar (2009 film)\")* | ¥1,160,500,000 | United States | 2010\\-01\\-17 | |\n| ¥1,000,000,000 | 2010\\-02\\-08 | |\n| ¥2,000,000,000 | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | ¥2,426,590,000 | United States | 2015\\-04\\-26 | |\n| ¥2,400,000,000 | *[Monster Hunt](/wiki/Monster_Hunt \"Monster Hunt\")* | ¥2,440,020,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2015\\-09\\-06 | |\n| ¥3,000,000,000 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | ¥3,392,100,000 | China, Hong Kong | 2016\\-02\\-26 | |\n| ¥4,000,000,000 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | ¥5,679,290,000 | China | 2017\\-08\\-13 | |\n| ¥5,000,000,000 | 2017\\-08\\-19 | |\n| ¥5,500,000,000 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | ¥5,875,450,000 | China | 2021\\-10\\-31 | |\n\n",
"Highest\\-grossing openings\n--------------------------\n\nA list of the highest\\-grossing openings for films in China. Since many films do not open on Fridays in China, the 'opening' is taken to be the gross between the first day of release and the first Sunday following the movie's release.\n\n| Rank | Film | Year | Opening () | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | [2021](/wiki/2021_in_film \"2021 in film\") | $398,000,000 | |\n| 2 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* (*Water Gate Bridge*) | [2022](/wiki/2022_in_film \"2022 in film\") | $398,000,000 | |\n| 3 | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 2019 | $330,528,623 | |\n| 4 | *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | [2019](/wiki/2019_in_film \"2019 in film\") | $298,110,095 | |\n| 5 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | [2016](/wiki/2016_in_film \"2016 in film\") | $274,049,983 | |\n| 6 | [*The Captain*](/wiki/The_Captain_%282019_film%29 \"The Captain (2019 film)\") | 2019 | $251,966,468 | |\n| 7 | *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 2021 | $235,000,000 | |\n| 8 | *[Too Cool to Kill](/wiki/Too_Cool_to_Kill \"Too Cool to Kill\")* | 2022 | $217,000,000 | |\n| 9 | *[Crazy Alien](/wiki/Crazy_Alien \"Crazy Alien\")* | 2019 | $214,749,033 | |\n| 10 | *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 2018 | $200,837,145 | |\n| 11 | *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | [2018](/wiki/2018_in_film \"2018 in film\") | $200,486,738 | |\n| 12 | *[Hi, Mom](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\")* | [2021](/wiki/2021_in_film \"2021 in film\") | $195,000,000 | |\n| 13 | *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | [2017](/wiki/2017_in_film \"2017 in film\") | $193,936,620 | |\n| 14 | *[Monster Hunt 2](/wiki/Monster_Hunt_2 \"Monster Hunt 2\")* | [2018](/wiki/2018_in_film \"2018 in film\") | $189,784,760 | |\n| 15 | *[Furious 7](/wiki/Furious_7 \"Furious 7\")* | [2015](/wiki/2015_in_film \"2015 in film\") | $182,400,000 | |\n| 16 | *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2020 | $157,500,000 | |\n| 17 | *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | [2018](/wiki/2018_in_film \"2018 in film\") | $156,069,583 | |\n| 18 | [*Pegasus*](/wiki/Pegasus_%28film%29 \"Pegasus (film)\") | 2019 | $154,451,898 | |\n| 19 | [*Jiang Ziya*](/wiki/Jiang_Ziya_%28film%29 \"Jiang Ziya (film)\") (*Legend of Deification*) | [2020](/wiki/2020_in_film \"2020 in film\") | $151,700,000 | |\n| 20 | *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 2019 | | |\n| 21 | *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | [2017](/wiki/2017_in_film \"2017 in film\") | $146,942,986 | |\n\n### Opening records\n\nThese are the films that, when first released, set the opening record in China. Since many films do not open on Fridays in China, the 'opening' is taken to be the gross between the first day of release and the first Sunday following the movie's release.\n\n| Year | Title | Opening (US$) | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2016 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | $274,049,983 | |\n| 2019 | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | $330,528,623 | |\n| 2021 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | $398,000,000 | |\n\n### Opening days\n\n| Title | Release date | Daily opening gross () | | | 3 days () |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 |\n| *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | 2021\\-02\\-12 | 1,018,220,000 | 818,291,800 | 749,689,500 | 2,586,201,300 |\n| *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | 2022\\-02\\-01 | 941,449,100 | 487,519,600 | 439,736,200 | 1,868,704,900 |\n| *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 2019\\-04\\-14 | 728,130,000 | 317,631,100 | 425,111,600 | 1,470,872,700 |\n| *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | 2017\\-04\\-14 | 479,708,400 | 487,519,600 | 384,751,600 | 1,351,979,600 |\n| *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | 2018\\-05\\-11 | 446,505,900 | 493,562,100 | 331,905,600 | 1,271,973,600 |\n| *[Monster Hunt 2](/wiki/Monster_Hunt_2 \"Monster Hunt 2\")* | 2018\\-02\\-16 | 547,000,208 | 372,506,500 | 285,087,600 | 1,204,594,308 |\n| [*Hi, Mom*](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\") | 2021\\-02\\-12 | 291,393,700 | 302,438,900 | 455,688,900 | 1,049,521,500 |\n| *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 2019\\-09\\-30 | 290,415,700 | 387,935,500 | 365,418,800 | 1,043,770,000 |\n| *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | 2018\\-02\\-16 | 341,019,800 | 326,251,000 | 323,436,900 | 990,707,700 |\n| *[Crazy Alien](/wiki/Crazy_Alien \"Crazy Alien\")* | 2019\\-02\\-05 | 410,262,700 | 287,190,200 | 240,211,400 | 937,664,300 |\n| *[Hello Mr. Billionaire](/wiki/Hello_Mr._Billionaire \"Hello Mr. Billionaire\")* | 2018\\-07\\-27 | 227,136,100 | 320,695,300 | 355,662,900 | 903,494,300 |\n| *[Jiang Ziya](/wiki/Jiang_Ziya_%28film%29 \"Jiang Ziya (film)\")* | 2020\\-10\\-01 | 362,000,000 | 303,364,400 | 219,828,700 | 885,193,100 |\n| *[Transformers: The Last Knight](/wiki/Transformers:The_Last_Knight \"The Last Knight\")* | 2017\\-06\\-23 | 332,261,900 | 316,862,300 | 223,110,800 | 872,235,000 |\n| *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 2018\\-07\\-05 | 225,424,700 | 241,323,000 | 385,696,700 | 852,444,400 |\n| *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2020\\-10\\-01 | 275,119,600 | 273,619,500 | 275,068,500 | 823,807,600 |\n| [*Warcraft*](/wiki/Warcraft_%28film%29 \"Warcraft (film)\") | 2016\\-06\\-08 | 302,137,500 | 300,082,600 | 217,292,500 | 819,512,600 |\n| *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 2021\\-09\\-30 | 205,191,300 | 410,802,700 | 205,191,300 | 821,185,300 |\n| *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 2019\\-02\\-05 | 204,350,300 | 260,872,600 | 342,413,200 | 807,636,100 |\n| [*The Mermaid*](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\") | 2016\\-02\\-08 | 276,897,500 | 243,742,300 | 250,082,500 | 770,722,300 |\n| *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | 2017\\-07\\-27 | 102,056,200 | 214,715,300 | 312,670,500 | 629,442,000 |\n\n",
"### Opening records\n\nThese are the films that, when first released, set the opening record in China. Since many films do not open on Fridays in China, the 'opening' is taken to be the gross between the first day of release and the first Sunday following the movie's release.\n\n| Year | Title | Opening (US$) | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2016 | *[The Mermaid](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\")* | $274,049,983 | |\n| 2019 | *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | $330,528,623 | |\n| 2021 | *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | $398,000,000 | |\n\n",
"### Opening days\n\n| Title | Release date | Daily opening gross () | | | 3 days () |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 |\n| *[Detective Chinatown 3](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3 \"Detective Chinatown 3\")* | 2021\\-02\\-12 | 1,018,220,000 | 818,291,800 | 749,689,500 | 2,586,201,300 |\n| *[The Battle at Lake Changjin II](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II \"The Battle at Lake Changjin II\")* | 2022\\-02\\-01 | 941,449,100 | 487,519,600 | 439,736,200 | 1,868,704,900 |\n| *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* | 2019\\-04\\-14 | 728,130,000 | 317,631,100 | 425,111,600 | 1,470,872,700 |\n| *[The Fate of the Furious](/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious \"The Fate of the Furious\")* | 2017\\-04\\-14 | 479,708,400 | 487,519,600 | 384,751,600 | 1,351,979,600 |\n| *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* | 2018\\-05\\-11 | 446,505,900 | 493,562,100 | 331,905,600 | 1,271,973,600 |\n| *[Monster Hunt 2](/wiki/Monster_Hunt_2 \"Monster Hunt 2\")* | 2018\\-02\\-16 | 547,000,208 | 372,506,500 | 285,087,600 | 1,204,594,308 |\n| [*Hi, Mom*](/wiki/Hi%2C_Mom_%282021_film%29 \"Hi, Mom (2021 film)\") | 2021\\-02\\-12 | 291,393,700 | 302,438,900 | 455,688,900 | 1,049,521,500 |\n| *[My People, My Country](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Country \"My People, My Country\")* | 2019\\-09\\-30 | 290,415,700 | 387,935,500 | 365,418,800 | 1,043,770,000 |\n| *[Detective Chinatown 2](/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_2 \"Detective Chinatown 2\")* | 2018\\-02\\-16 | 341,019,800 | 326,251,000 | 323,436,900 | 990,707,700 |\n| *[Crazy Alien](/wiki/Crazy_Alien \"Crazy Alien\")* | 2019\\-02\\-05 | 410,262,700 | 287,190,200 | 240,211,400 | 937,664,300 |\n| *[Hello Mr. Billionaire](/wiki/Hello_Mr._Billionaire \"Hello Mr. Billionaire\")* | 2018\\-07\\-27 | 227,136,100 | 320,695,300 | 355,662,900 | 903,494,300 |\n| *[Jiang Ziya](/wiki/Jiang_Ziya_%28film%29 \"Jiang Ziya (film)\")* | 2020\\-10\\-01 | 362,000,000 | 303,364,400 | 219,828,700 | 885,193,100 |\n| *[Transformers: The Last Knight](/wiki/Transformers:The_Last_Knight \"The Last Knight\")* | 2017\\-06\\-23 | 332,261,900 | 316,862,300 | 223,110,800 | 872,235,000 |\n| *[Dying to Survive](/wiki/Dying_to_Survive \"Dying to Survive\")* | 2018\\-07\\-05 | 225,424,700 | 241,323,000 | 385,696,700 | 852,444,400 |\n| *[My People, My Homeland](/wiki/My_People%2C_My_Homeland \"My People, My Homeland\")* | 2020\\-10\\-01 | 275,119,600 | 273,619,500 | 275,068,500 | 823,807,600 |\n| [*Warcraft*](/wiki/Warcraft_%28film%29 \"Warcraft (film)\") | 2016\\-06\\-08 | 302,137,500 | 300,082,600 | 217,292,500 | 819,512,600 |\n| *[The Battle at Lake Changjin](/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin \"The Battle at Lake Changjin\")* | 2021\\-09\\-30 | 205,191,300 | 410,802,700 | 205,191,300 | 821,185,300 |\n| *[The Wandering Earth](/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth \"The Wandering Earth\")* | 2019\\-02\\-05 | 204,350,300 | 260,872,600 | 342,413,200 | 807,636,100 |\n| [*The Mermaid*](/wiki/The_Mermaid_%282016_film%29 \"The Mermaid (2016 film)\") | 2016\\-02\\-08 | 276,897,500 | 243,742,300 | 250,082,500 | 770,722,300 |\n| *[Wolf Warrior 2](/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2 \"Wolf Warrior 2\")* | 2017\\-07\\-27 | 102,056,200 | 214,715,300 | 312,670,500 | 629,442,000 |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of highest\\-grossing films in Hong Kong](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Hong_Kong \"List of highest-grossing films in Hong Kong\")\n* [List of highest\\-grossing films in Japan](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Japan \"List of highest-grossing films in Japan\")\n* [List of highest\\-grossing films in South Korea](/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea \"List of highest-grossing films in South Korea\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[China](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_highest-grossing_films_by_region \"Lists of highest-grossing films by region\")\n[Highest\\-grossing films](/wiki/Category:Cinema_of_China \"Cinema of China\")\n[Highest\\-grossing films in China](/wiki/Category:Chinese_film-related_lists \"Chinese film-related lists\")\n\n"
]
} |
Silene schafta | {
"id": [
14770366
],
"name": [
"Declangi"
]
} | f3zv2m6ky9hf725cwz4ptnf0qnlsepm | 2024-04-15T03:34:44Z | 1,045,204,357 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Silene schafta***, the **Caucasian campion** or **autumn catchfly**, is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [flowering plant](/wiki/Flowering_plant \"Flowering plant\") in the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") Caryophyllaceae, [native](/wiki/Native_plant \"Native plant\") to western Asia. Growing to tall by wide, it is a mat\\-forming semi\\-[evergreen](/wiki/Evergreen \"Evergreen\") [perennial](/wiki/Perennial_plant \"Perennial plant\"), with narrow leaves and clusters of bright pink, five\\-petalled flowers in late summer.\n\nThe [specific epithet](/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature \"Binomial nomenclature\") *schafta* derives from a local [Caspian](/wiki/Caspian_languages \"Caspian languages\") name for this plant.\n\nValued in the garden as easily grown [groundcover](/wiki/Groundcover \"Groundcover\") for [rock gardens](/wiki/Rock_garden \"Rock garden\"), *Silene schafta* has gained the [Royal Horticultural Society](/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society \"Royal Horticultural Society\")'s [Award of Garden Merit](/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit \"Award of Garden Merit\").\n\nSilene schafta 03\\.jpg\nSilene shafta 2\\.jpg\nEdwards's botanical register (Plate 20\\) (8407946521\\).jpg\\|Illustration (1846\\)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[schafta](/wiki/Category:Silene \"Silene\")\n[Category:Flora of Western Asia](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Western_Asia \"Flora of Western Asia\")\n\n"
]
} |
Husnu Al Suood | {
"id": [
46505346
],
"name": [
"Unilandofma"
]
} | 043zahzfu6aljlez14itxwfd3mwhooy | 2024-10-01T19:22:57Z | 1,248,843,069 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notable cases",
"Human Rights and Democracy",
"Publications",
"Teaching",
"Awards",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Husnu Al Suood** () born in [Meedhoo](/wiki/Hulhumeedhoo \"Hulhumeedhoo\") is a Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Maldives since 8 December 2019\\. He was the [Attorney General](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_Maldives \"Attorney General of the Maldives\") of the [Maldives](/wiki/Maldives \"Maldives\") from June 2009 to August 2010\\. He served as the Chief Judge of the Civil Court (1997 \\- 1999\\) and as a member of the Judicial Service Commission of Maldives (2008 to 2010\\). He also served as a member of the National Human Rights Commission of the Maldives from 2003 to 2005\\. As a member of the Special Majlis, Suood participated in drafting the [current constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives \"Constitution of the Maldives\") of the Republic of Maldives.\n\n",
"Notable cases\n-------------\n\nDuring the democratic uprising in the Maldives from 2003 to 2008, Suood defended criminal charges against hundreds of human rights and democracy activists in the Maldives, including the then Chairperson of the [Maldivian Democratic Party](/wiki/Maldivian_Democratic_Party \"Maldivian Democratic Party\") (MDP), [Mohamed Nasheed](/wiki/Mohamed_Nasheed \"Mohamed Nasheed\"), (later elected as the President of the Maldives) against charges of terrorism. Suood complained that Nasheed was prevented from having a fair trial by international standards. He said that the prosecutor's team had more time than the defense team, charges were amended without notification and evidence was not handed over to the defense team. As a consequence, the defense team contemplated withdrawing from the case altogether as to protest the unfair conditions.\n\nIn addition to defending the charges against Mohamed Nasheed, other pro\\-democracy activists, human rights defenders, and journalists Suood had fearlessly defended *pro bono* between 2003 and 2008 included: Pro\\-democracy activists Ibrahim Shiham, Moosa Haleem, Mohamed Siddeeque and Hussain Rasheed who were arrested on the charge of participating in an “unlawful assembly” in the Republican Square in Male On 4 August 2005; MDP members who were arrested from [Addu Atoll](/wiki/Addu_Atoll \"Addu Atoll\") on 16 August 2005, including Abdulla Rasheed, Mohammed Saeed, Ibrahim Zadhee, Mohammed Saeedh, Abdulla Sodig, Hussein Shahid, Zahidh Hussein, Saudhullah Hameed, Mohammed Habeeb, Mohammed Sharmeel, Ibrahim Jamaal, Mohammed Zubair, Ibrahim Rasheed, Ahmed Sattar, Sobree, Shammi and Azleem; Mohamed Didi, an MDP leader, arrested in Addu Atoll for the interviews he gave to Minivan Radio regarding the unrest in Addu Atoll in April 2005 following the arrest of pro\\-democracy activist Mohamed Zahid; prominent journalists including Ahmed Abbas, Aminath Najeeb, Fahala Saeed, Zaheena Rasheed and Ahmed Faiz; protesters arrested from [Haa Alif](/wiki/Haa_Alif_Atoll \"Haa Alif Atoll\") [Dhihdhoo](/wiki/Dhidhdhoo_%28Haa_Alif_Atoll%29 \"Dhidhdhoo (Haa Alif Atoll)\") Island; protesters arrested from [Noonu](/wiki/Noonu_Atoll \"Noonu Atoll\") [Maafaru](/wiki/Maafaru_%28Noonu_Atoll%29 \"Maafaru (Noonu Atoll)\") Island.\n\nIn October 2007, Suood represented *pro bono* Mr. Ilham Ahmed, Mr. Ibrahim Muaz Ali and Mr. Ahmed Zahir who were unfairly dismissed from public service employment at the state broadcaster, [Television Maldives](/wiki/Television_Maldives \"Television Maldives\") (TVM). In a landmark ruling by the Civil Court, TVM was ordered to reinstate the sacked employees and compensate them for lost earnings. This was the first ever ruling issued by a Maldivian court ordering reinstatement of a sacked employee.\n\nIn June 2013, Suood represented Chief Judge of the [High Court](/wiki/High_Court_of_the_Maldives \"High Court of the Maldives\") Ahmed Shareef in challenging the decision of the Judicial Services Commission to suspend him. Shareef's suspension came hours after the [High Court](/wiki/High_Court_of_the_Maldives \"High Court of the Maldives\") cancelled a hearing into the case filed by former President Mohamed Nasheed challenging the legitimacy of the panel of judges presiding over the case against him for the arbitrary detention of chief criminal judge [Abdulla Mohamed](/wiki/Abdulla_Mohamed \"Abdulla Mohamed\").\n\nBetween September and November 2013, Suood represented the [Maldives Elections Commission](/wiki/Elections_Commission_%28Maldives%29 \"Elections Commission (Maldives)\") as its lead lawyer in the Maldives Supreme Court in the controversial cases wherein the court had cancelled three rounds of voting in the Maldives presidential elections in dubious circumstances. Suood was suspended by the [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Maldives \"Supreme Court of the Maldives\") on contempt charges, following his Twitter update which stated that the decision of the Supreme Court to cancel the presidential election was, in his opinion contrary to the Constitution.\n\nIn February 2015, when all lawyers were “afraid” to represent former Deputy Speaker and member of parliament, [Ahmed Nazim](/wiki/Ahmed_Nazim \"Ahmed Nazim\"), to defend the corruption charges against him, Suood agreed to represent him in the Supreme Court.\n\nIn April 2015, Suood was appointed by former [Defence Minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Maldives%29 \"Ministry of Defence (Maldives)\") Colonel (Rtd) [Mohamed Nazim](/wiki/Mohamed_Nazim \"Mohamed Nazim\") to appeal his conviction for illegal possession of fire arms by the [Criminal Court of Maldives](/wiki/Criminal_Court_of_the_Maldives \"Criminal Court of the Maldives\").\n\nIn May 2015, Suood began defending terrorism charges filed by the Government of Maldives against President of [Adhaalath Party](/wiki/Adhaalath_Party \"Adhaalath Party\") (AP) Sheikh Imran Abdulla, and Chairman of MDP. Ali Waheed.\n\nIn July 2015, the [Vice President of Maldives](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Maldives \"Vice President of the Maldives\"), [Mohamed Jameel Ahmed](/wiki/Mohamed_Jameel_Ahmed \"Mohamed Jameel Ahmed\"), appointed lawyer Suood to represent him in the impeachment proceedings commenced by the [Maldivian Parliament](/wiki/People%27s_Majlis \"People's Majlis\") against the Vice President. However, in a letter addressed to Jameel, Speaker [Abdulla Maseeh](/wiki/Abdulla_Maseeh_Mohamed \"Abdulla Maseeh Mohamed\") said the vice president himself must be present at the sitting, according to Article 100 (d) of the Constitution. Article 100 (d) states that the vice president shall have the right to defend himself in the sittings of the People's Majlis, both orally and in writing, and has the right to legal counsel.\n\nIn October 2015, Suood began defending Hamid Ismail, who was arrested following the dismissal and detention of Vice President [Ahmed Adeeb](/wiki/Ahmed_Adeeb \"Ahmed Adeeb\").\n\nIn February 2016, Suood began defending terrorism charges filed by the government against former Chief Prosecutor of Maldives Muhthaz Muhsin. Muhthaz was dismissed from office following his decision not to charge former Vice President Ahmed Adeeb with terrorism.\n\nIn April 2016, Suood began defending terrorism charges filed by the government against Judge Ahmed Nihan.\n\nIn October/November 2016, Suood represented former President of Maldives [Maumoon Abdul Gayoom](/wiki/Maumoon_Abdul_Gayoom \"Maumoon Abdul Gayoom\"), and then\\-President of the [Progressive Party of Maldives](/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Maldives \"Progressive Party of Maldives\") (PPM) in the controversial High Court and Supreme Court cases, through which his half\\-brother and then\\-President of Maldives [Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom](/wiki/Abdulla_Yameen \"Abdulla Yameen\") took\\-over control of PPM from his elder brother. Following the fierce and aggressive litigation Suood was disbarred from legal practice by Maldives Supreme Court on 31 October 2016 on contempt charges. Suood was neither given an opportunity to reply to the charges, nor was he able to appeal the decision of the Supreme Court.\n\nIn April 2017, Suood filed a case against the Maldives Police Service for its failure to protect famous writer and blogger, [Yameen Rasheed](/wiki/Yameen_Rasheed \"Yameen Rasheed\"), who was brutally murdered after having received several death threats over a period of five years. Despite having reported death threats the [Maldives Police Service](/wiki/Maldives_Police_Service \"Maldives Police Service\") failed to take any action to protect the blogger.\n\n",
"Human Rights and Democracy\n--------------------------\n\nPolitical parties have been banned in the Maldives since 1953\\. The President appointed eight out of the fifty seats in the parliament and also the speaker. The President also acted as the court of final appeal. Media was put under state control. After more than 25 years of absolute dictatorship and iron fist rule, Gayoom was forced to announce a reform package in 2004, as a result of growing opposition locally coupled with international pressure.\n\nSince 2001, Suood was at the forefront of the democracy movement that later evolved into the major opposition to Gayyoom's lengthy rule.\n\nIn February 2001, Mohamed Nasheed, Hussain Rasheed Hassan and Husnu Al Suood took the initiative to register a political party in the Maldives. The initiative was later supported by 42 members who subscribed to the formation of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP). As the registration papers submitted to the [Ministry of Home Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Homeland_Security_and_Technology_%28Maldives%29 \"Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology (Maldives)\") had to be compiled clandestinely, Suood had to name the party and write down its principles and ideology on his own and without any consultation. Although the [Maldivian Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives \"Constitution of the Maldives\") allows political parties to operate, the MDP's application was refused. After the death of [Evan Naseem](/wiki/Hassan_Evan_Naseem \"Hassan Evan Naseem\") in 2003 and the violent subsequent street protests, Mohamed Nasheed and [Mohamed Latheef](/wiki/Mohamed_Latheef \"Mohamed Latheef\") declared the existence of MDP in exile from [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") on November 10, 2003\\. Members of MDP's first general council were elected on February 13, 2004\\. \n\nAlthough MDP was not recognized by the Maldivian government, it began operating in Maldives on April 30, 2005\\.\n\nOn June 2, 2005, the members of the [People's Majlis](/wiki/People%27s_Majlis \"People's Majlis\") unanimously voted to [legally recognize political parties](/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Maldives \"List of political parties in the Maldives\"). The MDP subsequently submitted its registration on June 26, 2005 becoming the first [political party](/wiki/Political_party \"Political party\") to be registered in the Republic of Maldives since 1953\\.\n\nOn 13 August 2004, while Suood was a member of the National Human Rights Commission, he was arrested and held in solitary confinement in the notorious Dhoonidhoo prison for 81 days, without access to a lawyer.\n\nDuring the detention Suood was asked why and on whose instructions he had agreed to act as legal counsel for Dr. Hussain Rasheed Hassan, Ilyas Hussain and Ahmed Shafeeq.\n\nIn 2005, Suood was elected to the People's Special Majlis that was convened to draft a new Constitution for the country. His efforts in shaping the fundamental rights chapter is noteworthy, particularly his initiative to lower the voting age from 21 to 18\\.\n\nDuring Suood's legal career, he has been debarred from legal practice by the regime for representing dissidents and clients who have fallen out of favour with the government, resulting in huge financial loss.\n\nThe Maldives do not have an organization to represent or to regulate the legal profession. In 2012, Suood took the initiative to register the Maldives Bar Association (MBA). Suood was elected as the President of the Maldives Bar Association on 17 May 2013\\.\n\nIn a public statement released by the Maldives Bar Association in July 2013, MBA insisted that Supreme Court Judge Ali Hameed who was under investigation for his alleged involvement of a sex tape must be suspended whilst the probe was ongoing. The case was investigated by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC), but no action was taken against the scandal\\-hit judge and continued to sit on the supreme court bench. Bar Association raised questions over the impartiality of the investigation if Judge Ali Hameed was not suspended. It said that a judge facing such serious accusations continuing to preside over trials had undermined the entire justice system. The statement also urged swift action against the judge in order to restore confidence and respect for the judiciary. Subsequently, the Supreme Court instructed the Minister of Home Affairs to dissolve the Maldives Bar Association.\n\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\n* **Principles of Islamic Law of Evidence and Its Application in the Maldives** (2021\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Dhivehi Law Dictionary** (2018\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Islamic Law of Inheritance** (2018\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Drafting Commercial Contracts** (2018\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Textbook of Maldives Land Law** (2017\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Dhivehi Bas Thaanain Liyumuge Qawaaidhu** **(Writing Thaana \\- Use of Space between Words)** (2017\\), Dhivehi Research Center, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Understanding Maldivian Law of Contract** (2016\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Law and Society** (2015\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Model Civil Procedure** (2015\\), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives.\n* **The Maldivian Legal System** (2014\\), (written in English language), The Maldives Law Institute, Male’, Maldives (Standard and authoritative text on Maldivian Legal System currently in use by students and practitioners.)\n* **Understanding Maldivian Company Law** (2009\\), Novelty Printers and Publishers, Male’, Maldives (Standard and authoritative text of Maldivian company law currently in use by students and practitioners.)\n* **The Maldivian Legal System**, (2007\\) (Written in Dhivehi Language) Loamaafaanu Printers and Publishers, Male’, Maldives.\n* **Our Rights – Our Nation**, (2006\\) Novelty Printers and Publishers, Male’, Maldives.\n* **International Human Rights**, (2004\\) Novelty Printers and Publishers, Male’, Maldives.\n",
"Teaching\n--------\n\n1996\\- 1998, Suood taught contract law and constitutional law at College of Islamic Studies, Maldives.\n\n2000 to 2001, Suood taught the Maldivian legal system at Faculty of Shari’ah and Law, [Maldives National University](/wiki/Maldives_National_University \"Maldives National University\").\n\n2007 – 2009, Suood taught company law and land law at Faculty of Shari’ah and Law, Maldives National University.\n\nSuood was appointed as the Dean of Faculty of Law at [Villa College](/wiki/Villa_College \"Villa College\"), Maldives in July 2013\\. In February 2016, Suood resigned from Villa College to reorganize the Maldives Law Institute he founded in 2010\\.\n\nIn 2010, Suood co\\-founded the Maldives Law Institute with Mohamed Shahdy Anwar. Maldives Law Institute was established with the vision of further developing the Maldivian legal system by helping to improve and strengthen by legal research, publication of research journals and conducting continuing legal education programs for legal practitioners, judges, legal academics and law enforcement officers. Maldives Law Institute continues to publish the Maldives Law Review which is a peer review law quarterly journal and is also the first of its kind in the Maldives.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nNational Award of Recognition for Outstanding Services in the Field of Law, Government of Maldives, 2011 (Only recipient so far in the category of law for this public service award, which has been given since 1979\\).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Attorneys general of the Maldives](/wiki/Category:Attorneys_general_of_the_Maldives \"Attorneys general of the Maldives\")\n[Category:Maldivian judges](/wiki/Category:Maldivian_judges \"Maldivian judges\")\n[Category:Maldivian lawyers](/wiki/Category:Maldivian_lawyers \"Maldivian lawyers\")\n[Category:Members of the People's Majlis](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_People%27s_Majlis \"Members of the People's Majlis\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:International Islamic University Malaysia alumni](/wiki/Category:International_Islamic_University_Malaysia_alumni \"International Islamic University Malaysia alumni\")\n[Category:People from Addu City](/wiki/Category:People_from_Addu_City \"People from Addu City\")\n[Category:University of Auckland alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Auckland_alumni \"University of Auckland alumni\")\n\n"
]
} |
Sigsworth | {
"id": [
38556469
],
"name": [
"Offerton66"
]
} | rbt6wvukayh37c8yho5idv5gpfh4m4h | 2020-03-08T07:55:58Z | 940,947,051 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Sigsworth"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Sigsworth** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\n* [Guy Sigsworth](/wiki/Guy_Sigsworth \"Guy Sigsworth\"), British composer, producer and songwriter\n* [Jessica Sigsworth](/wiki/Jessica_Sigsworth \"Jessica Sigsworth\") (born 1994\\), an English footballer\n* [Phil Sigsworth](/wiki/Phil_Sigsworth \"Phil Sigsworth\") (born 1959\\), Australian rugby league footballer\n* [Richard Sigsworth](/wiki/Richard_Sigsworth \"Richard Sigsworth\") (born 1974\\), British, Park home and holiday lodge specialist\n* [Ron Sigsworth](/wiki/Ron_Sigsworth \"Ron Sigsworth\") (born 1961\\), Australian rugby league footballer\n\n"
]
} |
Iron Pot Lighthouse | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | 0cavc7w0o5ajw1gxob2bjqjlzpnv8ye | 2024-09-16T15:37:26Z | 1,245,509,254 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Parkinson family home",
"Light source",
"Access",
"Gallery",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Iron Pot Lighthouse** (also known as the **Derwent Lighthouse**) is a [lighthouse](/wiki/Lighthouse \"Lighthouse\") located on [Iron Pot](/wiki/Iron_Pot_State_Reserve \"Iron Pot State Reserve\") island in [Storm Bay](/wiki/Storm_Bay \"Storm Bay\"), at the mouth of the [Derwent River](/wiki/Derwent_River%2C_Tasmania \"Derwent River, Tasmania\") in [Hobart](/wiki/Hobart \"Hobart\"), [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\"), Australia. Constructed in 1832 with [convict labor](/wiki/Convict_labor \"Convict labor\"), Iron Pot Lighthouse is the oldest lighthouse in Tasmania and oldest original tower in Australia. It was the first lighthouse in Australia to utilise locally manufactured optics, and became the first Australian lighthouse to use [solar power](/wiki/Solar_power \"Solar power\") in 1977\\. The tall tower has a range of .\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nDuring his [circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land](/wiki/Matthew_Flinders%23Circumnavigation_of_Van_Diemen%27s_Land \"Matthew Flinders#Circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land\") in 1798, [Matthew Flinders](/wiki/Matthew_Flinders \"Matthew Flinders\") observed that the rocks in [Storm Bay](/wiki/Storm_Bay \"Storm Bay\") produced magnetic pulses that disorientated compasses. In the years following the [founding of Hobart](/wiki/History_of_Hobart%231803_British_settlement \"History of Hobart#1803 British settlement\"), early merchants and locals advocated for the construction of a light after a number of significant shipwrecks and groundings, including those of the *[Bombay](/wiki/Bombay_%281801_ship%29 \"Bombay (1801 ship)\")* (1830\\), *SS Lintrose* (1832\\), and the *[Princess Royal](/wiki/Princess_Royal_%281810_ship%29 \"Princess Royal (1810 ship)\")* (1832\\), which had 300 free women settlers on board. [Governor Arthur](/wiki/Arthur_Phillip \"Arthur Phillip\") urged the Hobart Port Control in 1830 that a lighthouse be built in response to the 1827 sinking of the colonial commercial ship *Hope*.\nConstructed on a firm rock foundation, the square\\-based, obelisk sandstone lighthouse was erected in 1832\\. Quarried from the island with convict labor, the lighthouse walls consist of sandstone blocks thick. Raised and lowered by hand, the original lighting apparatus was operated by a [lighthouse keeper](/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper \"Lighthouse keeper\") who lived in a tent with two convict aides. Although ship owners complained that the light source was insufficient, it was not upgraded until 1851\\.\n\n### Parkinson family home\n\nThe construction of a two\\-story house for lighthouse keeper James Parkinson and his family in 1884 significantly improved the island's living conditions. The home featured lead light windows, a cast\\-iron laced veranda with the bottom floor functioning as a classroom for Parkinson's seven children. Essie (or Elsie) Margaret Roberts, a child born to the headkeeper's wife in 1895, was the first and only person to be born on the island. The house was demolished in 1921 when the lighthouse became automated and the Marine Board failed to find a tenant.\n\n",
"### Parkinson family home\n\nThe construction of a two\\-story house for lighthouse keeper James Parkinson and his family in 1884 significantly improved the island's living conditions. The home featured lead light windows, a cast\\-iron laced veranda with the bottom floor functioning as a classroom for Parkinson's seven children. Essie (or Elsie) Margaret Roberts, a child born to the headkeeper's wife in 1895, was the first and only person to be born on the island. The house was demolished in 1921 when the lighthouse became automated and the Marine Board failed to find a tenant.\n\n",
"Light source\n------------\n\nAn incandescent petroleum burner was introduced in 1904\\. It was the first lamp to employ vapourized kerosene as an illumination source in Australia. In 1977, the Marine Board converted the light's power source from acetylene gas to solar to reduce expenses, the first such conversion in Australia.\n\n",
"Access\n------\n\nLocated south east of Hobart, Iron Pot island is located at the mouth of the Derwent estuary, situated offshore from Cape Direction on the [South Arm Peninsula](/wiki/South_Arm_Peninsula \"South Arm Peninsula\"). The island is regularly circumnavigated by tourism operator [Pennicott Wilderness Journeys](https://www.pennicottjourneys.com.au), departing from [Constitution Dock](/wiki/Constitution_Dock \"Constitution Dock\") at [Sullivans Cove](/wiki/Sullivans_Cove \"Sullivans Cove\"), Hobart. The lighthouse itself is automated and closed to the public.\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nThe Derwent Lighthouse, Hobart, Tasmania \\- circa 1910 (32418645864\\).jpg\\|Iron Pot lighthouse with the Parkinson family home, circa 1910\nIron Pot Lighthouse.jpg\\|Iron Pot lighthouse, circa 2009\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [History of Tasmania](/wiki/History_of_Tasmania \"History of Tasmania\")\n* [List of lighthouses in Tasmania](/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Australia%23Tasmania \"List of lighthouses in Australia#Tasmania\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Australian Maritime Safety Authority](http://www.amsa.gov.au/navigation/) \n\n[Category:1832 establishments in Australia](/wiki/Category:1832_establishments_in_Australia \"1832 establishments in Australia\")\n[Category:Convictism in Tasmania](/wiki/Category:Convictism_in_Tasmania \"Convictism in Tasmania\")\n[Category:History of Hobart](/wiki/Category:History_of_Hobart \"History of Hobart\")\n[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1832](/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_completed_in_1832 \"Lighthouses completed in 1832\")\n[Category:Lighthouses in Tasmania](/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_in_Tasmania \"Lighthouses in Tasmania\")\n[Category:Tasmanian Heritage Register](/wiki/Category:Tasmanian_Heritage_Register \"Tasmanian Heritage Register\")\n[Category:River Derwent (Tasmania)](/wiki/Category:River_Derwent_%28Tasmania%29 \"River Derwent (Tasmania)\")\n\n"
]
} |
Easton Gardens | {
"id": [
38004052
],
"name": [
"Moondragon21"
]
} | cfldcbgfu8f3sa0g5xd8yjsnn1plbwp | 2022-08-22T01:52:26Z | 1,002,027,836 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Easton Gardens, including the Clock Tower.](/wiki/File:Easton%2C_Portland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_719235.jpg \"Easton, Portland - geograph.org.uk - 719235.jpg\")\n**Easton Gardens** is a public garden, located at [Tophill](/wiki/Tophill \"Tophill\"), [Isle of Portland](/wiki/Isle_of_Portland \"Isle of Portland\"), [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset \"Dorset\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). It is found at Easton Square, the centre of [Easton](/wiki/Easton%2C_Dorset \"Easton, Dorset\") village. The gardens have remained a focal point since their opening in 1904 and have been awarded the [Green Flag Award](/wiki/Green_Flag_Award \"Green Flag Award\") in recent years. The gardens feature grassed and formal bedding areas, with other facilities including a children's play area and basketball court.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|Easton Gardens' play area.](/wiki/File:Portland%2C_Easton_Square_gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1093700.jpg \"Portland, Easton Square gardens - geograph.org.uk - 1093700.jpg\")\nThe idea of transforming an area of Tophill into a public garden was first suggested in 1896, along with the transformation of another Portland site, Little Common, into [Victoria Gardens](/wiki/Victoria_Gardens%2C_Portland \"Victoria Gardens, Portland\"). Easton Square was later chosen as Tophill's site in 1901 and plans, created by engineer Mr R. S. Henshaw, were approved in August 1903\\. That year saw work commence on their creation, with Messrs Stewart \\& Sons tasked with laying out lawns, flower beds and footpaths, along with a bandstand.\n\nThe gardens were opened by Mr Henry Sansom, Chairman of the Portland Urban District Council, on 18 August 1904, in front of large audience. The day was noted for its sunshine. In 2004, locals donned costumes of the 1900s to celebrate the garden's 100th anniversary. In recent years, Easton Gardens has been awarded [Green Flag](/wiki/Green_Flag_Award \"Green Flag Award\") status.\n\nIn 1905, Sansom suggested the erecting of a clock tower within the gardens. Designed by R. Stevenson Henshaw, the clock was built by Wakeham Brothers and unveiled during a ceremony in May 1907\\. As a prominent feature in the square ever since, the clock tower became Grade II Listed in 1993\\. English Heritage's survey noted that the clock is a Jacobethan\\-styled structure with Gothic details.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Isle of Portland](/wiki/Category:Isle_of_Portland \"Isle of Portland\")\n[Category:Gardens in Dorset](/wiki/Category:Gardens_in_Dorset \"Gardens in Dorset\")\n\n"
]
} |
Gagandeep Singh | {
"id": [
33582946
],
"name": [
"Johnj1995"
]
} | jcj3m0mrr5096po4zuv678r7hmt5mhi | 2023-04-03T15:15:26Z | 1,148,007,855 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Gagandeep Singh",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Gagandeep Singh** may refer to:\n\n* [Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981\\)](/wiki/Gagandeep_Singh_%28cricketer%2C_born_1981%29 \"Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)\"), Indian cricketer\n* [Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1987\\)](/wiki/Gagandeep_Singh_%28cricketer%2C_born_1987%29 \"Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1987)\"), Indian cricketer\n* [Gagandeep Singh (footballer)](/wiki/Gagandeep_Singh_%28footballer%29 \"Gagandeep Singh (footballer)\") (born 1985\\), Indian footballer\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Gagandeep Singh Lally](/wiki/Gagandeep_Singh_Lally \"Gagandeep Singh Lally\") (born 1995\\), Norwegian footballer\n\n"
]
} |
Eric Herman (American football) | {
"id": [
43408195
],
"name": [
"Kelliecharging"
]
} | a8pksbm4e66q8etpllwajpwr2rugmgh | 2024-10-21T00:58:04Z | 1,239,797,063 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Professional career",
"New York Giants",
"Baltimore Ravens",
"Indianapolis Colts",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - \n\n**Eric Herman** (born October 5, 1989\\) is a former [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") [offensive guard](/wiki/Offensive_guard \"Offensive guard\"). He was selected by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the seventh round of the [2013 NFL draft](/wiki/2013_NFL_draft \"2013 NFL draft\"). He played [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") at [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio_Bobcats_football \"Ohio Bobcats football\").\n\n",
"Professional career\n-------------------\n\n### New York Giants\n\nOn April 27, 2013, he was selected by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the seventh round, 225 overall pick of the [2013 NFL draft](/wiki/2013_NFL_draft \"2013 NFL draft\"). On August 8, 2014, Herman was suspended for violating the NFL policy on performance\\-enhancing substances. On September 19, 2014 Eric Herman was waived. On September 22, 2014, he was signed to the practice squad. On September 1, 2015, he was waived by the Giants.\n\n### Baltimore Ravens\n\nOn December 17, 2015, Herman was signed by to the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\") practice squad. [\"Thursday's Sports Transactions\"](http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/dec/17/thursdays-sports-transactions/), \"The San Diego Union\\-Tribune\", December 17, 2015\n\n### Indianapolis Colts\n\nOn August 21, 2016, Herman was signed by the Colts. On August 28, 2016, Herman was waived by the Colts.\n\n",
"### New York Giants\n\nOn April 27, 2013, he was selected by the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the seventh round, 225 overall pick of the [2013 NFL draft](/wiki/2013_NFL_draft \"2013 NFL draft\"). On August 8, 2014, Herman was suspended for violating the NFL policy on performance\\-enhancing substances. On September 19, 2014 Eric Herman was waived. On September 22, 2014, he was signed to the practice squad. On September 1, 2015, he was waived by the Giants.\n\n",
"### Baltimore Ravens\n\nOn December 17, 2015, Herman was signed by to the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\") practice squad. [\"Thursday's Sports Transactions\"](http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/dec/17/thursdays-sports-transactions/), \"The San Diego Union\\-Tribune\", December 17, 2015\n\n",
"### Indianapolis Colts\n\nOn August 21, 2016, Herman was signed by the Colts. On August 28, 2016, Herman was waived by the Colts.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Ohio Bobcats bio](https://web.archive.org/web/20130221122203/http://www.ohiobobcats.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/eric_herman_365734.html)\n* [Giants News and Blogs](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223243/http://www.giants.com/news-and-blogs/article-1/Guard-Eric-Herman-suspended-for-four-games/859a8060-b625-4798-80cb-88f4b1433c3a)\n\n[Category:1989 births](/wiki/Category:1989_births \"1989 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:New York Giants players](/wiki/Category:New_York_Giants_players \"New York Giants players\")\n[Category:Baltimore Ravens players](/wiki/Category:Baltimore_Ravens_players \"Baltimore Ravens players\")\n[Category:Indianapolis Colts players](/wiki/Category:Indianapolis_Colts_players \"Indianapolis Colts players\")\n[Category:People from Oregon, Ohio](/wiki/Category:People_from_Oregon%2C_Ohio \"People from Oregon, Ohio\")\n[Category:Players of American football from Ohio](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_Ohio \"Players of American football from Ohio\")\n[Category:Ohio Bobcats football players](/wiki/Category:Ohio_Bobcats_football_players \"Ohio Bobcats football players\")\n[Category:American football offensive guards](/wiki/Category:American_football_offensive_guards \"American football offensive guards\")\n\n"
]
} |
California Fair Employment Practices Act | {
"id": [
12934447
],
"name": [
"RayneVanDunem"
]
} | sne17xvc1oz57wdx8wdm58su8wwdo0p | 2023-06-16T21:48:40Z | 935,819,980 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"The **California Fair Employment Practices Act (FEPA)** was a statute passed and enacted in 1959 that barred businesses and labor unions from discriminating against employees or job applicants based on their [color](/wiki/Person_of_color \"Person of color\"), [national origin](/wiki/National_origin \"National origin\"), [ancestry](/wiki/Ancestry \"Ancestry\"), [religion](/wiki/Religion \"Religion\"), or [race](/wiki/Race_%28human_classification%29 \"Race (human classification)\"). Prior to being repealed and reenacted under the [California Fair Employment and Housing Act](/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act \"California Fair Employment and Housing Act\") in 1980 the law was codified under part 4\\.5 of the Labor Code.\n\nThe FEPA as well as similar legislation passed earlier in other states (notably [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") and [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\")) drew its inspiration from the [Fair Employment Practices Commission](/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Commission \"Fair Employment Practices Commission\") (FEPC) set up by the federal government during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). Upon the disbandment of the FEPC in 1945, [California](/wiki/California \"California\") assemblymen [Augustus F. Hawkins](/wiki/Augustus_F._Hawkins \"Augustus F. Hawkins\") and [William Byron Rumford](/wiki/William_Byron_Rumford \"William Byron Rumford\") (both members of the [California Democratic Party](/wiki/California_Democratic_Party \"California Democratic Party\")) led the effort to pass fair employment legislation in the state. Hawkins drafted the initial legislative proposal in 1945, but would alternate with Rumford in introducing a fair employment bill during each succeeding session from 1945 to 1959\\. The bill that was passed and signed into law by Governor [Pat Brown](/wiki/Pat_Brown \"Pat Brown\") in 1959 was authored by Augustus F. Hawkins.\n\nIn 1946, a fair employment practices measure that would have created a statewide commission to enforce the proposed provisions appeared on the ballot as Proposition 11, but was decisively defeated. From that point onward, supporters of a statewide fair employment practices commission focused their efforts on getting a bill passed in the [California State Legislature](/wiki/California_State_Legislature \"California State Legislature\"). Nevertheless, the bills introduced by assemblymen Augustus F. Hawkins and Byron Rumford failed to gain traction until the emergence of the California Committee for Fair Employment Practices in 1954\\. It brought together a coalition of religious, community, civil rights, and labor groups to exert popular pressure on legislators.Thomas and Garrett, *The Impact of Affirmative Action: Policies and Consequences in California*, Rowman Altamira, 1999, p. 38 During this time period California was also undergoing a general shift in political attitudes that would have far\\-reaching ramifications for the future of fair employment legislation.\n\n1959 marked a turning point in California state politics with the Democratic Party beginning a period of electoral dominance over the [California Republican Party](/wiki/California_Republican_Party \"California Republican Party\") in California State Legislature races. With Pat Brown elected [Governor of California](/wiki/Governor_of_California \"Governor of California\") in 1958 it also marked the first time since 1883 that the Democrats had control over both chambers of the legislature and the state executive office. With this new political power the Democrats were able to secure the passage of Hawkins' proposal through the legislature by April of that year. Governor Pat Brown signed the FEPA into law on April 16, 1959 and it became effective a few months later on September 18, 1959\\.\n\nIn a press release summarizing some of the statute's main provisions, Hawkins wrote that the FEPA \"creates as a new division in the Department of Industrial Relations a State Fair Employment Practices Commission of five members. Powers of the Commission include receiving, investigating, hearing and passing on complaints involving discrimination. It has the power to issue orders to eliminate discrimination if found to exist.\" He also specified in the same release that \"subject employers are those employing five or more persons.\"\n\nIn 1970, the Fair Employment Practices Act was amended to include a protection against gender discrimination.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Fair Employment Practices Act, California](/wiki/Category:California_statutes \"California statutes\")\n[Category:Anti\\-discrimination law in California](/wiki/Category:Anti-discrimination_law_in_California \"Anti-discrimination law in California\")\n\n"
]
} |
Freightliner Cascadia | {
"id": [
26678847
],
"name": [
"XtraJovial"
]
} | lt7c2o5an4l6tfr1adb6m6051tjb0oy | 2024-10-04T15:15:33Z | 1,246,163,992 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Cascadia Evolution",
"2017 facelift",
"eCascadia",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|First generation day cab Cascadia](/wiki/File:14th_St_8th_Av_td_%282019-07-11%29_23.jpg \"14th St 8th Av td (2019-07-11) 23.jpg\")\n\nThe **Freightliner Cascadia** is a [heavy\\-duty](/wiki/Heavy-duty_truck \"Heavy-duty truck\") [semi\\-trailer truck](/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck \"Semi-trailer truck\") produced by [Freightliner Trucks](/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks \"Freightliner Trucks\"). The Freightliner Cascadia was designed with [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency \"Fuel efficiency\") in mind, as well as improving upon several other features including the powertrain offerings, sound mitigation, safety systems, and overall mechanical reliability from its predecessors. It is offered in three basic configurations: Day Cab, Mid\\-Roof XT, and Raised Roof. The latter two models are sleeper cabs, offered in various lengths, ranging from 48 to 72 inches (Raised Roof models available for 60” or 72” lengths only). The Cascadia was sold chiefly in North America until 2020, when an export, primarily geared towards the Australian and New Zealand markets, was introduced. Before the introduction of the export variant, its place remained occupied by the [Freightliner Century](/wiki/Freightliner_Century \"Freightliner Century\") (no longer in US production) for export markets.\n\n",
"Cascadia Evolution\n------------------\n\nThe **Cascadia Evolution** is a more fuel\\-efficient version of the Cascadia, released in 2013\\. Improvements were made to both the aerodynamics and the comfort of the driver. The instrument cluster was redesigned to be easier to read, the seats have improved back and lumbar support, dashboard switches are repositioned with larger, higher contrast text, and a battery\\-powered auxiliary HVAC system from [Thermo King](/wiki/Thermo_King \"Thermo King\") was offered. This system was designed to reduce overnight engine idling, both saving fuel and reducing noise while drivers are asleep.\n\n",
"2017 facelift\n-------------\n\n[thumb\\|2nd Generation Cascadia at Night](/wiki/File:2nd_Generation_Cascadia_at_Night.jpg \"2nd Generation Cascadia at Night.jpg\")\n\nIn 2017, the Cascadia received a major design revision for the 2018 model year. The general design of the body is the same except for revised chassis fairings and longer cab extenders. The 2018 Cascadia's exterior facelift consisted of a hood cowl with a more sculpted and aggressive design, along with a redesigned front bumper, a larger grille, and the addition of all\\-LED headlights. The new hood mirrors were more aerodynamic and improved bumper air dams were installed.\n\nMajor updates were made to the truck's interior. The new revision included a new dashboard and more ergonomic seats. The Cascadia's sleeper contains a larger bunk, redesigned storage cabinets, and \"aircraft\\-inspired\" dimmable LED ceiling lights. An optional \"driver's loft\" feature adds a collapsible table and two collapsible seats, all of which stow underneath an extra\\-wide [Murphy\\-style bunk](/wiki/Murphy_bed \"Murphy bed\").\n\nBattery\\-powered HVAC systems remain an option, however, in addition to the Thermo King units seen on the Cascadia Evolution, Freightliner now offers an internally manufactured equivalent system as well.\n\nOther features of the truck include the Detroit DT12 automated manual transmission, ultra\\-quiet door and window seals, a single panel windshield, all LED marker lights and taillights, and a suite of active and passive safety systems, including blind\\-spot monitoring, collision mitigation system, and lane\\-keeping assistance.\n\nThe second\\-generation Cascadia is produced in the same three configurations as its predecessors, Day Cab, Mid\\-roof XT, and Raised Roof.\n\nThe Interior is from the [Mercedes\\-Benz Actros](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Actros \"Mercedes-Benz Actros\") (2014 Facelift). \n[thumb\\|2nd Generation Cascadia in Daylight](/wiki/File:Freightliner_Cascadia_in_Daylight.jpg \"Freightliner Cascadia in Daylight.jpg\")\n\n",
"eCascadia\n---------\n\n[alt\\=Black day cab Freightliner eCascadia\\|thumb\\|Freightliner eCascadia](/wiki/File:Freightliner_eCascadia_4x2.jpg \"Freightliner eCascadia 4x2.jpg\")\nThe **eCascadia** is an all\\-[electric truck](/wiki/Electric_truck \"Electric truck\") variant of the Cascadia. As of 2022, the specifications of the long\\-range variant include a range of (single\\-drive) or (tandem\\-drive), using 438\\-kWh batteries, and , with charging to 80% in 90 minutes. It has a GCWR of up to and will compete with the [Tesla Semi](/wiki/Tesla_Semi \"Tesla Semi\").\n\nIn August 2019, the first two eCascadias were delivered to customers in California as part of field tests. The manufacturer stated that the trucks are built \"to test the integration of battery\\-electric trucks \\[into] large\\-scale fleet operations\". One of the customers, [Penske](/wiki/Penske_Corporation \"Penske Corporation\"), will be operating the truck \"in regional traffic in Southern California\" while the other, NFI, will use it in [drayage](/wiki/Drayage \"Drayage\") operations at the [Port of Los Angeles](/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles \"Port of Los Angeles\") and the [Port of Long Beach](/wiki/Port_of_Long_Beach \"Port of Long Beach\").\n\nOrder books opened in 2021, and one order was for 800 trucks.\n\nAfter testing a prototype to more than , production and official premiere took place in May 2022\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Freightliner Business Class M2](/wiki/Freightliner_Business_Class_M2 \"Freightliner Business Class M2\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [http://www.daimler\\-trucksnorthamerica.com/news/press\\-release\\-detail.aspx\\#detroit\\-dt12\\-automated\\-manual\\-transmission\\-now\\-2013\\-09\\-18](http://www.daimler-trucksnorthamerica.com/news/press-release-detail.aspx#detroit-dt12-automated-manual-transmission-now-2013-09-18) , Giroux, David, \"Detroit DT12 Automated Manual Transmission Now Available for Detroit DD13 Engine\", 09/18/2013\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Freightliner, [2017 Cascadia](https://freightliner.com/trucks/new-cascadia/)\n* Freightliner, [Cascadia Evolution](https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123148/https://www.freightlinertrucks.com/Trucks/Models/Evolution/)\n* [Detroit DT12](https://web.archive.org/web/20140221234805/http://www.demanddetroit.com/transmissions/)\n\n[Cascadia](/wiki/Category:Freightliner_Trucks_vehicles \"Freightliner Trucks vehicles\")\n[Category:Class 8 trucks](/wiki/Category:Class_8_trucks \"Class 8 trucks\")\n[Category:Tractor units](/wiki/Category:Tractor_units \"Tractor units\")\n[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2007](/wiki/Category:Vehicles_introduced_in_2007 \"Vehicles introduced in 2007\")\n[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2008](/wiki/Category:Vehicles_introduced_in_2008 \"Vehicles introduced in 2008\")\n\n"
]
} |
Rahimabad, Miyan Darband | {
"id": [
20483999
],
"name": [
"Monkbot"
]
} | pf3phob2ux9v6nvs9a3lhtck05apsbi | 2024-10-21T01:48:40Z | 944,769,200 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Rahimabad** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Raḩīmābād**) is a village in [Miyan Darband Rural District](/wiki/Miyan_Darband_Rural_District \"Miyan Darband Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Kermanshah_County%29 \"Central District (Kermanshah County)\") of [Kermanshah County](/wiki/Kermanshah_County \"Kermanshah County\"), [Kermanshah Province](/wiki/Kermanshah_Province \"Kermanshah Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 131, in 31 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Kermanshah_County \"Populated places in Kermanshah County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Reptile egg fossil | {
"id": [
1544984
],
"name": [
"Dawnseeker2000"
]
} | chdexxcxfp2andz14ta9wdy8ip602eg | 2023-05-01T23:09:52Z | 1,028,992,573 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Evolution and diversity",
"Reptile groups with documented fossil eggs",
"Crocodilians",
"Dinosaurs",
"Turtles",
"See also",
"Footnotes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Reptile egg fossils** are the [fossilized](/wiki/Fossilized \"Fossilized\") remains of [eggs](/wiki/Egg \"Egg\") laid by reptiles. The fossil record of reptile eggs goes back at least as far as the [Early Permian](/wiki/Early_Permian \"Early Permian\"). However, since the earliest reptile eggs probably had soft shells with little [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential \"Preservation potential\"), reptilian eggs may go back significantly farther than their fossil record. Many ancient reptile groups are known from egg fossils including [crocodilians](/wiki/Crocodilia \"Crocodilia\"), [dinosaurs](/wiki/Dinosaur \"Dinosaur\"), and turtles. Some ancient reptiles are known to have given live birth and are therefore not anticipated to have left behind egg fossils.\n\n",
"Evolution and diversity\n-----------------------\n\nThe earliest reptile eggshells probably had leathery membranes instead of hard shells. Eggs like this decay so quickly that fossilization is very unlikely. Therefore, the fossil record is too incomplete for scientists to determine what kinds of eggshell most fossil reptile groups had. A 5\\.9 cm by 3\\.79 cm fossil from the [Lower Permian](/wiki/Lower_Permian \"Lower Permian\") was described in 1939 by [Alfred Romer](/wiki/Alfred_Romer \"Alfred Romer\") and [Lewellyn Price](/wiki/Lewellyn_Price \"Lewellyn Price\") as the oldest hard\\-shelled fossil egg. However, in a 1979 paper Karl Hirsch disputed Romer and Price's claim, since the fossil in question didn't show evidence for a [calcite](/wiki/Calcite \"Calcite\") shell. Hirsch found enough [phosphorus](/wiki/Phosphorus \"Phosphorus\") in the object's outer layer to propose that the fossil was actually an egg with a leathery shell. If the contentious fossil really is a reptile egg, it's the oldest known.\n\n",
"Reptile groups with documented fossil eggs\n------------------------------------------\n\n### Crocodilians\n\nThe earliest known fossil rigid eggs were laid by [South African](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") crocodilians during the [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic \"Late Triassic\") or [Early Jurassic](/wiki/Early_Jurassic \"Early Jurassic\"); however, the rigid eggshell itself was probably much older than these specific fossils.\n\nThe oldest known fossil crocodilian eggs are from Early Cretaceous rocks of [Galve, Spain](/wiki/Galve%2C_Spain \"Galve, Spain\"). These eggs had microstructures identical to those of modern crocodiles. This suggests that once the crocodilian's rigid eggshell first evolved it changed very little over time. Crocodilian eggshell is regarded as primitive because it only contains one type of calcite crystal and these crystals are arranged in \"tight columns\".\n\n### Dinosaurs\n\nThe eggs of the earliest dinosaurs are poorly known. [Dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur \"Dinosaur\") eggshell was so resilient that it is the most common kind of egg fossils. Some [theropod](/wiki/Theropod \"Theropod\") dinosaurs' eggshell microstructure are so similar to modern birds that its almost impossible to distinguish the two. These very bird\\-like eggs are only referred to non\\-avian dinosaurs due to their size and age. Bird eggshell microstructure is complex and more similar to theropod dinosaurs than to crocodilians. The commonality in eggshell structure is more evidence that [birds evolved from theropods](/wiki/Evolution_of_birds \"Evolution of birds\").\n\n### Turtles\n\nThe oldest known semi\\-rigid fossil eggshells date to the [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic \"Middle Jurassic\") of England. The egg specimen was originally called *[Oolithes bathonicae](/wiki/Oolithes_bathonicae \"Oolithes bathonicae\")*, but renamed *[Testudoflexoolithus](/wiki/Testudoflexoolithus \"Testudoflexoolithus\")*. There are also semi\\-rigid turtle eggshells known from the [Late Jurassic](/wiki/Late_Jurassic \"Late Jurassic\") [Morrison Formation](/wiki/Morrison_Formation \"Morrison Formation\") of the western US. Fully rigid turtle eggshell is known from Late Jurassic strata in Portugal. Fossil turtle eggs are known from the marine [White Limestone](/wiki/White_Limestone \"White Limestone\"), [Stonesfield Slate](/wiki/Stonesfield_Slate \"Stonesfield Slate\"), and [Mooreville Chalk](/wiki/Mooreville_Chalk \"Mooreville Chalk\") formations. No modern reptile is known to lay their eggs on the seafloor, so these eggs likely originated in a different environmental setting. Ken Carpenter notes that while it's not possible to be completely sure how these eggs ended up on the seabed, some possibilities include carcasses of dead [gravid](/wiki/Gravid \"Gravid\") females being washed out to sea and releasing its eggs when by splitting open, carried out to sea by floods, or drifting out on mats of vegetation. At least two clutches of hard\\-shelled turtle eggs preserved in volcanic ash are known from the [Canary Islands](/wiki/Canary_Islands \"Canary Islands\"). These eggs were likely buried in the debris by large tortoises.\n\n",
"### Crocodilians\n\nThe earliest known fossil rigid eggs were laid by [South African](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\") crocodilians during the [Late Triassic](/wiki/Late_Triassic \"Late Triassic\") or [Early Jurassic](/wiki/Early_Jurassic \"Early Jurassic\"); however, the rigid eggshell itself was probably much older than these specific fossils.\n\nThe oldest known fossil crocodilian eggs are from Early Cretaceous rocks of [Galve, Spain](/wiki/Galve%2C_Spain \"Galve, Spain\"). These eggs had microstructures identical to those of modern crocodiles. This suggests that once the crocodilian's rigid eggshell first evolved it changed very little over time. Crocodilian eggshell is regarded as primitive because it only contains one type of calcite crystal and these crystals are arranged in \"tight columns\".\n\n",
"### Dinosaurs\n\nThe eggs of the earliest dinosaurs are poorly known. [Dinosaur](/wiki/Dinosaur \"Dinosaur\") eggshell was so resilient that it is the most common kind of egg fossils. Some [theropod](/wiki/Theropod \"Theropod\") dinosaurs' eggshell microstructure are so similar to modern birds that its almost impossible to distinguish the two. These very bird\\-like eggs are only referred to non\\-avian dinosaurs due to their size and age. Bird eggshell microstructure is complex and more similar to theropod dinosaurs than to crocodilians. The commonality in eggshell structure is more evidence that [birds evolved from theropods](/wiki/Evolution_of_birds \"Evolution of birds\").\n\n",
"### Turtles\n\nThe oldest known semi\\-rigid fossil eggshells date to the [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic \"Middle Jurassic\") of England. The egg specimen was originally called *[Oolithes bathonicae](/wiki/Oolithes_bathonicae \"Oolithes bathonicae\")*, but renamed *[Testudoflexoolithus](/wiki/Testudoflexoolithus \"Testudoflexoolithus\")*. There are also semi\\-rigid turtle eggshells known from the [Late Jurassic](/wiki/Late_Jurassic \"Late Jurassic\") [Morrison Formation](/wiki/Morrison_Formation \"Morrison Formation\") of the western US. Fully rigid turtle eggshell is known from Late Jurassic strata in Portugal. Fossil turtle eggs are known from the marine [White Limestone](/wiki/White_Limestone \"White Limestone\"), [Stonesfield Slate](/wiki/Stonesfield_Slate \"Stonesfield Slate\"), and [Mooreville Chalk](/wiki/Mooreville_Chalk \"Mooreville Chalk\") formations. No modern reptile is known to lay their eggs on the seafloor, so these eggs likely originated in a different environmental setting. Ken Carpenter notes that while it's not possible to be completely sure how these eggs ended up on the seabed, some possibilities include carcasses of dead [gravid](/wiki/Gravid \"Gravid\") females being washed out to sea and releasing its eggs when by splitting open, carried out to sea by floods, or drifting out on mats of vegetation. At least two clutches of hard\\-shelled turtle eggs preserved in volcanic ash are known from the [Canary Islands](/wiki/Canary_Islands \"Canary Islands\"). These eggs were likely buried in the debris by large tortoises.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Cephalopod egg fossil](/wiki/Cephalopod_egg_fossil \"Cephalopod egg fossil\")\n* [Fish egg fossil](/wiki/Fish_egg_fossil \"Fish egg fossil\")\n* [Timeline of egg fossil research](/wiki/Timeline_of_egg_fossil_research \"Timeline of egg fossil research\")\n",
"Footnotes\n---------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Carpenter, Kenneth (1999\\). *Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs: A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction (Life of the Past)*, Indiana University Press; .\n\n[.](/wiki/Category:Egg_fossils \"Egg fossils\")\n\n"
]
} |
Taviran-e Olya | {
"id": [
20483999
],
"name": [
"Monkbot"
]
} | j91xq5zil4t3s9tyohwqr4fi5gkh9z1 | 2024-10-21T14:47:39Z | 771,898,547 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Taviran\\-e Olya** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Ţāvīrān\\-e ‘Olyā**; also known as **Ţāvīrān**) is a village in [Sar Firuzabad Rural District](/wiki/Sar_Firuzabad_Rural_District \"Sar Firuzabad Rural District\"), [Firuzabad District](/wiki/Firuzabad_District_%28Kermanshah_Province%29 \"Firuzabad District (Kermanshah Province)\"), [Kermanshah County](/wiki/Kermanshah_County \"Kermanshah County\"), [Kermanshah Province](/wiki/Kermanshah_Province \"Kermanshah Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 293, in 67 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Kermanshah_County \"Populated places in Kermanshah County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Choqa Khazan | {
"id": [
20483999
],
"name": [
"Monkbot"
]
} | laqxw6epgagjkqd4xwn7n8363c4bwq2 | 2024-10-21T08:30:29Z | 770,434,761 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Choqa Khazan** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Choqā Khazān**; also known as **Choqā Qazān**) is a village in [Sanjabi Rural District](/wiki/Sanjabi_Rural_District \"Sanjabi Rural District\"), [Kuzaran District](/wiki/Kuzaran_District \"Kuzaran District\"), [Kermanshah County](/wiki/Kermanshah_County \"Kermanshah County\"), [Kermanshah Province](/wiki/Kermanshah_Province \"Kermanshah Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 240, in 54 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Kermanshah_County \"Populated places in Kermanshah County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jahanabad, Kermanshah | {
"id": [
20483999
],
"name": [
"Monkbot"
]
} | 52xtqxt8056ao3czglnk94w95f3vcu2 | 2024-10-21T18:41:21Z | 906,376,349 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Jahanabad** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Jahānābād**) is a village in [Miyan Darband Rural District](/wiki/Miyan_Darband_Rural_District \"Miyan Darband Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Kermanshah_County%29 \"Central District (Kermanshah County)\") of [Kermanshah County](/wiki/Kermanshah_County \"Kermanshah County\"), [Kermanshah Province](/wiki/Kermanshah_Province \"Kermanshah Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 14 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Kermanshah_County \"Populated places in Kermanshah County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kenny Agostino | {
"id": [
14841472
],
"name": [
"Joeykai"
]
} | fzyhszb74fazir61sxhjdknsoz5qpnj | 2024-10-19T12:30:10Z | 1,244,139,663 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Playing career",
"Youth and college hockey",
"NHL and AHL",
"Europe",
"Career statistics",
"Regular season and playoffs",
"International",
"Awards and honors",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kenneth Tyler Agostino** (born April 30, 1992\\) is an American professional [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Forward (ice hockey)\") who currently plays for [Düsseldorfer EG](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfer_EG \"Düsseldorfer EG\") of the [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") (DEL). He was a fifth\\-round selection, 140th overall, of the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") at the [2010 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2010_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2010 NHL Entry Draft\") and was acquired by the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") in the [Jarome Iginla](/wiki/Jarome_Iginla \"Jarome Iginla\") trade. Agostino played four seasons of college hockey for the [Yale Bulldogs](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey\") and was a member of the school's [2013 national championship](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\") winning team.\n\n",
"Playing career\n--------------\n\n### Youth and college hockey\n\nAgostino is a native of the [Flanders, New Jersey](/wiki/Flanders%2C_New_Jersey \"Flanders, New Jersey\") section of [Mount Olive Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Mount_Olive_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Mount Olive Township, New Jersey\"). As a youth, he played in the 2005 [Quebec International Pee\\-Wee Hockey Tournament](/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament \"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament\") with the New Jersey Devils [minor ice hockey](/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey \"Minor ice hockey\") team.\n\nAgostino played high school hockey for [Delbarton School](/wiki/Delbarton_School \"Delbarton School\") (along with twin brothers Trevor \\& Davis), where he graduated as the school's all\\-time leading scorer with 261 points. He was named New Jersey High School Player of the Year by the *[Newark Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/Newark_Star-Ledger \"Newark Star-Ledger\")* in 2009 and 2010 and recorded 50 goals and 83 points in his senior year of 2009–10\\. The [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") selected Agostino with their fifth\\-round pick, 140th overall, at the [2010 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2010_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2010 NHL Entry Draft\").\n\nAgostino committed to play college hockey for the [Yale Bulldogs](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey\"), and on January 2, 2011, became only the third freshman in school history to record a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\"); he added two assists to his three goals in the game to tie a school record with five points by a freshman in a 10–3 victory over the [Holy Cross Crusaders](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Holy Cross Crusaders men's ice hockey\"). After finishing with 25 points in 2010–11, Agostino improved to 34 points in his sophomore season of 2011–12\\. As a junior, he was Yale's leading scorer with 41 points in 37 games. As he prepared for the [2013 Frozen Four](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\") national championship tournament, the Penguins traded Agostino's NHL rights. Pittsburgh also sent [Ben Hanowski](/wiki/Ben_Hanowski \"Ben Hanowski\") and a first\\-round draft pick to the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") in exchange for [Jarome Iginla](/wiki/Jarome_Iginla \"Jarome Iginla\") on March 27, 2013\\.\n\nYale reached the championship game and defeated [Quinnipiac](/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey\") 4–0 to win the first NCAA team championship of any sport in the school's history. Agostino considered turning professional following the win but opted to return for his senior season with the Bulldogs. He completed his final season, 2013–14, with 32 points in 32 games. Over his four\\-year college career, Agostino recorded 132 points in 134 games.\n\nAgostino turned professional at the conclusion of Yale's 2013–14 season and signed a two\\-year contract with the Flames worth $900,000 per season.\n\n### NHL and AHL\n\nAgostino made his NHL debut on March 21, 2014, in a 6–5 loss to the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\"). His first goal came on April 4, against goaltender [Roberto Luongo](/wiki/Roberto_Luongo \"Roberto Luongo\") in a 2–1 victory over the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\").\n[thumb\\|Agostino at the AHL All\\-Star skills competition in 2017](/wiki/File:AHL_%2832447391382%29.jpg \"AHL (32447391382).jpg\")\nOn July 2, 2016, Agostino, having left the Flames organization after not being tendered a qualifying offer, signed a one\\-year, two\\-way contract as a free agent with the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\"). Assigned to the Blues' AHL affiliate, the [Chicago Wolves](/wiki/Chicago_Wolves \"Chicago Wolves\"), Agostino was named the American Hockey League MVP in the [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season \"2016–17 AHL season\") season after posting 24 goals while leading the league with 59 assists and 83 points in 65 games with the Wolves.\n\nOn the first day of the 2017 free agency window on July 1, Agostino signed a one\\-year, one\\-way $850,000 deal with the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\").\n\nUnable to break in with the Bruins, Agostino left as a free agent in the off\\-season to sign a one\\-year, two\\-way $700,000 contract with the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") on July 1, 2018\\. Agostino began the [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"2018–19 NHL season\") season in the AHL with affiliate, the [Laval Rocket](/wiki/Laval_Rocket \"Laval Rocket\"). On November 7, 2018, Agostino was recalled by the Canadiens after injuries to regulars [Joel Armia](/wiki/Joel_Armia \"Joel Armia\") and [Paul Byron](/wiki/Paul_Byron \"Paul Byron\"). At the time, he was the lead scorer of the Rocket, with 4 goals and 10 points. He eclipsed his previous stints in the NHL, registering 11 points in 36 games with the Canadiens before he was placed on waivers and later claimed by hometown team, the New Jersey Devils, on February 11, 2019\\. He was claimed by general manager [Ray Shero](/wiki/Ray_Shero \"Ray Shero\"), who originally drafted him while with the Penguins in 2010\\.\n\nAs the New Jersey Devils did not choose to re\\-sign Agostino, he left as a free agent and signed with the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") on a two\\-year, one\\-way $700,000 contract. The deal was officially announced by the team nearly a month after it was initially rumored, on July 24\\.\n\nHaving played as a journeyman with 6 NHL clubs through 8 professional seasons, Agostino opted to pursue a career abroad, agreeing to a one\\-year contract as a free agent with Russian club [Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Torpedo_Nizhny_Novgorod \"Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod\") of Russia's top\\-tier [Kontinental Hockey League](/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League \"Kontinental Hockey League\") (KHL) on June 1, 2021\\.\n\n### Europe\n\nAgostino played through the [2021–22 KHL season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_KHL_season \"2021–22 KHL season\"), which was shortened by roughly 20 games (cancellations varied by team) due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in Russia](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\"). On February 16, 2022, the KHL announced that it would proceed with the [Gagarin Cup](/wiki/Gagarin_Cup \"Gagarin Cup\") playoffs, with a start date of March 1\\. On February 24, the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\") started, and by March 5 a number of non\\-Russian KHL players, as well as two complete teams based outside Russia, had withdrawn from the league. The NHL suspended all interactions with the KHL by March 8\\. Agostino was approached by a team in Sweden's top\\-tier [Swedish Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League \"Swedish Hockey League\") (SHL), but chose to sign a contract extension with Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod for the [2022–23 KHL season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_KHL_season \"2022–23 KHL season\").\n\nOn August 21, 2023, after the conclusion of his contract extension in the KHL, Agostino agreed to a one\\-year contract with Swedish club [Skellefteå AIK](/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5_AIK \"Skellefteå AIK\") for the [2023–24 SHL season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_SHL_season \"2023–24 SHL season\"). Due to increased scrutiny over his choosing to extend his contract in the KHL when other non\\-Russian players left, and it directly opposing the SHL's stance to not sign players from that league, Agostino's contract was dissolved with the SHL on August 27, 2023\\.\n\nOn September 25, 2023, after the [2023\\-24 DEL season](/wiki/2023-24_DEL_season \"2023-24 DEL season\") of Germany's top tier [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") had already started, Agostino signed a one\\-year contract with [Düsseldorfer EG](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfer_EG \"Düsseldorfer EG\") when that team lost top\\-six player Stephen MacAulay to a season\\-ending injury. He finished fourth in league scoring, but the team failed to qualify for the playoffs.\n\n",
"### Youth and college hockey\n\nAgostino is a native of the [Flanders, New Jersey](/wiki/Flanders%2C_New_Jersey \"Flanders, New Jersey\") section of [Mount Olive Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Mount_Olive_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"Mount Olive Township, New Jersey\"). As a youth, he played in the 2005 [Quebec International Pee\\-Wee Hockey Tournament](/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament \"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament\") with the New Jersey Devils [minor ice hockey](/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey \"Minor ice hockey\") team.\n\nAgostino played high school hockey for [Delbarton School](/wiki/Delbarton_School \"Delbarton School\") (along with twin brothers Trevor \\& Davis), where he graduated as the school's all\\-time leading scorer with 261 points. He was named New Jersey High School Player of the Year by the *[Newark Star\\-Ledger](/wiki/Newark_Star-Ledger \"Newark Star-Ledger\")* in 2009 and 2010 and recorded 50 goals and 83 points in his senior year of 2009–10\\. The [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\") selected Agostino with their fifth\\-round pick, 140th overall, at the [2010 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2010_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2010 NHL Entry Draft\").\n\nAgostino committed to play college hockey for the [Yale Bulldogs](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey\"), and on January 2, 2011, became only the third freshman in school history to record a [hat\\-trick](/wiki/Hat-trick \"Hat-trick\"); he added two assists to his three goals in the game to tie a school record with five points by a freshman in a 10–3 victory over the [Holy Cross Crusaders](/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Holy Cross Crusaders men's ice hockey\"). After finishing with 25 points in 2010–11, Agostino improved to 34 points in his sophomore season of 2011–12\\. As a junior, he was Yale's leading scorer with 41 points in 37 games. As he prepared for the [2013 Frozen Four](/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\") national championship tournament, the Penguins traded Agostino's NHL rights. Pittsburgh also sent [Ben Hanowski](/wiki/Ben_Hanowski \"Ben Hanowski\") and a first\\-round draft pick to the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") in exchange for [Jarome Iginla](/wiki/Jarome_Iginla \"Jarome Iginla\") on March 27, 2013\\.\n\nYale reached the championship game and defeated [Quinnipiac](/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey\") 4–0 to win the first NCAA team championship of any sport in the school's history. Agostino considered turning professional following the win but opted to return for his senior season with the Bulldogs. He completed his final season, 2013–14, with 32 points in 32 games. Over his four\\-year college career, Agostino recorded 132 points in 134 games.\n\nAgostino turned professional at the conclusion of Yale's 2013–14 season and signed a two\\-year contract with the Flames worth $900,000 per season.\n\n",
"### NHL and AHL\n\nAgostino made his NHL debut on March 21, 2014, in a 6–5 loss to the [Nashville Predators](/wiki/Nashville_Predators \"Nashville Predators\"). His first goal came on April 4, against goaltender [Roberto Luongo](/wiki/Roberto_Luongo \"Roberto Luongo\") in a 2–1 victory over the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\").\n[thumb\\|Agostino at the AHL All\\-Star skills competition in 2017](/wiki/File:AHL_%2832447391382%29.jpg \"AHL (32447391382).jpg\")\nOn July 2, 2016, Agostino, having left the Flames organization after not being tendered a qualifying offer, signed a one\\-year, two\\-way contract as a free agent with the [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\"). Assigned to the Blues' AHL affiliate, the [Chicago Wolves](/wiki/Chicago_Wolves \"Chicago Wolves\"), Agostino was named the American Hockey League MVP in the [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season \"2016–17 AHL season\") season after posting 24 goals while leading the league with 59 assists and 83 points in 65 games with the Wolves.\n\nOn the first day of the 2017 free agency window on July 1, Agostino signed a one\\-year, one\\-way $850,000 deal with the [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\").\n\nUnable to break in with the Bruins, Agostino left as a free agent in the off\\-season to sign a one\\-year, two\\-way $700,000 contract with the [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") on July 1, 2018\\. Agostino began the [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"2018–19 NHL season\") season in the AHL with affiliate, the [Laval Rocket](/wiki/Laval_Rocket \"Laval Rocket\"). On November 7, 2018, Agostino was recalled by the Canadiens after injuries to regulars [Joel Armia](/wiki/Joel_Armia \"Joel Armia\") and [Paul Byron](/wiki/Paul_Byron \"Paul Byron\"). At the time, he was the lead scorer of the Rocket, with 4 goals and 10 points. He eclipsed his previous stints in the NHL, registering 11 points in 36 games with the Canadiens before he was placed on waivers and later claimed by hometown team, the New Jersey Devils, on February 11, 2019\\. He was claimed by general manager [Ray Shero](/wiki/Ray_Shero \"Ray Shero\"), who originally drafted him while with the Penguins in 2010\\.\n\nAs the New Jersey Devils did not choose to re\\-sign Agostino, he left as a free agent and signed with the [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") on a two\\-year, one\\-way $700,000 contract. The deal was officially announced by the team nearly a month after it was initially rumored, on July 24\\.\n\nHaving played as a journeyman with 6 NHL clubs through 8 professional seasons, Agostino opted to pursue a career abroad, agreeing to a one\\-year contract as a free agent with Russian club [Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Torpedo_Nizhny_Novgorod \"Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod\") of Russia's top\\-tier [Kontinental Hockey League](/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League \"Kontinental Hockey League\") (KHL) on June 1, 2021\\.\n\n",
"### Europe\n\nAgostino played through the [2021–22 KHL season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_KHL_season \"2021–22 KHL season\"), which was shortened by roughly 20 games (cancellations varied by team) due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic in Russia](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\"). On February 16, 2022, the KHL announced that it would proceed with the [Gagarin Cup](/wiki/Gagarin_Cup \"Gagarin Cup\") playoffs, with a start date of March 1\\. On February 24, the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\") started, and by March 5 a number of non\\-Russian KHL players, as well as two complete teams based outside Russia, had withdrawn from the league. The NHL suspended all interactions with the KHL by March 8\\. Agostino was approached by a team in Sweden's top\\-tier [Swedish Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League \"Swedish Hockey League\") (SHL), but chose to sign a contract extension with Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod for the [2022–23 KHL season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_KHL_season \"2022–23 KHL season\").\n\nOn August 21, 2023, after the conclusion of his contract extension in the KHL, Agostino agreed to a one\\-year contract with Swedish club [Skellefteå AIK](/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5_AIK \"Skellefteå AIK\") for the [2023–24 SHL season](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_SHL_season \"2023–24 SHL season\"). Due to increased scrutiny over his choosing to extend his contract in the KHL when other non\\-Russian players left, and it directly opposing the SHL's stance to not sign players from that league, Agostino's contract was dissolved with the SHL on August 27, 2023\\.\n\nOn September 25, 2023, after the [2023\\-24 DEL season](/wiki/2023-24_DEL_season \"2023-24 DEL season\") of Germany's top tier [Deutsche Eishockey Liga](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") had already started, Agostino signed a one\\-year contract with [Düsseldorfer EG](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfer_EG \"Düsseldorfer EG\") when that team lost top\\-six player Stephen MacAulay to a season\\-ending injury. He finished fourth in league scoring, but the team failed to qualify for the playoffs.\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n### Regular season and playoffs\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 2006–07 | [Delbarton School](/wiki/Delbarton_School \"Delbarton School\") | [HS\\-Prep](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\") | 24 | 12 | 20 | 32 | | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2006–07 | New Jersey Colonials 14U AAA | AYHL | 18 | 20 | 24 | 44 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2007–08 | Delbarton School | HS\\-Prep | 24 | 24 | 48 | 72 | | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2007–08 | New Jersey Colonials 16U AAA | AYHL | 24 | 21 | 28 | 49 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2008–09 | New Jersey Colonials 16U AAA | AYHL | 29 | 30 | 43 | 73 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2009–10 | Delbarton School | HS\\-Prep | 27 | 50 | 33 | 83 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2009–10 | New Jersey Colonials 18U AAA | AYHL | 14 | 23 | 11 | 34 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2009–10 | [U.S. NTDP U18](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program\") | USDP | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2010–11 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | [Yale Bulldogs](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey\") | [ECAC](/wiki/ECAC_Hockey \"ECAC Hockey\") | 31 | 11 | 14 | 25 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2011–12 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | Yale Bulldogs | ECAC | 33 | 14 | 20 | 34 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2012–13 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | Yale Bulldogs | ECAC | 37 | 17 | 24 | 41 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2013–14 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | Yale Bulldogs | ECAC | 33 | 14 | 18 | 32 | 46 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season \"2013–14 NHL season\") | [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_AHL_season \"2014–15 AHL season\") | [Adirondack Flames](/wiki/Adirondack_Flames \"Adirondack Flames\") | [AHL](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") | 67 | 15 | 28 | 43 | 52 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_AHL_season \"2015–16 AHL season\") | [Stockton Heat](/wiki/Stockton_Heat \"Stockton Heat\") | AHL | 65 | 23 | 34 | 57 | 18 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\") | Calgary Flames | NHL | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season \"2016–17 AHL season\") | [Chicago Wolves](/wiki/Chicago_Wolves \"Chicago Wolves\") | AHL | 65 | 24 | 59 | 83 | 48 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 8 |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\") | [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") | NHL | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_AHL_season \"2017–18 AHL season\") | [Providence Bruins](/wiki/Providence_Bruins \"Providence Bruins\") | AHL | 64 | 16 | 37 | 53 | 35 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\") | [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") | NHL | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_AHL_season \"2018–19 AHL season\") | [Laval Rocket](/wiki/Laval_Rocket \"Laval Rocket\") | AHL | 12 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"2018–19 NHL season\") | [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") | NHL | 36 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2018–19 | [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils \"New Jersey Devils\") | NHL | 27 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_AHL_season \"2019–20 AHL season\") | [Toronto Marlies](/wiki/Toronto_Marlies \"Toronto Marlies\") | AHL | 53 | 27 | 22 | 49 | 36 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_AHL_season \"2020–21 AHL season\") | Toronto Marlies | AHL | 22 | 9 | 13 | 22 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\") | [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") | NHL | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2021–22](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_KHL_season \"2021–22 KHL season\") | [Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Torpedo_Nizhny_Novgorod \"Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod\") | [KHL](/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League \"Kontinental Hockey League\") | 46 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_KHL_season \"2022–23 KHL season\") | Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod | KHL | 29 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_DEL_season \"2023–24 DEL season\") | [Düsseldorfer EG](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfer_EG \"Düsseldorfer EG\") | [DEL](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") | 48 | 14 | 34 | 48 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| NHL totals | | | 86 | 8 | 22 | 30 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| KHL totals | | | 75 | 24 | 27 | 51 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n\n### International\n\n| Year | Team | Event | Result | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2022](/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament\") | [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national ice hockey team\") | [OG](/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games \"Ice hockey at the Olympic Games\") | 5th | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |\n| Senior totals | | | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |\n\n",
"### Regular season and playoffs\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 2006–07 | [Delbarton School](/wiki/Delbarton_School \"Delbarton School\") | [HS\\-Prep](/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association \"New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association\") | 24 | 12 | 20 | 32 | | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2006–07 | New Jersey Colonials 14U AAA | AYHL | 18 | 20 | 24 | 44 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2007–08 | Delbarton School | HS\\-Prep | 24 | 24 | 48 | 72 | | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2007–08 | New Jersey Colonials 16U AAA | AYHL | 24 | 21 | 28 | 49 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2008–09 | New Jersey Colonials 16U AAA | AYHL | 29 | 30 | 43 | 73 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2009–10 | Delbarton School | HS\\-Prep | 27 | 50 | 33 | 83 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2009–10 | New Jersey Colonials 18U AAA | AYHL | 14 | 23 | 11 | 34 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2009–10 | [U.S. NTDP U18](/wiki/USA_Hockey_National_Team_Development_Program \"USA Hockey National Team Development Program\") | USDP | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2010–11 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | [Yale Bulldogs](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey\") | [ECAC](/wiki/ECAC_Hockey \"ECAC Hockey\") | 31 | 11 | 14 | 25 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2011–12 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | Yale Bulldogs | ECAC | 33 | 14 | 20 | 34 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2012–13](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2012–13 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | Yale Bulldogs | ECAC | 37 | 17 | 24 | 41 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2013–14 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | Yale Bulldogs | ECAC | 33 | 14 | 18 | 32 | 46 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season \"2013–14 NHL season\") | [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2014–15](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_AHL_season \"2014–15 AHL season\") | [Adirondack Flames](/wiki/Adirondack_Flames \"Adirondack Flames\") | [AHL](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") | 67 | 15 | 28 | 43 | 52 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_AHL_season \"2015–16 AHL season\") | [Stockton Heat](/wiki/Stockton_Heat \"Stockton Heat\") | AHL | 65 | 23 | 34 | 57 | 18 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season \"2015–16 NHL season\") | Calgary Flames | NHL | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season \"2016–17 AHL season\") | [Chicago Wolves](/wiki/Chicago_Wolves \"Chicago Wolves\") | AHL | 65 | 24 | 59 | 83 | 48 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 8 |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NHL_season \"2016–17 NHL season\") | [St. Louis Blues](/wiki/St._Louis_Blues \"St. Louis Blues\") | NHL | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_AHL_season \"2017–18 AHL season\") | [Providence Bruins](/wiki/Providence_Bruins \"Providence Bruins\") | AHL | 64 | 16 | 37 | 53 | 35 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NHL_season \"2017–18 NHL season\") | [Boston Bruins](/wiki/Boston_Bruins \"Boston Bruins\") | NHL | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_AHL_season \"2018–19 AHL season\") | [Laval Rocket](/wiki/Laval_Rocket \"Laval Rocket\") | AHL | 12 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season \"2018–19 NHL season\") | [Montreal Canadiens](/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens \"Montreal Canadiens\") | NHL | 36 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2018–19 | [New Jersey Devils](/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils \"New Jersey Devils\") | NHL | 27 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_AHL_season \"2019–20 AHL season\") | [Toronto Marlies](/wiki/Toronto_Marlies \"Toronto Marlies\") | AHL | 53 | 27 | 22 | 49 | 36 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_AHL_season \"2020–21 AHL season\") | Toronto Marlies | AHL | 22 | 9 | 13 | 22 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season \"2020–21 NHL season\") | [Toronto Maple Leafs](/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs \"Toronto Maple Leafs\") | NHL | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2021–22](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_KHL_season \"2021–22 KHL season\") | [Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Torpedo_Nizhny_Novgorod \"Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod\") | [KHL](/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League \"Kontinental Hockey League\") | 46 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_KHL_season \"2022–23 KHL season\") | Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod | KHL | 29 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_DEL_season \"2023–24 DEL season\") | [Düsseldorfer EG](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfer_EG \"Düsseldorfer EG\") | [DEL](/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga \"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\") | 48 | 14 | 34 | 48 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| NHL totals | | | 86 | 8 | 22 | 30 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| KHL totals | | | 75 | 24 | 27 | 51 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n\n",
"### International\n\n| Year | Team | Event | Result | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2022](/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament\") | [United States](/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team \"United States men's national ice hockey team\") | [OG](/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games \"Ice hockey at the Olympic Games\") | 5th | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |\n| Senior totals | | | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |\n\n",
"Awards and honors\n-----------------\n\n| Award | Year | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [College](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey \"NCAA Division I men's ice hockey\") | | |\n| All\\-[ECAC](/wiki/ECAC_Hockey \"ECAC Hockey\") [Second All\\-Star Team](/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams \"List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams\") | [2013](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2012–13 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | |\n| All\\-Ivy League Second All\\-Star Team | 2013, [2014](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season \"2013–14 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\") | |\n| All\\-[ECAC](/wiki/ECAC_Hockey \"ECAC Hockey\") [Third All\\-Star Team](/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams \"List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams\") | 2014 | |\n| [AHL](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") | | |\n| First All\\-Star Team | [2017](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_AHL_season \"2016–17 AHL season\") | |\n| [John B. Sollenberger Trophy](/wiki/John_B._Sollenberger_Trophy \"John B. Sollenberger Trophy\") | 2017 | |\n| [Les Cunningham Award](/wiki/Les_Cunningham_Award \"Les Cunningham Award\") | 2017 | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1992 births](/wiki/Category:1992_births \"1992 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Adirondack Flames players](/wiki/Category:Adirondack_Flames_players \"Adirondack Flames players\")\n[Category:American men's ice hockey forwards](/wiki/Category:American_men%27s_ice_hockey_forwards \"American men's ice hockey forwards\")\n[Category:American expatriate ice hockey people in Germany](/wiki/Category:American_expatriate_ice_hockey_people_in_Germany \"American expatriate ice hockey people in Germany\")\n[Category:Boston Bruins players](/wiki/Category:Boston_Bruins_players \"Boston Bruins players\")\n[Category:Calgary Flames players](/wiki/Category:Calgary_Flames_players \"Calgary Flames players\")\n[Category:Chicago Wolves players](/wiki/Category:Chicago_Wolves_players \"Chicago Wolves players\")\n[Category:Delbarton School alumni](/wiki/Category:Delbarton_School_alumni \"Delbarton School alumni\")\n[Category:Düsseldorfer EG players](/wiki/Category:D%C3%BCsseldorfer_EG_players \"Düsseldorfer EG players\")\n[Category:Laval Rocket players](/wiki/Category:Laval_Rocket_players \"Laval Rocket players\")\n[Category:Montreal Canadiens players](/wiki/Category:Montreal_Canadiens_players \"Montreal Canadiens players\")\n[Category:New Jersey Devils players](/wiki/Category:New_Jersey_Devils_players \"New Jersey Devils players\")\n[Category:Ice hockey players from New Jersey](/wiki/Category:Ice_hockey_players_from_New_Jersey \"Ice hockey players from New Jersey\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Morristown, New Jersey](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Morristown%2C_New_Jersey \"Sportspeople from Morristown, New Jersey\")\n[Category:People from Mount Olive Township, New Jersey](/wiki/Category:People_from_Mount_Olive_Township%2C_New_Jersey \"People from Mount Olive Township, New Jersey\")\n[Category:Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks](/wiki/Category:Pittsburgh_Penguins_draft_picks \"Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks\")\n[Category:Providence Bruins players](/wiki/Category:Providence_Bruins_players \"Providence Bruins players\")\n[Category:St. Louis Blues players](/wiki/Category:St._Louis_Blues_players \"St. Louis Blues players\")\n[Category:Stockton Heat players](/wiki/Category:Stockton_Heat_players \"Stockton Heat players\")\n[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players](/wiki/Category:Toronto_Maple_Leafs_players \"Toronto Maple Leafs players\")\n[Category:Toronto Marlies players](/wiki/Category:Toronto_Marlies_players \"Toronto Marlies players\")\n[Category:Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod players](/wiki/Category:Torpedo_Nizhny_Novgorod_players \"Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod players\")\n[Category:Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players](/wiki/Category:Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey_players \"Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players\")\n[Category:Ice hockey players at the 2022 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Ice_hockey_players_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics \"Ice hockey players at the 2022 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic ice hockey players for the United States](/wiki/Category:Olympic_ice_hockey_players_for_the_United_States \"Olympic ice hockey players for the United States\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American sportsmen](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_sportsmen \"21st-century American sportsmen\")\n[Category:NCAA men's ice hockey national champions](/wiki/Category:NCAA_men%27s_ice_hockey_national_champions \"NCAA men's ice hockey national champions\")\n\n"
]
} |
The Coast Town Kids | {
"id": [
4441371
],
"name": [
"Aspects"
]
} | eepb2d4acajolvgkpv8ujsh67sreof4 | 2024-08-29T22:09:29Z | 1,242,996,048 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Cast",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***The Coast Town Kids*** is a 1980 Australian TV movie. It was the pilot for a TV series.Ed. Scott Murray, *Australia on the Small Screen 1970\\-1995*, Oxford Uni Press, 1996 p27\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* John Woods as Tom Wilde\n* [Frank Gallacher](/wiki/Frank_Gallacher \"Frank Gallacher\") as Len Wolding\n* [Alan Hopgood](/wiki/Alan_Hopgood \"Alan Hopgood\") as Mick James\n* Peter Felmingham as Fred Farrell\n* Robert Korosy as Peter Martin\n* Sally Wilde as Missy Martin\n* Justin Stanford as Skinny\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Australian television films](/wiki/Category:Australian_television_films \"Australian television films\")\n[Category:1980 television films](/wiki/Category:1980_television_films \"1980 television films\")\n[Category:1980 films](/wiki/Category:1980_films \"1980 films\")\n[Category:1980s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1980s_English-language_films \"1980s English-language films\")\n[Category:1980s Australian films](/wiki/Category:1980s_Australian_films \"1980s Australian films\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Roelof Smit (rugby union) | {
"id": [
16367662
],
"name": [
"Rugbyfan22"
]
} | mvodadf4tflrxgtiklwr7rp9y79r9h3 | 2024-03-09T09:54:52Z | 1,193,947,078 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Youth",
"Blue Bulls",
"Representative rugby",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Roelof Andries Smit** (born 11 January 1993 in Queenstown, Eastern Cape) is a South African [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") player for the Lions in [Super Rugby](/wiki/Super_Rugby \"Super Rugby\"), the Golden Lions in the [Currie Cup](/wiki/Currie_Cup \"Currie Cup\") and the Lions in the [Rugby Challenge](/wiki/Rugby_Challenge_%28South_Africa%29 \"Rugby Challenge (South Africa)\"). He also represented South Africa against the Barbarians in 2016\\. His regular position is flanker.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\n### Youth\n\nHe represented the at the 2009 Under\\-16 Grant Khomo Week and at the 2010 Under\\-18 [Craven Week](/wiki/Craven_Week \"Craven Week\"). He then joined [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\")\\-based team the and represented them in the Craven Week competition in 2011\\. In 2012, he was a member of the Blue Bulls teams that finished runners\\-up in the [2012 Under\\-19 Provincial Championship](/wiki/2012_Under-19_Provincial_Championship \"2012 Under-19 Provincial Championship\"), making ten starts and scoring three tries.\n\n### Blue Bulls\n\nHe made his senior debut for the during the [2013 Vodacom Cup](/wiki/2013_Vodacom_Cup \"2013 Vodacom Cup\"), when he came on as a substitute against the . A further two appearances followed that season.\n\nIn 2013, he signed a contract extension to keep him at the until 2015\\. He signed a further extension in 2015 to remain in Pretoria until the end of the 2017 season.\n\n### Representative rugby\n\nHe was included in the [South Africa Under\\-20](/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-20_rugby_union_team \"South Africa national under-20 rugby union team\") squad for the [2013 IRB Junior World Championship](/wiki/2013_IRB_Junior_World_Championship \"2013 IRB Junior World Championship\").\n\n",
"### Youth\n\nHe represented the at the 2009 Under\\-16 Grant Khomo Week and at the 2010 Under\\-18 [Craven Week](/wiki/Craven_Week \"Craven Week\"). He then joined [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\")\\-based team the and represented them in the Craven Week competition in 2011\\. In 2012, he was a member of the Blue Bulls teams that finished runners\\-up in the [2012 Under\\-19 Provincial Championship](/wiki/2012_Under-19_Provincial_Championship \"2012 Under-19 Provincial Championship\"), making ten starts and scoring three tries.\n\n",
"### Blue Bulls\n\nHe made his senior debut for the during the [2013 Vodacom Cup](/wiki/2013_Vodacom_Cup \"2013 Vodacom Cup\"), when he came on as a substitute against the . A further two appearances followed that season.\n\nIn 2013, he signed a contract extension to keep him at the until 2015\\. He signed a further extension in 2015 to remain in Pretoria until the end of the 2017 season.\n\n",
"### Representative rugby\n\nHe was included in the [South Africa Under\\-20](/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-20_rugby_union_team \"South Africa national under-20 rugby union team\") squad for the [2013 IRB Junior World Championship](/wiki/2013_IRB_Junior_World_Championship \"2013 IRB Junior World Championship\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:South African rugby union players](/wiki/Category:South_African_rugby_union_players \"South African rugby union players\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1993 births](/wiki/Category:1993_births \"1993 births\")\n[Category:Blue Bulls players](/wiki/Category:Blue_Bulls_players \"Blue Bulls players\")\n[Category:Bulls (rugby union) players](/wiki/Category:Bulls_%28rugby_union%29_players \"Bulls (rugby union) players\")\n[Category:Rugby union flankers](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_flankers \"Rugby union flankers\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Queenstown, South Africa](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Queenstown%2C_South_Africa \"Sportspeople from Queenstown, South Africa\")\n[Category:South Africa Under\\-20 international rugby union players](/wiki/Category:South_Africa_Under-20_international_rugby_union_players \"South Africa Under-20 international rugby union players\")\n[Category:Lions (United Rugby Championship) players](/wiki/Category:Lions_%28United_Rugby_Championship%29_players \"Lions (United Rugby Championship) players\")\n[Category:Golden Lions players](/wiki/Category:Golden_Lions_players \"Golden Lions players\")\n[Category:Western Province (rugby union) players](/wiki/Category:Western_Province_%28rugby_union%29_players \"Western Province (rugby union) players\")\n[Category:Rugby union players from the Eastern Cape](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_players_from_the_Eastern_Cape \"Rugby union players from the Eastern Cape\")\n[Category:Cheetahs (rugby union) players](/wiki/Category:Cheetahs_%28rugby_union%29_players \"Cheetahs (rugby union) players\")\n[Category:Free State Cheetahs players](/wiki/Category:Free_State_Cheetahs_players \"Free State Cheetahs players\")\n[Category:Alumni of Hoërskool Waterkloof](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Ho%C3%ABrskool_Waterkloof \"Alumni of Hoërskool Waterkloof\")\n[Category:Miami Sharks (rugby union) players](/wiki/Category:Miami_Sharks_%28rugby_union%29_players \"Miami Sharks (rugby union) players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Vallathol Nagar railway station | {
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null
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"136.232.9.142"
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} | rbd2e0l25qcow6h434xk1mv9lnp4w4w | 2024-05-10T05:36:31Z | 1,223,144,497 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References"
],
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"content": [
"\n\n**Vallathol Nagar railway station** (station code: VTK) is an NSG–6 category [Indian railway station](/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_India \"List of railway stations in India\") in [Thiruvananthapuram railway division](/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_railway_division \"Thiruvananthapuram railway division\") of [Southern Railway zone](/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone \"Southern Railway zone\"). It falls between and [Mullurkara railway station](/wiki/Mullurkara_railway_station \"Mullurkara railway station\") in the [Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section](/wiki/Shoranur%E2%80%93Cochin_Harbour_section \"Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section\") of [Thrissur district](/wiki/Thrissur_district \"Thrissur district\"). It is the base station for [Kerala Kalamandalam](/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam \"Kerala Kalamandalam\") and last station in the [Thiruvananthapuram railway division](/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_railway_division \"Thiruvananthapuram railway division\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe station is named after [Vallathol Narayana Menon](/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon \"Vallathol Narayana Menon\") or popularly known as *Mahakavi Vallathol*, [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\")'s greatest poet in [Malayalam](/wiki/Malayalam \"Malayalam\") language. Vallathol Narayana Menon was instrumental in establishing the [Kerala Kalamandalam](/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam \"Kerala Kalamandalam\") in [Cheruthuruthi](/wiki/Cheruthuruthi \"Cheruthuruthi\"), a major centre for learning Indian performing arts, especially those that developed in Kerala.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division](/wiki/Category:Thiruvananthapuram_railway_division \"Thiruvananthapuram railway division\")\n[Category:Railway stations in Thrissur district](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Thrissur_district \"Railway stations in Thrissur district\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Pencolide | {
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17819300
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"LegionMammal978"
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} | 73vgqghsp3515sk1vvyoi6r4x9p06j6 | 2021-02-24T01:31:16Z | 1,003,581,843 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Pencolide** is a [maleimide](/wiki/Maleimide \"Maleimide\") isolate of *[Penicillium](/wiki/Penicillium \"Penicillium\")* and seaweed [endophytic fungi](/wiki/Endophytic_fungi \"Endophytic fungi\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Maleimides](/wiki/Category:Maleimides \"Maleimides\")\n[Category:Carboxylic acids](/wiki/Category:Carboxylic_acids \"Carboxylic acids\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fungal extracellular enzyme activity | {
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7903804
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} | f861bluq1ukhfojcznp2dxk5ikrbm1s | 2023-10-11T14:07:04Z | 1,178,750,829 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Factors influencing extracellular enzyme activity",
"Extracellular enzyme activity in fungi during plant decomposition",
"Measuring fungal extracellular enzyme activity in soil, plant litter, and other environmental samples",
"Applications of fungal extracellular enzymes",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
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"\n[thumb\\|Birch polypore (Piptoporus betulinus) \\- geograph.org.uk \\- 1553987](/wiki/File:Birch_Polypore_%28Piptoporus_betulinus%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1553987.jpg \"Birch Polypore (Piptoporus betulinus) - geograph.org.uk - 1553987.jpg\")\n**Extracellular [enzymes](/wiki/Enzymes \"Enzymes\")** or exoenzymes are synthesized inside the [cell](/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29 \"Cell (biology)\") and then secreted outside the cell, where their function is to break down complex [macromolecules](/wiki/Macromolecules \"Macromolecules\") into smaller units to be taken up by the cell for growth and assimilation. These enzymes degrade complex [organic matter](/wiki/Organic_matter \"Organic matter\") such as [cellulose](/wiki/Cellulose \"Cellulose\") and [hemicellulose](/wiki/Hemicellulose \"Hemicellulose\") into simple sugars that enzyme\\-producing organisms use as a source of carbon, energy, and nutrients. Grouped as [hydrolases](/wiki/Hydrolases \"Hydrolases\"), [lyases](/wiki/Lyases \"Lyases\"), [oxidoreductases](/wiki/Oxidoreductases \"Oxidoreductases\") and [transferases](/wiki/Transferases \"Transferases\"), these extracellular enzymes control soil enzyme activity through efficient degradation of [biopolymers](/wiki/Biopolymers \"Biopolymers\").\n\nPlant residues, animals and microorganisms enter the dead [organic matter](/wiki/Organic_matter \"Organic matter\") pool upon senescence and become a source of nutrients and energy for other organisms. Extracellular enzymes target [macromolecules](/wiki/Macromolecules \"Macromolecules\") such as [carbohydrates](/wiki/Carbohydrates \"Carbohydrates\") ([cellulases](/wiki/Cellulases \"Cellulases\")), lignin ([oxidases](/wiki/Oxidases \"Oxidases\")), organic phosphates ([phosphatases](/wiki/Phosphatases \"Phosphatases\")), amino sugar polymers ([chitinases](/wiki/Chitinase \"Chitinase\")) and [proteins](/wiki/Proteins \"Proteins\") ([proteases](/wiki/Proteases \"Proteases\")) and break them down into soluble sugars that are subsequently transported into cells to support heterotrophic metabolism.\n\nBiopolymers are structurally complex and require the combined actions of a community of diverse microorganisms and their secreted exoenzymes to depolymerize the polysaccharides into easily assimilable [monomers](/wiki/Monomers \"Monomers\"). These microbial communities are ubiquitous in nature, inhabiting both terrestrial and aquatic [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystems \"Ecosystems\"). The cycling of elements from dead organic matter by [heterotrophic](/wiki/Heterotrophic \"Heterotrophic\") soil microorganisms is essential for nutrient turnover and energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystems. Exoenzymes also aid digestion in the guts of ruminants, termites, humans and herbivores. By hydrolyzing plant cell wall polymers, microbes release energy that has the potential to be used by humans as biofuel. Other human uses include waste water treatment, composting and bioethanol production.\n\n",
"Factors influencing extracellular enzyme activity\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nExtracellular enzyme production supplements the direct uptake of nutrients by microorganisms and is linked to nutrient availability and environmental conditions. The varied chemical structure of [organic matter](/wiki/Organic_matter \"Organic matter\") requires a suite of extracellular enzymes to access the carbon and nutrients embedded in [detritus](/wiki/Detritus \"Detritus\"). Microorganisms differ in their ability to break down these different substrates and few organisms have the potential to degrade all the available plant cell wall materials. To detect the presence of complex polymers, some exoenzymes are produced constitutively at low levels, and expression is [upregulated](/wiki/Upregulated \"Upregulated\") when the substrate is abundant. This sensitivity to the presence of varying concentrations of substrate allows fungi to respond dynamically to the changing availability of specific resources. Benefits of exoenzyme production can also be lost after secretion because the enzymes are liable to denature, degrade or diffuse away from the producer cell.\n\nEnzyme production and secretion is an energy intensive process and, because it consumes resources otherwise available for reproduction, there is evolutionary pressure to conserve those resources by limiting production. Thus, while most microorganisms can assimilate simple monomers, degradation of polymers is specialized, and few organisms can degrade recalcitrant polymers like cellulose and lignin. Each microbial species carries specific combinations of [genes](/wiki/Genes \"Genes\") for extracellular enzymes and is adapted to degrade specific [substrates](/wiki/Substrate_%28biology%29 \"Substrate (biology)\"). In addition, the expression of genes that encode for enzymes is typically regulated by the availability of a given substrate. For example, presence of a low\\-molecular weight soluble substrate such as glucose will inhibit enzyme production by repressing the transcription of associated cellulose\\-degrading enzymes.\n\nEnvironmental conditions such as [soil pH](/wiki/Soil_pH \"Soil pH\"), soil temperature, moisture content, and plant litter type and quality have the potential to alter exoenzyme expression and activity. Variations in seasonal temperatures can shift metabolic needs of microorganisms in synchrony with shifts in plant nutrient requirements. Agricultural practices such as fertilizer amendments and tillage can change the spatial distribution of resources, resulting in altered exoenzyme activity in the [soil profile](/wiki/Soil_profile \"Soil profile\"). Introduction of moisture exposes [soil organic matter](/wiki/Soil_organic_matter \"Soil organic matter\") to enzyme catalysis and also increases loss of soluble monomers via diffusion. Additionally, osmotic shock resulting from water potential changes can impact enzyme activities as microbes redirect energy from enzyme production to synthesizing [osmolytes](/wiki/Osmolyte \"Osmolyte\") to maintain cellular structures.\n\n",
"Extracellular enzyme activity in fungi during plant decomposition\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Plant cell showing primary and secondary wall by CarolineDahl](/wiki/File:Plant_cell_showing_primary_and_secondary_wall_by_CarolineDahl.jpg \"Plant cell showing primary and secondary wall by CarolineDahl.jpg\")\nMost of the extracellular enzymes involved in polymer degradation in leaf litter and soil have been ascribed to fungi. By adapting their metabolism to the availability of varying amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the environment, fungi produce a mixture of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to efficiently break down lignocelluloses like wood. During plant litter degradation, cellulose and other labile substrates are degraded first followed by lignin depolymerization with increased oxidative enzyme activity and shifts in microbial community composition.\n\nIn plant cell walls, cellulose and hemicellulose is embedded in a pectin scaffold that requires pectin degrading enzymes, such as [polygalacturonases](/wiki/Polygalacturonase \"Polygalacturonase\") and [pectin lyases](/wiki/Pectin_lyase \"Pectin lyase\") to weaken the plant cell wall and uncover hemicellulose and cellulose to further enzymatic degradation. Degradation of lignin is catalyzed by enzymes that oxidase aromatic compounds, such as [phenol oxidases](/wiki/Phenol_oxidase \"Phenol oxidase\"), [peroxidases](/wiki/Peroxidases \"Peroxidases\") and laccases. Many fungi have multiple genes encoding lignin\\-degrading exoenzymes.\n\nMost efficient wood degraders are [saprotrophic](/wiki/Saprotrophic \"Saprotrophic\") [ascomycetes](/wiki/Ascomycetes \"Ascomycetes\") and [basidiomycetes](/wiki/Basidiomycetes \"Basidiomycetes\"). Traditionally, these fungi are classified as [brown rot](/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus \"Wood-decay fungus\") (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), white rot (Basidiomycota) and soft rot (Ascomycota) based on the appearance of the decaying material. Brown rot fungi preferentially attack cellulose and hemicellulose; while white rot fungi degrade cellulose and lignin. To degrade cellulose, basidiomycetes employ hydrolytic enzymes, such as [endoglucanases](/wiki/Endoglucanase \"Endoglucanase\"), [cellobiohydrolase](/wiki/Cellulase \"Cellulase\") and β\\-glucosidase. Production of endoglucanases is widely distributed among fungi and cellobiohydrolases have been isolated in multiple white\\-rot fungi and in plant pathogens. β\\-glucosidases are secreted by many wood\\-rotting fungi, both white and brown rot fungi, [mycorrhizal](/wiki/Mycorrhiza \"Mycorrhiza\") fungi and in plant pathogens. In addition to cellulose, β\\-glucosidases can cleave xylose, mannose and galactose.\n\nIn white\\-rot fungi such as *[Phanerochaete chrysosporium](/wiki/Phanerochaete_chrysosporium \"Phanerochaete chrysosporium\")*, expression of manganese\\-peroxidase is induced by the presence of manganese, hydrogen peroxide and lignin, while laccase is induced by availability of phenolic compounds. Production of lignin\\-peroxidase and manganese\\-peroxidase is the hallmark of basidiomycetes and is often used to assess basidiomycete activity, especially in biotechnology applications. Most white\\-rot species also produce laccase, a copper\\-containing enzyme that degrades polymeric lignin and [humic](/wiki/Humic \"Humic\") substances.\n\nBrown\\-rot basidiomycetes are most commonly found in coniferous forests, and are so named because they degrade wood to leave a brown residue that crumbles easily. Preferentially attacking hemicellulose in wood, followed by cellulose, these fungi leave lignin largely untouched. The decayed wood of soft\\-rot Ascomycetes is brown and soft. One soft\\-rot Ascomycete, *[Trichoderma reesei](/wiki/Trichoderma_reesei \"Trichoderma reesei\")*, is used extensively in industrial applications as a source for cellulases and hemicellulases. Laccase activity has been documented in *T. reesei*, in some species in the [Aspergillus](/wiki/Aspergillus \"Aspergillus\") [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") and in freshwater ascomycetes.\n\n",
"Measuring fungal extracellular enzyme activity in soil, plant litter, and other environmental samples\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[128px\\|left\\|Electronic PH meter](/wiki/File:Electronic_PH_meter.JPG \"Electronic PH meter.JPG\")\nMethods for estimating soil enzyme activities involve sample harvesting prior to analysis, mixing of samples with buffers and the use of substrate. Results can be influenced by: sample transport from field\\-site, storage methods, pH conditions for [assay](/wiki/Assay \"Assay\"), substrate concentrations, temperature at which the assay is run, sample mixing and preparation.\n\nFor hydrolytic enzymes, colorimetric assays are required that use a [p\\-nitrophenol](/wiki/P-nitrophenol \"P-nitrophenol\") (p\\-NP)\\-linked substrate, or [fluorometric](/wiki/Fluorometric \"Fluorometric\") assays that use a 4\\-methylumbelliferone (MUF)\\-linked substrate.\n\nOxidative enzymes such as phenol oxidase and peroxidase mediate lignin degradation and humification. Phenol oxidase activity is quantified by oxidation of L\\-3, 4\\-dihydoxyphenylalanine (L\\-DOPA), [pyrogallol](/wiki/Pyrogallol \"Pyrogallol\") (1, 2, 3\\-trihydroxybenzene), or [ABTS](/wiki/ABTS \"ABTS\") (2, 2’\\-azino\\-bis (3\\-ethylbenzothiazoline\\-6\\-sulphonic acid). Peroxidase activity is measured by running the phenol oxidase assay concurrently with another assay with L\\-DOPA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) added to every sample. The difference in measurements between the two assays is indicative of peroxidase activity. Enzyme assays typically apply proxies that reveal exo\\-acting activities of enzymes. Exo\\-acting enzymes hydrolyze substrates from the terminal position. While activity of endo\\-acting enzymes which break down polymers midchain need to be represented by other substrate proxies. New enzyme assays aim to capture the diversity of enzymes and assess the potential activity of them in a more clear way.\n\nWith newer technologies available, molecular methods to quantify abundance of enzyme\\-coding genes are used to link enzymes with their producers in soil environments. Transcriptome analyses are now employed to examine genetic controls of enzyme expression, while [proteomic](/wiki/Proteomic \"Proteomic\") methods can reveal the presence of enzymes in the environment and link to the organisms producing them.\n\n| **Process** | **Enzyme** | **Substrate** |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Cellulose\\-degradation | Cellobiohydrolase β\\-glucosidase | pNP, MUF |\n| Hemicellulose\\-degradation | β\\-glucosidases Esterases | pNP, MUF |\n| Polysaccharide\\-degradation | α\\-glucosidases N\\-acetylglucosaminidase | pNP, MUF |\n| Lignin\\-degradation | Mn\\-peroxidase Laccase (polyphenol oxidase) |\n\nPeroxidase \n Pyrogallol, L\\-DOPA, ABTS L\\-DOPA, ABTS |",
"",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Enzymes](/wiki/Enzymes \"Enzymes\")\n* [Enzyme kinetics](/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics \"Enzyme kinetics\")\n* [Enzyme assay](/wiki/Enzyme_assay \"Enzyme assay\")\n* [List of enzymes](/wiki/List_of_enzymes \"List of enzymes\")\n* [Decomposition](/wiki/Decomposition \"Decomposition\")\n* [Plant litter](/wiki/Plant_litter \"Plant litter\")\n* [Nutrient cycle](/wiki/Nutrient_cycle \"Nutrient cycle\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* [Enzyme nomenclature](http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/)\n* [Reactions and enzymes](https://web.archive.org/web/20121228002422/http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookenzym.html)\n* Richard P. Dick (ed.) 2011\\. Methods in Soil Enzymology. *Soil Science Society of America*, Wisconsin, USA \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [ExplorEnz](http://www.enzyme-database.org)\\- searchable enzyme database to access the IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature List\n* [BRENDA](http://www.brenda-enzymes.org) – database and related literature of known enzymes\n* [Enzyme structures](http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/enzyme)\n* [ExPASy](http://enzyme.expasy.org) database for sequence data\n* [KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes](http://www.genome.jp/kegg) biochemical pathways and enzymes database\n* [MycoCLAP](https://mycoclap.fungalgenomics.ca/mycoCLAP/) searchable database of fungal enzyme genes\n* [MetaCyc](http://metacyc.org) metabolic pathways of different organisms\n* [Pectinase](http://pec.biodbs.info) database for pectinase enzymes and their inhibitors\n\n[Category:Mycology](/wiki/Category:Mycology \"Mycology\")\n\n"
]
} |
Qarah Kul | {
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32452
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} | aj5h5u0j2muhxu7naswt28qqvfwmoko | 2020-12-21T15:38:33Z | 772,875,473 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
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"\n**Qarah Kul** (, also [romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Qarah Kūl**, **Qareh Kowl**, and **Qareh Kūl**; also known as **Karakol**, **Qarakol**, and **Qareh Kol**) is a village in [Qanibeyglu Rural District](/wiki/Qanibeyglu_Rural_District \"Qanibeyglu Rural District\"), [Zanjanrud District](/wiki/Zanjanrud_District \"Zanjanrud District\"), [Zanjan County](/wiki/Zanjan_County \"Zanjan County\"), [Zanjan Province](/wiki/Zanjan_Province \"Zanjan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 423, in 104 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Zanjan County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Zanjan_County \"Populated places in Zanjan County\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Vila Nova Basquete Clube | {
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41840956
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} | 644ioi9fxr9pk3w4zsux1dur1qj72nc | 2022-01-04T02:21:08Z | 934,385,744 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Honors and titles",
"National",
"Notable players",
"Head coaches",
"References",
"External links"
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"\n\n**Vila Nova Basquete Clube** is a Brazilian men's professional [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\") club that is based in [Goiânia](/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia \"Goiânia\"), [Goiás](/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s \"Goiás\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"). It is a part of the [multi\\-sports club](/wiki/Sports_club \"Sports club\") [Vila Nova Esporte Clube](/wiki/Vila_Nova_Futebol_Clube \"Vila Nova Futebol Clube\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nVila Nova won the [Brazilian Championship](/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Championship \"Brazilian Basketball Championship\") title in 1973\\. They also competed at the [1974 edition](/wiki/1974_Intercontinental_Cup_%28basketball%29 \"1974 Intercontinental Cup (basketball)\")[1974 FIBA Intercontinental Cup.](http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/intercontinental/IC_74.htm) of the [FIBA Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup \"FIBA Intercontinental Cup\").\n\n",
"Honors and titles\n-----------------\n\n### National\n\n* **[Brazilian Championship](/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Championship \"Brazilian Basketball Championship\")**\n\t+ **Champions (1\\):** 1973\n\t+ Runners\\-up (1\\): 1974\n",
"### National\n\n* **[Brazilian Championship](/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Championship \"Brazilian Basketball Championship\")**\n\t+ **Champions (1\\):** 1973\n\t+ Runners\\-up (1\\): 1974\n",
"Notable players\n---------------\n\n* [Washington \"Dodi\" Joseph](/wiki/Washington_%22Dodi%22_Joseph \"Washington \")\n* [Marquinhos Leite](/wiki/Marquinhos_Leite \"Marquinhos Leite\")\n* [Adilson Nascimento](/wiki/Adilson_Nascimento \"Adilson Nascimento\")\n\n",
"Head coaches\n------------\n\n* [Togo \"Kanela\" Renan Soares](/wiki/Togo_%22Kanela%22_Renan_Soares \"Togo \")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.vilanovafc.com.br/o-clube/titulos/4-basquetebol/4-basquetebol?start=5830) \n* [Twitter](https://twitter.com/vilanovabasket?lang=en) \n\n[Category:Basketball teams in Brazil](/wiki/Category:Basketball_teams_in_Brazil \"Basketball teams in Brazil\")\n\n \n\n[pt:Vila Nova Futebol Clube\\#Basquete](/wiki/pt:Vila_Nova_Futebol_Clube%23Basquete \"Vila Nova Futebol Clube#Basquete\")\n\n"
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James Duesing | {
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"title": [
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"content": [
"\n\n**James Duesing** (born 1958\\) is an American [animator](/wiki/Animator \"Animator\") and educator. He has worked in many forms of animation, from traditional hand drawn and early digital work to 3D and motion capture projects. His 1990 animation Maxwell's Demon is considered one of the earliest examples of creative use of desktop computing for animation production.Mitchell, A.J., Der Prix Ars Electronica, pp. 18\\- Die Geburt einer neuen Kunst/The Birth of a New Art, Publisher Hannes Leopoldseder, 1991, Duesing has taught at [The University of Cincinnati, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning](/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati_College_of_Design%2C_Architecture%2C_Art%2C_and_Planning \"University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning\") and is a professor at [Carnegie Mellon University](/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University \"Carnegie Mellon University\").\n\nDuesing's work has been exhibited and broadcast throughout the world including: [The Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/The_Sundance_Film_Festival \"The Sundance Film Festival\"), [SIGGRAPH](/wiki/SIGGRAPH \"SIGGRAPH\"), [The Tate Gallery](/wiki/Tate \"Tate\"), [Film Forum](/wiki/Film_Forum \"Film Forum\"), and [The Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/The_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"The Museum of Modern Art\"), New York.[http://www.moma.org/docs/press\\_archives/6301/releases/MOMA\\_1986\\_0035\\_31\\.pdf?2010](http://www.moma.org/docs/press_archives/6301/releases/MOMA_1986_0035_31.pdf?2010) He has received numerous awards and grants including a [Creative Capital](/wiki/Creative_Capital \"Creative Capital\") grant, an award of distinction and an honorable mention from [Prix Ars Electronica](/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica \"Prix Ars Electronica\"), an [American Film Institute](/wiki/American_Film_Institute \"American Film Institute\") Independent Filmmaker Fellowship, [National Endowment for the Arts](/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts \"National Endowment for the Arts\") grants, and a residency at the [Headlands Center for the Arts](/wiki/Headlands_Center_for_the_Arts \"Headlands Center for the Arts\").\n\n",
"Education and background\n------------------------\n\nDuesing studied painting and writing at the University of Cincinnati earning a BFA in 1980\\. He also received his MFA in film and video from the University of Cincinnati in 1983\\. While there he studied writing with [Terry Stokes](http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/460225.Terry_Stokes), animation with [Caroline Leaf](/wiki/Caroline_Leaf \"Caroline Leaf\"), [Carmen D'Avino](/wiki/Carmen_D%27Avino \"Carmen D'Avino\"), Richard Protovin, Louis Rockwood and video with [Jud Yalkut](/wiki/Jud_Yalkut \"Jud Yalkut\"). After graduate school Duesing worked on live action video and television projects while continuing to work on hand drawn animation. During this time he was exposed to, and began to explore, early digital imaging techniques on [mainframe computers](/wiki/Mainframe_computers \"Mainframe computers\"). In 1986 he went shopping for a typewriter and ended up buying a desktop computer. This began his experiments with what then was considered low\\-end digital imaging. In 1986 he was hired as an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati. In 1997 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University as an associate professor.\n\n",
"Work\n----\n\nDuesing's animation work is visually lush and playful. In all of his work there are no cuts. His animation does not appear to be [edited](/wiki/Editing_cut \"Editing cut\") in any way. Instead of simply cutting away, metamorphosis continuously changes characters and environments to fit a new scene. Reality is often subjugated to emotional and relationship themes. As his work developed from hand drawn to 3D computer the technical complexity of this metamorphosis increased.\n\nThere are several themes that reoccur in Duesing's animation. These themes include: how fear or confusion affects decisions and how humanity is altered through cosmetic culture, technology and social media. The themes are often handled simultaneously on different levels, sometimes with sarcasm or subtle humor, other times characters are emotionally void. His characters usually have some particular flaw, whether physical or emotional. Through metamorphosis all of these themes are interconnected, usually with an open\\-ended resolution.\n\nDuesing's animation frequently offers comical and eccentric reflections on human interactions and desires in a realm poisoned by environmental disaster, cut off from nature or populated by smooth operators and creepy manipulators. On one level his imagery is composed of entertaining cartoon\\-like characters in various kinds of richly rendered environments. On another level his work probes serious sociological issues in a way that is both provocative and disturbing. This futuristic landscape, can feel curiously familiar. Phantom relationships, in which hybrids of animals and humans communicate through fragments of conversations, often sound like clips from forgotten films or television shows. The narratives can be ambiguous, unfolding with the logic of dreams and the speed of cyber\\-communication.\n\nDuesing has spoken and taught about animation in the context of social history. He has also discussed his perceptions on the relationship between historic works of art and the desire for artists throughout the millennia to represent motion and sequence in their work. These interests can also be seen in his work.\n\nDuesing has done collaborative installation work and been involved in a variety of print and book projects. His frequent collaborator is Carnegie Mellon Computer Science Professor, [Jessica Hodgins](/wiki/Jessica_Hodgins \"Jessica Hodgins\"). His print and installation projects relate to his animation work with characters and sequential action. They are frequently flipbooks, character portraits or comic books.Egan, Kip (Curator), Dennis Harrington (Director), Ideas Into Objects: Reinterpreting the Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, Catalogue, p. 8, Alice F. and Harris K. Weston Gallery of Art, Publisher, 2011Kardambikis, Christopher (Editor); Khaira, Jasdeep (Editor), Silver, Suzie (Editor): Strange Attractors: Investigations in Non\\-Humanoid Extraterrestrial Sexualities; Encyclopedia Destructica (April 15, 2012\\), pp. 68\\-75\\. \n\n**List of Animated Work**\n\n**Impetigo**, 1983, 5 min. 16mm original, hand drawn. Impetigo is the story of passion and possession in a steamy nocturnal landscape.\n\n**Tugging The Worm**, 1987, 10 min, 16mm. original, hand drawn. The story of characters that enjoy seeing murders acted out for entertainment. They talk about going places and eating things. They dream of spending their life with someone or getting away from the one with whom they're spending their life. They are told to be safe they must not touch; yet sometimes they touch. Sometimes they strike. Sometimes they dance. Sometimes they hold it all in.\n\n**Maxwell's Demon**, 1990, 8 min, color, computer generated animation. When their culture shifts to being information\\- and service\\-based, industrialists are corralled on a reservation named Lorado, to sell plastic things as remnants of their past traditions. The reservation is built on a polluted lake, which is a tourist attraction. In Lorado there are many forms of love and every one keeps a pet.\n\n**Law of Averages**, 1996, 15 min, color, computer generated. In a garden two lovers meet and begin a relationship that is complicated by a lack of exact compatibility, daily compromise and occasional sensuousness. An interactive theater called The Big Ghost is the temptation in this exotic urban paradise.\n\n**Tender Bodies**, 2003, 8 min. computer generated. Tender Bodies imagines a time when genetic experiments become an elite hobby. The creatures created are hunters and hunted and one unusual specimen becomes the entertainment at a strange party.\n\n**End of Code**, 2009, 15 min. computer generated. The story revolves around two groups of misfit hackers in a city of traffic. They speak a language of advertising, corporate branding and self\\-help, while engaging in a battle to control traffic lights. Discovering that the entire social code is embedded in the access code that regulates traffic lights, begins a twisted ride of surveillance, disguises and espionage among characters caught in an endless rush hour.\n\n**Gray Elegy**, 2015\\. An abstraction of motion and sound derived from motion capture and physical simulations. Inspired by the Dylan Thomas poem Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed, a buoyant character struggles with hazards in a cloudy gray environment.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [James Duesing’s website](http://duesing.wordpress.com/)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:University of Cincinnati alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Cincinnati_alumni \"University of Cincinnati alumni\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American animators](/wiki/Category:American_animators \"American animators\")\n[Category:American animated film directors](/wiki/Category:American_animated_film_directors \"American animated film directors\")\n[Category:1958 births](/wiki/Category:1958_births \"1958 births\")\n\n"
]
} |
Underwater Photography World Championships | {
"id": [
40921147
],
"name": [
"Michael R. Robinson"
]
} | cofsszbraojtowxbrd350soy57gyfys | 2021-01-14T10:08:59Z | 994,117,154 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Future championships",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Underwater Photography World Championships** is the peak international event for the [underwater sport](/wiki/Underwater_sports \"Underwater sports\") of [underwater photography](/wiki/Underwater_photography_%28sport%29 \"Underwater photography (sport)\"). The event is conducted on behalf of the [Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques](/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques \"Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques\") (CMAS) by an affiliated national federation. The [championships](/wiki/Championships \"Championships\") was first held in 1985\\.\nTwo variants of the championship are offered. The first is held at an [open water site](/wiki/Open_water_diving \"Open water diving\") and has been conducted on 16 occasions as of November 2017\\. Its official title often includes the world ‘sea’ in order to distinguish it from the second which is held in a [swimming pool](/wiki/Swimming_pool \"Swimming pool\"). The swimming pool variant which is concerned with a number of creative categories has held twice with a third championship scheduled for [Bari](/wiki/Bari \"Bari\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") during 2004 being cancelled due to low competitor registration.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n| Year | Date | Championship | Location event | \\# Nations | \\# Teams |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1985 | January 1 – 2 | 1st World Championship | [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 1987 | June 17 – 18 | 2nd World Championship | [Costa Brava](/wiki/Costa_Brava \"Costa Brava\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 1990 | September 19 – 24 | 3rd World Championship | [Milazzo](/wiki/Milazzo \"Milazzo\"), Italy | \\- | \\- |\n| 1992 | August 11 – 14 | 4th World Championship | [Isla de la Juventud](/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud \"Isla de la Juventud\"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 1994 | September 25 – 30 | 5th World Championship | [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Province \"Jeju Province\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 1996 | October 6 – 12 | 6th World Championship | [Menorca](/wiki/Menorca \"Menorca\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 1997 | May 8 – 11 | 1st World Championships Underwater Photography \\- Swimming Pool | [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 1998 | September 13 – 18 | 7th World Championship | [Ålesund](/wiki/%C3%85lesund \"Ålesund\"), [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 2000 | June 10 – 15 | 8th World Championship | [Hurghada](/wiki/Hurghada \"Hurghada\"), [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 2001 | September 16 | 2nd World Championships Underwater Photography \\- Swimming Pool | [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"), [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 2002 | August 26 – 29 | 9th World Championship | [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\"), France | \\- | \\- |\n| 2005 | September 13 – 18 | 10th World Championship | [L'Estartit](/wiki/L%27Estartit \"L'Estartit\"), Spain | \\- | 42 |\n| 2007 | May 9 – 14 | 11th World Championship | [Port Louis](/wiki/Port_Louis \"Port Louis\"), [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\") | 16 | 26 |\n| 2009 | May 31 – June 5 | 12th World Championship | Jeju, South Korea | 20 | \\- |\n| 2011 | May 26 – 31 | 13th World Championship | [Bodrum](/wiki/Bodrum \"Bodrum\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\") | \\- | \\- |\n| 2013 | April 9 – 14 | [14th World Championship](/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship \"14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship\") | [Cayo Largo](/wiki/Cayo_Largo_del_Sur \"Cayo Largo del Sur\"), Cuba | 18 | 78 |\n| 2015 | May 21 – 25th | 15th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship | [Zeeland](/wiki/Zeeland \"Zeeland\"), [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\") | 20 | \\- |\n| 2017 | Nov 22 – 17 | [16th World Championship](/wiki/16th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship \"16th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship\") | [La Paz](/wiki/La_Paz%2C_Baja_California_Sur \"La Paz, Baja California Sur\"), Mexico | 20 | 35 |\n|\n\n",
"Future championships\n--------------------\n\nThe 17th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship will be held at Tenerife from October 15–20, 2019, Spain. The next CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Swimming Pool will be held November 13–17, 2019 in Berlin, Germany.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [CMAS 8th underwater photography](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOJSaLRX-WM)\n* [13th CMAS World Championships Underwater Photography / Bodrum, Turkey 2011, Trailer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeWpTn3ew18)\n* [14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Cuba](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_4DUsR8jpc)\n* [2015 CMAS World Championship of Underwater Photography \\- promotional video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_LEoqU8o0M)\n\n[Category:Underwater photography (sport)](/wiki/Category:Underwater_photography_%28sport%29 \"Underwater photography (sport)\")\n[Photography](/wiki/Category:World_championships_in_underwater_sport \"World championships in underwater sport\")\n[Category:Photography events](/wiki/Category:Photography_events \"Photography events\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Hayley Jones (sprinter) | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | ju7uw3946q1cnssvo1of1h2jit0xwjp | 2024-09-09T13:16:58Z | 1,223,469,131 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hayley Jones** (born 14 September 1988\\) is a British [sprinter](/wiki/Sprint_%28running%29 \"Sprint (running)\"). She competed in the [4x100 metres relay](/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay \"2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay\") event at the [2013 World Championships in Athletics](/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics \"2013 World Championships in Athletics\"), winning a bronze medal.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1988 births](/wiki/Category:1988_births \"1988 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:British female sprinters](/wiki/Category:British_female_sprinters \"British female sprinters\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Place of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:21st\\-century British sportswomen](/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_sportswomen \"21st-century British sportswomen\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Battle of Delhi (1757) | {
"id": [
46146023
],
"name": [
"RevolutionaryPatriot"
]
} | i1ugdxkpvgdd0sf83f5v8o32c0niqkm | 2024-10-13T12:33:27Z | 1,250,348,249 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Battle",
"Aftermath",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Battle of Delhi in 1757** also referred to as the **Second Battle of Delhi**, was fought on 11 August 1757 between the [Maratha Confederacy](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\") under the command of [Raghunath Rao](/wiki/Raghunath_Rao \"Raghunath Rao\") and the [Rohillas](/wiki/Rohilla \"Rohilla\") under the command of [Najib\\-ud\\-Daula](/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah \"Najib ad-Dawlah\"), who was under the [Afghan](/wiki/Durrani_Empire \"Durrani Empire\") suzerainty and simultaneously the \"Pay Master\" of what remained of the [Mughal Army](/wiki/Mughal_Army \"Mughal Army\"). By 1757, Delhi was ruled indirectly by the [Marathas](/wiki/Marathi_people \"Marathi people\"). The battle was waged by the Marathas for the control of [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\"), the Mughal capital which was invaded by [Rohilla](/wiki/Rohilla \"Rohilla\") chief [Najib\\-ud\\-Daula](/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah \"Najib ad-Dawlah\"), as a consequence of the fourth invasion of [India](/wiki/Hindustan \"Hindustan\") by [Ahmad Shah Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali \"Ahmad Shah Abdali\").[Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707\\-1813](https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+control+of+delhi&pg=PA229)\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\n[Ahmad Shah Durrani](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani \"Ahmad Shah Durrani\") invaded [North India](/wiki/North_India \"North India\") for the fourth time in early 1757\\. He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the [Mughal emperor](/wiki/Mughal_emperors \"Mughal emperors\") under arrest. On his return in April 1757, Abdali re\\-installed the Mughal emperor [Alamgir II](/wiki/Alamgir_II \"Alamgir II\") on the Delhi throne as a titular head. However, the actual control of [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") was given to [Najib\\-ud\\-Daula](/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah \"Najib ad-Dawlah\"), who had promised to pay an annual tribute of two million rupees to [Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani \"Ahmad Shah Durrani\"). Najib had also assisted Abdali in his fourth invasion and had already won the trust of the Afghan emperor. It can be said that he worked as the agent of [Abdali](/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali \"Ahmad Shah Abdali\") in Delhi court. So, [Najib](/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah \"Najib ad-Dawlah\") was now the de facto ruler of Delhi with [Alamgir II](/wiki/Alamgir_II \"Alamgir II\") as a puppet emperor in his control.\n\nThe Mughal emperor and his *wazir* [Imad\\-ul\\-Mulk](/wiki/Ghazi_ud-Din_Khan_Feroze_Jung_III \"Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III\") were alarmed by these developments. Being a vasal and paying tributary of Marathas, he requested the [Marathas](/wiki/Maratha \"Maratha\") to help them get rid of Abdali's agents in Delhi.[Indian History \\- Page C\\-27](http://www.google.co.in/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=the+marathas+occupied+delhi+without+difficulty&btnG=#hl=en&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=+At+this+very+moment+Ahmad+Shah+Abdali+invaded+India+the+fourth+time+in+1755+and+departed+from+Delhi+in+1757%2FShortly+after+this%2C+the+Marathas+were+invited+to+Delhi+and+the+Punjab+by+Imad.+&oq=+At+this+very+moment+Ahmad+Shah+Abdali+invaded+India+the+fourth+time+in+1755+and+departed+from+Delhi+in+1757%2FShortly+after+this%2C+the+Marathas+were+invited+to+Delhi+and+the+Punjab+by+Imad.+&gs_l=serp.3...25599.25599.0.26042.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.1...1c.qZeHMniebsw&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=bc2404c6dd39d4c5&biw=1024&bih=685)\n\nA contingent of 40,000 Maratha troops was dispatched for liberating [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\").\n\n",
"Battle\n------\n\nThe Marathas encamped opposite the [Red Fort](/wiki/Red_Fort \"Red Fort\") on the other side of [Yamuna river](/wiki/Yamuna_river \"Yamuna river\"). Najib gave the charge of 2,500 strong infantry to Qutub Shah and Mulla Aman Khan and himself commanded another infantry contingent of 5,000 elite Afghan troops and heavy artillery, which were deployed by him to prevent the Marathas from entering the city. The battle started on 11 August and after two weeks of intense fighting with heavy Afghan losses, [Najib](/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah \"Najib ad-Dawlah\") came of the fort with his associates to negotiate a settlement with [Holkar](/wiki/Malhar_Rao_Holkar \"Malhar Rao Holkar\") but was surrounded and arrested by Marathas.[Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707\\-1813](https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+control+of+delhi&pg=PA229)\n\nMaratha commander [Raghunath Rao](/wiki/Raghunath_Rao \"Raghunath Rao\") ordered immediate withdrawal of [Najib](/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah \"Najib ad-Dawlah\") from Delhi along with a tribute of 5 million rupees. Najib also promised that he would never return to Delhi and never threaten any Maratha fort.\n\n",
"Aftermath\n---------\n\nThe [Marathas](/wiki/Marathas \"Marathas\") had now become the de facto rulers of Delhi.[History of Indian subcontinent](https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=maratha+had+become+the+de+facto+rulers+of+delhi&pg=PA232) [Raghunath Rao](/wiki/Raghunath_Rao \"Raghunath Rao\") appointed Antaji Mankeshwar as Governor of Delhi province while [Alamgir II](/wiki/Alamgir_II \"Alamgir II\") was retained as titular head with no actual power.[The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume 4](https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=the+marathas+occupied+delhi+without+difficulty&pg=PA564)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Battle of Delhi (disambiguation)](/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_%28disambiguation%29 \"Battle of Delhi (disambiguation)\")\n* [Battle of Plassey](/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey \"Battle of Plassey\") (1757\\)\n* [Maratha conquest of North\\-west India](/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India \"Maratha conquest of North-west India\")\n* [Battle of Karnal](/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal \"Battle of Karnal\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [TVandana Thorpe](https://books.google.com/books?id=UbdgaWR_xsUC&dq=In+1757%2C+they+captured+Delhi+and+in+1758+they+conquered+Punjab+by+defeating+Timar+Shah+%28Abdali%27s+son%29&pg=SA10-PA13)\n* [y Walī Allāh al\\-Dihlawī, Marcia K.](https://books.google.com/books?id=MmXfBqefJh8C&dq=marathas+delhi+1757&pg=PR28)\n\n[Delhi 1757](/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Maratha_Confederacy \"Battles involving the Maratha Confederacy\")\n[Delhi 1757](/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1757 \"Conflicts in 1757\")\n[Category:1757 in India](/wiki/Category:1757_in_India \"1757 in India\")\n[Category:18th century in Delhi](/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Delhi \"18th century in Delhi\")\n[Delhi 1757](/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Delhi \"Military history of Delhi\")\n\n"
]
} |
Mount Franklin Water | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"43.247.66.161"
]
} | bgajjwnb4yosg5nnl6jeb51nzppzkuo | 2024-10-12T01:15:29Z | 1,215,030,571 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Products",
"Partnerships",
"Awards",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Mount Franklin** is a brand of bottled [spring water](/wiki/Spring_water \"Spring water\") available in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). It is owned and manufactured by [Coca\\-Cola Amatil](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Amatil \"Coca-Cola Amatil\").\n\n",
"Products\n--------\n\nMount Franklin spring water is available in various sizes from **250 ml to 1\\.5 litre**. A variety of flavoured waters are also available, as are carbonated varieties.\n\n",
"Partnerships\n------------\n\nAustralian model [Jennifer Hawkins](/wiki/Jennifer_Hawkins \"Jennifer Hawkins\") has been the [brand ambassador](/wiki/Brand_ambassador \"Brand ambassador\") for Mount Franklin Lightly Sparkling Water since 2014\\. The brand is also associated with the [National Breast Cancer Foundation](/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Foundation_%28Australia%29 \"National Breast Cancer Foundation (Australia)\"), including through fundraising activities during Breast Cancer Awareness Months. From 2010, Mount Franklin also began a partnership with the [McGrath Foundation](/wiki/McGrath_Foundation \"McGrath Foundation\") to raise funds for breast care nurses across Australia.\n\nFrom 2012 to 2018, the brand was the official water provider for the [Australian Open](/wiki/Australian_Open \"Australian Open\") tennis tournament. In 2018 the contract was transferred to [Ganten](/wiki/Ganten \"Ganten\"), a bottled water company based in China.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nMount Franklin was voted best bottled water in the 2013 Trip Advisor Australia's Travellers' Choice Favourites awards.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Cool Ridge](/wiki/Cool_Ridge \"Cool Ridge\")\n* [Pump](/wiki/Pump_%28water_brand%29 \"Pump (water brand)\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Bottled water brands](/wiki/Category:Bottled_water_brands \"Bottled water brands\")\n[Category:Australian drinks](/wiki/Category:Australian_drinks \"Australian drinks\")\n[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1981](/wiki/Category:Food_and_drink_companies_established_in_1981 \"Food and drink companies established in 1981\")\n[Category:1981 establishments in Australia](/wiki/Category:1981_establishments_in_Australia \"1981 establishments in Australia\")\n[Category:Coca\\-Cola brands](/wiki/Category:Coca-Cola_brands \"Coca-Cola brands\")\n\n"
]
} |
Percy Gets a Job | {
"id": [
43502289
],
"name": [
"ButlerBlogBot"
]
} | 5zemizyat7se7d4bk68ghufjjaq2bf7 | 2024-05-07T21:59:26Z | 1,222,635,378 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"''Percy's First Holiday''",
"Plot",
"Production",
"Release",
"References",
"External links"
],
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"\n\n***Percy Gets a Job*** is a 1912 [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") [comedy](/wiki/Comedy \"Comedy\") [short film](/wiki/Short_film \"Short film\") starring [W. S. Percy](/wiki/W._S._Percy \"W. S. Percy\"), \"Australia's greatest comedian\". It was one of the first Australian comedy short films.Graham Shirley and Brian Adams, *Australian Cinema: The First Eighty Years*, Currency Press 1989 p 48 It was also known as *Percy at the Lawyers* and was released with another local short, *Toggle Won't Go to School*.\n\n",
"*Percy's First Holiday*\n-----------------------\n\nW.S. Percy later made another, more widely known short, *[Percy's First Holiday](/wiki/Percy%27s_First_Holiday \"Percy's First Holiday\")*.\n\n### Plot\n\nPercy travels from [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). He is thrown out of a [cinema](/wiki/Movie_theater \"Movie theater\"); fights a 16 stone actor for the privilege of playing the part of an attractive young lady's younger brother; treats a young girl to a plate of [spaghetti](/wiki/Spaghetti \"Spaghetti\") in a tango restaurant; argues with her infuriated husband; is fleeced of every penny by race course crooks and has to work his way home as a [steward](/wiki/Steward%27s_Department \"Steward's Department\"). At the end he leans over the side of the vessel and says \"I'm just crazy about America, but oh! I love Australia!\"\n\n### Production\n\nPercy had left Australia for the US at the end of 1913\\. In February 1914 he arrived in New York and met [Millard Johnson](/wiki/Millard_Johnson_%28producer%29 \"Millard Johnson (producer)\"), the local representative of [Union Theatres](/wiki/Union_Theatres \"Union Theatres\"), who suggested he visit the Thanhouser Film Company Studio. They suggested Percy star in a comedy for the studio, and a scenario was written in 20 minutes.\n\nWhile in New York, Percy also appeared in the [Broadway show](/wiki/Broadway_show \"Broadway show\") *[Maid of Athens](/wiki/Maid_of_Athens%2C_ere_we_part \"Maid of Athens, ere we part\")*.\n\n### Release\n\nThe movie was supposedly only made for Australian consumption but ended up being released around the world. It was highly popular in Australia.\n\n",
"### Plot\n\nPercy travels from [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") to [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"). He is thrown out of a [cinema](/wiki/Movie_theater \"Movie theater\"); fights a 16 stone actor for the privilege of playing the part of an attractive young lady's younger brother; treats a young girl to a plate of [spaghetti](/wiki/Spaghetti \"Spaghetti\") in a tango restaurant; argues with her infuriated husband; is fleeced of every penny by race course crooks and has to work his way home as a [steward](/wiki/Steward%27s_Department \"Steward's Department\"). At the end he leans over the side of the vessel and says \"I'm just crazy about America, but oh! I love Australia!\"\n\n",
"### Production\n\nPercy had left Australia for the US at the end of 1913\\. In February 1914 he arrived in New York and met [Millard Johnson](/wiki/Millard_Johnson_%28producer%29 \"Millard Johnson (producer)\"), the local representative of [Union Theatres](/wiki/Union_Theatres \"Union Theatres\"), who suggested he visit the Thanhouser Film Company Studio. They suggested Percy star in a comedy for the studio, and a scenario was written in 20 minutes.\n\nWhile in New York, Percy also appeared in the [Broadway show](/wiki/Broadway_show \"Broadway show\") *[Maid of Athens](/wiki/Maid_of_Athens%2C_ere_we_part \"Maid of Athens, ere we part\")*.\n\n",
"### Release\n\nThe movie was supposedly only made for Australian consumption but ended up being released around the world. It was highly popular in Australia.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1912 films](/wiki/Category:1912_films \"1912 films\")\n[Category:Australian silent films](/wiki/Category:Australian_silent_films \"Australian silent films\")\n[Category:1912 comedy films](/wiki/Category:1912_comedy_films \"1912 comedy films\")\n[Category:Australian black\\-and\\-white films](/wiki/Category:Australian_black-and-white_films \"Australian black-and-white films\")\n[Category:Silent Australian comedy films](/wiki/Category:Silent_Australian_comedy_films \"Silent Australian comedy films\")\n[Category:1910s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1910s_English-language_films \"1910s English-language films\")\n\n"
]
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Nurabad, Fasa | {
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} | lzi5jqzzfgcece24lm1x6ufix5nux8t | 2017-03-27T18:08:49Z | 765,299,145 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
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"content": [
"\n**Nurabad** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Nūrābād**; also known as **Nūrābād\\-e Hārom**) is a village in [Kushk\\-e Qazi Rural District](/wiki/Kushk-e_Qazi_Rural_District \"Kushk-e Qazi Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Fasa_County%29 \"Central District (Fasa County)\") of [Fasa County](/wiki/Fasa_County \"Fasa County\"), [Fars Province](/wiki/Fars_Province \"Fars Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 27 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Fasa County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Fasa_County \"Populated places in Fasa County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ian Freckelton | {
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} | ngiwln50cid9g1i4gm95hzxo80g95tj | 2024-09-28T05:26:58Z | 1,247,367,554 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and qualifications",
"Legal career",
"Prominent Cases",
"Academic career",
"Honours and awards",
"Personal life",
"Writing and publications",
"Publications",
"References",
"External links"
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"\n\n**Ian Freckelton** is an Australian barrister, former judge of there Supreme Court of Nauru), international academic, and high\\-profile legal scholar and jurist. He is known for his extensive writing and speaking in more than 30 countries on issues related to health law, expert evidence, criminal law, tort law, therapeutic jurisprudence and research integrity. Freckelton is a member of the [Victorian Bar Association](/wiki/Victorian_Bar_Association \"Victorian Bar Association\"), the Tasmanian Bar Association, and the Northern Territory Bar Association in Australia.\n\n",
"Early life and qualifications\n-----------------------------\n\nFreckelton was born in [Durban](/wiki/Durban \"Durban\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"), to Joan Lloyd and Brian Freckelton. He then lived with his family in [Nairobi](/wiki/Nairobi \"Nairobi\"), [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya \"Kenya\"), and [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), Australia, where he attended [St Aloysius' College](/wiki/St_Aloysius%27_College_%28Sydney%29 \"St Aloysius' College (Sydney)\") and then the [University of Sydney](/wiki/University_of_Sydney \"University of Sydney\"), obtaining undergraduate degrees in arts (with Honours in English and Latin) and Law. Later he was awarded a Diploma of Therapeutic Massage from the Academy of Natural Healing (1982\\); a PhD in Expert Evidence by [Griffith University](/wiki/Griffith_University \"Griffith University\"), (1998\\); and a Doctor of Laws degree, (a higher doctorate), from the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\") (2017\\).\n\n",
"Legal career\n------------\n\nFreckelton worked between 1981 and 1986 at the [Australian Law Reform Commission](/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission \"Australian Law Reform Commission\")Australian Government, \"Australian Law Reform Commission\": <https://www.alrc.gov.au> on its references on Evidence, Aboriginal Customary Law, and Contempt. Between 1986 and 1988, Freckelton worked as Counsel Assisting the Police Complaints Authority of Victoria before reading for the Bar to commence work as a barrister.I Freckelton, \"Shooting the Messenger\" in A Goldsmith (ed) *Complaints Against the Police; The Trend to External Review* (Clarendon Press, 1991\\).\n\nHe commenced to take briefs at the Victorian Bar in 1988 and took silk as a [Senior Counsel/Queen's Counsel](/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel \"Queen's Counsel\") in 2007\\. Freckelton has a national practice from Castan Chambers in Melbourne, Australia, taking administrative law, criminal law, personal injury and professional liability, coronial, commercial, disciplinary and human rights cases, as well as undertaking investigations into allegations of misconduct and corruption.\n\nFreckelton was appointed a judge of the [Supreme Court of Nauru](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nauru \"Supreme Court of Nauru\") on a fly\\-in, fly\\-out basis in 2017, principally to hear appeals on questions of law from asylum\\-seekers.\n\nFreckelton is also an experienced administrative decision\\-maker, having been a member of many tribunals. These include the Social Security Appeals Tribunal, the Medical Board of Victoria, the Psychologists Registration Board of Victoria, the Investigation Review Board of Victoria, the Disciplinary Appeals Board of Victoria, the Mental Health Review Board/Tribunal, the Psychosurgery Review Board of Victoria, the Suitability Board of Victoria and the Northern Metropolitan Disciplinary Board of the AFL.\n\n### Prominent Cases\n\nDr Freckelton's high\\-profile cases include those in which as counsel he:\n\n* prosecuted the Children of God case for the Department of Health;*M v M (Children of God)* \\[1992] VSC 381, [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria \"Supreme Court of Victoria\") (Vic, Australia); *M v M* \\[1993] VicRp 29, [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria \"Supreme Court of Victoria\") (Vic, Australia).\n* appeared for the children in the Barwon Children's human rights case against the Victorian government;Amnesty International, \"Children Transferred Out of Adult Maximum Security Prison\" (18 May 2017\\): ps://www.amnesty.org.au/barwon\\-cie\\-success/*Certain Children v Minister for Families and Children (No 2\\)* \\[2017] VSC 251: [http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2017/251\\.html](http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2017/251.html)\n* conducted the investigation into the sexual misconduct of Melbourne Lord Mayor, Robert Doyle;\n* represented the [Northern Territory Police](/wiki/Northern_Territory_Police \"Northern Territory Police\") in the Kumanjayi Briscoe inquest;\n* represented the Local Government Inspectorate in a series of cases against Local Councillor Muto;\n* was counsel assisting in the inquest into the death of David Wilson in Cambodia;\n* represented the New South Wales Police in the Lindt Café Inquest;\n* appeared for the appellant in the High Court refugee case of *Epeabaka v The Commonwealth;*\n* appeared for the Victoria Police in the Tyler Cassidy Inquest;E Hunt, \"Findings of Inquest into Shooting Death of Tyler Cassidy\" (23 November 2011\\) The Australian: [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest\\-news/findings\\-of\\-inquest\\-into\\-shooting\\-death\\-of\\-tyler\\-cassidy\\-due\\-shortly/news\\-story/40a4a9d37fee8083a1269c0e6a3de288](https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/findings-of-inquest-into-shooting-death-of-tyler-cassidy-due-shortly/news-story/40a4a9d37fee8083a1269c0e6a3de288)\n* appeared for the Chief Commissioner of the Victoria Police in the Bourke Street Inquest;Coroners Court of Victoria, \"2017 Bourke Street Mall Inquest\": [https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/inquests\\-findings/2017\\-bourke\\-street\\-inquest](https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/inquests-findings/2017-bourke-street-inquest)\n* appeared for the Chiropractors Registration Board in the disciplinary case against Malcolm Hooper;\n* appeared for the Medical Board of Australia in the disciplinary case against Dr [Jayant Patel](/wiki/Jayant_Patel \"Jayant Patel\"), and\n* appeared for Robert Barnes in the Eastman inquiry into the conviction of David Eastman for the murder of Assistant Commissioner Colin Winchester.*J Waterford, \"David Eastman Inquiry Delvers a Necessary but Very Limited Finding\" (31 May 2014\\) The Age:* [https://www.theage.com.au/national/act/david\\-eastman\\-inquiry\\-delivers\\-a\\-necessary\\-but\\-very\\-limited\\-finding\\-20140530\\-zrtjv.html](https://www.theage.com.au/national/act/david-eastman-inquiry-delivers-a-necessary-but-very-limited-finding-20140530-zrtjv.html)\n\n### Academic career\n\nAs an academic Freckelton is also:\n\n* a professor in the Faculty of Law and a professorial fellow in psychiatry at the University of Melbourne, where he is a co\\-director of the postgraduate Health Law Programme;\n* a former adjunct professor at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\") in the United States where he teaches in the research integrity program;\n* an adjunct professor of forensic medicine at Monash University in Melbourne;\n* an adjunct professor in the Australian Centre for Health Law Research at the Queensland University of Technology;\n* an adjunct professor at the Auckland University of Technology, and\n* an adjunct professor of law at Griffith University.\n\nSince 2010 Freckelton has been an inaugural member of the Coronial Council of Victoria, a body that advises the Attorney\\-General about the operation of the Coroner's Court. For 25 years (from 1995\\), he was a member of the Mental Health Tribunal of Victoria, including for a time as its Acting President. He is also a member of the Netherlands Centre of Expertise.\n\nFreckelton was a Commissioner of the Victorian Law Reform Commission in 2015\\-2016 and ran its reference on Medicinal Cannabis which resulted in the *Access to Medicinal Cannabis Act 2016* (Vic).\n\nFreckelton is an Ambassador for Club Melbourne, which attracts major scholarly events to Victoria. Freckelton is a life member and former bi\\-national and Victorian President of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. He is a former vice\\-president of Liberty Victoria.\n\n",
"### Prominent Cases\n\nDr Freckelton's high\\-profile cases include those in which as counsel he:\n\n* prosecuted the Children of God case for the Department of Health;*M v M (Children of God)* \\[1992] VSC 381, [Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria \"Supreme Court of Victoria\") (Vic, Australia); *M v M* \\[1993] VicRp 29, [Court of Appeal](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria \"Supreme Court of Victoria\") (Vic, Australia).\n* appeared for the children in the Barwon Children's human rights case against the Victorian government;Amnesty International, \"Children Transferred Out of Adult Maximum Security Prison\" (18 May 2017\\): ps://www.amnesty.org.au/barwon\\-cie\\-success/*Certain Children v Minister for Families and Children (No 2\\)* \\[2017] VSC 251: [http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2017/251\\.html](http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/2017/251.html)\n* conducted the investigation into the sexual misconduct of Melbourne Lord Mayor, Robert Doyle;\n* represented the [Northern Territory Police](/wiki/Northern_Territory_Police \"Northern Territory Police\") in the Kumanjayi Briscoe inquest;\n* represented the Local Government Inspectorate in a series of cases against Local Councillor Muto;\n* was counsel assisting in the inquest into the death of David Wilson in Cambodia;\n* represented the New South Wales Police in the Lindt Café Inquest;\n* appeared for the appellant in the High Court refugee case of *Epeabaka v The Commonwealth;*\n* appeared for the Victoria Police in the Tyler Cassidy Inquest;E Hunt, \"Findings of Inquest into Shooting Death of Tyler Cassidy\" (23 November 2011\\) The Australian: [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest\\-news/findings\\-of\\-inquest\\-into\\-shooting\\-death\\-of\\-tyler\\-cassidy\\-due\\-shortly/news\\-story/40a4a9d37fee8083a1269c0e6a3de288](https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/findings-of-inquest-into-shooting-death-of-tyler-cassidy-due-shortly/news-story/40a4a9d37fee8083a1269c0e6a3de288)\n* appeared for the Chief Commissioner of the Victoria Police in the Bourke Street Inquest;Coroners Court of Victoria, \"2017 Bourke Street Mall Inquest\": [https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/inquests\\-findings/2017\\-bourke\\-street\\-inquest](https://www.coronerscourt.vic.gov.au/inquests-findings/2017-bourke-street-inquest)\n* appeared for the Chiropractors Registration Board in the disciplinary case against Malcolm Hooper;\n* appeared for the Medical Board of Australia in the disciplinary case against Dr [Jayant Patel](/wiki/Jayant_Patel \"Jayant Patel\"), and\n* appeared for Robert Barnes in the Eastman inquiry into the conviction of David Eastman for the murder of Assistant Commissioner Colin Winchester.*J Waterford, \"David Eastman Inquiry Delvers a Necessary but Very Limited Finding\" (31 May 2014\\) The Age:* [https://www.theage.com.au/national/act/david\\-eastman\\-inquiry\\-delivers\\-a\\-necessary\\-but\\-very\\-limited\\-finding\\-20140530\\-zrtjv.html](https://www.theage.com.au/national/act/david-eastman-inquiry-delivers-a-necessary-but-very-limited-finding-20140530-zrtjv.html)\n",
"### Academic career\n\nAs an academic Freckelton is also:\n\n* a professor in the Faculty of Law and a professorial fellow in psychiatry at the University of Melbourne, where he is a co\\-director of the postgraduate Health Law Programme;\n* a former adjunct professor at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\") in the United States where he teaches in the research integrity program;\n* an adjunct professor of forensic medicine at Monash University in Melbourne;\n* an adjunct professor in the Australian Centre for Health Law Research at the Queensland University of Technology;\n* an adjunct professor at the Auckland University of Technology, and\n* an adjunct professor of law at Griffith University.\n\nSince 2010 Freckelton has been an inaugural member of the Coronial Council of Victoria, a body that advises the Attorney\\-General about the operation of the Coroner's Court. For 25 years (from 1995\\), he was a member of the Mental Health Tribunal of Victoria, including for a time as its Acting President. He is also a member of the Netherlands Centre of Expertise.\n\nFreckelton was a Commissioner of the Victorian Law Reform Commission in 2015\\-2016 and ran its reference on Medicinal Cannabis which resulted in the *Access to Medicinal Cannabis Act 2016* (Vic).\n\nFreckelton is an Ambassador for Club Melbourne, which attracts major scholarly events to Victoria. Freckelton is a life member and former bi\\-national and Victorian President of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. He is a former vice\\-president of Liberty Victoria.\n\n",
"Honours and awards\n------------------\n\nAt the University of Sydney Freckelton was awarded the Walter Reid Scholarship,University of Sydney, \"Walter Reid Scholarship\": [https://www.sydney.edu.au/scholarships/b/walter\\-reid\\-scholarship.htmln](https://www.sydney.edu.au/scholarships/b/walter-reid-scholarship.htmln) the Sir Arthur George Bursary, and the Sir Frank Packer Bursary.Australian Universities, \"Sir Frank Packer Bursary: [https://www.australianuniversities.com.au/scholarships/guide/10522\\-sir\\-frank\\-packer\\-bursary.html](https://www.australianuniversities.com.au/scholarships/guide/10522-sir-frank-packer-bursary.html)\n\nIn 1993 he was presented with a red barrister's bagJohnson Astills, \"Helen Johnson’s Red Bag\": [https://www.johnsonastills.com/site/blog/ejablog/helen\\-johnsons\\-red\\-bag](https://www.johnsonastills.com/site/blog/ejablog/helen-johnsons-red-bag) by Frank Costigan QC for his work on the Children of God case. In 2019 Freckelton was the winner of a Distinguished Alumnus award by Griffith University.Griffith University, \"Raising the Bar\": [https://www.griffith.edu.a/development\\-alumni/remarkable\\-alumni/dr\\-ian\\-richard\\-lloyd\\-freckelton\\-qc](https://www.griffith.edu.a/development-alumni/remarkable-alumni/dr-ian-richard-lloyd-freckelton-qc) In the same year, Freckelton was a member of the legal team that won the Tim McCoy Award and also the Victorian Bar's pro bono award for public interest/justice innovation for his work on the Barwon Children's Case.\n\nIn 2019 and 2020 Freckelton was incorporated by Doyle's Guide amongst Victoria's Leading Senior Criminal Law Counsel, in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 amongst Australia's Leading Administrative and Public Law Barristers and in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 by Best Lawyers for Administrative Law, Personal Injury Law and Commercial Law.\n\nFreckelton has been elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law, the Academy of Social Sciences Australia as well as an Honorary Fellow of the Australasian College of Legal Medicine. He has also been elected a life member of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. He was elected a Fellow of the [Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences](/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Health_and_Medical_Sciences \"Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences\"), 2022\\.\n\nIn 2024 Freckelton was awarded the Prix Philippe Pinel by the International Academy of Law and Mental Health. \n\nFreckelton was appointed an [Officer of the Order of Australia](/wiki/Order_of_Australia \"Order of Australia\") for \"distinguished service to the law, and to the legal profession, across fields including health, medicine and technology\" in the [2021 Queen's Birthday Honours](/wiki/2021_Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours_%28Australia%29 \"2021 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)\").\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nFreckelton is married to Dr Patricia Molloy (daughter of neuropsychologist [Maureen Molloy](/wiki/Maureen_Molloy \"Maureen Molloy\")) and has three children, Leo Freckelton, Dr Julia Freckelton and Lloyd Freckelton. Freckelton is also the proud owner of two sheepadoodles, named Otis and Penny. He and Dr Molloy divide their time between Melbourne, the Dandenong Hills and the Surf Coast. Ian Freckelton's hobbies and interests include: running, swimming, riding bicycles, gardening, travel, Latin and Greek literature, theatre, the study of French language, as well as listening to an eclectic array of music.\n\n",
"Writing and publications\n------------------------\n\nIn 1993 and 1994 Freckelton founded the *Journal of Law and Medicine*Thomson Reuters, \"Journal of Law and Medicine\" [https://legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/expert\\-evidence\\-law\\-practice\\-procedure\\-and\\-advocacy\\-6e/productdetail/124710](https://legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/expert-evidence-law-practice-procedure-and-advocacy-6e/productdetail/124710) and *Psychiatry, Psychology and Law*, having previously edited the proceedings of conferences held by the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law for some years. He remains their editor and founding editor respectively and has written many editorials for each. Each has evolved into a highly ranked and internationally respected scholarly journal in the cross\\-disciplinary field of health and law. Freckelton was also a member of the team (with Bebe Loff and Beth Wilson) that transitioned the *Legal Service Bulletin* to the *Alternative Law Journal* in 1992, and was on the editorial board of both for many years.\n\nFreckelton is a member of the editorial board of the *Tort Law Review*, the *Deakin Law Review*, the *Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences* and the *New Zealand Journal of Family Law*.\n\nFreckelton has published extensively on a wide variety of legal and cross\\-disciplinary topics. He is the author of 50 books, over 750 articles and chapters of books, as well as more than 270 book reviews. He has given more than 800 professional addresses in more than 40 countries.\n\n### Publications\n\nIan Freckelton's publications include:\n\n* I Freckelton, *Expert Evidence*, (editor and author), 7 volume subscription service, Law Book Co, Sydney, 1993\\-ongoing: \n* I Freckelton (editor and author), *Criminal Law, Investigation and Procedure Victoria* (general editor), 6 volume looseleaf service updated regularly, Law Book Co, Sydney, 2000\\-ongoing: ;\n* I Freckelton (ed),'\"Criminal Procedure\", Volume 11 \\& \"Sentencing,\" Volume 12, *Laws of Australia* (Law Book Co, Sydney, 1996\\-ongoing);\n* B Bennett and I Freckelton, *Pandemics, Public Health Emergencies and Government Powers: Perspectives on Australian Law* (Federation Press, 2021\\);\n* B Bennett, I Freckelton and G Wolf, COV\\-19, Law and Regulation (OUP, 2023\\)\n* B Bennett and I Freckelton, Australian Public Health Law (Federation Press, 2023\\)\n* I Freckelton, *Expert Evidence: Law, Practice and Procedure* (Law Book Co, 6th edn 2019, 7th edn, 2024\\): ;\n* I Freckelton and K Petersen (ed), *Tensions and Traumas in Health Law* (Federation Press, 2018\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, *Scholarly Misconduct*: Law, Regulation and Practice (OUP, 2016\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, J Goodman\\-Delahunty, J Horan and B McKimmie, *Expert Evidence and Criminal Jury Trials* (OUP, 2016\\): ;\n* I Freckelton and K Cockroft, *Indictable Offences in Victoria* (Thomson Reuters, 6th edn, 2016, 7th edn (in press), 2020\\): \n* B McSherry and I Freckelton (eds)*, Coercive Care: Rights and the Law* (Routledge, London, 2013\\): , 9781135016579;\n* I Freckelton and H Selby (eds), *Appealing to the Future: Michael Kirby and his Legacy* (Thomson, Sydney, 2009\\): , 9780455226682;\n* I Freckelton and D Ranson, *Death Investigation and the Coroner's Inquest* (Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2006\\): , 0195507002;\n* I Freckelton and K Petersen (eds), *Disputes and Dilemmas in Health Law* (Federation Press, Sydney, 2006\\): \n* I Freckelton (ed), *Regulation of Health Practitioners* (Federation Press, Sydney, 2006\\): ;\\[\n* I Freckelton and [K Diesfeld](/wiki/Kate_Diesfeld \"Kate Diesfeld\") (eds), *Involuntary Detention and Civil Commitment: International Perspectives* (Ashgate, Dartmouth, 2003\\): ;\n* I Freckelton and D Mendelson, *Causation in Law and Medicine* (Ashgate, Dartmouth, 2002\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, P Reddy and H Selby, *Australian Magistrates' Perspectives on Expert Evidence: A Comparative Study* (AIJA, 2001\\):\n* I Freckelton, *Criminal Injuries Compensation Law and Practice,* (Law Book Co, Sydney, 2001\\): \n* I Freckelton and K Petersen (ed) *Controversies in Health Law* (Federation Press, 1999\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, P Reddy and H Selby, *Australian Judicial Perspectives on Expert Evidence: An Empirical Study* (AIJA, 1999\\): \n* I Freckelton and H Selby (ed), *Police in Our Society* ((Federation Press, 1988\\);\n* I Freckelton, *The Trial of the Expert* (OUP, 1987\\): .\n",
"### Publications\n\nIan Freckelton's publications include:\n\n* I Freckelton, *Expert Evidence*, (editor and author), 7 volume subscription service, Law Book Co, Sydney, 1993\\-ongoing: \n* I Freckelton (editor and author), *Criminal Law, Investigation and Procedure Victoria* (general editor), 6 volume looseleaf service updated regularly, Law Book Co, Sydney, 2000\\-ongoing: ;\n* I Freckelton (ed),'\"Criminal Procedure\", Volume 11 \\& \"Sentencing,\" Volume 12, *Laws of Australia* (Law Book Co, Sydney, 1996\\-ongoing);\n* B Bennett and I Freckelton, *Pandemics, Public Health Emergencies and Government Powers: Perspectives on Australian Law* (Federation Press, 2021\\);\n* B Bennett, I Freckelton and G Wolf, COV\\-19, Law and Regulation (OUP, 2023\\)\n* B Bennett and I Freckelton, Australian Public Health Law (Federation Press, 2023\\)\n* I Freckelton, *Expert Evidence: Law, Practice and Procedure* (Law Book Co, 6th edn 2019, 7th edn, 2024\\): ;\n* I Freckelton and K Petersen (ed), *Tensions and Traumas in Health Law* (Federation Press, 2018\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, *Scholarly Misconduct*: Law, Regulation and Practice (OUP, 2016\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, J Goodman\\-Delahunty, J Horan and B McKimmie, *Expert Evidence and Criminal Jury Trials* (OUP, 2016\\): ;\n* I Freckelton and K Cockroft, *Indictable Offences in Victoria* (Thomson Reuters, 6th edn, 2016, 7th edn (in press), 2020\\): \n* B McSherry and I Freckelton (eds)*, Coercive Care: Rights and the Law* (Routledge, London, 2013\\): , 9781135016579;\n* I Freckelton and H Selby (eds), *Appealing to the Future: Michael Kirby and his Legacy* (Thomson, Sydney, 2009\\): , 9780455226682;\n* I Freckelton and D Ranson, *Death Investigation and the Coroner's Inquest* (Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2006\\): , 0195507002;\n* I Freckelton and K Petersen (eds), *Disputes and Dilemmas in Health Law* (Federation Press, Sydney, 2006\\): \n* I Freckelton (ed), *Regulation of Health Practitioners* (Federation Press, Sydney, 2006\\): ;\\[\n* I Freckelton and [K Diesfeld](/wiki/Kate_Diesfeld \"Kate Diesfeld\") (eds), *Involuntary Detention and Civil Commitment: International Perspectives* (Ashgate, Dartmouth, 2003\\): ;\n* I Freckelton and D Mendelson, *Causation in Law and Medicine* (Ashgate, Dartmouth, 2002\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, P Reddy and H Selby, *Australian Magistrates' Perspectives on Expert Evidence: A Comparative Study* (AIJA, 2001\\):\n* I Freckelton, *Criminal Injuries Compensation Law and Practice,* (Law Book Co, Sydney, 2001\\): \n* I Freckelton and K Petersen (ed) *Controversies in Health Law* (Federation Press, 1999\\): ;\n* I Freckelton, P Reddy and H Selby, *Australian Judicial Perspectives on Expert Evidence: An Empirical Study* (AIJA, 1999\\): \n* I Freckelton and H Selby (ed), *Police in Our Society* ((Federation Press, 1988\\);\n* I Freckelton, *The Trial of the Expert* (OUP, 1987\\): .\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://ianfreckelton.com.au)\n* [Ian Freckelton biography](https://law.unimelb.edu.au/about/staff/ian-freckelton) – University of Melbourne\n* [Ian Freckelton biography](https://www.vicbar.com.au/profile/6504) – Victorian Bar\n* [Ian Freckelton biography](https://foleys.com.au/Profile.aspx?area=Barristers&id=6504) – Foley's List\n* [WhatIDidWhatIDo](https://whatididwhatido.com/2017/08/10/ian-freckelton/)\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Australian lawyers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_lawyers \"20th-century Australian lawyers\")\n[Category:Officers of the Order of Australia](/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_Australia \"Officers of the Order of Australia\")\n[Category:21st\\-century King's Counsel](/wiki/Category:21st-century_King%27s_Counsel \"21st-century King's Counsel\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the University of Melbourne](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Melbourne \"Academic staff of the University of Melbourne\")\n[Category:Academic staff of Monash University](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Monash_University \"Academic staff of Monash University\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the Auckland University of Technology](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Auckland_University_of_Technology \"Academic staff of the Auckland University of Technology\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Place of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:1958 births](/wiki/Category:1958_births \"1958 births\")\n[Category:Australian King's Counsel](/wiki/Category:Australian_King%27s_Counsel \"Australian King's Counsel\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Australian lawyers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_lawyers \"21st-century Australian lawyers\")\n[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Health_and_Medical_Sciences \"Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences\")\n[Category:Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Academy_of_the_Social_Sciences_in_Australia \"Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia\")\n[Category:People educated at St Aloysius' College (Sydney)](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_St_Aloysius%27_College_%28Sydney%29 \"People educated at St Aloysius' College (Sydney)\")\n\n"
]
} |
Prospect Historic District | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2600:6C50:18F0:420:D28:9618:F04D:17D4"
]
} | c9gefb85pa3pqoirs8br0ynxg2cfffu | 2024-06-29T17:31:48Z | 1,203,811,649 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Prospect Historic District** is a residential historic district in [Pasadena](/wiki/Pasadena%2C_California \"Pasadena, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"), consisting of homes along Prospect Boulevard and several surrounding streets. The approximate northern boundary of the district is Westgate Street and the approximate southern boundary is [Orange Grove Boulevard](/wiki/Orange_Grove_Boulevard \"Orange Grove Boulevard\"). The district includes 108 residences and roughly encompasses the Prospect Park and Arroyo Park Tracts, a pair of early Pasadena subdivisions. \n\nDevelopment on the Prospect Park Tract began in 1904, and the first house was built there in 1906\\. J.C. Brainerd, Nyles Eaton, and John C. Bentz acquired the 32\\-acre parcel adjacent to a [Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad](/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad \"Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad\") spur. The land was divided into 64 lots along wide curved streets planted with camphor and palm trees. The Arroyo Park Tract was first surveyed in 1910, and its development soon followed; the two tracts were linked by the Prospect Boulevard Bridge, which was built in 1908\\. \n\nThe houses in the district represent a wide variety of architectural styles and include works by several prominent architects, such as [Frank Lloyd Wright](/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright \"Frank Lloyd Wright\")'s [Millard House](/wiki/Millard_House \"Millard House\"), [Charles and Henry Greene](/wiki/Greene_and_Greene \"Greene and Greene\")'s [Bentz House](/wiki/Louise_C._Bentz_House \"Louise C. Bentz House\"), a 1909 mansion designed by [Alfred and Arthur Heineman](/wiki/Alfred_and_Arthur_Heineman \"Alfred and Arthur Heineman\"), and a 1922 private residence designed by [Myron Hunt](/wiki/Myron_Hunt \"Myron Hunt\"). The varied architecture of the district's homes is united by its landscaping, particularly through the [camphor trees](/wiki/Camphor_tree \"Camphor tree\") which line its streets. .\n\nProspect Park is served by Cleveland Elementary School, Washington Middle School, and [John Muir High School](/wiki/John_Muir_High_School \"John Muir High School\"). Prospect Park is served by [Metro Local](/wiki/Metro_Local \"Metro Local\") line 256\\. It is also served by [Pasadena Transit](/wiki/Pasadena_Transit \"Pasadena Transit\") routes 51 and 52\\.\n\nThe district was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") on April 7, 1983\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Pasadena%2C_California \"National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Pasadena%2C_California \"Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California\")\n[Category:Houses in Pasadena, California](/wiki/Category:Houses_in_Pasadena%2C_California \"Houses in Pasadena, California\")\n[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_California \"Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California\")\n[Category:Neighborhoods in Pasadena, California](/wiki/Category:Neighborhoods_in_Pasadena%2C_California \"Neighborhoods in Pasadena, California\")\n[Category:Historic districts in Pasadena, California](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Pasadena%2C_California \"Historic districts in Pasadena, California\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Kandassankadavu Boat Race | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | b3by60vta8msjurillgp5kj3qgcfxlr | 2024-04-21T18:26:41Z | 1,053,114,412 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Winners",
"Other races in Kerala",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Kandassankadavu Boat Race** (Malayalam: കണ്ടശ്ശാംകടവ് ജലോത്സവം) is a popular *[Vallam Kali](/wiki/Vallam_Kali \"Vallam Kali\")* held in the [Enamakkal Lake](/wiki/Enamakkal_Lake \"Enamakkal Lake\") and [Conolly Canal](/wiki/Conolly_Canal \"Conolly Canal\") in Kandassankadavu of [Thrissur District](/wiki/Thrissur_District \"Thrissur District\"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). The race is conducted on the Thiruvonam day of the [Onam](/wiki/Onam \"Onam\") festival followed by a 10\\-day festival. The trophy is known as Chief Minister's Ever\\-Rolling Trophy. Competitions were held for the Iruttukuthi and Churulan boats category.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe race was started in 1955 when the [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") state was formed. Due to financial problems the boat race was stopped by the organisers for a long time. In 2011, with the support of [Government of Kerala](/wiki/Government_of_Kerala \"Government of Kerala\"), [Thrissur District](/wiki/Thrissur_District \"Thrissur District\") Tourist Promotion and [Manaloor](/wiki/Manaloor \"Manaloor\") Grama Panchayat the race was restarted.\n\n",
"Winners\n-------\n\n| Year | Club | Winners |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2011 | Chengannur Edakulam Junior CBS | Vadeka Attpuram Chundan |\n| 2012 | Al Reyami Group | [Chambakkulam](/wiki/Chambakkulam \"Chambakkulam\") Chundan |\n| 2013 | Manappuram Group | Mahadevan Chundan |\n| 2014 | Thayankari Boat club | Pulinkunnu Chundan |\n|\n\n",
"Other races in Kerala\n---------------------\n\n* [Triprayar Boat Race](/wiki/Triprayar_Boat_Race \"Triprayar Boat Race\")\n* [Kumarakom Boat Race](/wiki/Kumarakom_Boat_Race \"Kumarakom Boat Race\")\n* [Nehru Trophy Boat Race](/wiki/Nehru_Trophy_Boat_Race \"Nehru Trophy Boat Race\")\n* [President's Trophy Boat Race](/wiki/President%27s_Trophy_Boat_Race \"President's Trophy Boat Race\")\n* [Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali](/wiki/Aranmula_Uthrattadi_Vallamkali \"Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Paddling](/wiki/Category:Paddling \"Paddling\")\n[Category:Boat races in Thrissur](/wiki/Category:Boat_races_in_Thrissur \"Boat races in Thrissur\")\n\n"
]
} |
Qepchaq, Osku | {
"id": [
10289486
],
"name": [
"Trappist the monk"
]
} | 3t94eu1xwe3rxm2yo648hs6szrg6wts | 2024-10-14T22:02:14Z | 772,892,457 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Qepchaq** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Qepchāq** and **Qopchāq**; also known as **Kipchak**, **Qebchāq**, **Qebjāq**, **Qeychāq**, and **Qobjāq**) is a village in [Jazireh Rural District](/wiki/Jazireh_Rural_District \"Jazireh Rural District\"), [Ilkhchi District](/wiki/Ilkhchi_District \"Ilkhchi District\"), [Osku County](/wiki/Osku_County \"Osku County\"), [East Azerbaijan Province](/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_Province \"East Azerbaijan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 620, in 169 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Osku County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Osku_County \"Populated places in Osku County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Qarqa, Sarab | {
"id": [
7098832
],
"name": [
"Jounas4"
]
} | mkmsxh2micmbdi03p3sa3whpd0euesd | 2021-04-21T08:01:40Z | 814,348,118 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Qarqa** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Qārqā**) is a village in [Abarghan Rural District](/wiki/Abarghan_Rural_District \"Abarghan Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Sarab_County%29 \"Central District (Sarab County)\") of [Sarab County](/wiki/Sarab_County \"Sarab County\"), [East Azerbaijan Province](/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_Province \"East Azerbaijan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 398, in 73 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Populated places in Sarab County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Sarab_County \"Populated places in Sarab County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Akolzin | {
"id": [
39374154
],
"name": [
"Michaelwallace22"
]
} | 5cmogovw7v0cliihnze1c7tiqzbthwk | 2021-01-25T14:41:34Z | 696,594,009 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Akolzin"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Akolzin** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\n* [Pavel Akolzin](/wiki/Pavel_Akolzin \"Pavel Akolzin\") (born 1990\\), Russian ice hockey player\n* [Vadim Akolzin](/wiki/Vadim_Akolzin \"Vadim Akolzin\") (born 1982\\), Israeli pair skater\n\n"
]
} |
Emam Chay | {
"id": [
27446209
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot"
]
} | kqdt5tywag8chq8rfab0q6mn38oqdto | 2017-03-17T15:44:56Z | 765,110,444 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Emam Chay** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Emām Chāy**) is a village in [Sain Rural District](/wiki/Sain_Rural_District \"Sain Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Sarab_County%29 \"Central District (Sarab County)\") of [Sarab County](/wiki/Sarab_County \"Sarab County\"), [East Azerbaijan Province](/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_Province \"East Azerbaijan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 336, in 60 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Sarab County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Sarab_County \"Populated places in Sarab County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Qurdarik-e Sofla | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2A01:5EC0:7802:C4BB:2989:6003:650D:5D0A"
]
} | lpwba2ooy9vdprlk14pi32qlxn9e819 | 2023-05-24T08:05:57Z | 1,156,721,171 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Qurdik\\-e Sofla** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Qūrdīk\\-e Soflá**; also known as **Qūrdīk\\-e Pā'īn** and **Qūrdīk\\-e Soflá**) is a village in [Sokmanabad Rural District](/wiki/Sokmanabad_Rural_District \"Sokmanabad Rural District\"), [Safayyeh District](/wiki/Safayyeh_District \"Safayyeh District\"), [Khoy County](/wiki/Khoy_County \"Khoy County\"), [West Azerbaijan Province](/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province \"West Azerbaijan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 232, in 57 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Khoy County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Khoy_County \"Populated places in Khoy County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Cyanopepla buckleyi | {
"id": [
46437444
],
"name": [
"Scorpions1325"
]
} | ma6zqgppl3uksddhe642jz790prhila | 2024-07-08T13:10:35Z | 998,670,033 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Cyanopepla buckleyi*** is a [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") of the subfamily [Arctiinae](/wiki/Arctiinae_%28moth%29 \"Arctiinae (moth)\"). It was described by [Herbert Druce](/wiki/Herbert_Druce \"Herbert Druce\") in 1883\\. It is found in [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\") and [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Cyanopepla](/wiki/Category:Cyanopepla \"Cyanopepla\")\n[Category:Moths described in 1883](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_1883 \"Moths described in 1883\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Artur Oliveira | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | pr3c14ky49imy3wedl406088j2dwku9 | 2024-02-12T06:29:42Z | 1,191,099,612 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Playing career",
"Managerial career",
"Honours",
"Player",
"Manager",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Artur Duarte de Oliveira** (born 27 December 1969\\), sometimes known as just **Artur**, is a Brazilian [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 \"Coach (sport)\") and former player who played as a [forward](/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29 \"Forward (association football)\").[Artur: «Saí do FC Porto porque stressei com o Fernando Santos»](https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/destinos/destino-90s/artur-sai-do-fc-porto-porque-stressei-com-o-fernando-santos) maisfutebol.iol.pt He is the current head coach of [Caeté](/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Caet%C3%A9 \"Sociedade Esportiva Caeté\").\n\n",
"Playing career\n--------------\n\nBorn in [Rio Branco](/wiki/Rio_Branco%2C_Acre \"Rio Branco, Acre\"), [Acre](/wiki/Acre_%28state%29 \"Acre (state)\"), Artur Oliveira spent the vast majority of his career in Portugal after starting out professionally at [Clube do Remo](/wiki/Clube_do_Remo \"Clube do Remo\"). He signed in 1992 with [Boavista FC](/wiki/Boavista_F.C. \"Boavista F.C.\"), scoring 13 times in 25 games in [his first season](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1992–93 Primeira Divisão\") to help his team to the fourth place.\n\nIn the 1996 summer, after 29 league goals in his last two years combined, Artur Oliveira moved to [Porto](/wiki/Porto \"Porto\") neighbours [FC Porto](/wiki/FC_Porto \"FC Porto\"), going on to win six major titles during his three\\-year spell, including three [Primeira Liga](/wiki/Primeira_Liga \"Primeira Liga\") championships in a row. On 18 September 1996 he was one of five players to find the net in a 5–0 away win against [S.L. Benfica](/wiki/S.L._Benfica \"S.L. Benfica\"), with the [domestic Supercup](/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\") being conquered [6–0 on aggregate](/wiki/1996_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1996 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\").\n\nArtur Oliveira returned to his homeland in early 1999, going on to make his [Série A](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\") debuts at nearly 30 with [Esporte Clube Vitória](/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria \"Esporte Clube Vitória\"). He retired five years later, with his first club Remo.\n\n",
"Managerial career\n-----------------\n\nArtur Oliveira started working as a manager in 2007, with [Rio Branco Football Club](/wiki/Rio_Branco_Football_Club \"Rio Branco Football Club\"), to where he returned six years after on 20 August. He was sacked only one month later.\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\n### Player\n\n**Vitória**\n* [Copa do Nordeste](/wiki/Copa_do_Nordeste \"Copa do Nordeste\"): 1999; Runner\\-up 2000\n* [Campeonato Baiano](/wiki/Campeonato_Baiano \"Campeonato Baiano\"): 1999, 2000\n\n**Figueirense**\n* [Campeonato Catarinense](/wiki/Campeonato_Catarinense \"Campeonato Catarinense\"): 2002\n\n**Remo**\n* [Campeonato Paraense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense \"Campeonato Paraense\"): 1991, 1992, 1993, 2004\n\n**Boavista**\n* [Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira](/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"): 1992\n* [Taça de Portugal](/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal \"Taça de Portugal\"): Runner\\-up 1992–93\n\n**Porto**\n* [Primeira Liga](/wiki/Primeira_Liga \"Primeira Liga\"): [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1996–97 Primeira Divisão\"), [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1997–98 Primeira Divisão\"), [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1998–99 Primeira Divisão\")\n* [Taça de Portugal](/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal \"Taça de Portugal\"): [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal \"1997–98 Taça de Portugal\")\n* [Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira](/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"): [1996](/wiki/1996_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1996 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"), [1998](/wiki/1998_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1998 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"), Runner\\-up [1997](/wiki/1997_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1997 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\")\n\n### Manager\n\n**Rio Branco**\n* [Campeonato Acriano](/wiki/Campeonato_Acriano \"Campeonato Acriano\"): 2007\n\n**Remo**\n* [Campeonato Paraense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense \"Campeonato Paraense\"): 2008\n\n**São Raimundo\\-PA**\n* [Campeonato Brasileiro Série D](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_D \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série D\"): [2009](/wiki/2009_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_D \"2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D\")\n\n",
"### Player\n\n**Vitória**\n* [Copa do Nordeste](/wiki/Copa_do_Nordeste \"Copa do Nordeste\"): 1999; Runner\\-up 2000\n* [Campeonato Baiano](/wiki/Campeonato_Baiano \"Campeonato Baiano\"): 1999, 2000\n\n**Figueirense**\n* [Campeonato Catarinense](/wiki/Campeonato_Catarinense \"Campeonato Catarinense\"): 2002\n\n**Remo**\n* [Campeonato Paraense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense \"Campeonato Paraense\"): 1991, 1992, 1993, 2004\n\n**Boavista**\n* [Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira](/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"): 1992\n* [Taça de Portugal](/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal \"Taça de Portugal\"): Runner\\-up 1992–93\n\n**Porto**\n* [Primeira Liga](/wiki/Primeira_Liga \"Primeira Liga\"): [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1996–97 Primeira Divisão\"), [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1997–98 Primeira Divisão\"), [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o \"1998–99 Primeira Divisão\")\n* [Taça de Portugal](/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal \"Taça de Portugal\"): [1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal \"1997–98 Taça de Portugal\")\n* [Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira](/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"): [1996](/wiki/1996_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1996 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"), [1998](/wiki/1998_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1998 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\"), Runner\\-up [1997](/wiki/1997_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira \"1997 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira\")\n\n",
"### Manager\n\n**Rio Branco**\n* [Campeonato Acriano](/wiki/Campeonato_Acriano \"Campeonato Acriano\"): 2007\n\n**Remo**\n* [Campeonato Paraense](/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense \"Campeonato Paraense\"): 2008\n\n**São Raimundo\\-PA**\n* [Campeonato Brasileiro Série D](/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_D \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série D\"): [2009](/wiki/2009_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_D \"2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1969 births](/wiki/Category:1969_births \"1969 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Rio Branco, Acre](/wiki/Category:People_from_Rio_Branco%2C_Acre \"People from Rio Branco, Acre\")\n[Category:Brazilian men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Brazilian_men%27s_footballers \"Brazilian men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football forwards](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards \"Men's association football forwards\")\n[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players](/wiki/Category:Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A_players \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players\")\n[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players](/wiki/Category:Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B_players \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players\")\n[Category:Rio Branco Football Club players](/wiki/Category:Rio_Branco_Football_Club_players \"Rio Branco Football Club players\")\n[Category:Clube do Remo players](/wiki/Category:Clube_do_Remo_players \"Clube do Remo players\")\n[Category:Esporte Clube Vitória players](/wiki/Category:Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria_players \"Esporte Clube Vitória players\")\n[Category:Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players](/wiki/Category:Botafogo_de_Futebol_e_Regatas_players \"Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players\")\n[Category:Figueirense FC players](/wiki/Category:Figueirense_FC_players \"Figueirense FC players\")\n[Category:Primeira Liga players](/wiki/Category:Primeira_Liga_players \"Primeira Liga players\")\n[Category:Boavista F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Boavista_F.C._players \"Boavista F.C. players\")\n[Category:FC Porto players](/wiki/Category:FC_Porto_players \"FC Porto players\")\n[Category:Brazilian expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Brazilian_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"Brazilian expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Portugal \"Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal\")\n[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Brazilian_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Portugal \"Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal\")\n[Category:Brazilian football managers](/wiki/Category:Brazilian_football_managers \"Brazilian football managers\")\n[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C managers](/wiki/Category:Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C_managers \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série C managers\")\n[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série D managers](/wiki/Category:Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_D_managers \"Campeonato Brasileiro Série D managers\")\n[Category:Rio Branco Football Club managers](/wiki/Category:Rio_Branco_Football_Club_managers \"Rio Branco Football Club managers\")\n[Category:Clube do Remo managers](/wiki/Category:Clube_do_Remo_managers \"Clube do Remo managers\")\n[Category:Footballers from Acre (state)](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Acre_%28state%29 \"Footballers from Acre (state)\")\n\n"
]
} |
Al Bayan (magazine) | {
"id": [
43237577
],
"name": [
"Nivamp"
]
} | fkgbt49atz4vbl1441fza7xyknvtndc | 2024-09-01T12:29:08Z | 1,243,434,201 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History and profile",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Al Bayan*** ([Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"): *The Statement*) is an Arabic business magazine published monthly in [Beirut](/wiki/Beirut \"Beirut\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\"). It has been circulated since 1970\\.\n\n",
"History and profile\n-------------------\n\n*Al Bayan* was launched by Al Bayan Publishing House in Beirut in 1970\\. The magazine is published on a monthly basis and appears on the first week of each month. It focuses on financial, economical and social news addressing bankers, financial institutions, insurance and reinsurance companies and [brokers](/wiki/Brokers \"Brokers\"). It offers annual surveys about different sectors, including insurance, in Lebanon.\n\n*Al Bayan* has several [supplements](/wiki/Supplement_%28publishing%29 \"Supplement (publishing)\") and offers annual issues. The magazine is distributed in nearly all [Arab countries](/wiki/Arab_countries \"Arab countries\") in addition to its native Lebanon.\n\nThe 2012 circulation of *Al Bayan* was 88,100 copies. The study by [Ipsos – Stat](/wiki/Ipsos \"Ipsos\") established that in 2013 the magazine had the highest share of the advertising revenues in the [Arab](/wiki/Arab_countries \"Arab countries\") market for the business and economic magazines.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of magazines in Lebanon](/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Lebanon \"List of magazines in Lebanon\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* (in English)\n\n[Category:1970 establishments in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:1970_establishments_in_Lebanon \"1970 establishments in Lebanon\")\n[Category:Arabic\\-language magazines](/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_magazines \"Arabic-language magazines\")\n[Category:Business magazines](/wiki/Category:Business_magazines \"Business magazines\")\n[Category:Magazines established in 1970](/wiki/Category:Magazines_established_in_1970 \"Magazines established in 1970\")\n[Category:Magazines published in Beirut](/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_Beirut \"Magazines published in Beirut\")\n[Category:Monthly magazines published in Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Monthly_magazines_published_in_Lebanon \"Monthly magazines published in Lebanon\")\n\n"
]
} |
Anna Maria Walker | {
"id": [
7098284
],
"name": [
"Tassedethe"
]
} | nc9lgt4smk2nff778k08eyjfofrobvs | 2024-07-18T23:20:23Z | 1,228,853,820 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biographies",
"Edinburgh furlough",
"Collecting in Ceylon",
"Taxonomic work on collections",
"Last days in India",
"Publications",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Watercolour by Anna Maria Walker of *[Acanthephippium bicolor](/wiki/Acanthephippium_bicolor \"Acanthephippium bicolor\")*](/wiki/File:Acanthephippium_bicolor_Walker.jpg \"Acanthephippium bicolor Walker.jpg\")\n**Anna Maria Walker** (née Patton) (c. 1778–1852\\) and her husband Colonel **George Warren Walker** (1778–1843\\) were [Scottish](/wiki/Scottish_people \"Scottish people\") [botanists](/wiki/Botany \"Botany\") in Ceylon (now [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\")) who made extensive collections of plants between 1830 and 1838\\. Several species of ferns and orchids were named after them by Sir [William Jackson Hooker](/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker \"William Jackson Hooker\") with whom they corresponded. They also corresponded with and collaborated with other botanists in the region such as [Robert Wight](/wiki/Robert_Wight \"Robert Wight\"). Anna Maria was also an excellent botanical artist who illustrated many species of [orchids](/wiki/Orchid \"Orchid\").Noltie, H.J. (2013\\). The Botanical Collections of Colonel and Mrs Walker: Ceylon, 1830 – 1838\\. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Plant species named after them include *[Vanilla walkeriae](/wiki/Vanilla_walkeriae \"Vanilla walkeriae\")*, *[Liparis walkeriae](/wiki/Liparis_walkeriae \"Liparis walkeriae\")* and *[Thrixspermum walkeri](/wiki/Thrixspermum_walkeri \"Thrixspermum walkeri\")*.\n\n",
"Biographies\n-----------\n\nAnna Maria Patton was probably born in 1778 at Kinaldy, [Fife](/wiki/Fife \"Fife\"), in [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"). She was the third daughter (of ten) of the 17 children of Constantia Adriana Sally Mapletoft and Colonel Robert Patton. Patton had been Military Secretary to three Governors\\-General of India, the last being [Warren Hastings](/wiki/Warren_Hastings \"Warren Hastings\"), and made enough money to buy Kinaldy, returning to family roots – his father Philip Patton was a friend of [Adam Smith](/wiki/Adam_Smith \"Adam Smith\"),Crimmin, P.K. (2004\\). Patton, Philip (1739–1815\\) \\[with notes on his brothers Charles and Robert], in H.C.G. Matthew \\& B. Harrison (eds) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 43: 123–5\\. OUP. having been Collector of Customs at Kirkcaldy. In 1797 the Pattons moved to Castle Street, Edinburgh, where they entered literary society and Anna attended the sermons of Rev. [Sydney Smith](/wiki/Sydney_Smith \"Sydney Smith\"). His finances depleted, Kinaldy was let out and Colonel Patton was appointed Governor of the south Atlantic island of St Helena in 1801;Gosse, P. (1938\\). St Helena 1502–1938\\. London: Cassell \\& Co. \\[Reprinted by Anthony Nelson, 1990]. Anna Maria and her sisters Sarah and Jessy, accompanied him as housekeepers. There the sisters met distinguished passers\\-by including Lord Valentia and his artist [Henry Salt](/wiki/Henry_Salt_%28Egyptologist%29 \"Henry Salt (Egyptologist)\");Valentia, George, Viscount (1809\\). Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806\\. Vol 1 \\[of 3]. London: W. Miller. her father appointed [William John Burchell](/wiki/William_John_Burchell \"William John Burchell\") as the island's botanist – so Anna Maria may well have got some early botanical and artistic training in St Helena. Her sister Sarah married an army officer who was later to be [Sir Henry Torrens](/wiki/Henry_Torrens_%28British_Army_officer%2C_born_1779%29 \"Henry Torrens (British Army officer, born 1779)\") while another sister Jessy married John Paterson son of George Paterson, a Madras [Nabob](/wiki/Nabob \"Nabob\") who owned Castle Huntly, near Dundee. Hoping to follow their example Anna Maria went to India where she married Captain Walker, and in 1819 they moved to Ceylon. In 1820 Anna Maria climbed [Adam's Peak](/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak \"Adam's Peak\"), supposedly the first white woman to do so.\n\nGeorge Warren Walker,Walker, G.W. \\[jr.] (1902\\). Some Account of Philip Patton, Merchant and Bailie of Anstruther, and his Descendants. Privately published ‘for the information of relatives’; printed by Butcher, Weymouth. was born on 25 March 1778, the sixth son of the Rev. Benjamin Walker, Vicar of Northallerton, Yorkshire and Isabella (née Warren). He entered the British Army in 1799 and was commissioned Lieutenant in the 8th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (the King's Royal Irish) in 1801 and went with them to India the following year. He saw active service under General Lake in the [Second Anglo\\-Maratha War](/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War \"Second Anglo-Maratha War\"), and under Major\\-General Sir [Robert Rollo Gillespie](/wiki/Robert_Rollo_Gillespie \"Robert Rollo Gillespie\") in the [Anglo\\-Gurkha War](/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War \"Anglo-Nepalese War\"). On 20 July 1809 he married Anna Maria Patton at [Chunar](/wiki/Chunar \"Chunar\") in present\\-day Uttar Pradesh. Promoted Lt. Colonel in 1818, the following year he was appointed Deputy Adjutant General of Ceylon; the Walkers moved there and remained there (apart from a furlough in Britain 1826–9\\) until October 1838\\. Walker was then appointed to command the 21st Regiment of North British Fusiliers, which he took over in Madras and accompanied to Bengal. In 1840 he was appointed Brigadier in command of the [Meerut](/wiki/Meerut \"Meerut\") Station (by which time he held the rank of Major General on the East Indies establishment), until 1843 when the 21st were transferred to the Madras Presidency. While awaiting a new command he died on 4 December 1843, at St Thomas Mount, Madras, where he was buried. His widow erected a mural tablet in Northallerton church.\n\n",
"Edinburgh furlough\n------------------\n\nAfter about six years, the Walkers returned to Britain on furlough, and rented a house in the newly built Carlton Street, close to the [Royal Botanic Garden](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh \"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh\") in Edinburgh. They must have been looking for a pastime to occupy their time productively on their return to Ceylon and met both [Robert Graham](/wiki/Robert_Graham_%28botanist%29 \"Robert Graham (botanist)\"), the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\") Professor of Botany and [Regius Keeper of the Botanic Garden](/wiki/Regius_Keeper_of_the_Botanic_Garden \"Regius Keeper of the Botanic Garden\"), and [William Jackson Hooker](/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker \"William Jackson Hooker\"), the Glasgow Professor of Botany. This contact probably induced the couple to take up the task on return of supplying herbarium specimens, seeds, and living plants for the Edinburgh Botanic Garden and for Graham's and Hooker's private herbaria. Colonel Walker who returned first to Ceylon wrote to Anna to learn botanical drawing so that she could record fragile specimens when they started to explore and collect.\n\n",
"Collecting in Ceylon\n--------------------\n\nThe Walkers soon started to send large amounts of material back to Edinburgh and Glasgow. These donations are recorded in the letters that accompanied the expensive transmission of specimens, which depended on the goodwill of ships' captains. Hooker and Graham were not generous in acknowledging their contributions although Hooker later gave them books and a microscope in return. The Walkers were based mainly in Colombo, the British HQ on the coast of Ceylon, but had frequent periods at Kandy, in the botanically much more interesting centre of the island. At this time huge road\\-building activities were being undertaken, as the Kingdom of Kandy had only recently fallen to British control – this allowed access to rich collecting areas, especially around the developing hill station of [Nuwara Eliya](/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya \"Nuwara Eliya\"). The Walkers made two major expeditions: a two\\-week trip to, and ascent of, [Adam's Peak](/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak \"Adam's Peak\") in 1833, and a nine\\-week tour around the south\\-west of the Island in 1837\\. Mrs Walker sent journals of both excursions to Hooker, which he published.\n\n",
"Taxonomic work on collections\n-----------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|*[Liparis walkeriae](/wiki/Liparis_walkeriae \"Liparis walkeriae\")* named after Anna Maria by Robert Graham](/wiki/File:Liparis_walkeriae_-_Curtis%27_66_%28N.S._13%29_pl._3770_%281840%29.jpg \"Liparis walkeriae - Curtis' 66 (N.S. 13) pl. 3770 (1840).jpg\")\nHooker and Graham were too busy to work on the collections of Walker and that work was delegated to [George Arnott Walker\\-Arnott](/wiki/George_Arnott_Walker-Arnott \"George Arnott Walker-Arnott\"), a 'free\\-lance' botanist to write up the new species of the Walkers' earliest collections. These were published in Latin under the title *Pugillus Plantarum Indiae Orientalis*, in an obscure German periodical, but first issued as a preprint around April 1837\\. Several of the new species he described were named after Colonel Walker including *Desmodium walkeri* (now *[Desmodium cajanifolium](/wiki/Desmodium_cajanifolium \"Desmodium cajanifolium\")*), *Sykesia walkeri* (now *Gaertnera walkeri*), *Plectranthus walkeri* (now *[Isodon walkeri](/wiki/Isodon_walkeri \"Isodon walkeri\")* ), *Doronicum walkeri*, *Senecio walkeri* (now *Cissampelopsis spelaeicola*), *Dipsacus walkeri*, *Hedyotis walkeri*, *Zornia walkeri* and *Crotalaria walkeri*. Arnott also published a monograph on the many attractive *Impatiens* discovered by the Walkers, and a paper on *[Osbeckia](/wiki/Osbeckia \"Osbeckia\")* and *[Sonerila](/wiki/Sonerila \"Sonerila\")*, genera of the family [Melastomataceae](/wiki/Melastomataceae \"Melastomataceae\"). Hooker published a few of the Walker novelties, and the German botanist [Christian Nees von Esenbeck](/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Daniel_Nees_von_Esenbeck \"Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck\") their members of the family [Acanthaceae](/wiki/Acanthaceae \"Acanthaceae\"), especially of the genus [Strobilanthes](/wiki/Strobilanthes \"Strobilanthes\") in which the Walkers were particularly interested because of its habit of synchronous flowering after gaps of many years. The Walkers' friend [Robert Wight](/wiki/Robert_Wight \"Robert Wight\"), an East India Company surgeon based in South India, who visited them in Ceylon in 1836, also published some of Mrs Walker's drawings, and based new species on their specimens. Other than her two journals Mrs Walker published nothing, and she must have been disappointed that Hooker did nothing with her extremely accurate orchid drawings. [Henry Noltie](/wiki/Henry_Noltie \"Henry Noltie\") catalogued the type specimens (at RBGE, Kew and Geneva), Mrs Walker's drawings (at RBGE, Kew and the Natural History Museum), and published transcriptions of all the Walker letters to Hooker written between 1829 and 1851 in 2013\\.\n\n",
"Last days in India\n------------------\n\nGeneral Walker spent the two years of his military postings in the plains of northern India, and their botanical interests were reduced and their occasional ventures included an excursion to Mussoorie in the Himalayan foothills in June 1841\\. From here they sent specimens to Hooker, but these were probably of well\\-known species as Hooker did nothing with then and did not publish her long letter about this excursion. After General Walker's death, Anna Maria remained in India where four of their seven children were based – her sons in military or civil employment. Her last days were spent in Mangalore, on the Malabar Coast, with her son Warren, where she died, aged 74, on 8 September 1852; her tomb survives in the graveyard of St Paul's church.\n\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\n* Walker, A.W\\[arren] (1840\\). Journal of a tour in Ceylon. Journal of Botany 2: 223–56\\.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Letters to Hooker \\- [1](https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.kdcas1176) [2](https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.kdcas10541) [3](https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.kdcas10547)\n* Book on the lives of the Walkers: [Colonel and Mrs Walker: Ceylon 1830–1838](https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/6095)\n\n[Category:Scottish women botanists](/wiki/Category:Scottish_women_botanists \"Scottish women botanists\")\n[Category:People from British Ceylon](/wiki/Category:People_from_British_Ceylon \"People from British Ceylon\")\n[Category:1770s births](/wiki/Category:1770s_births \"1770s births\")\n[Category:1852 deaths](/wiki/Category:1852_deaths \"1852 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Fife](/wiki/Category:People_from_Fife \"People from Fife\")\n[Category:19th\\-century Scottish botanists](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Scottish_botanists \"19th-century Scottish botanists\")\n[Category:19th\\-century Scottish women scientists](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Scottish_women_scientists \"19th-century Scottish women scientists\")\n[Category:British botanical illustrators](/wiki/Category:British_botanical_illustrators \"British botanical illustrators\")\n[Category:Scottish illustrators](/wiki/Category:Scottish_illustrators \"Scottish illustrators\")\n[Category:Scottish women illustrators](/wiki/Category:Scottish_women_illustrators \"Scottish women illustrators\")\n[Category:Scottish plant collectors](/wiki/Category:Scottish_plant_collectors \"Scottish plant collectors\")\n\n"
]
} |
National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | 5m3moy31kvjp03nxcfmuj3lz5i9cn8n | 2023-09-27T02:22:03Z | 1,105,669,321 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"Submission process",
"Review process",
"Reviewers",
"Products and publications",
"Predecessor system",
"Phase out in 2018",
"Further reading",
"External links",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **National Registry of Evidence\\-based Programs and Practices** (**NREPP**) was a searchable online database of interventions designed to promote mental health or to prevent or treat substance abuse and mental disorders. The registry was funded and administered by the [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration](/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration \"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration\") (SAMHSA), part of the [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"Department of Health and Human Services\"). The goal of the Registry was to encourage wider adoption of [evidence\\-based](/wiki/Evidence_based_practices \"Evidence based practices\") interventions and to help those interested in implementing an evidence\\-based [intervention](/wiki/Intervention_%28counseling%29 \"Intervention (counseling)\") to select one that best meets their needs.\n\nThe NREPP website was phased out in 2018\\. See the section below about the phase out for more information.\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Logo: SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence\\-based Programs and Practices (NREPP), www.nrepp.samhsa.govIn](/wiki/File:National_Registry_of_Evidence-Based_Programs_and_Practices_%28NREPP%29_Logo.jpg \"National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP) Logo.jpg\") the behavioral health field, there is an ongoing need for researchers, developers, evaluators, and practitioners to share information about what works to improve outcomes among individuals coping with, or at risk for, mental disorders and substance abuse. Discussing how this need led to the development of NREPP, Brounstein, Gardner, and Backer (2006\\)Brounstein, P. J., Gardner, S. E., \\& Backer, T. (2006\\). \"Research to practice: Efforts to bring effective prevention to every community\". Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(1\\), 91\\-109\\. doi: 10\\.1007/s10935\\-005\\-0024\\-6\\. . write:\n\nThe focus of NREPP is on delivering an array of standardized, comparable information on interventions that are evidence based, as opposed to identifying programs that are \"effective\" or ranking them in effectiveness. Its peer reviewers use specific criteria to rate the quality of an intervention's evidence base as well as the intervention's suitability for broad adoption. In addition, NREPP provides contextual information about the intervention, such as the population served, implementation history, and cost data to encourage a realistic and holistic approach to selecting prevention interventions.Sherman, D. (2010\\). [\"A paradigm shift in selecting evidence\\-based approaches for substance abuse prevention”](http://www.cars-rp.org/publications/Prevention%20Tactics/PT09.06.10.pdf). Prevention Tactics, 9(6\\), 1\\-12\\.\n\nAs of 2010, the interventions reviewed by NREPP have been implemented successfully in more than 229,000 sites, in all 50 States and more than 70 countries, and with more than 107 million clients.National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. [“Evidence\\-based practice resources”](http://www.nationalregister.org/trr_fall10_ebp.html) . The Register Report. Fall 2010\\. Retrieved 2011\\-12\\-01\\. Versions of ura review process and rating criteria have been adopted by the [National Cancer Institute](/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute \"National Cancer Institute\")[“Cancer Control and Population Services: Key collaborations”](http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/IS/collaborations.html#2). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2012\\-04\\-03\\. and the [Administration on Aging](/wiki/Administration_on_Aging \"Administration on Aging\").\n\nThe information NREPP provides is subject to certain limitations.[About NREPP” on the NREPP Web site](http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov/AboutNREPP.aspx) It is not an exhaustive repository of all tested mental health interventions; submission is a voluntary process, and limited resources may preclude the review of some interventions even though they meet minimum requirements for acceptance.Hennessy, K., \\& Green\\-Hennessy, S. (2011\\). [“A review of mental health interventions in SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence\\-Based Programs and Practices”](https://archive.today/20140412210518/http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?volume=62&page=303). Psychiatric Services, 62(3\\). doi: 10\\.1176/appi.ps.62\\.3\\.303\\. . The NREPP home page prominently states that \"inclusion in the registry does not constitute an endorsement.\"\n\n",
"Submission process\n------------------\n\nNREPP holds an open submission period that runs November 1 through February 1\\. For an intervention to be eligible for a review, it must meet four minimum criteria:[“National Registry of Evidence\\-Based Programs and Practices”](http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?browsePath=2011%2F09%2F09-16%5C%2F6%2FHealth+and+Human+Services+Department&granuleId=2011-23757&packageId=FR-2011-09-16&fromBrowse=true), 76 FR 180, Sept. 16, 2011, 57742\\-57744\n1. The intervention has produced one or more positive behavioral outcomes (p ≤ .05\\) in mental health, mental disorders, substance abuse, or substance use disorders use among individuals, communities, or populations.\n2. Evidence of these outcomes has been demonstrated in at least one study using an experimental or quasi\\-experimental design.\n3. The results of these studies have been published in a peer\\-reviewed journal or other professional publication, or documented in a comprehensive evaluation report.\n4. Implementation materials, training and support resources, and quality assurance procedures have been developed and are ready for use by the public.\n\nOnce reviewed and added to the Registry, interventions are invited to undergo a new review four or five years after their initial review.\n\n",
"Review process\n--------------\n\nThe NREPP review process consists of two parallel and simultaneous review tracks, one that looks at the intervention's Quality of Research (QOR) and another that looks at the intervention's Readiness for Dissemination (RFD). The materials used in a QOR review are generally published research articles, although unpublished final evaluation reports can also be included. The materials used in an RFD review include implementation materials and process documentation, such as manuals, curricula, training materials, and written quality assurance procedures.\n\nThe reviews are conducted by expert consultants who have received training on NREPP's review process and rating criteria. Two QOR and two RFD reviewers are assigned to each review. Reviewers work independently, rating the same materials. Their ratings are averaged to generate final scores.\n\nWhile the review process is ongoing, NREPP staff work with the intervention's representatives to collect descriptive information about the intervention, such as the program goals, types of populations served, and implementation history.\n\nThe QOR ratings, given on a scale of 0\\.0 to 4\\.0, indicate the strength of the evidence supporting the outcomes of the intervention. Higher scores indicate stronger, more compelling evidence. Each outcome is rated separately because interventions may target multiple outcomes (e.g., alcohol use, marijuana use, behavior problems in school), and the evidence supporting the different outcomes may vary. The QOR rating criteria are:\n\n1. Reliability of measures\n2. Validity of measures\n3. Intervention fidelity\n4. Missing data and attrition\n5. Potential confounding variables\n6. Appropriateness of analysis\n\nThe RFD ratings, also given on a scale of 0\\.0 to 4\\.0, indicate the amount and quality of the resources available to support the use of the intervention. Higher scores indicate that resources are readily available and of high quality. These ratings apply to the intervention as a whole. The RFD criteria are:\n\n1. Availability of implementation materials\n2. Availability of training and support resources\n3. Availability of quality assurance procedures\n\n### Reviewers\n\nQOR reviewers are required to have a doctoral\\-level degree and a strong background and understanding of current methods of evaluating prevention and treatment interventions. RFD reviewers are selected from two categories: direct services experts (including both providers and consumers of services), or experts in the field of implementation. Direct services experts must have previous experience evaluating prevention or treatment interventions and knowledge of mental health or substance abuse prevention or treatment content areas.\n\n### Products and publications\n\nNREPP publishes an intervention summary for each intervention it adds to the Registry. The summaries, which are accessed through the Registry's search engine, contain the following standardized information:\n\n* A brief description of the reviewed intervention, including targeted goals and theoretical basis\n* Study populations (age, gender, race/ethnicity)\n* Study settings and geographical locations\n* Implementation history\n* Funding information\n* Comparative evaluation research conducted with the intervention\n* Adaptations\n* Adverse effects\n* List of studies and materials reviewed\n* List of outcomes\n* Description of measures and key findings for each outcome\n* Research design of the studies reviewed\n* Quality of Research and Readiness for Dissemination ratings\n* Reviewer comments (Strengths and Weaknesses)\n* Costs\n* Replication studies\n* Contact information\n\nNREPP also maintains an online Learning Center. Offerings include learning modules on implementation and preparing for NREPP submission; a research paper on evidence\\-based therapy relationships; and links to screening and assessment tools for mental health and substance use.\n\n",
"### Reviewers\n\nQOR reviewers are required to have a doctoral\\-level degree and a strong background and understanding of current methods of evaluating prevention and treatment interventions. RFD reviewers are selected from two categories: direct services experts (including both providers and consumers of services), or experts in the field of implementation. Direct services experts must have previous experience evaluating prevention or treatment interventions and knowledge of mental health or substance abuse prevention or treatment content areas.\n\n",
"### Products and publications\n\nNREPP publishes an intervention summary for each intervention it adds to the Registry. The summaries, which are accessed through the Registry's search engine, contain the following standardized information:\n\n* A brief description of the reviewed intervention, including targeted goals and theoretical basis\n* Study populations (age, gender, race/ethnicity)\n* Study settings and geographical locations\n* Implementation history\n* Funding information\n* Comparative evaluation research conducted with the intervention\n* Adaptations\n* Adverse effects\n* List of studies and materials reviewed\n* List of outcomes\n* Description of measures and key findings for each outcome\n* Research design of the studies reviewed\n* Quality of Research and Readiness for Dissemination ratings\n* Reviewer comments (Strengths and Weaknesses)\n* Costs\n* Replication studies\n* Contact information\n\nNREPP also maintains an online Learning Center. Offerings include learning modules on implementation and preparing for NREPP submission; a research paper on evidence\\-based therapy relationships; and links to screening and assessment tools for mental health and substance use.\n\n",
"Predecessor system\n------------------\n\nThe registry originated in 1997[“National Registry of Evidence\\-Based Programs and Practices adds information on former model programs initiative to web site”](http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov/pdfs/07bulletinnrepplegacy_final.pdf) (Press release). SAMHSA. August 21, 2007\\. Retrieved 2012\\-04\\-03 and has gone through several changes since then. The predecessor to today's NREPP was the National Registry of Effective Prevention Programs (later renamed the National Registry of Effective Programs and Practices), which was developed by SAMHSA's Center for Substance Abuse Prevention as part of the Model Programs initiative. Procedures under this earlier registry were developed to review, rate, and designate programs as Model, Effective, or Promising.Brounstein, P. J., Gardner, S. E., \\& Backer, T. (2006\\). “Research to practice: Efforts to bring effective prevention to every community”. Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(1\\), 91\\-109\\. doi: 10\\.1007/s10935\\-005\\-0024\\-6\\. . Based on extensive input from scientific communities, service providers, expert panels, and the public, the procedures were revised. Reviews using the new NREPP system began in 2006, and the redesigned Web site debuted in March 2007\\.[“SAMHSA launches searchable database of evidence\\-based practices in prevention and treatment of mental health and substance use disorders”](http://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/advisories/0703013707.aspx) (Press release). SAMHSA. March 1, 2007\\. Retrieved 2011\\-12\\-01\\.\n\n",
"Phase out in 2018\n-----------------\n\nAccording to an email from SAMHSA:\n\n\"SAMHSA is committed to advancing the adoption of evidence\\-based interventions related to mental health and substance use. Consistent with the January 2018 announcement from the Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use related to discontinuing the National Registry of Evidence\\-based Programs and Practices (NREPP), SAMHSA has now phased out the NREPP website, which has been in existence since 1997\\. In April 2018, SAMHSA launched the Evidence\\-Based Practices Resource Center (Resource Center) that aims to provide communities, clinicians, policy makers, and others in the field with the information and tools they need to incorporate evidence\\-based practices into their communities or clinical settings. The Resource Center contains a collection of science\\-based resources; however, it does not replace NREPP and does not contain all of the resources that were previously available on NREPP.\n\n\"The Resource Center is a component of SAMHSA’s new comprehensive approach to identify and disseminate clinically sound and scientifically based policy, practices, and programs. Under this new approach, we are continuing to develop and add additional resources to the Resource Center as they become available. In the meantime, please use our Resource Center as well as the SAMHSA Store to find information on evidence\\-based practices and other resources related to mental health and substance use. For products and resources not developed by SAMHSA, please contact the developers for more information.\" \n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Hennessy, K., Finkbiner, R., \\& Hill, G. (2006\\). \"The National Registry of Evidence\\-Based Programs and Practices: A decision\\-support tool to advance the use of evidence\\-based services\". International Journal of Mental Health, 35(2\\), 21–34\\. [doi: 10\\.2753/IMH0020\\-7411350202](https://archive.today/20140412210516/http://mesharpe.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.2753/IMH0020-7411350202).\n* Brounstein, P. J., Gardner, S. E., \\& Backer, T. (2006\\). \"Research to practice: Efforts to bring effective prevention to every community\". Journal of Primary Prevention, 27(1\\), 91–109\\. doi: 10\\.1007/s10935\\-005\\-0024\\-6\\. . These criteria and the accompanying rating anchors are unique to NREPP but share common elements with the types of standards used by other Federal agencies to assess evidence\\-based programs.Children’s Services Council of Palm Beach County. (2007\\). [“Research review: Evidence\\-based programs and practices: What does it all mean?”](http://www.evidencebasedassociates.com/reports/research_review.pdf) Retrieved 2012\\-03\\-30\\.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official Web site \\- phased out in 2018](http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov) \n* [SAMHSA Evidence\\-Based Practices Resource Center](https://www.samhsa.gov/resource-search/ebp)\n* [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)](http://www.samhsa.gov)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Counseling](/wiki/Category:Counseling \"Counseling\")\n[Category:Drug rehabilitation](/wiki/Category:Drug_rehabilitation \"Drug rehabilitation\")\n[Category:Evidence\\-based practices](/wiki/Category:Evidence-based_practices \"Evidence-based practices\")\n[Category:Online databases](/wiki/Category:Online_databases \"Online databases\")\n\n"
]
} |
John B. Pickett fellowship | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"96.32.6.63"
]
} | qqlq59jw4m6tzz2ztr9n3blf247e49y | 2023-03-08T01:17:11Z | 1,125,091,525 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List of notable alumni",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **John B. Pickett fellowship** is a [National Institute of Justice](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice \"National Institute of Justice\") fellowship program for law enforcement practitioners seeking either a mid\\-career [Master of Public Administration](/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration \"Master of Public Administration\") or an intensive 3 weeks of education for senior\\-level executives at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\")'s [Kennedy School of Government](/wiki/Kennedy_School_of_Government \"Kennedy School of Government\"). It was founded in 1997 in honor of John B. Pickett, the first director of planning and management at the National Institute of Justice.\"[The Picket Fellowships: Cultivating Effective Leaders in Criminal Justice](https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000241e.pdf).\" *[National Institute of Justice](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice \"National Institute of Justice\")*. October 1999\\. One fellowship is awarded each year.\"[John B. Pickett Fellowships in Criminal Justice Policy \\& Management.](https://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/sl000309.pdf)\" *[Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\").* December 2012\\.\n\n",
"List of notable alumni\n----------------------\n\n* [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") [State Assemblyman](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly \"New York State Assembly\") [Bob Castelli](/wiki/Bob_Castelli \"Bob Castelli\") (three\\-week program)\n* [Edward F. Davis](/wiki/Edward_F._Davis \"Edward F. Davis\"), commissioner of the [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") [Police Department](/wiki/Boston_Police_Department \"Boston Police Department\") (three\\-week program)\n* [Jerome Holmes](/wiki/Jerome_Holmes \"Jerome Holmes\"), [federal judge](/wiki/Federal_judge \"Federal judge\") on the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [Court](/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit \"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit\") [of Appeals](/wiki/Court_of_Appeals \"Court of Appeals\") for the [Tenth Circuit](/wiki/Tenth_Circuit \"Tenth Circuit\") (master's program)\n* [Richard Pennington](/wiki/Richard_Pennington \"Richard Pennington\"), former chief of the [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"Atlanta, Georgia\") [Police Department](/wiki/Atlanta_Police_Department \"Atlanta Police Department\") and [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") [Police Department](/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department \"New Orleans Police Department\") (three\\-week program)\n* [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") [Police Department](/wiki/NYPD \"NYPD\") First Deputy [Commissioner](/wiki/NYPD_Commissioner \"NYPD Commissioner\") [Rafael Piñeiro](/wiki/Rafael_Pi%C3%B1eiro \"Rafael Piñeiro\") (three\\-week program)\n* . John P. Beatty, New York City Police Department Sergeant, (masters degree) \\[Personal Injury Trial Attorney] New York [www.jbeattylaw.com](/wiki/Www.jbeattylaw.com \"Www.jbeattylaw.com\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Fellowships](/wiki/Category:Fellowships \"Fellowships\")\n\n"
]
} |
Frank Williams (Australian footballer, born 1888) | {
"id": [
29077096
],
"name": [
"Crowsus"
]
} | omqnp3up101623hfhkpc7ldpx5e95mg | 2022-11-22T12:44:00Z | 1,123,192,579 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notes",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Francis Henry Williams** (24 May 1888 – 8 September 1959\\) was an [Australian rules footballer](/wiki/Australian_rules_football \"Australian rules football\") who played with [Carlton](/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club \"Carlton Football Club\") in the [Victorian Football League](/wiki/Australian_Football_League \"Australian Football League\") (VFL).\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Frank Williams's profile](http://www.blueseum.org/tiki-index.php?page=Frank%20H%20Williams) at Blueseum\n\n[Category:1888 births](/wiki/Category:1888_births \"1888 births\")\n[Category:1959 deaths](/wiki/Category:1959_deaths \"1959 deaths\")\n[Category:Australian rules footballers from Melbourne](/wiki/Category:Australian_rules_footballers_from_Melbourne \"Australian rules footballers from Melbourne\")\n[Category:Carlton Football Club players](/wiki/Category:Carlton_Football_Club_players \"Carlton Football Club players\")\n[Category:People from Carlton North, Victoria](/wiki/Category:People_from_Carlton_North%2C_Victoria \"People from Carlton North, Victoria\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Grace Gates | {
"id": [
7098284
],
"name": [
"Tassedethe"
]
} | hpp3y4m0rui0i3iuec5kmlc1dpx077f | 2023-06-19T20:06:28Z | 1,141,766,062 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Design",
"History",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|The W. G. Grace Memorial Gates in 2012](/wiki/File:The_Home_of_Cricket_-_panoramio.jpg \"The Home of Cricket - panoramio.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|250px\\|The right pair of gates in 2012](/wiki/File:W.G._Grace_Gates_%28geograph_2791023%29.jpg \"W.G. Grace Gates (geograph 2791023).jpg\")\nThe **Grace Gates**, officially the **W. G. Grace Memorial Gates**, are two pairs of gates on St John's Wood Road at [Lord's Cricket Ground](/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground \"Lord's Cricket Ground\") in London, England. They were erected in 1923 and the gates with their flanking walls and piers became a Grade II [listed building](/wiki/Listed_building \"Listed building\") in 1996\\.\n\n",
"Design\n------\n\nThe Grace Gates were designed by architect [Sir Herbert Baker](/wiki/Herbert_Baker \"Herbert Baker\") as a tribute to English [cricketer](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\") [W. G. Grace](/wiki/W._G._Grace \"W. G. Grace\"), who had died in 1915\\. They replaced an earlier, less decorative, entrance to the ground. Baker also designed the old Lord's Grandstand, which was demolished in 1996\\.\n\nThe gates are made of cast iron and bear motifs of a cricket ball and the sun's rays, and the initials of the [Marylebone Cricket Club](/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club \"Marylebone Cricket Club\"). They are set within the south exterior wall of Lord's on St John's Wood Road, within a curved recess (or [exedra](/wiki/Exedra \"Exedra\")) of [Portland stone](/wiki/Portland_stone \"Portland stone\"), which also contains a door to either side for pedestrian access. The two pairs of gates are separated from each other by a pillar made of [Portland stone](/wiki/Portland_stone \"Portland stone\"), topped by a stone carving of three stumps and urn, with a further pillar to either side, also topped by a stone urn. On the centre pillar is a carved wreath with the initials WGG, and the engraved inscription TO THE MEMORY OF WILLIAM GILBERT GRACE THE GREAT CRICKETER: 1848–1915: THESE GATES WERE ERECTED: THE MCC AND OTHER FRIENDS AND ADMIRERS.\n\nThe inscription was a matter of some debate, with various suggestions made in English, Latin and Greek. Sir [Stanley Jackson](/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_%28cricketer%29 \"Stanley Jackson (cricketer)\") suggested including \"The Great Cricketer\" in the design.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe Grace Gates were officially opened by Sir [Stanley Jackson](/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_%28cricketer%29 \"Stanley Jackson (cricketer)\") at a ceremony in 1923\\. They are located close to the west end of the Tavern Stand, and are the main entrance to Lord's for MCC members, who often queue outside the gates hours before Lord's opens on the day of a [Test match](/wiki/Test_cricket \"Test cricket\") to get a good seat in the [Lord's Pavilion](/wiki/Lord%27s_Pavilion \"Lord's Pavilion\").\n\nThe \"[Toffs and Toughs](/wiki/Toffs_and_Toughs \"Toffs and Toughs\")\" photograph, of two boys in [Harrow School](/wiki/Harrow_School \"Harrow School\") uniform and three others in the plain clothes of pre\\-war working class youths, was taken outside the Grace Gates in July 1937\\. A protest was held outside the Grace Gates in 1970, opposing the [1969–70 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland](/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland \"1969–70 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland\") because of South Africa's [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\") policies. The Grace Gates were listed in 1996\\.\n\nIn 2013, as part of a revised redevelopment of Lord's, it was announced that a new entrance would be built into Lord's to supersede the Grace Gates as the entrance for MCC members. The gates themselves would be locked for three years while the pavilion end is redeveloped.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Gates in England](/wiki/Category:Gates_in_England \"Gates in England\")\n[Category:Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster](/wiki/Category:Grade_II_listed_buildings_in_the_City_of_Westminster \"Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster\")\n[Category:W. G. Grace](/wiki/Category:W._G._Grace \"W. G. Grace\")\n[Category:Lord's](/wiki/Category:Lord%27s \"Lord's\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1923](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_1923 \"Buildings and structures completed in 1923\")\n[Category:Herbert Baker buildings and structures](/wiki/Category:Herbert_Baker_buildings_and_structures \"Herbert Baker buildings and structures\")\n[Category:Grade II listed monuments and memorials](/wiki/Category:Grade_II_listed_monuments_and_memorials \"Grade II listed monuments and memorials\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jiv | {
"id": [
6056090
],
"name": [
"Laterthanyouthink"
]
} | nvetzgc0uckbrcs7ccip7z8uvrj7cho | 2021-08-23T08:02:55Z | 1,040,215,538 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n**Jiv** or **JIV** may refer to:\n\n* JIV, abbreviation for *[Journal of Interpersonal Violence](/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence \"Journal of Interpersonal Violence\")*,\n* jiv, the ISO 639\\-3 code for the [Shuar language](/wiki/Shuar_language \"Shuar language\")\n* *jīv*, the Sanskrit verb\\-root giving rise to [Jiva](/wiki/Jiva \"Jiva\"), a living being, in Hinduism and Jainism\n\n"
]
} |
Stuart Robinson (bishop) | {
"id": [
39346316
],
"name": [
"Gardener123"
]
} | 9zs0sabgjnwm600m356zheaktdw8cqp | 2024-05-02T19:37:16Z | 950,268,094 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|260px\\|Robinson (in red) talking with the [Duke of Edinburgh](/wiki/Prince_Philip%2C_Duke_of_Edinburgh \"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\") during a royal visit to Australia in 2011](/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_and_Prince_Phillip_with_Canberra_Anglicans_23Oct11.jpg \"Queen Elizabeth and Prince Phillip with Canberra Anglicans 23Oct11.jpg\")\n**Stuart Peter Robinson** (born 1959\\) is a [bishop](/wiki/Bishop \"Bishop\") in the [Anglican Church of Australia](/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia \"Anglican Church of Australia\"). He served as [Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn](/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Canberra_and_Goulburn \"Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn\") from 2008 to 2018\\.\n\nRobinson was elected 10th bishop of the diocese on 2 November 2008 and was consecrated and enthroned at [St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn](/wiki/St_Saviour%27s_Cathedral%2C_Goulburn \"St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn\"), on 31 January 2009\\.[Bishop Stuart Robinson](http://www.anglicanregistry.org.au/html/s02_article/article_view.asp?art_id=364) \n\nIn December 2017, he announced his intention to resign as diocesan bishop at Easter 2018\\. He was inducted as rector of St Michael's Church in [Vaucluse](/wiki/Vaucluse%2C_New_South_Wales \"Vaucluse, New South Wales\") on 5 May 2018\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Anglican bishops of Canberra and Goulburn](/wiki/Category:Anglican_bishops_of_Canberra_and_Goulburn \"Anglican bishops of Canberra and Goulburn\")\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:Moore Theological College alumni](/wiki/Category:Moore_Theological_College_alumni \"Moore Theological College alumni\")\n\n"
]
} |
Paracles tolimensis | {
"id": [
31541467
],
"name": [
"Векочел"
]
} | p4xfjv6rtmlu1x2hdqrqxlwrpnu2yt8 | 2023-02-15T21:07:16Z | 1,139,579,336 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Paracles tolimensis*** is a [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") of the subfamily [Arctiinae](/wiki/Arctiinae_%28moth%29 \"Arctiinae (moth)\") [first described](/wiki/Species_description \"Species description\") by [Paul Dognin](/wiki/Paul_Dognin \"Paul Dognin\") in 1912\\. It is found in [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Moths described in 1912](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_1912 \"Moths described in 1912\")\n[Category:Paracles](/wiki/Category:Paracles \"Paracles\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Deh Bonyad | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | t9sqznpzl7yrlalbxi54lqeb6zfgseb | 2024-06-14T01:50:06Z | 1,070,312,130 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Deh Bonyad** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Deh Bonyād** and **Deh\\-e Bonyād**) is a village in [Gol\\-e Cheydar Rural District](/wiki/Gol-e_Cheydar_Rural_District \"Gol-e Cheydar Rural District\"), [Sarshiv District](/wiki/Sarshiv_District_%28Marivan_County%29 \"Sarshiv District (Marivan County)\"), [Marivan County](/wiki/Marivan_County \"Marivan County\"), [Kurdistan Province](/wiki/Kurdistan_Province \"Kurdistan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 173, in 40 families. The village is populated by [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds \"Kurds\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Towns and villages in Marivan County](/wiki/Category:Towns_and_villages_in_Marivan_County \"Towns and villages in Marivan County\")\n[Category:Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan province](/wiki/Category:Kurdish_settlements_in_Kurdistan_province \"Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan province\")\n\n"
]
} |
Broderick Fobbs | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | lfotqjy5mecw0z0devuxv5esj7mgfkh | 2024-07-18T17:27:39Z | 1,234,321,839 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Head coaching record",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Broderick Lee Fobbs** (born August 2, 1974\\) is an American [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") coach. He is the [running backs](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\") coach for [University of Louisiana at Monroe](/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Monroe \"University of Louisiana at Monroe\"). He was the head football coach at [Grambling State University](/wiki/Grambling_State_University \"Grambling State University\") from 2014 to 2021\\. After having served as an assistant coach at several other schools, on December 4, 2013, Fobbs was introduced as head coach of the [Tigers](/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_football \"Grambling State Tigers football\").\n\n",
"Head coaching record\n--------------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1974 births](/wiki/Category:1974_births \"1974 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:African\\-American coaches of American football](/wiki/Category:African-American_coaches_of_American_football \"African-American coaches of American football\")\n[Category:American football running backs](/wiki/Category:American_football_running_backs \"American football running backs\")\n[Category:Grambling State Tigers football coaches](/wiki/Category:Grambling_State_Tigers_football_coaches \"Grambling State Tigers football coaches\")\n[Category:Grambling State Tigers football players](/wiki/Category:Grambling_State_Tigers_football_players \"Grambling State Tigers football players\")\n[Category:Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football coaches](/wiki/Category:Louisiana_Ragin%27_Cajuns_football_coaches \"Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football coaches\")\n[Category:McNeese Cowboys football coaches](/wiki/Category:McNeese_Cowboys_football_coaches \"McNeese Cowboys football coaches\")\n[Category:Northwestern State Demons football coaches](/wiki/Category:Northwestern_State_Demons_football_coaches \"Northwestern State Demons football coaches\")\n[Category:Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches](/wiki/Category:Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles_football_coaches \"Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches\")\n[Category:High school football coaches in Louisiana](/wiki/Category:High_school_football_coaches_in_Louisiana \"High school football coaches in Louisiana\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American sportsmen](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_sportsmen \"20th-century American sportsmen\")\n[Category:20th\\-century African\\-American sportspeople](/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_sportspeople \"20th-century African-American sportspeople\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American sportsmen](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_sportsmen \"21st-century American sportsmen\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American sportspeople](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_sportspeople \"21st-century African-American sportspeople\")\n\n"
]
} |
Dowlatabad, Sanandaj | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | dqdjxpoyx67ih86u1xakzz2vgty6y57 | 2024-06-14T01:51:04Z | 1,211,073,388 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Dowlatabad** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Dowlatābād**; also known as **Dowlatābād\\-e Karkareh**, **Dowlatābād\\-e Khorkoreh**, **Dowlatābād\\-e Kūrkūreh**, **Dowlatābād Kūrkūreh**, **Khor Khowreh**, **Khor Kurreh**, and **Khvor Khvoreh**) is a village in [Howmeh Rural District](/wiki/Howmeh_Rural_District_%28Sanandaj_County%29 \"Howmeh Rural District (Sanandaj County)\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Sanandaj_County%29 \"Central District (Sanandaj County)\") of [Sanandaj County](/wiki/Sanandaj_County \"Sanandaj County\"), [Kurdistan Province](/wiki/Kurdistan_Province \"Kurdistan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 753, in 169 families. The village is populated by [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds \"Kurds\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Towns and villages in Sanandaj County](/wiki/Category:Towns_and_villages_in_Sanandaj_County \"Towns and villages in Sanandaj County\")\n[Category:Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan province](/wiki/Category:Kurdish_settlements_in_Kurdistan_province \"Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan province\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Harisk-e Olya | {
"id": [
27446209
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot"
]
} | 6a6z3nmf07x3l9gz9wrdiotuxgcq8zj | 2017-03-20T01:55:17Z | 759,047,756 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Harisk\\-e Olya** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Harīsk\\-e ‘Olyā**; also known as **Harīsk\\-e Bālā**) is a village in [Kushk Rural District](/wiki/Kushk_Rural_District_%28Yazd_Province%29 \"Kushk Rural District (Yazd Province)\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Bafq_County%29 \"Central District (Bafq County)\") of [Bafq County](/wiki/Bafq_County \"Bafq County\"), [Yazd Province](/wiki/Yazd_Province \"Yazd Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 20 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Bafq County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Bafq_County \"Populated places in Bafq County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Harpacticidae | {
"id": [
1398
],
"name": [
"William Avery"
]
} | 86f6g7vq78i7sip5mjzfj76942ykbk4 | 2024-04-09T08:51:47Z | 1,181,776,608 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Harpacticidae** is a [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") of [copepods](/wiki/Copepod \"Copepod\"), containing the following [genera](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\"):\n\n* *[Archizausodes](/wiki/Archizausodes \"Archizausodes\")* Bouck, Thistle \\& Huys, 1999\n* *[Arpacticus](/wiki/Arpacticus \"Arpacticus\")* H. Milne\\-Edwards, 1840\n* *[Campella](/wiki/Campella_Copepoda \"Campella Copepoda\")* C. B. Wilson, 1924\n* *[Discoharpacticus](/wiki/Discoharpacticus \"Discoharpacticus\")* Noodt, 1954\n* *[Handiella](/wiki/Handiella \"Handiella\")* Brehm, 1924\n* *[Harpacticella](/wiki/Harpacticella \"Harpacticella\")* G. O. Sars, 1908\n* *[Harpacticus](/wiki/Harpacticus \"Harpacticus\")* H. Milne\\-Edwards, 1840\n* *[Mucropedia](/wiki/Mucropedia \"Mucropedia\")* Bouck, Thistle \\& Huys, 1999\n* *[Neozausodes](/wiki/Neozausodes \"Neozausodes\")* Bouck, Thistle \\& Huys, 1999\n* *[Paratigriopus](/wiki/Paratigriopus \"Paratigriopus\")* Itô, 1969\n* *[Perissocope](/wiki/Perissocope \"Perissocope\")* Brady, 1910\n* *[Tigriopus](/wiki/Tigriopus \"Tigriopus\")* Norman, 1869\n* *[Zaus](/wiki/Zaus \"Zaus\")* Goodsir, 1845\n* *[Zausodes](/wiki/Zausodes \"Zausodes\")* C. B. Wilson, 1932\n* *[Zausopsis](/wiki/Zausopsis \"Zausopsis\")* Lang, 1934\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Harpacticoida](/wiki/Category:Harpacticoida \"Harpacticoida\")\n[Category:Copepod families](/wiki/Category:Copepod_families \"Copepod families\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
1995 African Junior Athletics Championships | {
"id": [
869314
],
"name": [
"Dicklyon"
]
} | rjbrl4k1qvs6csadaitk6ag0rwggjy7 | 2023-02-20T04:47:51Z | 1,107,014,681 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Medal table",
"Medal summary",
"Men",
"Women",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1995 [African Junior Athletics Championships](/wiki/African_Junior_Athletics_Championships \"African Junior Athletics Championships\")** was the second edition of the biennial, continental [athletics](/wiki/Athletics_%28sport%29 \"Athletics (sport)\") tournament for African athletes aged 19 years or younger. It was held in [Bouaké](/wiki/Bouak%C3%A9 \"Bouaké\"), Ivory Coast, from 20–22 July. A total of 36 events were contested, 19 by men and 17 by women.[African Junior Championships](http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/afj.htm). GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2013\\-10\\-13\\.\n\n[Agnes Afiyo](/wiki/Agnes_Afiyo \"Agnes Afiyo\") of Ghana, the runner\\-up in the women's [javelin throw](/wiki/Javelin_throw \"Javelin throw\"), was determined to be male in 1999 following medical testing.Olaleye, Lanre (1999\\-08\\-13\\). [Ghana's Track 'Queen' Is A Boy](http://www.modernghana.com/sports/7231/2/ghanas-track-queen-is-a-boy.html). Modern Ghana/P.M. News. Retrieved on 2013\\-10\\-13\\. It is not known whether the medals from this competition were reassigned as a result.\n\n",
"Medal table\n-----------\n\n",
"Medal summary\n-------------\n\n### Men\n\n| 100 metres | | 10\\.32 | | 10\\.42 | | 10\\.67 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 200 metres | | 20\\.76 | | 20\\.98 | | 21\\.08 |\n| 400 metres | | 47\\.91 | | 48\\.14 | | 48\\.20 |\n| 800 metres | | 1:47\\.67 | | 1:48\\.79 | | 1:50\\.32 |\n| 1500 metres | | 3:49\\.78 | | 3:52\\.44 | | 3:54\\.10 |\n| 5000 metres | | 14:15\\.12 | | 14:15\\.38 | | 14:15\\.49 |\n| 10,000 metres | | 29:43\\.05 | | 29:44\\.08 | | 30:34\\.80 |\n| 110 metres hurdles | | 14\\.58 | | 14\\.88 | | 16\\.18 |\n| 400 metres hurdles | | 51\\.83 | | 52\\.60 | | 52\\.77 |\n| 3000 metres steeplechase | | 9:05\\.83 | | 9:08\\.82 | | 9:20\\.30 |\n| 4×100 m relay | [Yves Sonan](/wiki/Yves_Sonan \"Yves Sonan\")[Ahmed Douhou](/wiki/Ahmed_Douhou \"Ahmed Douhou\")[Ade Bayo](/wiki/Ade_Bayo \"Ade Bayo\")[Ibrahim Meité](/wiki/Ibrahim_Meit%C3%A9_%28sprinter%29 \"Ibrahim Meité (sprinter)\") | 39\\.51 | | 39\\.99 | | 40\\.51 |\n| 4×400 m relay | [Joel Okunorobo](/wiki/Joel_Okunorobo \"Joel Okunorobo\")[Osita Okeagu](/wiki/Osita_Okeagu \"Osita Okeagu\")[Oluwasegun](/wiki/Oluwasegun \"Oluwasegun\")[Hyginus Anugho](/wiki/Hyginus_Anugho \"Hyginus Anugho\") | 3:12\\.79 | | 3:14\\.03 | | 3:16\\.76 |\n| High jump | | 2\\.12 m | | 2\\.09 m | | 2\\.06 m |\n| Pole vault | | 4\\.60 m | | 4\\.10 m |Only two athletes cleared a height\n\n| Long jump | | 7\\.55 m | | 7\\.24 m | | 7\\.17 m |\n| Triple jump | | 15\\.63 m | | 15\\.56 m | | 15\\.54 m |\n| Shot put | | 14\\.87 m | | 14\\.77 m | | 14\\.17 m |\n| Discus throw | | 48\\.34 m | | 47\\.04 m | | 45\\.88 m |\n| Javelin throw | | 62\\.08 m | | 55\\.52 m | | 53\\.24 m |\n\n### Women\n\n| 100 metres | | 11\\.38 | | 11\\.94 | | 12\\.00 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 200 metres | | 23\\.63 | | 24\\.24 | | 24\\.53 |\n| 400 metres | | 54\\.48 | | 56\\.40 | | 57\\.43 |\n| 800 metres | | 2:11\\.69 | | 2:14\\.60 | | 2:15\\.62 |\n| 1500 metres | | 4:20\\.46 | | 4:23\\.35 | | 4:25\\.68 |\n| 3000 metres | | 9:15\\.68 | | 9:29\\.94 | | 9:44\\.14 |\n| 10,000 metres | | 34:40\\.61 | | 35:21\\.53 | | 38:11\\.34 |\n| 100 metres hurdles | | 13\\.77 | | 14\\.21 | | 15\\.08 |\n| 400 metres hurdles | | 62\\.54 | | 63\\.16 | | 63\\.18 |\n| 4×100 m relay | | 45\\.91 | | 46\\.40 | | 48\\.31 |\n| 4×400 m relay | | 3:47\\.76 | | 3:50\\.94 | | 3:56\\.69 |\n| High jump | | 1\\.73 m | | 1\\.73 m | | 1\\.65 m |\n| Long jump | | 5\\.92 m | | 5\\.80 m | | 5\\.76 m |\n| Triple jump | | 13\\.09 m | | 11\\.99 m | | 11\\.93 m |\n| Shot put | | 13\\.13 m | | 12\\.10 m | | 11\\.82 m |\n| Discus throw | | 36\\.96 m | | 33\\.86 m | | 31\\.56 m |\n| Javelin throw | | 47\\.38 m | | 39\\.00 m | | 38\\.92 m |\n\n",
"### Men\n\n| 100 metres | | 10\\.32 | | 10\\.42 | | 10\\.67 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 200 metres | | 20\\.76 | | 20\\.98 | | 21\\.08 |\n| 400 metres | | 47\\.91 | | 48\\.14 | | 48\\.20 |\n| 800 metres | | 1:47\\.67 | | 1:48\\.79 | | 1:50\\.32 |\n| 1500 metres | | 3:49\\.78 | | 3:52\\.44 | | 3:54\\.10 |\n| 5000 metres | | 14:15\\.12 | | 14:15\\.38 | | 14:15\\.49 |\n| 10,000 metres | | 29:43\\.05 | | 29:44\\.08 | | 30:34\\.80 |\n| 110 metres hurdles | | 14\\.58 | | 14\\.88 | | 16\\.18 |\n| 400 metres hurdles | | 51\\.83 | | 52\\.60 | | 52\\.77 |\n| 3000 metres steeplechase | | 9:05\\.83 | | 9:08\\.82 | | 9:20\\.30 |\n| 4×100 m relay | [Yves Sonan](/wiki/Yves_Sonan \"Yves Sonan\")[Ahmed Douhou](/wiki/Ahmed_Douhou \"Ahmed Douhou\")[Ade Bayo](/wiki/Ade_Bayo \"Ade Bayo\")[Ibrahim Meité](/wiki/Ibrahim_Meit%C3%A9_%28sprinter%29 \"Ibrahim Meité (sprinter)\") | 39\\.51 | | 39\\.99 | | 40\\.51 |\n| 4×400 m relay | [Joel Okunorobo](/wiki/Joel_Okunorobo \"Joel Okunorobo\")[Osita Okeagu](/wiki/Osita_Okeagu \"Osita Okeagu\")[Oluwasegun](/wiki/Oluwasegun \"Oluwasegun\")[Hyginus Anugho](/wiki/Hyginus_Anugho \"Hyginus Anugho\") | 3:12\\.79 | | 3:14\\.03 | | 3:16\\.76 |\n| High jump | | 2\\.12 m | | 2\\.09 m | | 2\\.06 m |\n| Pole vault | | 4\\.60 m | | 4\\.10 m |Only two athletes cleared a height\n\n| Long jump | | 7\\.55 m | | 7\\.24 m | | 7\\.17 m |\n| Triple jump | | 15\\.63 m | | 15\\.56 m | | 15\\.54 m |\n| Shot put | | 14\\.87 m | | 14\\.77 m | | 14\\.17 m |\n| Discus throw | | 48\\.34 m | | 47\\.04 m | | 45\\.88 m |\n| Javelin throw | | 62\\.08 m | | 55\\.52 m | | 53\\.24 m |\n\n",
"### Women\n\n| 100 metres | | 11\\.38 | | 11\\.94 | | 12\\.00 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 200 metres | | 23\\.63 | | 24\\.24 | | 24\\.53 |\n| 400 metres | | 54\\.48 | | 56\\.40 | | 57\\.43 |\n| 800 metres | | 2:11\\.69 | | 2:14\\.60 | | 2:15\\.62 |\n| 1500 metres | | 4:20\\.46 | | 4:23\\.35 | | 4:25\\.68 |\n| 3000 metres | | 9:15\\.68 | | 9:29\\.94 | | 9:44\\.14 |\n| 10,000 metres | | 34:40\\.61 | | 35:21\\.53 | | 38:11\\.34 |\n| 100 metres hurdles | | 13\\.77 | | 14\\.21 | | 15\\.08 |\n| 400 metres hurdles | | 62\\.54 | | 63\\.16 | | 63\\.18 |\n| 4×100 m relay | | 45\\.91 | | 46\\.40 | | 48\\.31 |\n| 4×400 m relay | | 3:47\\.76 | | 3:50\\.94 | | 3:56\\.69 |\n| High jump | | 1\\.73 m | | 1\\.73 m | | 1\\.65 m |\n| Long jump | | 5\\.92 m | | 5\\.80 m | | 5\\.76 m |\n| Triple jump | | 13\\.09 m | | 11\\.99 m | | 11\\.93 m |\n| Shot put | | 13\\.13 m | | 12\\.10 m | | 11\\.82 m |\n| Discus throw | | 36\\.96 m | | 33\\.86 m | | 31\\.56 m |\n| Javelin throw | | 47\\.38 m | | 39\\.00 m | | 38\\.92 m |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\nResults\n* [African Junior Championships 1995](https://web.archive.org/web/20131031064609/http://www.wjah.co.uk/wojc/AFJC/AFJC1995.html). World Junior Athletics History. Retrieved on 2013\\-10\\-13\\.\n\n[Category:African Junior Athletics Championships](/wiki/Category:African_Junior_Athletics_Championships \"African Junior Athletics Championships\")\n[African U20 Championships](/wiki/Category:1995_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"1995 in athletics (track and field)\")\n[Category:Athletics competitions in Ivory Coast](/wiki/Category:Athletics_competitions_in_Ivory_Coast \"Athletics competitions in Ivory Coast\")\n[You](/wiki/Category:1995_in_Ivorian_sport \"1995 in Ivorian sport\")\n[African Junior Athletics](/wiki/Category:1995_in_African_sport \"1995 in African sport\")\n[Category:Bouaké](/wiki/Category:Bouak%C3%A9 \"Bouaké\")\n[Category:Sport in Vallée du Bandama District](/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Vall%C3%A9e_du_Bandama_District \"Sport in Vallée du Bandama District\")\n[Category:International sports competitions hosted by Ivory Coast](/wiki/Category:International_sports_competitions_hosted_by_Ivory_Coast \"International sports competitions hosted by Ivory Coast\")\n[Category:1995 in youth sport](/wiki/Category:1995_in_youth_sport \"1995 in youth sport\")\n\n"
]
} |
Seticosta retearia | {
"id": [
46437444
],
"name": [
"Scorpions1325"
]
} | ql6o7qmclyg2xvj3ps55g3qp2sx9di0 | 2024-03-22T02:55:52Z | 1,188,835,765 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Seticosta retearia*** is a species of [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") of the family [Tortricidae](/wiki/Tortricidae \"Tortricidae\"). It is found in [Loja Province](/wiki/Loja_Province \"Loja Province\"), [Ecuador](/wiki/Ecuador \"Ecuador\").\n\nThe [wingspan](/wiki/Wingspan \"Wingspan\") is 18 mm., 2004: Remarks on *Seticosta* Razowski, with descriptions of seven new species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). *Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologica* **32(127\\)**: 183\\-194\\. Full article: [http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/455/45512704\\.pdf](http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/455/45512704.pdf).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Moths described in 2004](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_2004 \"Moths described in 2004\")\n[Category:Seticosta](/wiki/Category:Seticosta \"Seticosta\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Honduran Patriotic Front | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | 06a1wgj7u7tn4knffdnkldf925ip7wb | 2024-08-19T16:02:33Z | 1,216,013,220 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Honduran Patriotic Front** (, abbreviated **FPH**) was a coalition of political groups active in [Honduras](/wiki/Honduras \"Honduras\") in the early 1980s.\n\nFormed as an alliance of progressive organizations, FPH gathered [trade unions](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\"), [political parties](/wiki/Political_party \"Political party\"), student movements peasants organizations and professional associations. FPH called for safe\\-guarding national sovereignty and for protection of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\"). FPH was backed up by the [Communist Party of Honduras](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Honduras \"Communist Party of Honduras\") (PCH), the [Marxist\\-Leninist Communist Party of Honduras](/wiki/Party_for_the_Transformation_of_Honduras \"Party for the Transformation of Honduras\") (PCMLH), the [Christian Democratic Party of Honduras](/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Honduras \"Christian Democratic Party of Honduras\") (PDCH) and the [Socialist Party of Honduras](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Honduras \"Socialist Party of Honduras\") (PASO). PCH took the initiative to launch FPH in September 1979, with the intention of contesting upcoming elections, following the successes of the [Nicaraguan Revolution](/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution \"Nicaraguan Revolution\"). The founding leader of FPH was [Aníbal Delgado Fiallos](/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Delgado_Fiallos \"Aníbal Delgado Fiallos\"), an intellectual connected with the labour movement in northern Honduras.*Proceso Digital*. *[Muere destacado dirigente Liberal Aníbal Delgado Fiallos en San Pedro Sula](http://proceso.hn/2013/12/28/Nacionales/Muere.destacado.dirigente/80130.html) * Organizations participating in FPH included [Central General de Trabajadores](/wiki/General_Workers_Central \"General Workers Central\") (CGT), the Frente Nacional Campesino Hondureño and the Federación de Estudiantes Universitarios (FEUH).\n\nFPH claimed that there was widespread fraud at the time of the [April 1980 Constituent Assembly election](/wiki/1980_Honduran_Constituent_Assembly_election \"1980 Honduran Constituent Assembly election\"), and called for boycott of the polls.\n\nFPH launched a number of candidates for parliament in the [1981 general election](/wiki/1981_Honduran_general_election \"1981 Honduran general election\") in the departments of [Yoro](/wiki/Yoro \"Yoro\"), [Cortés](/wiki/Cort%C3%A9s_Department \"Cortés Department\") and [Colón](/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Department_%28Honduras%29 \"Colón Department (Honduras)\"). Following the election, under the government of [Roberto Suazo Córdova](/wiki/Roberto_Suazo_C%C3%B3rdova \"Roberto Suazo Córdova\"), FPH suffered severe repression and intimidation. Candidates of FPH were kidnapped. As a result of the repression, FPH could not muster sufficient forces to contest in subsequent elections.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Defunct left\\-wing political party alliances](/wiki/Category:Defunct_left-wing_political_party_alliances \"Defunct left-wing political party alliances\")\n[Category:Defunct socialist parties in North America](/wiki/Category:Defunct_socialist_parties_in_North_America \"Defunct socialist parties in North America\")\n[Category:Democratic socialist parties in North America](/wiki/Category:Democratic_socialist_parties_in_North_America \"Democratic socialist parties in North America\")\n[Category:Political party alliances in Honduras](/wiki/Category:Political_party_alliances_in_Honduras \"Political party alliances in Honduras\")\n[Category:Socialism in Honduras](/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_Honduras \"Socialism in Honduras\")\n[Honduras](/wiki/Category:United_fronts \"United fronts\")\n\n"
]
} |
Afrinolly | {
"id": [
13756482
],
"name": [
"BlackcurrantTea"
]
} | 45madmno68kncr4v2jcn0uxxfodpo7e | 2023-11-21T12:51:52Z | 1,169,405,844 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Afrinolly Short Film Competition",
"Winners, season 1",
"Short films",
"Documentaries",
"Winners, season 2",
"Short films",
"Documentaries",
"External links",
"Reviews",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
2,
3,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n**Afrinolly** is a mobile application (App) which enables African entertainment enthusiasts to watch African movies, movie trailers, short films and music videos that have been made public by content owners or their legal representative most especially from the [Nollywood](/wiki/Nollywood \"Nollywood\") film industry. Afrinolly is available for free on [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 \"Android (operating system)\"), [iOS](/wiki/IOS \"IOS\"), [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry \"BlackBerry\"), [Nokia](/wiki/Nokia \"Nokia\"), [Windows Phone](/wiki/Windows_Phone \"Windows Phone\"), [Windows 8](/wiki/Windows_8 \"Windows 8\") and Java\\-enabled phones.\n\nAfrinolly (Android version) was developed in 2011 in Nigeria and submitted for the Google Android Developers Challenge, Sub\\-Saharan Africa. After winning the competition, Afrinolly has been downloaded by over 4 million users and has grown to be the most downloaded Entertainment app, designed and developed in Africa.\n[thumb\\|The initial set of people who came up with the Afrinolly Application. Chike Maduegbuna, CEO, Temitope Omotunde, Developer and Bobola Oniwura Creative Director.\\|262x262px](/wiki/File:From-left-to-right-Temitope-Omotunde-Chike-Maduegbuna-Juliet-Ehimuan-Google-Country-Manager-Bobola-Oniwura1.jpg \"From-left-to-right-Temitope-Omotunde-Chike-Maduegbuna-Juliet-Ehimuan-Google-Country-Manager-Bobola-Oniwura1.jpg\")\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn September 2011, Afrinolly was announced winner in the Entertainment category of the first Google Android Developers Challenge, Sub\\-Saharan Africa in Nairobi, Kenya.\nAfter two rounds of scoring by an official panel of judges, one Nigerian app and two Kenyan apps emerged winners of the competition. Nigeria's Afrinolly app emerged a winner in the Entertainment/Media/Games category, awarded $25,000 to help them build and grow their business.\nIn March 2012, IT News Africa; a Technology News Leader in Africa listed Afrinolly at one of the Top Ten African Mobile Apps describing it as \"well designed, loads quickly, easy to navigate and an African version of [IMDb](/wiki/IMDb \"IMDb\").\n\nIn May 2012, Afrinolly signed a partnership deal with leading African telecommunications provider [MTN Nigeria](/wiki/MTN_Group \"MTN Group\") to help drive app consciousness among Nigerians and promote the [Nollywood](/wiki/Nollywood \"Nollywood\") industry on mobile devices. Through a co\\-branding deal, the MTN Afrinolly partnership was launched delivering the Afrinolly experience to MTN's base of subscribers spread across Nigeria. In the same month, Afrinolly announced that it has over 450,000 downloads of its app on Android, Blackberry and Java.\n\nIn February 2013, Afrinolly announced that the app had crossed the 2 million app download mark. Afrinolly have seen a progressive growth rate in terms of downloads across Africa. Nigeria has the largest share of download with over 70%, Ghana, South\\-Africa and other African countries follow, USA, UK, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and India make up a majority of the rest.\n\nIn March 2013, Afrinolly announced the first African Entertainment App for [BlackBerry 10](/wiki/BlackBerry_10 \"BlackBerry 10\") with the release of its app for Blackberry Z10 and Q10 at the Blackberry 10 official launch in Lagos, Nigeria. While in July 2013, Afrinolly announced the release of its app for Microsoft [Windows Phone](/wiki/Windows_Phone \"Windows Phone\") and [Windows 8](/wiki/Windows_8 \"Windows 8\") scoring another first with its Windows 8 (PC) application as the first African entertainment app developed in Africa for the Windows 8 platform.\n\nIn September 2013, after having been downloaded over 3 million times across various mobile operating systems, Afrinolly signed a partnership deal with the leading African telecommunications giant [MTN Group](/wiki/MTN_Group \"MTN Group\") to not just drive app usage across the networks 16 operating countries in Africa but also to increase data usage. The MTN Afrinolly partnership was launched to deliver African Entertainment content via mobile devices to MTN's subscribers across the continent.\n\nIn August 2016, [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") CEO [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg \"Mark Zuckerberg\") visited Afrinolly Creative Hub in Lagos, Nigeria as part of his first ever visit to Sub\\-Saharan Africa. Zuckerberg wanted to see the creative hub of [Nollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria \"Cinema of Nigeria\"), Nigeria's phenomenal film industry. Afrinolly Space is a creative hub created for the provision of creative platforms and economic opportunities for filmmakers, screenwriters, mobile technology developers, animators and other creatives. Essentially Afrinolly's studio The Afrinolly Creative Hub functions as \"Where Technology Meets Art\".\n\n",
"Afrinolly Short Film Competition\n--------------------------------\n\nIn November 2012, Afrinolly launched the first edition of the Afrinolly Short Film Competition, a video\\-based competition targeted at developing film\\-makers and documentary/animation content creators.[Afrinolly Short Film Competition](http://afrinollyshortfilmcompetition.com/) The competition aimed at showcasing African talent online, and providing a platform to foster the creation of new online content produced by Africans was supported by [MTN Nigeria](/wiki/MTN_Group \"MTN Group\"), [BlackBerry](/wiki/BlackBerry \"BlackBerry\"), iRep, and [Goethe\\-Institut](/wiki/Goethe-Institut \"Goethe-Institut\").\n\nThe competition was conceived entirely as an online challenge open to Africans from across the world who are creating or who have created short films or / and documentary films up to 15 minutes long. Participants are expected to upload their films to a dedicated competition website and the finalists are selected by a panel of judges and public voting. Members of the panel of judges included award\\-winning Nollywood movie producers – [Tunde Kelani](/wiki/Tunde_Kelani \"Tunde Kelani\"), [Femi Odugbemi](/wiki/Femi_Odugbemi \"Femi Odugbemi\") and [Obi Emelonye](/wiki/Obi_Emelonye \"Obi Emelonye\"). Hollywood writer/producer and curator of The Black List [Franklin Leonard](/wiki/Franklin_Leonard \"Franklin Leonard\"), Mahen Bonetti of the New York African Film Festival and Nmachi Jidenma blogger and founder of Celebrating Progress Africa (CP\\-Africa) among others.\n\nWith $100,000 in cash and prizes, the Afrinolly Short Film Competition soon became the most prestigious short film and documentary competition in Africa. A breakdown of the cash prize shows that the overall winner in both Short Film and Documentary categories went home with $25,000, the first runner up got $10,000 and the second runner\\-up received $5,000\\. Fourth\\-place through tenth\\-place winners in both categories received $500 each.\n\n### Winners, season 1\n\n#### Short films\n\n* First place: *Dara Ju* \\- By [Anthony Onah](/wiki/Anthony_Onah \"Anthony Onah\")\n* Second place: *The Promise* \\- By Akin Okunrinboye\n* Third place: *To serve with all our Strength* \\- By Ishaya Bako\n\n#### Documentaries\n\n* First place: *Hustle On A Mile* \\- By Bemigho Awala\n* Second place: *A short \"DOCUMENTARY\"* \\- By Soji Oyinsan II\n* Third place: *Black and Gold* \\- By Joseph Akwasi\n\n### Winners, season 2\n\n#### Short films\n\n* First place: *Everything Happens For A Reason* \\- By Florian Schott\n* Second place: *Crimson* \\- By [Daniel Etim Effiong](/wiki/Daniel_Etim_Effiong \"Daniel Etim Effiong\")\n* Third place: *10:10* \\- By Gbenga Salu\n\n#### Documentaries\n\n* First place: *Creative Minds* \\- By Victor Okoye\n* Second place: *Awele's Diary\"* \\- By Ronke Ogunmakin\n* Third place: *Yellow Fever* \\- By Ng’endo Mukii\n",
"### Winners, season 1\n\n#### Short films\n\n* First place: *Dara Ju* \\- By [Anthony Onah](/wiki/Anthony_Onah \"Anthony Onah\")\n* Second place: *The Promise* \\- By Akin Okunrinboye\n* Third place: *To serve with all our Strength* \\- By Ishaya Bako\n\n#### Documentaries\n\n* First place: *Hustle On A Mile* \\- By Bemigho Awala\n* Second place: *A short \"DOCUMENTARY\"* \\- By Soji Oyinsan II\n* Third place: *Black and Gold* \\- By Joseph Akwasi\n",
"#### Short films\n\n* First place: *Dara Ju* \\- By [Anthony Onah](/wiki/Anthony_Onah \"Anthony Onah\")\n* Second place: *The Promise* \\- By Akin Okunrinboye\n* Third place: *To serve with all our Strength* \\- By Ishaya Bako\n",
"#### Documentaries\n\n* First place: *Hustle On A Mile* \\- By Bemigho Awala\n* Second place: *A short \"DOCUMENTARY\"* \\- By Soji Oyinsan II\n* Third place: *Black and Gold* \\- By Joseph Akwasi\n",
"### Winners, season 2\n\n#### Short films\n\n* First place: *Everything Happens For A Reason* \\- By Florian Schott\n* Second place: *Crimson* \\- By [Daniel Etim Effiong](/wiki/Daniel_Etim_Effiong \"Daniel Etim Effiong\")\n* Third place: *10:10* \\- By Gbenga Salu\n\n#### Documentaries\n\n* First place: *Creative Minds* \\- By Victor Okoye\n* Second place: *Awele's Diary\"* \\- By Ronke Ogunmakin\n* Third place: *Yellow Fever* \\- By Ng’endo Mukii\n",
"#### Short films\n\n* First place: *Everything Happens For A Reason* \\- By Florian Schott\n* Second place: *Crimson* \\- By [Daniel Etim Effiong](/wiki/Daniel_Etim_Effiong \"Daniel Etim Effiong\")\n* Third place: *10:10* \\- By Gbenga Salu\n",
"#### Documentaries\n\n* First place: *Creative Minds* \\- By Victor Okoye\n* Second place: *Awele's Diary\"* \\- By Ronke Ogunmakin\n* Third place: *Yellow Fever* \\- By Ng’endo Mukii\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n### Reviews\n\n",
"### Reviews\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Video on demand services](/wiki/Category:Video_on_demand_services \"Video on demand services\")\n[Category:Video rental services](/wiki/Category:Video_rental_services \"Video rental services\")\n[Category:Android (operating system) software](/wiki/Category:Android_%28operating_system%29_software \"Android (operating system) software\")\n[Category:BlackBerry software](/wiki/Category:BlackBerry_software \"BlackBerry software\")\n[Category:IOS software](/wiki/Category:IOS_software \"IOS software\")\n[Category:Symbian software](/wiki/Category:Symbian_software \"Symbian software\")\n[Category:Entertainment software](/wiki/Category:Entertainment_software \"Entertainment software\")\n[Category:Windows Phone software](/wiki/Category:Windows_Phone_software \"Windows Phone software\")\n\n"
]
} |
Darreh Badam-e Olya | {
"id": [
43522848
],
"name": [
"EngineeringEditor"
]
} | mo5e23txapjyrwvvqe3y9tj3y0iozbk | 2022-04-26T13:28:36Z | 770,569,076 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Darreh Badam\\-e Olya** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Darreh Bādām\\-e ‘Olyā** and **Darreh Bādām Olyā**; also known as **Darreh Bādām** and **Darreh Bādām\\-e Bālā**) is a village in [Pishkuh\\-e Mugui Rural District](/wiki/Pishkuh-e_Mugui_Rural_District \"Pishkuh-e Mugui Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Fereydunshahr_County%29 \"Central District (Fereydunshahr County)\") of [Fereydunshahr County](/wiki/Fereydunshahr_County \"Fereydunshahr County\"), [Isfahan Province](/wiki/Isfahan_Province \"Isfahan Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 145, in 27 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Fereydunshahr County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Fereydunshahr_County \"Populated places in Fereydunshahr County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Eddie Micallef | {
"id": [
31225926
],
"name": [
"Patr2016"
]
} | 6lmo3gmq4zrmp9i6whgjzm2bsn6cwod | 2024-05-15T20:45:07Z | 1,135,721,441 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Edward Joseph \"Eddie\" Micallef** (born 1 August 1941\\) is a former Australian politician.\n\nHe was born in [Brunswick](/wiki/Brunswick%2C_Victoria \"Brunswick, Victoria\") in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") to Francis Emmanuel Micallef, a tradesman's assistant, and Rita Margaret, *née* Dali, who worked as a clothing machinist. He attended Catholic schools before studying at the [Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology](/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology \"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology\"), becoming an apprentice fitter and turner in 1958\\. He completed his apprenticeship in 1963, becoming a turbine fitter in 1965\\. In 1968 he joined the [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Victorian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)\"), and he became vice\\-president of the [Reservoir](/wiki/Reservoir%2C_Victoria \"Reservoir, Victoria\") branch from 1973 to 1974\\. In 1983 he was elected to the [Victorian Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly \"Victorian Legislative Assembly\") as the member for [Springvale](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Springvale \"Electoral district of Springvale\") in a [by\\-election](/wiki/1983_Springvale_state_by-election \"1983 Springvale state by-election\"). He was promoted to the front bench in 1992, serving as Shadow Minister for Industry Services and also assisting the Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations. Ethnic Affairs was added to his portfolio in 1994, but he stepped down from the front bench in 1997\\. Micallef lost [preselection](/wiki/Preselection \"Preselection\") prior to the [1999 state election](/wiki/1999_Victorian_state_election \"1999 Victorian state election\") and retired from politics.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1941 births](/wiki/Category:1941_births \"1941 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria](/wiki/Category:Australian_Labor_Party_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Victoria \"Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria\")\n[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Victorian_Legislative_Assembly \"Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly\")\n[Category:People from Brunswick, Victoria](/wiki/Category:People_from_Brunswick%2C_Victoria \"People from Brunswick, Victoria\")\n[Category:Politicians from Melbourne](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Melbourne \"Politicians from Melbourne\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Gowzan | {
"id": [
27446209
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot"
]
} | 6605bjbp0pgswxahf3xfk2qh8c9p3at | 2017-03-19T08:41:26Z | 765,144,073 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Gowzan** (, also [Romanized](/wiki/Romanize \"Romanize\") as **Gowzān**; also known as **Gowzūn**) is a village in [Balesh Rural District](/wiki/Balesh_Rural_District \"Balesh Rural District\"), in the [Central District](/wiki/Central_District_%28Darab_County%29 \"Central District (Darab County)\") of [Darab County](/wiki/Darab_County \"Darab County\"), [Fars Province](/wiki/Fars_Province \"Fars Province\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 8 families.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Darab County](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Darab_County \"Populated places in Darab County\")\n\n"
]
} |
Edward Marsland | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | 1jahrak7f2t9145pw756m3rfajt14ig | 2024-08-17T07:51:13Z | 1,194,233,881 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Birmingham University Medical School](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham \"University of Birmingham\")](/wiki/File:BirminghamQueenElizabethHospitalMedicalSchool.jpg \"BirminghamQueenElizabethHospitalMedicalSchool.jpg\")\n**Edward Abson Marsland** (18 May 1923 – February 1996\\) was a British academic who served as [Vice\\-Chancellor](/wiki/Vice-Chancellor \"Vice-Chancellor\") of the [University of Birmingham](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham \"University of Birmingham\").*Who's Who 2015*, Published by A\\&C Black Limited\n\nMarsland received his early education at [King Edward's School, Birmingham](/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School%2C_Birmingham \"King Edward's School, Birmingham\").*Who's Who 2015*, Published by A\\&C Black Limited He graduated with a PhD from the [Faculty of Medicine](/wiki/University_of_Birmingham_Medical_School \"University of Birmingham Medical School\") of Birmingham University in 1950\\. His thesis was 'A histological investigation of amelogenesis in rats, with special reference to maturation'.[Birmingham University Library](http://bham-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:1701/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=44BIR_ALEPH_DS000247931&indx=2&recIds=44BIR_ALEPH_DS000247931&recIdxs=1&elementId=1&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&vl(98300992UI1)=all_items&scp.scps=scope%3A%2844BIR_ETH1_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_DR2_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_DR1_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_SFX_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_ML_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_RLIST_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_MIM_DS+%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_ALEPH_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844BIR_PURE_FT%29%2C44BIR_Ebsco_1%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fe&tab=local&dstmp=1419346281599&vl(freeText0)=%20Edward%20%20A.%20%20Marsland%20&vid=44BIR_VU1&vl(98300991UI0)=creator&mode=Basic/)\n\nMarsland was Professor of [Oral Surgery](/wiki/Oral_Surgery \"Oral Surgery\") at Birmingham University from 1979 to 1982, and Vice\\-Chancellor of the university from 1982 to 1987\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Birmingham \"Alumni of the University of Birmingham\")\n[Category:Academics of the University of Birmingham](/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Birmingham \"Academics of the University of Birmingham\")\n[Category:Vice\\-chancellors of the University of Birmingham](/wiki/Category:Vice-chancellors_of_the_University_of_Birmingham \"Vice-chancellors of the University of Birmingham\")\n[Category:1923 births](/wiki/Category:1923_births \"1923 births\")\n[Category:1996 deaths](/wiki/Category:1996_deaths \"1996 deaths\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Thomas Hollingbery | {
"id": [
46084266
],
"name": [
"Yubille"
]
} | j0vefpkay0tgz3h3o91uw61e7ajkwh6 | 2023-12-06T11:52:41Z | 1,082,087,642 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Notes"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Thomas Hollingbery** (also Hollingberry, Hollingbury) (died 1792\\) was an English churchman, [Archdeacon of Chichester](/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Chichester \"Archdeacon of Chichester\") and a [Fellow of the Royal Society](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society \"Fellow of the Royal Society\").\n\nHe was educated at [Worcester College, Oxford](/wiki/Worcester_College%2C_Oxford \"Worcester College, Oxford\"), where he graduated B.A. in 1755, M.A. in 1758, and D.D. in 1768\\. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1783\\.[Royal Society database, *Hollingbery; Thomas (\\- 1792\\)*.](http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Hollingbery%27%29) \n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:Year of birth missing](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing \"Year of birth missing\")\n[Category:1792 deaths](/wiki/Category:1792_deaths \"1792 deaths\")\n[Category:18th\\-century English Anglican priests](/wiki/Category:18th-century_English_Anglican_priests \"18th-century English Anglican priests\")\n[Category:Archdeacons of Chichester](/wiki/Category:Archdeacons_of_Chichester \"Archdeacons of Chichester\")\n[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society \"Fellows of the Royal Society\")\n\n"
]
} |
Victor Beamish | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | m622c7ags7d5e7pt944idij1kxcr02z | 2024-02-21T04:44:14Z | 1,202,711,822 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Royal Air Force career",
"Second World War",
"Battle of Britain",
"Circus offensive",
"References",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t[Group Captain](/wiki/Group_Captain \"Group Captain\") **Francis Victor Beamish**, (27 September 1903 – 28 March 1942\\) was an Irish\\-born [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") fighter pilot and [flying ace](/wiki/Flying_ace \"Flying ace\") of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"). After flying during the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\") he continued to lead fighter operations until he was killed in action in 1942\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nBeamish was born at [Dunmanway](/wiki/Dunmanway \"Dunmanway\") in [County Cork](/wiki/County_Cork \"County Cork\"), Ireland, on 27 September 1903, the oldest son of Francis George Beamish, a schoolmaster, and Mary Elizabeth Beamish. Initially educated locally, from 1913 to 1921, he went to [Coleraine Academical Institution](/wiki/Coleraine_Academical_Institution \"Coleraine Academical Institution\"). He was captain of the facility's senior rugby team for the final two years of his education.Shores (1994\\), p.119\n\n",
"Royal Air Force career\n----------------------\n\nBeamish entered the Royal Air Force's [Cranwell College](/wiki/RAF_College%2C_Cranwell \"RAF College, Cranwell\") at [Cranwell](/wiki/Cranwell \"Cranwell\") as a flight cadet in September 1921\\. Graduating in August 1923, he was granted a permanent [commission](/wiki/Commission_%28document%29 \"Commission (document)\") as a [pilot officer](/wiki/Pilot_officer \"Pilot officer\") with effect from 15 August. The following month he was posted to [No. 4 Squadron](/wiki/No._4_Squadron_RAF \"No. 4 Squadron RAF\"), an army\\-co\\-operation unit, at [Farnborough](/wiki/RAF_Farnborough \"RAF Farnborough\"). In early 1925 Beamish was posted to the [School of Army Co\\-operation](/wiki/School_of_Army_Co-operation \"School of Army Co-operation\") at [Old Sarum](/wiki/Old_Sarum \"Old Sarum\"), subsequently being promoted to [flying officer](/wiki/Flying_officer \"Flying officer\").\n\nTowards the end of the year, Beamish was posted to British India, joining [No. 31 Squadron](/wiki/No._31_Squadron_RAF \"No. 31 Squadron RAF\") at [Ambala](/wiki/Ambala \"Ambala\"). He transferred to [No. 60 Squadron](/wiki/No._60_Squadron_RAF \"No. 60 Squadron RAF\") at [Kohat](/wiki/Kohat \"Kohat\") in April 1926\\. Returning to England in October, Beamish participated in a course at the [Central Flying School](/wiki/Central_Flying_School \"Central Flying School\") at [Wittering](/wiki/RAF_Wittering \"RAF Wittering\") before commencing a tour as an instructor at [No. 5 Flying Training School](/wiki/No._5_Flying_Training_School_RAF \"No. 5 Flying Training School RAF\") at [Sealand](/wiki/RAF_Sealand \"RAF Sealand\").\n\nBeamish played [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") for [Harlequins](/wiki/Harlequin_F.C. \"Harlequin F.C.\"), [Leicester](/wiki/Leicester_Tigers \"Leicester Tigers\"), Hampshire, [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") and Irish Trials for several years. He was the eldest of the Beamish brothers who were all accomplished sportsmen and RAF officers; his brothers being [George](/wiki/George_Beamish \"George Beamish\"), [Charles](/wiki/Charles_Beamish \"Charles Beamish\") and [Cecil](/wiki/Cecil_Beamish \"Cecil Beamish\").\n\nIn September 1927 Beamish returned to Cranwell College as a member of the staff. He was promoted [flight lieutenant](/wiki/Flight_lieutenant \"Flight lieutenant\") late the following year. Beamish was posted to Canada in March 1929 on an exchange with the [Royal Canadian Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force \"Royal Canadian Air Force\"), where he worked in training and development of an aerobatics display team. During his time in Canada he developed pleurisy. On his return to the United Kingdom two years later, he was posted to [No. 25 Squadron](/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAF \"No. 25 Squadron RAF\") at [Hawkinge](/wiki/RAF_Hawkinge \"RAF Hawkinge\") as a flight commander. In January 1932 he was appointed personal assistant to the [Air Officer Commanding](/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding \"Air Officer Commanding\") (AOC) at [Uxbridge](/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge \"RAF Uxbridge\"). By 1933, his pleurisy worsened into tuberculosis and he was hospitalised. He reluctantly relinquished his commission in the RAF in October 1933 due to ill\\-health.\n\nIn 1934 Beamish secured a civilian post at No. 2 Flying Training School [RAF Digby](/wiki/RAF_Digby \"RAF Digby\") which he held until appointed civilian adjutant at [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove \"RAF Aldergrove\") on 18 May 1936 simultaneously being granted a commission as flight lieutenant in the Reserve of Air Force Officers. A notice in the [London Gazette](/wiki/London_Gazette \"London Gazette\") in February 1937 recorded that Flight Lieutenant Francis Victor Beamish (RAF retired) had been reinstated on the active list as a flight lieutenant with effect from 27 January 1937 (with seniority dated 23 March 1932, having relinquished his commission with the Reserve of Air Force Officers, Having recovered his health he was reinstated with full flying status and posted to command No. 2 Armament Training Camp and then the Meteorological Flight at [RAF Aldergrove](/wiki/RAF_Aldergrove \"RAF Aldergrove\"). He was appointed to command [No. 64 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._64_Squadron_RAF \"No. 64 Squadron RAF\") at [RAF Church Fenton](/wiki/RAF_Church_Fenton \"RAF Church Fenton\") on 8 December 1937\\.\n\n[Squadron Leader](/wiki/Squadron_Leader \"Squadron Leader\") Beamish served as Honorary [Aide\\-de\\-Camp](/wiki/Aide-de-Camp \"Aide-de-Camp\") representing the Royal Air Force on the staff of the Governor of Northern Ireland from 6 April 1937 until 6 January 1938\\.\n\nBeamish was awarded the [Air Force Cross](/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)\") on 1 January 1938, for his work in the formation of the \"Met Flight\".\n\n",
"Second World War\n----------------\n\n[thumb\\|305px\\|Hawker Hurricane during the Battle of Britain.](/wiki/File:Hawker_Hurricane_at_Castle_Camps_-_RAF_Fighter_Command_1940_HU104483.jpg \"Hawker Hurricane at Castle Camps - RAF Fighter Command 1940 HU104483.jpg\")\nBeamish completed a course at [RAF Staff College](/wiki/RAF_Staff_College%2C_Andover \"RAF Staff College, Andover\"), [Andover](/wiki/RAF_Andover \"RAF Andover\") and was appointed to command [No. 504 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._504_Squadron_RAF \"No. 504 Squadron RAF\") at RAF Digby on 13 September 1939 before sailing to Canada in January 1940 on staff duty, he was [Mentioned in Despatches](/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches \"Mentioned in Despatches\") on 20 February 1940 for his service in command. Beamish was promoted [Wing Commander](/wiki/Wing_commander_%28rank%29 \"Wing commander (rank)\") on 1 March 1940, and returned to England assuming command of [RAF North Weald](/wiki/RAF_North_Weald \"RAF North Weald\") on 7 June 1940\\.[UnitHistories website – FV Beamish](http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RAF_officers_B01.html)\n\n### Battle of Britain\n\nAs evidenced by his tally as a fighter pilot he took every opportunity to fly operationally. On 18 June 1940 he claimed two [Messerschmitt Bf 109s](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 \"Messerschmitt Bf 109\") fighters destroyed, on 9 July 1940 one [Messerschmitt Bf 110](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110 \"Messerschmitt Bf 110\") heavy fighter damaged, then on 12 July 1940 a [Dornier Do 17](/wiki/Dornier_Do_17 \"Dornier Do 17\") bomber shot down. Beamish was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") (DSO) on 23 July 1940, when his citation stated:\n \n\nIn action during the height of the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\") on 18 August 1940 Beamish claimed a probable [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 \"Junkers Ju 88\") bomber, on 24 August 1940 a Do 17 damaged and on 30 August 1940 two probable Bf 110s. On 6 September 1940 Beamish claimed two [Junkers Ju 87](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87 \"Junkers Ju 87\") dive bombers, on 11 September 1940 a probable [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") bomber, on 15 September 1940 a shared He 111 and on 18 September 1940 and 27 September 1940 he scored probable Bf 109s. Beamish damaged a Bf 109 on 12 October 1940, on 25 October 1940 he probably destroyed a Bf 109 and damaged another and finally probably shooting down another on 30 October 1940\\.\n\nOn 7 November 1940 Beamish collided with Pilot Officer [Tom Neil](/wiki/Tom_Neil \"Tom Neil\") of [No. 249 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._249_Squadron_RAF \"No. 249 Squadron RAF\") whilst on patrol and made a forced\\-landing at [Leeds Castle](/wiki/Leeds_Castle \"Leeds Castle\") in Kent. The following day, it was announced in *The London Gazette* that Beamish had been awarded the [Distinguished Flying Cross](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\"). The published citation read:\n \n\nIn all his sorties in 1940, he was damaged by enemy action three times, on each occasion getting his aircraft down safely. On 11 November 1940 an attack was carried out by Italian aircraft based in Belgium during which Beamish claimed a probable [Fiat CR.42 Falco](/wiki/Fiat_CR.42_Falco \"Fiat CR.42 Falco\") bi\\-plane fighter. On 13 November 1940 he damaged a Bf 109 near Dover.\n\n### Circus offensive\n\nOn 10 January 1941 he shot down a Bf 109 but was posted to HQ [No. 11 Group RAF](/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF \"No. 11 Group RAF\") on 17 March 1941\\. Beamish was unable to fly regularly by now but occasionally flew over occupied Europe and claimed a probable Bf 109 near Mardyck on 9 August. Beamish was awarded a [Bar](/wiki/Medal_Bar \"Medal Bar\") to the DSO on 2 September; his citation stated:\n \n\nBeamish was appointed to command [RAF Kenley](/wiki/RAF_Kenley \"RAF Kenley\") on 25 January 1942 and was able to fly more frequently with his squadrons. Accompanied by Wing Commander [Robert Boyd](/wiki/Robert_Boyd_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Robert Boyd (RAF officer)\") he took off on the morning of 12 February on a reconnaissance flight during which they chased two Bf 109s before sighting part of the German Fleet making its '[Channel Dash](/wiki/Channel_Dash \"Channel Dash\")'. The ships had been reported ten minutes earlier by two pilots of [No. 91 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._91_Squadron_RAF \"No. 91 Squadron RAF\") but the report had not been fully believed until such senior confirmation was received. Attacks were then planned.[MOD RAF Website – FV Beamish](http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafgolf/results/thebeamishbrothers.cfm) On 13 February Beamish shared in the destruction of a [Heinkel He 115](/wiki/Heinkel_He_115 \"Heinkel He 115\") float plane over the Channel. On 9 March, he claimed a [Focke\\-Wulf Fw 190](/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190 \"Focke-Wulf Fw 190\") fighter destroyed claiming a second one and a Bf 109 on 26 March 1942\\.\n\nOn 28 March, Beamish was flying with the New Zealand [No. 485 Squadron](/wiki/No._485_Squadron_RAF \"No. 485 Squadron RAF\"), which operated from Kenley, on a sweep involving eight RAF squadrons along the French coast; the intention was to draw out Luftwaffe fighters. A formation of Fw 190s was sighted near Cap Griz Nez and in the engagement which followed, Beamish was attacked and damaged by a Fw 190\\. He requested a position over the radio and was last sighted crossing the French coast. Presumed to have crashed into the English Channel, he has no known grave and is commemorated on the [Runneymeade Memorial](/wiki/Air_Forces_Memorial \"Air Forces Memorial\") at [Englefield Green](/wiki/Englefield_Green \"Englefield Green\").\n\n",
"### Battle of Britain\n\nAs evidenced by his tally as a fighter pilot he took every opportunity to fly operationally. On 18 June 1940 he claimed two [Messerschmitt Bf 109s](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109 \"Messerschmitt Bf 109\") fighters destroyed, on 9 July 1940 one [Messerschmitt Bf 110](/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110 \"Messerschmitt Bf 110\") heavy fighter damaged, then on 12 July 1940 a [Dornier Do 17](/wiki/Dornier_Do_17 \"Dornier Do 17\") bomber shot down. Beamish was awarded the [Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order \"Distinguished Service Order\") (DSO) on 23 July 1940, when his citation stated:\n \n\nIn action during the height of the [Battle of Britain](/wiki/Battle_of_Britain \"Battle of Britain\") on 18 August 1940 Beamish claimed a probable [Junkers Ju 88](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88 \"Junkers Ju 88\") bomber, on 24 August 1940 a Do 17 damaged and on 30 August 1940 two probable Bf 110s. On 6 September 1940 Beamish claimed two [Junkers Ju 87](/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87 \"Junkers Ju 87\") dive bombers, on 11 September 1940 a probable [Heinkel He 111](/wiki/Heinkel_He_111 \"Heinkel He 111\") bomber, on 15 September 1940 a shared He 111 and on 18 September 1940 and 27 September 1940 he scored probable Bf 109s. Beamish damaged a Bf 109 on 12 October 1940, on 25 October 1940 he probably destroyed a Bf 109 and damaged another and finally probably shooting down another on 30 October 1940\\.\n\nOn 7 November 1940 Beamish collided with Pilot Officer [Tom Neil](/wiki/Tom_Neil \"Tom Neil\") of [No. 249 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._249_Squadron_RAF \"No. 249 Squadron RAF\") whilst on patrol and made a forced\\-landing at [Leeds Castle](/wiki/Leeds_Castle \"Leeds Castle\") in Kent. The following day, it was announced in *The London Gazette* that Beamish had been awarded the [Distinguished Flying Cross](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\"). The published citation read:\n \n\nIn all his sorties in 1940, he was damaged by enemy action three times, on each occasion getting his aircraft down safely. On 11 November 1940 an attack was carried out by Italian aircraft based in Belgium during which Beamish claimed a probable [Fiat CR.42 Falco](/wiki/Fiat_CR.42_Falco \"Fiat CR.42 Falco\") bi\\-plane fighter. On 13 November 1940 he damaged a Bf 109 near Dover.\n\n",
"### Circus offensive\n\nOn 10 January 1941 he shot down a Bf 109 but was posted to HQ [No. 11 Group RAF](/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF \"No. 11 Group RAF\") on 17 March 1941\\. Beamish was unable to fly regularly by now but occasionally flew over occupied Europe and claimed a probable Bf 109 near Mardyck on 9 August. Beamish was awarded a [Bar](/wiki/Medal_Bar \"Medal Bar\") to the DSO on 2 September; his citation stated:\n \n\nBeamish was appointed to command [RAF Kenley](/wiki/RAF_Kenley \"RAF Kenley\") on 25 January 1942 and was able to fly more frequently with his squadrons. Accompanied by Wing Commander [Robert Boyd](/wiki/Robert_Boyd_%28RAF_officer%29 \"Robert Boyd (RAF officer)\") he took off on the morning of 12 February on a reconnaissance flight during which they chased two Bf 109s before sighting part of the German Fleet making its '[Channel Dash](/wiki/Channel_Dash \"Channel Dash\")'. The ships had been reported ten minutes earlier by two pilots of [No. 91 Squadron RAF](/wiki/No._91_Squadron_RAF \"No. 91 Squadron RAF\") but the report had not been fully believed until such senior confirmation was received. Attacks were then planned.[MOD RAF Website – FV Beamish](http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafgolf/results/thebeamishbrothers.cfm) On 13 February Beamish shared in the destruction of a [Heinkel He 115](/wiki/Heinkel_He_115 \"Heinkel He 115\") float plane over the Channel. On 9 March, he claimed a [Focke\\-Wulf Fw 190](/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190 \"Focke-Wulf Fw 190\") fighter destroyed claiming a second one and a Bf 109 on 26 March 1942\\.\n\nOn 28 March, Beamish was flying with the New Zealand [No. 485 Squadron](/wiki/No._485_Squadron_RAF \"No. 485 Squadron RAF\"), which operated from Kenley, on a sweep involving eight RAF squadrons along the French coast; the intention was to draw out Luftwaffe fighters. A formation of Fw 190s was sighted near Cap Griz Nez and in the engagement which followed, Beamish was attacked and damaged by a Fw 190\\. He requested a position over the radio and was last sighted crossing the French coast. Presumed to have crashed into the English Channel, he has no known grave and is commemorated on the [Runneymeade Memorial](/wiki/Air_Forces_Memorial \"Air Forces Memorial\") at [Englefield Green](/wiki/Englefield_Green \"Englefield Green\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n[Category:1903 births](/wiki/Category:1903_births \"1903 births\")\n[Category:1942 deaths](/wiki/Category:1942_deaths \"1942 deaths\")\n[Category:Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II](/wiki/Category:Royal_Air_Force_personnel_killed_in_World_War_II \"Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II\")\n[Category:British World War II flying aces](/wiki/Category:British_World_War_II_flying_aces \"British World War II flying aces\")\n[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order](/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Order \"Companions of the Distinguished Service Order\")\n[Category:Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell](/wiki/Category:Graduates_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell \"Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Air_Force_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)\")\n[Category:Royal Air Force group captains](/wiki/Category:Royal_Air_Force_group_captains \"Royal Air Force group captains\")\n[Category:The Few](/wiki/Category:The_Few \"The Few\")\n[Category:Leicester Tigers players](/wiki/Category:Leicester_Tigers_players \"Leicester Tigers players\")\n[Category:Wing leaders](/wiki/Category:Wing_leaders \"Wing leaders\")\n[Category:People from Dunmanway](/wiki/Category:People_from_Dunmanway \"People from Dunmanway\")\n[Category:Military personnel from County Cork](/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_County_Cork \"Military personnel from County Cork\")\n[Category:People educated at Coleraine Academical Institution](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Coleraine_Academical_Institution \"People educated at Coleraine Academical Institution\")\n[Category:Irish rugby union players](/wiki/Category:Irish_rugby_union_players \"Irish rugby union players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nature Church | {
"id": [
16758655
],
"name": [
"Sanglahi86"
]
} | kcg32wb72bklezpsdn63q8d1lkq1h0j | 2024-09-10T15:24:29Z | 1,245,021,690 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Architectural features",
"Altar",
"Roofing",
"Structural components",
"Seats",
"Landscape elements",
"Present condition",
"Parish priests",
"Programs",
"Gallery",
"San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila Chapel",
"Function halls",
"Ossuary Garden",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
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2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Mary Immaculate Parish Church**, also known as **Nature Church**, is a [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\") [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church \"Parish church\") located in Apollo III, Moonwalk Village, Talon V in [Las Piñas](/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as \"Las Piñas\"), [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"). It is under the jurisdiction of the [Diocese of Parañaque](/wiki/Diocese_of_Para%C3%B1aque \"Diocese of Parañaque\"). The church is known for its \"nature theme\" representing the ideas of Fr. Pierino Rogliardi and the architectural advocacy of [Francisco Mañosa](/wiki/Francisco_Ma%C3%B1osa \"Francisco Mañosa\"). When it was built in 1986, it was only capable of accommodating 100 people. Beside the main church is the San Lorenzo de Manila Chapel, which is a smaller version of the main church, suited for more intimate church gatherings.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe Mary Immaculate Parish originated from the [Saint Joseph Parish](/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as_Church \"Las Piñas Church\") located at Las Piñas' Barrio E. Aldana, well known for its [Bamboo Organ](/wiki/Bamboo_Organ \"Bamboo Organ\"), in an area where post\\-war new settlements were mushrooming and the need for spiritual nourishment was soon answered by a proliferation of chapels within villages.\n\nSometime later, when the Holy Family Parish was established in BF Almanza which was close to Talon, its new parish priest, Fr. Ernesto Joaquin, took in these chapels, including the Sto. Niño Chapel in Moonwalk. This site was later chosen to house the new church to be built in honor of [Mary Immaculate](/wiki/Immaculate_Conception \"Immaculate Conception\").\n\nOn August 22, 1979, [Jaime L. Cardinal Sin](/wiki/Jaime_Sin \"Jaime Sin\") made the whole area of Talon, which comprises 40 subdivisions, into one parish under the name Mary Immaculate. He appointed Fr. Colin Apap and Fr. Victor Agius, both from [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\"), as Parish Priest and Assistant Parish Priest, respectively. Fr. Collin was installed on September 8, 1979, while the church was dedicated on December 8, 1979\\.\n\nOriginally, the parish church was built out of the old Sto. Niño Chapel in Moonwalk Village, Las Piñas, but as the community and population grew, its later parish priest, Fr Pierino Rogliardi, saw the need for a larger church structure. Hence, the beginning of the building of the \"Nature Church\" complex, which would showcase Filipino organic architecture as championed by the chosen architect, National Artist [Francisco \"Bobby\" Mañosa](/wiki/Francisco_Ma%C3%B1osa \"Francisco Mañosa\").\n\nOn , the feast day of the Immaculate Conception, the new church was inaugurated.\n\n",
"Architectural features\n----------------------\n\nArchitect [Francisco Mañosa](/wiki/Francisco_Ma%C3%B1osa \"Francisco Mañosa\"), together with Linggoy Alvarez who served as the landscaper, executed a *nature concept* for the church as the church would serve as the signature structure of the location's mango orchard. The idea was conceptualized by former parish priest Father Pierino Rogliardi.[Las Pinas Nature Church](http://aboutphilippines.ph/Video-descriptions/Las-Pinas-Nature-Church.pdf) The nature concept of the church is reflected in different parts of the church.\n\n### Altar\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Church altar](/wiki/File:Altar_of_Nature_Church.JPG \"Altar of Nature Church.JPG\")\n\nTropical [palms](/wiki/Palm_%28plant%29 \"Palm (plant)\") and plants served as its backdrop. It provided privacy for prayer and meditation. The altar is a rough\\-finished [coral](/wiki/Coral \"Coral\") marble slab resting on two [madre cacao](/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium \"Gliricidia sepium\") [driftwood](/wiki/Driftwood \"Driftwood\") [pedestals](/wiki/Pedestal \"Pedestal\"). Flat\\-topped boulders of various shapes and sizes line the altar and are used as seats by altar servers. The flooring of the altar section, similar to that of the [aisles](/wiki/Aisle \"Aisle\"), is interplay of wood tiles from tree trunks cut crosswise and white pebble washout.\n\n### Roofing\n\nThe roofing has a suspended, [funnel](/wiki/Funnel \"Funnel\")\\-shaped form. It was covered with the woven network of 40,000 [anahaw](/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius \"Saribus rotundifolius\") leaves, considered as the biggest anahaw\\-covered roof in the Philippines. 176 dove\\-shaped [capiz](/wiki/Windowpane_oyster \"Windowpane oyster\") lanterns spiraling towards the center of the ceiling were installed.\n\n### Structural components\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|Kneeling area](/wiki/File:Kneeling_area.JPG \"Kneeling area.JPG\")\n\n[Beams](/wiki/Beam_%28structure%29 \"Beam (structure)\") and [pillar](/wiki/Column \"Column\") are made out of 50\\-year\\-old [mango](/wiki/Mango \"Mango\") trees. Six [concrete](/wiki/Concrete \"Concrete\") posts provide additional strength. The flooring is composed of patchwork of stones and wooden slabs with pebble washout.\n\n### Seats\n\nThree sections of the assembly area are divided for seats. They are made out of fallen logs while kneelers are made out of flat pieces of [wood](/wiki/Wood \"Wood\").\n\n### Landscape elements\n\nA rock garden is located below the altar. It is ornamented with greens of carabao grass, wild [bougainvillea](/wiki/Bougainvillea \"Bougainvillea\"), pakpak lawin, and a collection of other [fern](/wiki/Fern \"Fern\") varieties grown on [driftwoods](/wiki/Driftwood \"Driftwood\"). A man\\-made [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") is also located at the boulders of the altar. The [lagoon](/wiki/Lagoon \"Lagoon\") underneath collects the water, decorated with [water lilies](/wiki/Nymphaeaceae \"Nymphaeaceae\").\n\n",
"### Altar\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Church altar](/wiki/File:Altar_of_Nature_Church.JPG \"Altar of Nature Church.JPG\")\n\nTropical [palms](/wiki/Palm_%28plant%29 \"Palm (plant)\") and plants served as its backdrop. It provided privacy for prayer and meditation. The altar is a rough\\-finished [coral](/wiki/Coral \"Coral\") marble slab resting on two [madre cacao](/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium \"Gliricidia sepium\") [driftwood](/wiki/Driftwood \"Driftwood\") [pedestals](/wiki/Pedestal \"Pedestal\"). Flat\\-topped boulders of various shapes and sizes line the altar and are used as seats by altar servers. The flooring of the altar section, similar to that of the [aisles](/wiki/Aisle \"Aisle\"), is interplay of wood tiles from tree trunks cut crosswise and white pebble washout.\n\n",
"### Roofing\n\nThe roofing has a suspended, [funnel](/wiki/Funnel \"Funnel\")\\-shaped form. It was covered with the woven network of 40,000 [anahaw](/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius \"Saribus rotundifolius\") leaves, considered as the biggest anahaw\\-covered roof in the Philippines. 176 dove\\-shaped [capiz](/wiki/Windowpane_oyster \"Windowpane oyster\") lanterns spiraling towards the center of the ceiling were installed.\n\n",
"### Structural components\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|Kneeling area](/wiki/File:Kneeling_area.JPG \"Kneeling area.JPG\")\n\n[Beams](/wiki/Beam_%28structure%29 \"Beam (structure)\") and [pillar](/wiki/Column \"Column\") are made out of 50\\-year\\-old [mango](/wiki/Mango \"Mango\") trees. Six [concrete](/wiki/Concrete \"Concrete\") posts provide additional strength. The flooring is composed of patchwork of stones and wooden slabs with pebble washout.\n\n",
"### Seats\n\nThree sections of the assembly area are divided for seats. They are made out of fallen logs while kneelers are made out of flat pieces of [wood](/wiki/Wood \"Wood\").\n\n",
"### Landscape elements\n\nA rock garden is located below the altar. It is ornamented with greens of carabao grass, wild [bougainvillea](/wiki/Bougainvillea \"Bougainvillea\"), pakpak lawin, and a collection of other [fern](/wiki/Fern \"Fern\") varieties grown on [driftwoods](/wiki/Driftwood \"Driftwood\"). A man\\-made [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") is also located at the boulders of the altar. The [lagoon](/wiki/Lagoon \"Lagoon\") underneath collects the water, decorated with [water lilies](/wiki/Nymphaeaceae \"Nymphaeaceae\").\n\n",
"Present condition\n-----------------\n\nA [fire](/wiki/Fire \"Fire\") occurred on [New Year's Day](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day \"New Year's Day\"), 2007\\. A self\\-propelling firework called \"kwitis\" (rocket) ignited a fire at the roofing of the church along with its electrical and audio system while the wooden seats were scorched with falling embers. The church was rebuilt, integrating fire\\-resistant technology while still being faithful to Mañosa's original design. The church was re\\-opened and re\\-dedicated by Bishop Jesse Mercado on September 8, 2007\\.\n\n",
"Parish priests\n--------------\n\nSince its establishment, Mary Immaculate Parish has been administered by diocesan priests affiliated with the [Focolare Movement](/wiki/Focolare_Movement \"Focolare Movement\").\n\n| Name | Years of Pastorship | Diocese | Present Assignment |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rev. Fr. Colin Apap | 1979–1984 | Archdiocese of Malta | Resident Priest of The Parish of San Peter in Chains, Archdiocese of Malta |\n| Rev. Fr. Pierino Rogliardi | 1985–2003 | Archdiocese of Turin | Deceased |\n| Rev. Fr. Fidel G. Fabile | 2003–2022 | Diocese of Paranaque | Parochial Vicar of Madonna del Divino Amore Parish, Diocese of Paranaque |\n| Rev. Fr. Wilfredo Jay D. Torres | 2023–Present | Diocese of Tarlac | Current Parochial Administrator |\n\n",
"Programs\n--------\n\nMary Immaculate Parish runs a K–12 school ([Mary Immaculate Parish Special School](https://mipss.org/)), a [night school](/wiki/Night_school \"Night school\") for adults, a pediatric and [lying\\-in](/wiki/Birthing_center \"Birthing center\") clinic, and a [columbarium](/wiki/Columbarium \"Columbarium\") within the premises. The parish also established housing projects for the poor, notably Emmaus Village in Barangay Talon Singko.\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\n### San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila Chapel\n\nFile:Pamaypay\\-style ceiling finish.jpg\\|\\[\\[Abaniko]]\\-style ceiling finish\n\n### Function halls\n\nFile:Banquet Hall.JPG\\|Banquet Hall\n\n### Ossuary Garden\n\nFile:Saint Anthony Ossuary.JPG\\|Saint Anthony \\[\\[Ossuary]]\nFile:Saint Mark Ossuary.JPG\\|Saint Mark Ossuary\n\n",
"### San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila Chapel\n\nFile:Pamaypay\\-style ceiling finish.jpg\\|\\[\\[Abaniko]]\\-style ceiling finish\n\n",
"### Function halls\n\nFile:Banquet Hall.JPG\\|Banquet Hall\n\n",
"### Ossuary Garden\n\nFile:Saint Anthony Ossuary.JPG\\|Saint Anthony \\[\\[Ossuary]]\nFile:Saint Mark Ossuary.JPG\\|Saint Mark Ossuary\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Mary Immaculate Parish Special School](https://mipss.org/)\n* [Focolare Movement in the Philippines](https://focolareph.org/)\n\n[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Metro Manila](/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Metro_Manila \"Roman Catholic churches in Metro Manila\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Las Piñas](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Las_Pi%C3%B1as \"Buildings and structures in Las Piñas\")\n[Category:Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parañaque](/wiki/Category:Churches_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Para%C3%B1aque \"Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parañaque\")\n\n"
]
} |
Bronágh Taggart | {
"id": [
2273576
],
"name": [
"Anaxial"
]
} | 6seuer6y7ea07ugbfl0xmaryfrujp60 | 2023-10-01T15:08:49Z | 1,165,637,281 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Television",
"Films",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bronágh Taggart** is a [Northern Irish](/wiki/Northern_Irish_people \"Northern Irish people\") actress and writer, born in [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"). She has appeared in [BAFTA](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts \"British Academy of Film and Television Arts\")\\-winning *[Occupation](/wiki/Occupation_%28TV_serial%29 \"Occupation (TV serial)\")*, *[Best: His Mother's Son](/wiki/Best:His_Mother%27s_Son \"His Mother's Son\")*, and *[The Fall](/wiki/The_Fall_%28TV_series%29 \"The Fall (TV series)\")* and has written for [BBC Northern Ireland](/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland \"BBC Northern Ireland\") series *6Degrees* since it first aired in 2012\\. In 2013, she wrote a half\\-hour film, *Call it a Night*, for broadcast on Channel 4 as part of the late\\-night *[Coming Up](/wiki/Coming_Up_%28TV_series%29 \"Coming Up (TV series)\")* series.[Time Out Review of *Call It a Night*](http://www.timeout.com/london/tv-reviews/coming-up-call-it-a-night)\n\nIn 2017, Taggart wrote, produced and starred in *Guard*, a female\\-led boxing film directed by [Jonathan Harden](/wiki/Jonathan_Harden \"Jonathan Harden\"). It had its debut at the Oscar\\-qualifying *[Galway Film Fleadh](/wiki/Galway_Film_Fleadh \"Galway Film Fleadh\")* in July 2017, and soon after its North American premiere at the Oscar and BAFTA\\-qualifying *[Rhode Island International Film Festival](/wiki/Rhode_Island_International_Film_Festival \"Rhode Island International Film Festival\")*.\n\nShe has been married to actor [Jonathan Harden](/wiki/Jonathan_Harden \"Jonathan Harden\"), since 2008\\.\n\n",
"Television\n----------\n\n| Year | Title | Role |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2014–2016 | *[The Fall](/wiki/The_Fall_%28TV_series%29 \"The Fall (TV series)\")* | Gail McNally |\n| 2013 | *[Holby City](/wiki/Holby_City \"Holby City\")* | Jess Chandler |\n| 2013 | *[London Irish](/wiki/London_Irish_%28TV_series%29 \"London Irish (TV series)\")* | Aisling |\n| 2010 | *[Doctors](/wiki/Doctors_%282000_TV_series%29 \"Doctors (2000 TV series)\")* | Glazier |\n| 2009 | *[Occupation](/wiki/Occupation_%28TV_serial%29 \"Occupation (TV serial)\")* | Kerri |\n| 2009 | *[Best: His Mother's Son](/wiki/Best:His_Mother%27s_Son \"His Mother's Son\")* | Ruby Emerson |\n| 2004 | *[Pulling Moves](/wiki/Pulling_Moves \"Pulling Moves\")* | Mowgli |\n|\n\n",
"Films\n-----\n\n| Year | Title | Role |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | *[Freakdog](/wiki/Freakdog \"Freakdog\")* | Kenneth's mother |\n| 2004 | *[Mickybo and Me](/wiki/Mickybo_and_Me \"Mickybo and Me\")* | Fusco's Ice\\-Cream Waitress |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Film actresses from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Film_actresses_from_Northern_Ireland \"Film actresses from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:Television actresses from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Television_actresses_from_Northern_Ireland \"Television actresses from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:21st\\-century actresses from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:21st-century_actresses_from_Northern_Ireland \"21st-century actresses from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:1981 births](/wiki/Category:1981_births \"1981 births\")\n[Category:Stage actresses from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Stage_actresses_from_Northern_Ireland \"Stage actresses from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:People from County Antrim](/wiki/Category:People_from_County_Antrim \"People from County Antrim\")\n[Category:Actresses from Belfast](/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Belfast \"Actresses from Belfast\")\n[Category:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Alumni of Queen's University Belfast\")\n[Category:Screenwriters from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Northern_Ireland \"Screenwriters from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:Television writers from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Television_writers_from_Northern_Ireland \"Television writers from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:British women screenwriters](/wiki/Category:British_women_screenwriters \"British women screenwriters\")\n[Category:British women television writers](/wiki/Category:British_women_television_writers \"British women television writers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Seyi Adeleke | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | sktbtimggzox2znlpuwbr08bphtfti0 | 2024-10-02T12:23:35Z | 1,241,988,171 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Seyi Adeleke** (born 17 November 1991\\) is a Nigerian professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a [left\\-back](/wiki/Defender_association_football%29%23Full-back \"Defender association football)#Full-back\") or [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder \"Midfielder\").\n\nHe signed his first professional contract for [Lazio](/wiki/S.S._Lazio \"S.S. Lazio\") and was loaned to [Pergocrema](/wiki/U.S._Pergolettese_1932 \"U.S. Pergolettese 1932\"), [Salernitana](/wiki/U.S._Salernitana_1919 \"U.S. Salernitana 1919\") and [FC Biel\\-Bienne](/wiki/FC_Biel-Bienne \"FC Biel-Bienne\"), before moving to [Western Sydney Wanderers](/wiki/Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC \"Western Sydney Wanderers FC\") in 2015\\. He subsequently returned to Italy to play for [Arcella](/wiki/U.S._Arcella \"U.S. Arcella\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nBorn in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos \"Lagos\"), Nigeria, Adeleke moved to Italy in 2007 as a teenager.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nOn 22 August 2015, Adeleke joined Australian club [Western Sydney Wanderers](/wiki/Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC \"Western Sydney Wanderers FC\"). On 7 November 2015, he made his Wanderers debut. He travelled with the club to the [2015 FIFA Club World Cup](/wiki/2015_FIFA_Club_World_Cup \"2015 FIFA Club World Cup\"), and missed his kick in the [penalty shoot\\-out](/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29 \"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\") loss to [ES Sétif](/wiki/ES_S%C3%A9tif \"ES Sétif\") which saw the Wanders finish sixth. On 13 February 2016, it was announced that Adeleke had left Western Sydney Wanderers.\n\nIn May 2016 Adeleke signed with [Arcella](/wiki/U.S.Arcella \"U.S.Arcella\"), based in [Padua](/wiki/Padua \"Padua\"), Italy, playing in [Prima Categoria](/wiki/Prima_Categoria \"Prima Categoria\"). In 2016, however, Adeleke's Italian residency status came under threat. Needing to be a \"professional athlete\", as the league in which he was playing ([Promozione](/wiki/Promozione \"Promozione\")) was an amateur league, Adeleke's permit was not renewed by the [Italian National Olympic Committee](/wiki/Italian_National_Olympic_Committee \"Italian National Olympic Committee\"). Adeleke appealed this on the grounds that he was receiving payment to play.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of foreign A\\-League players](/wiki/List_of_foreign_A-League_players \"List of foreign A-League players\")\n* [List of Western Sydney Wanderers FC players](/wiki/List_of_Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC_players \"List of Western Sydney Wanderers FC players\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1991 births](/wiki/Category:1991_births \"1991 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Nigerian men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Nigerian_men%27s_footballers \"Nigerian men's footballers\")\n[Category:Nigerian expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Nigerian_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"Nigerian expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:SS Lazio players](/wiki/Category:SS_Lazio_players \"SS Lazio players\")\n[Category:US Pergolettese 1932 players](/wiki/Category:US_Pergolettese_1932_players \"US Pergolettese 1932 players\")\n[Category:US Salernitana 1919 players](/wiki/Category:US_Salernitana_1919_players \"US Salernitana 1919 players\")\n[Category:FC Biel\\-Bienne players](/wiki/Category:FC_Biel-Bienne_players \"FC Biel-Bienne players\")\n[Category:Alsancak Yeşilova footballers](/wiki/Category:Alsancak_Ye%C5%9Filova_footballers \"Alsancak Yeşilova footballers\")\n[Category:Western Sydney Wanderers FC players](/wiki/Category:Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC_players \"Western Sydney Wanderers FC players\")\n[Category:Footballers from Lagos](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Lagos \"Footballers from Lagos\")\n[Category:Yoruba sportspeople](/wiki/Category:Yoruba_sportspeople \"Yoruba sportspeople\")\n[Category:Men's association football midfielders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_midfielders \"Men's association football midfielders\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Kate Okikiolu | {
"id": [
2051880
],
"name": [
"David Eppstein"
]
} | sz8q55fbxuskuevrefalinonjno592u | 2024-08-21T06:54:03Z | 1,237,691,710 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career",
"Honors and awards",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kate Adebola Okikiolu** (born 1965\\) is a British [mathematician](/wiki/Mathematician \"Mathematician\"). She is known for her work with [elliptic differential operators](/wiki/Elliptic_operator \"Elliptic operator\") as well as her work with inner\\-city children.\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nOkikiolu was born in 1965 in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). Her father was George Olatokunbo Okikiolu, a renowned [Nigerian](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") mathematician and the most published black mathematician on record. Her [British](/wiki/British_people \"British people\") mother was a high school mathematics teacher. Okikiolu received a B.A. in mathematics from [Cambridge University](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\") in 1987\\. In 1991 she earned her Ph.D. in mathematics from the [University of California at Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles \"University of California at Los Angeles\"), for her thesis *The Analogue of the Strong Szego Limit Theorem on the Torus and the 3\\-Sphere*.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBased on her PhD work, Okikiolu resolved a conjecture of [Peter Wilcox Jones](/wiki/Peter_Jones_%28mathematician%29 \"Peter Jones (mathematician)\") concerning a continuous version of the [travelling salesman problem](/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem \"Travelling salesman problem\"). in her paper *Characterization of subsets of rectifiable curves in* \nOkikiolu was an instructor and later assistant professor at [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\") from 1993 to 1995\\. She then worked as a visiting assistant professor at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\") and joined the faculty at the [University of California at San Diego](/wiki/University_of_California_at_San_Diego \"University of California at San Diego\") in 1995\\. In 2011 she joined the Mathematics Department at [Johns Hopkins University](/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University \"Johns Hopkins University\").\n\nShe was an invited speaker at the 1996 meeting of the [Association of Women in Mathematics](/wiki/Association_of_Women_in_Mathematics \"Association of Women in Mathematics\"). She also delivered the Claytor\\-Woodard lecture at the 2002 meeting of the [National Association of Mathematicians](/wiki/National_Association_of_Mathematicians \"National Association of Mathematicians\"), an organization for African\\-American mathematicians.\n\n",
"Honors and awards\n-----------------\n\nIn 1997, Okikiolu won a [Sloan Research Fellowship](/wiki/Sloan_Fellowship \"Sloan Fellowship\"), becoming the first black recipient of this fellowship. In 1997 she also was awarded a [Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers](/wiki/Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers \"Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers\") for both her mathematical research and her development of mathematics curricula for inner\\-city school children. This award is given to only 60 scientists and engineers each year and has a prize of $500,000\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Faculty page at Johns Hopkins](https://web.archive.org/web/20150522215702/http://www.mathematics.jhu.edu/new/people/people-faculty.htm)\n* [Theorems by Kate Okikiolu at Theorem of the Day](http://www.theoremoftheday.org/Resources/Mathematicians.html#okikiolu).\n[Category:1965 births](/wiki/Category:1965_births \"1965 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Black British women academics](/wiki/Category:Black_British_women_academics \"Black British women academics\")\n[Category:British women academics](/wiki/Category:British_women_academics \"British women academics\")\n[Category:Black British academics](/wiki/Category:Black_British_academics \"Black British academics\")\n[Category:20th\\-century British mathematicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_mathematicians \"20th-century British mathematicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_mathematicians \"20th-century American mathematicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_mathematicians \"21st-century American mathematicians\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Cambridge \"Alumni of the University of Cambridge\")\n[Category:English people of Nigerian descent](/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Nigerian_descent \"English people of Nigerian descent\")\n[Category:English people of Yoruba descent](/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Yoruba_descent \"English people of Yoruba descent\")\n[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty](/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty \"Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty\")\n[Category:University of California, San Diego faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_California%2C_San_Diego_faculty \"University of California, San Diego faculty\")\n[Category:British emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:British_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"British emigrants to the United States\")\n[Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty](/wiki/Category:Johns_Hopkins_University_faculty \"Johns Hopkins University faculty\")\n[Category:Princeton University faculty](/wiki/Category:Princeton_University_faculty \"Princeton University faculty\")\n[Category:Nigerian women academics](/wiki/Category:Nigerian_women_academics \"Nigerian women academics\")\n[Category:African\\-American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:African-American_mathematicians \"African-American mathematicians\")\n[Category:African\\-American women mathematicians](/wiki/Category:African-American_women_mathematicians \"African-American women mathematicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American women mathematicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_mathematicians \"20th-century American women mathematicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women mathematicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_mathematicians \"21st-century American women mathematicians\")\n[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_alumni \"University of California, Los Angeles alumni\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_women \"21st-century African-American women\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Presidential_Early_Career_Award_for_Scientists_and_Engineers \"Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Davide Formolo | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | pnocisxpip5v8ey49p34tywv5yo6o6w | 2024-10-13T09:11:13Z | 1,230,582,686 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Major results",
"Grand Tour general classification results timeline",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Davide Formolo** (born 25 October 1992\\) is an Italian professional [road racing cyclist](/wiki/Road_racing_cyclist \"Road racing cyclist\"), who currently rides for [UCI WorldTeam](/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam \"UCI WorldTeam\") . Formolo turned professional in 2014\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nBorn on 25 October 1992, in [Negrar](/wiki/Negrar \"Negrar\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), Formolo resides in [Marano di Valpolicella](/wiki/Marano_di_Valpolicella \"Marano di Valpolicella\"), Veneto, Italy.\n\nHe signed with , a UCI ProTeam, for the 2014 season.\n\nFormolo signed with , a UCI WorldTeam, for the 2015 season.\n\nOn 12 May 2015, at the [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2015_Giro_d%27Italia \"2015 Giro d'Italia\"), Formolo escaped with twenty riders, and successfully soloed, , to the finish. He finished twenty\\-two seconds ahead of the [peloton](/wiki/Peloton \"Peloton\"). He was named in the startlist for the [2016 Vuelta a España](/wiki/2016_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2016 Vuelta a España\").\n\nAfter two seasons with , it was announced that Formolo would join on a two\\-year contract from 2020\\. In August 2020, he was named in the startlist for the [2020 Tour de France](/wiki/2020_Tour_de_France \"2020 Tour de France\"). He withdrew from the race following stage 10, after he was diagnosed with a fractured collarbone following a crash.\n\n",
"Major results\n-------------\n\n2012\n 2nd [Road race](/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships%23U23 \"Italian National Road Race Championships#U23\"), National Under\\-23 Road Championships\n 2nd [Gran Premio Palio del Recioto](/wiki/Gran_Premio_Palio_del_Recioto \"Gran Premio Palio del Recioto\")\n 4th Overall [Giro della Valle d'Aosta](/wiki/Giro_della_Valle_d%27Aosta \"Giro della Valle d'Aosta\")\n 8th Overall [Girobio](/wiki/Giro_Ciclistico_d%27Italia \"Giro Ciclistico d'Italia\")\n2013\n 2nd Overall [Giro della Valle d'Aosta](/wiki/Giro_della_Valle_d%27Aosta \"Giro della Valle d'Aosta\")\n 2nd [Trofeo Matteotti](/wiki/Trofeo_Matteotti \"Trofeo Matteotti\") Under\\-23\n 3rd [Coppa della Pace](/wiki/Coppa_della_Pace \"Coppa della Pace\")\n 4th [Road race](/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships%23U23 \"Italian National Road Race Championships#U23\"), National Under\\-23 Road Championships\n 6th Overall [Tour de l'Avenir](/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir \"Tour de l'Avenir\")\n 6th [GP Capodarco](/wiki/GP_Capodarco \"GP Capodarco\")\n 8th [Gran Premio Palio del Recioto](/wiki/Gran_Premio_Palio_del_Recioto \"Gran Premio Palio del Recioto\")\n 9th [Trofeo Edil C](/wiki/Trofeo_Edil_C \"Trofeo Edil C\")\n 10th [Gran Premio di Poggiana](/wiki/Gran_Premio_di_Poggiana \"Gran Premio di Poggiana\")\n2014\n 2nd [Road race](/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships \"Italian National Road Race Championships\"), National Road Championships\n 2nd [GP Industria \\& Artigianato di Larciano](/wiki/GP_Industria_%26_Artigianato_di_Larciano \"GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano\")\n 4th Overall [Tour of Turkey](/wiki/2014_Tour_of_Turkey \"2014 Tour of Turkey\")\n 6th [Giro dell'Emilia](/wiki/Giro_dell%27Emilia \"Giro dell'Emilia\")\n 7th Overall [Tour de Taiwan](/wiki/Tour_de_Taiwan \"Tour de Taiwan\")\n 7th Overall [Tour de Suisse](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_Suisse \"2014 Tour de Suisse\")\n 7th [Japan Cup](/wiki/Japan_Cup_%28cycling%29 \"Japan Cup (cycling)\")\n 9th [Gran Premio di Lugano](/wiki/Gran_Premio_di_Lugano \"Gran Premio di Lugano\")\n2015 (1 pro win)\n 1st Stage 4 [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2015_Giro_d%27Italia \"2015 Giro d'Italia\")\n 1st [20px](/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg \"Jersey white.svg\") Young rider classification, [Volta ao Algarve](/wiki/2015_Volta_ao_Algarve \"2015 Volta ao Algarve\")\n 3rd [Trofeo Andratx\\-Mirador d'Es Colomer](/wiki/Vuelta_a_Mallorca \"Vuelta a Mallorca\")\n 9th Overall [Tour de Pologne](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_Pologne \"2015 Tour de Pologne\")\n 9th Overall [Tour of Alberta](/wiki/2015_Tour_of_Alberta \"2015 Tour of Alberta\")\n2016\n 4th Overall [Tour de Pologne](/wiki/2016_Tour_de_Pologne \"2016 Tour de Pologne\")\n 9th Overall [Vuelta a España](/wiki/2016_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2016 Vuelta a España\")\n2017\n 10th Overall [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia \"2017 Giro d'Italia\")\n2018\n 6th Overall [Abu Dhabi Tour](/wiki/2018_Abu_Dhabi_Tour \"2018 Abu Dhabi Tour\")\n 7th Overall [Tirreno–Adriatico](/wiki/2018_Tirreno%E2%80%93Adriatico \"2018 Tirreno–Adriatico\")\n 7th [Liège–Bastogne–Liège](/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge \"2018 Liège–Bastogne–Liège\")\n 8th Overall [Tour de Pologne](/wiki/2018_Tour_de_Pologne \"2018 Tour de Pologne\")\n 10th Overall [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia \"2018 Giro d'Italia\")\n2019 (2\\)\n 1st [20px](/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg \"MaillotItalia.svg\") [Road race](/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships \"Italian National Road Race Championships\"), National Road Championships\n 1st Stage 7 [Volta a Catalunya](/wiki/2019_Volta_a_Catalunya \"2019 Volta a Catalunya\")\n 2nd [Liège–Bastogne–Liège](/wiki/2019_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge \"2019 Liège–Bastogne–Liège\")\n 2nd Tokyo 2020 Test Event\n 7th Overall [Tour de Pologne](/wiki/2019_Tour_de_Pologne \"2019 Tour de Pologne\")\n2020 (1\\)\n 1st Stage 3 [Critérium du Dauphiné](/wiki/2020_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9 \"2020 Critérium du Dauphiné\")\n 2nd [Strade Bianche](/wiki/2020_Strade_Bianche \"2020 Strade Bianche\")\n 8th Overall [UAE Tour](/wiki/2020_UAE_Tour \"2020 UAE Tour\")\n2021\n 2nd [Tre Valli Varesine](/wiki/2021_Tre_Valli_Varesine \"2021 Tre Valli Varesine\")\n 10th Overall [Tour de Luxembourg](/wiki/2021_Tour_de_Luxembourg \"2021 Tour de Luxembourg\")\n2022\n 2nd [Veneto Classic](/wiki/Veneto_Classic \"Veneto Classic\")\n 4th [Coppa Agostoni](/wiki/Coppa_Agostoni \"Coppa Agostoni\")\n 9th [Giro dell'Emilia](/wiki/2022_Giro_dell%27Emilia \"2022 Giro dell'Emilia\")\n 10th Overall [Deutschland Tour](/wiki/2022_Deutschland_Tour \"2022 Deutschland Tour\")\n2023 (2\\)\n 1st [Veneto Classic](/wiki/2023_Veneto_Classic \"2023 Veneto Classic\")\n 1st [Coppa Agostoni](/wiki/Coppa_Agostoni \"Coppa Agostoni\")\n 2nd Overall [Saudi Tour](/wiki/2023_Saudi_Tour \"2023 Saudi Tour\")\n 5th [Memorial Marco Pantani](/wiki/Memorial_Marco_Pantani \"Memorial Marco Pantani\")\n 6th [Giro della Toscana](/wiki/Giro_di_Toscana \"Giro di Toscana\")\n 9th Overall [Tour of Austria](/wiki/2023_Tour_of_Austria \"2023 Tour of Austria\")\n 9th [Strade Bianche](/wiki/2023_Strade_Bianche \"2023 Strade Bianche\")\n2024\n 5th [Road race](/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships \"Italian National Road Race Championships\"), National Road Championships\n 6th Overall [AlUla Tour](/wiki/2024_AlUla_Tour \"2024 AlUla Tour\")\n 7th [Strade Bianche](/wiki/2024_Strade_Bianche \"2024 Strade Bianche\")\n\n### Grand Tour general classification results timeline\n\n[thumb\\|Formolo at the [2018 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia \"2018 Giro d'Italia\"), where he finished tenth overall for the second year in succession.](/wiki/File:GIR10053_formolo_%2841560021955%29.jpg \"GIR10053 formolo (41560021955).jpg\")\n\n| [Grand Tour](/wiki/Grand_Tour_%28cycling%29 \"Grand Tour (cycling)\") | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A pink jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg \"Jersey pink.svg\") [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia \"General classification in the Giro d'Italia\") | [31](/wiki/2015_Giro_d%27Italia \"2015 Giro d'Italia\") | [31](/wiki/2016_Giro_d%27Italia \"2016 Giro d'Italia\") | [10](/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia \"2017 Giro d'Italia\") | [10](/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia \"2018 Giro d'Italia\") | [15](/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia \"2019 Giro d'Italia\") | — | [15](/wiki/2021_Giro_d%27Italia \"2021 Giro d'Italia\") | [36](/wiki/2022_Giro_d%27Italia \"2022 Giro d'Italia\") | [30](/wiki/2023_Giro_d%27Italia \"2023 Giro d'Italia\") |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A yellow jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg \"Jersey yellow.svg\") [Tour de France](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") | — | — | — | — | — | [DNF](/wiki/2020_Tour_de_France \"2020 Tour de France\") | [44](/wiki/2021_Tour_de_France \"2021 Tour de France\") | — | — |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A red jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_red.svg \"Jersey red.svg\") [Vuelta a España](/wiki/List_of_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a_general_classification_winners \"List of Vuelta a España general classification winners\") | — | [9](/wiki/2016_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2016 Vuelta a España\") | — | [22](/wiki/2018_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2018 Vuelta a España\") | [DNF](/wiki/2019_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2019 Vuelta a España\") | [DNF](/wiki/2020_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2020 Vuelta a España\") | — | — | — |\n\n| \\+ Legend |\n| --- |\n| — | Did not compete |\n| [DNF](/wiki/Did_not_finish \"Did not finish\") | Did not finish |\n| IP | In progress |\n\n",
"### Grand Tour general classification results timeline\n\n[thumb\\|Formolo at the [2018 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia \"2018 Giro d'Italia\"), where he finished tenth overall for the second year in succession.](/wiki/File:GIR10053_formolo_%2841560021955%29.jpg \"GIR10053 formolo (41560021955).jpg\")\n\n| [Grand Tour](/wiki/Grand_Tour_%28cycling%29 \"Grand Tour (cycling)\") | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A pink jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg \"Jersey pink.svg\") [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia \"General classification in the Giro d'Italia\") | [31](/wiki/2015_Giro_d%27Italia \"2015 Giro d'Italia\") | [31](/wiki/2016_Giro_d%27Italia \"2016 Giro d'Italia\") | [10](/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia \"2017 Giro d'Italia\") | [10](/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia \"2018 Giro d'Italia\") | [15](/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia \"2019 Giro d'Italia\") | — | [15](/wiki/2021_Giro_d%27Italia \"2021 Giro d'Italia\") | [36](/wiki/2022_Giro_d%27Italia \"2022 Giro d'Italia\") | [30](/wiki/2023_Giro_d%27Italia \"2023 Giro d'Italia\") |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A yellow jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg \"Jersey yellow.svg\") [Tour de France](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") | — | — | — | — | — | [DNF](/wiki/2020_Tour_de_France \"2020 Tour de France\") | [44](/wiki/2021_Tour_de_France \"2021 Tour de France\") | — | — |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A red jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_red.svg \"Jersey red.svg\") [Vuelta a España](/wiki/List_of_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a_general_classification_winners \"List of Vuelta a España general classification winners\") | — | [9](/wiki/2016_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2016 Vuelta a España\") | — | [22](/wiki/2018_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2018 Vuelta a España\") | [DNF](/wiki/2019_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2019 Vuelta a España\") | [DNF](/wiki/2020_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"2020 Vuelta a España\") | — | — | — |\n\n| \\+ Legend |\n| --- |\n| — | Did not compete |\n| [DNF](/wiki/Did_not_finish \"Did not finish\") | Did not finish |\n| IP | In progress |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1992 births](/wiki/Category:1992_births \"1992 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Italian male cyclists](/wiki/Category:Italian_male_cyclists \"Italian male cyclists\")\n[Category:Italian expatriate sportspeople in Germany](/wiki/Category:Italian_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Germany \"Italian expatriate sportspeople in Germany\")\n[Category:Italian Giro d'Italia stage winners](/wiki/Category:Italian_Giro_d%27Italia_stage_winners \"Italian Giro d'Italia stage winners\")\n[Category:Cyclists from the Province of Verona](/wiki/Category:Cyclists_from_the_Province_of_Verona \"Cyclists from the Province of Verona\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Italian sportsmen](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_sportsmen \"21st-century Italian sportsmen\")\n\n"
]
} |
Siccia arabica | {
"id": [
40600116
],
"name": [
"ShortDescBot"
]
} | qah4omphee6b93y2iuaphwzjy73hhuv | 2020-12-30T17:28:01Z | 833,250,106 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Siccia arabica*** is a [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") in the family [Erebidae](/wiki/Erebidae \"Erebidae\"). It was described by Wiltshire in 1983\\. It is found in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\").[Afro Moths](http://www.afromoths.net/species_by_code/SICCARAB)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/butmoth/GenusList3.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&SUPERFAMIL=&FAMILYqtype=starts+with&FAMILY=arctiidae&SUBFAMILYqtype=starts+with&SUBFAMILY=&TRIBEqtype=starts+with&TRIBE=&SUBTRIBEqtype=starts+with&SUBTRIBE=&GENUSqtype=starts+with&GENUS=&AUTHORqtype=starts+with&AUTHOR=&YEARqtype=equals&YEAR=&sort=GENUS)\n\n[Category:Moths described in 1983](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_1983 \"Moths described in 1983\")\n[Category:Nudariina](/wiki/Category:Nudariina \"Nudariina\")\n[Category:Moths of the Middle East](/wiki/Category:Moths_of_the_Middle_East \"Moths of the Middle East\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Suresh Khopade | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | brpc1la2tur36ehp0y7wv5tysiqun20 | 2024-09-18T01:53:51Z | 1,087,627,289 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Suresh Abaji Khopade** (born 1 June 1951\\) is an [Indian](/wiki/Indian_people \"Indian people\") writer and a retired [Indian Police Service](/wiki/Indian_Police_Service \"Indian Police Service\") (IPS) [officer](/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India \"Civil Services of India\"). He is a pioneer of community policing initiatives in the state of Maharashtra. He is well known for safeguarding then hyper\\-sensitive town [Bhiwandi](/wiki/Bhiwandi \"Bhiwandi\") during the [1992 communal Riots](/wiki/Bombay_riots \"Bombay riots\"). He is a recipient of the President's Medal for Gallantry in 1993\\. He retired as Special Inspector General of [CID](/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department \"Criminal Investigation Department\").\n\nHe also has established a conceptual school near a small village Morgaon in Baramati taluk of Pune District, named *'Koodachi shala'*, which is not a school in traditional sense, but a place which can best be described as a tourist point for school\\-going children. Many schools visit this place to have an interesting learning experience about all spheres of life.\n\nOn 13 March 2014 he was named as an [Aam Aadmi Party](/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party \"Aam Aadmi Party\") candidate for [Baramati South Lok Sabha constituency](/wiki/Baramati_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Suresh Khopade Official Website](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419163841/http://www.sureshkhopade.com/)\n\n[Category:1951 births](/wiki/Category:1951_births \"1951 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2014 Indian general election](/wiki/Category:Aam_Aadmi_Party_candidates_in_the_2014_Indian_general_election \"Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2014 Indian general election\")\n[Category:Indian police chiefs](/wiki/Category:Indian_police_chiefs \"Indian police chiefs\")\n[Category:Indian civil servants](/wiki/Category:Indian_civil_servants \"Indian civil servants\")\n[Category:Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth alumni](/wiki/Category:Mahatma_Phule_Krishi_Vidyapeeth_alumni \"Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth alumni\")\n[Category:Marathi\\-language writers](/wiki/Category:Marathi-language_writers \"Marathi-language writers\")\n[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians](/wiki/Category:Aam_Aadmi_Party_politicians \"Aam Aadmi Party politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Indian politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_politicians \"21st-century Indian politicians\")\n[Category:Marathi politicians](/wiki/Category:Marathi_politicians \"Marathi politicians\")\n[Category:Maharashtra politicians](/wiki/Category:Maharashtra_politicians \"Maharashtra politicians\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Guha Research Conference | {
"id": [
43404375
],
"name": [
"MarbleGarden"
]
} | 5k9x1hjppd7b11mem4u6stjr47a4abt | 2023-05-30T05:57:51Z | 1,128,659,438 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Guha Research Conference",
"References",
"Related Pages",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**Guha Research Conference** (GRC) is a professional society set up by Indian scholars to develop the field of [Biochemistry](/wiki/Biochemistry \"Biochemistry\"). It was established in 1960, and is named after [Biresh Chandra Guha](/wiki/Biresh_Chandra_Guha \"Biresh Chandra Guha\") (1904\\-1962\\).\n\nThe first four GRC meetings were held alongside the annual conference of the [Indian Science Congress](/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress \"Indian Science Congress\"). Subsequently, under the guidance of [Pushpa Mittra Bhargava](/wiki/Pushpa_Mittra_Bhargava \"Pushpa Mittra Bhargava\"), it was registered as a society with a convener elected annually, to organize the annual conference. According to Parthasarathi Benerjee, affiliation to GRC, \"acts as the token, assuring easier access to prizes of several sorts.\"\n\nDuring its formative years (1960–65\\), GRC had 33 professionals from major national institutes such as [AIIMS](/wiki/AIIMS \"AIIMS\"), [CMC Vellore](/wiki/CMC_Vellore \"CMC Vellore\"), [IISc](/wiki/IISc \"IISc\"), [Tata Memorial Centre](/wiki/Tata_Memorial_Centre \"Tata Memorial Centre\"), [Indian Institute of Chemical Biology](/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology \"Indian Institute of Chemical Biology\"), [Banaras Hindu University](/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University \"Banaras Hindu University\"), [Bhabha Atomic Research Centre](/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre \"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre\"), and [TIFR](/wiki/TIFR \"TIFR\"). By 2004, the membership had grown to 114 members.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Related Pages\n-------------\n\n* [Pushpa Mittra Bhargava](/wiki/Pushpa_Mittra_Bhargava \"Pushpa Mittra Bhargava\")\n* [Gordon Research Conferences](/wiki/Gordon_Research_Conferences \"Gordon Research Conferences\")\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Biresh Chandra Guha \\- Father of Modern Biochemistry in India](http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252004/823.pdf) \n\n[Category:Biochemistry organizations](/wiki/Category:Biochemistry_organizations \"Biochemistry organizations\")\n[Category:Scientific societies based in India](/wiki/Category:Scientific_societies_based_in_India \"Scientific societies based in India\")\n[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1960](/wiki/Category:Scientific_organizations_established_in_1960 \"Scientific organizations established in 1960\")\n[Category:1960 establishments in India](/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_India \"1960 establishments in India\")\n\n"
]
} |
Paraguayan National Futsal Championship | {
"id": [
22619
],
"name": [
"Finlay McWalter"
]
} | md8p6serf754u4p7efkvnxk9smtd025 | 2023-11-11T11:42:37Z | 984,023,732 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List of champions",
"Titles by teams",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Salón** (Spanish for *National Futsal Championship*) is a [futsal](/wiki/Futsal \"Futsal\") Championship held every year in [Paraguay](/wiki/Paraguay \"Paraguay\"). The championship was organized by *[Federación de Fútbol de Salón del Interior](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_de_F%C3%BAtbol_de_Sal%C3%B3n_del_Interior \"Federación de Fútbol de Salón del Interior\") (FEFUSI)* from 1965 to 2008, since the XXXIX edition (2009\\) the tournament is organized by *[Federación Paraguaya de Fútbol de Salón](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Paraguaya_de_F%C3%BAtbol_de_Sal%C3%B3n \"Federación Paraguaya de Fútbol de Salón\") (FPFS)*.\n\n",
"List of champions\n-----------------\n\n| Edition | Year | Host City | Champion |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| I | 1965 | [Asunción](/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n \"Asunción\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| II | 1967 | [Pedro Juan Caballero](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") |\n| III | 1969 | [San Ignacio](/wiki/San_Ignacio_%28Paraguay%29 \"San Ignacio (Paraguay)\") | [Areguá](/wiki/Aregu%C3%A1 \"Areguá\") |\n| IV | 1970 | [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") | [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") |\n| V | 1974 | [San Ignacio](/wiki/San_Ignacio_%28Paraguay%29 \"San Ignacio (Paraguay)\") | [San Ignacio](/wiki/San_Ignacio_%28Paraguay%29 \"San Ignacio (Paraguay)\") |\n| VI | 1976 | [Lambaré](/wiki/Lambar%C3%A9 \"Lambaré\") | [Areguá](/wiki/Aregu%C3%A1 \"Areguá\") |\n| VII | 1977 | [Caacupé](/wiki/Caacup%C3%A9 \"Caacupé\") | [Caacupé](/wiki/Caacup%C3%A9 \"Caacupé\") |\n| VIII | 1978 | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") | [Coronel Oviedo](/wiki/Coronel_Oviedo \"Coronel Oviedo\") |\n| IX | 1979 | [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| X | 1980 | [Ciudad del Este](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XI | 1981 | [Coronel Oviedo](/wiki/Coronel_Oviedo \"Coronel Oviedo\") | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") |\n| XII | 1982 | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") | [Lambaré](/wiki/Lambar%C3%A9 \"Lambaré\") |\n| XIII | 1983 | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XIV | 1984 | [Caacupé](/wiki/Caacup%C3%A9 \"Caacupé\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XV | 1985 | [Ciudad del Este](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XVI | 1986 | [Villarrica](/wiki/Villarrica_%28Paraguay%29 \"Villarrica (Paraguay)\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XVII | 1987 | [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XVIII | 1988 | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") |\n| XIX | 1989 | [Pedro Juan Caballero](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") | [Villarrica](/wiki/Villarrica_%28Paraguay%29 \"Villarrica (Paraguay)\") |\n| XX | 1990 | [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXI | 1991 | [Ciudad del Este](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XXII | 1992 | [Mariano Roque Alonso](/wiki/Mariano_Roque_Alonso%2C_Paraguay \"Mariano Roque Alonso, Paraguay\") | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") |\n| XXIII | 1993 | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XXIV | 1994 | [San Ignacio](/wiki/San_Ignacio_%28Paraguay%29 \"San Ignacio (Paraguay)\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXV | 1995 | [Pedro Juan Caballero](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXVI | 1996 | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") |\n| XXVII | 1997 | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXVIII | 1998 | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") |\n| XXIX | 1999 | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XXX | 2000 | [Mariano Roque Alonso](/wiki/Mariano_Roque_Alonso%2C_Paraguay \"Mariano Roque Alonso, Paraguay\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXXI | 2001 | [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XXXII | 2002 | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XXXIII | 2003 | [Coronel Oviedo](/wiki/Coronel_Oviedo \"Coronel Oviedo\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXXIV | 2004 | [Caacupé](/wiki/Caacup%C3%A9 \"Caacupé\") | [Caacupé](/wiki/Caacup%C3%A9 \"Caacupé\") |\n| XXXV | 2005 | [Ciudad del Este](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XXXVI | 2006 | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") |\n| XXXVII | 2007 | [Pedro Juan Caballero](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") | [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") |\n| XXXVIII | 2008 | [Coronel Oviedo](/wiki/Coronel_Oviedo \"Coronel Oviedo\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XXXIX | 2009 | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") | [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") [Caaguazú, anfitrión y campeón](http://federacionparaguayadefutboldesalon.blogspot.com/2009/03/caaguazu-anfitrion-y-campeon.html) |\n| XL | 2010 | [Ypacaraí](/wiki/Ypacara%C3%AD \"Ypacaraí\") | [Ypacaraí](/wiki/Ypacara%C3%AD \"Ypacaraí\") [Ypacaraí logra título en bochornoso final](http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/deportes/ypacarai-logra-titulo-en-bochornoso-final-84555.html) |\n| XLI | 2011 | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") |\n| XLII | 2012 | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") | [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") [Franco es bicampeón](http://www.d10.com.py/futbol/futbol-de-salon/12969-franco-es-bicampeon) |\n| XLIII | 2013 | [Horqueta](/wiki/Horqueta \"Horqueta\") | [Horqueta](/wiki/Horqueta \"Horqueta\") [Horqueta es el campeón](http://www.snd.gov.py/index.php/component/content/article/12032-futbol-de-salon) |\n| XLIV | 2014 | [Villarrica](/wiki/Villarrica_%28Paraguay%29 \"Villarrica (Paraguay)\") [Federación Paraguaya concede la sede del campeonato nacional a Villarrica](http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/deportes/federacion-paraguaya-concede-la-sede-del-campeonato-nacional-a-villarrica-633442.html) | [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") [Paranaense es el nuevo monarca del Nacional](http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/deportes/paranaense-es-el-nuevo-monarca-del-nacional-1226129.html) |\n| XLV | 2015 | [San Ignacio](/wiki/San_Ignacio%2C_Paraguay \"San Ignacio, Paraguay\") | [Horqueta](/wiki/Horqueta \"Horqueta\") [Horqueta, campeón](http://www.abc.com.py/deportes/futbol/horqueta-campeon-1341637.html) |\n| XLVI | 2016 | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") | [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") [Concepción consigue su tercera estrella](http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/deportes/concepcion-consigue-su-tercera-estrella-1458078.html) |\n| XLVII | 2017 | [Itapúa](/wiki/Itap%C3%BAa_Department \"Itapúa Department\") | [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") [Villa Hayes es “tri” ante Encarnación](http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/deportes/villa-hayes-es-tri-ante-encarnacion-1573123.html) |\n\n",
"Titles by teams\n---------------\n\n| Team | Titles | Years |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Paranaense](/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este \"Ciudad del Este\") | **9** | (1979, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1992, 2014\\) |\n| [Amambay](/wiki/Pedro_Juan_Caballero%2C_Paraguay \"Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay\") | **9** | (1965, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007\\) |\n| [Presidente Franco](/wiki/Presidente_Franco_District \"Presidente Franco District\") | **8** | (1993, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012\\) |\n| [Villa Hayes](/wiki/Villa_Hayes \"Villa Hayes\") | **3** | (1988, 2006, 2017\\) |\n| [Concepción](/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Paraguay \"Concepción, Paraguay\") | **3** | (1967, 1996, 2016\\) |\n| [Caaguazú](/wiki/Caaguaz%C3%BA_District \"Caaguazú District\") | **3** | (1981, 1998, 2009\\) |\n| [Caacupé](/wiki/Caacup%C3%A9 \"Caacupé\") | **2** | (1977, 2004\\) |\n| [Horqueta](/wiki/Horqueta \"Horqueta\") | **2** | (2013, 2015\\) |\n| [Areguá](/wiki/Aregu%C3%A1 \"Areguá\") | **2** | (1969, 1976\\) |\n| [Ypacaraí](/wiki/Ypacara%C3%AD \"Ypacaraí\") | **1** | (2010\\) |\n| [Villarrica](/wiki/Villarrica_%28Paraguay%29 \"Villarrica (Paraguay)\") | **1** | (1989\\) |\n| [Lambaré](/wiki/Lambar%C3%A9 \"Lambaré\") | **1** | (1982\\) |\n| [Coronel Oviedo](/wiki/Coronel_Oviedo \"Coronel Oviedo\") | **1** | (1978\\) |\n| [San Ignacio](/wiki/San_Ignacio_%28Paraguay%29 \"San Ignacio (Paraguay)\") | **1** | (1974\\) |\n| [Encarnación](/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_%28Paraguay%29 \"Encarnación (Paraguay)\") | **1** | (1970\\) |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Futsal in Paraguay](/wiki/Futsal_in_Paraguay \"Futsal in Paraguay\")\n* [Paraguay national futsal team](/wiki/Paraguay_national_futsal_team \"Paraguay national futsal team\")\n* [Campeonato de Futsal de Paraguay](/wiki/Campeonato_de_Futsal_de_Paraguay \"Campeonato de Futsal de Paraguay\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Federación Paraguaya de Fútbol de Salón](http://www.fpfs.com.py/) \n\n[Category:Futsal competitions in Paraguay](/wiki/Category:Futsal_competitions_in_Paraguay \"Futsal competitions in Paraguay\")\n[Category:National futsal cups](/wiki/Category:National_futsal_cups \"National futsal cups\")\n[Futsal](/wiki/Category:National_championships_in_Paraguay \"National championships in Paraguay\")\n\n"
]
} |
Canarium caudatum | {
"id": [
14770366
],
"name": [
"Declangi"
]
} | 86xcuxzvuu1sa6493pkl54oyy4rztc5 | 2024-07-09T07:11:51Z | 1,011,930,656 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Distribution and habitat",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + \n\n***Canarium caudatum*** is a tree in the family [Burseraceae](/wiki/Burseraceae \"Burseraceae\"). The [specific epithet](/wiki/Specific_name_%28botany%29 \"Specific name (botany)\") ** is from the [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") meaning 'tailed', referring to the tapering of the tree's leaflet.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n*Canarium caudatum* grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is scaly and grey. The flowers are yellow\\-brown. The fruits are spindle\\-shaped and measure up to long.\n\n",
"Distribution and habitat\n------------------------\n\n*Canarium caudatum* grows naturally in [Sumatra](/wiki/Sumatra \"Sumatra\"), [Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia \"Peninsular Malaysia\") and [Borneo](/wiki/Borneo \"Borneo\"). Its habitat is lowland mixed [dipterocarp](/wiki/Dipterocarp \"Dipterocarp\") and *[kerangas](/wiki/Kerangas \"Kerangas\")* forests from sea\\-level to altitude.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[caudatum](/wiki/Category:Canarium \"Canarium\")\n[Category:Trees of Sumatra](/wiki/Category:Trees_of_Sumatra \"Trees of Sumatra\")\n[Category:Trees of Peninsular Malaysia](/wiki/Category:Trees_of_Peninsular_Malaysia \"Trees of Peninsular Malaysia\")\n[Category:Trees of Borneo](/wiki/Category:Trees_of_Borneo \"Trees of Borneo\")\n[Category:Plants described in 1894](/wiki/Category:Plants_described_in_1894 \"Plants described in 1894\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Staub & Fantasie | {
"id": [
5630772
],
"name": [
"Muhandes"
]
} | 0jpgr6q5ttrpvhmqczibtj3pmd2ab30 | 2023-12-03T14:59:26Z | 1,186,614,496 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Critical reception",
"Track listing",
"Charts",
"Certifications",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"* + - * + - \n\n***Staub \\& Fantasie*** () is the debut [studio album](/wiki/Studio_album \"Studio album\") by [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") recording artist [Andreas Bourani](/wiki/Andreas_Bourani \"Andreas Bourani\"), released by Vertigo Berlin on 10 June 2011 in [German\\-speaking Europe](/wiki/German-speaking_Europe \"German-speaking Europe\").\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\n*[laut.de](/wiki/Laut.de \"Laut.de\")* editor Kai Butterweck rated the album three stars out of five. He found that \"Bourani's producers limit themselves to little synth and electro monotony and rather give his voice room to develop. So in the end *Staub \\& Fantasie* remains just a passable pop album.\"\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - \n",
"Charts\n------\n\n| \\+ Weekly chart performance for *Staub \\& Fantasie* |\n| --- |\n| Chart (2014–15\\) | Peakposition |\n|\n\n|\n\n|\n\n",
"Certifications\n--------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Andreas Bourani albums](/wiki/Category:Andreas_Bourani_albums \"Andreas Bourani albums\")\n[Category:2011 debut albums](/wiki/Category:2011_debut_albums \"2011 debut albums\")\n\n"
]
} |
The Love Master (film) | {
"id": [
7583140
],
"name": [
"Bbb23"
]
} | sco7wrf8hy0rbmzjueyf6tl862vhh6g | 2023-11-09T11:46:56Z | 1,181,767,039 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***The Love Master*** is a 1924 American [silent](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\") [family drama film](/wiki/Family_drama_film \"Family drama film\") starring canine star [Strongheart](/wiki/Strongheart \"Strongheart\") and actress [Lillian Rich](/wiki/Lillian_Rich \"Lillian Rich\"), directed by [Laurence Trimble](/wiki/Laurence_Trimble \"Laurence Trimble\").[Progressive Silent Film List: *The Love Master*](http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/L/LoveMaster1924.html) at silentera.com[The AFI Catalog of Feature Films: *The Love Master*](http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/AbbrView.aspx?s=&Movie=10416) The film survives in a French archive.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nAs described in a film magazine review, Sally, an attractive young woman, is the only white woman in the isolated northern settlement. David, a young clerk in her uncle's general store, loves her and is worthy of her. Jean Le Roy, a dishonest fur trader, hopes to win her. When David falls ill from overwork and anxiety, she nurses him back to health. She also helps him win the yearly dog race, which gives him sufficient money to marry her and return with her to the United States. The canine story involving Strongheart and his mate generally follows that of the human couple, often with the dogs mimicking their gestures.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n[thumb\\|260px\\|Strongheart and Lady Jule in *The Love Master*](/wiki/File:Strongheart-Jule-1924.jpg \"Strongheart-Jule-1924.jpg\")\n* [Strongheart](/wiki/Strongheart \"Strongheart\") as Strongheart the dog\n* Lady Jule as The Fawn\n* [Lillian Rich](/wiki/Lillian_Rich \"Lillian Rich\") as Sally\n* Harold Austin as David\n* [Hal Wilson](/wiki/Hal_Wilson_%28actor%29 \"Hal Wilson (actor)\") as Alec McLeod\n* Walter Perry as Andrew Thomas Francis Joseph Mulligan\n* Joseph Barrell as The Ghost\n* [Jack Richardson](/wiki/Jack_Richardson_%28actor%29 \"Jack Richardson (actor)\") (uncredited)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* — Strongheart and Lady Jule, 1924 Screen Almanac film\n* [Lantern slide](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uUBrLqWHNX0/TfNwcsMi4fI/AAAAAAAABqk/sD5pw5bhmm0/s1600/GEH+Blog+-+Love+Master%252C+The.jpg)\n\n[Category:1924 films](/wiki/Category:1924_films \"1924 films\")\n[Category:American silent feature films](/wiki/Category:American_silent_feature_films \"American silent feature films\")\n[Category:First National Pictures films](/wiki/Category:First_National_Pictures_films \"First National Pictures films\")\n[Category:Films directed by Laurence Trimble](/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Laurence_Trimble \"Films directed by Laurence Trimble\")\n[Category:1924 drama films](/wiki/Category:1924_drama_films \"1924 drama films\")\n[Category:Silent American drama films](/wiki/Category:Silent_American_drama_films \"Silent American drama films\")\n[Category:American black\\-and\\-white films](/wiki/Category:American_black-and-white_films \"American black-and-white films\")\n[Category:1920s American films](/wiki/Category:1920s_American_films \"1920s American films\")\n[Category:1920s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1920s_English-language_films \"1920s English-language films\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Ted Bolser | {
"id": [
43452311
],
"name": [
"BsoykaBot"
]
} | 6i451rkt64mpicr6wljficc2vzkx4lw | 2024-08-10T17:15:53Z | 1,235,906,325 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"College career",
"Professional career",
"Washington Redskins",
"Tampa Bay Buccaneers",
"Arizona Cardinals",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - \n\n**Theodore Richard Bolser** (born October 22, 1990\\) is a former [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") [tight end](/wiki/Tight_end \"Tight end\"). He was selected by the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\") in the seventh round of the [2014 NFL draft](/wiki/2014_NFL_draft \"2014 NFL draft\"). He played [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") at [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_football \"Indiana Hoosiers football\"). He was also a member of the [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") and [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\").\n\n",
"College career\n--------------\n\nBolser was a four\\-year starter for the [Indiana Hoosiers football](/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_football \"Indiana Hoosiers football\") team (2010\\-2013\\), first for head coach [Bill Lynch](/wiki/Bill_Lynch \"Bill Lynch\") and then for [Kevin Wilson](/wiki/Kevin_Wilson_%28American_football%29 \"Kevin Wilson (American football)\"). In 47 games with the Hoosiers, he caught 117 passes for 1,337 yards and 15 touchdowns.\n\n",
"Professional career\n-------------------\n\n### Washington Redskins\n\nBolser signed a four\\-year contract with the Redskins on May 16, 2014\\. The Redskins released Bolser on August 29, 2014\\.[8/29: Redskins Make Roster Moves](http://www.redskins.com/news-and-events/article-1/829-Redskins-Make-Roster-Moves/96d85041-aea9-42e6-aa2a-5c18fbfbcfaf) After clearing waivers, he was signed to the team's practice squad, two days later. He was waived from the practice squad on October 7\\.\n\n### Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n\nThe [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") signed Bolser to their practice squad on November 3, 2014, but was released on November 26, 2014\\.\n\n### Arizona Cardinals\n\nThe [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") signed Bolser to their practice squad on December 30, 2014\\.[Arizona Cardinals make a practice squad move](http://arizonasports.com/40/1794993/Arizona-Cardinals-make-a-practice-squad-move) He signed a [futures contract](/wiki/Futures_contract \"Futures contract\") with the Cardinals on January 5, 2015\\.[Arizona Cardinals sign 10 players to future contracts](http://arizonasports.com/40/1796238/Arizona-Cardinals-sign-10-players-to-future-contracts) On August 6, 2015, he was released by the Cardinals due to injury. A few days later, Bolser took to Twitter to announce that his injuries had forced him to retire from playing football.\n\n",
"### Washington Redskins\n\nBolser signed a four\\-year contract with the Redskins on May 16, 2014\\. The Redskins released Bolser on August 29, 2014\\.[8/29: Redskins Make Roster Moves](http://www.redskins.com/news-and-events/article-1/829-Redskins-Make-Roster-Moves/96d85041-aea9-42e6-aa2a-5c18fbfbcfaf) After clearing waivers, he was signed to the team's practice squad, two days later. He was waived from the practice squad on October 7\\.\n\n",
"### Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n\nThe [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") signed Bolser to their practice squad on November 3, 2014, but was released on November 26, 2014\\.\n\n",
"### Arizona Cardinals\n\nThe [Arizona Cardinals](/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals \"Arizona Cardinals\") signed Bolser to their practice squad on December 30, 2014\\.[Arizona Cardinals make a practice squad move](http://arizonasports.com/40/1794993/Arizona-Cardinals-make-a-practice-squad-move) He signed a [futures contract](/wiki/Futures_contract \"Futures contract\") with the Cardinals on January 5, 2015\\.[Arizona Cardinals sign 10 players to future contracts](http://arizonasports.com/40/1796238/Arizona-Cardinals-sign-10-players-to-future-contracts) On August 6, 2015, he was released by the Cardinals due to injury. A few days later, Bolser took to Twitter to announce that his injuries had forced him to retire from playing football.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Arizona Cardinals bio](http://www.azcardinals.com/team/roster/Ted-Bolser/b544834e-4320-4659-ab84-968abb1fed77)\n* [Indiana Hoosiers bio](https://web.archive.org/web/20140417105045/http://www.iuhoosiers.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/ted_bolser_459067.html)\n\n[Category:1990 births](/wiki/Category:1990_births \"1990 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Players of American football from Cincinnati](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_Cincinnati \"Players of American football from Cincinnati\")\n[Category:American football tight ends](/wiki/Category:American_football_tight_ends \"American football tight ends\")\n[Category:Indiana Hoosiers football players](/wiki/Category:Indiana_Hoosiers_football_players \"Indiana Hoosiers football players\")\n[Category:Washington Redskins players](/wiki/Category:Washington_Redskins_players \"Washington Redskins players\")\n[Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players](/wiki/Category:Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_players \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers players\")\n[Category:Arizona Cardinals players](/wiki/Category:Arizona_Cardinals_players \"Arizona Cardinals players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ignatius II | {
"id": [
494861
],
"name": [
"Srnec"
]
} | 29rz37g6xoixv9dphd4k7tbz6wcsco7 | 2023-02-27T00:22:28Z | 1,123,665,831 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Episcopal succession",
"References",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ignatius II** (, ) was the [Patriarch of Antioch](/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch \"Patriarch of Antioch\") and head of the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\") from 878 until his death in 883\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nIgnatius was born in the 9th century and became a monk at the monastery of Harbaz. He was chosen to succeed [John IV](/wiki/John_IV_of_Antioch \"John IV of Antioch\") as patriarch of Antioch and was consecrated on 5 June 878 ([AG](/wiki/Seleucid_era \"Seleucid era\") 1189\\) by Timothy of [Samosata](/wiki/Samsat \"Samsat\") at a synod at the monastery of Saint Zacchaeus at [Raqqa](/wiki/Raqqa \"Raqqa\"), which was attended by four bishops. Upon his consecration, Ignatius issued twelve [canons](/wiki/Canon_law \"Canon law\").\n\nHe soon came into conflict with Sergius, archbishop of [Tikrit](/wiki/Tikrit \"Tikrit\") and *ex officio* [Grand Metropolitan of the East](/wiki/Maphrian \"Maphrian\"), the highest\\-ranking prelate amongst the eastern bishops (bishops of the former [Sasanian Empire](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\")). Sergius had lost the recognition of the eastern bishops after he had allocated dioceses to Elisha' and Bar Hadh Bshabba, who had been excommunicated by both Patriarch [John IV](/wiki/John_IV_of_Antioch \"John IV of Antioch\") and Basil II Lazarus, Sergius' predecessor as archbishop of Tikrit and Grand Metropolitan of the East. He was thus not invited to attend Ignatius' consecration, to which he responded by withholding his recognition of Ignatius and refused to have his name proclaimed in the east.\n\nThe dispute between Ignatius and Sergius was eventually resolved after they were imprisoned and fined 2000 [dinars](/wiki/Gold_dinar \"Gold dinar\"). He served as patriarch of Antioch until his death on 26 March 883 ([AG](/wiki/Seleucid_era \"Seleucid era\") 1194\\) at Meriba, where he was buried.\n\n",
"Episcopal succession\n--------------------\n\nAs patriarch, Ignatius ordained the following bishops:\n\n1. Severus, bishop of Res\\-Kepha\n2. Abraham, archbishop of [Anazarbus](/wiki/Anazarbus \"Anazarbus\")\n3. Sergius, archbishop of [Cyrrhus](/wiki/Cyrrhus \"Cyrrhus\")\n4. Cyriacus, [archbishop of Edessa](/wiki/Bishopric_of_Edessa \"Bishopric of Edessa\")\n5. Abraham, bishop of [Aleppo](/wiki/Aleppo \"Aleppo\")\n6. John, [bishop of Germanicia](/wiki/Bishop_of_Germanicia \"Bishop of Germanicia\")\n7. Michael, bishop of [Samosata](/wiki/Samsat \"Samsat\")\n8. John, archbishop of [Amida](/wiki/Amida_%28Mesopotamia%29 \"Amida (Mesopotamia)\")\n9. Abraham, bishop of [Circesium](/wiki/Circesium \"Circesium\")\n10. Elias, bishop of [Hadath](/wiki/Hadath_%28West_Syriac_diocese%29 \"Hadath (West Syriac diocese)\")\n11. Simeon, bishop of [Zuptara](/wiki/Zuptara_%28West_Syriac_diocese%29 \"Zuptara (West Syriac diocese)\")\n12. Cyril, bishop of [Maipherqat](/wiki/Silvan%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r \"Silvan, Diyarbakır\")\n13. Gabriel, bishop of [Sarug](/wiki/Suru%C3%A7 \"Suruç\")\n14. Jacob, bishop of [Baalbek](/wiki/Baalbek \"Baalbek\")\n15. Cyriacus, archbishop of [Anazarbus](/wiki/Anazarbus \"Anazarbus\")\n16. Constantine, bishop of [Harran](/wiki/Harran \"Harran\")\n17. Aaron, archbishop of [Maipherqat](/wiki/Silvan%2C_Diyarbak%C4%B1r \"Silvan, Diyarbakır\")\n18. Gabriel, bishop of Arabia\n19. Matthew, archbishop of [Dara](/wiki/Dara_%28Mesopotamia%29 \"Dara (Mesopotamia)\")\n20. Iwannis, bishop of Abadqawan\n21. Severus, archbishop of [Segestan](/wiki/Sistan \"Sistan\")\n22. Severus, archbishop of [Raqqa](/wiki/Raqqa \"Raqqa\")\n23. Theodosius, bishop of Doula\n24. John, archbishop of [Mabbogh](/wiki/Manbij \"Manbij\")\n25. John, bishop of [Doliche](/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk \"Dülük\")\n26. Severus, [archbishop of Jerusalem](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Archbishop_of_Jerusalem \"Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n**Notes**\n\n**Citations**\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n[Category:9th\\-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops](/wiki/Category:9th-century_Oriental_Orthodox_archbishops \"9th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops\")\n[Category:Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783](/wiki/Category:Syriac_Patriarchs_of_Antioch_from_512_to_1783 \"Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783\")\n[Category:883 deaths](/wiki/Category:883_deaths \"883 deaths\")\n[Category:Year of birth unknown](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown \"Year of birth unknown\")\n[Category:Upper Mesopotamia under the Abbasid Caliphate](/wiki/Category:Upper_Mesopotamia_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate \"Upper Mesopotamia under the Abbasid Caliphate\")\n[Category:9th\\-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate](/wiki/Category:9th-century_people_from_the_Abbasid_Caliphate \"9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate\")\n[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate](/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate \"Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Opel OHC engine | {
"id": [
577301
],
"name": [
"Colonies Chris"
]
} | 7v3rr5lvtrlesrb3yvykujzx2pilx98 | 2024-04-06T18:52:09Z | 720,958,975 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Opel OHC engine"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Opel OHC engine** can refer to the following diesel and petrol engines produced by General Motors:\n\n* **[GM Family 0 engine](/wiki/GM_Family_0_engine \"GM Family 0 engine\")** – straight\\-4 engines produced by Adam Opel AG\n* **[GM Family 1 engine](/wiki/GM_Family_1_engine \"GM Family 1 engine\")** – straight\\-4 engines produced by Adam Opel AG\n* **[GM Family II engine](/wiki/GM_Family_II_engine \"GM Family II engine\")** – straight\\-4 engines produced by Adam Opel AG\n\n"
]
} |
Bike Share Toronto | {
"id": [
44656047
],
"name": [
"Isaacberman"
]
} | nhfl9hs3758es5feus4ycaj4s814fnx | 2024-09-15T12:56:41Z | 1,245,174,676 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"System expansion",
"Ridership",
"Payment and Pricing",
"Reduced Fare Pass Program",
"Corporate and Student Discounts",
"Bikes",
"Mobile apps",
"Sponsorship and Promotions",
"Free Ride Wednesdays",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|420x420px\\|All Bike Share trips in Toronto in 2017\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:BikeshareTrips1920x1080.png \"BikeshareTrips1920x1080.png\")**Bike Share Toronto** is a [bicycle\\-sharing system](/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system \"Bicycle-sharing system\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Ontario, operated by the [Toronto Parking Authority](/wiki/Toronto_Parking_Authority \"Toronto Parking Authority\") (TPA). The system consists of over 9,000 bicycles and over 700 stations, and covers over in 21 of the 25 wards of the city, with plans to expand to the entire city by 2025\\.\n\nThe system was launched in 2011 by [PBSC Urban Solutions](/wiki/PBSC_Urban_Solutions \"PBSC Urban Solutions\") under the [BIXI](/wiki/BIXI_Montr%C3%A9al%23The_name \"BIXI Montréal#The name\") brand and was taken over by the [City of Toronto](/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto \"Municipal government of Toronto\") through the Toronto Parking Authority in 2014\\. The system is currently sponsored by [Tangerine Bank](/wiki/Tangerine_Bank \"Tangerine Bank\"). Since 2016, the system has been gradually expanded, with ridership increasing to a high of 5\\.7 million rides in 2023\\. \n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nBike Share Toronto launched in 2011 as BIXI Toronto, with 80 stations centred around the [downtown core](/wiki/Downtown_Toronto \"Downtown Toronto\") of Toronto and 1,000 bicycles. The system was operated by PBSC.\n\nIn 2013, PBSC announced that it was unable to pay back $3\\.9 million of a $4\\.5 million loan from the [City of Toronto](/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto \"Municipal government of Toronto\") and filed for [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy \"Bankruptcy\"). The City decided to cover the loan by diverting money from an automated public\\-toilets program. The City then took control of the bike\\-share program, and April 1, 2014, the [Toronto Parking Authority](/wiki/Toronto_Parking_Authority \"Toronto Parking Authority\") (TPA) took control of the system, and renamed it to Bike Share Toronto. The new operator of the system was Alta Bicycle Share (now [Motivate](/wiki/Motivate_%28company%29 \"Motivate (company)\")).\n\nA planned expansion of 22 stations for the 2015 [Pan Am](/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games \"2015 Pan American Games\")/[Parapan Am](/wiki/2015_Parapan_American_Games \"2015 Parapan American Games\") Games was abandoned. The original stations operated on a hybrid platform; software was supplied by 8D and hardware came from PBSC. Later, each company developed its own full system of hardware and software, no longer supporting integration of components with other vendors. As a result, all existing stations would have to be replaced or retrofitted.\n\n### System expansion\n\nThe first expansion launched in June 2016, with $4\\.9 million in funding provided by [Metrolinx](/wiki/Metrolinx \"Metrolinx\") and $1\\.1 million in [Section 37 funds](/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement \"Community Benefits Agreement\"). The expansion added 120 stations and 1,000 bikes, for a total of 2,000 bicycles and 200 stations. The TPA chose PBSC as the supplier of the new bicycles and stations. As part of the agreement, PBSC would also retrofit the existing stations to be compatible with the new stations.\n\nOn April 1, 2017, the TPA transitioned the day\\-to\\-day operation of Bike Share Toronto to Shift Transit, a PBSC partner company, while maintaining ownership of the system.\n\nA further expansion of the system took place in August 2017, with the system expanding to 270 stations, 2,750 bikes and 4,700 docks, with $4 million in expansion funding from the [Government of Canada](/wiki/Government_of_Canada \"Government of Canada\") and the City of Toronto. The August 2018 expansion expanded the station to 360 stations, 3,750 bikes, and 6,200 docks. By the end of 2019, 105 new stations and 1,250 more bikes had been added to the system in 2019, with a corresponding increase in ridership to over 2\\.4 million.\n\nIn June 2020, it was announced that the system would expand substantially, with 1,850 new bicycles and 160 stations outside the downtown core, such as in [North York](/wiki/North_York \"North York\") and [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_Toronto \"Scarborough, Toronto\"). The size of the system would increase to over , with docking stations in 20 of the 25 wards. This expansion would also add 300 [e\\-bikes](/wiki/Electric_bicycle \"Electric bicycle\") to the system, allowing easier journeys in hilly parts of the city and speeding up long\\-distance journeys.\n\nIn 2020, due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto \"COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto\") and consequential stay\\-at\\-home orders, ridership grew by 20%, with records being set for both the busiest day and the busiest weekend on the system. The number of people with annual memberships increased to 465,000 from 2019 to 2020, around double the previous figure.\n[alt\\=Visualization of every Bike Share trip in Toronto in June 2024\\|thumb\\|420x420px\\|Visualization of every Bike Share trip in Toronto in June 2024](/wiki/File:Bike-share-trip-map-june2024-3600x2300.png \"Bike-share-trip-map-june2024-3600x2300.png\")\nIn 2021, ridership again grew by 20% to 3\\.5 million, with the TPA calling the growth \"tremendous\". On May 16, 2021, 27,000 riders were taken, setting a new one day ridership record. TPA also noted a large increase in the number of riders following the installation of bike lanes on [Bloor Street](/wiki/Bloor_Street \"Bloor Street\"). Toronto Bike Share began piloting a 45\\-minute membership, as well as developing a growth plan for future system expansion.\n\nIn 2022, TPA announced that work on a 4\\-year growth plan had begun, with objectives such as increasing the number of stations to 1,000, the number of bikes to 10,000 (including 2500 e\\-bikes), expanding the spread of the system across all 25 wards of Toronto, and improving [first and last mile](/wiki/Last_mile_%28transportation%29 \"Last mile (transportation)\") connections and increase equitable access to the system. Initial expansion in 2022 included 13 new stations as well as 225 new e\\-bikes \\& 100 regular bikes. Overall, ridership grew by 31% in 2022, to 4\\.6 million.\n\nIn 2023, 122 new stations were added, and ridership grew by 24% to 5\\.7 million.\n\n### Ridership\n\n[thumb\\|380x380px\\|Bike Share Toronto cumulative annual trips from 2020\\-2024](/wiki/File:Bike_Share_Toronto_Cumulative_Station_Trips.png \"Bike Share Toronto Cumulative Station Trips.png\")\n\nRidership is measured in the number of trips taken. A trip is counted whenever a bicycle is undocked and re\\-docked. Longer commutes may be counted as multiple trips, in part due to memberships encouraging shorter individual trips. \n\n| \\+ | Year | Trips Taken | Source |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2023 | 5,700,000 | |\n| 2022 | 4,600,000 | |\n| 2021 | 3,575,000 | |\n| 2020 | 2,900,000 | |\n| 2019 | 2,400,384 | |\n| 2018 | 1,975,384 | |\n| 2017 | 1,510,802 | |\n| 2016 | 834,235 | |\n| 2015 | 667,000 | |\n\n",
"### System expansion\n\nThe first expansion launched in June 2016, with $4\\.9 million in funding provided by [Metrolinx](/wiki/Metrolinx \"Metrolinx\") and $1\\.1 million in [Section 37 funds](/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement \"Community Benefits Agreement\"). The expansion added 120 stations and 1,000 bikes, for a total of 2,000 bicycles and 200 stations. The TPA chose PBSC as the supplier of the new bicycles and stations. As part of the agreement, PBSC would also retrofit the existing stations to be compatible with the new stations.\n\nOn April 1, 2017, the TPA transitioned the day\\-to\\-day operation of Bike Share Toronto to Shift Transit, a PBSC partner company, while maintaining ownership of the system.\n\nA further expansion of the system took place in August 2017, with the system expanding to 270 stations, 2,750 bikes and 4,700 docks, with $4 million in expansion funding from the [Government of Canada](/wiki/Government_of_Canada \"Government of Canada\") and the City of Toronto. The August 2018 expansion expanded the station to 360 stations, 3,750 bikes, and 6,200 docks. By the end of 2019, 105 new stations and 1,250 more bikes had been added to the system in 2019, with a corresponding increase in ridership to over 2\\.4 million.\n\nIn June 2020, it was announced that the system would expand substantially, with 1,850 new bicycles and 160 stations outside the downtown core, such as in [North York](/wiki/North_York \"North York\") and [Scarborough](/wiki/Scarborough%2C_Toronto \"Scarborough, Toronto\"). The size of the system would increase to over , with docking stations in 20 of the 25 wards. This expansion would also add 300 [e\\-bikes](/wiki/Electric_bicycle \"Electric bicycle\") to the system, allowing easier journeys in hilly parts of the city and speeding up long\\-distance journeys.\n\nIn 2020, due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto \"COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto\") and consequential stay\\-at\\-home orders, ridership grew by 20%, with records being set for both the busiest day and the busiest weekend on the system. The number of people with annual memberships increased to 465,000 from 2019 to 2020, around double the previous figure.\n[alt\\=Visualization of every Bike Share trip in Toronto in June 2024\\|thumb\\|420x420px\\|Visualization of every Bike Share trip in Toronto in June 2024](/wiki/File:Bike-share-trip-map-june2024-3600x2300.png \"Bike-share-trip-map-june2024-3600x2300.png\")\nIn 2021, ridership again grew by 20% to 3\\.5 million, with the TPA calling the growth \"tremendous\". On May 16, 2021, 27,000 riders were taken, setting a new one day ridership record. TPA also noted a large increase in the number of riders following the installation of bike lanes on [Bloor Street](/wiki/Bloor_Street \"Bloor Street\"). Toronto Bike Share began piloting a 45\\-minute membership, as well as developing a growth plan for future system expansion.\n\nIn 2022, TPA announced that work on a 4\\-year growth plan had begun, with objectives such as increasing the number of stations to 1,000, the number of bikes to 10,000 (including 2500 e\\-bikes), expanding the spread of the system across all 25 wards of Toronto, and improving [first and last mile](/wiki/Last_mile_%28transportation%29 \"Last mile (transportation)\") connections and increase equitable access to the system. Initial expansion in 2022 included 13 new stations as well as 225 new e\\-bikes \\& 100 regular bikes. Overall, ridership grew by 31% in 2022, to 4\\.6 million.\n\nIn 2023, 122 new stations were added, and ridership grew by 24% to 5\\.7 million.\n\n",
"### Ridership\n\n[thumb\\|380x380px\\|Bike Share Toronto cumulative annual trips from 2020\\-2024](/wiki/File:Bike_Share_Toronto_Cumulative_Station_Trips.png \"Bike Share Toronto Cumulative Station Trips.png\")\n\nRidership is measured in the number of trips taken. A trip is counted whenever a bicycle is undocked and re\\-docked. Longer commutes may be counted as multiple trips, in part due to memberships encouraging shorter individual trips. \n\n| \\+ | Year | Trips Taken | Source |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2023 | 5,700,000 | |\n| 2022 | 4,600,000 | |\n| 2021 | 3,575,000 | |\n| 2020 | 2,900,000 | |\n| 2019 | 2,400,384 | |\n| 2018 | 1,975,384 | |\n| 2017 | 1,510,802 | |\n| 2016 | 834,235 | |\n| 2015 | 667,000 | |\n\n",
"Payment and Pricing\n-------------------\n\n[thumb\\|266x266px\\|Payment Kiosk 2023](/wiki/File:Bikeshare_Toronto_Kiosk_2023.jpg \"Bikeshare Toronto Kiosk 2023.jpg\")\nPayment can done via a payment kiosk installed at each station, by key card at each dock, through their mobile app, or through their mobile website. \n\nRiders who have no membership or pass must pay a $1 unlock fee. After which, they will be charged a fee based on duration of use. The fees are $0\\.12/min for a classic bicycle and $0\\.20/min for an [e\\-bike](/wiki/Electric_bicycle \"Electric bicycle\"). A 24\\-hour pass may also be purchased for $15, which allows for unlimited 90 minute rides on classic bikes.\n\nAnnual memberships are also available. There are two tiers, the Annual 30 which allows for unlimited 30 minute trips at $105/year, and the Annual 45 which allows for unlimited 45 minute trips at $120/year. Both tiers only provide unlimited trips on classic bicycles, but halves the rates of e\\-bikes to $0\\.10/min.\n\nExceeding the duration limit will incur overage fees. These fees are priced at the normal rates the riders pay for classic and e\\-bike usage. It is recommended that riders dock and undock another bike often to reset this duration.\n\n### Reduced Fare Pass Program\n\nSubsidized [Toronto Community Housing](/wiki/Toronto_Community_Housing \"Toronto Community Housing\") tenants are eligible for the Annual 30 plan for a reduced price of $5, while market rate tenants are eligible for a 20% discount off annual membership rates. [Ontario Disability Support Program](/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program \"Ontario Disability Support Program\") recipients may qualify for annual memberships, where the e\\-bike per\\-minute fee is reduced to 0\\.\n\n### Corporate and Student Discounts\n\nEmployees of registered companies or students and faculty members from registered schools can receive a 20% discount to their membership rates.\n\n",
"### Reduced Fare Pass Program\n\nSubsidized [Toronto Community Housing](/wiki/Toronto_Community_Housing \"Toronto Community Housing\") tenants are eligible for the Annual 30 plan for a reduced price of $5, while market rate tenants are eligible for a 20% discount off annual membership rates. [Ontario Disability Support Program](/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program \"Ontario Disability Support Program\") recipients may qualify for annual memberships, where the e\\-bike per\\-minute fee is reduced to 0\\.\n\n",
"### Corporate and Student Discounts\n\nEmployees of registered companies or students and faculty members from registered schools can receive a 20% discount to their membership rates.\n\n",
"Bikes\n-----\n\nThe bicycles are [utility bicycles](/wiki/Utility_bicycle \"Utility bicycle\"); they have a [step\\-through frame](/wiki/Step-through_frame \"Step-through frame\") with an upright seating position. They are equipped with [internal hub gears](/wiki/Hub_gear \"Hub gear\"), [drum brakes](/wiki/Bicycle_drum_brakes \"Bicycle drum brakes\"), fenders, [chain guard](/wiki/Gear_case \"Gear case\"), generator [lights](/wiki/Bicycle_lighting \"Bicycle lighting\"), and a front rack. The conventional bikes are PBSC's \"Iconic\" model. The e\\-bikes which have been ordered for the e\\-bike pilot project are PBSC's \"E\\-Fit\" model. All the bikes have been configured with three\\-speed hubs. There are also 300 pedal\\-assist e\\-bikes available, which were added in the 2020 expansion.\n\n",
"Mobile apps\n-----------\n\nA mobile app can be used to rent bikes, instead of using the payment kiosk at stations. The officially\\-recommended mobile app is the \"PBSC\" app (formerly named \"CycleFinder\"). A competing app, called [Transit](/wiki/Transit_%28app%29 \"Transit (app)\"), also works.\n\n",
"Sponsorship and Promotions\n--------------------------\n\nBetween late 2014 and 2016, [TD Canada Trust](/wiki/TD_Canada_Trust \"TD Canada Trust\") sponsored Toronto Bike Share, covering \"all operating costs\" at a cost of $750,000 a year. This sponsorship was not renewed. In 2020, the TPA signed a 3\\-year deal with [Bell Media (Astral)](/wiki/Bell_Media \"Bell Media\") for advertising rights at stations. The TPA also stated that they were investigating the potential of a systemwide corporate sponsor, similar to other systems like [Santander Cycles](/wiki/Santander_Cycles \"Santander Cycles\") in London.\n\nIn May 2023, it was announced that [Tangerine Bank](/wiki/Tangerine_Bank \"Tangerine Bank\") had signed a five year sponsorship agreement with Bike Share Toronto. This would help fund initiatives included in a 4\\-year growth plan, with Tangerine Bank customers receiving rewards for using the system.\n\n### Free Ride Wednesdays\n\nIn June 2017, [Toronto Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto \"Mayor of Toronto\") [John Tory](/wiki/John_Tory \"John Tory\") announced a \"Free Ride Wednesdays\" program, which allowed anyone to take free trips of up to 30 minutes on every Wednesday in July 2017\\. There were no limits to the number of trips per day. Fees applied only if any one single trip exceeded 30 minutes. Free Ride Wednesdays were also held in June 2018 and August 2019\\. Afterwards, Bike Share Toronto signed a multi\\-year sponsorship agreement with CAA in order to cover future Free Ride Wednesdays.\n\n",
"### Free Ride Wednesdays\n\nIn June 2017, [Toronto Mayor](/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto \"Mayor of Toronto\") [John Tory](/wiki/John_Tory \"John Tory\") announced a \"Free Ride Wednesdays\" program, which allowed anyone to take free trips of up to 30 minutes on every Wednesday in July 2017\\. There were no limits to the number of trips per day. Fees applied only if any one single trip exceeded 30 minutes. Free Ride Wednesdays were also held in June 2018 and August 2019\\. Afterwards, Bike Share Toronto signed a multi\\-year sponsorship agreement with CAA in order to cover future Free Ride Wednesdays.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Cycling in Toronto](/wiki/Cycling_in_Toronto \"Cycling in Toronto\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [PBSC mobile app](https://bikesharetoronto.com/app/)\n* [Transit App](https://transitapp.com/)\n\n[Category:Community bicycle programs](/wiki/Category:Community_bicycle_programs \"Community bicycle programs\")\n[Category:Cycling in Toronto](/wiki/Category:Cycling_in_Toronto \"Cycling in Toronto\")\n[Category:Bicycle sharing in Canada](/wiki/Category:Bicycle_sharing_in_Canada \"Bicycle sharing in Canada\")\n\n"
]
} |
Union Hotel (Wakefield, New Hampshire) | {
"id": [
1273126
],
"name": [
"Iridescent 2"
]
} | 4zw6gvnnyp4ktlwxaggzzxhs9v57hgu | 2022-01-26T18:50:22Z | 1,065,842,430 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description and history",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
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"content": [
"\nThe **Union Hotel** is a historic hotel building at 254 Main Street in the [Union](/wiki/Union%2C_New_Hampshire \"Union, New Hampshire\") village of [Wakefield, New Hampshire](/wiki/Wakefield%2C_New_Hampshire \"Wakefield, New Hampshire\"). Built in 1855 and repeatedly enlarged, it is one of only two surviving 19th\\-century railroad hotels in the town. It was operated until 1960, and for many years housed the local [VFW](/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars \"Veterans of Foreign Wars\") post. The building was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1989\\. It is now home to the Greater Wakefield Resource Center.\n\n",
"Description and history\n-----------------------\n\nThe Union Hotel is located in southernmost Wakefield, in the village of Union at the northwest corner of Main and Church streets. It is essentially a complex of connected wood\\-frame structures, most stories in height and covered in wooden clapboards. It consists of a main block and several wings, which primarily housed hotel rooms, arranged around a central courtyard and connected by covered passages. An open single\\-story porch extends across the front and around to both sides, with a [hip roof](/wiki/Hip_roof \"Hip roof\") supported by round metal posts. The interior of the public spaces have a mix of old and modern finishes, from original marble parquet flooring to linoleum.\n\nThe \\-story wood\\-frame building was built in 1855 by Robert Pike, who operated the hotel until his death in 1916\\. It was then operated by other owners until financial reverses led to a bank foreclosure in 1961\\. The local VFW post purchased the building in 1966\\. Most recently, the building has been acquired and restored by the Greater Wakefield Resource Center, a non\\-profit umbrella organization.\n\nThe building is one of only three hotel buildings that were purpose\\-built after the arrival of the railroad in the area, at a time when the Union village in southern Wakefield was its northern terminus. For seventeen years, Union had the only railroad station in all of [Carroll County](/wiki/Carroll_County%2C_New_Hampshire \"Carroll County, New Hampshire\"), making it a key transportation junction for the region.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, New Hampshire](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carroll_County%2C_New_Hampshire \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, New Hampshire\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Greater Wakefield Resource Center web site](http://greaterwakefieldresourcecenter.webs.com/)\n\n[Category:Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Hotel_buildings_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_Hampshire \"Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire\")\n[Category:Commercial buildings completed in 1855](/wiki/Category:Commercial_buildings_completed_in_1855 \"Commercial buildings completed in 1855\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Carroll County, New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Carroll_County%2C_New_Hampshire \"Buildings and structures in Carroll County, New Hampshire\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Carroll_County%2C_New_Hampshire \"National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, New Hampshire\")\n[Category:Wakefield, New Hampshire](/wiki/Category:Wakefield%2C_New_Hampshire \"Wakefield, New Hampshire\")\n\n"
]
} |
Mili Pictures Worldwide | {
"id": [
44139836
],
"name": [
"AnthonyN090"
]
} | ez8qmrld1qpparo8avphxjaqthfonxr | 2023-10-31T18:47:42Z | 1,159,711,053 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Filmography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + \n\t**Mili Pictures Worldwide** () is a feature film animation company based in Shanghai, China. The company's first film, *[Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn](/wiki/Dragon_Nest:Warriors%27_Dawn \"Warriors' Dawn\")*, based on the online game *[Dragon Nest](/wiki/Dragon_Nest \"Dragon Nest\")*, was released in China in July 2014\\. The company opened an office in Los Angeles, California in spring 2014, headed by producer Bill Borden (producer of *[High School Musical](/wiki/High_School_Musical \"High School Musical\")* and other films). The company's most recent feature project, *Ping Pong Rabbit*, filmed in Los Angeles. *Ping Pong Rabbit* was directed by [Mike Johnson](/wiki/Mike_Johnson_%28animator%29 \"Mike Johnson (animator)\"), who was nominated for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature as co\\-director (with [Tim Burton](/wiki/Tim_Burton \"Tim Burton\")) of *[Corpse Bride](/wiki/Corpse_Bride \"Corpse Bride\")*.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n* 2014: *[Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn](/wiki/Dragon_Nest:Warriors%27_Dawn \"Warriors' Dawn\")*\n* 2015: *[The Three Little Pigs and the Lamp](/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs_and_the_Lamp \"The Three Little Pigs and the Lamp\")*\n* 2016: *[Throne of Elves](/wiki/Throne_of_Elves \"Throne of Elves\")*\n* 2017\\-2018: *Shen Qi Huan Qi Tan*\n* 2019: *Ping Pong Rabbit*\n* TBA: *Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds* (co\\-production with [BRB Internacional](/wiki/BRB_Internacional \"BRB Internacional\"))\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Chinese animation studios](/wiki/Category:Chinese_animation_studios \"Chinese animation studios\")\n[Category:Chinese companies established in 2012](/wiki/Category:Chinese_companies_established_in_2012 \"Chinese companies established in 2012\")\n[Category:Companies based in Shanghai](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Shanghai \"Companies based in Shanghai\")\n[Category:Film production companies of China](/wiki/Category:Film_production_companies_of_China \"Film production companies of China\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Embassy of the United States, Havana | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | h11byid09tam39vfkt3a9o52w1f1too | 2024-05-22T23:52:18Z | 1,195,541,456 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Health-related incidents",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\nThe **Embassy of the United States of America in Havana** () is the [United States of America](/wiki/United_States \"United States\")'s [diplomatic mission](/wiki/Diplomatic_mission \"Diplomatic mission\") in [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"). On January 3, 1961, [U.S. President](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") severed relations following the [Cuban Revolution](/wiki/Cuban_Revolution \"Cuban Revolution\") of the 1950s.[United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba](http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-severs-diplomatic-relations-with-cuba) History. In 1977, U.S. President [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") and Cuban leader [Fidel Castro](/wiki/Fidel_Castro \"Fidel Castro\") signed an Interests Sections Agreement that permitted each government to operate from its former [embassy](/wiki/Embassy \"Embassy\") in [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\") and [Washington D.C.](/wiki/Washington_D.C. \"Washington D.C.\"), which were called Interests Sections; they were prohibited from flying their respective flags. [Cuban President](/wiki/President_of_Cuba \"President of Cuba\") [Raúl Castro](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro \"Raúl Castro\") and U.S. President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") [restored full diplomatic connections](/wiki/Cuban_thaw \"Cuban thaw\") on July 20, 2015\\.\n\nThe building housed the [United States Interests Section in Havana](/wiki/United_States_Interests_Section_in_Havana \"United States Interests Section in Havana\") between 1977 and 2015, which operated under the auspices of the [Swiss Embassy](/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland \"Foreign relations of Switzerland\") (acting as [protecting power](/wiki/Protecting_power \"Protecting power\")). On July 1, 2015, it was announced that with the resumption of diplomatic ties, the building resumed its role as the U.S. Embassy in Cuba on July 20, 2015\\.\n\nAfter the emergence of [Havana syndrome](/wiki/Havana_syndrome \"Havana syndrome\") in 2017, the United States withdrew most of the personnel from the embassy, so by July 2018 only 10 American diplomats were left to maintain the diplomatic service. The reduction of staffing also resulted in declining availability of embassy services. The [Biden](/wiki/Biden \"Biden\") Administration plans on expanding staff at the embassy to resume full scale processing of immigrant visa services beginning in early 2023\\. The embassy is led by [Chargé d'Affaires](/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27Affaires \"Chargé d'Affaires\") [Benjamin G. Ziff](/wiki/Benjamin_G._Ziff \"Benjamin G. Ziff\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Embassy on the [Malecón](/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n%2C_Havana \"Malecón, Havana\") in the distance beyond the José Martí Anti\\-Imperialist Platform, ca. 1973\\.](/wiki/File:Havanna_1973_buidling_of_the_former_US_embassy.jpg \"Havanna 1973 buidling of the former US embassy.jpg\")\n\n \n\nThe current [embassy](/wiki/Diplomatic_mission \"Diplomatic mission\") was designed in the [Modernist](/wiki/Modern_architecture \"Modern architecture\")\\-[Brutalist style](/wiki/Brutalist_architecture \"Brutalist architecture\") by the architectural firm [Harrison \\& Abramovitz](/wiki/Harrison_%26_Abramovitz \"Harrison & Abramovitz\"). The seven\\-story concrete and glass building was completed in 1953\\. The gardens were designed by Californian [landscape architect](/wiki/Landscape_architect \"Landscape architect\") [Thomas Dolliver Church](/wiki/Thomas_Dolliver_Church \"Thomas Dolliver Church\"). The contractor for the building was Jaime Alberto Mitrani, , also a professor of civil engineering at the University of Havana. The embassy complex is located directly on the Malecón facing the [José Martí Anti\\-Imperialist Platform](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Anti-Imperialist_Platform \"José Martí Anti-Imperialist Platform\") and in proximity to the [Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Cuba%29 \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)\").\n\nAfter the U.S. diplomatic mission became defunct in 1961, the building was not used by American personnel until the opening of the interests section on September 1, 1977\\.[Talking to the Bearded Man: The Swiss Mandate to Represent U.S. Interests in Cuba, 1961–1977\\.](http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/international_history_politics/shared/working_papers/WPIHP-Fischer.pdf) [Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies](/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies \"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies\"). In 1963, [Prime Minister of Cuba](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba \"Prime Minister of Cuba\") [Fidel Castro](/wiki/Fidel_Castro \"Fidel Castro\") ordered the confiscation of the complex, but action was never taken by the [Cuban government](/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba \"Politics of Cuba\"), though it still claimed right to the property in 2012\\.[Havana's New York Accent.](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/realestate/cuba-streetscapes-the-new-york-accented-architecture-of-havana.html?_r=0) *The New York Times*.\n\nDuring the period that the complex served as an interests section, the U.S. was represented by [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), and the Swiss maintained both the embassy complex and its effects. Renovations were completed on the complex in 1997\\.\n\nThe building was upgraded from an interests section and returned to its original role as the United States Embassy in Cuba, on July 20, 2015\\. On August 14, 2015, [U.S. Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State \"United States Secretary of State\") [John Kerry](/wiki/John_Kerry \"John Kerry\") officially reopened it; eight [congressional](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") lawmakers involved in the policy change attended, and the three Marines (Larry C. Morris, Mike East and Jim Tracy) who had lowered the [U.S. flag](/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States \"Flag of the United States\") at the embassy 54 years earlier presented a new flag, which was then raised by Marines assigned to the post.\n\nIn May 2022 a $28 million renovation project of the Embassy building was launched. The renovation project ran into several problems like visa issues for U.S. workers and technicians as well as supply shortages and fuel quality issues.\n\n",
"Health\\-related incidents\n-------------------------\n\nIn August 2017, reports began surfacing that Americans posted at the embassy had been subjected to health\\-related incidents, dating back to late 2016\\. Two dozen employees of the State Department reported experiencing what were referred to as \"health attacks\". The State Department determined that the health problems may have been the result of an attack or else exposure to an as\\-yet\\-unknown device, and did not believe the Cuban government is responsible.[U.S. does not believe Cuba is behind sonic attacks on American diplomats](http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/white-house/article175493626.html). [McClatchy News Service](/wiki/McClatchy_News_Service \"McClatchy News Service\"), 26 September 2017 Affected individuals described mild brain damage similar to a concussion and symptoms such as temporary or permanent hearing loss, memory loss, and nausea. Speculation has centered around a [sonic or ultrasonic weapon](/wiki/Sonic_weapon \"Sonic weapon\"), but the scientific consensus is that the use of a sonic weapon is implausible. [Timothy Leighton](/wiki/Timothy_Leighton \"Timothy Leighton\"), an expert in ultrasonics, has said \"If you're talking about a ray\\-gun rifle knocking out someone with ultrasound they can't hear at a hundred metersthat's not going to happen\".\n\nThe United States expelled two Cuban diplomats in response to the attacks; the Cuban government offered to cooperate with the US in an investigation of the incidents. In September, the US State Department stated that it was removing non\\-emergency staff from the US embassy, and warned US citizens not to travel to Cuba. In October 2017, the *Associated Press* released what it claimed was a recording of the sound some embassy workers heard during the attacks. However, senior neurologists consulted by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* suggested that the health incidents were probably [psychosomatic](/wiki/Psychosomatic \"Psychosomatic\") complaints, of the kind commonly known as [mass hysteria](/wiki/Mass_hysteria \"Mass hysteria\"). In December 2017, investigators discovered abnormalities in the victims' brains. The white matter of the brains showed physical changes which doctors believe could not have been caused by sound. They are now avoiding the term \"sonic\" to describe the attacks and there is growing skepticism it was caused by a sonic device; rather, it's possible that the sound heard by victims was a by\\-product of the brain damage. In a 2018 paper published in [JAMA](/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association \"Journal of the American Medical Association\"), a team of medical researchers at the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") all but ruled out a sonic weapon and said they could not find the source of the ailments experienced by the embassy staff. They said that the report by the Associated Press claiming researchers had found damage to white matter in the brains of the patients was wrong and that there was no such damage. In January 2019 a study of a recording of the sound heard by embassy staff was released by Alexander Stubbs, a graduate student at the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"), and Fernando Montealegre\\-Zapata, a professor of sensory biology at the [University of Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Lincoln \"University of Lincoln\"). The study found that the sound matched the mating song of the [Indies short\\-tailed cricket](/wiki/Anurogryllus_celerinictus \"Anurogryllus celerinictus\") found around the Caribbean. The researchers did not examine the cause of the diplomats' ailments and did not rule out a sonic attack \"at another point\".\n\n[James Lewis](/wiki/James_Andrew_Lewis \"James Andrew Lewis\"), a former State Department official and intelligence expert, stated: \"We know with 100% certainly that the embassies are under surveillance, and the technology being used could just be crude and over\\-powered\"; he noted that health problems at the [US embassy in Moscow](/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Moscow \"Embassy of the United States, Moscow\") in the 1970s were thought to be linked to the use of [microwave surveillance devices](/wiki/The_Thing_%28listening_device%29 \"The Thing (listening device)\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Embassy of Cuba in Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Embassy_of_Cuba_in_Washington%2C_D.C. \"Embassy of Cuba in Washington, D.C.\")\n* [Cuban Thaw](/wiki/Cuban_Thaw \"Cuban Thaw\")\n* [Havana syndrome](/wiki/Havana_syndrome \"Havana syndrome\")\n* [Moscow Signal](/wiki/Moscow_Signal \"Moscow Signal\")\n* [Yellow rain](/wiki/Yellow_rain \"Yellow rain\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [United States Department of State: Cuba](https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/wha/ci/cu/)\n* [Embassy of the United States in Cuba (Havana)](http://cu.usembassy.gov/)\n\n[Category:Cuba–United States relations](/wiki/Category:Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations \"Cuba–United States relations\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Havana](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Havana \"Buildings and structures in Havana\")\n[Havana](/wiki/Category:Diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States \"Diplomatic missions of the United States\")\n[United States](/wiki/Category:Diplomatic_missions_in_Havana \"Diplomatic missions in Havana\")\n[Category:1953 establishments in Cuba](/wiki/Category:1953_establishments_in_Cuba \"1953 establishments in Cuba\")\n[Category:1961 disestablishments in Cuba](/wiki/Category:1961_disestablishments_in_Cuba \"1961 disestablishments in Cuba\")\n[Category:2015 establishments in Cuba](/wiki/Category:2015_establishments_in_Cuba \"2015 establishments in Cuba\")\n[Category:Brutalist architecture](/wiki/Category:Brutalist_architecture \"Brutalist architecture\")\n[Category:21st\\-century architecture in Cuba](/wiki/Category:21st-century_architecture_in_Cuba \"21st-century architecture in Cuba\")\n[Category:20th\\-century architecture in Cuba](/wiki/Category:20th-century_architecture_in_Cuba \"20th-century architecture in Cuba\")\n\n"
]
} |
Boxing at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's +91 kg | {
"id": [
3761856
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"name": [
"Sports2021"
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} | knr2yv42hg4krzaanxeou6cdwjz6sn3 | 2024-03-27T05:32:48Z | 1,215,231,300 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Schedule",
"Results",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\nThe **men's super heavyweight (\\+91 kilograms)** event at the [2010 Asian Games](/wiki/2010_Asian_Games \"2010 Asian Games\") took place from 16 to 25 November 2010 at [Lingnan Mingzhu Gymnasium](/wiki/Foshan_Lingnan_Mingzhu_Gymnasium \"Foshan Lingnan Mingzhu Gymnasium\"), [Foshan](/wiki/Foshan \"Foshan\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\").\n\nLike all Asian Games boxing events, the competition was a straight single\\-elimination tournament. All bouts consisted of three three\\-minute rounds. The boxers receive points for every successful punch they land on their opponent's head or upper body. The boxer with the most points at the end of the bouts wins. \n\nA total of 9 men from 9 countries competed in this event, limited to fighters whose body weight was over 91 kilograms. [Zhang Zhilei](/wiki/Zhang_Zhilei \"Zhang Zhilei\") of China won the gold medal. He beat [Ivan Dychko](/wiki/Ivan_Dychko \"Ivan Dychko\") of Kazakhstan 7–5 in the final bout in Foshan Gymnasium. [Rouhollah Hosseini](/wiki/Rouhollah_Hosseini \"Rouhollah Hosseini\") and [Paramjeet Samota](/wiki/Paramjeet_Samota \"Paramjeet Samota\") shared the bronze medal.\n\n",
"Schedule\n--------\n\nAll times are China Standard Time ([UTC\\+08:00](/wiki/UTC%2B08:00 \"00\"))\n\n| Date | Time | Event |\n\n| Tuesday, 16 November 2010 | 14:00 | Round of 16 |\n| Thursday, 18 November 2010 | 14:00 | Quarterfinals |\n| Wednesday, 24 November 2010 | 14:00 | Semifinals |\n| Thursday, 25 November 2010 | 19:00 | Final |\n\n",
"Results\n-------\n\nLegend\n* **RSC** — Won by referee stop contest\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](https://web.archive.org/web/20101013040900/http://www.gz2010.cn/08/0821/15/4JSNB52D0078007E.html)\n\n[Men's 100](/wiki/Category:Boxing_at_the_2010_Asian_Games \"Boxing at the 2010 Asian Games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Big Smo | {
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31876559
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"name": [
"Sumanuil"
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} | 804qt9oivjzo4yfuk9g1o4457k6rewe | 2024-08-26T05:09:35Z | 1,242,315,623 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Music career",
"Musical style",
"Personal life",
"Discography",
"Studio albums",
"Extended plays",
"Singles",
"Other charting songs",
"Music videos",
"References",
"External links"
],
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"\n\n**John Smith** (born February 14, 1976\\), known by his stage name **Big Smo**, is an American [country rap](/wiki/Country_rap \"Country rap\") musician, singer, songwriter, [record producer](/wiki/Record_producer \"Record producer\") and film director. After several independent and minor label releases, Smo's [major label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") debut studio album, *[Kuntry Livin'](/wiki/Kuntry_Livin%27 \"Kuntry Livin'\")*, was released in 2014 and charted on three *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* charts. He was the subject of an eponymous reality television series on [A\\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_channel%29 \"A&E (TV channel)\") that began in 2014\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nJohn Lee Smith was born in San Diego, California, to mother Mary Jane Smith and father Carl Avery Smith. His father, who was a [veteran](/wiki/Veteran \"Veteran\") of the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\"), died in 2007\\. His mother is his business manager.[20 Things You Need to Know About Big Smo](http://www.aetv.com/big-smo/exclusives/20-things-you-need-to-know-about-big-smo) . A\\&E Channel. Retrieved July 18, 2014\\.\n\n",
"Music career\n------------\n\nSmith started his musical endeavors in 1999, but did not release an album for three years. He released *Kuntry Kitchen* with Yayoda Records in 2002\\. Then, he released another album with Yayoda in 2007 entitled *The True South*. His last self\\-released album was 2018's *Special Reserve* In 2010, his homemade music video \"Kickin' It in Tennessee\" went viral, garnering over five million views on YouTube. He released two [EPs](/wiki/Extended_plays \"Extended plays\") with [Warner Bros. Records](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records \"Warner Bros. Records\") that were 2012's *Grass Roots* and 2013's *Backwoods Whiskey*. Smith's major\\-label debut came out in 2014, entitled *[Kuntry Livin'](/wiki/Kuntry_Livin%27 \"Kuntry Livin'\")*.\n\n",
"Musical style\n-------------\n\nAccording to Matt Bjorke of Roughstock, Big Smo is one of the foremost grassroots artists in a style known as [rural rap](/wiki/Rural_rap \"Rural rap\") or hick\\-hop, \"which blends rural, Country themes and melodies with some rap elements (production and vocal delivery)\". [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\")'s Steve Legget commented that Big Smo \"combines country themes and attitudes with rap and hip\\-hop in a style that prompted one reviewer to note 'If Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. had a love child, he would be named Big Smo,' although combining Hank Williams Jr. with Nappy Roots might strike a bit closer.\" *[Rolling Stone](/wiki/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* described Big Smo as sounding like \"If Run–D.M.C.'s 'Walk This Way' stomped out of Queens and ended up in the rural south.\" The music on *Kuntry Livin''' was described as spinning \"rap rhymes about working\\-class values over hard\\-rock riffs.\"*\n\nOther media\n-----------\n\nSmith was the principal subject of an [eponymously](/wiki/Eponym \"Eponym\") titled television series, Big Smo*. The program, about his life and music by [A\\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_channel%29 \"A&E (TV channel)\"), debuted in June 2014\\. He appeared in one episode, \"Empty Bottles Full Cans\", of the [Spike](/wiki/Spike_%28TV_network%29 \"Spike (TV network)\") TV series* [Bar Rescue](/wiki/Bar_Rescue \"Bar Rescue\")*.*\n\nHis life is featured in episode one, \"Kuntry Livin\", of CarbonTV's original series Heartlandia'', showing him shooting guns, cooking, and making music.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nSmith lives on his family farm compound known as, the \"Kuntry Ranch\", located in [Unionville, Tennessee](/wiki/Unionville%2C_Tennessee \"Unionville, Tennessee\"), a part of the [Shelbyville, Tennessee](/wiki/Shelbyville%2C_Tennessee \"Shelbyville, Tennessee\") Micropolitan Statistical Area. In 2024, after losing 225 pounds, he announced plans to open a plant\\-based food truck in Shelbyville.\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Studio albums\n\n| \\+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions | Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|[US](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\")\n\n[US \nCountry](/wiki/Top_Country_Albums \"Top Country Albums\")\n\n[US \nRap](/wiki/Rap_Albums \"Rap Albums\")\n\n|*Kuntry Kitchen*\n\n Released: 2002 Format: CD |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*The True South*\n\n Released: 2007 Format: CD |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*American Made*\n\n Released: 2010 Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*[Kuntry Livin'](/wiki/Kuntry_Livin%27 \"Kuntry Livin'\")*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n 31 |\n 6 |\n 3 |\n|*We the People*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*Special Reserve*\n\n Released: February 23, 2018 Label: Edge Music Nashville Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*This One's for You*\n\n Released: August 23, 2019 Label: [Average Joe's Entertainment](/wiki/Average_Joe%27s_Entertainment \"Average Joe's Entertainment\") Formats: CD, digital download |\n |\n |\n |\n| \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |\n\n### Extended plays\n\n| \\+ List of EPs, with selected chart positions | Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|[US](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\")\n\n[US \nCountry](/wiki/Top_Country_Albums \"Top Country Albums\")\n\n[US \nHeat](/wiki/Top_Heatseekers \"Top Heatseekers\")\n\n[US \nRap](/wiki/Rap_Albums \"Rap Albums\")\n\n|*Grass Roots EP*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n 71 |\n — |\n — |\n|*Backwoods Whiskey*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n 69 |\n 39 |\n — |\n|*Bringin' It Home*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n 130 |\n 12 |\n — |\n 7 |\n| \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | |\n\n### Singles\n\n| Year | Single | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|\n| 2014 | \"Workin'\" | *Kuntry Livin''' \\|\\- \\| 2016 ! scope\\=\"row\"\\| \"Retox\" \\| align\\=\"left\"\\|* We the People'' |\n\n#### Other charting songs\n\n| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [US Country](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs \"Hot Country Songs\") |\n| 2014 | \"My Place\" | 49 | ''Kuntry Livin''' |\n\n### Music videos\n\n| Year | Video | Director |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2014 | \"My Place\" (with [Darius Rucker](/wiki/Darius_Rucker \"Darius Rucker\")) | Richard Murray |\n|\n\n",
"### Studio albums\n\n| \\+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions | Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|[US](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\")\n\n[US \nCountry](/wiki/Top_Country_Albums \"Top Country Albums\")\n\n[US \nRap](/wiki/Rap_Albums \"Rap Albums\")\n\n|*Kuntry Kitchen*\n\n Released: 2002 Format: CD |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*The True South*\n\n Released: 2007 Format: CD |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*American Made*\n\n Released: 2010 Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*[Kuntry Livin'](/wiki/Kuntry_Livin%27 \"Kuntry Livin'\")*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n 31 |\n 6 |\n 3 |\n|*We the People*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*Special Reserve*\n\n Released: February 23, 2018 Label: Edge Music Nashville Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n — |\n — |\n|*This One's for You*\n\n Released: August 23, 2019 Label: [Average Joe's Entertainment](/wiki/Average_Joe%27s_Entertainment \"Average Joe's Entertainment\") Formats: CD, digital download |\n |\n |\n |\n| \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |\n\n",
"### Extended plays\n\n| \\+ List of EPs, with selected chart positions | Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|\n|[US](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\")\n\n[US \nCountry](/wiki/Top_Country_Albums \"Top Country Albums\")\n\n[US \nHeat](/wiki/Top_Heatseekers \"Top Heatseekers\")\n\n[US \nRap](/wiki/Rap_Albums \"Rap Albums\")\n\n|*Grass Roots EP*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n 71 |\n — |\n — |\n|*Backwoods Whiskey*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n — |\n 69 |\n 39 |\n — |\n|*Bringin' It Home*\n\n Released: Formats: CD, digital download |\n 130 |\n 12 |\n — |\n 7 |\n| \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | |\n\n",
"### Singles\n\n| Year | Single | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|\n| 2014 | \"Workin'\" | *Kuntry Livin''' \\|\\- \\| 2016 ! scope\\=\"row\"\\| \"Retox\" \\| align\\=\"left\"\\|* We the People'' |\n\n#### Other charting songs\n\n| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [US Country](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs \"Hot Country Songs\") |\n| 2014 | \"My Place\" | 49 | ''Kuntry Livin''' |\n\n",
"#### Other charting songs\n\n| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [US Country](/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs \"Hot Country Songs\") |\n| 2014 | \"My Place\" | 49 | ''Kuntry Livin''' |\n\n",
"### Music videos\n\n| Year | Video | Director |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2014 | \"My Place\" (with [Darius Rucker](/wiki/Darius_Rucker \"Darius Rucker\")) | Richard Murray |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1976 births](/wiki/Category:1976_births \"1976 births\")\n[Category:American country singer\\-songwriters](/wiki/Category:American_country_singer-songwriters \"American country singer-songwriters\")\n[Category:American male singer\\-songwriters](/wiki/Category:American_male_singer-songwriters \"American male singer-songwriters\")\n[Category:Country rap musicians](/wiki/Category:Country_rap_musicians \"Country rap musicians\")\n[Category:People from Shelbyville, Tennessee](/wiki/Category:People_from_Shelbyville%2C_Tennessee \"People from Shelbyville, Tennessee\")\n[Category:Elektra Records artists](/wiki/Category:Elektra_Records_artists \"Elektra Records artists\")\n[Category:Warner Records artists](/wiki/Category:Warner_Records_artists \"Warner Records artists\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Rappers from San Diego](/wiki/Category:Rappers_from_San_Diego \"Rappers from San Diego\")\n[Category:Rappers from Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Rappers_from_Tennessee \"Rappers from Tennessee\")\n[Category:Singer\\-songwriters from California](/wiki/Category:Singer-songwriters_from_California \"Singer-songwriters from California\")\n[Category:Country musicians from California](/wiki/Category:Country_musicians_from_California \"Country musicians from California\")\n[Category:Singer\\-songwriters from Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Singer-songwriters_from_Tennessee \"Singer-songwriters from Tennessee\")\n[Category:Country musicians from Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Country_musicians_from_Tennessee \"Country musicians from Tennessee\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American rappers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_rappers \"21st-century American rappers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male musicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_musicians \"21st-century American male musicians\")\n\n"
]
} |
Farzin (singer) | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"5.217.248.237"
]
} | cmnf03xu7itwdifuy6kzfbxv3b4rkzv | 2024-10-14T16:09:41Z | 1,251,134,112 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Personal life",
"Albums",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ali\\-Kabir Takmilinejad** (; 1952–1999\\), better known as **Farzin** (), was an Iranian pop singer in the 1970s.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nFarzin was a singer before the revolution of 1979\\. Farzin's first song was called \"Mehman\" (), written by Bijan Ghaderi. He was named '[Demis Roussos](/wiki/Demis_Roussos \"Demis Roussos\")' of Iran.\nBefore 1979 revolution Farzin worked with [Aref](/wiki/Aref_Arefkia \"Aref Arefkia\") in 'Sati Nik'. Sati Nik was Farzin and Aref hangout lovers. From that time musics, we can pointed to 'Dam Begirim' (Persian: ) at that time, which made him more famous. Farzin left Iran and immigrated to the USA after 8 years silence in artwork in Iran and then He released his first album called \"Gerye Nakon\" (Persian: ).\nHe left the Los Angeles artwork and immigrated to Germany.\n\n### Personal life\n\nFarzin has two children. His wife is unknown. Farzin died on 3 September 1999 due to a heart attack at his home in Germany. He was 47 years old. His body was buried in the cemetery behind his house in the presence of his loved ones. Farzin died when he was supposed to return to Iran a few months later, but due to his death, this did not happen.\n\n",
"### Personal life\n\nFarzin has two children. His wife is unknown. Farzin died on 3 September 1999 due to a heart attack at his home in Germany. He was 47 years old. His body was buried in the cemetery behind his house in the presence of his loved ones. Farzin died when he was supposed to return to Iran a few months later, but due to his death, this did not happen.\n\n",
"Albums\n------\n\n* *Gerye Nakon* (1993\\)\n* *Ma'shoughe* (1992\\)\n* *Eshgh* (1990\\)\n* *Bi Rokh\\-e To*\n* *Seda\\-ye Khaste*\n* *Agar Soukhtim*\n* *Zeyno*\n* *Ashk* (1999\\)\n* *Khoda Hafez* (1996\\)\n* *Be Yad\\-e Dirouz*\n* *Rah\\-e Iran* (1998\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Iran Song \\- Farzin](http://www.iransong.com/person/239.htm)\n\n[Category:People from Abadan, Iran](/wiki/Category:People_from_Abadan%2C_Iran \"People from Abadan, Iran\")\n[Category:1952 births](/wiki/Category:1952_births \"1952 births\")\n[Category:1999 deaths](/wiki/Category:1999_deaths \"1999 deaths\")\n[Category:Iranian male singers](/wiki/Category:Iranian_male_singers \"Iranian male singers\")\n[Category:Iranian expatriates in Germany](/wiki/Category:Iranian_expatriates_in_Germany \"Iranian expatriates in Germany\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Iranian male singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Iranian_male_singers \"20th-century Iranian male singers\")\n[Category:Persian\\-language singers of Iran](/wiki/Category:Persian-language_singers_of_Iran \"Persian-language singers of Iran\")\n\n"
]
} |
Tylomelania celebicola | {
"id": [
14423536
],
"name": [
"Plantdrew"
]
} | lwr017gymjyjeaak9uh4yynfkd8x99v | 2024-04-06T22:56:17Z | 1,065,782,490 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Distribution",
"Ecology",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Tylomelania celebicola*** is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [freshwater snail](/wiki/Freshwater_snail \"Freshwater snail\") with an [operculum](/wiki/Operculum_%28gastropod%29 \"Operculum (gastropod)\"), an [aquatic](/wiki/Aquatic_animal \"Aquatic animal\") [gastropod](/wiki/Gastropod \"Gastropod\") [mollusk](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\") in the family [Pachychilidae](/wiki/Pachychilidae \"Pachychilidae\").\n\nThis species was originally described as a subspecies. The [specific name](/wiki/Specific_name_%28zoology%29 \"Specific name (zoology)\") *celebicola* is derived from the [Celebes](/wiki/Celebes \"Celebes\"), a former name of Sulawesi, where this species occurs.\n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\nThis species occurs in central [Sulawesi](/wiki/Sulawesi \"Sulawesi\"), Indonesia.von Rintelen T. \\& Glaubrecht M. (2005\\). \"Anatomy of an adaptive radiation: a unique reproductive strategy in the endemic freshwater gastropod *Tylomelania* (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) on Sulawesi, Indonesia and its biogeographical implications.\" *[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society](/wiki/Biological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society \"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society\")* **85**: 513–542\\. .\n\n",
"Ecology\n-------\n\n*Tylomelania celebicola* is a [riverine](/wiki/Riverine \"Riverine\") species.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[celebicola](/wiki/Category:Tylomelania \"Tylomelania\")\n[Category:Gastropods described in 1898](/wiki/Category:Gastropods_described_in_1898 \"Gastropods described in 1898\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Emamzadeh Panje Shah | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | 72i8hwzmlvu5i28zxfuqkm7sepvq16w | 2022-12-11T22:59:53Z | 988,280,110 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Emamzadeh Panje Shah** is an [imamzadeh](/wiki/Imamzadeh \"Imamzadeh\") in [Kashan](/wiki/Kashan \"Kashan\"), [Iran](/wiki/Iran \"Iran\"). The imamzadeh has been a sacred place since the early [islamic](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") centuries. It was also in the past one of the safest sanctuary places and if a criminal had taken sanctuary in the imamzadeh, nobody dared to take him out by force. The Emamzadeh Panje Shah belongs to the [Seljuq](/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty \"Seljuk dynasty\") era, but its internal decorations belong mostly to the [Qajar](/wiki/Qajar \"Qajar\") era. this structure is apparently the buried place of one of the [Musa al\\-Kadhim](/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim \"Musa al-Kadhim\")'s son. It has a [conical](/wiki/Conical \"Conical\") [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\"), a yard, an [iwan](/wiki/Iwan \"Iwan\"), several [porticoes](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\") and a big wooden [sepulcher](/wiki/Sepulcher \"Sepulcher\").'\n\nThere is a [minaret](/wiki/Minaret \"Minaret\") beside the northern [portal](/wiki/Portal_%28architecture%29 \"Portal (architecture)\") of the yard. The entrance of the [tomb](/wiki/Tomb \"Tomb\") has an [marbly](/wiki/Marbly \"Marbly\") [inscription](/wiki/Inscription \"Inscription\"). On the inscription, it has been written an [ode](/wiki/Ode \"Ode\") for praising the buried Imamzadeh. There are also other old [graves](/wiki/Grave \"Grave\") in the structure. Two of them are on the both sides of the [portico](/wiki/Portico \"Portico\"). It is said that one of the graves belongs to the [Malik al\\-Ashtar](/wiki/Malik_al-Ashtar \"Malik al-Ashtar\")'s daughter, Safieh Khatun.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province](/wiki/List_of_the_historical_structures_in_the_Isfahan_province \"List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Architecture in Iran](/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran \"Architecture in Iran\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Kashan](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Kashan \"Buildings and structures in Kashan\")\n\n"
]
} |
Poison Canyon Formation | {
"id": [
1548749
],
"name": [
"Jeffrey Beall"
]
} | 2ph2rpttzlr40spvk14kh2su16ag94d | 2024-08-09T19:39:09Z | 1,195,828,383 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Fossils",
"Economic resources",
"History of investigation",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Poison Canyon Formation** is a [geologic formation](/wiki/Formation_%28geology%29 \"Formation (geology)\") in the [Raton Basin](/wiki/Raton_Basin \"Raton Basin\") of [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") and [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"). The formation was deposited from the [late Cretaceous](/wiki/Late_Cretaceous \"Late Cretaceous\") through the [Paleocene](/wiki/Paleocene \"Paleocene\").\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe Poison Canyon Formation consists of thick [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone \"Sandstone\") beds separated by beds of [mudstone](/wiki/Mudstone \"Mudstone\") and [siltstone](/wiki/Siltstone \"Siltstone\"). It is found throughout most of the [Raton Basin](/wiki/Raton_Basin \"Raton Basin\"). The sandstone is [arkosic](/wiki/Arkosic \"Arkosic\") and coarse\\-grained to [conglomeratic](/wiki/Conglomerate_%28geology%29 \"Conglomerate (geology)\"). The mudstone and siltstone beds [weather](/wiki/Weathering \"Weathering\") to yellow, are rich in [mica](/wiki/Mica \"Mica\"), and are not resistant to [erosion](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\"). The total thickness of the formation is up to .\n\nThe formation grades below into the [Raton Formation](/wiki/Raton_Formation \"Raton Formation\"), with the transition often very gradual, up to . In the western part of the Raton Basin, the formation [intertongues](/wiki/Intertongues \"Intertongues\") with and partially replaces the Raton Formation. The two are distinguished by color (the Raton Formation is gray and the Poison Canyon Formation is yellow to orange), by the absence of arkosic sandstone in the Raton Formation, and by the absence of [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") from the Poison Canyon Formation. In addition, river channel deposits in the Raton Formation are up to six times wider and five times deeper than river channels in the Poison Canyon Formation, and the channels in the Poison River Formation tend to be isolated and lack any sheet\\-like amalgamation.\n\nThe Poison Canyon Formation underlies the [Cuchara Formation](/wiki/Cuchara_Formation \"Cuchara Formation\") in the northern part of the Raton Basin.\n\nThe formation [derived](/wiki/Provenance_%28geology%29 \"Provenance (geology)\") its [sediments](/wiki/Sediments \"Sediments\") from the [San Luis](/wiki/San_Luis_Valley \"San Luis Valley\") uplift to the southwest and the [Wet Mountains](/wiki/Wet_Mountains \"Wet Mountains\") uplift to the north and northwest. Its age ranges from [late Cretaceous](/wiki/Late_Cretaceous \"Late Cretaceous\") (where the formation partially replaces the Raton Formation) to [Paleocene](/wiki/Paleocene \"Paleocene\").\n\n",
"Fossils\n-------\n\nThe Poison Canyon Formation contains sparse fossilized plant remains characteristic of the Paleocene.\n\n",
"Economic resources\n------------------\n\nThe formation is a significant freshwater aquifer in the [Canon City, Colorado](/wiki/Canon_City%2C_Colorado \"Canon City, Colorado\") area.\n\n",
"History of investigation\n------------------------\n\nThe unit was first named as the \"Poison Canyon conglomerates\" by R.C. Hills in 1888\\. Hills later clarified the definition, separating the uppermost beds of his [measured section](/wiki/Stratotype \"Stratotype\") to the Huerfano Formation.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado](/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Colorado \"List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado\")\n* [Paleontology in Colorado](/wiki/Paleontology_in_Colorado \"Paleontology in Colorado\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Paleogene Colorado](/wiki/Category:Paleogene_Colorado \"Paleogene Colorado\")\n[Category:Paleogene formations of New Mexico](/wiki/Category:Paleogene_formations_of_New_Mexico \"Paleogene formations of New Mexico\")\n\n"
]
} |
Dwarf frog | {
"id": [
40710022
],
"name": [
"Technetium 99m"
]
} | 9febstfjqdlkfk8414az57or7l73zwx | 2022-04-04T15:10:54Z | 842,024,592 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Dwarf frog"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Dwarf frog** may refer to:\n\n* [African dwarf frog](/wiki/African_dwarf_frog \"African dwarf frog\") (*Hymenochirus*), a genus of frogs native to Africa\n* [Beddome's dwarf wrinkled frog](/wiki/Beddome%27s_dwarf_wrinkled_frog \"Beddome's dwarf wrinkled frog\") (*Nyctibatrachus beddomii*), a frog in the family Nyctibatrachidae endemic to southern Western Ghats, India\n* [Colorado dwarf frog](/wiki/Colorado_dwarf_frog \"Colorado dwarf frog\") (*Engystomops coloradorum*), a frog in the family Leptodactylidae endemic to Ecuador\n* [Cuyaba dwarf frog](/wiki/Cuyaba_dwarf_frog \"Cuyaba dwarf frog\") (*Physalaemus nattereri*), a frog in the family Leptodactylidae native to Brazil and eastern Bolivia and Paraguay\n* [Dwarf puddle frog](/wiki/Dwarf_puddle_frog \"Dwarf puddle frog\") (*Phrynobatrachus*), a genus of frogs in the family Phrynobatrachidae found in Sub\\-Saharan Africa\n* [Dwarf reed frog](/wiki/Dwarf_reed_frog \"Dwarf reed frog\") (*Hyperolius pusillus*), a frog in the family Hyperoliidae found in eastern and southern Africa (Botswana, Eswatini, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)\n* [Dwarf rocket frog](/wiki/Dwarf_rocket_frog \"Dwarf rocket frog\") (*Litoria dorsalis*), is a frog in the family Hylidae found in Papua New Guinea and possibly Indonesia\n* [Dwarf swamp frog](/wiki/Dwarf_swamp_frog \"Dwarf swamp frog\") (*Pseudopaludicola*), a genus of frog in the family Leptodactylidae found in South America\n* [Golden dwarf reed frog](/wiki/Golden_dwarf_reed_frog \"Golden dwarf reed frog\") (*Afrixalus aureus*), a frog in the family Hyperoliidae found in Eswatini, Mozambique, South Africa, and possibly Zimbabwe\n* [Guayaquil dwarf frog](/wiki/Guayaquil_dwarf_frog \"Guayaquil dwarf frog\") (*Engystomops pustulatus*), a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae found in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru\n* [Merlin's dwarf gray frog](/wiki/Merlin%27s_dwarf_gray_frog \"Merlin's dwarf gray frog\") (*Pseudhymenochirus merlini*), a frog in the family Pipidae found in Guinea, Guinea\\-Bissau, and Sierra Leone\n* [Mjöberg's dwarf litter frog](/wiki/Mj%C3%B6berg%27s_dwarf_litter_frog \"Mjöberg's dwarf litter frog\") (*Leptobrachella mjobergi*), a frog in the family Megophryidae endemic to Borneo\n* [Peters' dwarf frog](/wiki/Peters%27_dwarf_frog \"Peters' dwarf frog\") (*Engystomops petersi*), a frog in the family Leptodactylidae found in Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru\n\n[Category:Animal common name disambiguation pages](/wiki/Category:Animal_common_name_disambiguation_pages \"Animal common name disambiguation pages\")\n\n"
]
} |
Besik Aslanasvili | {
"id": [
1189543
],
"name": [
"Simeon"
]
} | jrnoazjt2xiqjo9b362zvs0w2s5c2ui | 2024-04-05T17:15:07Z | 1,161,793,522 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Besik Aslanasvili** (; born October 22, 1976, in [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi \"Tbilisi\"), [Georgian SSR](/wiki/Georgian_SSR \"Georgian SSR\")) is a retired amateur Greek freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's lightweight category. Holding a dual citizenship to compete internationally, Aslanasvili has been selected to the nation's Olympic wrestling team when [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") hosted the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), and also picked up a gold medal in the 63\\-kg division at the [2001 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2001_Mediterranean_Games \"2001 Mediterranean Games\") in [Tunis, Tunisia](/wiki/Tunis%2C_Tunisia \"Tunis, Tunisia\"). Throughout his sporting career, Aslanasvili trained full\\-time for Atlas Kallitheas Wrestling Club in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"), under personal coach Michail Charachura.\n\nAslanasvili qualified for the naturalized Greek squad in the [men's lightweight](/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_freestyle_60_kg \"Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 60 kg\") class (60 kg), when [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") welcomed the world to the [2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics \"2004 Summer Olympics\") in [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\"). He filled up an entry by the [International Federation of Association Wrestling](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associated_Wrestling_Styles \"International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles\") and the [Hellenic Olympic Committee](/wiki/Hellenic_Olympic_Committee \"Hellenic Olympic Committee\"), as Greece received an automatic berth for being the host nation. Amassed the home crowd inside [Ano Liossia Olympic Hall](/wiki/Ano_Liossia_Olympic_Hall \"Ano Liossia Olympic Hall\"), Aslanasvili opened the prelim pool with a shut out 5–2 victory over neighboring Albania's [Sahit Prizreni](/wiki/Sahit_Prizreni \"Sahit Prizreni\"), before losing to Iran's [Masoud Mostafa\\-Jokar](/wiki/Masoud_Mostafa-Jokar \"Masoud Mostafa-Jokar\") by a rigid 3–2 decision. Placing second in the pool and eleventh in the final standings, Aslanasvili's performance was not enough to put him further into the medal rounds.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Profile – International Wrestling Database](https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=F08F4528473D488CAE94BE9557D8C1DC)\n\n[Category:1976 births](/wiki/Category:1976_births \"1976 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Olympic wrestlers for Greece](/wiki/Category:Olympic_wrestlers_for_Greece \"Olympic wrestlers for Greece\")\n[Category:Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Wrestlers_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics \"Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Greece](/wiki/Category:Emigrants_from_Georgia_%28country%29_to_Greece \"Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Greece\")\n[Category:Sport wrestlers from Tbilisi](/wiki/Category:Sport_wrestlers_from_Tbilisi \"Sport wrestlers from Tbilisi\")\n[Category:Greek male sport wrestlers](/wiki/Category:Greek_male_sport_wrestlers \"Greek male sport wrestlers\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Greece](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_gold_medalists_for_Greece \"Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Greece\")\n[Category:Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Category:Competitors_at_the_2001_Mediterranean_Games \"Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in wrestling](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_medalists_in_wrestling \"Mediterranean Games medalists in wrestling\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of Iris species | {
"id": [
211905
],
"name": [
"Bruce1ee"
]
} | 8uwpcamrtbwzy4m2qa2j7q9do24g7ze | 2023-11-19T00:02:16Z | 1,176,688,383 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]]''",
"Subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]''",
"Subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Xiphium|Xiphium]]''",
"Subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Nepalensis|Nepalensis]]''",
"Subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Scorpiris|Scorpiris]]''",
"Subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Hermodactyloides|Hermodactyloides]]''",
"Subgenus ''Pardanthopsis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Bokyung |last2=Weiss-Schneeweiss |first2=Hanna |last3=Temsch |first3=Eva M. |last4=So |first4=Soonku |last5=Myeong |first5=Hyeon-Ho |last6=Jang |first6=Tae-Soo |date=2020-09-28 |title=Genome Size and Chromosome Number Evolution in Korean Iris L. Species (Iridaceae Juss.) |journal=Plants |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1284 |doi=10.3390/plants9101284 |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=7650623 |pmid=32998465|doi-access=free }}</ref>",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n",
"Subgenus *[Iris](/wiki/Iris_subg._Iris \"Iris subg. Iris\")*\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Stool iris (*[Iris aphylla](/wiki/Iris_aphylla \"Iris aphylla\")*) flower. Note prominent white \"beard\".](/wiki/Image:Iris_aphylla_a1.jpg \"Iris aphylla a1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|*[Iris reichenbachii](/wiki/Iris_reichenbachii \"Iris reichenbachii\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_reichenbachii_02.jpg \"Iris reichenbachii 02.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|*[Iris tigridia](/wiki/Iris_tigridia \"Iris tigridia\")* from Russia](/wiki/Image:Iris_tigridia.JPG \"Iris tigridia.JPG\")\n**Bearded rhizomatous irises**\n\n**Section *Iris***\n\n* *[Iris adriatica](/wiki/Iris_adriatica \"Iris adriatica\")* Trinajstic ex Mitic\n* *[Iris albertii](/wiki/Iris_albertii \"Iris albertii\")* Reg.\n* *[Iris albicans](/wiki/Iris_albicans \"Iris albicans\")* – white cemetery iris, white flag iris\n* *[Iris alexeenkoi](/wiki/Iris_alexeenkoi \"Iris alexeenkoi\")* Grossh.\n* *[Iris aphylla](/wiki/Iris_aphylla \"Iris aphylla\")* L. – stool iris, table iris, leafless iris (including *I. nudicaulis*)\n\t+ [*Iris aphylla* subsp. *hungarica*](/wiki/Iris_aphylla_subsp._hungarica \"Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica\") ([Waldst.](/wiki/Franz_de_Paula_Adam_von_Waldstein \"Franz de Paula Adam von Waldstein\") \\& [Kit.](/wiki/Kitaibel \"Kitaibel\")) Helgi\n* *[Iris attica](/wiki/Iris_attica \"Iris attica\")* (Boiss. \\& Heldr.) Hayek\n* *[Iris benacensis](/wiki/Iris_benacensis \"Iris benacensis\")* A.Kern. ex Stapf\n* *[Iris bicapitata](/wiki/Iris_bicapitata \"Iris bicapitata\")* Colas\n* *[Iris croatica](/wiki/Iris_croatica \"Iris croatica\")* – Perunika I.Horvat \\& M.D.Horvat\n* *[Iris cypriana](/wiki/Iris_cypriana \"Iris cypriana\")* Foster \\& Baker\n* *[Iris flavescens](/wiki/Iris_flavescens \"Iris flavescens\")* Delile – lemonyellow iris (\\= *I. variegata*?)\n* *[Iris furcata](/wiki/Iris_furcata \"Iris furcata\")* Bieb. – forked iris\n* [*Iris* × *germanica*](/wiki/Iris_%C3%97_germanica \"Iris × germanica\") L. – German bearded iris (includes *I. × barbata*)\n* [*Iris × germanica* nothovar. *florentina*](/wiki/Iris_florentina \"Iris florentina\") Dykes\n* *[Iris glaucescens](/wiki/Iris_glaucescens \"Iris glaucescens\")* Bunge\n* *[Iris griffithii](/wiki/Iris_griffithii \"Iris griffithii\")* Baker\n* *[Iris hellenica](/wiki/Iris_hellenica \"Iris hellenica\")* Dionysios Mermygkas, Kit Tan \\& Artemios Yannitsaros\n* *[Iris imbricata](/wiki/Iris_imbricata \"Iris imbricata\")* Lindl.\n* *[Iris junonia](/wiki/Iris_junonia \"Iris junonia\")* Schott ex Kotschy\n* *[Iris kashmiriana](/wiki/Iris_kashmiriana \"Iris kashmiriana\")* Baker\n* *[Iris lutescens](/wiki/Iris_lutescens \"Iris lutescens\")* Lam. (including *I. italica*)\n\n* *[Iris marsica](/wiki/Iris_marsica \"Iris marsica\")* I.Ricci \\& Colas.\n* *[Iris mesopotamica](/wiki/Iris_mesopotamica \"Iris mesopotamica\")* – Mesopotamian iris\n* *[Iris orjenii](/wiki/Iris_orjenii \"Iris orjenii\")* – Orjen iris Bräuchler \\& Cikovac\n* *[Iris pallida](/wiki/Iris_pallida \"Iris pallida\")* – sweet iris, Dalmatian iris Lam.\n\t+ [*Iris pallida* subsp. *cengialti*](/wiki/Iris_pallida_subsp._cengialti \"Iris pallida subsp. cengialti\") (Ambrosi ex A.Kern.) Foster\n\t+ [*Iris pallida* subsp. *illyrica*](/wiki/Iris_illyrica \"Iris illyrica\") (*[Iris illyrica](/wiki/Iris_illyrica \"Iris illyrica\")*) (Tomm. ex Vis.) K.Richt.\n* *[Iris perrieri](/wiki/Iris_perrieri \"Iris perrieri\")* Simonet ex P.Fourn.\n* *[Iris pseudopumila](/wiki/Iris_pseudopumila \"Iris pseudopumila\")* Tineo\n* *[Iris pumila](/wiki/Iris_pumila \"Iris pumila\")* L.\n* *[Iris purpureobractea](/wiki/Iris_purpureobractea \"Iris purpureobractea\")* B.Mathew \\& T.Baytop\n* *[Iris relicta](/wiki/Iris_relicta \"Iris relicta\")* Colas.\n* *[Iris reichenbachii](/wiki/Iris_reichenbachii \"Iris reichenbachii\")* Heuff. – Reichenbach's iris\n* *[Iris revoluta](/wiki/Iris_revoluta \"Iris revoluta\")* Colas.\n* *[Iris sambucina](/wiki/Iris_sambucina \"Iris sambucina\")* L.\n* *[Iris scariosa](/wiki/Iris_scariosa \"Iris scariosa\")* Willd. ex Link\n* *[Iris schachtii](/wiki/Iris_schachtii \"Iris schachtii\")* Markgr.\n* *[Iris setina](/wiki/Iris_setina \"Iris setina\")* Colas.\n* *[Iris suaveolens](/wiki/Iris_suaveolens \"Iris suaveolens\")* Boiss. \\& Reut. (including *I. iliensis*)\n* *[Iris subbiflora](/wiki/Iris_subbiflora \"Iris subbiflora\")* Brot.\n* *[Iris taochia](/wiki/Iris_taochia \"Iris taochia\")* Woronow ex Grossh.\n* *[Iris timofejewii](/wiki/Iris_timofejewii \"Iris timofejewii\")* Woronow\n* *[Iris variegata](/wiki/Iris_variegata \"Iris variegata\")* L. – Hungarian iris\n\n[thumb\\|[Nazareth Iris](/wiki/Iris_bismarckiana \"Iris bismarckiana\"), *[Iris bismarckiana](/wiki/Iris_bismarckiana \"Iris bismarckiana\")*](/wiki/Image:%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_850.jpg \"תמונה 850.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|*[Iris arenaria](/wiki/Iris_arenaria \"Iris arenaria\")* (formerly *Iris humilis subsp arenaria*)](/wiki/Image:Iris_humilis_subsp_arenaria.jpg \"Iris humilis subsp arenaria.jpg\")\n\n**Section *Oncocyclus***\n* *[Iris acutiloba](/wiki/Iris_acutiloba \"Iris acutiloba\")* C.A.Mey. (including *I. ewbankiana*)\n* *[Iris antilibanotica](/wiki/Iris_antilibanotica \"Iris antilibanotica\")* Dinsm.\n* *[Iris assadiana](/wiki/Iris_assadiana \"Iris assadiana\")* Chaudhary, Kirkw. \\& C.Weymolauth\n* *[Iris atrofusca](/wiki/Iris_atrofusca \"Iris atrofusca\")* Baker\n* *[Iris atropurpurea](/wiki/Iris_atropurpurea \"Iris atropurpurea\")* Baker\n* *[Iris auranitica](/wiki/Iris_auranitica \"Iris auranitica\")* Dinsm.\n* *[Iris barnumiae](/wiki/Iris_barnumiae \"Iris barnumiae\")* Baker \\& Foster\n* *[Iris basaltica](/wiki/Iris_basaltica \"Iris basaltica\")* Dinsm.\n* *[Iris bismarckiana](/wiki/Iris_bismarckiana \"Iris bismarckiana\")* Reg. – [Nazareth Iris](/wiki/Iris_bismarckiana \"Iris bismarckiana\")\n* *[Iris bostrensis](/wiki/Iris_bostrensis \"Iris bostrensis\")* Mouterde\n* *[Iris camillae](/wiki/Iris_camillae \"Iris camillae\")* Grossh.\n* *[Iris cedreti](/wiki/Iris_cedreti \"Iris cedreti\")* Dinsm. ex Chaudhary\n* *[Iris damascena](/wiki/Iris_damascena \"Iris damascena\")* Mouterde\n* *[Iris gatesii](/wiki/Iris_gatesii \"Iris gatesii\")* Foster\n* *[Iris grossheimii](/wiki/Iris_grossheimii \"Iris grossheimii\")* Woronow ex Grossh.\n* *[Iris haynei](/wiki/Iris_haynei \"Iris haynei\")* Baker – [Gilboa Iris](/wiki/Iris_haynei \"Iris haynei\")\n* *[Iris hermona](/wiki/Iris_hermona \"Iris hermona\")* Dinsm. – [Hermon Iris](/wiki/Iris_hermona \"Iris hermona\")\n* *[Iris heylandiana](/wiki/Iris_heylandiana \"Iris heylandiana\")* Boiss. \\& Reut.\n* *[Iris iberica](/wiki/Iris_iberica \"Iris iberica\")* Hoffm.\n\t+ *[Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima](/wiki/Iris_iberica_subsp._elegantissima \"Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima\")* (Sosn.) Fed. \\& Takht.\n\t+ *[Iris iberica subsp. lycotis](/wiki/Iris_iberica_subsp._lycotis \"Iris iberica subsp. lycotis\")* (Woronow) Takht.\n* *[Iris kirkwoodii](/wiki/Iris_kirkwoodiae \"Iris kirkwoodiae\")* (including *I. calcarea*)\n* *[Iris lortetii](/wiki/Iris_lortetii \"Iris lortetii\")* Barbey ex Boiss.\n\t+ *[Iris lortetii var. samariae](/wiki/Iris_lortetii_var._samariae \"Iris lortetii var. samariae\")* (Dinsm.) Feinbrun\n* *[Iris mariae](/wiki/Iris_mariae \"Iris mariae\")* Barbey.\n* *[Iris meda](/wiki/Iris_meda \"Iris meda\")* Stapf\n* *[Iris nigricans](/wiki/Iris_nigricans \"Iris nigricans\")* Dinsm.\n* *[Iris nectarifera](/wiki/Iris_nectarifera \"Iris nectarifera\")* Güner\n* *[Iris paradoxa](/wiki/Iris_paradoxa \"Iris paradoxa\")* Steven\n* *[Iris petrana](/wiki/Iris_petrana \"Iris petrana\")* Dinsm.\n* *[Iris sari](/wiki/Iris_sari \"Iris sari\")* Schott ex Bak.\n* *[Iris schelkownikowii](/wiki/Iris_schelkownikowii \"Iris schelkownikowii\")* Fomin\n* *[Iris sprengeri](/wiki/Iris_sprengeri \"Iris sprengeri\")* Siehe\n* *[Iris susiana](/wiki/Iris_susiana \"Iris susiana\")* L. – [Mourning Iris](/wiki/Iris_susiana \"Iris susiana\")\n* *[Iris swensoniana](/wiki/Iris_swensoniana \"Iris swensoniana\")* Chaudhary, G.Kirkw. \\& C.Weymouth\n* *[Iris westii](/wiki/Iris_westii \"Iris westii\")* Dinsm.\n* *[Iris yebrudii](/wiki/Iris_yebrudii \"Iris yebrudii\")* Dinsm. ex Chaudhary\n\n**Section *Hexapogon***\n* *[Iris falcifolia](/wiki/Iris_falcifolia \"Iris falcifolia\")* Bunge\n* *[Iris longiscapa](/wiki/Iris_longiscapa \"Iris longiscapa\")* Ledeb.\n\n**Section *Psammiris***\n* *[Iris arenaria](/wiki/Iris_arenaria \"Iris arenaria\")* Waldst. \\& Kit.\n* *[Iris bloudowii](/wiki/Iris_bloudowii \"Iris bloudowii\")* Ledeb.\n* *[Iris curvifolia](/wiki/Iris_curvifolia \"Iris curvifolia\")* Y.T.Zhao\n* *[Iris humilis](/wiki/Iris_humilis \"Iris humilis\")* Georgi\n* *[Iris kamelinii](/wiki/Iris_kamelinii \"Iris kamelinii\")* Alexeeva\n* *[Iris mandshurica](/wiki/Iris_mandshurica \"Iris mandshurica\")* Maxim.\n* *[Iris potaninii](/wiki/Iris_potaninii \"Iris potaninii\")* Maxim.\n* *[Iris vorobievii](/wiki/Iris_vorobievii \"Iris vorobievii\")* N.S.Pavlova\n\n**Section *Pseudoregelia***\n* *[Iris cuniculiformis](/wiki/Iris_cuniculiformis \"Iris cuniculiformis\")* Noltie \\& K.Y.Guan\n* *[Iris dolichosiphon](/wiki/Iris_dolichosiphon \"Iris dolichosiphon\")* Noltie\n* *[Iris goniocarpa](/wiki/Iris_goniocarpa \"Iris goniocarpa\")* Bak.\n* *[Iris hookeriana](/wiki/Iris_hookeriana \"Iris hookeriana\")* Fost.\n* *[Iris ivanovae](/wiki/Iris_ivanovae \"Iris ivanovae\")* Doronkin\n* *[Iris kemaonensis](/wiki/Iris_kemaonensis \"Iris kemaonensis\")* Wall.\n* *[Iris leptophylla](/wiki/Iris_leptophylla \"Iris leptophylla\")* Lingelsheim\n* *[Iris narcissiflora](/wiki/Iris_narcissiflora \"Iris narcissiflora\")* Diels.\n* *[Iris sikkimensis](/wiki/Iris_sikkimensis \"Iris sikkimensis\")* Dykes\n* *[Iris tigridia](/wiki/Iris_tigridia \"Iris tigridia\")* Bunge ex Ledeb.\n\n**Section *Regelia***\n* *[Iris afghanica](/wiki/Iris_afghanica \"Iris afghanica\")* Wendelbo\n* *[Iris darwasica](/wiki/Iris_darwasica \"Iris darwasica\")* Regel\n* *[Iris heweri](/wiki/Iris_heweri \"Iris heweri\")* Grey\\-Wilson \\& Mathew\n* *[Iris hoogiana](/wiki/Iris_hoogiana \"Iris hoogiana\")* Dykes\n* *[Iris korolkowii](/wiki/Iris_korolkowii \"Iris korolkowii\")* Regel\n* *[Iris kuschkensis](/wiki/Iris_kuschkensis \"Iris kuschkensis\")* Grey\\-Wilson \\& Mathew\n* *[Iris lineata](/wiki/Iris_lineata \"Iris lineata\")* Foster ex Regel\n* *[Iris stolonifera](/wiki/Iris_stolonifera \"Iris stolonifera\")* Maxim.\n\n",
"Subgenus *[Limniris](/wiki/Iris_subg._Limniris \"Iris subg. Limniris\")*\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Beardless rhizomatous irises**\nIt has been generally divided into 2 [sections](/wiki/Section_%28biology%29 \"Section (biology)\"), 'Limniris', which is further divided down to about 16 [series](/wiki/Series_%28botany%29 \"Series (botany)\") and 'Lophiris' (also known as 'Evansias' or crested iris.\n\n[thumb\\|[Japanese Iris](/wiki/Japanese_Iris \"Japanese Iris\") (*[Iris ensata](/wiki/Iris_ensata \"Iris ensata\")*) or *[hanashōbu](/wiki/Japanese_Iris%23Hanash%C5%8Dbu \"Japanese Iris#Hanashōbu\")*, cv. 'Kumoinogan'](/wiki/Image:Iris_ensata_cv_kumoinogan.jpg \"Iris ensata cv kumoinogan.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|*[Iris graminea](/wiki/Iris_graminea \"Iris graminea\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_Iris_graminea_Flower_2263px.jpg \"Iris Iris graminea Flower 2263px.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Yellow\\-banded Iris, *[Iris orientalis](/wiki/Iris_orientalis \"Iris orientalis\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_orientalis_2007-05-13_356.jpg \"Iris orientalis 2007-05-13 356.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Blood Iris](/wiki/Blood_Iris \"Blood Iris\") (*[Iris sanguinea](/wiki/Iris_sanguinea \"Iris sanguinea\")*) or *[ayame](/wiki/Japanese_Iris%23Ayame \"Japanese Iris#Ayame\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_sanguinea_2007-05-13_358.jpg \"Iris sanguinea 2007-05-13 358.jpg\")\n\n**Section *Limniris*** (listed in alphabetical order)\n\n*Series [Californicae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Californicae \"Iris ser. Californicae\")* Pacific Coast irises \n* *[Iris bracteata](/wiki/Iris_bracteata \"Iris bracteata\")* – [Siskiyou Iris](/wiki/Siskiyou_Iris \"Siskiyou Iris\")\n* *[Iris chrysophylla](/wiki/Iris_chrysophylla \"Iris chrysophylla\")* – [Yellow\\-leaved Iris](/wiki/Yellow-leaved_Iris \"Yellow-leaved Iris\")\n* *[Iris douglasiana](/wiki/Iris_douglasiana \"Iris douglasiana\")* – [Douglas Iris](/wiki/Douglas_Iris \"Douglas Iris\")\n* *[Iris fernaldii](/wiki/Iris_fernaldii \"Iris fernaldii\")* – [Fernald's Iris](/wiki/Fernald%27s_Iris \"Fernald's Iris\")\n* *[Iris hartwegii](/wiki/Iris_hartwegii \"Iris hartwegii\")* – [Hartweg's Iris](/wiki/Hartweg%27s_Iris \"Hartweg's Iris\"), Rainbow Iris, Sierra Iris\n* *[Iris innominata](/wiki/Iris_innominata \"Iris innominata\")* – [Del Norte Iris](/wiki/Del_Norte_Iris \"Del Norte Iris\")\n* *[Iris macrosiphon](/wiki/Iris_macrosiphon \"Iris macrosiphon\")* – [Bowltube Iris](/wiki/Bowltube_Iris \"Bowltube Iris\")\n* *[Iris munzii](/wiki/Iris_munzii \"Iris munzii\")* – [Munz's Iris](/wiki/Munz%27s_Iris \"Munz's Iris\"), Tulare Lavender Iris\n* *[Iris purdyi](/wiki/Iris_purdyi \"Iris purdyi\")* – [Purdy's Iris](/wiki/Purdy%27s_Iris \"Purdy's Iris\")\n* *[Iris tenax](/wiki/Iris_tenax \"Iris tenax\")* – [Tough\\-leaved Iris](/wiki/Tough-leaved_Iris \"Tough-leaved Iris\"), Oregon Iris\n* *[Iris tenuissima](/wiki/Iris_tenuissima \"Iris tenuissima\")* Dykes – (Long\\-tubed Iris)\n\n*Series [Chinenses](/wiki/Iris_ser._Chinenses \"Iris ser. Chinenses\")* (from east Asia) \n* *[Iris henryi](/wiki/Iris_henryi \"Iris henryi\")* Baker\n* *[Iris koreana](/wiki/Iris_koreana \"Iris koreana\")* Nakai\n* *[Iris minutoaurea](/wiki/Iris_minutoaurea \"Iris minutoaurea\")* Makino\n* *[Iris odaesanensis](/wiki/Iris_odaesanensis \"Iris odaesanensis\")* Y.N.Lee\n* *[Iris proantha](/wiki/Iris_proantha \"Iris proantha\")* Diels\n* *[Iris rossii](/wiki/Iris_rossii \"Iris rossii\")* Baker\n* *[Iris speculatrix](/wiki/Iris_speculatrix \"Iris speculatrix\")* Hance\n\n*Series Ensatae*\n* *[Iris lactea](/wiki/Iris_lactea \"Iris lactea\")* Pall.\n\n*Series Foetidissimae*\n* *[Iris foetidissima](/wiki/Iris_foetidissima \"Iris foetidissima\")* L. – [Stinking Iris](/wiki/Stinking_Iris \"Stinking Iris\"), Gladwin Iris, Stinking Gladwin, Gladdon, Roast\\-beef Plant\n\n*Series [Hexagonae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Hexagonae \"Iris ser. Hexagonae\")* \n(known as the Louisiana irises)\n* *[Iris brevicaulis](/wiki/Iris_brevicaulis \"Iris brevicaulis\")* Raf. – Zigzag Iris\n* *[Iris fulva](/wiki/Iris_fulva \"Iris fulva\")* Ker\\-Gawl. – Copper Iris\n* *[Iris giganticaerulea](/wiki/Iris_giganticaerulea \"Iris giganticaerulea\")* – [Giant Blue Iris](/wiki/Giant_Blue_Iris \"Giant Blue Iris\"), Giant Blue Flag\n* *[Iris hexagona](/wiki/Iris_hexagona \"Iris hexagona\")* Walt. – Dixie Iris\n* *[Iris nelsonii](/wiki/Iris_nelsonii \"Iris nelsonii\")* Randolph – (Abbeville Iris)\n* *[Iris savannarum](/wiki/Iris_savannarum \"Iris savannarum\")* Small – [Prairie iris](/wiki/Prairie_iris \"Prairie iris\")\n\n*Series [Laevigatae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Laevigatae \"Iris ser. Laevigatae\")* \n(which includes the [Japanese irises](/wiki/Japanese_iris \"Japanese iris\")) \n* *[Iris ensata](/wiki/Iris_ensata \"Iris ensata\")* Thunb. – [Japanese Iris](/wiki/Japanese_Iris \"Japanese Iris\"), *[hanashōbu](/wiki/Japanese_Iris%23Hanash%C5%8Dbu \"Japanese Iris#Hanashōbu\")* ([Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_%28language%29 \"Japanese (language)\")) (including *I. kaempferi*)\n* *[Iris laevigata](/wiki/Iris_laevigata \"Iris laevigata\")* Fisch – [Rabbitear Iris](/wiki/Rabbitear_Iris \"Rabbitear Iris\"), Shallow\\-flowered Iris, *[kakitsubata](/wiki/Japanese_Iris%23Kakitsubata \"Japanese Iris#Kakitsubata\")* (Japanese)\n* *[Iris maackii](/wiki/Iris_maackii \"Iris maackii\")* Maxim.\n* *[Iris pseudacorus](/wiki/Iris_pseudacorus \"Iris pseudacorus\")* L. – [Yellow Iris](/wiki/Yellow_Iris \"Yellow Iris\"), Yellow Flag\n* *[Iris versicolor](/wiki/Iris_versicolor \"Iris versicolor\")* L. – [Larger Blue Flag](/wiki/Larger_Blue_Flag \"Larger Blue Flag\"), Harlequin Blueflag\n* *[Iris virginica](/wiki/Iris_virginica \"Iris virginica\")* L. – [Virginia Iris](/wiki/Virginia_Iris \"Virginia Iris\")\n\n*Series [Longipetalae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Longipetalae \"Iris ser. Longipetalae\")* \n(Rocky Mountain or long\\-petaled iris) \n* *[Iris longipetala](/wiki/Iris_longipetala \"Iris longipetala\")* Herb. – (Coast Iris)\n* *[Iris missouriensis](/wiki/Iris_missouriensis \"Iris missouriensis\")* – [Rocky Mountain Iris](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Iris \"Rocky Mountain Iris\"), Western Blue Flag\n\n*Series Prismaticae* \n(contains just one species from America) \n* *[Iris prismatica](/wiki/Iris_prismatica \"Iris prismatica\")*Pursh ex Ker\\-Gawl. – (Slender Blue Flag)\n\n*Series [Ruthenicae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Ruthenicae \"Iris ser. Ruthenicae\")*\n* *[Iris ruthenica](/wiki/Iris_ruthenica \"Iris ruthenica\")* Ker\\-Gawl.\n* *[Iris uniflora](/wiki/Iris_uniflora \"Iris uniflora\")* Pall.\n\n*Series [Sibiricae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Sibiricae \"Iris ser. Sibiricae\")*\n(Siberian irises) \n* *[Iris bulleyana](/wiki/Iris_bulleyana \"Iris bulleyana\")* Dykes\n* *[Iris chrysographes](/wiki/Iris_chrysographes \"Iris chrysographes\")* – [Black Iris](/wiki/Black_Iris \"Black Iris\")\n* *[Iris clarkei](/wiki/Iris_clarkei \"Iris clarkei\")* Baker\n* *[Iris delavayi](/wiki/Iris_delavayi \"Iris delavayi\")* Micheli\n* *[Iris forrestii](/wiki/Iris_forrestii \"Iris forrestii\")* Dykes\n* *[Iris sanguinea](/wiki/Iris_sanguinea \"Iris sanguinea\")* Hornem. ex Donn – [Blood Iris](/wiki/Blood_Iris \"Blood Iris\"), *[ayame](/wiki/Japanese_Iris%23Ayame \"Japanese Iris#Ayame\")* (Japanese)\n* *[Iris sibirica](/wiki/Iris_sibirica \"Iris sibirica\")* – [Siberian Iris](/wiki/Siberian_Iris \"Siberian Iris\")\n* *[Iris typhifolia](/wiki/Iris_typhifolia \"Iris typhifolia\")* Kitag.\n* *[Iris wilsonii](/wiki/Iris_wilsonii \"Iris wilsonii\")* C.H.Wright\n\n*Series [Spuriae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Spuriae \"Iris ser. Spuriae\")*\n* *[Iris brandzae](/wiki/Iris_brandzae \"Iris brandzae\")* Prod.\n* *[Iris crocea](/wiki/Iris_crocea \"Iris crocea\")* Jacquem. ex R.C.Foster (including *I. aurea*)\n* *[Iris graminea](/wiki/Iris_graminea \"Iris graminea\")* L.\n* *[Iris halophila](/wiki/Iris_halophila \"Iris halophila\")* Pall.\n\t+ *[Iris halophila var. sogdiana](/wiki/Iris_halophila_var._sogdiana \"Iris halophila var. sogdiana\")* (Bunge) Grubov\n* *[Iris kerneriana](/wiki/Iris_kerneriana \"Iris kerneriana\")* Asch. \\& Sint.\n* *[Iris ludwigii](/wiki/Iris_ludwigii \"Iris ludwigii\")* Maxim.\n* *[Iris notha](/wiki/Iris_notha \"Iris notha\")* M.Bieb.\n* *[Iris orientalis](/wiki/Iris_orientalis \"Iris orientalis\")* Mill. – (Yellow\\-banded Iris)\n* *[Iris pontica](/wiki/Iris_pontica \"Iris pontica\")* Zapal.\n* *[Iris pseudonotha](/wiki/Iris_pseudonotha \"Iris pseudonotha\")* Galushko\n* *[Iris sintenisii](/wiki/Iris_sintenisii \"Iris sintenisii\")* Janka\n* *[Iris spuria](/wiki/Iris_spuria \"Iris spuria\")* – [Blue Iris](/wiki/Blue_Iris \"Blue Iris\")\n\t+ *[Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae](/wiki/Iris_spuria_subsp._carthaliniae \"Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae\")* (Fomin) B.Mathew\n\t+ *[Iris spuria subsp. demetrii](/wiki/Iris_spuria_subsp._demetrii \"Iris spuria subsp. demetrii\")* (Achv. \\& Mirzoeva) B.Mathew\n\t+ *[Iris spuria subsp. maritima](/wiki/Iris_spuria_subsp._maritima \"Iris spuria subsp. maritima\")* (Dykes) P.Fourn.\n\t+ *[Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica](/wiki/Iris_spuria_subsp._musulmanica \"Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica\")* (Fomin) Takht.\n* *[Iris xanthospuria](/wiki/Iris_xanthospuria \"Iris xanthospuria\")* B.Mathew \\& T.Baytop\n\n*Series [Syriacae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Syriacae \"Iris ser. Syriacae\")*\n(species with swollen leaf bases and spiny bristles) \n* *[Iris grant\\-duffii](/wiki/Iris_grant-duffii \"Iris grant-duffii\")* Baker\n* *[Iris masia](/wiki/Iris_masia \"Iris masia\")* Foster\n\n*Series [Tenuifoliae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Tenuifoliae \"Iris ser. Tenuifoliae\")*\n(mostly semi\\-desert plants) \n* *[Iris anguifuga](/wiki/Iris_anguifuga \"Iris anguifuga\")* Y.T.Zhao \\& X.J.Xue\n* *[Iris bungei](/wiki/Iris_bungei \"Iris bungei\")* Maxim.\n* *[Iris cathayensis](/wiki/Iris_cathayensis \"Iris cathayensis\")* Migo\n* *[Iris farreri](/wiki/Iris_farreri \"Iris farreri\")* Dykes\n* *[Iris kobayashii](/wiki/Iris_kobayashii \"Iris kobayashii\")* Kitag.\n* *[Iris loczyi](/wiki/Iris_loczyi \"Iris loczyi\")* Kanitz\n* *[Iris qinghainica](/wiki/Iris_qinghainica \"Iris qinghainica\")* Y.T.Zhao\n* *[Iris songarica](/wiki/Iris_songarica \"Iris songarica\")* Schrenk\n* *[Iris tenuifolia](/wiki/Iris_tenuifolia \"Iris tenuifolia\")* Pall.\n* *[Iris ventricosa](/wiki/Iris_ventricosa \"Iris ventricosa\")* Pall.\n\n*Series [Tripetalae](/wiki/Iris_ser._Tripetalae \"Iris ser. Tripetalae\")* \n(mostly having three petals) \n* *[Iris hookeri](/wiki/Iris_hookeri \"Iris hookeri\")* Penny – Hooker's Iris\n* *[Iris setosa](/wiki/Iris_setosa \"Iris setosa\")* Pallas ex Link – (Beachhead Iris)\n* *[Iris tridentata](/wiki/Iris_tridentata \"Iris tridentata\")* Pursh – Savanna Iris\n\n*Series Unguiculares*\n* *[Iris lazica](/wiki/Iris_lazica \"Iris lazica\")* Albov\n* *[Iris unguicularis](/wiki/Iris_unguicularis \"Iris unguicularis\")* Poir.\n\n*Series Vernae*\n(contains just one species from America) \n* *[Iris verna](/wiki/Iris_verna \"Iris verna\")* L. – [Dwarf Violet Iris](/wiki/Iris_verna \"Iris verna\")\n\n[thumb\\|*[Iris wattii](/wiki/Iris_wattii \"Iris wattii\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_wattii_4.jpg \"Iris wattii 4.jpg\")\n\n**Section *Lophiris***\n* *[Iris confusa](/wiki/Iris_confusa \"Iris confusa\")* – [Bamboo Iris](/wiki/Bamboo_Iris \"Bamboo Iris\")\n* *[Iris cristata](/wiki/Iris_cristata \"Iris cristata\")* – [Crested Iris](/wiki/Crested_Iris \"Crested Iris\")\n* *[Iris formosana](/wiki/Iris_formosana \"Iris formosana\")* Ohwi\n* *[Iris henryi](/wiki/Iris_henryi \"Iris henryi\")* A.Gray\n* *[Iris japonica](/wiki/Iris_japonica \"Iris japonica\")* Thunb.\n* *[Iris lacustris](/wiki/Iris_lacustris \"Iris lacustris\")* – [Dwarf Lake Iris](/wiki/Dwarf_Lake_Iris \"Dwarf Lake Iris\")\n* *[Iris latistyla](/wiki/Iris_latistyla \"Iris latistyla\")* Y.T.Zhao\n* *[Iris milesii](/wiki/Iris_milesii \"Iris milesii\")* Foster [thumb\\|*[Iris milesii](/wiki/Iris_milesii \"Iris milesii\")*](/wiki/File:Iris_milesii_I_IMG_6615.jpg \"Iris milesii I IMG 6615.jpg\")\n* *[Iris speculatrix](/wiki/Iris_speculatrix \"Iris speculatrix\")* Hance\n* *[Iris subdichotoma](/wiki/Iris_subdichotoma \"Iris subdichotoma\")* Y.T.Zhao\n* *[Iris tectorum](/wiki/Iris_tectorum \"Iris tectorum\")* Maxim. – (Wall Iris)\n* *[Iris tenuis](/wiki/Iris_tenuis \"Iris tenuis\")* S.Wats. – (Clackamas Iris)\n* *[Iris wattii](/wiki/Iris_wattii \"Iris wattii\")* Baker ex Hook.f.\n\n**Section *Unguiculares***\n* *[Iris lazica](/wiki/Iris_lazica \"Iris lazica\")* Albov\n* *[Iris unguicularis](/wiki/Iris_unguicularis \"Iris unguicularis\")* Poiret\n\n**Unplaced hybrids**\n* *[Iris thompsonii](/wiki/Iris_thompsonii \"Iris thompsonii\")* R.C.Foster – (Thompson's Iris) (formerly in *I. innominata*)\n* *[Iris × robusta](/wiki/Iris_%C3%97_robusta \"Iris × robusta\")* E.Anderson. – (Robust Iris) (*I. versicolor × I. Virginica*)\n* *[Iris × sancti\\-cyri](/wiki/Iris_%C3%97_sancti-cyri \"Iris × sancti-cyri\")*J.Rousseau – (Saint\\-Cyr iris) (*I. hookeri × I. versicolor*)\n\n",
"Subgenus *[Xiphium](/wiki/Iris_subg._Xiphium \"Iris subg. Xiphium\")*\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Smooth\\-bulbed bulbous irises**. Formerly genus *Xiphion*.\n[thumb\\|Yellow [Spanish Iris](/wiki/Spanish_Iris \"Spanish Iris\"), *[Iris xiphium](/wiki/Iris_xiphium \"Iris xiphium\")* var. *lusitanica*](/wiki/Image:Iris_lusitanica_01.jpg \"Iris lusitanica 01.jpg\")\n**Section *Xiphium***\n* *[Iris boissieri](/wiki/Iris_boissieri \"Iris boissieri\")* Henriq\n* *[Iris filifolia](/wiki/Iris_filifolia \"Iris filifolia\")* Boiss.\n* *[Iris juncea](/wiki/Iris_juncea \"Iris juncea\")* Poir.\n* *[Iris latifolia](/wiki/Iris_latifolia \"Iris latifolia\")* – [English Iris](/wiki/English_Iris \"English Iris\")\n* *[Iris lusitanica](/wiki/Iris_lusitanica \"Iris lusitanica\")* Ker Gawl.\n* *[Iris rutherfordii](/wiki/Iris_rutherfordii \"Iris rutherfordii\")* M Rodriguez,P Vargas,M Carine and S Jury\n* *[Iris serotina](/wiki/Iris_serotina \"Iris serotina\")* Willk. in Willk. \\& Lange\n* *[Iris tingitana](/wiki/Iris_tingitana \"Iris tingitana\")* Boiss. \\& Reut. – (Morocco Iris)\n* *[Iris xiphium](/wiki/Iris_xiphium \"Iris xiphium\")* syn. Iris x hollandica – [Spanish Iris](/wiki/Spanish_Iris \"Spanish Iris\"), Dutch Iris, Small Bulbous\\-rooted Iris\n\n",
"Subgenus *[Nepalensis](/wiki/Iris_subg._Nepalensis \"Iris subg. Nepalensis\")*\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Bulbous irises.** Formerly genus *Junopsis*.\n\n**Section *Nepalensis***\n* *[Iris collettii](/wiki/Iris_subg._Nepalensis%23Iris_collettii \"Iris subg. Nepalensis#Iris collettii\")* Hook.\n* *[Iris decora](/wiki/Iris_subg._Nepalensis%23Iris_decora \"Iris subg. Nepalensis#Iris decora\")* Wall.\n* *[Iris staintonii](/wiki/Iris_subg._Nepalensis%23Iris_staintonii \"Iris subg. Nepalensis#Iris staintonii\")* [H Hara](/wiki/Hiroshi_Hara_%28botanist%29 \"Hiroshi Hara (botanist)\")\n* *[Iris barbatula](/wiki/Iris_subg._Nepalensis%23Iris_barbatula \"Iris subg. Nepalensis#Iris barbatula\")* Noltie \\& Guan\n\n",
"Subgenus *[Scorpiris](/wiki/Iris_subg._Scorpiris \"Iris subg. Scorpiris\")*\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Smooth\\-bulbed bulbous irises known as \"junos\".** Formerly genus *Juno*.\n[thumb\\|*[Iris palaestina](/wiki/Iris_palaestina \"Iris palaestina\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_palaestina_1.JPG \"Iris palaestina 1.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|[Iris regis\\-uzziae](/wiki/Iris_regis-uzziae \"Iris regis-uzziae\") in Israel](/wiki/File:Iris_regis-uzziae_in_Israel.jpg \"Iris regis-uzziae in Israel.jpg\")\n**Section *Scorpiris***\n\n *[Iris albomarginata](/wiki/Iris_albomarginata \"Iris albomarginata\")* R.C.Foster\n*[Iris aucheri](/wiki/Iris_aucheri \"Iris aucheri\")* (Baker) Sealy (including *I. sindjarensis*)\n *[Iris bucharica](/wiki/Iris_bucharica \"Iris bucharica\")* Foster\n*[Iris caucasica](/wiki/Iris_caucasica \"Iris caucasica\")* Hoffm.\n*[Iris cycloglossa](/wiki/Iris_cycloglossa \"Iris cycloglossa\")* Wendelbo\n*[Iris drepanophylla](/wiki/Iris_drepanophylla \"Iris drepanophylla\")* Aitch. \\& Baker\n*[Iris fosteriana](/wiki/Iris_fosteriana \"Iris fosteriana\")* Aitch. \\& Baker\n*[Iris graeberiana](/wiki/Iris_graeberiana \"Iris graeberiana\")* Sealy\n*[Iris kuschakewiczii](/wiki/Iris_kuschakewiczii \"Iris kuschakewiczii\")*B.Fedtsch\n*[Iris magnifica](/wiki/Iris_magnifica \"Iris magnifica\")* Vved.\n*[Iris maracandica](/wiki/Iris_maracandica \"Iris maracandica\")* (Vved.) Wendelbo\n*[Iris narynensis](/wiki/Iris_narynensis \"Iris narynensis\")* O.Fedtsch.\n*[Iris narbutii](/wiki/Iris_narbutii \"Iris narbutii\")* O.Fedtsch.\n*[Iris orchioides](/wiki/Iris_orchioides \"Iris orchioides\")* [Carriere](/wiki/%C3%89lie-Abel_Carri%C3%A8re \"Élie-Abel Carrière\")\n\n *[Iris palaestina](/wiki/Iris_palaestina \"Iris palaestina\")* (Bak.) Boiss.\n*[Iris persica](/wiki/Iris_persica \"Iris persica\")* L.\n*[Iris planifolia](/wiki/Iris_planifolia \"Iris planifolia\")* (Mill.) Fiori \\& Paol.\n*[Iris postii](/wiki/Iris_postii \"Iris postii\")* [Mouterde](/wiki/Mouterde \"Mouterde\")\n*[Iris pseudocaucasica](/wiki/Iris_pseudocaucasica \"Iris pseudocaucasica\")* Grossh.\n*[Iris regis\\-uzziae](/wiki/Iris_regis-uzziae \"Iris regis-uzziae\")* Feinbrun\n*[Iris rosenbachiana](/wiki/Iris_rosenbachiana \"Iris rosenbachiana\")* Reg.\n*[Iris stenophylla](/wiki/Iris_stenophylla \"Iris stenophylla\")* Hausskn ex Baker\n*[Iris tubergeniana](/wiki/Iris_tubergeniana \"Iris tubergeniana\")* Foster (Vved)\n*[Iris vicaria](/wiki/Iris_vicaria \"Iris vicaria\")* Vved.\n*[Iris warleyensis](/wiki/Iris_warleyensis \"Iris warleyensis\")* Foster\n*[Iris willmottiana](/wiki/Iris_willmottiana \"Iris willmottiana\")* Foster\n*[Iris zaprjagajevii](/wiki/Iris_zaprjagajevii \"Iris zaprjagajevii\")* Abramov\n*[Iris zenaidae](/wiki/Iris_zenaidae \"Iris zenaidae\")* [Botschant](/wiki/Zinaida_Botschantzeva \"Zinaida Botschantzeva\")\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * See more species listed in 'Scorpiris' subgenus.\n\n",
"Subgenus *[Hermodactyloides](/wiki/Iris_subg._Hermodactyloides \"Iris subg. Hermodactyloides\")*\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|*[Iris reticulata](/wiki/Iris_reticulata \"Iris reticulata\")*](/wiki/Image:Iris_reticulata.jpg \"Iris reticulata.jpg\")\n**Reticulate\\-bulbed bulbous irises.** Formerly genus *Iridodictyum*.\n\n**Section *Hermodactyloides***\n* *[Iris danfordiae](/wiki/Iris_danfordiae \"Iris danfordiae\")* (Baker) Boiss.\n* *[Iris histrio](/wiki/Iris_histrio \"Iris histrio\")* Rchb.f.\n* *[Iris histrioides](/wiki/Iris_histrioides \"Iris histrioides\")* (G.F.Wilson) S.Arn.\n* *[Iris hyrcana](/wiki/Iris_hyrcana \"Iris hyrcana\")* Woronow ex Grossh\n* *[Iris kolpakowskiana](/wiki/Iris_kolpakowskiana \"Iris kolpakowskiana\")* Regel\n* *[Iris pamphylica](/wiki/Iris_pamphylica \"Iris pamphylica\")* Hedge\n* *[Iris pskemensis](/wiki/Iris_pskemensis \"Iris pskemensis\")* Ruskans\n* *[Iris reticulata](/wiki/Iris_reticulata \"Iris reticulata\")* M Bieb. (includes [*Iris reticulata* var. *bakeriana*](/wiki/Iris_reticulata_var._bakeriana \"Iris reticulata var. bakeriana\") Mathew and Wendelbo)\n* *[Iris tuberosa](/wiki/Iris_tuberosa \"Iris tuberosa\")* [L.](/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus \"Carl Linnaeus\")\n\t+ formerly *[Hermodactylus tuberosus](/wiki/Hermodactylus_tuberosus \"Hermodactylus tuberosus\")*\n* *[Iris vartanii](/wiki/Iris_vartanii \"Iris vartanii\")* Foster\n* *[Iris winkleri](/wiki/Iris_winkleri \"Iris winkleri\")* Regel\n* *[Iris winogradowii](/wiki/Iris_winogradowii \"Iris winogradowii\")* Fomin\n\n",
"Subgenus *Pardanthopsis*\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n* *[Iris dichotoma](/wiki/Iris_dichotoma \"Iris dichotoma\")* Pall. (Vesper iris) (was formerly *Pardanthopsis*)\n* *[Iris domestica](/wiki/Iris_domestica \"Iris domestica\")* (commonly known as blackberry lily, was once *Belamcanda chinensis*, but since 2005 now known as *Iris domestica*)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[\\*List](/wiki/Category:Iris_%28plant%29 \"Iris (plant)\")\n[Iris](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_plant_species \"Lists of plant species\")\n\n"
]
} |
Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light flyweight | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | 887suk1e44zicztr6p115arihj31ped | 2023-10-22T04:43:17Z | 1,084,116,751 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Schedule",
"Medalists",
"Results",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **men's light flyweight** [boxing](/wiki/Boxing \"Boxing\") competitions at the **[2014 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games \"2014 Commonwealth Games\")** in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") took place between 25 July and 2 August at the [Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre](/wiki/Scottish_Exhibition_and_Conference_Centre \"Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre\"). [Light flyweights](/wiki/Light_flyweight \"Light flyweight\") were limited to those boxers weighing less than 49 [kilograms](/wiki/Kilogram \"Kilogram\") (108\\.02 lbs).\n\nLike all Commonwealth boxing events, the competition was a straight single\\-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each, with one\\-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Tree scored each bout; The winner of the bout was the boxer who won the most rounds.\n\n",
"Schedule\n--------\n\nAll times are [British Summer Time](/wiki/British_Summer_Time \"British Summer Time\") (UTC\\+1\\)\n\n| Date | Time | Round |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Saturday 26 July 2014 | 18:30 | Round of 32 |\n| Monday 28 July 2014 | 13:00 \\& 18:30 | Round of 16 |\n| Wednesday 30 July 2014 | 18:30 | Quarter\\-finals |\n| Friday 1 August 2014 | 18:00 | Semi\\-finals |\n|Saturday 2 August 2014 14:00 Final\n\n",
"Medalists\n---------\n\n|**Gold** |\n| --- |\n|**Silver** |\n|**Bronze** |\n| |\n\n",
"Results\n-------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Boxing_at_the_2014_Commonwealth_Games \"Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Grove City Airport | {
"id": [
20047445
],
"name": [
"痛"
]
} | canp9cnlqzq5ydcpqcoqttzd99hxp6k | 2024-05-03T03:16:16Z | 1,208,566,391 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Grove City Airport** is a public airport west of [Grove City](/wiki/Grove_City%2C_Pennsylvania \"Grove City, Pennsylvania\"), in [Mercer County](/wiki/Mercer_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mercer County, Pennsylvania\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). When the old one was phased out, the new one was built in 1973\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of airports in Pennsylvania](/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Pennsylvania \"List of airports in Pennsylvania\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Airports in Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Airports_in_Pennsylvania \"Airports in Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Mercer County, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:Transportation_buildings_and_structures_in_Mercer_County%2C_Pennsylvania \"Transportation buildings and structures in Mercer County, Pennsylvania\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
David Shafer | {
"id": [
30529645
],
"name": [
"KingSkyLord"
]
} | lk9ycn7hlmpd05n77mqs7jf9kopkvdt | 2023-10-20T20:40:24Z | 1,098,389,511 | 0 | {
"title": [
"David Shafer",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**David Shafer** may refer to:\n\n* [David Shafer (politician)](/wiki/David_Shafer_%28politician%29 \"David Shafer (politician)\") (born 1965\\), American politician\n* [David Shafer (author)](/wiki/David_Shafer_%28author%29 \"David Shafer (author)\"), American author, produced *Whiskey, Tango, Foxtrot*\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [David Schafer](/wiki/David_Schafer \"David Schafer\") (born 1955\\), American artist\n* [David Shaffer](/wiki/David_Shaffer \"David Shaffer\") (1936–2023\\), American pediatric psychiatrist\n\n"
]
} |
Surya Pratap Shahi | {
"id": [
45866880
],
"name": [
"Savarte56"
]
} | oda1kenji3fpkiyjqlkgs9fa63amjd4 | 2023-10-15T05:35:26Z | 1,174,017,570 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Political career",
"Posts held",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Surya Pratap Shahi** (born 23 December 1952\\) is an Indian politician. He is a Member of [9th](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly \"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\"), \n[11th](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly \"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\"), [13th](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly \"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\"), [17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Seventeenth_Legislative_Assembly_of_Uttar_Pradesh \"Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh\") and [18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly](/wiki/18th_Uttar_Pradesh_Assembly \"18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly\"). Currently he is serving as Cabinet Minister in Uttar Pradesh Government with the portfolio of Agriculture, Agriculture Education and Agriculture Research. He has worked as the president of Uttar Pradesh state unit in the past. He is one of those distinguished BJP leaders who won election in 1985 despite sympathy wave after assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nShahi was born on 23 December 1952 in Pakahan Village of [Deoria district](/wiki/Deoria_district \"Deoria district\") of [Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh \"Uttar Pradesh\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\") in a [Bhumihar Brahmin](/wiki/Bhumihar_Brahmin \"Bhumihar Brahmin\") family. He got his early education from [GIC Deoria](/wiki/GIC_Deoria \"GIC Deoria\"). He completed his graduation from B.R.D. Post Graduate College. Shahi got his LLB degree from [Banaras Hindu University](/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University \"Banaras Hindu University\"), Varanasi in 1974\\. His father Rajendra Kishor Shahi was District Sanchalak of [Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh](/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh \"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh\") (RSS), who introduced him to the RSS at a very early age. Shahi was politically active since his student days. He contested and won the election of the student union in BHU. His uncle Ravindra Kishor Shahi was State President of [Bhartiya Jana Sangh](/wiki/Bhartiya_Jana_Sangh \"Bhartiya Jana Sangh\") and a minister in the Uttar Pradesh government from 1977 to 1979\\. Shahi was married in 1973 to Rani Shahi. He has three children\\- a son and two daughters.\n\n",
"Political career\n----------------\n\nShahi contested the assembly election of Uttar Pradesh for first time in the year 1980\\. However, he got elected for first time as MLA from the 'Kasia' assembly seat in 1985\\. Second time he won the election was in 1991 and became the Minister of State for Home in the Uttar Pradesh government. After completing one year in the government he was elevated to the position of Cabinet Minister with the portfolio of Health and Family Welfare. In the year 1996, he again got elected as MLA. Surya Pratap Shahi held the office of Cabinet Minister in Uttar Pradesh government between 1997 and 2002 with the portfolio of Excise and Liquor Prohibition and currently he is a cabinet minister in Uttar Pradesh Government with the portfolio of Agriculture, Agriculture Education and Agriculture Research.[New BJP President of Uttar Pradesh: Surya Pratap Shahi\\-Aaj Ki Khabar](http://www.aajkikhabar.com/en/News/Top-News/New-BJP-President-of-Uttar-Pradesh-Surya-Pratap-Shahi/673849.html)\n\n",
"Posts held\n----------\n\n| \\# | From | To | Position | Comments 2 \\|\\|March 2022 \\|\\| till date \\|\\| Cabinet Minister for Agriculture, Agriculture Education and Agriculture Research \\|\\| |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | March 2022 | Incumbent | Member, [18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly](/wiki/18th_Uttar_Pradesh_Assembly \"18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly\") | |\n| 2 | March 2017 | March 2022 | Cabinet Minister for Agriculture, Agriculture Education and Agriculture Research | |\n| 3 | March 2017 | March 2022 | Member, [17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/17th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Uttar_Pradesh \"17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh\") | |\n| 4 | September 1997 | March 2002 | Cabinet Minister for Excise and Liquor Prohibition | |\n| 5 | October 1996 | March 2002 | Member, [13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/13th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Uttar_Pradesh \"13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh\") | |\n| 6 | June 1991 | December 1992 | Cabinet Minister for Health and Family Welfare | |\n| 7 | June 1991 | December 1992 | Member, [11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/11th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Uttar_Pradesh \"11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh\") | |\n| 8 | March 1985 | November 1989 | Member, [9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/9th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Uttar_Pradesh \"9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh\") | |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Category:State_cabinet_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh \"State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh\")\n[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Category:Bharatiya_Janata_Party_politicians_from_Uttar_Pradesh \"Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh\")\n[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027](/wiki/Category:Uttar_Pradesh_MLAs_2022%E2%80%932027 \"Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Deoria district](/wiki/Category:People_from_Deoria_district \"People from Deoria district\")\n[Category:Yogi ministry](/wiki/Category:Yogi_ministry \"Yogi ministry\")\n[Category:1952 births](/wiki/Category:1952_births \"1952 births\")\n\n"
]
} |
Spalacopsis chemsaki | {
"id": [
7190686
],
"name": [
"Taketa"
]
} | odcd1lxp321hujbi81s73ztfpz0w1u2 | 2019-06-28T08:50:28Z | 829,419,369 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Spalacopsis chemsaki*** is a species of [beetle](/wiki/Beetle \"Beetle\") in the family [Cerambycidae](/wiki/Cerambycidae \"Cerambycidae\"). It was described by Tyson in 1973\\.Bezark, Larry G. [A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World](http://plant.cdfa.ca.gov/byciddb/bycidview.asp). Retrieved on 22 May 2012\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Spalacopsis](/wiki/Category:Spalacopsis \"Spalacopsis\")\n[Category:Beetles described in 1973](/wiki/Category:Beetles_described_in_1973 \"Beetles described in 1973\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Francisco de Osona | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | luq0oqde9fkipvgpyca08yntc2lmazk | 2023-07-26T10:21:53Z | 1,085,701,913 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|*Crowning with Thorns* by Francisco and Rodrigo de Osona, basilica of [Museo del Prado](/wiki/Museo_del_Prado \"Museo del Prado\"), 1500](/wiki/File:Rodrigo_y_francisco_osona-coronacion.jpg \"Rodrigo y francisco osona-coronacion.jpg\")\n**Francisco de Osona**, also Francisco de Osona the Younger, (c.1465–c.1514\\) was a Spanish [Renaissance](/wiki/The_Renaissance \"The Renaissance\") painter.\n\nFrancisco was born in [Valencia](/wiki/Valencia \"Valencia\"). There has been some confusion between Francisco and his father [Rodrigo de Osona](/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Osona \"Rodrigo de Osona\"). Father and son worked closely together in their workshop in Valencia, therefore works are often attributed to both, although some assumptions are made that Francisco was more open to what was newer styles and forms in Italy. However, while the activity of Rodrigo ended with his death in 1518, Francisco died before him much younger in 1514\\. The second table of the Epiphany, preserved in London, is signed by \"The teacher's son Rodrigo\", in which, on the contrary, there seems to have more traditional trend seen in the works of the father. Francisco has been credited with *Christ before Pilate* in the [Museu de Belles Arts de València](/wiki/Museu_de_Belles_Arts_de_Val%C3%A8ncia \"Museu de Belles Arts de València\"), as well as *The Adoration of the Magi* in the [Victoria and Albert Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum \"Victoria and Albert Museum\").[Victoria and Albert Museum Brief Bio Francisco de Osona](https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O119587/the-adoration-of-the-magi-oil-painting-de-osona-francisco/) The work of two Osona artists, along with [Paolo de San Leocadio](/wiki/Paolo_de_San_Leocadio \"Paolo de San Leocadio\"), form the basis for Spanish classicism in painting.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Tramoyeres Blasco, Luis, \"The Valencian Quattrocento, Osona Maestro Rodrigo and his son of the same name,\" Spanish Culture, No. 9 (February 1908\\), p. 139–156, Madrid, 1908\\.\n* TORMO Y MONZÓ, E., \"Rodrigo de Osona, father and son, and his school (I),\" Spanish Archives of Art and Archaeology, t.8, No.23 (May–August 1932\\), págs.101\\-147, Madrid, 1932\\.\n* TORMO Y MONZÓ, E., \"Rodrigo de Osona, father and son, and his school (II)\", Spanish Archive of Art and Archaeology, t.9, No. 27 (September–December 1933\\), págs.153\\-210, Madrid, 1933\\. \n\n[Category:1465 births](/wiki/Category:1465_births \"1465 births\")\n[Category:1514 deaths](/wiki/Category:1514_deaths \"1514 deaths\")\n[Category:15th\\-century Spanish painters](/wiki/Category:15th-century_Spanish_painters \"15th-century Spanish painters\")\n[Category:Spanish male painters](/wiki/Category:Spanish_male_painters \"Spanish male painters\")\n[Category:16th\\-century Spanish painters](/wiki/Category:16th-century_Spanish_painters \"16th-century Spanish painters\")\n[Category:Artists from Valencia](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Valencia \"Artists from Valencia\")\n[Category:Spanish Renaissance painters](/wiki/Category:Spanish_Renaissance_painters \"Spanish Renaissance painters\")\n[Category:Painters from the Valencian Community](/wiki/Category:Painters_from_the_Valencian_Community \"Painters from the Valencian Community\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Pat Garrod | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | jatipgvt6ofg75n6e05jfox32g6pdb6 | 2023-07-07T00:48:55Z | 1,101,013,907 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Bibliography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Pat Garrod** (b. [Chelmsford](/wiki/Chelmsford \"Chelmsford\") 1964) is a British physician and [long distance motorcyclist](/wiki/Long-distance_motorcycling \"Long-distance motorcycling\"). He and his wife Vanessa Lewis undertook a [round\\-the\\-world ride](/wiki/Circumnavigation \"Circumnavigation\") on a 1991 [BMW R100GS](/wiki/BMW_GS \"BMW GS\"), between 1998 and October, 2002\\.Garrod 2010, page 511\n\nHis 2010 book *Bearback — The World Overland* describing the 4\\-year journey was called as a \"damned good story\" by *[Overland](/wiki/Overland_%28magazine%29 \"Overland (magazine)\")* magazine, and evidence of improving quality in [self\\-published](/wiki/Self-publishing \"Self-publishing\") overland adventure books.\n\nAfter the circumnavigation, Garrod and Lewis crossed Africa twice more by motorcycle. One north\\-to\\-south traversal in 2006 was more than long;Garrod 2010, page 513 Garrod's travel log records a total of over in Africa alone.\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Long\\-distance motorcycle riders](/wiki/Category:Long-distance_motorcycle_riders \"Long-distance motorcycle riders\")\n[Category:Motorcycle touring writers](/wiki/Category:Motorcycle_touring_writers \"Motorcycle touring writers\")\n[Category:English sportswriters](/wiki/Category:English_sportswriters \"English sportswriters\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English medical doctors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_medical_doctors \"20th-century English medical doctors\")\n[Category:21st\\-century English medical doctors](/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_medical_doctors \"21st-century English medical doctors\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1964 births](/wiki/Category:1964_births \"1964 births\")\n[Category:People from Chelmsford](/wiki/Category:People_from_Chelmsford \"People from Chelmsford\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Southampton \"Alumni of the University of Southampton\")\n\n"
]
} |
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