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Reformist Party (Portugal) | {
"id": [
25296459
],
"name": [
"Braganza"
]
} | oqnzuqiepx79qhwwilcqbk1pyz50vn4 | 2022-07-19T14:52:08Z | 986,722,184 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Reformist Party** () was a [Portuguese political party](/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal \"List of political parties in Portugal\") during the [Portuguese First Republic](/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic \"Portuguese First Republic\"), founded in the 1920s by the left\\-wing of the [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Portugal%29 \"Democratic Party (Portugal)\").\n[Category:Defunct political parties in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_parties_in_Portugal \"Defunct political parties in Portugal\")\n[Category:Liberal parties in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties_in_Portugal \"Liberal parties in Portugal\")\n[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_with_year_of_disestablishment_missing \"Political parties with year of disestablishment missing\")\n[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_with_year_of_establishment_missing \"Political parties with year of establishment missing\")\n[Category:Radical parties](/wiki/Category:Radical_parties \"Radical parties\")\n[Category:Republicanism in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Portugal \"Republicanism in Portugal\")\n\n"
]
} |
Mudasarlova Park | {
"id": [
27823944
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"name": [
"GreenC bot"
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} | fdus4u7trbqekdqginkpxe2xeshs6h5 | 2024-02-17T16:21:11Z | 1,149,740,288 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Mudasarlova Reservoir",
"Theme Park",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n \n\n**Mudasarlova Park** is an [urban park](/wiki/Urban_park \"Urban park\") in the Indian city of [Visakhapatnam](/wiki/Visakhapatnam \"Visakhapatnam\"). It is spread over of land. it was constructed in 1902 and is one of the oldest parks in this [Coastal Andhra](/wiki/Coastal_Andhra \"Coastal Andhra\"). The water reservoir in the park supplies drinking water to the city. It was named one of the best picnic spots for local citizens.. The land for the construction of Mudasarlova was donated by Maharaja Sri [Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju](/wiki/Pusapati_Ananda_Gajapati_Raju \"Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju\") (Ex\\-MP, Visakhapatnam) from his family trust.\n\n",
"Mudasarlova Reservoir\n---------------------\n\nMudasarlova Park has the oldest Water reservoir in Visakhapatnam. It supplies 1 million gallons water per day. this reservoir constructed by the [British](/wiki/British_Raj \"British Raj\") in 1901\\.\n\nThe Floating solar power plant was built in 20 acres of the reservoir, among the oldest man\\-made water bodies, on the outskirts of the city, at a cost of ₹11\\.34 crore.\n\n",
"Theme Park\n----------\n\n[Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority](/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Metropolitan_Region_Development_Authority \"Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority\") is developing a theme park.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Parks in Visakhapatnam](/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Visakhapatnam \"Parks in Visakhapatnam\")\n[Category:1902 establishments in India](/wiki/Category:1902_establishments_in_India \"1902 establishments in India\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Visakhapatnam \"Tourist attractions in Visakhapatnam\")\n[Category:Uttarandhra](/wiki/Category:Uttarandhra \"Uttarandhra\")\n\n"
]
} |
The Extraordinary Journey of Celeste Garcia | {
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43502289
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"name": [
"ButlerBlogBot"
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} | deeou82f8iv5y1dn74ctk2ju4dzly4g | 2024-05-06T18:07:16Z | 1,196,814,979 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Awards",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
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"content": [
"\n\n***The Extraordinary Journey of Celeste Garcia*** () is a German\\-Cuban comedy written and directed by Arturo Infante. The film premiered on 7 September 2018 in the Discovery programme of the [2018 Toronto International Film Festival](/wiki/2018_Toronto_International_Film_Festival \"2018 Toronto International Film Festival\").\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nCeleste Garcia is a 60\\-year\\-old Cuban who lives in present\\-day [Havana](/wiki/Havana \"Havana\"), where hopes of a brighter future have abandoned her. Her steady and predictable life as a guide at the local [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") and mother of 25\\-year\\-old Pedrito is turned upside down when friendly [extraterrestrial aliens](/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life \"Extraterrestrial life\") make contact with earth and invite select citizens from all over the world to travel to their unknown but incredible planet. Celeste is one of the few to be invited and, to everyone's disbelief, she decides to embark on this extraordinary journey. But how many [light years](/wiki/Light-year \"Light-year\") should you travel to find happiness?\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [María Isabel Díaz Lago](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Lago \"María Isabel Díaz Lago\") as Celeste\n* [Omar Franco](/wiki/Omar_Franco \"Omar Franco\") as Augusto\n* Néstor Jiménez as Hector Francisco\n* Yerlín Pérez as Perlita\n* Tamara Castellanos as Mirta\n* Veronica Diaz as Zobeida\n* Roberto Espinosa as Pedrito\n* Reinier Díaz as Yunier\n* Andrea Doimeadios as Malu\n* Beatriz Viña as Luisa\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nIn 2019 *The Extraordinary Journey of Celeste Garcia* won first prize in the New Directors Competition at the [Seattle International Film Festival](/wiki/Seattle_International_Film_Festival \"Seattle International Film Festival\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2018 films](/wiki/Category:2018_films \"2018 films\")\n[Category:Cuban comedy films](/wiki/Category:Cuban_comedy_films \"Cuban comedy films\")\n[Category:German comedy films](/wiki/Category:German_comedy_films \"German comedy films\")\n[Category:2010s Spanish\\-language films](/wiki/Category:2010s_Spanish-language_films \"2010s Spanish-language films\")\n[Category:Films about extraterrestrial life](/wiki/Category:Films_about_extraterrestrial_life \"Films about extraterrestrial life\")\n[Category:2018 comedy films](/wiki/Category:2018_comedy_films \"2018 comedy films\")\n[Category:2010s German films](/wiki/Category:2010s_German_films \"2010s German films\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Siege of Minerve | {
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35936988
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"JJMC89 bot III"
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} | n1ojtzwlyerr5bvacfmbdvfbxoikmvq | 2024-06-28T05:00:55Z | 1,220,427,079 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Siege",
"Aftermath",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"Secondary sources",
"Primary sources"
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"\n\nThe **siege of Minerve** was a military engagement which took place in June and July 1210 during the [Albigensian Crusade](/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade \"Albigensian Crusade\") in the town of [Minerve](/wiki/Minerve%2C_H%C3%A9rault \"Minerve, Hérault\") in southern [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). It was undertaken by the Catholic [Crusaders](/wiki/Crusaders \"Crusaders\") against the [Cathars](/wiki/Catharism \"Catharism\") in southern [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), who were regarded as a heretical sect. The Crusaders, led by French nobleman [Simon de Montfort](/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%2C_5th_Earl_of_Leicester \"Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester\"), besieged and captured the town. The Crusaders allowed the soldiers defending the town, Catholics, and any Cathars who had not yet reached the status of perfect to go free. Three Cathar perfects who repented were pardoned, but 140 others who refused to do so were burnt at the stake.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nThe [Albigensian Crusade](/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade \"Albigensian Crusade\") was initiated in the [Kingdom of France](/wiki/Kingdom_of_France \"Kingdom of France\") at the behest of [Pope Innocent III](/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III \"Pope Innocent III\"). Its purpose was to squash the growing [Cathar](/wiki/Catharism \"Catharism\") movement, which flourished mainly in the [Languedoc](/wiki/Languedoc \"Languedoc\") region of what later became [Southern France](/wiki/Southern_France \"Southern France\"). The immediate cause was the killing of the papal legate, [Pierre de Castelnau](/wiki/Pierre_de_Castelnau \"Pierre de Castelnau\"). The Crusaders set out in the summer of 1209\\. After several military victories, they were able to capture many towns without a fight. After the fall of [Carcassonne](/wiki/Carcassonne \"Carcassonne\"), papal legate [Arnaud Amalric](/wiki/Arnaud_Amalric \"Arnaud Amalric\"), who had led troops during the [Massacre at Béziers](/wiki/Massacre_at_B%C3%A9ziers \"Massacre at Béziers\"), was replaced as commander of the Crusader force by [Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester](/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%2C_5th_Earl_of_Leicester \"Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester\"), although Amalric continued to accompany the army.\n\n[Minerve](/wiki/Minerve%2C_H%C3%A9rault \"Minerve, Hérault\") was a well\\-fortified city. It is located at the confluence of the Cesse and Brian rivers, which has cut deep ravines in the nearby area. It was also one of the largest towns in the Languedoc, situated near the [Mediterranean](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") coast. Minerve was a small *[castra](/wiki/Castra \"Castra\")* deep in the mountains, and thus not of major strategic importance to the military. However, it had become an important place of refuge for Cathar *[perfectus](/wiki/Cathar_Perfect \"Cathar Perfect\")* and taking it would thus increase the authority of both Simon as count and the [Catholic Church](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") in the area, which seems to have influenced Simon's decision to attack the city.\n\nIn the winter of 1209\\-1210, large offensives ceased on account of the weather and small size of the Crusader army. In March and April, the Crusaders conducted successful raids against food sources near Minerve, capturing many important areas nearby and effectively isolating the city.\n\n",
"Siege\n-----\n\nIn early June, the Crusader army besieged Minerve. The town was commanded by Lord [Guilhem de Minerve](/wiki/Guilhem_de_Minerve \"Guilhem de Minerve\"). Unable to feed his army exclusively from the agricultural area around the town, Simon imported supplies from areas many miles away, such as Carcassonne.\n\nThe steep gorges surrounding the town made it virtually impossible to storm. However, the gorges were also very narrow, making a bombardment more practical. Simon realized this and decided to use his artillery to capture Minerve. The Crusaders relied effectively upon siege equipment. Simon made his headquarters east of the town, where a crew lobbed heavy objects into the walls of the town. On the west, a rock thrower called a *petraria* ([trebuchet](/wiki/Trebuchet \"Trebuchet\")) was used, in one of its earliest appearances in Europe. This machine, named *mala vazina* (\"Bad Neighbor\"), bombarded the town very heavily, partially destroying Guilhelm's home, and towards the end of June destroying the main wall of the city. The defenders held on for several more weeks, but the occupants began to run low on water. On 22 July the city surrendered. [Laurence Marvin](/wiki/Laurence_Marvin \"Laurence Marvin\") calls Simon's techniques an example of \"a skillful use of siege warfare to take castles in geographically hostile conditions.\"\n\nSimon and Guilhem de Minerve agreed to terms of surrender. However, Amalric, who had been absent at the time, returned to camp. He insisted that no agreements could be considered binding without the assent of himself as papal legate. Simon wished to treat the occupants leniently, but Amalric wanted them put to death. Eventually, the two worked out a solution. The Crusaders allowed the soldiers defending the town, as well as the Catholics inside of it, to leave. The Cathars who had not yet reached the status of perfect were also allowed to go free. The Cathar perfects were given the choice to return to Catholicism or face death. This solution angered many of the soldiers, who had wanted to participate in a massacre. Amalric calmed them by insisting that the majority of perfects would not recant. His prediction was correct.\n\nThe soldiers entered the town singing *[Te Deum](/wiki/Te_Deum \"Te Deum\"),* while the Cathars, segregated male and female, knelt in prayer. The abbot [Guy of Vaux\\-de\\-Cernay](/wiki/Guy_of_Vaux-de-Cernay \"Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay\") began to preach the Catholic faith to the men. He was interrupted and told, \"We will have none of your faith. We have renounced the Church of Rome: your labor is in vain; for neither death nor life will make us renounce the opinions that we have embraced.\" The abbot then went to the women, who even more stubbornly refused to convert. Simon also urged both groups to abandon their Cathar faith. \"Be converted to the Catholic faith,\" Simon said. Gesturing to the collection of dry wood that had been assembled, he continued, \"Or ascend this pile.\" Ultimately, only three women repented. The 140 people who refused were burned at the stake. Some Cathars chose to jump freely into the flames rather than wait for their executioners.\n\n[Cistercian](/wiki/Cistercian \"Cistercian\") monk [Peter of Vaux\\-de\\-Cernay](/wiki/Peter_of_Vaux-de-Cernay \"Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay\") records two miracles which allegedly took place during the siege of Minerve. In one instance, a spring from which very little water flowed began to gush water shortly after the Crusaders arrived for the siege. Afterwards, it was reduced once again to a trickle. In the other, as the Crusaders were leaving, they set fire to all the huts which they had made out of branches and dry leaves. One hut, in which a priest had said [Mass](/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church \"Mass in the Catholic Church\"), while in close proximity to the others, was somehow spared from the flames.\n\n",
"Aftermath\n---------\n\nAfter the Cathars had been burnt, their bodies were buried in shallow mud graves. The Crusaders continued their campaign against the Cathars, capturing many more towns. The siege of Termes came directly after.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n### Secondary sources\n\n### Primary sources\n\n[Minerve](/wiki/Category:13th-century_military_history_of_France \"13th-century military history of France\")\n[Category:Albigensian Crusade](/wiki/Category:Albigensian_Crusade \"Albigensian Crusade\")\n[Category:Military history of Occitania (administrative region)](/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Occitania_%28administrative_region%29 \"Military history of Occitania (administrative region)\")\n[Category:History of Hérault](/wiki/Category:History_of_H%C3%A9rault \"History of Hérault\")\n[Category:Catharism](/wiki/Category:Catharism \"Catharism\")\n[Category:History of Catholicism in France](/wiki/Category:History_of_Catholicism_in_France \"History of Catholicism in France\")\n[Montsegur](/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_France \"Massacres in France\")\n[Minerve](/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1210 \"Conflicts in 1210\")\n\n",
"### Secondary sources\n\n",
"### Primary sources\n\n[Minerve](/wiki/Category:13th-century_military_history_of_France \"13th-century military history of France\")\n[Category:Albigensian Crusade](/wiki/Category:Albigensian_Crusade \"Albigensian Crusade\")\n[Category:Military history of Occitania (administrative region)](/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Occitania_%28administrative_region%29 \"Military history of Occitania (administrative region)\")\n[Category:History of Hérault](/wiki/Category:History_of_H%C3%A9rault \"History of Hérault\")\n[Category:Catharism](/wiki/Category:Catharism \"Catharism\")\n[Category:History of Catholicism in France](/wiki/Category:History_of_Catholicism_in_France \"History of Catholicism in France\")\n[Montsegur](/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_France \"Massacres in France\")\n[Minerve](/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1210 \"Conflicts in 1210\")\n\n"
]
} |
Optima Signature | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | pc0p4j9ndsvblgadt1hduaxlprdllst | 2024-08-26T17:52:03Z | 1,239,421,200 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Description",
"See also",
"Notes",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
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"\n\n**Optima Signature** (formerly **Optima Chicago Center II**) is a [residential](/wiki/Apartment \"Apartment\") [skyscraper](/wiki/Skyscraper \"Skyscraper\") in the [Streeterville](/wiki/Streeterville \"Streeterville\") neighborhood of the [Near North Side](/wiki/Near_North_Side%2C_Chicago \"Near North Side, Chicago\") area in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"). The 57\\-story building is a joint venture between Optima Inc. and DeBartolo Development. It opened for occupancy in June 2017\\. The building has 490 units.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nOriginally named Optima Chicago Center II and planned as a 55\\-story companion to the neighboring 42\\-story Optima Chicago Center that had been completed in 2013, the structure was initially planned to potentially be a hotel\\-apartment hybrid. By the time construction began in late 2014, the structure had a confirmed all\\-apartment 57\\-floor plan with 498 units.\n\nConstruction was halted for a few months due to the planning process before resuming with $225 million in construction loans from [Bank of America](/wiki/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\"), [PNC Bank](/wiki/PNC_Bank \"PNC Bank\") and [Fifth Third Bank](/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank \"Fifth Third Bank\") in mid\\-2015\\. These final plans completed in 2015 revised the 57 floor structure to the eventual 490 units.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe building is 57 stories high and includes 490 apartments, which are divided into two luxury classes. The Tower residences on the lower floors comprise 351 studio one\\- and two\\-bedroom units, ranging from to . The Apex residences on the upper 15 floors include 139 one\\-, two\\- and three\\-bedroom units, as well as penthouse apartments, ranging from to . The Apex units have \"upgraded finishes and features\" as well as private club access.\n\nThe entire building has access to two floors of athletic and social facilities. The building also has of commercial space.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Architecture of Chicago](/wiki/Architecture_of_Chicago \"Architecture of Chicago\")\n* [List of tallest buildings in Chicago](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chicago \"List of tallest buildings in Chicago\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* at [Emporis.com](/wiki/Emporis.com \"Emporis.com\")\n* [Optima Signature](http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/optima-signature/16553) at Skyscrapercenter.com\n* [Official website](http://optimasignature.com/)\n\n[Category:Residential skyscrapers in Chicago](/wiki/Category:Residential_skyscrapers_in_Chicago \"Residential skyscrapers in Chicago\")\n[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2017](/wiki/Category:Residential_buildings_completed_in_2017 \"Residential buildings completed in 2017\")\n[Category:2017 establishments in Illinois](/wiki/Category:2017_establishments_in_Illinois \"2017 establishments in Illinois\")\n\n"
]
} |
Sultanate of Tuggurt | {
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7903804
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} | 5hgs4aqcghfam5934ufsmg6pcwr7fc3 | 2024-08-13T23:49:31Z | 1,233,435,958 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"History",
"List of rulers",
"References",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
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"\n\nThe **Sultanate of Tuggurt** was a state that extended over [Tuggurt](/wiki/Tuggurt \"Tuggurt\"), the oases of the neighbouring region and the [Oued Righ](/wiki/Oued_Righ \"Oued Righ\") valley between the fifteenth century and 1881\\.Pierre Mannoni, Les Français d'Algérie : vie, mœurs, mentalité de la conquête des Territoires du Sud à l'indépendance, p. 85 It was governed by sultans of the Banu Djellab dynasty.Charles Féraud, Histoire des sultans de Touggourt et du Sud Algérien, 2006, p. 162\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nThe city of Tuggurt was subject to the authority of the [Hafsid dynasty](/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty \"Hafsid dynasty\") like all other cities in the east of present\\-day Algeria. During the periods of turmoil, Tuggurt would revolt and refrain from paying taxes. Like what Yusuf ibn Hasan, a chief of Tuggurt did in the era of the Hafsid Sultan [Abu 'Amr Uthman](/wiki/Abu_%27Amr_%27Uthman \"Abu 'Amr 'Uthman\"), who was obliged to Subjugate the city two times, one in 1449 and another in 1465\\. The Sultanate of Tuggurt came to birth in a period that witnessed the weakness and fall of the Hafsid dynasty.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe Sultanate was founded in the fifteenth century by the Banu Djellab, a dynasty whose exact origins remain obscure. They claimed to be the last descendants of the [Marinid dynasty](/wiki/Marinid_dynasty \"Marinid dynasty\"), and thus modelled their court and ruling system, such as the use of a [praetorian guard of black slaves](/wiki/Black_Guard \"Black Guard\"), on that of the Moroccan sultans. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the founder was a certain Sulayman ibn Djellab, a Moroccan prince, related to the Marinid family, who after his return from the *[hajj](/wiki/Hajj \"Hajj\")* founded a mosque in the region, and with the help of the local nomads, became recognised there as a ruler.\n\nHe felt secure enough to retain local political structures, including the *djemaa* (council) to which he could appoint members. He equipped at his own expense a *deira* of five hundred horsemen who became the nucleus of his army. He then patrolled the neighborhood chastising rebels, restoring peace and levying tax.Féraud, op. cit, p. 175\\-177 Sheikh Soliman came to terms with the [Douaouda](/wiki/Banu_Hilal \"Banu Hilal\") feudal family, who commanded the “Riah”—nomadic tribes controlling the plain from the to [Ouargla](/wiki/Ouargla \"Ouargla\"), by marrying his daughter to the head of this family, Ben Sakheri, who bore the title of sheikh el Arab.Féraud, op. cit, p. 175\n\nAs early as the sixteenth century, the Sultanate of Tuggurt had to face the hegemony of the [regency of Algiers](/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers \"Regency of Algiers\"). [Salah Raïs](/wiki/Salah_Ra%C3%AFs \"Salah Raïs\"), [beylerbey](/wiki/Beylerbey \"Beylerbey\") of Algiers, led an expedition against [Tuggurt in 1552](/wiki/Tuggurt_Expedition_%281552%29 \"Tuggurt Expedition (1552)\"). The Ben Djellab surrendered in the face of enemy [artillery](/wiki/Artillery \"Artillery\"); politically they became vassals of Algiers and paid it tribute.\n\n",
"List of rulers\n--------------\n\nThe known [Sultans](/wiki/Sultans \"Sultans\") (and one female ruler) were:[worldstatesmen, Tuggurt (Touggourt), Sultans](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Algeria.html#Tuggurt)\n\n* Ali II (N/A)\n* Mabruk (Mubarak) (N/A)\n* Ali III (N/A)\n* Mustafa (N/A)\n* Sulayman III (N/A)\n* Ahmad II (1729\\-N/A)\n* Muhammad I al\\-\\`Akhal (N/A)\n* Ahmad IV (N/A)\n* Farhat (N/A)\n* Ibrahim (N/A)\n* Abd al\\-Qadir I (1st time) \\+ Ahmad V (N/A)\n* Khalid (N/A)\n* Abd al\\-Qadir I (2nd time) (N/A)\n* Umar bin Bu\\-Kumetin (175\\.\\-1759\\)\n* Muhammad II (1759–1765\\)\n* Umar II bin Muhammad (1765–1766\\)\n* Ahmad VI (1766–1778\\)\n* Abd al\\-Qadir II (1778–1782\\)\n* Farhat II (1782–1792\\)\n* Ibrahim II (1792–1804\\)\n* al\\-Khazan (1804\\)\n* Muhammad III (1804–1822\\)\n* \\`Amar (\\`Amir) II (1822–1830\\)\n* Ibrahim III (1830–1831\\)\n* \\`Ali IV bin al\\-Kabir (1831–1833\\)\n* [\\`Aisha](/wiki/Lalla_Aicha%2C_regent_of_Touggourt \"Lalla Aicha, regent of Touggourt\") (Aichouch) (female) (1833–1840\\)\n* \\`Abd ar\\-Rahman (1840–1852\\)\n* \\`Abd al\\-Qadir III (1852\\)\n* Sulayman IV (1852–1854\\) (last)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Sunni Muslim dynasties](/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties \"List of Sunni Muslim dynasties\")\n* [History of Algeria](/wiki/History_of_Algeria \"History of Algeria\")\n\n[Category:Medieval history of Algeria](/wiki/Category:Medieval_history_of_Algeria \"Medieval history of Algeria\")\n[Category:Countries in medieval Africa](/wiki/Category:Countries_in_medieval_Africa \"Countries in medieval Africa\")\n[Category:Sunni dynasties](/wiki/Category:Sunni_dynasties \"Sunni dynasties\")\n[Category:Ouargla Province](/wiki/Category:Ouargla_Province \"Ouargla Province\")\n[Category:Zenata](/wiki/Category:Zenata \"Zenata\")\n[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1854](/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1854 \"States and territories disestablished in 1854\")\n[Category:15th\\-century establishments in Africa](/wiki/Category:15th-century_establishments_in_Africa \"15th-century establishments in Africa\")\n[Category:1854 disestablishments in Africa](/wiki/Category:1854_disestablishments_in_Africa \"1854 disestablishments in Africa\")\n[Category:Early modern history of Algeria](/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_Algeria \"Early modern history of Algeria\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jyrki Aimonen | {
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25046916
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"name": [
"Ira Leviton"
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} | dflh7bw2ptp0n8fmy81rbqe8tkajjxx | 2023-02-11T16:29:41Z | 1,099,347,954 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jyrki Martti Bertil Aimonen** (19 April 1934 [Ikaalinen](/wiki/Ikaalinen \"Ikaalinen\") – 20 July 2016 [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\")) was a Finnish diplomat and ambassador \n\nAimonen's parents were physicians, Counselor of Medicine, Martti Bertil Aimonen and special teacher Anja\\-Ritva Mielikki Aimonen. Jyrki Aimonen graduated as an economist in 1955 and candidate of law in 1961\\.\n\nAimonen started in the [Ministry for Foreign Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_%28Finland%29 \"Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)\") in 1961 and moved to the [Finnish Embassy in Moscow](/wiki/Embassy_of_Finland_in_Moscow \"Embassy of Finland in Moscow\") in 1963, after which he served as Secretary in [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\") from 1965 to 1967\\. He returned to the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") as consul in the [Leningrad Consulate General](/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Finland_in_Saint_Petersburg \"Consulate-General of Finland in Saint Petersburg\").\n\nAimonen was the Counselor in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") from 1974 to 1976\\. He served, among other things, as consular at the Finnish Embassy in Moscow. He served as the Head of the 1975 [European Security and Cooperation Conference](/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe \"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe\"). He also served as Counselor in [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\") from 1970 to 1974\\.\n\nAimonen was the first Finnish Ambassador to [Libya](/wiki/Libya \"Libya\") and in [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\") from 1979 to 1983\\. After that he served as Ambassador to [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\"), [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\"), [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") (1984–1988\\), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\") (1988–1991\\), [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"), [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") (1988–1991\\) and [Bhutan](/wiki/Bhutan \"Bhutan\") (1989–1991\\). Aimonen retired from his diplomatic post after serving as Ambassador to [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\") from 1991 to 1995\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1934 births](/wiki/Category:1934_births \"1934 births\")\n[Category:2016 deaths](/wiki/Category:2016_deaths \"2016 deaths\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Libya](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Libya \"Ambassadors of Finland to Libya\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Malta](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Malta \"Ambassadors of Finland to Malta\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Syria](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Syria \"Ambassadors of Finland to Syria\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Jordan](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Jordan \"Ambassadors of Finland to Jordan\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Lebanon \"Ambassadors of Finland to Lebanon\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to India](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_India \"Ambassadors of Finland to India\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Nepal](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Nepal \"Ambassadors of Finland to Nepal\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Bangladesh](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Bangladesh \"Ambassadors of Finland to Bangladesh\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Sri Lanka](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Sri_Lanka \"Ambassadors of Finland to Sri Lanka\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Bhutan](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Bhutan \"Ambassadors of Finland to Bhutan\")\n[Category:Ambassadors of Finland to Poland](/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Finland_to_Poland \"Ambassadors of Finland to Poland\")\n\n"
]
} |
Christian Friedrich Baz | {
"id": [
48233796
],
"name": [
"Hakdemr"
]
} | 0030w81r49s5ty7tevvx7wlr16qv1eu | 2024-09-12T01:03:45Z | 1,242,563,833 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Works",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Christian Friedrich Baz** (28 [October](/wiki/October \"October\") 1762 – 26 May 1808\\) was a German legal scholar, a representative at the [Duchy of Württemberg](/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Duchy of Württemberg\")'s [state convention or 'Landtag'](/wiki/Estates_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Estates of Württemberg\") and from 1796 to 1805 mayor of [Ludwigsburg](/wiki/Ludwigsburg \"Ludwigsburg\"). Born in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\"), he supported the [Age of Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\") and was open to [French Revolutionary](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") ideals, backing the individual freedom and rights of Württemberg's citizens. He was one of the landtag's reformers and soon became a radical and an opponent of [Grand Duke Frederick](/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Frederick I of Württemberg\"). He was arrested twice and spent almost two years imprisoned in the [Hohenasperg](/wiki/Hohenasperg \"Hohenasperg\"), [Schloss Solitude](/wiki/Schloss_Solitude \"Schloss Solitude\") in Stuttgart and another fortress in [Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\"). He died in 1808 in [Waiblingen](/wiki/Waiblingen \"Waiblingen\").\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* *Über das Petitionsrecht der wirtembergischen Landstände; für alle und zu allen Zeiten lesbar.* 1797, in: *Jakobinische Flugschriften aus dem deutschen Süden Ende des 18\\. Jahrhunderts.* Herausgegeben von [Heinrich Scheel](/wiki/Heinrich_Scheel \"Heinrich Scheel\"), 2\\. Aufl. Akademie\\-Verlag, Berlin 1980, S.188 – 204\\.\n* *Barbara Vopelius\\-Holtzendorff: Das Recht des Volkes auf Revolution? Christian Friedrich Baz und die Politik der württembergischen Landstände von 1797–[1800](/wiki/1800 \"1800\") unter Berücksichtigung von Hegels Frankfurter Schrift von 1798\\.* in: *„Frankfurt aber ist der Nabel dieser Erde“. Das Schicksal einer Generation zur Goethezeit.* Herausgegeben von Christoph Jamme und Otto Pöggeler, Klett\\-Cotta, Stuttgart 1983, , S. 104–134\\.\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* Heinrich Scheel: *Süddeutsche Jakobiner. Klassenkämpfe und republikanische Bestrebungen im deutschen Süden Ende des 18\\. Jahrhunderts.* [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") 1962\\.\n* Erwin Hölzle: *Das Alte Recht und die Revolution.* München/Berlin 1931\\.\n* [Helmut Reinalter](/wiki/Helmut_Reinalter \"Helmut Reinalter\"), Axel Kuhn, Alain Ruiz: *Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte der [demokratischen](/wiki/Demokratische_Zeitung \"Demokratische Zeitung\") und liberalen Bewegungen in Mitteleuropa.* Bd. 1 (1770–1800\\), Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1992, S. 10\\.\n* Walter Grube: *Der Stuttgarter Landtag 1457–1957\\. Von den Landständen zum demokratischen Parlament.* Stuttgart 1957\n* Michael Franz: *Hölderlin und der \"politische Jammer\" II. Die Vorgeschichte des \"Hochverratsprozesses\" von 1805\\.* Vortrag, gehalten am 3\\. Februar 2010 im Hölderlin\\-Turm in Tübingen\n* Heike Harsch: *Ein Kämpfer für das gute alte Recht: Christian Friedrich Baz ( 1762–1808 ).* In: Hie gut Württemberg. Beilage der [Ludwigsburger Kreiszeitung](/wiki/Ludwigsburger_Kreiszeitung \"Ludwigsburger Kreiszeitung\") über Menschen, Geschichte und Landschaft unserer Heimat. Samstag, 21\\. Dezember 2013, Nr. 4\\. S. 30 – 32\\.\n\n[Category:Mayors of places in Baden\\-Württemberg](/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Mayors of places in Baden-Württemberg\")\n[Category:Writers from Stuttgart](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Stuttgart \"Writers from Stuttgart\")\n[Category:1808 deaths](/wiki/Category:1808_deaths \"1808 deaths\")\n[Category:1762 births](/wiki/Category:1762_births \"1762 births\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German politicians](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_politicians \"18th-century German politicians\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German lawyers](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_lawyers \"18th-century German lawyers\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German writers](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_writers \"18th-century German writers\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German male writers](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_male_writers \"18th-century German male writers\")\n[Category:People from Ludwigsburg](/wiki/Category:People_from_Ludwigsburg \"People from Ludwigsburg\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) season 8 | {
"id": [
3138265
],
"name": [
"WOSlinker"
]
} | 5e6lr5yexhlvpbn80reeonch8duzq8e | 2024-08-31T20:02:43Z | 1,233,670,272 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Cast and characters",
"Main cast",
"Recurring cast",
"Guest stars",
"Episodes",
"Production",
"Daniel Dae Kim's and Grace Park's departure controversies",
"Casting",
"Reception",
"Ratings",
"Home video release",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe eighth season of the [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") [police procedural](/wiki/Police_procedural \"Police procedural\") drama series *[Hawaii Five\\-0](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%29 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)\")* premiered on September 29, 2017 for the [2017–18 television season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_United_States_network_television_schedule \"2017–18 United States network television schedule\"). CBS renewed the series for a 23 episode eighth season on March 23, 2017\\. On November 6, 2017 CBS ordered an additional episode for the season and did the same again on February 8, 2018 bringing the count to 25 episodes. The season concluded on May 18, 2018\\. The eighth season ranked No. 18 for the 2017–18 television season and had an average of 11 million viewers. The series was also renewed for a ninth season.\n\nDue to [pay disputes](/wiki/%23Daniel_Dae_Kim%27s_and_Grace_Park%27s_departure_controversies \"#Daniel Dae Kim's and Grace Park's departure controversies\"), this was the first season not to feature [Daniel Dae Kim](/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim \"Daniel Dae Kim\") and [Grace Park](/wiki/Grace_Park_%28actress%29 \"Grace Park (actress)\"). This was also the first full season not to feature [Masi Oka](/wiki/Masi_Oka \"Masi Oka\") following his [departure](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%2C_season_7%29%23Masi_Oka%27s_departure \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 7)#Masi Oka's departure\") in the [thirteenth episode](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%2C_season_7%29%23ep156 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 7)#ep156\") of the [seventh season](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%2C_season_7%29 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 7)\"). [Meaghan Rath](/wiki/Meaghan_Rath \"Meaghan Rath\") and [Beulah Koale](/wiki/Beulah_Koale \"Beulah Koale\") joined as new main cast members. In addition, longtime recurring cast members [Dennis Chun](/wiki/Dennis_Chun \"Dennis Chun\"), [Kimee Balmilero](/wiki/Kimee_Balmilero \"Kimee Balmilero\"), and [Taylor Wily](/wiki/Taylor_Wily \"Taylor Wily\") were promoted to series regulars, while another longtime recurring cast member [Ian Anthony Dale](/wiki/Ian_Anthony_Dale \"Ian Anthony Dale\") joined as a series regular and appeared in episodes seven through twenty.\n\n",
"Cast and characters\n-------------------\n\n### Main cast\n\n* [Alex O'Loughlin](/wiki/Alex_O%27Loughlin \"Alex O'Loughlin\") as Lieutenant Commander Steven \"Steve\" McGarrett, [United States Navy Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve \"United States Navy Reserve\")\n* [Scott Caan](/wiki/Scott_Caan \"Scott Caan\") as Detective Sergeant Daniel \"Danny\" \"Danno\" Williams\n* [Meaghan Rath](/wiki/Meaghan_Rath \"Meaghan Rath\") as Officer Tani Rey\n* [Jorge Garcia](/wiki/Jorge_Garcia \"Jorge Garcia\") as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega\n* [Taylor Wily](/wiki/Taylor_Wily \"Taylor Wily\") as Kamekona Tupuola\n* [Dennis Chun](/wiki/Dennis_Chun \"Dennis Chun\") as Sergeant Duke Lukela, Honolulu Police Department\n* [Kimee Balmilero](/wiki/Kimee_Balmilero \"Kimee Balmilero\") as Dr. Noelani Cunha, Medical Examiner\n* [Chi McBride](/wiki/Chi_McBride \"Chi McBride\") as Captain Lou Grover\n* [Beulah Koale](/wiki/Beulah_Koale \"Beulah Koale\") as Junior Reigns, Police Candidate, later Officer assigned to Five\\-0 Task Force\n* [Ian Anthony Dale](/wiki/Ian_Anthony_Dale \"Ian Anthony Dale\") as Adam Noshimuri, head of Five\\-0 Special Division of Organized Crime\n\n### Recurring cast\n\n* [Zach Sulzbach](/wiki/Zach_Sulzbach \"Zach Sulzbach\") as Charlie Williams\n* Shawn Mokuahi Garnett as Flippa Tupuola\n* [Claire Forlani](/wiki/Claire_Forlani \"Claire Forlani\") as Alicia Brown\n* [Andrew Lawrence](/wiki/Andrew_Lawrence_%28actor%29 \"Andrew Lawrence (actor)\") as Eric Russo\n* Kunal Sharma as Koa Rey\n* Kekoa Kekumano as Nahele Huikala\n* [Christine Ko](/wiki/Christine_Ko \"Christine Ko\") as Jessie Nomura\n\n### Guest stars\n\n* [Joey Lawrence](/wiki/Joey_Lawrence \"Joey Lawrence\") as Aaron Wright, brother of world\\-class hacker Ian Wright\n* [Chris Vance](/wiki/Chris_Vance_%28actor%29 \"Chris Vance (actor)\") as Harry Langford, former MI6 agent\n* [Paige Hurd](/wiki/Paige_Hurd \"Paige Hurd\") as Samantha Grover\n* [Randy Couture](/wiki/Randy_Couture \"Randy Couture\") as Jason Duclair\n* Bob McCracken as DEA Agent Chris Reid\n* [Casper Van Dien](/wiki/Casper_Van_Dien \"Casper Van Dien\") as Roger Niles\n* [Steven Brand](/wiki/Steven_Brand \"Steven Brand\") as John Walcott\n* [Derek Mio](/wiki/Derek_Mio \"Derek Mio\") as Derek Okada\n* [Leonardo Nam](/wiki/Leonardo_Nam \"Leonardo Nam\") as Harley Taylor\n* [Reggie Lee](/wiki/Reggie_Lee_%28actor%29 \"Reggie Lee (actor)\") as Joey Kang\n* Erika Brown as adult Grace Williams\n* Joey Defore as 20 year\\-old Charlie Williams\n* [Chosen Jacobs](/wiki/Chosen_Jacobs \"Chosen Jacobs\") as Will Grover\n* [Devon Sawa](/wiki/Devon_Sawa \"Devon Sawa\") as Brad Woodward\n* Shawn Anthony Thomsen as Pua Kai\n* [Michael Imperioli](/wiki/Michael_Imperioli \"Michael Imperioli\") as Odell Martin\n* [Claire van der Boom](/wiki/Claire_van_der_Boom \"Claire van der Boom\") as Rachel Hollander\n* [Frankie Faison](/wiki/Frankie_Faison \"Frankie Faison\") as Leroy Davis\n* [Ryan Bittle](/wiki/Ryan_Bittle \"Ryan Bittle\") as John McGarrett\n* [Susan Park](/wiki/Susan_Park \"Susan Park\") as Noriko Noshimuri\n* [Michelle Borth](/wiki/Michelle_Borth \"Michelle Borth\") as Catherine Rollins\n* [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\") as Joe White\n* [Willie Garson](/wiki/Willie_Garson \"Willie Garson\") as Gerard Hirsch\n* [Vincent Pastore](/wiki/Vincent_Pastore \"Vincent Pastore\") as Vito Russo\n* [Robyn Lively](/wiki/Robyn_Lively \"Robyn Lively\") as Helen Meech\n\n",
"### Main cast\n\n* [Alex O'Loughlin](/wiki/Alex_O%27Loughlin \"Alex O'Loughlin\") as Lieutenant Commander Steven \"Steve\" McGarrett, [United States Navy Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve \"United States Navy Reserve\")\n* [Scott Caan](/wiki/Scott_Caan \"Scott Caan\") as Detective Sergeant Daniel \"Danny\" \"Danno\" Williams\n* [Meaghan Rath](/wiki/Meaghan_Rath \"Meaghan Rath\") as Officer Tani Rey\n* [Jorge Garcia](/wiki/Jorge_Garcia \"Jorge Garcia\") as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega\n* [Taylor Wily](/wiki/Taylor_Wily \"Taylor Wily\") as Kamekona Tupuola\n* [Dennis Chun](/wiki/Dennis_Chun \"Dennis Chun\") as Sergeant Duke Lukela, Honolulu Police Department\n* [Kimee Balmilero](/wiki/Kimee_Balmilero \"Kimee Balmilero\") as Dr. Noelani Cunha, Medical Examiner\n* [Chi McBride](/wiki/Chi_McBride \"Chi McBride\") as Captain Lou Grover\n* [Beulah Koale](/wiki/Beulah_Koale \"Beulah Koale\") as Junior Reigns, Police Candidate, later Officer assigned to Five\\-0 Task Force\n* [Ian Anthony Dale](/wiki/Ian_Anthony_Dale \"Ian Anthony Dale\") as Adam Noshimuri, head of Five\\-0 Special Division of Organized Crime\n",
"### Recurring cast\n\n* [Zach Sulzbach](/wiki/Zach_Sulzbach \"Zach Sulzbach\") as Charlie Williams\n* Shawn Mokuahi Garnett as Flippa Tupuola\n* [Claire Forlani](/wiki/Claire_Forlani \"Claire Forlani\") as Alicia Brown\n* [Andrew Lawrence](/wiki/Andrew_Lawrence_%28actor%29 \"Andrew Lawrence (actor)\") as Eric Russo\n* Kunal Sharma as Koa Rey\n* Kekoa Kekumano as Nahele Huikala\n* [Christine Ko](/wiki/Christine_Ko \"Christine Ko\") as Jessie Nomura\n\n",
"### Guest stars\n\n* [Joey Lawrence](/wiki/Joey_Lawrence \"Joey Lawrence\") as Aaron Wright, brother of world\\-class hacker Ian Wright\n* [Chris Vance](/wiki/Chris_Vance_%28actor%29 \"Chris Vance (actor)\") as Harry Langford, former MI6 agent\n* [Paige Hurd](/wiki/Paige_Hurd \"Paige Hurd\") as Samantha Grover\n* [Randy Couture](/wiki/Randy_Couture \"Randy Couture\") as Jason Duclair\n* Bob McCracken as DEA Agent Chris Reid\n* [Casper Van Dien](/wiki/Casper_Van_Dien \"Casper Van Dien\") as Roger Niles\n* [Steven Brand](/wiki/Steven_Brand \"Steven Brand\") as John Walcott\n* [Derek Mio](/wiki/Derek_Mio \"Derek Mio\") as Derek Okada\n* [Leonardo Nam](/wiki/Leonardo_Nam \"Leonardo Nam\") as Harley Taylor\n* [Reggie Lee](/wiki/Reggie_Lee_%28actor%29 \"Reggie Lee (actor)\") as Joey Kang\n* Erika Brown as adult Grace Williams\n* Joey Defore as 20 year\\-old Charlie Williams\n* [Chosen Jacobs](/wiki/Chosen_Jacobs \"Chosen Jacobs\") as Will Grover\n* [Devon Sawa](/wiki/Devon_Sawa \"Devon Sawa\") as Brad Woodward\n* Shawn Anthony Thomsen as Pua Kai\n* [Michael Imperioli](/wiki/Michael_Imperioli \"Michael Imperioli\") as Odell Martin\n* [Claire van der Boom](/wiki/Claire_van_der_Boom \"Claire van der Boom\") as Rachel Hollander\n* [Frankie Faison](/wiki/Frankie_Faison \"Frankie Faison\") as Leroy Davis\n* [Ryan Bittle](/wiki/Ryan_Bittle \"Ryan Bittle\") as John McGarrett\n* [Susan Park](/wiki/Susan_Park \"Susan Park\") as Noriko Noshimuri\n* [Michelle Borth](/wiki/Michelle_Borth \"Michelle Borth\") as Catherine Rollins\n* [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\") as Joe White\n* [Willie Garson](/wiki/Willie_Garson \"Willie Garson\") as Gerard Hirsch\n* [Vincent Pastore](/wiki/Vincent_Pastore \"Vincent Pastore\") as Vito Russo\n* [Robyn Lively](/wiki/Robyn_Lively \"Robyn Lively\") as Helen Meech\n\n",
"Episodes\n--------\n\n",
"Production\n----------\n\nOn March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for an eighth season, which premiered on September 29, 2017\\. Filming for the season began on July 8, 2017 with a traditional Hawaiian blessing. Series star [Alex O'Loughlin](/wiki/Alex_O%27Loughlin \"Alex O'Loughlin\") made both his writer and directorial debut during the season. O'Loughlin directed the eighteenth episode of the season and wrote the story for the twenty\\-fourth episode of the season. The final script for the season was written around early March 2018\\. Filming on the final episode of the season concluded in the third week of April. The final episode of the season aired on May 18, 2018\\.\n\n### Daniel Dae Kim's and Grace Park's departure controversies\n\nOn June 30, 2017, ahead of the series's eighth season, it was announced that series regulars [Daniel Dae Kim](/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim \"Daniel Dae Kim\") and [Grace Park](/wiki/Grace_Park_%28actress%29 \"Grace Park (actress)\") would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS. Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co\\-stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan, but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios. CBS's final offer to Kim and Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary. An update of their characters was given in the first episode of the season and in various other episodes throughout the season.\n\n### Casting\n\nFollowing Kim's and Park's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member [Ian Anthony Dale](/wiki/Ian_Anthony_Dale \"Ian Anthony Dale\") who portrays Kono Kalakaua's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season. It was also announced that [Meaghan Rath](/wiki/Meaghan_Rath \"Meaghan Rath\") and [Beulah Koale](/wiki/Beulah_Koale \"Beulah Koale\") would join the series as new characters and new members of Five\\-0\\.\n\nOn July 21, 2017, it was announced that recurring cast members [Taylor Wily](/wiki/Taylor_Wily \"Taylor Wily\"), [Kimee Balmilero](/wiki/Kimee_Balmilero \"Kimee Balmilero\"), and [Dennis Chun](/wiki/Dennis_Chun \"Dennis Chun\") would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season.\n\nOn September 28, 2017 in an interview with executive producer Peter Lenkov he was asked if [Christine Lahti](/wiki/Christine_Lahti \"Christine Lahti\") had a chance in returning during the season. Lenkov stated \"Yes, well, we haven’t written the episode. There is an episode that we’re talking about, but it all depends on scheduling.\" However, the story wasn't written and no updates were given. [Joey Lawrence](/wiki/Joey_Lawrence \"Joey Lawrence\") starred in two episodes of the season as Aaron Wright's brother of Ian Wright, played by [Nick Jonas](/wiki/Nick_Jonas \"Nick Jonas\") who appeared in two episodes during [season 4](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%2C_season_4%29 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 4)\"). [Chris Vance](/wiki/Chris_Vance_%28actor%29 \"Chris Vance (actor)\") also returned as a guest star and appeared in two episodes as former MI6 agent Harry Langford. It was later announced on March 19, 2018 that previous main cast member [Michelle Borth](/wiki/Michelle_Borth \"Michelle Borth\") would return as a guest star in the season's twentieth episode. [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\") also returned as a guest star in the season's twenty\\-fourth episode. Teilor Grubbs did not appear at all in the season for the first time since the beginning of the series.\n\nIan Anthony Dale returned to the series in episode seven and made his final appearance of the season in episode twenty due to conflicting filming of other CBS television show *[Salvation](/wiki/Salvation_%28TV_series%29 \"Salvation (TV series)\")* in which he is also a series regular.\n\n",
"### Daniel Dae Kim's and Grace Park's departure controversies\n\nOn June 30, 2017, ahead of the series's eighth season, it was announced that series regulars [Daniel Dae Kim](/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim \"Daniel Dae Kim\") and [Grace Park](/wiki/Grace_Park_%28actress%29 \"Grace Park (actress)\") would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS. Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co\\-stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan, but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios. CBS's final offer to Kim and Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary. An update of their characters was given in the first episode of the season and in various other episodes throughout the season.\n\n",
"### Casting\n\nFollowing Kim's and Park's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member [Ian Anthony Dale](/wiki/Ian_Anthony_Dale \"Ian Anthony Dale\") who portrays Kono Kalakaua's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season. It was also announced that [Meaghan Rath](/wiki/Meaghan_Rath \"Meaghan Rath\") and [Beulah Koale](/wiki/Beulah_Koale \"Beulah Koale\") would join the series as new characters and new members of Five\\-0\\.\n\nOn July 21, 2017, it was announced that recurring cast members [Taylor Wily](/wiki/Taylor_Wily \"Taylor Wily\"), [Kimee Balmilero](/wiki/Kimee_Balmilero \"Kimee Balmilero\"), and [Dennis Chun](/wiki/Dennis_Chun \"Dennis Chun\") would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season.\n\nOn September 28, 2017 in an interview with executive producer Peter Lenkov he was asked if [Christine Lahti](/wiki/Christine_Lahti \"Christine Lahti\") had a chance in returning during the season. Lenkov stated \"Yes, well, we haven’t written the episode. There is an episode that we’re talking about, but it all depends on scheduling.\" However, the story wasn't written and no updates were given. [Joey Lawrence](/wiki/Joey_Lawrence \"Joey Lawrence\") starred in two episodes of the season as Aaron Wright's brother of Ian Wright, played by [Nick Jonas](/wiki/Nick_Jonas \"Nick Jonas\") who appeared in two episodes during [season 4](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%2C_season_4%29 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 4)\"). [Chris Vance](/wiki/Chris_Vance_%28actor%29 \"Chris Vance (actor)\") also returned as a guest star and appeared in two episodes as former MI6 agent Harry Langford. It was later announced on March 19, 2018 that previous main cast member [Michelle Borth](/wiki/Michelle_Borth \"Michelle Borth\") would return as a guest star in the season's twentieth episode. [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\") also returned as a guest star in the season's twenty\\-fourth episode. Teilor Grubbs did not appear at all in the season for the first time since the beginning of the series.\n\nIan Anthony Dale returned to the series in episode seven and made his final appearance of the season in episode twenty due to conflicting filming of other CBS television show *[Salvation](/wiki/Salvation_%28TV_series%29 \"Salvation (TV series)\")* in which he is also a series regular.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n### Ratings\n\n| No. | Episode | Air date | 18\\-49rating | Viewers(millions) | Weeklyrank | Live\\+718–49 | Live\\+7 viewers(millions) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | A'ole e 'olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia | September 29, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.64 | \\#22 | 1\\.8 | 11\\.91 |\n| 2 | Na La 'Ilio | October 6, 2017 | 1\\.1 | 8\\.53 | \\#16 | | 11\\.55 |\n| 3 | Kau pahi, ko'u kua. Kau pu, ko'u po'o | October 13, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.51 | \\#16 | | 11\\.39 |\n| 4 | E uhi wale no 'a'ole e nalo, he imu puhi | October 20, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.67 | \\#15 | 1\\.7 | 11\\.54 |\n| 5 | Kama'oma'o, ka 'aina huli hana | November 3, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.63 | \\#15 | 1\\.6 | 11\\.56 |\n| 6 | Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua | November 10, 2017 | 1\\.1 | 9\\.21 | \\#17 | | 12\\.13 |\n| 7 | Kau Ka ‘Onohi Ali’i I Luna | November 17, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 9\\.17 | \\#16 | | 11\\.87 |\n| 8 | He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala, Mai Ho'okolo Aku | December 1, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.56 | \\#17 | 1\\.6 | 11\\.70 |\n| 9 | Make Me Kai | December 8, 2017 | 1\\.1 | 9\\.07 | \\#9 | 1\\.7 | 11\\.95 |\n| 10 | I Ka Wa Ma Mua, I Ka Wa Ma Hope | December 15, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.48 | \\#13 | | |\n| 11 | Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa | December 15, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.71 | \\#15 | | |\n| 12 | Ka Hopu Nui 'Ana | January 5, 2018 | 1\\.2 | 9\\.96 | \\#8 | | |\n| 13 | Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia | January 12, 2018 | 1\\.1 | 9\\.38 | \\#10 | | 12\\.30 |\n| 14 | Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa | January 19, 2018 | 1\\.0 | 9\\.14 | \\#10 | 1\\.7 | 12\\.19 |\n| 15 | He puko'a kani'aina | February 2, 2018 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.56 | \\#9 | 1\\.7 | 11\\.91 |\n| 16 | O Na Hoku O Ka Lani Ka I 'Ike Ia Pae | March 2, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.00 | \\#15 | | 10\\.94 |\n| 17 | Holapu ke ahi, koe iho ka lehu | March 9, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.68 | \\#18 | 1\\.6 | 10\\.67 |\n| 18 | E Ho'Oko Kuleana | March 30, 2018 | 1\\.0 | 7\\.80 | \\#17 | | 10\\.87 |\n| 19 | Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa; Make No I Ka Mihi Ole | April 6, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.97 | \\#16 | 1\\.5 | 10\\.83 |\n| 20 | He Lokomaika’I Ka Manu O Kaiona | April 13, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.48 | \\#14 | 1\\.5 | 10\\.51 |\n| 21 | Ahuwale Ka Nane Huna | April 20, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.52 | \\#14 | | 10\\.28 |\n| 22 | Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo | April 27, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.79 | \\#10 | 1\\.4 | 10\\.48 |\n| 23 | Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki | May 4, 2018 | 0\\.7 | 7\\.04 | \\#16 | 1\\.3 | 9\\.78 |\n| 24 | Ka Lala Kaukonakona Haki 'Ole I Ka Pa A Ka Makani Kona | May 11, 2018 | 0\\.8 | 7\\.09 | \\#19 | | 9\\.76 |\n| 25 | Waiho Wale Kahiko | May 18, 2018 | 0\\.7 | 6\\.62 | \\#15 | | |\n\n",
"### Ratings\n\n| No. | Episode | Air date | 18\\-49rating | Viewers(millions) | Weeklyrank | Live\\+718–49 | Live\\+7 viewers(millions) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | A'ole e 'olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia | September 29, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.64 | \\#22 | 1\\.8 | 11\\.91 |\n| 2 | Na La 'Ilio | October 6, 2017 | 1\\.1 | 8\\.53 | \\#16 | | 11\\.55 |\n| 3 | Kau pahi, ko'u kua. Kau pu, ko'u po'o | October 13, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.51 | \\#16 | | 11\\.39 |\n| 4 | E uhi wale no 'a'ole e nalo, he imu puhi | October 20, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.67 | \\#15 | 1\\.7 | 11\\.54 |\n| 5 | Kama'oma'o, ka 'aina huli hana | November 3, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.63 | \\#15 | 1\\.6 | 11\\.56 |\n| 6 | Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua | November 10, 2017 | 1\\.1 | 9\\.21 | \\#17 | | 12\\.13 |\n| 7 | Kau Ka ‘Onohi Ali’i I Luna | November 17, 2017 | 1\\.0 | 9\\.17 | \\#16 | | 11\\.87 |\n| 8 | He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala, Mai Ho'okolo Aku | December 1, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.56 | \\#17 | 1\\.6 | 11\\.70 |\n| 9 | Make Me Kai | December 8, 2017 | 1\\.1 | 9\\.07 | \\#9 | 1\\.7 | 11\\.95 |\n| 10 | I Ka Wa Ma Mua, I Ka Wa Ma Hope | December 15, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.48 | \\#13 | | |\n| 11 | Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa | December 15, 2017 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.71 | \\#15 | | |\n| 12 | Ka Hopu Nui 'Ana | January 5, 2018 | 1\\.2 | 9\\.96 | \\#8 | | |\n| 13 | Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia | January 12, 2018 | 1\\.1 | 9\\.38 | \\#10 | | 12\\.30 |\n| 14 | Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa | January 19, 2018 | 1\\.0 | 9\\.14 | \\#10 | 1\\.7 | 12\\.19 |\n| 15 | He puko'a kani'aina | February 2, 2018 | 1\\.0 | 8\\.56 | \\#9 | 1\\.7 | 11\\.91 |\n| 16 | O Na Hoku O Ka Lani Ka I 'Ike Ia Pae | March 2, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 8\\.00 | \\#15 | | 10\\.94 |\n| 17 | Holapu ke ahi, koe iho ka lehu | March 9, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.68 | \\#18 | 1\\.6 | 10\\.67 |\n| 18 | E Ho'Oko Kuleana | March 30, 2018 | 1\\.0 | 7\\.80 | \\#17 | | 10\\.87 |\n| 19 | Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa; Make No I Ka Mihi Ole | April 6, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.97 | \\#16 | 1\\.5 | 10\\.83 |\n| 20 | He Lokomaika’I Ka Manu O Kaiona | April 13, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.48 | \\#14 | 1\\.5 | 10\\.51 |\n| 21 | Ahuwale Ka Nane Huna | April 20, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.52 | \\#14 | | 10\\.28 |\n| 22 | Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo | April 27, 2018 | 0\\.9 | 7\\.79 | \\#10 | 1\\.4 | 10\\.48 |\n| 23 | Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki | May 4, 2018 | 0\\.7 | 7\\.04 | \\#16 | 1\\.3 | 9\\.78 |\n| 24 | Ka Lala Kaukonakona Haki 'Ole I Ka Pa A Ka Makani Kona | May 11, 2018 | 0\\.8 | 7\\.09 | \\#19 | | 9\\.76 |\n| 25 | Waiho Wale Kahiko | May 18, 2018 | 0\\.7 | 6\\.62 | \\#15 | | |\n\n",
"Home video release\n------------------\n\n| ***Hawaii Five\\-0*: The Eighth Season** | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **Set details** | | |\n **Special features** |\n 25 episodes 6\\-disc set [1\\.78:1 aspect ratio](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28image%29%231.66:1%2C_1.75:1%2C_1.77:1%2C_1.78:1_and_16:9_standard_widescreen \"1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1, 1.78:1 and 16:9 standard widescreen\") Languages: English ([Dolby Digital](/wiki/Dolby_Digital \"Dolby Digital\") 5\\.1, with subtitles) Subtitles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese | | |\n Behind the scenes Deleted scenes || **Release Dates** | | |\n| [Region 1](/wiki/DVD_region_code%231 \"DVD region code#1\")\n\n [Region 2](/wiki/DVD_region_code%232 \"DVD region code#2\")\n\n [Region 4](/wiki/DVD_region_code%234 \"DVD region code#4\")\n\n| September 4, 2018\n\n September 10, 2018\n\n TBA\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* List of [*Hawaii Five\\-0* episodes](http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/hawaii-five-0/listings/) at The Futon Critic\n[Category:2017 American television seasons](/wiki/Category:2017_American_television_seasons \"2017 American television seasons\")\n[Category:2018 American television seasons](/wiki/Category:2018_American_television_seasons \"2018 American television seasons\")\n[Category:Hawaii Five\\-0 (2010 TV series) seasons](/wiki/Category:Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%29_seasons \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) seasons\")\n\n"
]
} |
Snowshoe running | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | quilq6l2abltxlokikx1r676qc66e5r | 2024-02-10T21:38:09Z | 1,180,936,806 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"International federations",
"World championships",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|260 px\\|A snowshoe running race.](/wiki/File:Korea_Special_Olympics_1day_18_%288452406244%29.jpg \"Korea Special Olympics 1day 18 (8452406244).jpg\")\n**Snowshoe running**, or **snowshoeing**, is a [winter sport](/wiki/Winter_sport \"Winter sport\") practiced with [snowshoes](/wiki/Snowshoes \"Snowshoes\"), which is governed by [World Snowshoe Federation](/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Federation \"World Snowshoe Federation\") (WSSF) founded in 2010, which until 2015 had its name [International Snowshoe Federation](/wiki/International_Snowshoe_Federation \"International Snowshoe Federation\") (ISSF). The snowshoes running is part of the [Special Olympics](/wiki/Special_Olympics \"Special Olympics\") and [Arctic Winter Games](/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games \"Arctic Winter Games\") programs.\n\n",
"International federations\n-------------------------\n\nThe [World Snowshoe Federation](/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Federation \"World Snowshoe Federation\") (WSSF) is the global governing body of snowshoe running recognized by the [International Olympic Committee](/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee \"International Olympic Committee\").\n\n",
"World championships\n-------------------\n\nWSSF organized the [World Snowshoe Championships](/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Championships \"World Snowshoe Championships\") in 2016 in [Vezza d'Oglio](/wiki/Vezza_d%27Oglio \"Vezza d'Oglio\"), [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") and in 2017 in [Saranac Lake, NY](/wiki/Saranac_Lake%2C_NY \"Saranac Lake, NY\") from 24 February to 25 February 2017, until the previous edition, the [ISSF 2015 World Snowshoe Championships](/wiki/ISSF_2015_World_Snowshoe_Championships \"ISSF 2015 World Snowshoe Championships\"), held in [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), the championships were organized by the same [International federation](/wiki/International_federation \"International federation\"), but with old name of ISSF.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* They are also used in [winter triathlon](/wiki/Winter_triathlon \"Winter triathlon\")\n* [Cross country running](/wiki/Cross_country_running \"Cross country running\")\n* [Mountain running](/wiki/Mountain_running \"Mountain running\")\n* [Trail running](/wiki/Trail_running \"Trail running\")\n* [Skyrunning](/wiki/Skyrunning \"Skyrunning\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [World Snowshoe Federation](https://www.worldsnowshoe.org/) (WSSF) official web site\n* [Snowshoe Magazine](https://www.snowshoemag.com) web site\n\n"
]
} |
Alexander Thomson, Lord Thomson | {
"id": [
44127043
],
"name": [
"Atremari"
]
} | joa7apz6lmwe008oqp4dlxqpa0qwzld | 2024-01-14T20:11:16Z | 1,147,726,381 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Alexander Thomson, Lord Thomson** (9 November 1914 – 2 February 1979\\) was a Scottish [advocate](/wiki/Advocate \"Advocate\") and judge. He was a [Senator of the College of Justice](/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice \"Senator of the College of Justice\") from 1965 until his death in 1979\\. He had been [Sheriff of Renfrew and Argyll](/wiki/Sheriff_of_Renfrew_and_Argyll \"Sheriff of Renfrew and Argyll\") from 1962 to 1964 and [Dean of the Faculty of Advocates](/wiki/Dean_of_the_Faculty_of_Advocates \"Dean of the Faculty of Advocates\") from 1964 to 1965\\.'THOMSON, Hon. Lord', *[Who Was Who](/wiki/Who_Was_Who \"Who Was Who\")*, A \\& C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 [accessed 18 Oct 2017](http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U160274)\n\nHe was one of the three judges of the short\\-lived [National Industrial Relations Court](/wiki/National_Industrial_Relations_Court \"National Industrial Relations Court\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1914 births](/wiki/Category:1914_births \"1914 births\")\n[Category:1979 deaths](/wiki/Category:1979_deaths \"1979 deaths\")\n[Category:Senators of the College of Justice](/wiki/Category:Senators_of_the_College_of_Justice \"Senators of the College of Justice\")\n[Category:Deans of the Faculty of Advocates](/wiki/Category:Deans_of_the_Faculty_of_Advocates \"Deans of the Faculty of Advocates\")\n[Category:Scottish sheriffs](/wiki/Category:Scottish_sheriffs \"Scottish sheriffs\")\n[Category:Scottish King's Counsel](/wiki/Category:Scottish_King%27s_Counsel \"Scottish King's Counsel\")\n[Category:People from Dunfermline](/wiki/Category:People_from_Dunfermline \"People from Dunfermline\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh \"Alumni of the University of Edinburgh\")\n[Category:British Army personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:British_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II \"British Army personnel of World War II\")\n\n"
]
} |
Alice Baldwin | {
"id": [
913893
],
"name": [
"Jkaharper"
]
} | l3kj19glc2ux80bogwgjba200jgt0vc | 2024-03-29T01:35:59Z | 1,046,674,467 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Alice Baldwin"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Alice Baldwin** may refer to:\n\n* [Alice Baldwin (abbess)](/wiki/Alice_Baldwin_%28abbess%29 \"Alice Baldwin (abbess)\") (died 1546\\), last Abbess of Burnham Abbey\n* [Alice Gertrude Baldwin](/wiki/Alice_Gertrude_Baldwin \"Alice Gertrude Baldwin\") (1859–1943\\) African\\-American suffragist\n* [Alice Mary Baldwin](/wiki/Alice_Mary_Baldwin \"Alice Mary Baldwin\") (1879–1960\\), American historian, educator, and dean of the Woman's College at Duke University, 1923–1947\n\n"
]
} |
Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe) | {
"id": [
37934303
],
"name": [
"Firekong1"
]
} | 2v738nst2dtopnsg30edx9i6zbq8bmt | 2024-10-02T00:48:24Z | 1,245,559,274 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Concept and creation",
"Characterization",
"Appearances",
"Film",
"Animation",
"Fictional character biography",
"Early life",
"Becoming a Master of the Mystic Arts",
"Infinity War and resurrection",
"Helping Peter Parker",
"Fighting the Scarlet Witch",
"Alternate versions",
"''What If...?''",
"Doctor Strange Supreme",
"Zombie Strange",
"''Multiverse of Madness''",
"Defender Strange",
"Earth-838's Supreme Strange",
"''Darkhold''-corrupted Sinister Strange",
"''Deadpool & Wolverine''",
"Pruned Strange",
"Reception",
"Accolades",
"In other media",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
4,
3,
4,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t**Doctor Stephen Vincent Strange** is a [superhero](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") portrayed by [Benedict Cumberbatch](/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch \"Benedict Cumberbatch\") in the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Marvel Cinematic Universe\") (MCU) [media franchise](/wiki/Media_franchise \"Media franchise\")—based on the [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") character [of the same name](/wiki/Doctor_Strange \"Doctor Strange\"), commonly referred to by his [academic title](/wiki/Doctorate \"Doctorate\"). Initially depicted as an intelligent and arrogant neurosurgeon, Strange experiences a career\\-ending car accident. In his search to repair his damaged hands, he discovers magic from [Kamar\\-Taj](/wiki/Kamar-Taj_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Kamar-Taj (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). He becomes a Master of the Mystic Arts, using his newfound powers to protect the Earth from various threats.\n\nStrange allies with the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Guardians of the Galaxy](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_team%29 \"Guardians of the Galaxy (Marvel Cinematic Universe team)\") to combat [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), before allowing Thanos to initiate [the Blip](/wiki/The_Blip \"The Blip\"), himself among its victims, to ensure their ultimate victory five years later upon being restored to life. On his return, Strange remains the appointed Guardian of the [New York Sanctum](/wiki/New_York_Sanctum \"New York Sanctum\"), but finds that [Wong](/wiki/Wong_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") has become Sorcerer Supreme, a position Strange himself was in the process of inheriting from the [Ancient One](/wiki/Ancient_One_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ancient One (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") prior to being Blipped. Strange later faces several problems from the newly\\-established [multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), including a rift between realities created by an interrupted attempt to erase everyone's knowledge of [Peter Parker](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s secret identity as [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Spider-Man (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"); and a *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")*\\-corrupted [Wanda Maximoff](/wiki/Wanda_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), whom he must stop from acquiring [America Chavez](/wiki/America_Chavez_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s ability to traverse the multiverse for her own goals.\n\nThe character is one of the central figures of the MCU, having appeared in six films as of 2022\\. Cumberbatch has received acclaim for his performance as Strange and was nominated for [several awards](/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Benedict_Cumberbatch \"List of awards and nominations received by Benedict Cumberbatch\")—including Critics' Choice Award nominations in 2016 and 2023\\. [Alternate versions](/wiki/%23Alternate_versions \"#Alternate versions\") of Strange from the multiverse appear in the animated series *[What If...?](/wiki/What_If...%3F_%28TV_series%29 \"What If...? (TV series)\")* (2021, 2023\\) and the film *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")* (2022\\). A notable version in *What If...?* is **Doctor Strange Supreme**, who accidentally destroys his universe in his efforts to resurrect his version of [Christine Palmer](/wiki/Christine_Palmer_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Christine Palmer (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and later co\\-founds the [Guardians of the Multiverse](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Multiverse \"Guardians of the Multiverse\") with [the Watcher](/wiki/The_Watcher_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"The Watcher (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to defeat an alternate version of [Ultron](/wiki/Ultron_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\").\n\n",
"Concept and creation\n--------------------\n\nThe character of Doctor Strange was originally created in the 1960s. Artist [Steve Ditko](/wiki/Steve_Ditko \"Steve Ditko\") and writer [Stan Lee](/wiki/Stan_Lee \"Stan Lee\") have described the character as having been originally the idea of Ditko, who wrote in 2008, \"On my own, I brought in to Lee a five\\-page, penciled story with a page/panel script of my idea of a new, different kind of character for variety in Marvel Comics. My character wound up being named Dr. Strange because he would appear in *[Strange Tales](/wiki/Strange_Tales \"Strange Tales\")*.\" In a 1963 letter to [Jerry Bails](/wiki/Jerry_Bails \"Jerry Bails\"), Lee wrote:\n\nFollowing a 1978 film adaptation also titled *[Dr. Strange](/wiki/Dr._Strange_%281978_film%29 \"Dr. Strange (1978 film)\")*, various incarnations of a Doctor Strange film adaptation had been in development since the mid\\-1980s, until [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\") acquired the film rights in April 2005 on behalf of Marvel Studios. In the mid\\-2000s, [Kevin Feige](/wiki/Kevin_Feige \"Kevin Feige\") had realized that Marvel still owned the rights to the core characters of the *Avengers*, which included Strange. Feige, a self\\-professed \"fanboy\", envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators [Stan Lee](/wiki/Stan_Lee \"Stan Lee\") and [Jack Kirby](/wiki/Jack_Kirby \"Jack Kirby\") had done with their comic books in the early 1960s. In 2004, David Maisel was hired as chief operating officer of Marvel Studios as he had a plan for the studio to self\\-finance movies. Marvel entered into a [non\\-recourse debt](/wiki/Non-recourse_debt \"Non-recourse debt\") structure with [Merrill Lynch](/wiki/Merrill_Lynch \"Merrill Lynch\"), under which Marvel got $525 million to make a maximum of 10 movies based on the company's properties over eight years, collateralized by certain movie rights to a total of 10 characters, including Doctor Strange. [Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer](/wiki/Thomas_Dean_Donnelly_and_Joshua_Oppenheimer \"Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer\") were brought on board in June 2010 to write a screenplay. In June 2014, Derrickson was hired to direct and re\\-write the film with Spaihts. Cumberbatch was chosen for the eponymous role in December 2014, necessitating a schedule change to work around his other commitments. This gave Derrickson time to work on the script himself, for which he brought Cargill on to help. The film began [principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") in November 2015 in [Nepal](/wiki/Nepal \"Nepal\"), before moving to the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, and concluding in New York City in April 2016\\.\n\n### Characterization\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|alt\\=Benedict Cumberbatch at San Diego Comic\\-Con in July 2019\\|Cumberbatch at the 2019 [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\")](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_crop.jpg \"Benedict Cumberbatch crop.jpg\")\nIn his first feature\\-length appearance in the MCU, Dr. Strange is a neurosurgeon who, after a car crash that led to a journey of healing, discovers the hidden world of magic and [alternate dimensions](/wiki/Parallel_universe_%28fiction%29 \"Parallel universe (fiction)\"). Cumberbatch described Strange as arrogant, with the film \"about him going from a place where he thinks he knows it all to realizing he knows nothing.\" He compared the character to the version of [Sherlock Holmes](/wiki/List_of_Sherlock_characters%23Sherlock_Holmes \"List of Sherlock characters#Sherlock Holmes\") that he portrays in *[Sherlock](/wiki/Sherlock_%28TV_series%29 \"Sherlock (TV series)\")*, calling both characters \"intelligent\" and having \"smatterings of the same colors\". The film's [mysticism](/wiki/Mysticism \"Mysticism\") resonated with Cumberbatch, for whom [spirituality](/wiki/Spirituality \"Spirituality\") has been important since he spent his [gap year](/wiki/Gap_year \"Gap year\") teaching English at a [Tibetan Buddhist monastery](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism \"Tibetan Buddhism\") in [Darjeeling](/wiki/Darjeeling \"Darjeeling\"), India. Strange's abilities in the film include casting spells with \"tongue\\-twisty fun names\", creating [mandalas](/wiki/Mandala \"Mandala\") of light for shields and weapons, and creating portals for quick travel around the world. Strange is also aided by a [Cloak of Levitation](/wiki/Cloak_of_Levitation_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Cloak of Levitation (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") for flight, and the [Eye of Agamotto](/wiki/Eye_of_Agamotto_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Eye of Agamotto (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), a relic containing an [Infinity Stone](/wiki/Infinity_Stone \"Infinity Stone\") that can [manipulate time](/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction%23Time_travel_in_films \"List of time travel works of fiction#Time travel in films\"). Cumberbatch took great care in defining the physical movements and gestures for the spells, knowing that they would be noted and studied by fans. He described these gestures as \"balletic\" and \"very dynamic\", and received help with [finger\\-tutting](/wiki/Finger-tutting \"Finger-tutting\") movements from dancer JayFunk.\n\nLater, Strange has become a Master of the Mystic Arts. Markus and McFeely described Strange in *Infinity War* as \"\\[ending] up being the reasonable adult in the room\" with the \"widest perspective available\". [Aaron Lazar](/wiki/Aaron_Lazar \"Aaron Lazar\") served as Cumberbatch's [stand\\-in](/wiki/Stand-in \"Stand-in\") until the latter completed filming on *[The Current War](/wiki/The_Current_War \"The Current War\")* (2017\\). Julian \"JayFunk\" Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger\\-tutting movements.\n\nIn *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")*, writer [Michael Waldron](/wiki/Michael_Waldron \"Michael Waldron\") compared Strange to [Indiana Jones](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_%28character%29 \"Indiana Jones (character)\") as a hero who can \"take a punch\", but with the intellect of chef [Anthony Bourdain](/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain \"Anthony Bourdain\"), and added that he is a \"great adventure hero you just like to watch kick ass\". Waldron hoped to explore what effect the events Strange has gone through in his previous MCU appearances would have on him. Cumberbatch also portrays three alternate versions of the character: a seemingly heroic incarnation based on the version of the character from the 2011 *[Defenders](/wiki/Defenders_%28comics%29 \"Defenders (comics)\")* comic book series; the former [Sorcerer Supreme](/wiki/Sorcerer_Supreme \"Sorcerer Supreme\") of Earth\\-838 who founded the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"); and a version who has been corrupted by the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")*.\n\n",
"### Characterization\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|alt\\=Benedict Cumberbatch at San Diego Comic\\-Con in July 2019\\|Cumberbatch at the 2019 [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\")](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_crop.jpg \"Benedict Cumberbatch crop.jpg\")\nIn his first feature\\-length appearance in the MCU, Dr. Strange is a neurosurgeon who, after a car crash that led to a journey of healing, discovers the hidden world of magic and [alternate dimensions](/wiki/Parallel_universe_%28fiction%29 \"Parallel universe (fiction)\"). Cumberbatch described Strange as arrogant, with the film \"about him going from a place where he thinks he knows it all to realizing he knows nothing.\" He compared the character to the version of [Sherlock Holmes](/wiki/List_of_Sherlock_characters%23Sherlock_Holmes \"List of Sherlock characters#Sherlock Holmes\") that he portrays in *[Sherlock](/wiki/Sherlock_%28TV_series%29 \"Sherlock (TV series)\")*, calling both characters \"intelligent\" and having \"smatterings of the same colors\". The film's [mysticism](/wiki/Mysticism \"Mysticism\") resonated with Cumberbatch, for whom [spirituality](/wiki/Spirituality \"Spirituality\") has been important since he spent his [gap year](/wiki/Gap_year \"Gap year\") teaching English at a [Tibetan Buddhist monastery](/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism \"Tibetan Buddhism\") in [Darjeeling](/wiki/Darjeeling \"Darjeeling\"), India. Strange's abilities in the film include casting spells with \"tongue\\-twisty fun names\", creating [mandalas](/wiki/Mandala \"Mandala\") of light for shields and weapons, and creating portals for quick travel around the world. Strange is also aided by a [Cloak of Levitation](/wiki/Cloak_of_Levitation_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Cloak of Levitation (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") for flight, and the [Eye of Agamotto](/wiki/Eye_of_Agamotto_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Eye of Agamotto (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), a relic containing an [Infinity Stone](/wiki/Infinity_Stone \"Infinity Stone\") that can [manipulate time](/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction%23Time_travel_in_films \"List of time travel works of fiction#Time travel in films\"). Cumberbatch took great care in defining the physical movements and gestures for the spells, knowing that they would be noted and studied by fans. He described these gestures as \"balletic\" and \"very dynamic\", and received help with [finger\\-tutting](/wiki/Finger-tutting \"Finger-tutting\") movements from dancer JayFunk.\n\nLater, Strange has become a Master of the Mystic Arts. Markus and McFeely described Strange in *Infinity War* as \"\\[ending] up being the reasonable adult in the room\" with the \"widest perspective available\". [Aaron Lazar](/wiki/Aaron_Lazar \"Aaron Lazar\") served as Cumberbatch's [stand\\-in](/wiki/Stand-in \"Stand-in\") until the latter completed filming on *[The Current War](/wiki/The_Current_War \"The Current War\")* (2017\\). Julian \"JayFunk\" Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger\\-tutting movements.\n\nIn *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")*, writer [Michael Waldron](/wiki/Michael_Waldron \"Michael Waldron\") compared Strange to [Indiana Jones](/wiki/Indiana_Jones_%28character%29 \"Indiana Jones (character)\") as a hero who can \"take a punch\", but with the intellect of chef [Anthony Bourdain](/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain \"Anthony Bourdain\"), and added that he is a \"great adventure hero you just like to watch kick ass\". Waldron hoped to explore what effect the events Strange has gone through in his previous MCU appearances would have on him. Cumberbatch also portrays three alternate versions of the character: a seemingly heroic incarnation based on the version of the character from the 2011 *[Defenders](/wiki/Defenders_%28comics%29 \"Defenders (comics)\")* comic book series; the former [Sorcerer Supreme](/wiki/Sorcerer_Supreme \"Sorcerer Supreme\") of Earth\\-838 who founded the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"); and a version who has been corrupted by the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")*.\n\n",
"Appearances\n-----------\n\n### Film\n\nBenedict Cumberbatch portrays Stephen Strange in the films *[Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_%282016_film%29 \"Doctor Strange (2016 film)\")* (2016\\), *[Thor: Ragnarok](/wiki/Thor:Ragnarok \"Ragnarok\")* (2017\\), *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* (2018\\), *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* (2019\\), *[Spider\\-Man: No Way Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:No_Way_Home \"No Way Home\")* (2021\\), and *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")* (2022\\), where he also plays three alternate versions of the character.\n\n### Animation\n\nCumberbatch voices an alternate version of Strange called Doctor Strange Supreme in six episodes of the [Disney\\+](/wiki/Disney%2B \"Disney+\") series *[What If...?](/wiki/What_If...%3F_%28TV_series%29 \"What If...? (TV series)\")* (2021\\): \"[What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?](/wiki/What_If..._Doctor_Strange_Lost_His_Heart_Instead_of_His_Hands%3F \"What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?\")\", \"[What If... Ultron Won?](/wiki/What_If..._Ultron_Won%3F \"What If... Ultron Won?\")\", \"[What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?](/wiki/What_If..._the_Watcher_Broke_His_Oath%3F \"What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?\")\", \"[What If... Kahhori Reshaped the World?](/wiki/What_If..._Kahhori_Reshaped_the_World%3F \"What If... Kahhori Reshaped the World?\")\", \"What If... The Avengers Assembled in 1602?\", and \"[What If... Strange Supreme Intervened?](/wiki/What_If..._Strange_Supreme_Intervened%3F \"What If... Strange Supreme Intervened?\")\", as well as a zombie Strange in \"[What If... Zombies?!](/wiki/What_If..._Zombies%3F%21 \"What If... Zombies?!\")\". Opening credits occur from 0:42–1:43, with the end credits beginning at 32:40\\. An alternate version of the character will appear in the Disney\\+ series *[Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Your_Friendly_Neighborhood_Spider-Man \"Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man\")* (2024\\). Strange, along with [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and the events of *No Way Home*, are referenced in the [Sony Pictures Animation](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation \"Sony Pictures Animation\") film *[Spider\\-Man: Across the Spider\\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Man:Across_the_Spider-Verse \"Across the Spider-Verse\")* (2023\\).\n\n",
"### Film\n\nBenedict Cumberbatch portrays Stephen Strange in the films *[Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_%282016_film%29 \"Doctor Strange (2016 film)\")* (2016\\), *[Thor: Ragnarok](/wiki/Thor:Ragnarok \"Ragnarok\")* (2017\\), *[Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\")* (2018\\), *[Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\")* (2019\\), *[Spider\\-Man: No Way Home](/wiki/Spider-Man:No_Way_Home \"No Way Home\")* (2021\\), and *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")* (2022\\), where he also plays three alternate versions of the character.\n\n",
"### Animation\n\nCumberbatch voices an alternate version of Strange called Doctor Strange Supreme in six episodes of the [Disney\\+](/wiki/Disney%2B \"Disney+\") series *[What If...?](/wiki/What_If...%3F_%28TV_series%29 \"What If...? (TV series)\")* (2021\\): \"[What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?](/wiki/What_If..._Doctor_Strange_Lost_His_Heart_Instead_of_His_Hands%3F \"What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?\")\", \"[What If... Ultron Won?](/wiki/What_If..._Ultron_Won%3F \"What If... Ultron Won?\")\", \"[What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?](/wiki/What_If..._the_Watcher_Broke_His_Oath%3F \"What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?\")\", \"[What If... Kahhori Reshaped the World?](/wiki/What_If..._Kahhori_Reshaped_the_World%3F \"What If... Kahhori Reshaped the World?\")\", \"What If... The Avengers Assembled in 1602?\", and \"[What If... Strange Supreme Intervened?](/wiki/What_If..._Strange_Supreme_Intervened%3F \"What If... Strange Supreme Intervened?\")\", as well as a zombie Strange in \"[What If... Zombies?!](/wiki/What_If..._Zombies%3F%21 \"What If... Zombies?!\")\". Opening credits occur from 0:42–1:43, with the end credits beginning at 32:40\\. An alternate version of the character will appear in the Disney\\+ series *[Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Your_Friendly_Neighborhood_Spider-Man \"Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man\")* (2024\\). Strange, along with [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and the events of *No Way Home*, are referenced in the [Sony Pictures Animation](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation \"Sony Pictures Animation\") film *[Spider\\-Man: Across the Spider\\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Man:Across_the_Spider-Verse \"Across the Spider-Verse\")* (2023\\).\n\n",
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------\n\n### Early life\n\nAs a child, Stephen Strange plays on a frozen pond with his sister, Donna, who falls through the ice and drowns, causing Strange to lament his inability to save her. He becomes a doctor, and through years of study and practice, hones his skills to a high level.\n\n### Becoming a Master of the Mystic Arts\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Benedict Cumberbatch on the set of *Doctor Strange* in 2015\\.](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_on_the_set_of_Doctor_Strange_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Benedict Cumberbatch on the set of Doctor Strange (cropped).jpg\")\nIn 2016, Strange is a wealthy, acclaimed but arrogant [neurosurgeon](/wiki/Neurosurgeon \"Neurosurgeon\"), who severely injures his hands in a car crash while en route to a dinner, leaving him unable to operate. Fellow surgeon and former lover [Christine Palmer](/wiki/Christine_Palmer_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Christine Palmer (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") tries to help him move on, but Strange ignores her attempts and vainly pursues experimental surgeries to heal his hands, at the cost of his wealth. Strange learns about [Jonathan Pangborn](/wiki/Jonathan_Pangborn \"Jonathan Pangborn\"), a [paraplegic](/wiki/Paraplegia \"Paraplegia\"), who he had refused to treat earlier due to perceiving him having little chance of recovery but had mysteriously regained use of his legs. Pangborn directs Strange to [Kamar\\-Taj](/wiki/Kamar-Taj_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Kamar-Taj (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), where he is rescued from a band of thieves attempting to steal an expensive watch of his and taken in by [Mordo](/wiki/Karl_Mordo_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Karl Mordo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), a sorcerer under the [Ancient One](/wiki/Ancient_One_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ancient One (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\").\n\nThe Ancient One demonstrates her power to Strange, revealing the [astral plane](/wiki/Astral_plane \"Astral plane\") and other dimensions such as the Mirror Dimension. She reluctantly agrees to train Strange, whose arrogance and ambition remind her of renegade sorcerer [Kaecilius](/wiki/Kaecilius_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Kaecilius (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who had recently stolen pages out of a vital book from the Kamar\\-Taj library. Strange studies under the Ancient One and Mordo, and from ancient books in the library that is now guarded by Master [Wong](/wiki/Wong_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange learns that Earth is protected from threats from other dimensions by a shield generated from three buildings called [Sanctums](/wiki/Sanctum_Sanctorum_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Film \"Sanctum Sanctorum (Marvel Comics)#Film\"), in New York City, London, and Hong Kong, which are all connected and accessible from Kamar\\-Taj. Strange uses his impressive memory and progresses quickly, secretly reading the text from which Kaecilius stole pages, learning to bend time with the mystical [Eye of Agamotto](/wiki/Time_Stone \"Time Stone\"). Mordo and Wong catch Strange in the act and warn him against breaking the laws of nature, drawing a comparison to Kaecilius' desire for [eternal life](/wiki/Immortality \"Immortality\"). After Kaecilius uses the stolen pages to contact [Dormammu](/wiki/Dormammu_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Dormammu (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") of the [Dark Dimension](/wiki/Dark_Dimension_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Dark Dimension (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and leads an attack on the [New York Sanctum](/wiki/New_York_Sanctum \"New York Sanctum\"), killing its guardian, Strange holds off the attackers with the help of the [Cloak of Levitation](/wiki/Cloak_of_Levitation_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Cloak of Levitation (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") until Mordo and the Ancient One arrive. Mordo becomes disillusioned with the Ancient One after Strange reveals that the Ancient One has been drawing power from the Dark Dimension to sustain her long life. Kaecilius later mortally wounds the Ancient One and escapes to Hong Kong. Before dying, she tells Strange that he too will have to bend the rules to complement Mordo's steadfast nature to defeat Kaecilius, in addition to making him choose between healing like Pangborn or serving protecting the Earth. Strange and Mordo arrive in Hong Kong to find Wong dead, the Sanctum destroyed, and the Dark Dimension engulfing Earth. Strange uses the Eye to reverse time and save Wong, then enters the Dark Dimension and creates a [time loop](/wiki/Time_loop \"Time loop\") around himself and Dormammu. After repeatedly killing Strange to no avail, Dormammu finally gives in to Strange's demand that he leave Earth and take Kaecilius and his zealots with him in return for Strange breaking the loop. Strange returns the Eye to Kamar\\-Taj, and takes up residence in the New York Sanctum to continue his studies and keeps a watchlist of various threats to Earth.\n\nIn 2017, Strange learns that [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Loki](/wiki/Loki_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") have arrived and traps Loki in a portal while inviting Thor to the New York Sanctum. There he questions Thor's motives for bringing Loki to Earth. Thor explains they are searching for their father, so Strange locates [Odin](/wiki/Odin_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Odin (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), releases Loki, and sends the two into a portal to [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\").\n\n### Infinity War and resurrection\n\n[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|The logo of the [New York Sanctum](/wiki/New_York_Sanctum \"New York Sanctum\")](/wiki/File:Doctor_Strange_MCU_logo.webp \"Doctor Strange MCU logo.webp\")\nIn 2018, Strange and Wong are talking in the New York Sanctum when [Bruce Banner](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") crash\\-lands through the roof. He informs Strange and Wong of the imminent threat of [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). In response, Strange recruits [Tony Stark](/wiki/Tony_Stark_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to help. [Ebony Maw](/wiki/Ebony_Maw_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ebony Maw (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Cull Obsidian](/wiki/Cull_Obsidian \"Cull Obsidian\"), members of the [Children of Thanos](/wiki/Children_of_Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Children of Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), arrive to retrieve the Time Stone kept by Strange in the [Eye of Agamotto](/wiki/Time_Stone \"Time Stone\"), and end up drawing the attention of [Peter Parker](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who arrives to help. Maw captures Strange, but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment, so he takes him to his spaceship to be tortured until he breaks the spell. However, Stark and Parker infiltrate the ship, kill Maw, and rescue Strange. Landing on the planet [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Titan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), where Maw is supposed to meet with Thanos, the trio meet [Peter Quill](/wiki/Peter_Quill_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Drax the Destroyer](/wiki/Drax_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Mantis](/wiki/Mantis_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Mantis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and together form a plan to combat Thanos once he arrives. While waiting for him, Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures, seeing only one in which Thanos loses. The group, along with [Nebula](/wiki/Nebula_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Nebula (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), fight Thanos and are nearly successful in removing his Infinity Gauntlet with the [Infinity Stones](/wiki/Infinity_Stones \"Infinity Stones\"), until an enraged Quill unintentionally breaks their hold on him. After a brief duel with Thanos, Strange is defeated while Stark is severely wounded, but is spared when Strange surrenders the Time Stone. Once [the Blip](/wiki/The_Blip \"The Blip\") occurs, Strange tells Stark there was no other way and disintegrates.\n\nIn 2023, Strange is restored to life and he along with Wong and the other Masters of the Mystic Arts transport Parker, the restored Avengers, the [Guardians of the Galaxy](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Guardians of the Galaxy (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), the [Wakandans](/wiki/Wakanda_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wakanda (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), the [Asgardians](/wiki/Asgard_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Asgard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and the [Ravagers](/wiki/Ravagers_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ravagers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") via portals to the destroyed [Avengers Compound](/wiki/Avengers_Compound_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Avengers Compound (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to join the final battle against an alternate Thanos and his army. During the battle, Strange keeps the battlefield from being flooded by the lake and hints to Stark that this is the one future in which they win. After Stark sacrifices himself to defeat alternate Thanos, Strange attends his funeral.\n\n### Helping Peter Parker\n\nIn 2024, much to Strange's disappointment, Wong has assumed the title of Sorcerer Supreme. That fall, Strange is visited by Parker, after his identity as Spider\\-Man is exposed to the world by [Quentin Beck/Mysterio](/wiki/Quentin_Beck_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Quentin Beck (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange offers to help and suggests casting the spell called the Runes of Kof\\-Kol to make the world forget he is Spider\\-Man, to which he agrees despite Wong's warnings of the spell's danger. The spell backfires when Parker inadvertently distracts Strange by talking while he is performing it and changing the parameters multiple times, tampering with the [multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), causing people from other realities who know that Parker is Spider\\-Man to enter Strange's universe, including two alternate versions of Parker (one from [*The Amazing Spider\\-Man* film series](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\"), and the other from the [Sam Raimi film series](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series)\")), as well as their adversaries [Otto Octavius](/wiki/Otto_Octavius_%28film_character%29 \"Otto Octavius (film character)\"), [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), [Flint Marko](/wiki/Flint_Marko_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Flint Marko (Sam Raimi film series)\"), [Curt Connors](/wiki/Curt_Connors_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Curt Connors (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\"), and [Max Dillon](/wiki/Max_Dillon_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Max Dillon (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\"), and, unbeknownst to both Strange and Parker, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock_%28Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe%29 \"Eddie Brock (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)\") and his [Symbiote](/wiki/Symbiote_%28comics%29 \"Symbiote (comics)\") companion [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe%29 \"Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)\") (from [Sony's Spider\\-Man Universe](/wiki/Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe \"Sony's Spider-Man Universe\")).\n\nStrange apprehends Connors and tasks Parker and his friends, [Ned Leeds](/wiki/Ned_Leeds_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ned Leeds (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Michelle Jones](/wiki/MJ_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"MJ (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), to retrieve the other visitors. Once the villains have been captured, an annoyed and weary Strange tries to send them back to their home universes using a relic known as The Macchina de Kadavus, but after learning they will die once they return and intending to cure them before sending them back, Parker steals Strange's spell\\-containing relic and Strange pursues him into the Mirror Dimension where they briefly duel. Strange becomes trapped in the Mirror Dimension when he is caught off guard and Parker steals his sling ring.\n\nTwelve hours later, he is inadvertently released by Leeds (who had Strange's sling ring with him) and witnesses Parker and his alternate selves curing the villains. Strange's relic is destroyed by Osborn, resulting in the multiverse continuing to break open. Parker tells Strange to cast the spell again, this time having the world forget about the existence of his civilian identity altogether instead. Strange, although initially reluctant and warning Parker of the cost, agrees and casts the spell, resulting in the alternate Parkers, their villains, and Brock and Venom returning to their home universes while everyone from Strange's universe, including himself, forgets Parker, but still remembers Spider\\-Man.\n\nElsewhere, it is revealed that his spell had the unintended effect of displacing a former adversary of Spider\\-Man, the imprisoned [Adrian Toomes](/wiki/Vulture_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Vulture (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), into an [alternate universe](/wiki/Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe \"Sony's Spider-Man Universe\").\n\n### Fighting the Scarlet Witch\n\nSoon after, Strange attends Palmer's wedding and speaks with his former colleague, West, in the church. Afterwards, Strange attends the wedding reception and apologizes to Palmer for his past conduct. Suddenly, upon hearing a disturbance outside, Strange leaves the reception and confronts an invisible creature that is attacking the city. Strange reveals the creature as an inter\\-dimensional octopus\\-like being, [Gargantos](/wiki/Gargantos \"Gargantos\"). When Strange is overpowered, Wong joins the fight and the two eventually kill it while saving a girl, who introduces herself as [America Chavez](/wiki/America_Chavez_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Chavez explains she can travel through the [multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and that other creatures are after her power including a Strange from another universe. Chavez takes Strange and Wong to Strange's body and Strange deduces that he was attacked with witchcraft.\n\nStrange meets with [Wanda Maximoff](/wiki/Wanda_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") in her self\\-imposed isolation, not realizing that she has already been taken over by the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")* and had taken on the identity of the [Scarlet Witch](/wiki/Scarlet_Witch \"Scarlet Witch\"). Strange tells Maximoff that he is not there to talk about the [Westview incident](/wiki/WandaVision \"WandaVision\") but about Chavez, however, she accidentally reveals she already knew of her and intends on using her to take her power to be with alternate real versions of her children [Billy](/wiki/Billy_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Billy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Tommy](/wiki/Tommy_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Tommy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange attempts to reason with her that they are not real but refuses to give her to Maximoff, who attacks Kamar\\-Taj, killing many sorcerers. During the attack, Chavez's powers are triggered and she and Strange escape in a portal falling through several universes. Strange and Chavez end up in an alternate universe, designated as \"Earth\\-838\", where they meet this universe's [Mordo](/wiki/Karl_Mordo_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Karl Mordo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange and Chavez are then drugged by him and taken into custody. When he wakes, Strange meets this universe's Palmer who designates his Earth as \"[Earth\\-616](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Marvel Cinematic Universe\")\". Mordo takes Strange to the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), consisting of Mordo himself, [Captain Peggy Carter](/wiki/Captain_Carter \"Captain Carter\"), [King Blackagar Boltagon](/wiki/Black_Bolt_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Black Bolt (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Captain Maria Rambeau](/wiki/Maria_Rambeau \"Maria Rambeau\"), [Dr. Reed Richards](/wiki/Reed_Richards_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Reed Richards (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Professor Charles Xavier](/wiki/Charles_Xavier_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Charles Xavier (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). They explain how their Strange's reckless use of their universe's *Darkhold* to defeat their [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") trigged an \"incursion\", destroying another universe, which led the Illuminati to kill him, making Mordo the new Sorcerer Supreme and taking Strange's vacant spot on the Illuminati. The Illuminati then claim that Strange\\-616 is also dangerous and refuse to believe his warnings about Maximoff. Strange then sees footage of Maximoff, having dream\\-walked into her 838 counterpart, attacking the Illuminati headquarters, killing all of them except for Mordo, who is defeated by Strange. Strange, Chavez, and Palmer escape to the gap junction, the space between universes, where they find the Book of Vishanti. Maximoff appears, destroys the book, and takes over Chavez's mind, using her powers to send Strange and Palmer to another universe. \n\nStrange and Palmer enter an incursion\\-destroyed universe where Strange meets that universe's Strange, who was corrupted by the *Darkhold*. Strange kills this universe's Strange and takes his *Darkhold* to dream walk into Defender Strange's deceased body and go after Maximoff. With help from Wong and Chavez, who managed to gain control over her powers, they transport Maximoff back to \"Earth\\-838\" to that universe's Maximoff household in Westview, where she is freed from the *Darkhold*s control by frightening that universe's Billy and Tommy in front of their mother. Realizing what she has done, Maximoff destroys the *Darkhold* in all universes. Strange, Chavez, and Wong return to Earth\\-616 as Palmer\\-838 returns to her home. Strange sees the reconstruction of Kamar\\-Taj, as Chavez begins training there before returning to the New York Sanctum. While out on a walk, Strange develops a [third eye](/wiki/Third_eye \"Third eye\") and is approached by a [sorceress](/wiki/Clea_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Clea (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") who invites him to avert an incursion in the [Dark Dimension](/wiki/Dark_Dimension_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Dark Dimension (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\").\n\n",
"### Early life\n\nAs a child, Stephen Strange plays on a frozen pond with his sister, Donna, who falls through the ice and drowns, causing Strange to lament his inability to save her. He becomes a doctor, and through years of study and practice, hones his skills to a high level.\n\n",
"### Becoming a Master of the Mystic Arts\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Benedict Cumberbatch on the set of *Doctor Strange* in 2015\\.](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_on_the_set_of_Doctor_Strange_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Benedict Cumberbatch on the set of Doctor Strange (cropped).jpg\")\nIn 2016, Strange is a wealthy, acclaimed but arrogant [neurosurgeon](/wiki/Neurosurgeon \"Neurosurgeon\"), who severely injures his hands in a car crash while en route to a dinner, leaving him unable to operate. Fellow surgeon and former lover [Christine Palmer](/wiki/Christine_Palmer_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Christine Palmer (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") tries to help him move on, but Strange ignores her attempts and vainly pursues experimental surgeries to heal his hands, at the cost of his wealth. Strange learns about [Jonathan Pangborn](/wiki/Jonathan_Pangborn \"Jonathan Pangborn\"), a [paraplegic](/wiki/Paraplegia \"Paraplegia\"), who he had refused to treat earlier due to perceiving him having little chance of recovery but had mysteriously regained use of his legs. Pangborn directs Strange to [Kamar\\-Taj](/wiki/Kamar-Taj_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Kamar-Taj (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), where he is rescued from a band of thieves attempting to steal an expensive watch of his and taken in by [Mordo](/wiki/Karl_Mordo_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Karl Mordo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), a sorcerer under the [Ancient One](/wiki/Ancient_One_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ancient One (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\").\n\nThe Ancient One demonstrates her power to Strange, revealing the [astral plane](/wiki/Astral_plane \"Astral plane\") and other dimensions such as the Mirror Dimension. She reluctantly agrees to train Strange, whose arrogance and ambition remind her of renegade sorcerer [Kaecilius](/wiki/Kaecilius_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Kaecilius (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who had recently stolen pages out of a vital book from the Kamar\\-Taj library. Strange studies under the Ancient One and Mordo, and from ancient books in the library that is now guarded by Master [Wong](/wiki/Wong_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange learns that Earth is protected from threats from other dimensions by a shield generated from three buildings called [Sanctums](/wiki/Sanctum_Sanctorum_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Film \"Sanctum Sanctorum (Marvel Comics)#Film\"), in New York City, London, and Hong Kong, which are all connected and accessible from Kamar\\-Taj. Strange uses his impressive memory and progresses quickly, secretly reading the text from which Kaecilius stole pages, learning to bend time with the mystical [Eye of Agamotto](/wiki/Time_Stone \"Time Stone\"). Mordo and Wong catch Strange in the act and warn him against breaking the laws of nature, drawing a comparison to Kaecilius' desire for [eternal life](/wiki/Immortality \"Immortality\"). After Kaecilius uses the stolen pages to contact [Dormammu](/wiki/Dormammu_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Dormammu (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") of the [Dark Dimension](/wiki/Dark_Dimension_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Dark Dimension (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and leads an attack on the [New York Sanctum](/wiki/New_York_Sanctum \"New York Sanctum\"), killing its guardian, Strange holds off the attackers with the help of the [Cloak of Levitation](/wiki/Cloak_of_Levitation_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Cloak of Levitation (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") until Mordo and the Ancient One arrive. Mordo becomes disillusioned with the Ancient One after Strange reveals that the Ancient One has been drawing power from the Dark Dimension to sustain her long life. Kaecilius later mortally wounds the Ancient One and escapes to Hong Kong. Before dying, she tells Strange that he too will have to bend the rules to complement Mordo's steadfast nature to defeat Kaecilius, in addition to making him choose between healing like Pangborn or serving protecting the Earth. Strange and Mordo arrive in Hong Kong to find Wong dead, the Sanctum destroyed, and the Dark Dimension engulfing Earth. Strange uses the Eye to reverse time and save Wong, then enters the Dark Dimension and creates a [time loop](/wiki/Time_loop \"Time loop\") around himself and Dormammu. After repeatedly killing Strange to no avail, Dormammu finally gives in to Strange's demand that he leave Earth and take Kaecilius and his zealots with him in return for Strange breaking the loop. Strange returns the Eye to Kamar\\-Taj, and takes up residence in the New York Sanctum to continue his studies and keeps a watchlist of various threats to Earth.\n\nIn 2017, Strange learns that [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Loki](/wiki/Loki_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") have arrived and traps Loki in a portal while inviting Thor to the New York Sanctum. There he questions Thor's motives for bringing Loki to Earth. Thor explains they are searching for their father, so Strange locates [Odin](/wiki/Odin_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Odin (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), releases Loki, and sends the two into a portal to [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\").\n\n",
"### Infinity War and resurrection\n\n[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|The logo of the [New York Sanctum](/wiki/New_York_Sanctum \"New York Sanctum\")](/wiki/File:Doctor_Strange_MCU_logo.webp \"Doctor Strange MCU logo.webp\")\nIn 2018, Strange and Wong are talking in the New York Sanctum when [Bruce Banner](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") crash\\-lands through the roof. He informs Strange and Wong of the imminent threat of [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). In response, Strange recruits [Tony Stark](/wiki/Tony_Stark_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to help. [Ebony Maw](/wiki/Ebony_Maw_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ebony Maw (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Cull Obsidian](/wiki/Cull_Obsidian \"Cull Obsidian\"), members of the [Children of Thanos](/wiki/Children_of_Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Children of Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), arrive to retrieve the Time Stone kept by Strange in the [Eye of Agamotto](/wiki/Time_Stone \"Time Stone\"), and end up drawing the attention of [Peter Parker](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who arrives to help. Maw captures Strange, but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment, so he takes him to his spaceship to be tortured until he breaks the spell. However, Stark and Parker infiltrate the ship, kill Maw, and rescue Strange. Landing on the planet [Titan](/wiki/Titan_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Titan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), where Maw is supposed to meet with Thanos, the trio meet [Peter Quill](/wiki/Peter_Quill_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Drax the Destroyer](/wiki/Drax_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Mantis](/wiki/Mantis_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Mantis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and together form a plan to combat Thanos once he arrives. While waiting for him, Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures, seeing only one in which Thanos loses. The group, along with [Nebula](/wiki/Nebula_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Nebula (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), fight Thanos and are nearly successful in removing his Infinity Gauntlet with the [Infinity Stones](/wiki/Infinity_Stones \"Infinity Stones\"), until an enraged Quill unintentionally breaks their hold on him. After a brief duel with Thanos, Strange is defeated while Stark is severely wounded, but is spared when Strange surrenders the Time Stone. Once [the Blip](/wiki/The_Blip \"The Blip\") occurs, Strange tells Stark there was no other way and disintegrates.\n\nIn 2023, Strange is restored to life and he along with Wong and the other Masters of the Mystic Arts transport Parker, the restored Avengers, the [Guardians of the Galaxy](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Guardians of the Galaxy (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), the [Wakandans](/wiki/Wakanda_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wakanda (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), the [Asgardians](/wiki/Asgard_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Asgard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and the [Ravagers](/wiki/Ravagers_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ravagers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") via portals to the destroyed [Avengers Compound](/wiki/Avengers_Compound_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Avengers Compound (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to join the final battle against an alternate Thanos and his army. During the battle, Strange keeps the battlefield from being flooded by the lake and hints to Stark that this is the one future in which they win. After Stark sacrifices himself to defeat alternate Thanos, Strange attends his funeral.\n\n",
"### Helping Peter Parker\n\nIn 2024, much to Strange's disappointment, Wong has assumed the title of Sorcerer Supreme. That fall, Strange is visited by Parker, after his identity as Spider\\-Man is exposed to the world by [Quentin Beck/Mysterio](/wiki/Quentin_Beck_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Quentin Beck (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange offers to help and suggests casting the spell called the Runes of Kof\\-Kol to make the world forget he is Spider\\-Man, to which he agrees despite Wong's warnings of the spell's danger. The spell backfires when Parker inadvertently distracts Strange by talking while he is performing it and changing the parameters multiple times, tampering with the [multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), causing people from other realities who know that Parker is Spider\\-Man to enter Strange's universe, including two alternate versions of Parker (one from [*The Amazing Spider\\-Man* film series](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\"), and the other from the [Sam Raimi film series](/wiki/Peter_Parker_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series)\")), as well as their adversaries [Otto Octavius](/wiki/Otto_Octavius_%28film_character%29 \"Otto Octavius (film character)\"), [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Norman Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)\"), [Flint Marko](/wiki/Flint_Marko_%28Sam_Raimi_film_series%29 \"Flint Marko (Sam Raimi film series)\"), [Curt Connors](/wiki/Curt_Connors_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Curt Connors (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\"), and [Max Dillon](/wiki/Max_Dillon_%28The_Amazing_Spider-Man_film_series%29 \"Max Dillon (The Amazing Spider-Man film series)\"), and, unbeknownst to both Strange and Parker, [Eddie Brock](/wiki/Eddie_Brock_%28Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe%29 \"Eddie Brock (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)\") and his [Symbiote](/wiki/Symbiote_%28comics%29 \"Symbiote (comics)\") companion [Venom](/wiki/Venom_%28Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe%29 \"Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)\") (from [Sony's Spider\\-Man Universe](/wiki/Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe \"Sony's Spider-Man Universe\")).\n\nStrange apprehends Connors and tasks Parker and his friends, [Ned Leeds](/wiki/Ned_Leeds_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ned Leeds (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Michelle Jones](/wiki/MJ_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"MJ (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), to retrieve the other visitors. Once the villains have been captured, an annoyed and weary Strange tries to send them back to their home universes using a relic known as The Macchina de Kadavus, but after learning they will die once they return and intending to cure them before sending them back, Parker steals Strange's spell\\-containing relic and Strange pursues him into the Mirror Dimension where they briefly duel. Strange becomes trapped in the Mirror Dimension when he is caught off guard and Parker steals his sling ring.\n\nTwelve hours later, he is inadvertently released by Leeds (who had Strange's sling ring with him) and witnesses Parker and his alternate selves curing the villains. Strange's relic is destroyed by Osborn, resulting in the multiverse continuing to break open. Parker tells Strange to cast the spell again, this time having the world forget about the existence of his civilian identity altogether instead. Strange, although initially reluctant and warning Parker of the cost, agrees and casts the spell, resulting in the alternate Parkers, their villains, and Brock and Venom returning to their home universes while everyone from Strange's universe, including himself, forgets Parker, but still remembers Spider\\-Man.\n\nElsewhere, it is revealed that his spell had the unintended effect of displacing a former adversary of Spider\\-Man, the imprisoned [Adrian Toomes](/wiki/Vulture_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Vulture (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), into an [alternate universe](/wiki/Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe \"Sony's Spider-Man Universe\").\n\n",
"### Fighting the Scarlet Witch\n\nSoon after, Strange attends Palmer's wedding and speaks with his former colleague, West, in the church. Afterwards, Strange attends the wedding reception and apologizes to Palmer for his past conduct. Suddenly, upon hearing a disturbance outside, Strange leaves the reception and confronts an invisible creature that is attacking the city. Strange reveals the creature as an inter\\-dimensional octopus\\-like being, [Gargantos](/wiki/Gargantos \"Gargantos\"). When Strange is overpowered, Wong joins the fight and the two eventually kill it while saving a girl, who introduces herself as [America Chavez](/wiki/America_Chavez_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Chavez explains she can travel through the [multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and that other creatures are after her power including a Strange from another universe. Chavez takes Strange and Wong to Strange's body and Strange deduces that he was attacked with witchcraft.\n\nStrange meets with [Wanda Maximoff](/wiki/Wanda_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") in her self\\-imposed isolation, not realizing that she has already been taken over by the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")* and had taken on the identity of the [Scarlet Witch](/wiki/Scarlet_Witch \"Scarlet Witch\"). Strange tells Maximoff that he is not there to talk about the [Westview incident](/wiki/WandaVision \"WandaVision\") but about Chavez, however, she accidentally reveals she already knew of her and intends on using her to take her power to be with alternate real versions of her children [Billy](/wiki/Billy_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Billy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and [Tommy](/wiki/Tommy_Maximoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Tommy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange attempts to reason with her that they are not real but refuses to give her to Maximoff, who attacks Kamar\\-Taj, killing many sorcerers. During the attack, Chavez's powers are triggered and she and Strange escape in a portal falling through several universes. Strange and Chavez end up in an alternate universe, designated as \"Earth\\-838\", where they meet this universe's [Mordo](/wiki/Karl_Mordo_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Karl Mordo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). Strange and Chavez are then drugged by him and taken into custody. When he wakes, Strange meets this universe's Palmer who designates his Earth as \"[Earth\\-616](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Marvel Cinematic Universe\")\". Mordo takes Strange to the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), consisting of Mordo himself, [Captain Peggy Carter](/wiki/Captain_Carter \"Captain Carter\"), [King Blackagar Boltagon](/wiki/Black_Bolt_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Black Bolt (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Captain Maria Rambeau](/wiki/Maria_Rambeau \"Maria Rambeau\"), [Dr. Reed Richards](/wiki/Reed_Richards_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Reed Richards (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Professor Charles Xavier](/wiki/Charles_Xavier_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Charles Xavier (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). They explain how their Strange's reckless use of their universe's *Darkhold* to defeat their [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") trigged an \"incursion\", destroying another universe, which led the Illuminati to kill him, making Mordo the new Sorcerer Supreme and taking Strange's vacant spot on the Illuminati. The Illuminati then claim that Strange\\-616 is also dangerous and refuse to believe his warnings about Maximoff. Strange then sees footage of Maximoff, having dream\\-walked into her 838 counterpart, attacking the Illuminati headquarters, killing all of them except for Mordo, who is defeated by Strange. Strange, Chavez, and Palmer escape to the gap junction, the space between universes, where they find the Book of Vishanti. Maximoff appears, destroys the book, and takes over Chavez's mind, using her powers to send Strange and Palmer to another universe. \n\nStrange and Palmer enter an incursion\\-destroyed universe where Strange meets that universe's Strange, who was corrupted by the *Darkhold*. Strange kills this universe's Strange and takes his *Darkhold* to dream walk into Defender Strange's deceased body and go after Maximoff. With help from Wong and Chavez, who managed to gain control over her powers, they transport Maximoff back to \"Earth\\-838\" to that universe's Maximoff household in Westview, where she is freed from the *Darkhold*s control by frightening that universe's Billy and Tommy in front of their mother. Realizing what she has done, Maximoff destroys the *Darkhold* in all universes. Strange, Chavez, and Wong return to Earth\\-616 as Palmer\\-838 returns to her home. Strange sees the reconstruction of Kamar\\-Taj, as Chavez begins training there before returning to the New York Sanctum. While out on a walk, Strange develops a [third eye](/wiki/Third_eye \"Third eye\") and is approached by a [sorceress](/wiki/Clea_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Clea (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") who invites him to avert an incursion in the [Dark Dimension](/wiki/Dark_Dimension_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Dark Dimension (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\").\n\n",
"Alternate versions\n------------------\n\nSeveral alternate versions of Strange appear in the animated series *What If...?* and the film *Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness*, all played by Cumberbatch.\n\n### *What If...?*\n\n#### Doctor Strange Supreme\n\nIn an alternate 2016, Strange seeks out Kamar\\-Taj and becomes a Master of the Mystic Arts after Palmer dies in a car crash while he was left uninjured. After being appointed the title of Sorcerer Supreme, the newly\\-dubbed **Doctor Strange Supreme** had then proceeded to make countless attempts to reverse Palmer's death using the Eye of Agamotto, but fails no matter what he tries and is informed by the Ancient One that the event was an irreversible \"absolute point\" in time, as her death drove him to become a sorcerer, the resulting [paradox](/wiki/Paradox \"Paradox\") would damage the fabric of reality. Strange refuses to listen and flees to the Library of Cagliostro, where he spends centuries absorbing magical beings and becoming a monstrous version of his former self. Learning that the Ancient One used a spell from the Dark Dimension to splinter him into two beings to divide his power, with the other half having come to terms with Palmer's death, Strange Supreme confronts his other half and eventually absorbs him before resurrecting Palmer, who is repulsed by his appearance while their universe unravels. Strange Supreme begs aid from the [Watcher](/wiki/Watcher_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Watcher (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), an omniscient observer of the Multiverse, only to be refused as the Watcher condemns him for not heeding the Ancient One's warning and that he vowed not to interfere in the Multiverse's events. As his universe collapses, Strange Supreme helplessly watches as Palmer fades away from existence and he grieves alone in a pocket dimension he creates.\n\nSometime later, Strange Supreme is visited by the Watcher, who seeks his help in defeating another universe's now\\-omnipotent [Ultron](/wiki/Ultron_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who seeks to destroy the entire Multiverse. Strange materializes a bar and meets [Captain Carter](/wiki/Captain_Carter \"Captain Carter\"), [Star\\-Lord T'Challa](/wiki/Star-Lord_T%27Challa \"Star-Lord T'Challa\"), [Thor](/wiki/Party_Thor \"Party Thor\"), [Gamora](/wiki/Gamora_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Erik \"Killmonger\" Stevens](/wiki/Erik_%22Killmonger%22_Stevens \"Erik \"), who had been chosen by the Watcher as the [Guardians of the Multiverse](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Multiverse \"Guardians of the Multiverse\") to combat Ultron. While in another universe, Thor prematurely alerts Ultron to their location, prompting Strange to transport a horde of [zombies](/wiki/Zombies \"Zombies\") from another universe to distract Ultron as they escaped. In Ultron's home universe, they meet [Natasha Romanoff](/wiki/Natasha_Romanoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and the team battle Ultron. After Romanoff and Carter successfully upload [Arnim Zola](/wiki/Arnim_Zola_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Arnim Zola (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s analog consciousness into Ultron's body, Killmonger betrays them and is trapped by Strange in a pocket dimension with Zola. Strange is then tasked by the Watcher to watch them for eternity, in which he gladly accepts while quoting to the Watcher \"What are friends for?\"\n\nSometime later, Strange abandoned his post and opened a portal to another universe finding a Mohawk tribeswoman Kahhori and Sky World people in Queen Isabella of Spain's courtroom, saying that he had been looking for her for a long time. He later arrived in the 1602 universe and recruited Captain Carter, who had helped save that universe from an incursion. He brought Carter with him to his Sanctum and revealed he had captured several \"universe\\-killers\" such as a [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and a young [Peter Quill](/wiki/Peter_Quill_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to protect the Multiverse. Strange sent Carter to another universe to retrieve Kahhori, and afterwards, it was revealed that Strange's ambitions to resurrect his universe's Christine Palmer had returned, and he had been kidnapping both universe killers and righteous heroes from across the multiverse to feed to the Forge, a magical construct which he intended to use to restore his destroyed universe by feeding all of his captives to it. Unwilling to accept the sacrifice of so many potential innocents, Carter released Strange's prisoners and battled him with the help of Kahhori and the Infinity Armor taken from a freed Killmonger, but proved no match for him even with the power of the Infinity Stones. Kahhori eventually succeeded in returning everyone home, but not before [Hela](/wiki/Hela_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Hela (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Hulk](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), another Thor, and [Xu Wenwu](/wiki/Mandarin_%28character%29 \"Mandarin (character)\") gave their weapons and symbols of power to the two women. Strange transformed into a demonic beast, but Carter managed to bring him back to his senses for a moment with the Infinity Stones, and Strange revealed that he could not stop it, too consumed by his grief. Transforming back into the beast, Strange pulled Carter into the Forge, but she was able to break free. Before the beast could blast Carter, Strange partially emerged from it and restrained the beast, saving his old friend's life, before falling into the Forge. Strange's sacrifice restored his universe and Christine Palmer, but as a consequence, he would never be reborn into it, effectively never existing in the restored universe.\n\n#### Zombie Strange\n\nIn an alternate 2018, Strange becomes infected with a quantum virus and is transformed into a [zombie](/wiki/Zombie \"Zombie\"). After attacking Banner outside of the New York Sanctum, he is killed by [Hope van Dyne](/wiki/Hope_van_Dyne \"Hope van Dyne\").\n\n### *Multiverse of Madness*\n\n#### Defender Strange\n\nIn an unnamed alternate reality, Strange protects [America Chavez](/wiki/America_Chavez_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") from an interdimensional demon who is attempting to steal her ability to enter the multiverse. Unable to escape, and believing himself better equipped to control her powers, Strange tries to steal them. He is mortally wounded by the demon, and Chavez sends both of them to Earth\\-616 (the main reality in the MCU), where he dies of his wounds. Earth\\-616 Strange and Wong find and hide the body. His body is later possessed by 616\\-Strange using the \"dream\\-walking\" spell from the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")* to fight Wanda Maximoff.\n\n#### Earth\\-838's Supreme Strange\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|alt\\=Benedict Cumberbach as Earth\\-838 Strange Supreme\\|Benedict Cumberbach as Earth\\-838 Strange SupremeIn](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbach_as_Earth-838_Strange_Supreme.webp \"Benedict Cumberbach as Earth-838 Strange Supreme.webp\") an alternate reality known as Earth\\-838, Strange is a member of the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). However, his reckless misuse of the *Darkhold* in his effort to defeat Thanos creates an \"incursion\" which destroyed another universe. He was executed by [Black Bolt](/wiki/Black_Bolt_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Black Bolt (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), making Karl Mordo the new Sorcerer Supreme of Earth\\-838\\. Upon Strange's demise, the Illuminati lied to the world by telling them that he sacrificed himself to kill Thanos, and a statue was erected in his honor at the New York Sanctum, bestowing him the title of \"Earth's Mightiest Hero\".\n\n#### *Darkhold*\\-corrupted Sinister Strange\n\nIn an alternate reality, Strange grew depressed and used the *Darkhold* to dreamwalk and find other versions of himself who might be happily living with their Christine Palmer. When he could not find such a version, he set out to kill other versions of himself out of spite, nearly decimating his own universe in the process. When 616\\-Strange and 838\\-Palmer enter this universe, 616\\-Strange fights and ultimately kills the corrupted and insane Strange by throwing him out of a window, impaling him on a fence post.\n\n### *Deadpool \\& Wolverine*\n\n#### Pruned Strange\n\nAn alternate, [unseen](/wiki/Unseen_character \"Unseen character\") version of Strange found himself in the Void, a wasteland\\-like realm to which everything \"pruned\" by the Time Variance Authority was sent, and was killed by [Cassandra Nova](/wiki/Cassandra_Nova \"Cassandra Nova\"), Charles Xavier's twin sister and self\\-styled ruler of the Void, who wore his severed skin for four days and kept his sling ring as a memento, which she later uses to help [Wade Wilson](/wiki/Wade_Wilson_%28film_character%29 \"Wade Wilson (film character)\") and [Logan](/wiki/Logan_%28film_character%29_%23Yellow_suit_variant \"Logan (film character) #Yellow suit variant\") escape her realm.\n\n",
"### *What If...?*\n\n#### Doctor Strange Supreme\n\nIn an alternate 2016, Strange seeks out Kamar\\-Taj and becomes a Master of the Mystic Arts after Palmer dies in a car crash while he was left uninjured. After being appointed the title of Sorcerer Supreme, the newly\\-dubbed **Doctor Strange Supreme** had then proceeded to make countless attempts to reverse Palmer's death using the Eye of Agamotto, but fails no matter what he tries and is informed by the Ancient One that the event was an irreversible \"absolute point\" in time, as her death drove him to become a sorcerer, the resulting [paradox](/wiki/Paradox \"Paradox\") would damage the fabric of reality. Strange refuses to listen and flees to the Library of Cagliostro, where he spends centuries absorbing magical beings and becoming a monstrous version of his former self. Learning that the Ancient One used a spell from the Dark Dimension to splinter him into two beings to divide his power, with the other half having come to terms with Palmer's death, Strange Supreme confronts his other half and eventually absorbs him before resurrecting Palmer, who is repulsed by his appearance while their universe unravels. Strange Supreme begs aid from the [Watcher](/wiki/Watcher_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Watcher (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), an omniscient observer of the Multiverse, only to be refused as the Watcher condemns him for not heeding the Ancient One's warning and that he vowed not to interfere in the Multiverse's events. As his universe collapses, Strange Supreme helplessly watches as Palmer fades away from existence and he grieves alone in a pocket dimension he creates.\n\nSometime later, Strange Supreme is visited by the Watcher, who seeks his help in defeating another universe's now\\-omnipotent [Ultron](/wiki/Ultron_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who seeks to destroy the entire Multiverse. Strange materializes a bar and meets [Captain Carter](/wiki/Captain_Carter \"Captain Carter\"), [Star\\-Lord T'Challa](/wiki/Star-Lord_T%27Challa \"Star-Lord T'Challa\"), [Thor](/wiki/Party_Thor \"Party Thor\"), [Gamora](/wiki/Gamora_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Erik \"Killmonger\" Stevens](/wiki/Erik_%22Killmonger%22_Stevens \"Erik \"), who had been chosen by the Watcher as the [Guardians of the Multiverse](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Multiverse \"Guardians of the Multiverse\") to combat Ultron. While in another universe, Thor prematurely alerts Ultron to their location, prompting Strange to transport a horde of [zombies](/wiki/Zombies \"Zombies\") from another universe to distract Ultron as they escaped. In Ultron's home universe, they meet [Natasha Romanoff](/wiki/Natasha_Romanoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and the team battle Ultron. After Romanoff and Carter successfully upload [Arnim Zola](/wiki/Arnim_Zola_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Arnim Zola (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s analog consciousness into Ultron's body, Killmonger betrays them and is trapped by Strange in a pocket dimension with Zola. Strange is then tasked by the Watcher to watch them for eternity, in which he gladly accepts while quoting to the Watcher \"What are friends for?\"\n\nSometime later, Strange abandoned his post and opened a portal to another universe finding a Mohawk tribeswoman Kahhori and Sky World people in Queen Isabella of Spain's courtroom, saying that he had been looking for her for a long time. He later arrived in the 1602 universe and recruited Captain Carter, who had helped save that universe from an incursion. He brought Carter with him to his Sanctum and revealed he had captured several \"universe\\-killers\" such as a [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and a young [Peter Quill](/wiki/Peter_Quill_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to protect the Multiverse. Strange sent Carter to another universe to retrieve Kahhori, and afterwards, it was revealed that Strange's ambitions to resurrect his universe's Christine Palmer had returned, and he had been kidnapping both universe killers and righteous heroes from across the multiverse to feed to the Forge, a magical construct which he intended to use to restore his destroyed universe by feeding all of his captives to it. Unwilling to accept the sacrifice of so many potential innocents, Carter released Strange's prisoners and battled him with the help of Kahhori and the Infinity Armor taken from a freed Killmonger, but proved no match for him even with the power of the Infinity Stones. Kahhori eventually succeeded in returning everyone home, but not before [Hela](/wiki/Hela_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Hela (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Hulk](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), another Thor, and [Xu Wenwu](/wiki/Mandarin_%28character%29 \"Mandarin (character)\") gave their weapons and symbols of power to the two women. Strange transformed into a demonic beast, but Carter managed to bring him back to his senses for a moment with the Infinity Stones, and Strange revealed that he could not stop it, too consumed by his grief. Transforming back into the beast, Strange pulled Carter into the Forge, but she was able to break free. Before the beast could blast Carter, Strange partially emerged from it and restrained the beast, saving his old friend's life, before falling into the Forge. Strange's sacrifice restored his universe and Christine Palmer, but as a consequence, he would never be reborn into it, effectively never existing in the restored universe.\n\n#### Zombie Strange\n\nIn an alternate 2018, Strange becomes infected with a quantum virus and is transformed into a [zombie](/wiki/Zombie \"Zombie\"). After attacking Banner outside of the New York Sanctum, he is killed by [Hope van Dyne](/wiki/Hope_van_Dyne \"Hope van Dyne\").\n\n",
"#### Doctor Strange Supreme\n\nIn an alternate 2016, Strange seeks out Kamar\\-Taj and becomes a Master of the Mystic Arts after Palmer dies in a car crash while he was left uninjured. After being appointed the title of Sorcerer Supreme, the newly\\-dubbed **Doctor Strange Supreme** had then proceeded to make countless attempts to reverse Palmer's death using the Eye of Agamotto, but fails no matter what he tries and is informed by the Ancient One that the event was an irreversible \"absolute point\" in time, as her death drove him to become a sorcerer, the resulting [paradox](/wiki/Paradox \"Paradox\") would damage the fabric of reality. Strange refuses to listen and flees to the Library of Cagliostro, where he spends centuries absorbing magical beings and becoming a monstrous version of his former self. Learning that the Ancient One used a spell from the Dark Dimension to splinter him into two beings to divide his power, with the other half having come to terms with Palmer's death, Strange Supreme confronts his other half and eventually absorbs him before resurrecting Palmer, who is repulsed by his appearance while their universe unravels. Strange Supreme begs aid from the [Watcher](/wiki/Watcher_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Watcher (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), an omniscient observer of the Multiverse, only to be refused as the Watcher condemns him for not heeding the Ancient One's warning and that he vowed not to interfere in the Multiverse's events. As his universe collapses, Strange Supreme helplessly watches as Palmer fades away from existence and he grieves alone in a pocket dimension he creates.\n\nSometime later, Strange Supreme is visited by the Watcher, who seeks his help in defeating another universe's now\\-omnipotent [Ultron](/wiki/Ultron_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), who seeks to destroy the entire Multiverse. Strange materializes a bar and meets [Captain Carter](/wiki/Captain_Carter \"Captain Carter\"), [Star\\-Lord T'Challa](/wiki/Star-Lord_T%27Challa \"Star-Lord T'Challa\"), [Thor](/wiki/Party_Thor \"Party Thor\"), [Gamora](/wiki/Gamora_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and [Erik \"Killmonger\" Stevens](/wiki/Erik_%22Killmonger%22_Stevens \"Erik \"), who had been chosen by the Watcher as the [Guardians of the Multiverse](/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Multiverse \"Guardians of the Multiverse\") to combat Ultron. While in another universe, Thor prematurely alerts Ultron to their location, prompting Strange to transport a horde of [zombies](/wiki/Zombies \"Zombies\") from another universe to distract Ultron as they escaped. In Ultron's home universe, they meet [Natasha Romanoff](/wiki/Natasha_Romanoff_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), and the team battle Ultron. After Romanoff and Carter successfully upload [Arnim Zola](/wiki/Arnim_Zola_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Arnim Zola (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")'s analog consciousness into Ultron's body, Killmonger betrays them and is trapped by Strange in a pocket dimension with Zola. Strange is then tasked by the Watcher to watch them for eternity, in which he gladly accepts while quoting to the Watcher \"What are friends for?\"\n\nSometime later, Strange abandoned his post and opened a portal to another universe finding a Mohawk tribeswoman Kahhori and Sky World people in Queen Isabella of Spain's courtroom, saying that he had been looking for her for a long time. He later arrived in the 1602 universe and recruited Captain Carter, who had helped save that universe from an incursion. He brought Carter with him to his Sanctum and revealed he had captured several \"universe\\-killers\" such as a [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") and a young [Peter Quill](/wiki/Peter_Quill_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") to protect the Multiverse. Strange sent Carter to another universe to retrieve Kahhori, and afterwards, it was revealed that Strange's ambitions to resurrect his universe's Christine Palmer had returned, and he had been kidnapping both universe killers and righteous heroes from across the multiverse to feed to the Forge, a magical construct which he intended to use to restore his destroyed universe by feeding all of his captives to it. Unwilling to accept the sacrifice of so many potential innocents, Carter released Strange's prisoners and battled him with the help of Kahhori and the Infinity Armor taken from a freed Killmonger, but proved no match for him even with the power of the Infinity Stones. Kahhori eventually succeeded in returning everyone home, but not before [Hela](/wiki/Hela_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Hela (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), [Hulk](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), another Thor, and [Xu Wenwu](/wiki/Mandarin_%28character%29 \"Mandarin (character)\") gave their weapons and symbols of power to the two women. Strange transformed into a demonic beast, but Carter managed to bring him back to his senses for a moment with the Infinity Stones, and Strange revealed that he could not stop it, too consumed by his grief. Transforming back into the beast, Strange pulled Carter into the Forge, but she was able to break free. Before the beast could blast Carter, Strange partially emerged from it and restrained the beast, saving his old friend's life, before falling into the Forge. Strange's sacrifice restored his universe and Christine Palmer, but as a consequence, he would never be reborn into it, effectively never existing in the restored universe.\n\n",
"#### Zombie Strange\n\nIn an alternate 2018, Strange becomes infected with a quantum virus and is transformed into a [zombie](/wiki/Zombie \"Zombie\"). After attacking Banner outside of the New York Sanctum, he is killed by [Hope van Dyne](/wiki/Hope_van_Dyne \"Hope van Dyne\").\n\n",
"### *Multiverse of Madness*\n\n#### Defender Strange\n\nIn an unnamed alternate reality, Strange protects [America Chavez](/wiki/America_Chavez_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") from an interdimensional demon who is attempting to steal her ability to enter the multiverse. Unable to escape, and believing himself better equipped to control her powers, Strange tries to steal them. He is mortally wounded by the demon, and Chavez sends both of them to Earth\\-616 (the main reality in the MCU), where he dies of his wounds. Earth\\-616 Strange and Wong find and hide the body. His body is later possessed by 616\\-Strange using the \"dream\\-walking\" spell from the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")* to fight Wanda Maximoff.\n\n#### Earth\\-838's Supreme Strange\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|alt\\=Benedict Cumberbach as Earth\\-838 Strange Supreme\\|Benedict Cumberbach as Earth\\-838 Strange SupremeIn](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbach_as_Earth-838_Strange_Supreme.webp \"Benedict Cumberbach as Earth-838 Strange Supreme.webp\") an alternate reality known as Earth\\-838, Strange is a member of the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). However, his reckless misuse of the *Darkhold* in his effort to defeat Thanos creates an \"incursion\" which destroyed another universe. He was executed by [Black Bolt](/wiki/Black_Bolt_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Black Bolt (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), making Karl Mordo the new Sorcerer Supreme of Earth\\-838\\. Upon Strange's demise, the Illuminati lied to the world by telling them that he sacrificed himself to kill Thanos, and a statue was erected in his honor at the New York Sanctum, bestowing him the title of \"Earth's Mightiest Hero\".\n\n#### *Darkhold*\\-corrupted Sinister Strange\n\nIn an alternate reality, Strange grew depressed and used the *Darkhold* to dreamwalk and find other versions of himself who might be happily living with their Christine Palmer. When he could not find such a version, he set out to kill other versions of himself out of spite, nearly decimating his own universe in the process. When 616\\-Strange and 838\\-Palmer enter this universe, 616\\-Strange fights and ultimately kills the corrupted and insane Strange by throwing him out of a window, impaling him on a fence post.\n\n",
"#### Defender Strange\n\nIn an unnamed alternate reality, Strange protects [America Chavez](/wiki/America_Chavez_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") from an interdimensional demon who is attempting to steal her ability to enter the multiverse. Unable to escape, and believing himself better equipped to control her powers, Strange tries to steal them. He is mortally wounded by the demon, and Chavez sends both of them to Earth\\-616 (the main reality in the MCU), where he dies of his wounds. Earth\\-616 Strange and Wong find and hide the body. His body is later possessed by 616\\-Strange using the \"dream\\-walking\" spell from the *[Darkhold](/wiki/Darkhold_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")* to fight Wanda Maximoff.\n\n",
"#### Earth\\-838's Supreme Strange\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|alt\\=Benedict Cumberbach as Earth\\-838 Strange Supreme\\|Benedict Cumberbach as Earth\\-838 Strange SupremeIn](/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbach_as_Earth-838_Strange_Supreme.webp \"Benedict Cumberbach as Earth-838 Strange Supreme.webp\") an alternate reality known as Earth\\-838, Strange is a member of the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"). However, his reckless misuse of the *Darkhold* in his effort to defeat Thanos creates an \"incursion\" which destroyed another universe. He was executed by [Black Bolt](/wiki/Black_Bolt_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Black Bolt (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\"), making Karl Mordo the new Sorcerer Supreme of Earth\\-838\\. Upon Strange's demise, the Illuminati lied to the world by telling them that he sacrificed himself to kill Thanos, and a statue was erected in his honor at the New York Sanctum, bestowing him the title of \"Earth's Mightiest Hero\".\n\n",
"#### *Darkhold*\\-corrupted Sinister Strange\n\nIn an alternate reality, Strange grew depressed and used the *Darkhold* to dreamwalk and find other versions of himself who might be happily living with their Christine Palmer. When he could not find such a version, he set out to kill other versions of himself out of spite, nearly decimating his own universe in the process. When 616\\-Strange and 838\\-Palmer enter this universe, 616\\-Strange fights and ultimately kills the corrupted and insane Strange by throwing him out of a window, impaling him on a fence post.\n\n",
"### *Deadpool \\& Wolverine*\n\n#### Pruned Strange\n\nAn alternate, [unseen](/wiki/Unseen_character \"Unseen character\") version of Strange found himself in the Void, a wasteland\\-like realm to which everything \"pruned\" by the Time Variance Authority was sent, and was killed by [Cassandra Nova](/wiki/Cassandra_Nova \"Cassandra Nova\"), Charles Xavier's twin sister and self\\-styled ruler of the Void, who wore his severed skin for four days and kept his sling ring as a memento, which she later uses to help [Wade Wilson](/wiki/Wade_Wilson_%28film_character%29 \"Wade Wilson (film character)\") and [Logan](/wiki/Logan_%28film_character%29_%23Yellow_suit_variant \"Logan (film character) #Yellow suit variant\") escape her realm.\n\n",
"#### Pruned Strange\n\nAn alternate, [unseen](/wiki/Unseen_character \"Unseen character\") version of Strange found himself in the Void, a wasteland\\-like realm to which everything \"pruned\" by the Time Variance Authority was sent, and was killed by [Cassandra Nova](/wiki/Cassandra_Nova \"Cassandra Nova\"), Charles Xavier's twin sister and self\\-styled ruler of the Void, who wore his severed skin for four days and kept his sling ring as a memento, which she later uses to help [Wade Wilson](/wiki/Wade_Wilson_%28film_character%29 \"Wade Wilson (film character)\") and [Logan](/wiki/Logan_%28film_character%29_%23Yellow_suit_variant \"Logan (film character) #Yellow suit variant\") escape her realm.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n*[The Hollywood Reporter](/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter \"The Hollywood Reporter\")*s [Todd McCarthy](/wiki/Todd_McCarthy \"Todd McCarthy\") called *Doctor Strange* \"smartly cast\", while Alonso Duralde, reviewing for TheWrap said that the film was \"smart enough to bring in great British actors to make the predictable paces and life lessons feel fresh and fascinating\". Mara Reinstein of *[US Weekly](/wiki/US_Weekly \"US Weekly\")* criticized the film but praised Cumberbatch's \"alluring powers\" in the role, while Adam Graham of *[The Detroit News](/wiki/The_Detroit_News \"The Detroit News\")* said, \"Cumberbatch is wildly charismatic in the lead role... But that's the thing: He's a better party guest than he is a host. *Doctor Strange* is a fine introduction, but by the end, you're not sad to be headed for the door\".\n\n### Accolades\n\n| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2016 | [Evening Standard British Film Awards](/wiki/Evening_Standard_British_Film_Awards \"Evening Standard British Film Awards\") | Best Actor | *[Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_%282016_film%29 \"Doctor Strange (2016 film)\")* | | |\n| [Critics' Choice Awards](/wiki/22nd_Critics%27_Choice_Awards \"22nd Critics' Choice Awards\") | [Best Actor in an Action Movie](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_an_Action_Movie \"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in an Action Movie\") | | |\n| 2017 | [Empire Awards](/wiki/22nd_Empire_Awards \"22nd Empire Awards\") | [Best Sci\\-Fi/Fantasy](/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Best_Sci-Fi/Fantasy \"Empire Award for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy\") | | |\n| [Saturn Awards](/wiki/43rd_Saturn_Awards \"43rd Saturn Awards\") | [Saturn Award for Best Actor](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor \"Saturn Award for Best Actor\") | | |\n| [Teen Choice Awards](/wiki/2017_Teen_Choice_Awards \"2017 Teen Choice Awards\") | [Choice Movie Actor in a Fantasy Film](/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_Movie_Actor_%E2%80%93_Sci-Fi/Fantasy \"Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy\") | | |\n| 2023 | [Critics' Choice Super Awards](/wiki/3rd_Critics%27_Choice_Super_Awards \"3rd Critics' Choice Super Awards\") | Best Actor in a Superhero Movie | *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")* | | |\n|\n\n",
"### Accolades\n\n| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2016 | [Evening Standard British Film Awards](/wiki/Evening_Standard_British_Film_Awards \"Evening Standard British Film Awards\") | Best Actor | *[Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_%282016_film%29 \"Doctor Strange (2016 film)\")* | | |\n| [Critics' Choice Awards](/wiki/22nd_Critics%27_Choice_Awards \"22nd Critics' Choice Awards\") | [Best Actor in an Action Movie](/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_an_Action_Movie \"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor in an Action Movie\") | | |\n| 2017 | [Empire Awards](/wiki/22nd_Empire_Awards \"22nd Empire Awards\") | [Best Sci\\-Fi/Fantasy](/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Best_Sci-Fi/Fantasy \"Empire Award for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy\") | | |\n| [Saturn Awards](/wiki/43rd_Saturn_Awards \"43rd Saturn Awards\") | [Saturn Award for Best Actor](/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor \"Saturn Award for Best Actor\") | | |\n| [Teen Choice Awards](/wiki/2017_Teen_Choice_Awards \"2017 Teen Choice Awards\") | [Choice Movie Actor in a Fantasy Film](/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_Movie_Actor_%E2%80%93_Sci-Fi/Fantasy \"Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy\") | | |\n| 2023 | [Critics' Choice Super Awards](/wiki/3rd_Critics%27_Choice_Super_Awards \"3rd Critics' Choice Super Awards\") | Best Actor in a Superhero Movie | *[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness](/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness \"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness\")* | | |\n|\n\n",
"In other media\n--------------\n\nDoctor Strange is referenced in the animated film *[Spider\\-Man: Across the Spider\\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Man:Across_the_Spider-Verse \"Across the Spider-Verse\")* (2023\\) by [Miguel O'Hara / Spider\\-Man 2099](/wiki/Spider-Man_2099 \"Spider-Man 2099\"), who also alludes to Parker and the events of *No Way Home*.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Characters_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe\")\n* [Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)](/wiki/Multiverse_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Multiverse (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n\t+ \n* [Stephen Strange](https://www.marvel.com/characters/doctor-strange-stephen-strange/on-screen) on [Marvel.com](/wiki/Marvel.com \"Marvel.com\")\n\n[Category:Avengers (film series)](/wiki/Category:Avengers_%28film_series%29 \"Avengers (film series)\")\n[Category:Doctor Strange](/wiki/Category:Doctor_Strange \"Doctor Strange\")\n[Category:Doctor Strange (film series)](/wiki/Category:Doctor_Strange_%28film_series%29 \"Doctor Strange (film series)\")\n[Category:Fictional characters displaced in time](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_displaced_in_time \"Fictional characters displaced in time\")\n[Category:Fictional characters from Manhattan](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_from_Manhattan \"Fictional characters from Manhattan\")\n[Category:Fictional characters who can levitate](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_who_can_levitate \"Fictional characters who can levitate\")\n[Category:Fictional characters who can manipulate time](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_who_can_manipulate_time \"Fictional characters who can manipulate time\")\n[Category:Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_with_dimensional_travel_abilities \"Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities\")\n[Category:Fictional characters with eidetic memory](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_with_eidetic_memory \"Fictional characters with eidetic memory\")\n[Category:Fictional characters with neurotrauma](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_with_neurotrauma \"Fictional characters with neurotrauma\")\n[Category:Fictional characters with body or mind control abilities](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_with_body_or_mind_control_abilities \"Fictional characters with body or mind control abilities\")\n[Category:Fictional neurosurgeons](/wiki/Category:Fictional_neurosurgeons \"Fictional neurosurgeons\")\n[Category:Fictional characters from the 21st century](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_from_the_21st_century \"Fictional characters from the 21st century\")\n[Category:Marvel Comics wizards](/wiki/Category:Marvel_Comics_wizards \"Marvel Comics wizards\")\n[Category:Film characters introduced in 2016](/wiki/Category:Film_characters_introduced_in_2016 \"Film characters introduced in 2016\")\n[Category:Male characters in film](/wiki/Category:Male_characters_in_film \"Male characters in film\")\n[Category:Magical superheroes](/wiki/Category:Magical_superheroes \"Magical superheroes\")\n[Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe characters](/wiki/Category:Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_characters \"Marvel Cinematic Universe characters\")\n[Category:Marvel Comics American superheroes](/wiki/Category:Marvel_Comics_American_superheroes \"Marvel Comics American superheroes\")\n[Category:Marvel Comics characters who can teleport](/wiki/Category:Marvel_Comics_characters_who_can_teleport \"Marvel Comics characters who can teleport\")\n[Category:Marvel Comics characters who use magic](/wiki/Category:Marvel_Comics_characters_who_use_magic \"Marvel Comics characters who use magic\")\n[Category:Marvel Comics male superheroes](/wiki/Category:Marvel_Comics_male_superheroes \"Marvel Comics male superheroes\")\n\n"
]
} |
2018 SEC women's basketball tournament | {
"id": [
38365121
],
"name": [
"Pustam.EGR"
]
} | d9rppsfehzge3j1vbkra2czcjpvz1vv | 2024-01-30T07:45:41Z | 1,171,775,358 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Seeds",
"Schedule",
"Bracket",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2018 [Southeastern Conference women's basketball tournament](/wiki/SEC_women%27s_basketball_tournament \"SEC women's basketball tournament\")** was the postseason women's basketball tournament for the [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\") held at [Bridgestone Arena](/wiki/Bridgestone_Arena \"Bridgestone Arena\") in [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"), from February 28 through March 4, 2018\\. [South Carolina](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_women%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball team\") defeated the regular\\-season champions [Mississippi State](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_women%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Mississippi State Bulldogs women's basketball team\") to earn an automatic bid to the [2018 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament](/wiki/2018_NCAA_Women%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament \"2018 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament\").\n\n",
"Seeds\n-----\n\n| Seed | School | Conferencerecord | Overallrecord | Tiebreaker |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 |Mississippi State‡†\n\n 16–0 |\n 32–0 |\n |\n| 2 |South Carolina†\n\n 12–4 |\n 25–6 |\n 1–0 vs. UGA |\n| 3 |Georgia†\n\n 12–4 |\n 25–6 |\n 0–1 vs. SC |\n| 4 |LSU†\n\n 11–5 |\n 19–9 |\n 1–0 vs. MIZZOU, 1–0 vs. TEN, 1–1 vs. TXAM |\n| 5 |Texas A\\&M\\#\n\n 11–5 |\n 24–9 |\n 1–0 vs. MIZZOU, 1–1 vs. LSU, 1–1 vs. TEN |\n| 6 |Missouri\\#\n\n 11–5 |\n 24–7 |\n 1–0 vs. TEN, 0–1 LSU, 0–1 vs. TXAM |\n| 7 |Tennessee\\#\n\n 11–5 |\n 24–7 |\n 1–1 vs. TXAM, 0–1 vs. LSU, 0–1 vs. MIZZOU |\n| 8 |Alabama\\#\n\n 7–9 |\n 17–13 |\n |\n| 9 |Kentucky\\#\n\n 6–10 |\n 15–16 |\n |\n| 10 |Auburn\\#\n\n 5–11 |\n 14–15 |\n |\n| 11 |Florida\n\n 3–13 |\n 11–19 |\n 1–0 vs. VANDY, 1–0 vs. ARK |\n| 12 |Vanderbilt\n\n 3–13 |\n 7–24 |\n 0–1 vs. UF, 1–0 vs. ARK |\n| 13 |Arkansas\n\n 3–13 |\n 13–18 |\n 0–1 vs. UF, 0–1 vs. VANDY |\n| 14 |Ole Miss\n\n 1–15 |\n 12–19 |\n |\n| ‡ – SEC regular season champions, and tournament No. 1 seed.† – Received a double\\-bye in the conference tournament.\\# – Received a single\\-bye in the conference tournament.Overall records include all games played in the SEC Tournament. | | | | | |\n\n",
"Schedule\n--------\n\n| Game | Time\\* | Matchup\\# | Television | Attendance |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| First round – Wednesday, February 28\n\n|1\n\n 11:00 am |\n |\nSEC Network\n\n4,371\n\n|2\n\n 1:30 pm |\n |\n| Second round – Thursday, March 1\n\n|3\n\n Noon |\n |\nSEC Network\n\n3,889\n\n|4\n\n 2:30 pm |\n |\n|5\n\n 6:00 pm |\n |\n6,047\n\n|6\n\n 8:30 pm |\n |\n| Quarterfinals – Friday, March 2\n\n|7\n\n Noon |\n |\nSEC Network\n\n6,344\n\n|8\n\n 2:30 pm |\n |\n|9\n\n 6:00 pm |\n |\n7,489\n\n|10\n\n 8:30 pm |\n |\n| Semifinals – Saturday, March 3\n\n|11\n\n 4:00 pm |\n |\nESPNU\n\n8,819\n\n|12\n\n 6:30 pm |\n |\n| Championship – Sunday, March 4\n\n|13\n\n 3:30 pm |\n |\nESPN2\n\n8,215\n\n| \\*Game times in [CT](/wiki/Central_Time_Zone \"Central Time Zone\"). \\# – Rankings denote tournament seed\n\nSource:[2018 SEC Women's Bracket](http://a.espncdn.com/photo/2017/1011/2018%20W%20Hoops%20Bracket.pdf) (PDF)\n\n",
"Bracket\n-------\n\n* All times are Central\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [2018 SEC men's basketball tournament](/wiki/2018_SEC_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2018 SEC men's basketball tournament\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2017–18 Southeastern Conference women's basketball season](/wiki/Category:2017%E2%80%9318_Southeastern_Conference_women%27s_basketball_season \"2017–18 Southeastern Conference women's basketball season\")\n[Category:SEC women's basketball tournament](/wiki/Category:SEC_women%27s_basketball_tournament \"SEC women's basketball tournament\")\n[Category:Basketball competitions in Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Basketball_competitions_in_Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Basketball competitions in Nashville, Tennessee\")\n[Category:Women's sports in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Women%27s_sports_in_Tennessee \"Women's sports in Tennessee\")\n[Category:College sports tournaments in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:College_sports_tournaments_in_Tennessee \"College sports tournaments in Tennessee\")\n[SEC Women's Basketball](/wiki/Category:2018_in_sports_in_Tennessee \"2018 in sports in Tennessee\")\n\n"
]
} |
Priscila Padilla | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | i9kt0hg47srnnqxhane47uq8ark9921 | 2024-09-01T12:40:39Z | 1,196,209,953 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Playing career",
"Guadalajara, 2017–2020",
"Honours",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Priscila Guadalupe Padilla Rentería** (born 12 December 1999\\), known as **Priscila Padilla**, is a Mexican professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a [defender](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29 \"Defender (association football)\"). In 2017, she helped Chivas win the first professional women's football championship in the country in front of 32,466 spectators.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nPadilla began playing football as a child with her brother. While her mother did not want her to play, her father encouraged her passion for the game.\n\n",
"Playing career\n--------------\n\n### Guadalajara, 2017–2020\n\nPadilla began playing for [Guadalajara](/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara_%28women%29 \"C.D. Guadalajara (women)\") during the [inaugural season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Liga_MX_Femenil_season \"2017–18 Liga MX Femenil season\") of [Liga MX Femenil](/wiki/Liga_MX_Femenil \"Liga MX Femenil\"). After helping lead the team to the final, she noted that at the beginning of the season, few believed in them and now they were the main team of the tournament. The team went on to win the championship final which set a new record for attendance at a women's professional soccer game. In February 2018, she scored a goal during the team's 4–1 win over [Santos Laguna](/wiki/Santos_Laguna_%28women%29 \"Santos Laguna (women)\").\n\n",
"### Guadalajara, 2017–2020\n\nPadilla began playing for [Guadalajara](/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara_%28women%29 \"C.D. Guadalajara (women)\") during the [inaugural season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Liga_MX_Femenil_season \"2017–18 Liga MX Femenil season\") of [Liga MX Femenil](/wiki/Liga_MX_Femenil \"Liga MX Femenil\"). After helping lead the team to the final, she noted that at the beginning of the season, few believed in them and now they were the main team of the tournament. The team went on to win the championship final which set a new record for attendance at a women's professional soccer game. In February 2018, she scored a goal during the team's 4–1 win over [Santos Laguna](/wiki/Santos_Laguna_%28women%29 \"Santos Laguna (women)\").\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\nGuadalajara\n* [Liga MX Femenil](/wiki/Liga_MX_Femenil \"Liga MX Femenil\"): [Apertura 2017](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Liga_MX_Femenil_season%23Torneo_Apertura \"2017–18 Liga MX Femenil season#Torneo Apertura\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Priscila Padilla](https://web.archive.org/web/20180701054745/http://www.chivasdecorazon.com.mx/campus/detalle/479) at [C.D. Guadalajara Femenil](/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara_Femenil \"C.D. Guadalajara Femenil\") \n\n[Category:1999 births](/wiki/Category:1999_births \"1999 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Mexican women's footballers](/wiki/Category:Mexican_women%27s_footballers \"Mexican women's footballers\")\n[Category:People from Tlaquepaque](/wiki/Category:People_from_Tlaquepaque \"People from Tlaquepaque\")\n[Category:Liga MX Femenil players](/wiki/Category:Liga_MX_Femenil_players \"Liga MX Femenil players\")\n[Category:C.D. Guadalajara (women) footballers](/wiki/Category:C.D._Guadalajara_%28women%29_footballers \"C.D. Guadalajara (women) footballers\")\n[Category:Women's association football defenders](/wiki/Category:Women%27s_association_football_defenders \"Women's association football defenders\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Weibersbach | {
"id": [
11498870
],
"name": [
"Dewritech"
]
} | 5eabrsuvpzpg3iz100yeigih836gjlc | 2019-04-29T19:12:48Z | 810,697,054 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Weibersbach"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Weibersbach** may refer to:\n\n* [Weibersbach (Kahl, Michelbach)](/wiki/Weibersbach_%28Kahl%2C_Michelbach%29 \"Weibersbach (Kahl, Michelbach)\"), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tributary of the Kahl in Michelbach, a district of Alzenau\n* [Weibersbach (Kahl, Schimborn)](/wiki/Weibersbach_%28Kahl%2C_Schimborn%29 \"Weibersbach (Kahl, Schimborn)\"), a river of Bavaria, Germany, tributary of the Kahl in Schimborn, a district of Mömbris\n* [Steinbach (Hafenlohr)](/wiki/Steinbach_%28Hafenlohr%29 \"Steinbach (Hafenlohr)\"), also called Weibersbach, a river of Bavaria, Germany, tributary of the Hafenlohr\n\n"
]
} |
Bahra University | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | hutk4c8m74etoyzqprli0asobjviz4d | 2024-09-09T13:25:31Z | 1,240,625,344 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Campus",
"Schools",
"Approval",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bahra University** is a [private university](/wiki/Private_university_%28India%29 \"Private university (India)\") located in [Waknaghat](/wiki/Waknaghat \"Waknaghat\"), [Solan district](/wiki/Solan_district \"Solan district\"), [Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh \"Himachal Pradesh\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). The university was established in 2011 by the Rayat\\-Bahra Group (registered as Bahra Educational and Charitable Society) through the *Bahra University (Establishment and Regulation) Act, 2010*. The Rayat\\-Bahra Group also established [Rayat Bahra University](/wiki/Rayat_Bahra_University \"Rayat Bahra University\") and other education institutes including [Rayat Institute of Engineering \\& Information Technology](/wiki/Rayat_Institute_of_Engineering_%26_Information_Technology \"Rayat Institute of Engineering & Information Technology\").\n\n",
"Campus\n------\n\nThe university is set up on a [residential campus](/wiki/Residential_college \"Residential college\"). Apart from teaching facilities the campus holds a hostel, a medical centre, a gym, a bank and a mess.\n\n",
"Schools\n-------\n\nThe university has the following seven schools:\n* School of Engineering\n* School of Management\n* School of Law\n* School of Pharmaceutical Science\n* School of Physiotherapy\n* School of Hospitality and Tourism\n* School of Basic Sciences\n\n",
"Approval\n--------\n\nLike all universities in India, Bahra University is recognised by the [University Grants Commission](/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_%28India%29 \"University Grants Commission (India)\") (UGC), which has also sent an expert committee. The programmes by the School of Law are approved by the [Bar Council of India](/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India \"Bar Council of India\") (BCI). The School of Pharmaceutical Science is approved by the [Pharmacy Council of India](/wiki/Pharmacy_Council_of_India \"Pharmacy Council of India\") (PCI).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Education in Solan district](/wiki/Category:Education_in_Solan_district \"Education in Solan district\")\n[Category:Universities in Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Category:Universities_in_Himachal_Pradesh \"Universities in Himachal Pradesh\")\n[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2011](/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_established_in_2011 \"Universities and colleges established in 2011\")\n[Category:2011 establishments in Himachal Pradesh](/wiki/Category:2011_establishments_in_Himachal_Pradesh \"2011 establishments in Himachal Pradesh\")\n[Category:Private universities in India](/wiki/Category:Private_universities_in_India \"Private universities in India\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Kninjas | {
"id": [
211905
],
"name": [
"Bruce1ee"
]
} | 59qlcdknutk0a9wdluqnxt79itz94c7 | 2024-10-09T17:30:50Z | 1,250,258,390 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Cultural impact",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe **Kninjas** (), also known as the **Red Berets**, was a Serb paramilitary unit and a volunteer militia supporting the [Army of Serb Krajina](/wiki/Serbian_Army_of_Krajina \"Serbian Army of Krajina\") during the [Croatian War of Independence](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence \"Croatian War of Independence\"). It was based in [Knin](/wiki/Knin \"Knin\"), the capital of breakaway [SAO Krajina](/wiki/SAO_Krajina \"SAO Krajina\") that became the [Republic of Serb Krajina](/wiki/Republic_of_Serb_Krajina \"Republic of Serb Krajina\") (RSK).\n\nIt was led by Serbian\\-Australian [Dragan Vasiljković](/wiki/Dragan_Vasiljkovi%C4%87 \"Dragan Vasiljković\") war criminal, known as \"Captain Dragan\". The unit was one of several notable Serb paramilitary units, alongside the [White Eagles](/wiki/White_Eagles_%28paramilitary%29 \"White Eagles (paramilitary)\"), [Serbian Volunteer Guard](/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard \"Serb Volunteer Guard\"), [Scorpions](/wiki/Scorpions_%28paramilitary%29 \"Scorpions (paramilitary)\"), [Wolves of Vučjak](/wiki/Wolves_of_Vu%C4%8Djak \"Wolves of Vučjak\"), and others.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nVasiljković, who had served in the [Australian Army](/wiki/Australian_Army \"Australian Army\"), had returned to Yugoslavia in 1990 during the Croatian independence movement, eventually being hired as an instructor for volunteers in the summer of 1991\\. At this time, [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") daily *[Politika](/wiki/Politika \"Politika\")* published a comic book named *The Demons Return* that featured the Kninjas fighting the Croats with [martial arts](/wiki/Martial_arts \"Martial arts\"). The unit, deemed elite, was a special unit that answered in part to Knin police chief [Milan Martić](/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87 \"Milan Martić\"). According to Martić himself, he was supplied of equipment and weapons mostly from the Serbian government. It became the special forces of the RSK Interior Ministry.\n\nThe name, a pun on \"Knin\" and \"Ninjas\", was informal; the unit did not have an official name, but the term was used for the mostly Vasiljković\\-trained volunteers.\n\nMembers of the unit were involved in the December 1991 [Bruška massacre](/wiki/Bru%C5%A1ka_massacre \"Bruška massacre\").\n\nVeterans of the unit later joined the [Special Operations Unit](/wiki/Special_Operations_Unit_%28Serbia%29 \"Special Operations Unit (Serbia)\") of the [Federal Republic of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\").\n\nVasiljković served a 15\\-year prison sentence for war crimes by the Croatian court in Split. He was released from prison on March 28, 2020\\.\n\nThe emblem was a customized [Serbian cross](/wiki/Serbian_cross \"Serbian cross\"), with blue background and inverted [firesteels](/wiki/Fire_striker \"Fire striker\"). In the 257 operations conducted by the Kninjas, only one out of the 64 soldiers died due to a direct explosion by a grenade on his head and another four were injured.\n\n",
"Cultural impact\n---------------\n\nThe [Bosnian Serb](/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina\") nationalist singer [Baja Mali Knindža](/wiki/Baja_Mali_Knind%C5%BEa \"Baja Mali Knindža\") chose his stagename in honour of the Kninjas. He has also recorded a well\\-known song called *Knindže Krajišnici* (\"Kninjas of the Krajina\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n[Category:Paramilitary organizations in the Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_organizations_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars \"Paramilitary organizations in the Yugoslav Wars\")\n[Category:Paramilitary organizations based in Serbia](/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_organizations_based_in_Serbia \"Paramilitary organizations based in Serbia\")\n[Category:Military units and formations of the Croatian War of Independence](/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence \"Military units and formations of the Croatian War of Independence\")\n[Category:Military units and formations of the Bosnian War](/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Bosnian_War \"Military units and formations of the Bosnian War\")\n[Category:Serbian war crimes in the Croatian War of Independence](/wiki/Category:Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence \"Serbian war crimes in the Croatian War of Independence\")\n[Category:1991 establishments in Serbia](/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Serbia \"1991 establishments in Serbia\")\n[Category:1991 establishments in Croatia](/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Croatia \"1991 establishments in Croatia\")\n[Category:Organizations established in 1991](/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1991 \"Organizations established in 1991\")\n[Category:Defunct paramilitary organizations](/wiki/Category:Defunct_paramilitary_organizations \"Defunct paramilitary organizations\")\n"
]
} |
Pekka Viljanen (athlete) | {
"id": [
48243463
],
"name": [
"Knikle"
]
} | h8ighyv1a8qbesqpnfry561ftp6w2ie | 2024-08-15T22:18:47Z | 1,237,466,219 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Pekka Viljanen** (13 June 1921 – 2 December 1995\\) was a Finnish [racewalker](/wiki/Racewalking \"Racewalking\"). He competed in the [Men's 50 Kilometres Walk](/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometres_walk \"Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk\") at the [1952 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics \"1952 Summer Olympics\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1921 births](/wiki/Category:1921_births \"1921 births\")\n[Category:1995 deaths](/wiki/Category:1995_deaths \"1995 deaths\")\n[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Athletes_%28track_and_field%29_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics \"Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Finnish male racewalkers](/wiki/Category:Finnish_male_racewalkers \"Finnish male racewalkers\")\n[Category:Olympic athletes for Finland](/wiki/Category:Olympic_athletes_for_Finland \"Olympic athletes for Finland\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing \"Place of birth missing\")\n[Category:Finnish Athletics Championships winners](/wiki/Category:Finnish_Athletics_Championships_winners \"Finnish Athletics Championships winners\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Keezhamanai | {
"id": [
40581682
],
"name": [
"MPGuy2824"
]
} | 0us1iv6pc9tyv6745zx8kk5ext9563g | 2021-09-07T04:19:37Z | 1,042,860,060 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Keezhamanai** is a revenue village in [Karaikal taluk](/wiki/Karaikal_taluk \"Karaikal taluk\"), [Karaikal district](/wiki/Karaikal_district \"Karaikal district\"), [Puducherry](/wiki/Puducherry_%28union_territory%29 \"Puducherry (union territory)\") Union territory.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Karaikal district](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karaikal_district \"Villages in Karaikal district\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Bamboo Chen | {
"id": [
48509405
],
"name": [
"Eriko Yamatani 24030000"
]
} | 1xse6zgmmwivebmt908jm150kd7iana | 2024-10-04T10:08:53Z | 1,199,788,590 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Personal life",
"Filmography",
"As actor",
"Film",
"Television series",
"As production crew",
"Theater",
"Awards and nominations",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bamboo Chen Chu\\-sheng** (; [Pe̍h\\-ōe\\-jī](/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB \"Pe̍h-ōe-jī\"): Tân Tek\\-seng; born 6 August 1975\\) is a Taiwanese actor, acting coach and producer. He is best known for his roles in *[Zone Pro Site](/wiki/Zone_Pro_Site \"Zone Pro Site\")*, *[The Great Buddha \\+](/wiki/The_Great_Buddha_%2B \"The Great Buddha +\")* and *[Alifu, the Prince/ss](/wiki/Alifu%2C_the_Prince/ss \"Alifu, the Prince/ss\")*.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nChen is married with 2 daughters.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### As actor\n\n#### Film\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2007 | *[Island Etude](/wiki/Island_Etude \"Island Etude\")* | 練習曲 | | |\n| 2008 | *Orz Boyz!* | 囧男孩 | Swindler \\#2 | |\n| 2010 | *Rubbish Fish* | 垃圾魚 | A\\-yung | Television |\n| 2009 | *My Life Book* | 生命紀念冊 | Hsin\\-hung | Television |\n| 2010 | *[Monga](/wiki/Monga_%28film%29 \"Monga (film)\")* | 艋舺 | Geta's assistant | |\n| 2010 | *The Blackout Village* | 下落村的來電 | Smoker | Television |\n| 2011 | *[Night Market Hero](/wiki/Night_Market_Hero \"Night Market Hero\")* | 雞排英雄 | Repairman | Cameo |\n| 2011 | *Jump Ashin!* | 翻滾吧！阿信 | Mad cow | |\n| 2011 | *Face To You* | 面交男 | Hsiung | Television |\n| 2012 | *The Gaya Affair* | 神仙谷事件 | Chao Wen\\-chia | Television |\n| 2012 | *My Little Honey Moon* | 野蓮香 | Hsiao Tien\\-fu | Television |\n| 2013 | *76 Pages of Secret* | 76頁的秘密 | | Short film |\n| 2013 | *[Zone Pro Site](/wiki/Zone_Pro_Site \"Zone Pro Site\")* | 總舖師 | Debt collector A / Stooge A | |\n| 2014 | *B\\-8F* | B棟8樓 | Chiang Che\\-han | Television |\n| 2014 | *Twa\\-Tiu\\-Tiann* | 大稻埕 | Ching Shui | |\n| 2014 | *[Kano](/wiki/Kano_%28film%29 \"Kano (film)\")* | Kano | Farmer | |\n| 2014 | *The Great Buddha* | 大佛 | Belly Button | Short film |\n| 2014 | *[The Crossing](/wiki/The_Crossing_%282014_film%29 \"The Crossing (2014 film)\")* | 太平輪：亂世浮生 | Keelung neighbor | |\n| 2015 | *That Happy Time* | 一個角落 | Chang Tieh\\-nan | |\n| 2015 | *My Mother* | 後來 | | Short film |\n| 2016 | *Ace Of Sales* | 銷售奇姬 | Unhappy customer | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *My Egg Boy* | 我的蛋男情人 | Deliveryman | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *Temptations from the Doll* | 不倒翁的誘惑 | Homeless Man | Short film |\n| 2017 | *[The Village of No Return](/wiki/The_Village_of_No_Return \"The Village of No Return\")* | 健忘村 | Red Cloud | |\n| 2017 | *[All Because of Love](/wiki/All_Because_of_Love \"All Because of Love\")* | 痴情男子漢 | Man\\-li's father | Cameo |\n| 2017 | *[The Great Buddha \\+](/wiki/The_Great_Buddha_%2B \"The Great Buddha +\")* | 大佛普拉斯 | Belly Button | |\n| 2017 | *[Alifu, the Prince/ss](/wiki/Alifu%2C_the_Prince/ss \"Alifu, the Prince/ss\")* | 阿莉芙 | Sherry | |\n| 2017 | *[Angels Wear White](/wiki/Angels_Wear_White \"Angels Wear White\")* | 嘉年華 | Motel Manager | Cameo |\n| 2018 | *Back to the Good Times* | | | |\n| 2019 | *A Fool in Love, Love Like a Fool* | | | |\n| 2022 | *[Salute](/wiki/Salute_%282022_Taiwanese_film%29 \"Salute (2022 Taiwanese film)\")* | 我心我行 | | Special appearance |\n\n#### Television series\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | *Police et vous* | 波麗士大人 | Lin Li\\-hsiang (Tang Tang) | |\n| 2010 | *Days We Stared at the Sun* | 他們在畢業的前一天爆炸 | Tsai Chih\\-liang | |\n| 2012 | *Guang Ming Heng Sheng* | 光明恆生 | A\\-chieh | |\n| 2012 | *Love in the Wind* | 你是春風我是雨 | Mr. Ting | |\n| 2012 | *Garden Of Life* | 生命花園 | A\\-yi | |\n| 2012 | *An Innocent Mistake* | 罪美麗 | A\\-di | |\n| 2014 | *[Apple in Your Eye](/wiki/Apple_in_Your_Eye \"Apple in Your Eye\")* | 妹妹 | Chou Chi\\-ju's fiancé | |\n| 2015 | *Reading Time* | 閱讀時光\\-後來 | | |\n| 2015 | *Baby Daddy* | 長不大的爸爸 | Bearded man | Cameo |\n| 2015 | *[Back to 1989](/wiki/Back_to_1989 \"Back to 1989\")* | 1989一念間 | General Manager Tien | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *Mysterious Equation* | 我家的方程式 | Hsu Chin\\-shun | |\n| 2017 | *Days We Stared at the Sun II* | 他們在畢業的前一天爆炸2 | Tsai Chih\\-liang | |\n| 2017 | *We Are All Family* | 我綿一家人 | Tang Feng\\-cheng | Cameo |\n\n### As production crew\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | *Her Story* | 女．性 | Producer | Short film |\n| 2008 | *The Taste of Orange Paste* | 桔醬的滋味 | Art designer | Television series |\n| 2010 | *[Monga](/wiki/Monga_%28film%29 \"Monga (film)\")* | 艋舺 | Acting and dialect coach | Film |\n| 2011 | *Night Market Hero* | 雞排英雄 | Acting and dialect coach | Film |\n| 2011 | *Jump Ashin!* | 翻滾吧！阿信 | Acting coach | Film |\n| 2014 | *[Apple in Your Eye](/wiki/Apple_in_Your_Eye \"Apple in Your Eye\")* | 妹妹 | Producer | Television series |\n| 2014 | *The Great Buddha* | 大佛 | Acting coach | Short film |\n| 2014 | *[The Crossing](/wiki/The_Crossing_%282014_film%29 \"The Crossing (2014 film)\")* | 太平輪：亂世浮生 | Dialect coach | Film |\n| 2015 | *The Laundryman* | 青田街一號 | Dialect coach | Film |\n\n[Bamboo Chen at douban.com](https://movie.douban.com/celebrity/1358964/)\n[Bamboo Chen at chinesemov.com](http://chinesemov.com/actors/Chen-Zhusheng.html)\n\n",
"### As actor\n\n#### Film\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2007 | *[Island Etude](/wiki/Island_Etude \"Island Etude\")* | 練習曲 | | |\n| 2008 | *Orz Boyz!* | 囧男孩 | Swindler \\#2 | |\n| 2010 | *Rubbish Fish* | 垃圾魚 | A\\-yung | Television |\n| 2009 | *My Life Book* | 生命紀念冊 | Hsin\\-hung | Television |\n| 2010 | *[Monga](/wiki/Monga_%28film%29 \"Monga (film)\")* | 艋舺 | Geta's assistant | |\n| 2010 | *The Blackout Village* | 下落村的來電 | Smoker | Television |\n| 2011 | *[Night Market Hero](/wiki/Night_Market_Hero \"Night Market Hero\")* | 雞排英雄 | Repairman | Cameo |\n| 2011 | *Jump Ashin!* | 翻滾吧！阿信 | Mad cow | |\n| 2011 | *Face To You* | 面交男 | Hsiung | Television |\n| 2012 | *The Gaya Affair* | 神仙谷事件 | Chao Wen\\-chia | Television |\n| 2012 | *My Little Honey Moon* | 野蓮香 | Hsiao Tien\\-fu | Television |\n| 2013 | *76 Pages of Secret* | 76頁的秘密 | | Short film |\n| 2013 | *[Zone Pro Site](/wiki/Zone_Pro_Site \"Zone Pro Site\")* | 總舖師 | Debt collector A / Stooge A | |\n| 2014 | *B\\-8F* | B棟8樓 | Chiang Che\\-han | Television |\n| 2014 | *Twa\\-Tiu\\-Tiann* | 大稻埕 | Ching Shui | |\n| 2014 | *[Kano](/wiki/Kano_%28film%29 \"Kano (film)\")* | Kano | Farmer | |\n| 2014 | *The Great Buddha* | 大佛 | Belly Button | Short film |\n| 2014 | *[The Crossing](/wiki/The_Crossing_%282014_film%29 \"The Crossing (2014 film)\")* | 太平輪：亂世浮生 | Keelung neighbor | |\n| 2015 | *That Happy Time* | 一個角落 | Chang Tieh\\-nan | |\n| 2015 | *My Mother* | 後來 | | Short film |\n| 2016 | *Ace Of Sales* | 銷售奇姬 | Unhappy customer | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *My Egg Boy* | 我的蛋男情人 | Deliveryman | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *Temptations from the Doll* | 不倒翁的誘惑 | Homeless Man | Short film |\n| 2017 | *[The Village of No Return](/wiki/The_Village_of_No_Return \"The Village of No Return\")* | 健忘村 | Red Cloud | |\n| 2017 | *[All Because of Love](/wiki/All_Because_of_Love \"All Because of Love\")* | 痴情男子漢 | Man\\-li's father | Cameo |\n| 2017 | *[The Great Buddha \\+](/wiki/The_Great_Buddha_%2B \"The Great Buddha +\")* | 大佛普拉斯 | Belly Button | |\n| 2017 | *[Alifu, the Prince/ss](/wiki/Alifu%2C_the_Prince/ss \"Alifu, the Prince/ss\")* | 阿莉芙 | Sherry | |\n| 2017 | *[Angels Wear White](/wiki/Angels_Wear_White \"Angels Wear White\")* | 嘉年華 | Motel Manager | Cameo |\n| 2018 | *Back to the Good Times* | | | |\n| 2019 | *A Fool in Love, Love Like a Fool* | | | |\n| 2022 | *[Salute](/wiki/Salute_%282022_Taiwanese_film%29 \"Salute (2022 Taiwanese film)\")* | 我心我行 | | Special appearance |\n\n#### Television series\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | *Police et vous* | 波麗士大人 | Lin Li\\-hsiang (Tang Tang) | |\n| 2010 | *Days We Stared at the Sun* | 他們在畢業的前一天爆炸 | Tsai Chih\\-liang | |\n| 2012 | *Guang Ming Heng Sheng* | 光明恆生 | A\\-chieh | |\n| 2012 | *Love in the Wind* | 你是春風我是雨 | Mr. Ting | |\n| 2012 | *Garden Of Life* | 生命花園 | A\\-yi | |\n| 2012 | *An Innocent Mistake* | 罪美麗 | A\\-di | |\n| 2014 | *[Apple in Your Eye](/wiki/Apple_in_Your_Eye \"Apple in Your Eye\")* | 妹妹 | Chou Chi\\-ju's fiancé | |\n| 2015 | *Reading Time* | 閱讀時光\\-後來 | | |\n| 2015 | *Baby Daddy* | 長不大的爸爸 | Bearded man | Cameo |\n| 2015 | *[Back to 1989](/wiki/Back_to_1989 \"Back to 1989\")* | 1989一念間 | General Manager Tien | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *Mysterious Equation* | 我家的方程式 | Hsu Chin\\-shun | |\n| 2017 | *Days We Stared at the Sun II* | 他們在畢業的前一天爆炸2 | Tsai Chih\\-liang | |\n| 2017 | *We Are All Family* | 我綿一家人 | Tang Feng\\-cheng | Cameo |\n\n",
"#### Film\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2007 | *[Island Etude](/wiki/Island_Etude \"Island Etude\")* | 練習曲 | | |\n| 2008 | *Orz Boyz!* | 囧男孩 | Swindler \\#2 | |\n| 2010 | *Rubbish Fish* | 垃圾魚 | A\\-yung | Television |\n| 2009 | *My Life Book* | 生命紀念冊 | Hsin\\-hung | Television |\n| 2010 | *[Monga](/wiki/Monga_%28film%29 \"Monga (film)\")* | 艋舺 | Geta's assistant | |\n| 2010 | *The Blackout Village* | 下落村的來電 | Smoker | Television |\n| 2011 | *[Night Market Hero](/wiki/Night_Market_Hero \"Night Market Hero\")* | 雞排英雄 | Repairman | Cameo |\n| 2011 | *Jump Ashin!* | 翻滾吧！阿信 | Mad cow | |\n| 2011 | *Face To You* | 面交男 | Hsiung | Television |\n| 2012 | *The Gaya Affair* | 神仙谷事件 | Chao Wen\\-chia | Television |\n| 2012 | *My Little Honey Moon* | 野蓮香 | Hsiao Tien\\-fu | Television |\n| 2013 | *76 Pages of Secret* | 76頁的秘密 | | Short film |\n| 2013 | *[Zone Pro Site](/wiki/Zone_Pro_Site \"Zone Pro Site\")* | 總舖師 | Debt collector A / Stooge A | |\n| 2014 | *B\\-8F* | B棟8樓 | Chiang Che\\-han | Television |\n| 2014 | *Twa\\-Tiu\\-Tiann* | 大稻埕 | Ching Shui | |\n| 2014 | *[Kano](/wiki/Kano_%28film%29 \"Kano (film)\")* | Kano | Farmer | |\n| 2014 | *The Great Buddha* | 大佛 | Belly Button | Short film |\n| 2014 | *[The Crossing](/wiki/The_Crossing_%282014_film%29 \"The Crossing (2014 film)\")* | 太平輪：亂世浮生 | Keelung neighbor | |\n| 2015 | *That Happy Time* | 一個角落 | Chang Tieh\\-nan | |\n| 2015 | *My Mother* | 後來 | | Short film |\n| 2016 | *Ace Of Sales* | 銷售奇姬 | Unhappy customer | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *My Egg Boy* | 我的蛋男情人 | Deliveryman | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *Temptations from the Doll* | 不倒翁的誘惑 | Homeless Man | Short film |\n| 2017 | *[The Village of No Return](/wiki/The_Village_of_No_Return \"The Village of No Return\")* | 健忘村 | Red Cloud | |\n| 2017 | *[All Because of Love](/wiki/All_Because_of_Love \"All Because of Love\")* | 痴情男子漢 | Man\\-li's father | Cameo |\n| 2017 | *[The Great Buddha \\+](/wiki/The_Great_Buddha_%2B \"The Great Buddha +\")* | 大佛普拉斯 | Belly Button | |\n| 2017 | *[Alifu, the Prince/ss](/wiki/Alifu%2C_the_Prince/ss \"Alifu, the Prince/ss\")* | 阿莉芙 | Sherry | |\n| 2017 | *[Angels Wear White](/wiki/Angels_Wear_White \"Angels Wear White\")* | 嘉年華 | Motel Manager | Cameo |\n| 2018 | *Back to the Good Times* | | | |\n| 2019 | *A Fool in Love, Love Like a Fool* | | | |\n| 2022 | *[Salute](/wiki/Salute_%282022_Taiwanese_film%29 \"Salute (2022 Taiwanese film)\")* | 我心我行 | | Special appearance |\n\n",
"#### Television series\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | *Police et vous* | 波麗士大人 | Lin Li\\-hsiang (Tang Tang) | |\n| 2010 | *Days We Stared at the Sun* | 他們在畢業的前一天爆炸 | Tsai Chih\\-liang | |\n| 2012 | *Guang Ming Heng Sheng* | 光明恆生 | A\\-chieh | |\n| 2012 | *Love in the Wind* | 你是春風我是雨 | Mr. Ting | |\n| 2012 | *Garden Of Life* | 生命花園 | A\\-yi | |\n| 2012 | *An Innocent Mistake* | 罪美麗 | A\\-di | |\n| 2014 | *[Apple in Your Eye](/wiki/Apple_in_Your_Eye \"Apple in Your Eye\")* | 妹妹 | Chou Chi\\-ju's fiancé | |\n| 2015 | *Reading Time* | 閱讀時光\\-後來 | | |\n| 2015 | *Baby Daddy* | 長不大的爸爸 | Bearded man | Cameo |\n| 2015 | *[Back to 1989](/wiki/Back_to_1989 \"Back to 1989\")* | 1989一念間 | General Manager Tien | Cameo |\n| 2016 | *Mysterious Equation* | 我家的方程式 | Hsu Chin\\-shun | |\n| 2017 | *Days We Stared at the Sun II* | 他們在畢業的前一天爆炸2 | Tsai Chih\\-liang | |\n| 2017 | *We Are All Family* | 我綿一家人 | Tang Feng\\-cheng | Cameo |\n\n",
"### As production crew\n\n| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | *Her Story* | 女．性 | Producer | Short film |\n| 2008 | *The Taste of Orange Paste* | 桔醬的滋味 | Art designer | Television series |\n| 2010 | *[Monga](/wiki/Monga_%28film%29 \"Monga (film)\")* | 艋舺 | Acting and dialect coach | Film |\n| 2011 | *Night Market Hero* | 雞排英雄 | Acting and dialect coach | Film |\n| 2011 | *Jump Ashin!* | 翻滾吧！阿信 | Acting coach | Film |\n| 2014 | *[Apple in Your Eye](/wiki/Apple_in_Your_Eye \"Apple in Your Eye\")* | 妹妹 | Producer | Television series |\n| 2014 | *The Great Buddha* | 大佛 | Acting coach | Short film |\n| 2014 | *[The Crossing](/wiki/The_Crossing_%282014_film%29 \"The Crossing (2014 film)\")* | 太平輪：亂世浮生 | Dialect coach | Film |\n| 2015 | *The Laundryman* | 青田街一號 | Dialect coach | Film |\n\n[Bamboo Chen at douban.com](https://movie.douban.com/celebrity/1358964/)\n[Bamboo Chen at chinesemov.com](http://chinesemov.com/actors/Chen-Zhusheng.html)\n\n",
"Theater\n-------\n\n| Year | English title | Original title |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 2000 | *What's A Life!?* | 黑道害我真命苦 |\n| 2001 | *Human Condition* | 人間條件\\-滿足心中缺憾的幸福快感 |\n| 2003 | *Wedding Memories* | 女兒紅 |\n| 2007 | *Of Mice \\& Men* | 人鼠之間 |\n| 2007 | *Human Condition 3* | 人間條件3\\-台北上午零時 |\n| 2017 | *Ching Ming Season* | 清明時節 |\n|\n\n",
"Awards and nominations\n----------------------\n\n| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2008 | [43rd Golden Bell Awards](/wiki/43rd_Golden_Bell_Awards \"43rd Golden Bell Awards\") | Best Art Direction | *The Taste of Orange Paste* | |\n| 2012 | [47th Golden Bell Awards](/wiki/47th_Golden_Bell_Awards \"47th Golden Bell Awards\") | [Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film](/wiki/Golden_Bell_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_Television_Film \"Golden Bell Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film\") | *My Little Honey Moon* | |\n| 2017 | [54th Golden Horse Awards](/wiki/54th_Golden_Horse_Awards \"54th Golden Horse Awards\") | [Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Golden_Horse_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor \"Golden Horse Award for Best Supporting Actor\") | *[Alifu, the Prince/ss](/wiki/Alifu%2C_the_Prince/ss \"Alifu, the Prince/ss\")* | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1975 births](/wiki/Category:1975_births \"1975 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Taiwanese male actors](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Taiwanese_male_actors \"21st-century Taiwanese male actors\")\n[Category:Taiwanese acting coaches](/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_acting_coaches \"Taiwanese acting coaches\")\n[Category:Taiwanese male film actors](/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_male_film_actors \"Taiwanese male film actors\")\n[Category:Taiwanese male television actors](/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_male_television_actors \"Taiwanese male television actors\")\n[Category:Taiwanese male stage actors](/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_male_stage_actors \"Taiwanese male stage actors\")\n[Category:Male actors from New Taipei](/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_New_Taipei \"Male actors from New Taipei\")\n\n"
]
} |
1917 Giro di Lombardia | {
"id": [
36915781
],
"name": [
"Brandon Downes"
]
} | bd4nxoengm7swg6nbgv3avzf4cisium | 2024-10-09T01:37:28Z | 1,161,453,164 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"General classification",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1917 Giro di Lombardia** was the 13th edition of the [Giro di Lombardia](/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia \"Giro di Lombardia\") cycle race and was held on 4 November 1917\\. The race started and finished in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"). The race was won by [Philippe Thys](/wiki/Philippe_Thys_%28cyclist%29 \"Philippe Thys (cyclist)\") of the [Peugeot](/wiki/Peugeot_%28cycling_team%29 \"Peugeot (cycling team)\") team.\n\n",
"General classification\n----------------------\n\n| **Final general classification** | Rank | Rider | Team | Time | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | | [Peugeot–Wolber](/wiki/Peugeot_%28cycling_team%29 \"Peugeot (cycling team)\") | | | 2 | | | \\+ 0\" | | 3 | | [Maino](/wiki/Maino_%28cycling_team%29 \"Maino (cycling team)\") | \\+ 0\" | | 4 | | [Bianchi](/wiki/Bianchi_%28cycling_team%29 \"Bianchi (cycling team)\") | \\+ 0\" | | 5 | | | \\+ 0\" | | 6 | | [Bianchi](/wiki/Bianchi_%28cycling_team%29 \"Bianchi (cycling team)\") | \\+ 3' 25\" | | 7 | | [Bianchi](/wiki/Bianchi_%28cycling_team%29 \"Bianchi (cycling team)\") | \\+ 3' 25\" | | 8 | | | \\+ 3' 25\" | | 9 | | [Dei](/wiki/Dei \"Dei\") | \\+ 3' 25\" | | 10 | | [Bianchi](/wiki/Bianchi_%28cycling_team%29 \"Bianchi (cycling team)\") | \\+ 15' 00\" | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[1917](/wiki/Category:Giro_di_Lombardia \"Giro di Lombardia\")\n[Giro di Lombardia](/wiki/Category:1917_in_road_cycling \"1917 in road cycling\")\n[Giro di Lombardia](/wiki/Category:1917_in_Italian_sport \"1917 in Italian sport\")\n\n"
]
} |
Burdur spring minnow | {
"id": [
44557434
],
"name": [
"Big Blue Cray(fish) Twins"
]
} | 02k1vmyxw87gfoujj8tt0e8pprec78n | 2024-03-12T19:06:18Z | 1,190,140,371 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Burdur spring minnow** (***Pseudophoxinus burduricus***) is a species of freshwater fish in the family [Cyprinidae](/wiki/Cyprinidae \"Cyprinidae\"). It is found in several springs and streams in the [Central Anatolia Region](/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region \"Central Anatolia Region\") in and in the surroundings of [Lake Burdur](/wiki/Lake_Burdur \"Lake Burdur\") and [Lake Salda](/wiki/Lake_Salda \"Lake Salda\") basins in [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Pseudophoxinus](/wiki/Category:Pseudophoxinus \"Pseudophoxinus\")\n[Category:Endemic fauna of Turkey](/wiki/Category:Endemic_fauna_of_Turkey \"Endemic fauna of Turkey\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Fahrettin Küçük](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Fahrettin_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk \"Taxa named by Fahrettin Küçük\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Salim Serkan Güçlü](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Salim_Serkan_G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC \"Taxa named by Salim Serkan Güçlü\")\n[Category:Fish described in 2013](/wiki/Category:Fish_described_in_2013 \"Fish described in 2013\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Carew & Co (Bangladesh) Ltd | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"37.111.205.159"
]
} | a0rwn53cca0geahaithvhbyu49trcg3 | 2024-10-12T16:25:31Z | 1,246,912,463 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Products",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Carew \\& Co (Bangladesh) Ltd.** is the only licensed distillery producing alcohol made from sugar molasses in Bangladesh and is located at [Darshana](/wiki/Darshana%2C_Chuadanga \"Darshana, Chuadanga\"), [Chuadanga](/wiki/Chuadanga_District \"Chuadanga District\"), [Khulna Division](/wiki/Khulna_Division \"Khulna Division\"), [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"). It is the only distillery in Bangladesh owned by the Government Of Bangladesh. It is located inside Darsana Sugar Mills compound and is under the authority of [Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation](/wiki/Bangladesh_Sugar_and_Food_Industries_Corporation \"Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation\"). It is one of the 15 sugar mills owned by Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation that makes a profit.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nCarew \\& Co (Bangladesh) Ltd. traces its origin to the distillery established by the British businessman John Maxwell in 1803\\. He built the distillery in [Kanpur](/wiki/Kanpur \"Kanpur\"), [Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh \"Uttar Pradesh\"), [British India](/wiki/British_India \"British India\"). The first distillery in the subcontinent. The distillery was successful and started making profits for Maxwel. He hired Robert Russell Carew, spirits specialist. Carew was impressed by the result and bought out the factory with two other investors. Carew hired his younger brother as the manager. His brother died in the [Indian Sepoy Mutiny](/wiki/Indian_Sepoy_Mutiny \"Indian Sepoy Mutiny\") in 1857\\.\n\nAfter the mutiny, Carew reopened the distillery with the support of British Army. The company became a joint\\-stock company in 1897\\. He opened branches in [Asansol](/wiki/Asansol \"Asansol\"), [Katni](/wiki/Katni \"Katni\"), and Darsana (East Bengal, which became East Pakistan in 1947\\). The equipment in the factories were made in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"). In 1971 East Pakistan became independent Bangladesh after the [Bangladesh Liberation War](/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War \"Bangladesh Liberation War\"). The government of Bangladesh nationalised the distillery at Darsana in 1973 which became Carew \\& Co. (Bangladesh) Ltd.\n\nThe distillery is a profit making company of the government and pays taxes to it as well. It has a 20 feet security wall and strong security system. It makes two kinds of liquor, domestic one using indigenous recipes and foreign ones that do not use indigenous recipes. It has 200 distribution agents and 13 country liquor distribution agents. It is also the largest producer of [ethanol](/wiki/Ethanol \"Ethanol\") in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\").\n\n[thumb\\|Products of Darsana Distillery](/wiki/File:Products_of_Darsana_Distilary.jpg \"Products of Darsana Distilary.jpg\")\n\n",
"Products\n--------\n\n* Fine Brandy\n* Cherry Brandy\n* Yellow Label Malted Whiskey\n* Imperial Whiskey\n* Old Rum\n* Rosa Rum\n* Gold Riband Gin\n* Orange Curaçao\n* Tsarina Vodka\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Government\\-owned companies of Bangladesh](/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_Bangladesh \"Government-owned companies of Bangladesh\")\n[Category:1938 establishments in India](/wiki/Category:1938_establishments_in_India \"1938 establishments in India\")\n[Category:Chuadanga District](/wiki/Category:Chuadanga_District \"Chuadanga District\")\n[Category:Sugar mills in Bangladesh](/wiki/Category:Sugar_mills_in_Bangladesh \"Sugar mills in Bangladesh\")\n[Category:Alcohol in Bangladesh](/wiki/Category:Alcohol_in_Bangladesh \"Alcohol in Bangladesh\")\n[Category:Indian companies established in 1938](/wiki/Category:Indian_companies_established_in_1938 \"Indian companies established in 1938\")\n[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1938](/wiki/Category:Food_and_drink_companies_established_in_1938 \"Food and drink companies established in 1938\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Richard Župa | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | g9kgd9lqgxrg65n0brj170ijvwl6bs4 | 2024-09-03T22:44:55Z | 1,233,328,787 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"1. FC Tatran Prešov",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Richard Župa** (born 27 April 1998\\) is a [Slovak](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\") [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays for [FC Tatran Prešov](/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov \"1. FC Tatran Prešov\") as a [defender](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29 \"Defender (association football)\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\n### 1\\. FC Tatran Prešov\n\nŽupa made his professional debut for [Tatran Prešov](/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov \"1. FC Tatran Prešov\") against [Spartak Trnava](/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava \"FC Spartak Trnava\") on 16 April 2017 during a 4:0 defeat, coming on as a replacement for [Peter Katona](/wiki/Peter_Katona \"Peter Katona\").[SPARTAK TRNAVA VS. TATRAN PREŠOV 4 \\- 0](https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/16/slovakia/super-liga/fc-spartak-trnava/1-fc-tatran-preov/2264244/) 16\\.04\\.2017, soccerway.com\n\n",
"### 1\\. FC Tatran Prešov\n\nŽupa made his professional debut for [Tatran Prešov](/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov \"1. FC Tatran Prešov\") against [Spartak Trnava](/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava \"FC Spartak Trnava\") on 16 April 2017 during a 4:0 defeat, coming on as a replacement for [Peter Katona](/wiki/Peter_Katona \"Peter Katona\").[SPARTAK TRNAVA VS. TATRAN PREŠOV 4 \\- 0](https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/16/slovakia/super-liga/fc-spartak-trnava/1-fc-tatran-preov/2264244/) 16\\.04\\.2017, soccerway.com\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Ligy.sk profile](https://www.ligy.sk/hrac/89512-richard-zupa/statistiky) \n* [Futbalnet Profile](http://futbalnet.sk/member/1290200/#player) \n\n[Category:1998 births](/wiki/Category:1998_births \"1998 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Footballers from Prešov](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Pre%C5%A1ov \"Footballers from Prešov\")\n[Category:Slovak men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Slovak_men%27s_footballers \"Slovak men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football defenders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders \"Men's association football defenders\")\n[Category:1\\. FC Tatran Prešov players](/wiki/Category:1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov_players \"1. FC Tatran Prešov players\")\n[Category:FK Pohronie players](/wiki/Category:FK_Pohronie_players \"FK Pohronie players\")\n[Category:Partizán Bardejov players](/wiki/Category:Partiz%C3%A1n_Bardejov_players \"Partizán Bardejov players\")\n[Category:MFK Tatran Liptovský Mikuláš players](/wiki/Category:MFK_Tatran_Liptovsk%C3%BD_Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_players \"MFK Tatran Liptovský Mikuláš players\")\n[Category:Slovak First Football League players](/wiki/Category:Slovak_First_Football_League_players \"Slovak First Football League players\")\n[Category:2\\. Liga (Slovakia) players](/wiki/Category:2._Liga_%28Slovakia%29_players \"2. Liga (Slovakia) players\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Spanish object pronouns | {
"id": [
40330219
],
"name": [
"RodRabelo7"
]
} | dm9tp6y1z929h3qf2r90pbtqcvydddx | 2024-08-15T12:05:54Z | 1,210,498,181 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Old Spanish",
"Early Modern Spanish",
"Usage",
"Combinations of clitic pronouns",
"Clitic doubling",
"Prepositional and comitative cases",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Spanish object pronouns** are [Spanish personal pronouns](/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns \"Spanish personal pronouns\") that take the function of the [object](/wiki/Object_%28grammar%29 \"Object (grammar)\") in the sentence. Object pronouns may be both [clitic](/wiki/Clitic \"Clitic\") and non\\-clitic, with non\\-clitic forms carrying greater emphasis. When used as clitics, object pronouns are generally [proclitic](/wiki/Clitic%23Proclitic \"Clitic#Proclitic\"), i.e. they appear before the verb of which they are the object; [enclitic](/wiki/Clitic%23Enclitic \"Clitic#Enclitic\") pronouns (i.e. pronouns attached to the end of the verb) appear with positive [imperatives](/wiki/Imperative_mood \"Imperative mood\"), [infinitives](/wiki/Infinitive \"Infinitive\"), and [gerunds](/wiki/Gerund \"Gerund\"). Non\\-clitic forms, by contrast, can appear anywhere in the sentence but can only rarely be used without their clitic counterparts. When used together, clitic pronouns cluster in specific orders based primarily on person, and [clitic doubling](/wiki/Clitic_doubling \"Clitic doubling\") is often found as well. In many dialects in Central Spain, including that of [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"), there exists the phenomenon of *[leísmo](/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo \"Leísmo\")*, which is using the indirect object pronoun *le* as the direct object pronoun where most other dialects would use *lo* (masculine) or *la* (feminine).\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nAs the [history of the Spanish language](/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language \"History of the Spanish language\") saw the shedding of [Latin declensions](/wiki/Latin_declension \"Latin declension\"), only the subject and prepositional object survived as independent [personal pronouns](/wiki/Personal_pronouns \"Personal pronouns\") in Spanish: the rest became [clitics](/wiki/Clitic \"Clitic\"). These clitics may be [proclitic](/wiki/Proclitic \"Proclitic\") or [enclitic](/wiki/Enclitic \"Enclitic\"), or doubled for emphasis. In modern Spanish, the placement of clitic pronouns is determined [morphologically](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 \"Morphology (linguistics)\") by the form of the verb. Clitics precede most conjugated verbs but come after infinitives, gerunds, and positive imperatives. For example: ***me** vio* but *ver**me***, *viéndo**me***, *¡véa**me**!* Exceptions exist for certain [idiomatic](/wiki/Idiom \"Idiom\") expressions, like \"once upon a time\" (*Éra**se** una vez*).\n\n| Person | Latin | Spanish |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1st | [EGŌ](/wiki/wikt:Ego%23Latin \"Ego#Latin\") (nominative) [MIHI](/wiki/wikt:Mihi%23Latin \"Mihi#Latin\") (dative) [MĒ](/wiki/wikt:Me%23Latin \"Me#Latin\") (accusative) [MĒCUM](/wiki/wikt:Mecum%23latin \"Mecum#latin\") (ablative [MĒ](/wiki/wikt:Me%23Latin \"Me#Latin\") \\+ CUM \"with\") | *yo* (nominative) *mí* (prepositional) *me* (unstressed/clitic) *conmigo* (comitative) |\n| 1st | [NŌS](/wiki/wikt:Nos%23Latin \"Nos#Latin\") (nominative/accusative) [NŌBĪS](/wiki/wikt:Nobis%23latin \"Nobis#latin\") (dative/ablative) [NŌBĪSCUM](/wiki/wikt:Nobiscum%23Latin \"Nobiscum#Latin\") (ablative [NŌBĪS](/wiki/wikt:Nobis%23latin \"Nobis#latin\") \\+ CUM \"with\") | *nosotros*, *nosotras* (nominative/prepositional) *nos* (accusative/dative) *connosco* (comitative, archaic) |\n| 2nd | [TŪ](/wiki/wikt:Tu%23Latin \"Tu#Latin\") (nominative) [TIBI](/wiki/wikt:Tibi%23latin \"Tibi#latin\") (dative) [TĒ](/wiki/wikt:Te%23latin \"Te#latin\") (accusative) [TĒCUM](/wiki/wikt:Tecum%23Latin \"Tecum#Latin\") (ablative [TĒ](/wiki/wikt:Te%23latin \"Te#latin\") \\+ CUM \"with\") | *tú* (nominative) *ti* (prepositional) *te* (accusative/dative) *contigo* (comitative) |\n| 2nd | [VŌS](/wiki/wikt:Vos%23latin \"Vos#latin\") (nominative/accusative) [VŌBĪS](/wiki/wikt:Vobis%23latin \"Vobis#latin\") (dative/ablative) [VŌBĪSCUM](/wiki/wikt:Vobiscum%23Latin \"Vobiscum#Latin\") (ablative [VŌBĪS](/wiki/wikt:Vobis%23latin \"Vobis#latin\") \\+ CUM \"with\") | *vosotros*, *vosotras* (nominative/prepositional) *os* (accusative/dative) *convosco* (comitative, archaic) |\n| 3rd | ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD (nominative) ILLĪ (dative) ILLUM, ILLAM, ILLUD (accusative) | *él*, *ella*, *ello* (nominative/prepositional) *le* (dative), *se* (dative, alongside an accusative pronoun) *lo*, *la* (accusative) |\n| 3rd | ILLĪ, ILLAE (nominative) ILLĪS (dative) ILLŌS, ILLĀS (accusative) | *ellos*, *ellas* (nominative/prepositional) *les* (dative) *los*, *las* (accusative) |\n| 3rd ( \\& ) | SIBI (dative) SĒ/SĒSĒ (accusative) SĒCUM (ablative SĒ \\+ CUM \"with\") | *sí* (prepositional) *se* (accusative/dative) *consigo* (comitative) |\n\n### Old Spanish\n\nUnstressed pronouns in [Old Spanish](/wiki/Old_Spanish \"Old Spanish\") were governed by rules different from those in modern Spanish. The old rules were more determined by [syntax](/wiki/Syntax \"Syntax\") than by morphology: the pronoun followed the verb, except when the verb was preceded (in the same clause) by a stressed word, such as a noun, adverb, or stressed pronoun.\n\nFor example, from *[Cantar de Mio Cid](/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid \"Cantar de Mio Cid\")*:\n* *e tornó**s** pora su casa, ascónden**se** de mio Cid*\n* *non lo desafié, aquel que **gela** diesse*\n\nIf the first stressed word of a clause was in the future or conditional tense, or if it was a compound verb made up of *haber* \\+ a participle, then any unstressed pronoun was placed between the two elements of the compound verb (this process still applies in [European Portuguese](/wiki/European_Portuguese \"European Portuguese\") where it is called [mesoclisis](/wiki/Mesoclisis \"Mesoclisis\")).\n\n* *dare**gelo** he* (modern: ***se lo** daré*) \\= \"I'll give it to him\".\n* *dare**gelo** ia/ie* (modern: ***se lo** daría*) \\= \"I would give it.\"\n* *dado **gelo** ha* (modern: ***se lo** ha dado*) \\= \"He has given it.\"\n\nBefore the 15th century, clitics never appeared in the initial position; not even after a [coordinating conjunction](/wiki/Coordinating_conjunction \"Coordinating conjunction\") or a [caesura](/wiki/Caesura \"Caesura\"). They could, however, precede a conjugated verb if there was a negative or adverbial marker. For example:\n\n* *Fue**se** el conde* \\= \"The count left\", but\n* *El conde **se** fue* \\= \"The count left\"\n* *No **se** fue el conde* \\= \"The count did not leave\"\n* *Entonces **se** fue el conde* \\= \"Then the count left\".\n\nThe same rule applied to gerunds, infinitives, and imperatives. The forms of the future and the conditional functioned like any other verb conjugated with respect to the clitics. But a clitic following a future or conditional was usually placed between the infinitive root and the inflection. For example:\n* *Ver**me** ha mañana* \\= \"See me tomorrow\", but\n* *No **me** verá mañana* \\= \"He will not see me tomorrow\"\n* *Mañana **me** verá* \\= \"He will see me tomorrow\"\n\n### Early Modern Spanish\n\nBy the 15th century, [Early Modern Spanish](/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish \"Early Modern Spanish\") had developed \"proclisis\", in which an object's agreement markers come before the verb. According to Andrés Enrique\\-Arias, this shift helped speed up [language processing](/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain \"Language processing in the brain\") of complex morphological material in the verb's [inflection](/wiki/Inflection \"Inflection\") (including time, manner, and aspect).\n\nThis proclisis (*ascenso de clítico*) was a [syntactic movement](/wiki/Syntactic_movement \"Syntactic movement\") away from the idea that an object must follow the verb. For example, in these two sentences with the same meaning:\n1. *María quiere comprar**lo*** \\= \"Maria wants to buy it.\"\n2. *María **lo** quiere comprar* \\= \"Maria wants to buy it.\"\n\n\"Lo\" is the object of \"comprar\" in the first example, but Spanish allows that clitic to appear in a preverbal position of a [syntagma](/wiki/Syntagma_%28linguistics%29 \"Syntagma (linguistics)\") that it dominates strictly, as in the second example. This movement only happens in conjugated verbs. But a special case occurs for the imperative, where we see the postverbal position of the clitic\n* *Lláma**me*** \\= \"Call me\"\n* *dí**melo*** \\= \"Tell it to me\"/\"Tell me it\"\n\nThis is accounted for by a second syntactic movement wherein the verb \"passes by\" the clitic that has already \"ascended\".\n\n",
"### Old Spanish\n\nUnstressed pronouns in [Old Spanish](/wiki/Old_Spanish \"Old Spanish\") were governed by rules different from those in modern Spanish. The old rules were more determined by [syntax](/wiki/Syntax \"Syntax\") than by morphology: the pronoun followed the verb, except when the verb was preceded (in the same clause) by a stressed word, such as a noun, adverb, or stressed pronoun.\n\nFor example, from *[Cantar de Mio Cid](/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid \"Cantar de Mio Cid\")*:\n* *e tornó**s** pora su casa, ascónden**se** de mio Cid*\n* *non lo desafié, aquel que **gela** diesse*\n\nIf the first stressed word of a clause was in the future or conditional tense, or if it was a compound verb made up of *haber* \\+ a participle, then any unstressed pronoun was placed between the two elements of the compound verb (this process still applies in [European Portuguese](/wiki/European_Portuguese \"European Portuguese\") where it is called [mesoclisis](/wiki/Mesoclisis \"Mesoclisis\")).\n\n* *dare**gelo** he* (modern: ***se lo** daré*) \\= \"I'll give it to him\".\n* *dare**gelo** ia/ie* (modern: ***se lo** daría*) \\= \"I would give it.\"\n* *dado **gelo** ha* (modern: ***se lo** ha dado*) \\= \"He has given it.\"\n\nBefore the 15th century, clitics never appeared in the initial position; not even after a [coordinating conjunction](/wiki/Coordinating_conjunction \"Coordinating conjunction\") or a [caesura](/wiki/Caesura \"Caesura\"). They could, however, precede a conjugated verb if there was a negative or adverbial marker. For example:\n\n* *Fue**se** el conde* \\= \"The count left\", but\n* *El conde **se** fue* \\= \"The count left\"\n* *No **se** fue el conde* \\= \"The count did not leave\"\n* *Entonces **se** fue el conde* \\= \"Then the count left\".\n\nThe same rule applied to gerunds, infinitives, and imperatives. The forms of the future and the conditional functioned like any other verb conjugated with respect to the clitics. But a clitic following a future or conditional was usually placed between the infinitive root and the inflection. For example:\n* *Ver**me** ha mañana* \\= \"See me tomorrow\", but\n* *No **me** verá mañana* \\= \"He will not see me tomorrow\"\n* *Mañana **me** verá* \\= \"He will see me tomorrow\"\n\n",
"### Early Modern Spanish\n\nBy the 15th century, [Early Modern Spanish](/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish \"Early Modern Spanish\") had developed \"proclisis\", in which an object's agreement markers come before the verb. According to Andrés Enrique\\-Arias, this shift helped speed up [language processing](/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain \"Language processing in the brain\") of complex morphological material in the verb's [inflection](/wiki/Inflection \"Inflection\") (including time, manner, and aspect).\n\nThis proclisis (*ascenso de clítico*) was a [syntactic movement](/wiki/Syntactic_movement \"Syntactic movement\") away from the idea that an object must follow the verb. For example, in these two sentences with the same meaning:\n1. *María quiere comprar**lo*** \\= \"Maria wants to buy it.\"\n2. *María **lo** quiere comprar* \\= \"Maria wants to buy it.\"\n\n\"Lo\" is the object of \"comprar\" in the first example, but Spanish allows that clitic to appear in a preverbal position of a [syntagma](/wiki/Syntagma_%28linguistics%29 \"Syntagma (linguistics)\") that it dominates strictly, as in the second example. This movement only happens in conjugated verbs. But a special case occurs for the imperative, where we see the postverbal position of the clitic\n* *Lláma**me*** \\= \"Call me\"\n* *dí**melo*** \\= \"Tell it to me\"/\"Tell me it\"\n\nThis is accounted for by a second syntactic movement wherein the verb \"passes by\" the clitic that has already \"ascended\".\n\n",
"Usage\n-----\n\nSpanish object pronouns come in two forms: clitic and non\\-clitic, or stressed. Clitics, by definition, cannot function independently, and they therefore must appear attached to a host (a [verb](/wiki/Spanish_verbs \"Spanish verbs\") or preposition). With verbs, clitics may appear as proclitics before the verb or as enclitics attached to the end of the verb, with proclitization being significantly more common. When used together, clitic pronouns cluster in specific orders, and the process of enclitization is subject to certain rules in which sounds are dropped. Non\\-clitic pronouns, by contrast, are the stressed form of object pronouns; they are formed with the preposition *a* (\"to\") and the prepositional case of the pronoun. In contrast to clitic pronouns, non\\-clitic pronouns can appear anywhere in the sentence, but with very few exceptions, they cannot be used without their clitic counterparts (a process known as [clitic doubling](/wiki/Clitic_doubling \"Clitic doubling\")).\n\nWhen used as clitics, object pronouns are generally [proclitic](/wiki/Clitic%23Proclitic \"Clitic#Proclitic\"), i.e. they appear before the verb of which they are the object. Thus:\n* *Yo te veo* \\= \"I see you\" (lit. \"I you see\")\n* *Él lo dijo* \\= \"He said it\" (lit. \"He it said\")\n* *Tú lo has hecho* \\= \"You have done it\" (lit. \"You it have done\")\n* *El libro nos fue dado* \\= \"The book was given to us\" (lit. \"The book us was given\")\n\nIn certain environments, however, [enclitic](/wiki/Clitic%23Enclitic \"Clitic#Enclitic\") pronouns (i.e. pronouns attached to the end of the verb or a word derived from a verb) may appear. Enclitization is generally only found with:\n* positive imperatives\n* infinitives\n* gerunds\n\nWith positive imperatives, enclitization is always mandatory:\n* *Haz**lo*** (\"Do it\") but never *Lo haz*\n* *Dá**selo** a alguien diferente* (\"Give it to somebody else\") but never *Se lo da a alguien diferente* (as a command; that sentence can also mean \"He/she/it gives it to somebody else\", in which sense it is entirely correct)\n\nWith negative imperatives, however, proclitization is mandatory:\n* *No **lo** hagas* (\"Don't do it\") but never *No hágaslo*\n* *No **se lo** des a alguien diferente* (\"Don't give it to somebody else\") but never *No déselo a alguien diferente*\n\nWith infinitives and gerunds, enclitization is often, but not always, mandatory. With bare infinitives, enclitization is mandatory:\n* *tener**lo*** \\= \"to have it\"\n* *debér**telo*** \\= \"to owe it to you\"\n* *oír**nos*** \\= \"to hear us\"\n\nIn compound infinitives that make use of the [past participle](/wiki/Past_participle \"Past participle\") (i.e. all [perfect](/wiki/Perfect_aspect \"Perfect aspect\") and [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\") infinitives), enclitics attach to the uninflected auxiliary verb and not the past participle itself:\n* *haber**lo** visto* \\= \"to have seen it\"\n* *ser**me** guardado* \\= \"to be saved for me\"\n* *habér**telos** dado* \\= \"to have given them to you\"\n* *haber**le** sido mostrado* \\= \"to have been shown to him/her/you\"\n\nIn compound infinitives that make use of the [gerund](/wiki/Gerund \"Gerund\"), however, enclitics may attach to either the gerund itself or the main verb, including the rare cases when the gerund is used together with the past participle in a single infinitive:\n* *estar diciéndo**lo*** or *estar**lo** diciendo* \\= \"to be saying it\"\n* *andar buscándo**los*** or *andar**los** buscando* \\= \"to go around looking for them\"\n* *haber estado haciéndo**lo*** or *haber**lo** estado haciendo* \\= \"to have been doing it\"\n\nWith bare gerunds, enclitization is once again mandatory. In compound gerunds, enclitics attach to the same word as they would in the infinitive, and one has the same options with combinations of gerunds as with gerunds used in infinitives:\n* *haciéndo**lo*** \\= \"doing it\"\n* *hablándo**les*** \\= \"talking to them\"\n* *habiéndo**lo** visto* \\= \"having seen it\"\n* *siéndo**me** dado* \\= \"being given to me\"\n* *habiéndo**le** sido mostrado* \\= \"having been shown to him/her/you\"\n* *habiendo estado teniéndo**los*** or *habiéndo**los** estado teniendo* \\= \"having been holding them\"\n* *andando buscándo**los*** or *andándo**los** buscando* \\= \"going around looking for them\"\n\nIn constructions that make use of infinitives or gerunds as arguments of a conjugated verb, clitic pronouns may appear as proclitics before the verb (as in most verbal constructions) or simply as enclitics attached to the infinitive or gerund itself. Similarly, in combinations of infinitives, enclitics may attach to any one infinitive:\n* *Quería hacer**lo*** or ***Lo** quería hacer* \\= \"He wanted to do it\"\n* *Estoy considerándo**lo*** or ***Lo** estoy considerando* \\= \"I'm considering it\"\n* *Empieza a hacer**lo*** or *Empiéza**lo** a hacer* \\= \"Start doing it\"\n* *Sigue diciéndo**lo*** or *Sígue**lo** diciendo* \\= \"Keep saying it\"\n* *querer ver**nos*** or *querer**nos** ver* \\= \"to want to see us\"\n* *tener que poder hacer**lo***, *tener que poder**lo** hacer*, or *tener**lo** que poder hacer* \\= \"to have to be able to do it\"\n\nEnclitics may be found in other environments in literary and archaic language, but such constructions are virtually absent from everyday speech.\n\nEnclitization is subject to the following rules:\n* The *s* in the first\\-person plural ending *\\-mos* drops before *nos*, *se*, and *os*: *vámonos* (\"let's go\"), *démoselo* (\"let's give it to him\"), *mostrémoos* (\"let's show you \\[pl.]\"), etc.\n* The *d* in the informal second\\-person plural positive imperative drops before *os*: *sentaos* (\"\\[you all] sit down\"), *apuraos* (\"\\[you all] hurry up\"), *suscribíos* (\"\\[you all] subscribe\"), etc., except for the verb *ir*: *idos* (\"\\[you all] leave\")\n\nNon\\-clitic, or stressed pronouns, on the other hand, do not require a host, and they can thus be placed anywhere in the sentence. With very few exceptions, however, they must be used [along with their clitic equivalents](/wiki/Clitic_doubling \"Clitic doubling\"):\n\n* ***A mí** me gusta toda gente* \\= \"I like all people\"\n* *Su amigo te vio **a ti** mucho en esos días* \\= \"His friend saw you a lot in those days\"\n* *Le dará mucho tiempo **a él*** \\= \"She'll give him a lot of time\"\n* *Se lo habrían dado **a ellos** los muchachos* \\= \"The boys would have given it to *them*\"\n\nNon\\-clitic accusative pronouns cannot have impersonal antecedents; impersonal accusative clitics must therefore be used with their antecedents instead:\n* *Se las di **las cosas*** but never *Se las di ellas* \\= \"I gave *the things* (*them*) to her\"\n* *Lo vi **el libro*** but never *Lo vi él* \\= \"I saw *the book* (*it*)\"\n\nImpersonal dative clitic pronouns, however, may be stressed as such:\n* *Se lo hiciste **a ellos*** \\= \"You did it *to them*\"\n* *Esto le cabe **a ella*** \\= \"This fits *that* (*it*)\"\n\nIn a similar vein, impersonal accusative clitics are occasionally used to provide a degree of emphasis to the sentence as a whole:\n* ***Lo** sé lo que dijo* \\= \"I know what he/she/you said\" (with a degree of emphasis)\n* *¡**Lo** hace el trabajo! ¡Déjalo solo!* \\= \"He's doing his work! Leave him alone!\"\n\n### Combinations of clitic pronouns\n\nIn Spanish, up to two (and rarely three) clitic pronouns can be used with a single verb, generally one accusative and one dative. Whether proclitic or enclitic, they cluster in the following order:\n\n| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| se | teos | menos | lo, la,los, las,le, les |\n\nThus:\n* *Él me lo dio* \\= \"He gave it to me\"\n* *Ellos te lo dijeron* \\= \"They said it to you\"\n* *Yo te me daré* \\= \"I will give myself to you\"\n* *Vosotros os nos presentasteis* \\= \"You \\[pl.] introduced yourselves to us\"\n* *Se le perdieron los libros* \\= \"The books disappeared on him\" (lit. \"The books got lost to him\")\n\nWhen an accusative third\\-person non\\-reflexive pronoun (*lo*, *la*, *los*, or *las*) is used with a dative pronoun that is understood to also be third\\-person non\\-reflexive (*le* or *les*), the dative pronoun is replaced by *se*:\n* *Se lo di* \\= \"I gave it to him\"\n* *Él se lo dijo* \\= \"He said it to him\"\n\nIf *se* is being used as a reflexive indirect object, however, it is often, though not always, disambiguated with *a sí*:\n* *Se lo hizo a sí* or *Se lo hizo* \\= \"He did it to himself\"\n* *Se lo mantenían a sí* or *Se lo mantenían* \\= \"They kept it for themselves\"\n\nOnly one accusative clitic can be used with a single verb, and the same is true for any one type of dative clitic. When more than one accusative clitic or dative clitic of a specific type is used, therefore, the verb or preposition must be repeated for each clitic used:\n* *Te gusta y me gusta* but never \\**Te y me gusta* \\= \"You and I like him\" (lit. \"He pleases you and me\") – can also be phrased with a single plural clitic as *A ti y a mí nos gusta* (i.e. \"You and I, we like him\").\n* *Lo vi y te vi* but never \\**Lo y te vi* \\= \"I saw him and you\"\n\nOccasionally, however, with verbs such as *dejar* (\"to let\"), which generally takes a direct object as well as a subsequent verb as a further grammatical argument, objects of two different verbs will appear together and thus may appear to be objects of the same verb:\n* ***Me la** dejaron ver* \\= \"They let me see her\" (*la* is the object of *ver*; *Me dejaron verla* is also acceptable)\n* ***Te lo** dejará hacer* \\= \"He/she will let you do it\" (*Te dejará hacerlo* is also acceptable)\n\nLike Latin, Spanish makes use of [double dative](/wiki/Double_dative \"Double dative\") constructions, and thus up to two dative clitics can be used with a single verb. One must be the dative of benefit (or \"ethical\" dative, i.e. someone (or something) who is indirectly affected by the action), and the other must refer to the direct recipient of the action itself. Context is generally sufficient to determine which is which:\n* *Me le arreglaron la moto* \\= roughly \"They fixed the bike \\[motorcycle] for him on my behalf\" or \"They fixed the bike for me on his behalf\" (literally more like \"They fixed the bike for him for me\" or vice versa)\n* *Muerte, ¿por qué te me lo llevaste tan pronto?* \\= \"Death, why did you take him from me so soon?\" (the reflexive *llevarse*, lit. \"to carry to oneself\", is used idiomatically to mean \"to take\")\n\n",
"### Combinations of clitic pronouns\n\nIn Spanish, up to two (and rarely three) clitic pronouns can be used with a single verb, generally one accusative and one dative. Whether proclitic or enclitic, they cluster in the following order:\n\n| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| se | teos | menos | lo, la,los, las,le, les |\n\nThus:\n* *Él me lo dio* \\= \"He gave it to me\"\n* *Ellos te lo dijeron* \\= \"They said it to you\"\n* *Yo te me daré* \\= \"I will give myself to you\"\n* *Vosotros os nos presentasteis* \\= \"You \\[pl.] introduced yourselves to us\"\n* *Se le perdieron los libros* \\= \"The books disappeared on him\" (lit. \"The books got lost to him\")\n\nWhen an accusative third\\-person non\\-reflexive pronoun (*lo*, *la*, *los*, or *las*) is used with a dative pronoun that is understood to also be third\\-person non\\-reflexive (*le* or *les*), the dative pronoun is replaced by *se*:\n* *Se lo di* \\= \"I gave it to him\"\n* *Él se lo dijo* \\= \"He said it to him\"\n\nIf *se* is being used as a reflexive indirect object, however, it is often, though not always, disambiguated with *a sí*:\n* *Se lo hizo a sí* or *Se lo hizo* \\= \"He did it to himself\"\n* *Se lo mantenían a sí* or *Se lo mantenían* \\= \"They kept it for themselves\"\n\nOnly one accusative clitic can be used with a single verb, and the same is true for any one type of dative clitic. When more than one accusative clitic or dative clitic of a specific type is used, therefore, the verb or preposition must be repeated for each clitic used:\n* *Te gusta y me gusta* but never \\**Te y me gusta* \\= \"You and I like him\" (lit. \"He pleases you and me\") – can also be phrased with a single plural clitic as *A ti y a mí nos gusta* (i.e. \"You and I, we like him\").\n* *Lo vi y te vi* but never \\**Lo y te vi* \\= \"I saw him and you\"\n\nOccasionally, however, with verbs such as *dejar* (\"to let\"), which generally takes a direct object as well as a subsequent verb as a further grammatical argument, objects of two different verbs will appear together and thus may appear to be objects of the same verb:\n* ***Me la** dejaron ver* \\= \"They let me see her\" (*la* is the object of *ver*; *Me dejaron verla* is also acceptable)\n* ***Te lo** dejará hacer* \\= \"He/she will let you do it\" (*Te dejará hacerlo* is also acceptable)\n\nLike Latin, Spanish makes use of [double dative](/wiki/Double_dative \"Double dative\") constructions, and thus up to two dative clitics can be used with a single verb. One must be the dative of benefit (or \"ethical\" dative, i.e. someone (or something) who is indirectly affected by the action), and the other must refer to the direct recipient of the action itself. Context is generally sufficient to determine which is which:\n* *Me le arreglaron la moto* \\= roughly \"They fixed the bike \\[motorcycle] for him on my behalf\" or \"They fixed the bike for me on his behalf\" (literally more like \"They fixed the bike for him for me\" or vice versa)\n* *Muerte, ¿por qué te me lo llevaste tan pronto?* \\= \"Death, why did you take him from me so soon?\" (the reflexive *llevarse*, lit. \"to carry to oneself\", is used idiomatically to mean \"to take\")\n\n",
"Clitic doubling\n---------------\n\n[Clitic doubling](/wiki/Clitic_doubling \"Clitic doubling\") is a common occurrence in Spanish and, in addition to providing emphasis, often occurs for purely grammatical reasons, most often with dative clitics but sometimes with accusative clitics as well. All non\\-clitic indirect objects as well as the majority of personal non\\-clitic direct objects must be preceded by the preposition *a*, and an appropriate dative clitic pronoun is thus often used to distinguish between the two. With indirect objects that come before the verb, clitic doubling is mandatory in the [active voice](/wiki/Active_voice \"Active voice\"):\n\n* *Al hombre le dimos un regalo* but never *Al hombre dimos un regalo* \\= \"We gave the man a gift\"\n* *Al perro le dijo que se siente* but never *Al perro dijo que se siente* \\= \"He/She/You told the dog to sit\"\n\nWith indirect objects that come after the verb, however, clitic doubling is usually optional, though generally preferred in spoken language:\n\n* *Siempre (les) ofrezco café a mis huéspedes* \\= \"I always offer coffee to my guests\"\n* *(Le) Dijeron a José que se quedara donde estaba* \\= \"They told Jose to stay where he was\"\n* *(Le) Diste al gato alguna comida* \\= \"You gave the cat some food\"\n\nNevertheless, with the ethical dative as well as the dative of inalienable possession, clitic doubling is most often mandatory:\n\n* *No le gusta a la mujer la idea* but never *No gusta a la mujer la idea* \\= \"The woman doesn't like the idea\" (lit. \"The idea doesn't please the woman\")\n* *Le preparé a mi jefe un informe* but never *Preparé a mi jefe un informe* \\= \"I prepared a report for my boss\"\n* *Les cortó a las chicas el pelo* but never *Cortó a las chicas el pelo* \\= \"He/She/You cut the girls' hair\" (dative of inalienable possession, cannot be literally translated into English)\n\nWith [indefinite pronouns](/wiki/Indefinite_pronouns \"Indefinite pronouns\"), however, clitic doubling is optional even in these constructions:\n\n* *Esta película no (le) gusta a nadie* \\= \"No one likes this movie\" (lit. \"This movie pleases no one\")\n* *(Les) Preparó esta comida a todos* \\= \"He/she/you made this food for everyone\"\n\nIn the [passive voice](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\"), where direct objects do not exist at all, non\\-emphatic clitic doubling is always optional, even with personal pronouns:\n\n* *(Le) Era guardado a mi amigo este pedazo* \\= \"This piece was saved for my friend\"\n* *(Te) Fue dado a ti* \\= \"It was given to you\"\n\nNon\\-emphatic clitic doubling with accusative clitics is much rarer. It generally only occurs with:\n\n* the pronoun *todo* (\"all, everything\")\n* numerals that refer to [animate](/wiki/Animate \"Animate\") nouns (usually people) and are preceded by the definite article (e.g. *los seis* – \"the six\")\n* the [indefinite pronoun](/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun \"Indefinite pronoun\") *uno* when referring to the person speaking\n\nThus:\n\n* *No **lo** sé todo* \\= \"I don't know everything\"\n* ***Los** vi a los cinco* \\= \"I saw the five (of them)\"\n* *Si no les gusta a ellos, **lo** rechazarán a uno* \\= \"If they don't like it, they'll reject you\"\n\nAccusative clitic doubling is also used in [object\\-verb\\-subject](/wiki/Object-verb-subject \"Object-verb-subject\") (OVS) word order to signal topicalization. The appropriate direct object pronoun is placed between the direct object and the verb, and thus in the sentence *La carne la come el perro* (\"The dog eats the meat\") there is no confusion about which is the subject of the sentence (*el perro*).\n\nClitic doubling is often necessary to modify clitic pronouns, whether accusative or dative. The non\\-clitic form of the accusative is usually identical to that of the dative, although non\\-clitic accusative pronouns cannot be used to refer to impersonal things such as animals and inanimate objects. With [attributive adjectives](/wiki/Attributive_adjective \"Attributive adjective\"), nouns used with [apposition](/wiki/Apposition \"Apposition\") (such as \"us friends\"), and the intensifier *mismo*, clitic doubling is mandatory, and the non\\-clitic form of the pronoun is used:\n\n* *Te vi **a ti muy feliz*** \\= \"I saw a very happy you\"\n* *Os conozco **a vosotros gente*** (or, in Latin America, *Los conozco **a ustedes gente***) \\= \"I know you people\"\n* *Le ayudaron **a ella misma*** \\= \"They helped her herself\" (*ayudar* governs the dative)\n\nWith [predicative adjectives](/wiki/Predicative_adjective \"Predicative adjective\"), however, clitic doubling is not necessary. Clitic pronouns may be directly modified by such adjectives, which must be placed immediately after the verb:\n\n* *Mantente **informado*** \\= \"Keep yourself informed\"\n* *Viéndolo **hecho** en persona, aprendí mucho* \\= \"By seeing it done in person, I learned a lot\"\n* *Lo había oído **dicho** a veces* \\= \"He/she/you had heard it said occasionally\"\n",
"Prepositional and comitative cases\n----------------------------------\n\nThe prepositional case is used with the majority of prepositions: *a mí*, *contra ti*, *bajo él*, etc., although several prepositions, such as *entre* (\"between, among\") and *según* (\"according to\"), actually govern the nominative (or *sí* in the case of *se*): *entre **yo** y mi hermano* (\"between me and my brother\"), *según **tú*** (\"according to you\"), *entre **sí*** (\"among themselves\"), etc., with the exception of *entre **nos*** (\"between us\"), where the accusative may be used instead (*entre nosotros* is also acceptable). With the preposition *con* (\"with\"), however, the comitative is used instead. *Yo*, *tú*, and *se* have distinct forms in the comitative: *conmigo*, *contigo*, and *consigo*, respectively, in which the preposition becomes one word with its object and thus must not be repeated by itself: *conmigo* by itself means \"with me\", and *con conmigo* is redundant. For all other pronouns, the comitative is identical to the prepositional and is used in the same way: *con él*, *con nosotros*, *con ellos*, etc.\n\nAs with verbs, prepositions must be repeated for each pronoun they modify:\n* *Este vino es solamente para mí y para ti* but never *Este vino es solamente para mí y ti* \\= \"This wine is only for me and (for) you\"\n* *Ella estaba con él y con ella* but never *Ella estaba con él y ella* \\= \"She was with him and (with) her\"\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [leísmo](/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo \"Leísmo\")\n* [loísmo](/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo \"Loísmo\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* *Nueva Gramática de la Lengua Española*, Espasa, 2009\\.\n* *Gramática descriptiva de la Lengua Española*, Ignacio Bosque y Violeta Demonte, Espasa, 1999\\.\n\n[Category:Spanish grammar](/wiki/Category:Spanish_grammar \"Spanish grammar\")\n[Category:Pronouns by language](/wiki/Category:Pronouns_by_language \"Pronouns by language\")\n[Category:Personal pronouns](/wiki/Category:Personal_pronouns \"Personal pronouns\")\n\n"
]
} |
Hadromyia aldrichi | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | eghrlhq6ntbdsnxazjgeq7n8xe93u0g | 2024-01-17T21:59:15Z | 1,182,095,403 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Distribution",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Hadromyia aldrichi*** is a species of [hoverfly](/wiki/Hoverfly \"Hoverfly\") in the family [Syrphidae](/wiki/Hoverfly \"Hoverfly\").\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n\"Very similar to opacus but more robust, head obviously broader than \nhigh; abdomen brilliant bronze, with the pile more golden. \"\n\n\"Female: Frons depressed, dull aeneous black, somewhat reddish above antennae, with dark brown pile and very narrow whitish pollinose stripes along eyes. Dorsum of thorax sub\\-shining black, with dark brown pile; meso\\-pleurae with rather long golden pile; posterior margin of scutellum and post\\-alar calli with yellow pile. Abdomen banded similarly to opacus. Fore femora dark on outer side, yellow on inner side; middle femora al\\- most entirely yellow; hind femora yellow, a dark band around the middle; the rest of legs yellow, except the last two joints of all the tarsi. Wings infuscated anteriorly, darkest along the veins. Length: Body about 12–14 mm., wing 11–12 mm. \" from original description \n\nThe male genitalia were figured by Metcalf. \n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\n[Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Milesiini](/wiki/Category:Milesiini \"Milesiini\")\n[Category:Insects described in 1916](/wiki/Category:Insects_described_in_1916 \"Insects described in 1916\")\n[Category:Diptera of North America](/wiki/Category:Diptera_of_North_America \"Diptera of North America\")\n[Category:Hoverflies of North America](/wiki/Category:Hoverflies_of_North_America \"Hoverflies of North America\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Raymond Corbett Shannon](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Raymond_Corbett_Shannon \"Taxa named by Raymond Corbett Shannon\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
1983 International Open | {
"id": [
11508456
],
"name": [
"Primefac"
]
} | b3c4e7a9nzmjo03jkeb1q1g3lwvk0pu | 2024-03-09T19:22:21Z | 1,212,629,251 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Summary",
"Main draw",
"Qualifying",
"Final qualifying round",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1983 International Open** (officially the **1983 Jameson International Open**) was a professional [ranking](/wiki/Snooker_world_rankings \"Snooker world rankings\") [snooker](/wiki/Snooker \"Snooker\") tournament that took place between 1 and 9 October 1983 at the Eldon Square Recreation Centre in [Newcastle\\-upon\\-Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne \"Newcastle-upon-Tyne\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). [Steve Davis](/wiki/Steve_Davis \"Steve Davis\") won the tournament, beating [Cliff Thorburn](/wiki/Cliff_Thorburn \"Cliff Thorburn\") 9–4 in the final. Television coverage was on [ITV](/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29 \"ITV (TV network)\").\n\n",
"Summary\n-------\n\nThe defending champion [Tony Knowles](/wiki/Tony_Knowles_%28snooker_player%29 \"Tony Knowles (snooker player)\") was defeated by [John Spencer](/wiki/John_Spencer_%28snooker_player%29 \"John Spencer (snooker player)\") in the last 16 round.\n\n[Cliff Thorburn](/wiki/Cliff_Thorburn \"Cliff Thorburn\") beat [Terry Griffiths](/wiki/Terry_Griffiths \"Terry Griffiths\") 9–8 in the first semi\\-final after winning the last four frames. At one stage Griffiths had led 5–1\\. [Steve Davis](/wiki/Steve_Davis \"Steve Davis\") beat [Eddie Charlton](/wiki/Eddie_Charlton \"Eddie Charlton\") 9–2 in the second semi\\-final.\n\n[Steve Davis](/wiki/Steve_Davis \"Steve Davis\") met [Cliff Thorburn](/wiki/Cliff_Thorburn \"Cliff Thorburn\") in the final. Davis led 6–2 after the afternoon session and eventually won 9–4\\. He took the first prize of £24,000 for his win and another £1,500 for the high break prize, for a break of 120 against [Mike Watterson](/wiki/Mike_Watterson \"Mike Watterson\") at the last\\-16 stage.\n\n",
"Main draw\n---------\n\n",
"Qualifying\n----------\n\nThe final qualifying round was played at the Romiley Forum in [Stockport](/wiki/Stockport \"Stockport\") in September.\n\n### Final qualifying round\n\n|\n\n| |\n| **** | **5**–1 | |\n| **** | **5**–1 | |\n| | 3–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–2 | |\n| | 2–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–4 | |\n| **** | **5**–0 | |\n| **** | **5**–3 | |\n\n|\n\n| |\n| **** | **5**–2 | |\n| | 2–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–2 | |\n| | **5**–3 | **** |\n| | w/d–**w/o** | **** |\n| | 3–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–1 | |\n| | 3–**5** | **** |\n\n",
"### Final qualifying round\n\n|\n\n| |\n| **** | **5**–1 | |\n| **** | **5**–1 | |\n| | 3–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–2 | |\n| | 2–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–4 | |\n| **** | **5**–0 | |\n| **** | **5**–3 | |\n\n|\n\n| |\n| **** | **5**–2 | |\n| | 2–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–2 | |\n| | **5**–3 | **** |\n| | w/d–**w/o** | **** |\n| | 3–**5** | **** |\n| **** | **5**–1 | |\n| | 3–**5** | **** |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Scottish Open (snooker)](/wiki/Category:Scottish_Open_%28snooker%29 \"Scottish Open (snooker)\")\n[Category:Sport in Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Sport in Newcastle upon Tyne\")\n[International Open](/wiki/Category:1983_in_snooker \"1983 in snooker\")\n[International Open](/wiki/Category:1983_in_English_sport \"1983 in English sport\")\n[International Open](/wiki/Category:September_1983_sports_events_in_the_United_Kingdom \"September 1983 sports events in the United Kingdom\")\n[International Open](/wiki/Category:October_1983_sports_events_in_the_United_Kingdom \"October 1983 sports events in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:20th century in Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"20th century in Newcastle upon Tyne\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kampong Batu Marang | {
"id": [
43785485
],
"name": [
"Pangalau"
]
} | dg01c5blp1i2diao4ll4870dy21upaq | 2024-08-20T04:02:33Z | 1,234,529,336 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Facilities",
"School",
"Mosque",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kampong Batu Marang** is a [village](/wiki/Villages_of_Brunei \"Villages of Brunei\") within [Mukim Mentiri](/wiki/Mukim_Mentiri \"Mukim Mentiri\") in [Brunei\\-Muara District](/wiki/Brunei-Muara_District \"Brunei-Muara District\"), [Brunei](/wiki/Brunei \"Brunei\"). The population was 870 in 2016\\.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nKampong Batu Marang is located in the northeastern part of the district. As a village subdivision, it borders [Kampong Salar](/wiki/Kampong_Salar \"Kampong Salar\") to the north, the [Brunei Bay](/wiki/Brunei_Bay \"Brunei Bay\") to the east, [RPN Kampong Mentiri](/wiki/RPN_Kampong_Mentiri \"RPN Kampong Mentiri\") to the south, [Kampong Mentiri](/wiki/Kampong_Mentiri \"Kampong Mentiri\") to the southwest and [Kampong Sungai Buloh](/wiki/Kampong_Sungai_Buloh \"Kampong Sungai Buloh\") to the west. The actual populated area only exists as a small cluster of stilted dwellings on the banks near the mouth of Mentiri River, a small river which flows into the [Brunei Bay](/wiki/Brunei_Bay \"Brunei Bay\"), and surrounded by dense vegetation. It is only accessible by land from [Kampong Sungai Buloh](/wiki/Kampong_Sungai_Buloh \"Kampong Sungai Buloh\").\n\n",
"Facilities\n----------\n\n### School\n\n* Batu Marang Primary School\n\n### Mosque\n\nKampong Batu Marang Mosque is the village mosque and was opened for use on 19 January 1996\\. It can accommodate 1,000 worshippers. The mosque celebrated its [silver jubilee](/wiki/Silver_jubilee \"Silver jubilee\") anniversary of its establishment in 2021\\.\n\n",
"### School\n\n* Batu Marang Primary School\n",
"### Mosque\n\nKampong Batu Marang Mosque is the village mosque and was opened for use on 19 January 1996\\. It can accommodate 1,000 worshippers. The mosque celebrated its [silver jubilee](/wiki/Silver_jubilee \"Silver jubilee\") anniversary of its establishment in 2021\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Kampong Ayer](/wiki/Kampong_Ayer \"Kampong Ayer\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Batu Marang](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Brunei%E2%80%93Muara_District \"Villages in Brunei–Muara District\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Empire Under Attack | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"178.46.78.207"
]
} | f09hit9gos0eevsfc6lw1g3r3rq2sfu | 2024-07-31T13:15:53Z | 1,235,970,545 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * + \n\n***Empire under Attack*** () is a 12\\-episode 2000 Russian miniseries, about the confrontation of the Security Department and the [SR Combat Organization](/wiki/SR_Combat_Organization \"SR Combat Organization\") at the beginning of the 20th century.\n\nThe series covers eight years of the history of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") – from 1901 to 1908\\.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, Moscow and St. Petersburg were shocked by the unprecedented cruelty of terrorists. A wave of loud political murders is rolling around the country. Combat organizations are preparing the collapse of the monarchy. The authorities are trying to maintain order in the country. The Imperial Security Office creates a special investigative team, which is charged with all means to prevent a future catastrophe.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Igor Livanov](/wiki/Igor_Livanov \"Igor Livanov\") as *Investigator of the Security Department of St. Petersburg titular counselor (in the 12th episode collegiate counselor) Pavel Nesterovich Putilovsky*\n* Valentin Bukin as *Evgrafi Petrovich Medyannikov*\n* Denis Zaitsev as *Lieutenant [baron](/wiki/Baron \"Baron\") Ivan Karlovich Berg, [demolition engineer](/wiki/Engineer_troops \"Engineer troops\")*\n* Tatiana Bedova as *Leyda Karlovna*\n* Vladimir Bogdanov as *[Yevno Azef](/wiki/Yevno_Azef \"Yevno Azef\")*\n* [Aleksei Serebryakov](/wiki/Aleksei_Serebryakov_%28actor%29 \"Aleksei Serebryakov (actor)\") as *[Boris Savinkov](/wiki/Boris_Savinkov \"Boris Savinkov\")*\n* [Yuri Galtsev](/wiki/Yuri_Galtsev \"Yuri Galtsev\") as *Alexander Iosifovich Frank*\n* Yuri Orlov as *Yakov Grigorievich Sazonov, chief of the St. Petersburg security department*\n* Sergey Zuev as *Alexey Vikentiev*\n* Olga Samoshina as *cashier Maria Maksimovskaya*\n* Igor Dobryakov as *Chief of the Police Department of Tuzlukov*\n* [Konstantin Khabensky](/wiki/Konstantin_Khabensky \"Konstantin Khabensky\") as *SR terrorist [Grigory Gershuni](/wiki/Grigory_Gershuni \"Grigory Gershuni\")*\n* Alexey Zuev as *journalist Andrei Yakovlevich Vershinin*\n* [Olga Budina](/wiki/Olga_Budina \"Olga Budina\") as *Olga*\n* [Ilze Liepa](/wiki/Ilze_Liepa \"Ilze Liepa\") as *ballerina [Tamara Karsavina](/wiki/Tamara_Karsavina \"Tamara Karsavina\")*\n* [Yuliya Rutberg](/wiki/Yuliya_Rutberg \"Yuliya Rutberg\") as *Lyubov Azef*\n* Anna Banshchikova as *the mistress of Azef Hannah Clayfer*\n* Lyudmila Kurepova as *Nina Neklyudova*\n* Georgy Shtil as *owner of the pharmacy Pevzner*\n* [Andrei Zibrov](/wiki/Andrei_Zibrov \"Andrei Zibrov\") as *Ageev Vladimir Mikhailovich \\- Topaz*\n* [Ivan I. Krasko](/wiki/Ivan_I._Krasko \"Ivan I. Krasko\") as *elder Kondraty*\n* [Nikolai Yeremenko Jr.](/wiki/Nikolai_Yeremenko_Jr. \"Nikolai Yeremenko Jr.\") as *[Vyacheslav von Plehve](/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve \"Vyacheslav von Plehve\")*\n* [Leonid Nevedomsky](/wiki/Leonid_Nevedomsky \"Leonid Nevedomsky\") as *Minister of Internal Affairs [Dmitry Sipyagin](/wiki/Dmitry_Sipyagin \"Dmitry Sipyagin\")*\n* [Marina Aleksandrova](/wiki/Marina_Aleksandrova \"Marina Aleksandrova\") as *Maria Stolypina*\n* Alexander Anisimov as *Yegor Sozonov*\n* [Irina Apeksimova](/wiki/Irina_Apeksimova \"Irina Apeksimova\") as **\n* [Aleksandr Domogarov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Domogarov \"Aleksandr Domogarov\") as *[Georgy Gapon](/wiki/Georgy_Gapon \"Georgy Gapon\")*\n* Viktor Khozyainov as *Chukhna*\n* Elena Kucherenko as *Sokolovskaya Olympiad Georgievna*\n* Gennady Smirnov as *[Stepan Balmashov](/wiki/Stepan_Balmashov \"Stepan Balmashov\")*\n* Alexander Stroyev as *Kraft*\n* Nikita Tatarenkov as *[Ivan Kalyayev](/wiki/Ivan_Kalyayev \"Ivan Kalyayev\")*\n* Tamara Urzhumova as *Vanda Kazimirovna*\n* Alexander Karpukhov as *Pisarenko*\n* [Vladimir Sterzhakov](/wiki/Vladimir_Sterzhakov \"Vladimir Sterzhakov\") as *Doctor Dubovitsky*\n* [Viktoriya Isakova](/wiki/Viktoriya_Isakova \"Viktoriya Isakova\") as *episode*\n* [Ksenia Rappoport](/wiki/Ksenia_Rappoport \"Ksenia Rappoport\") as *Alina*\n* [Valery Barinov](/wiki/Valery_Barinov \"Valery Barinov\") as *Rataev Leonid Aleksandrovich*\n* Andrey Fedortsov as *Aleksei Pokotilov*\n* Andrey Astrakhantsev as *retired lieutenant Alexander Baklanov*\n* Olga Sukhorukova as *Tatyana Nechaeva*\n* [Boris Plotnikov](/wiki/Boris_Plotnikov \"Boris Plotnikov\") as *[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia\")*\n* [Yelena Safonova](/wiki/Yelena_Safonova \"Yelena Safonova\") as *[Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna](/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_%281864%E2%80%931918%29 \"Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)\")*\n* Yuri Mitrofanov as *Moscow mayor Major\\-General Volkov*\n* [Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Porokhovshchikov \"Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov\") as *Moscow Governor [Vladimir Dzhunkovsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Dzhunkovsky \"Vladimir Dzhunkovsky\")*\n* [Nikolai Chindyajkin](/wiki/Nikolai_Chindyajkin \"Nikolai Chindyajkin\") as *vice\\-director of the Police Department [Pyotr Rachkovsky](/wiki/Pyotr_Rachkovsky \"Pyotr Rachkovsky\")*\n* Oleg Dmitriev as *Alexey Cheremukhin*\n* Georgy Traugot as *SR member [Pinhas Rutenberg](/wiki/Pinhas_Rutenberg \"Pinhas Rutenberg\")*\n* Alexey Fedkin as *[Maxim Gorky](/wiki/Maxim_Gorky \"Maxim Gorky\")*\n* Yuri Tarasov as *Solomon Ryss (Mortimer)*\n* Alexander Zhmakin as *Mikhail Sokolov*\n* Nikita Eryshev as *Nikolay Lubomudrov*\n* Marina Zasukhina as *Miss Lisa* (8th episode *Kamikaze*)\n* [Aleksandr Feklistov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Feklistov \"Aleksandr Feklistov\") as *[Pyotr Stolypin](/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin \"Pyotr Stolypin\")*\n* [Andrei Tolubeyev](/wiki/Andrei_Tolubeyev \"Andrei Tolubeyev\") as *Managing Director of Stolypin Sergei Valerianovich Muromtsev*\n* Ernst Romanov as *Chief of the St. Petersburg Security Department Major\\-General Alexander Vasilievich Gerasimov*\n* [Andrey Rudensky](/wiki/Andrey_Rudensky \"Andrey Rudensky\") as *Teacher of the English Gymnasium Pyotr Stoedzinsky*\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2000 Russian television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2000_Russian_television_series_debuts \"2000 Russian television series debuts\")\n[Category:2000 Russian television series endings](/wiki/Category:2000_Russian_television_series_endings \"2000 Russian television series endings\")\n[Category:Channel One Russia original programming](/wiki/Category:Channel_One_Russia_original_programming \"Channel One Russia original programming\")\n[Category:Russian drama television series](/wiki/Category:Russian_drama_television_series \"Russian drama television series\")\n[Category:Russian political television series](/wiki/Category:Russian_political_television_series \"Russian political television series\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Launaea gorgadensis | {
"id": [
14423536
],
"name": [
"Plantdrew"
]
} | n7485xynrkqqo2805ie6kbgu5je9ino | 2022-06-12T18:08:33Z | 1,091,942,362 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Distribution",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n***Launaea gorgadensis*** is a species of flowering plants of the family [Asteraceae](/wiki/Asteraceae \"Asteraceae\"). The species is endemic to [Cape Verde](/wiki/Cape_Verde \"Cape Verde\").Oromí, Martín, Zurita \\& Cabrera, 2005 : *[Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde: Hongos, Plantas y Animales Terrestres.](http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/opencms8/export/sites/medioambiente/piac/galerias/descargas/Documentos/Publicaciones/Publicaciones-LPESCaboVerde.pdf)* Gobierno de Canarias, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial, p. 41 It is listed as a critically endangered plant by the IUCN.\n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\nThe species is found in the northwest of [Cape Verde](/wiki/Cape_Verde \"Cape Verde\"), in the islands of [Santo Antão](/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%A3o%2C_Cape_Verde \"Santo Antão, Cape Verde\"), [São Vicente](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_Cape_Verde \"São Vicente, Cape Verde\") and [São Nicolau](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Cape_Verde \"São Nicolau, Cape Verde\"). The plant occurs between elevation. It is a [mesophyte](/wiki/Mesophyte \"Mesophyte\") plant which grows in sub\\-humid and semi\\-arid areas.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[gorgadensis](/wiki/Category:Launaea \"Launaea\")\n[Category:Endemic flora of Cape Verde](/wiki/Category:Endemic_flora_of_Cape_Verde \"Endemic flora of Cape Verde\")\n[Category:Flora of Santo Antão, Cape Verde](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Santo_Ant%C3%A3o%2C_Cape_Verde \"Flora of Santo Antão, Cape Verde\")\n[Category:Flora of São Nicolau, Cape Verde](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_S%C3%A3o_Nicolau%2C_Cape_Verde \"Flora of São Nicolau, Cape Verde\")\n[Category:Flora of São Vicente, Cape Verde](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente%2C_Cape_Verde \"Flora of São Vicente, Cape Verde\")\n\n"
]
} |
Mesquita Omar Ibn Al-Khatab | {
"id": [
47103386
],
"name": [
"Rajoub570"
]
} | 2qzcxtaac9rdvi06zdny8beslsgzjlo | 2024-06-03T15:34:15Z | 1,227,079,041 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gallery<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fmesquitafoz%2F%3Fhl%3Den&is_from_rle |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n \n\nThe **[Omar Ibn Al\\-Khatab](/wiki/Umar \"Umar\") Mosque** (Mesquita Foz Do Iguaçu) is a [mosque](/wiki/Mosque \"Mosque\") located at [Foz do Iguaçu](/wiki/Foz_do_Igua%C3%A7u \"Foz do Iguaçu\"), [Paraná](/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 \"Paraná (state)\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"). It is situated in the city near the [Iguaçu Falls](/wiki/Igua%C3%A7u_Falls \"Iguaçu Falls\").\n\nThe mosque was inaugurated on 23 March 1983 featuring a beautiful exterior design painted in uniform white color. Its architecture was inspired by [Al\\-Aqsa Mosque](/wiki/Qibli_Mosque \"Qibli Mosque\"), in [Jerusalem](/wiki/Jerusalem \"Jerusalem\"). The mosque is named after [Omar Ibn Al\\-Khatab](/wiki/Umar \"Umar\") a pious companion of the Islamic [prophet Muhammad](/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad \"Prophet Muhammad\") and one of the first four caliphs of Islam. Outside the mosque are tall two [minaret](/wiki/Minaret \"Minaret\") towers from which the Muslim call to prayer ([Adaan](/wiki/Adhan \"Adhan\")) is sounded five times each day which gathers the faithful for congregational prayers in the spacious main hall.\n\nThe interior of the mosque is more beautiful than the outside. There is a spacious main prayer hall which covers 400 m2 of the total built area of 600 m2. In the main prayer hall, there is a beautiful [Mihrab](/wiki/Mihrab \"Mihrab\") built into the back wall of the mosque. The beautifully decorated Mihrab of the mosque indicates the direction to the [Holy Mosque of Mecca](/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca \"Great Mosque of Mecca\") in [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\"), where all Muslims are required to face when they perform their prayers.\n\n",
"Gallery\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFile:Mesquita omar ibn al\\-khattab1\\.JPG\\|Mosque interior, main prayer hall.\nFile:Mesquita omar ibn al\\-khattab2\\.JPG\\|The \\[\\[mihrab]] inside the mosque, which indicates the direction to face when Muslims perform their prayer.\nFile:Mesquita80\\.JPG\\|\nFile:Mesquita70\\.JPG\\|Mosque main entrance door.\nFile:Mesquita omar ibn al\\-khattab7\\.JPG\\|\nFile:Mesquita omar ibn al\\-khattab5\\.JPG\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Mesquita Brasil](/wiki/Mesquita_Brasil \"Mesquita Brasil\")\n* [List of mosques in the Americas](/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_the_Americas \"List of mosques in the Americas\")\n* [Lists of mosques](/wiki/Lists_of_mosques \"Lists of mosques\")\n* [Islam in Brazil](/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil \"Islam in Brazil\")\n* [List of mosques in Brazil](/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Brazil \"List of mosques in Brazil\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* at CCBI \\- Centro Cultural Beneficente Islâmico de Foz do Iguaçu's site.\n\n[Omar Ibn Al\\-Khatab](/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Brazil \"Mosques in Brazil\")\n[Category:Mosques completed in 1983](/wiki/Category:Mosques_completed_in_1983 \"Mosques completed in 1983\")\n[Category:1983 establishments in Brazil](/wiki/Category:1983_establishments_in_Brazil \"1983 establishments in Brazil\")\n[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Paraná (state)](/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 \"Religious buildings and structures in Paraná (state)\")\n[Category:Foz do Iguaçu](/wiki/Category:Foz_do_Igua%C3%A7u \"Foz do Iguaçu\")\n\n"
]
} |
Patricia Arredondo | {
"id": [
892079
],
"name": [
"GhostInTheMachine"
]
} | brpiaqlm0ymee5f1nblyu8xc21wthm6 | 2023-10-13T08:16:07Z | 1,179,916,844 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Education",
"Career",
"Awards",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Patricia Arredondo** (born July 16, 1945\\) is an American counseling [psychologist](/wiki/Psychologist \"Psychologist\"), primarily recognized for her efforts in developing the area of multicultural counseling. She has been recognized in the field of psychology for her contributions to the advancement of Ethnic Minority Psychology. She has been associated with the APA ([American Psychological Association](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association \"American Psychological Association\")), and the National Hispanic Psychological Association along with many other associations. She is the 2018 recipient of the Anthony J. Marsella Award from the Psychologists for Social Responsibility.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nPatricia Arredondo was born on July 16, 1945, in [Lorain, Ohio](/wiki/Lorain%2C_Ohio \"Lorain, Ohio\") to parents Apolinar Arredondo Orozco and Evarista Zaldívar. Patricia was the second born of seven siblings. Her father Apolinar encouraged his children to keep their Mexican roots by speaking Spanish, learning about their history and traditional dances. This quickly ignited her interest in the studies of different culture and traditions. On the other hand, her mother Evarista encouraged her children to follow a more American life style due to the discrimination she frequently faced while growing up. Patricia shared a close relationship with her father due to his egalitarian views. He taught his children equally regardless their gender.\n\nAlthough Patricia was not the firstborn she carried a lot of responsibilities as her eldest sister had a mental illness, at the time referred to as *emotional issues*. As an adult her sister was eventually diagnosed with [paranoid schizophrenia](/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia \"Paranoid schizophrenia\").\n\nGrowing up Patricia was taught to take pride in her work and to have the desire to change the world. She was a very bright student and at time when under stress from her mother she sought refuge in the library. There she could learn and experience what ever she pleased; she often found herself reading about [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") a city she dreamed of relocating to. She used this desire to fuel her academics, putting her in the top third of her class in high school.\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nPatricia's mother's believed in education for new opportunities which is why all of the children went to Catholic school. With her parents support and ambivalence, she went to college two hours away from Lorain. Patricia Arredondo attended [Kent State University](/wiki/Kent_State_University \"Kent State University\") where she obtained her undergraduate degree in [Journalism](/wiki/Journalism \"Journalism\") and [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"). Soon after graduating she decided to take a job teaching Spanish in [Brookline, Massachusetts](/wiki/Brookline%2C_Massachusetts \"Brookline, Massachusetts\"). Patricia enjoyed her new job in Brookline as it was really close to her dream town of Boston. It wasn't long before Patricia needed a challenge so she decided to enroll at [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\") to pursue a masters program in school counseling, due to the positive experience she had with her counselors growing up. While she completed her studies she became more aware of the lack of ethnic knowledge in terms of individual counseling. She soon decided to further her education this time by attending [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\") to obtain her doctoral degree in [counseling psychology](/wiki/Counseling_psychology \"Counseling psychology\"). During her time at Boston University Patricia participated in the bilingual fellowship program, to further her studies in ethnic differences. Finally in 1978 Patricia obtained her doctorate being the first in her family to do so.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nPatricia Arredondo began her career shortly after graduating from Boston University in 1978\\. She relocated to the nearby state of New Hampshire taking a job as an assistant professor at the [University of New Hampshire](/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire \"University of New Hampshire\"). In 1979 Patricia relocated back to Boston taking a job at Boston University as an assistant professor. She remained in the same job position until 1985 when Patricia decided to fund her own company, Empowerment workshops INC. The goal of the company was to provide companies with strategies to increase diversity within the workplace.\n\nAfter many years working for herself in 1999 Patricia Arredondo returned to teaching this time as a professor at [Arizona State University](/wiki/Arizona_State_University \"Arizona State University\"). She remained in the same position for a couple of years until 2006, when she was given the position of Deputy Vice President and University Dean for Student Affairs at Arizona State University. She remained in the same position until 2007 when she accepted a job at the [University of Wisconsin\\-Milwaukee](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee \"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee\") as interim Dean of the School of Continuing Education and Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs.\n\nSeveral years later in 2013 Patricia relocated to Chicago accepting a position as president in [the Chicago School of Professional Psychology](/wiki/The_Chicago_School_of_Professional_Psychology \"The Chicago School of Professional Psychology\"). Patricia remained in the position until 2015 when it was eliminated. In 2016 she returned as a professor at Arizona State University.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n* 2004 — NLPA (National Latina/o Psychological Association), Distinguished Professional Career Award\n* 2013 — [APA](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association \"American Psychological Association\"), Henry Tomes Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Ethnic Minority Psychology \n* 2014 — NLPA (National Latina/o Psychological Association), Distinguished Madrina Recognition for outstanding lifetime achievement\n* 2015 — SCP (Society of Counseling Psychology) [APA](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association \"American Psychological Association\") Division 17, Elder Recognition Award\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1945 births](/wiki/Category:1945_births \"1945 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American women psychologists](/wiki/Category:American_women_psychologists \"American women psychologists\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American psychologists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_psychologists \"21st-century American psychologists\")\n[Category:Boston University School of Education alumni](/wiki/Category:Boston_University_School_of_Education_alumni \"Boston University School of Education alumni\")\n[Category:Arizona State University faculty](/wiki/Category:Arizona_State_University_faculty \"Arizona State University faculty\")\n[Category:Kent State University alumni](/wiki/Category:Kent_State_University_alumni \"Kent State University alumni\")\n[Category:American women academics](/wiki/Category:American_women_academics \"American women academics\")\n[Category:Boston University faculty](/wiki/Category:Boston_University_faculty \"Boston University faculty\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women scientists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_scientists \"21st-century American women scientists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American psychologists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_psychologists \"20th-century American psychologists\")\n\n"
]
} |
JurisTech | {
"id": [
29539620
],
"name": [
"MusikBot II"
]
} | dqhlg0p9u4vdfy8zf0wi8ej9z370aci | 2022-11-30T00:50:09Z | 1,124,687,905 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - \n\n**JurisTech** **(Juris Technologies Sdn Bhd)** is a Malaysian [Financial technology](/wiki/Financial_technology \"Financial technology\") company that serves banks in Malaysia with their predictive [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") system debt collection systems, loan origination systems, credit scoring systems, conveyancing and loan documentation systems.\n\nJurisTech started off in 1997, during the [Asian Financial Crisis](/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis \"Asian Financial Crisis\"), offering data mining and analytical tools that might help banks generate more sales. However, the company's initial offering of data mining services was not very popular, due to the rising bad debt during that period. The company then started offering credit management and litigation software. Their debt recovery software solution was a success, which resulted in JurisTech becoming an [MSC Malaysia](/wiki/MSC_Malaysia \"MSC Malaysia\") company in 2003\\.\n\nIn 2014, JurisTech was selected at the New York City International Selection Panel to be a part of the [Endeavor (non\\-profit)](/wiki/Endeavor_%28non-profit%29 \"Endeavor (non-profit)\") network.\n\nJurisTech has also been used as an example of *agile responsiveness* in [Chris Zook](/wiki/Chris_Zook \"Chris Zook\") and James Allen's book *The Founder's Mentality* in 2016\\.\n\nIn 2019, JurisTech was recognized by [The Star (Malaysia)](/wiki/The_Star_%28Malaysia%29 \"The Star (Malaysia)\") for best innovation and best use of technology. \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1997 establishments in Malaysia](/wiki/Category:1997_establishments_in_Malaysia \"1997 establishments in Malaysia\")\n[Category:Companies based in Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Kuala_Lumpur \"Companies based in Kuala Lumpur\")\n[Category:Financial services companies of Malaysia](/wiki/Category:Financial_services_companies_of_Malaysia \"Financial services companies of Malaysia\")\n[Category:Financial technology companies](/wiki/Category:Financial_technology_companies \"Financial technology companies\")\n[Category:Malaysian brands](/wiki/Category:Malaysian_brands \"Malaysian brands\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Haint blue | {
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7903804
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} | atedjzx2ecwx6miq95lkqbrluwu55up | 2024-02-27T15:26:35Z | 1,189,203,657 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Etymology",
"Cultural significance",
"Gullah culture",
"Bug deterrent",
"Aesthetics",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
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"\n\n[thumb\\|A haint blue porch ceiling in the United States](/wiki/File:Haint_blue_Victorian_porch_ceiling.jpg \"Haint blue Victorian porch ceiling.jpg\")\n\n**Haint blue** is a collection of [pale](/wiki/Pastel_%28color%29 \"Pastel (color)\") [shades](/wiki/Shades_of_cyan \"Shades of cyan\") of [blue\\-green](/wiki/Blue-green \"Blue-green\") that are traditionally used to paint [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") ceilings in the [Southern United States](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"). Hex \\#D1EAEB is a popular shade of haint blue.\n\nThe tradition originated with the [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah \"Gullah\") in [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") and [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"). The ceiling of the slave quarters at the [Owens–Thomas House](/wiki/Owens%E2%80%93Thomas_House \"Owens–Thomas House\") in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"), built in the early 19th century, was painted haint blue. The pigment was derived from crushed [indigo](/wiki/Indigo \"Indigo\") plants. Indigo was a common source for haint blue prior to the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\"), when indigo was a common crop for [plantations in the American South](/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South \"Plantations in the American South\"), but the tradition survived well after the decline in [indigo dye](/wiki/Indigo_dye \"Indigo dye\") cultivation.\n\n",
"Etymology\n---------\n\nThe word *haint* is an alternative spelling of *haunt*, which was historically used in African\\-American vernacular to refer to a ghost or, in the [Hoodoo](/wiki/Hoodoo_%28folk_magic%29 \"Hoodoo (folk magic)\") belief, a witch\\-like creature seeking to chase victims to their death by exhaustion.\n\n",
"Cultural significance\n---------------------\n\n### Gullah culture\n\nOriginally, haint blue was thought by the [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah \"Gullah\") to ward haints, or ghosts, away from the home. The tactic was intended either to mimic the appearance of the sky, tricking the ghost into passing through, or to mimic the appearance of water, which ghosts traditionally could not cross. The Gullah would paint not only the porch, but also doors, window frames, and shutters. Blue glass bottles were also hung in trees to trap haints and [boo hags](/wiki/Boo_hag \"Boo hag\").\n\nAs Gullah culture forcibly mingled with [white southern](/wiki/White_Southerners \"White Southerners\") culture, the custom became more widely practiced.\n\nAdditionally, not all Gullah identify with the belief that haint blue can ward off evil spirits, but the historical significance of indigo crops still applies. Many [enslaved](/wiki/Enslavement \"Enslavement\") Africans of the [Lowcountry](/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry \"South Carolina Lowcountry\") and their descendants believed in the protective power of haint blue, but the cultivation of [indigo](/wiki/Indigo \"Indigo\") as a [cash crop](/wiki/Cash_crop \"Cash crop\") in [colonial South Carolina](/wiki/Colonial_South_Carolina \"Colonial South Carolina\") to produce the dye also significantly depended on labor from the 18th\\-century [transatlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\"). Indigo production declined in the Lowcountry after the [US Revolutionary War](/wiki/US_Revolutionary_War \"US Revolutionary War\") and loss of exports to the British market, and indigo nearly completely disappeared after the advent of synthetic blue dye in the mid\\-19th century. However, producing and using indigo dye in art and artisanal crafts has been reclaimed in a Gullah movement with the intent to strengthen the Gullah community's connection to their ancestors' African culture, such as through educational workshops hosted by the [Gullah\\-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor](/wiki/Gullah-Geechee_Cultural_Heritage_Corridor \"Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor\").\n\n### Bug deterrent\n\nThe use of haint blue has lost some of its superstitious significance, but modern proponents also cite the color as a spider and wasp\\-deterrent. However, the color has not actually been scientifically shown to stave off bugs. The associated repellent effect may stem from the use of [milk paint](/wiki/Milk_paint \"Milk paint\") containing [lye](/wiki/Lye \"Lye\"), which does act as an insect repellent.\n\n### Aesthetics\n\nThe blue color is appreciated from an aesthetic standpoint for mimicking the color of the sky.\n\n",
"### Gullah culture\n\nOriginally, haint blue was thought by the [Gullah](/wiki/Gullah \"Gullah\") to ward haints, or ghosts, away from the home. The tactic was intended either to mimic the appearance of the sky, tricking the ghost into passing through, or to mimic the appearance of water, which ghosts traditionally could not cross. The Gullah would paint not only the porch, but also doors, window frames, and shutters. Blue glass bottles were also hung in trees to trap haints and [boo hags](/wiki/Boo_hag \"Boo hag\").\n\nAs Gullah culture forcibly mingled with [white southern](/wiki/White_Southerners \"White Southerners\") culture, the custom became more widely practiced.\n\nAdditionally, not all Gullah identify with the belief that haint blue can ward off evil spirits, but the historical significance of indigo crops still applies. Many [enslaved](/wiki/Enslavement \"Enslavement\") Africans of the [Lowcountry](/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry \"South Carolina Lowcountry\") and their descendants believed in the protective power of haint blue, but the cultivation of [indigo](/wiki/Indigo \"Indigo\") as a [cash crop](/wiki/Cash_crop \"Cash crop\") in [colonial South Carolina](/wiki/Colonial_South_Carolina \"Colonial South Carolina\") to produce the dye also significantly depended on labor from the 18th\\-century [transatlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\"). Indigo production declined in the Lowcountry after the [US Revolutionary War](/wiki/US_Revolutionary_War \"US Revolutionary War\") and loss of exports to the British market, and indigo nearly completely disappeared after the advent of synthetic blue dye in the mid\\-19th century. However, producing and using indigo dye in art and artisanal crafts has been reclaimed in a Gullah movement with the intent to strengthen the Gullah community's connection to their ancestors' African culture, such as through educational workshops hosted by the [Gullah\\-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor](/wiki/Gullah-Geechee_Cultural_Heritage_Corridor \"Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor\").\n\n",
"### Bug deterrent\n\nThe use of haint blue has lost some of its superstitious significance, but modern proponents also cite the color as a spider and wasp\\-deterrent. However, the color has not actually been scientifically shown to stave off bugs. The associated repellent effect may stem from the use of [milk paint](/wiki/Milk_paint \"Milk paint\") containing [lye](/wiki/Lye \"Lye\"), which does act as an insect repellent.\n\n",
"### Aesthetics\n\nThe blue color is appreciated from an aesthetic standpoint for mimicking the color of the sky.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Robin egg blue](/wiki/Robin_egg_blue \"Robin egg blue\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:African\\-American society](/wiki/Category:African-American_society \"African-American society\")\n[Category:Culture of the Southern United States](/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States \"Culture of the Southern United States\")\n[Category:Gullah culture](/wiki/Category:Gullah_culture \"Gullah culture\")\n[Category:Shades of blue](/wiki/Category:Shades_of_blue \"Shades of blue\")\n[Category:Gullah mythology](/wiki/Category:Gullah_mythology \"Gullah mythology\")\n[Category:Superstitions of the United States](/wiki/Category:Superstitions_of_the_United_States \"Superstitions of the United States\")\n\n"
]
} |
Choi Hwan-hwan | {
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27015025
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} | 1ipbqvz0cw79d7s5mmf03h1cueqbio9 | 2023-12-04T17:03:56Z | 1,158,632,791 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Table tennis career",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
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"content": [
"\n\n**Choi Hwan\\-hwan** is a female former international [table tennis](/wiki/Table_tennis \"Table tennis\") player from [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nChoi's parents were both table tennis players. She attended in [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul \"Seoul\").\n\n",
"Table tennis career\n-------------------\n\nShe won a [bronze medal](/wiki/Bronze_medal \"Bronze medal\") at the [1969 World Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/1969_World_Table_Tennis_Championships \"1969 World Table Tennis Championships\") in the women's doubles with [Choi Jung\\-sook](/wiki/Choi_Jung-sook \"Choi Jung-sook\").\n\nShe played in the 1968 Asian Championships as a 17 year old.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of table tennis players](/wiki/List_of_table_tennis_players \"List of table tennis players\")\n* [List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists](/wiki/List_of_World_Table_Tennis_Championships_medalists \"List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:South Korean female table tennis players](/wiki/Category:South_Korean_female_table_tennis_players \"South Korean female table tennis players\")\n[Category:1951 births](/wiki/Category:1951_births \"1951 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:World Table Tennis Championships medalists](/wiki/Category:World_Table_Tennis_Championships_medalists \"World Table Tennis Championships medalists\")\n\n"
]
} |
Juliet Wilson–Bareau | {
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2842084
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"name": [
"Jevansen"
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} | 9jslze9wwbaqcbyptprp5pxe827go7j | 2024-04-06T02:15:47Z | 1,217,017,584 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Selected works",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n**Juliet Wilson–Bareau** (born 1935\\) is a British [art historian](/wiki/Art_historian \"Art historian\"), [curator](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\"), and [independent scholar](/wiki/Independent_scholar \"Independent scholar\"), specialising in [Francisco Goya](/wiki/Francisco_Goya \"Francisco Goya\") and [Édouard Manet](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet \"Édouard Manet\"). From 1993 to 1994, she held the [Slade Professorship of Fine Art](/wiki/Slade_Professorship_of_Fine_Art \"Slade Professorship of Fine Art\") at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\"). She curated a show on Goya at the [Museo del Prado](/wiki/Museo_del_Prado \"Museo del Prado\") in Madrid in 1993 and at the [Royal Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts \"Royal Academy of Arts\") in London in 1994\\.\n\n",
"Selected works\n--------------\n\n* Wilson\\-Bareau, Julia, and Degener, David C. (2003\\). [*Manet and the American Civil War: The Battle of the U.S.S. Kearsarge and the C.S.S. Alabama*](http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/87750), Issued in connection with an exhibition held June 3 \\- August 17, 2003, [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\"), New York.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1935 births](/wiki/Category:1935_births \"1935 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:British art historians](/wiki/Category:British_art_historians \"British art historians\")\n[Category:British women art historians](/wiki/Category:British_women_art_historians \"British women art historians\")\n[Category:British art curators](/wiki/Category:British_art_curators \"British art curators\")\n[Category:British women curators](/wiki/Category:British_women_curators \"British women curators\")\n[Category:Belgian emigrants to the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Belgian_emigrants_to_the_United_Kingdom \"Belgian emigrants to the United Kingdom\")\n\n"
]
} |
Changan Eado | {
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18872885
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} | 05cqi34h0wyd86xvqpkhjn9ky0lnuxa | 2024-10-19T04:03:50Z | 1,251,903,631 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"First generation（2012-2018）",
"Eado XT/Eado XT RS",
"Eado Blue",
"Eado EV300",
"Eado EV460",
"Second generation (2018-present)",
"Changan Eado EV",
"Changan Eado Plus",
"Third generation (2024-present)",
"References",
"External links"
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"\n\nThe **Changan Eado** (逸动) is a [compact car](/wiki/Compact_car \"Compact car\") produced by Chinese auto manufacturer [Changan](/wiki/Changan_Automobile \"Changan Automobile\").\n\nThe first generation was introduced in 2012 with the DT hatchback added in 2013 and the electric variant added in 2014\\. A performance DT RS hatchback was also offered. \n\nThe second generation model was launched as both a sedan and the DT hatchback in 2018 and the spawned electric variant launched in 2019 with a facelift revealed in 2019 for the 2020 model year, with the sedan being the only model facelifted while the hatchback was discontinued due to low sales.\n\nThe third generation is renamed from the Changan Lamore since March, 2024\\.\n\n \n\n \n\n\\_\\_TOC\\_\\_\n\n",
"First generation（2012\\-2018）\n----------------------------\n\nThe first generation Changan Eado started sales since 2012\\. The vehicle was styled by Changan's Italian design center in Turin and debuted as concept car C201 at the Beijing Auto Show 2010, the production car was shown at the International Motor Show 2011 in Frankfurt am Main . The delivery of the sedan started on March 27, 2012\\. The later Changan CS35 crossover is also based on the Eado.\n\nThe drivetrain is powered by a 1\\.6\\-liter gasoline engine with an output of 83 kW (113 hp). In addition to a 5\\-speed manual transmission , a 4\\-speed automatic transmission is also available.\n\n \n\n### Eado XT/Eado XT RS\n\nAt the Shanghai Auto Show 2013 was presented with the Eado XT as a hatchback variant. This came on 28 August 2013 in the trade. The Eado XT hatchback is based on the Changan Eado sedan that was launched in March last year. A performance version with a turbo of the Eado XT was launched later in the market called the Eado XT RS.\n\nFile:Chang%27an\\_Eado\\_XT\\_01\\_China\\_2014\\-04\\-17\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado XT.\nFile:Changan Eado XT I rear China.jpg\\|The rear view of the Changan Eado XT.\n\n### Eado Blue\n\nThe Eado Blue is a PHEV, or [plug\\-in hybrid](/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid \"Plug-in hybrid\") electric vehicle version of the Eado sedan. The powertrain was based on the gasoline 1\\.5 liter four\\-cylinder with 112 hp.\n\n### Eado EV300\n\nChangan Eado EV is a full electric version of the Changan Eado sedan with a 26 kWh lithium\\-ion battery. Curb weight is 1610 kg. Range is 160 kilometer and top speed is 140 km/h. The Changan Eado EV debuted on the 2014 Beijing Auto Show in April featuring a blue painted grilles to differentiate from the regular Eado. Power comes from an electric motor with 120 hp, mated to a [CVT](/wiki/CVT_transmission \"CVT transmission\") transmission.\n\nFile:Chang'an Eado EV 2 China 2018\\-03\\-26\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado EV.\n\n### Eado EV460\n\nIn 2018 the EV460 went on sale for a price of RMB 203,400 before subsidies. It offered an improved range over the EV300 of 550 km and fast charging capability. A batch of 100 EV460 with a battery swap modification went into service as taxis in [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing \"Chongqing\") in 2021\\. The battery swap can be completed within 20 seconds.\n\n",
"### Eado XT/Eado XT RS\n\nAt the Shanghai Auto Show 2013 was presented with the Eado XT as a hatchback variant. This came on 28 August 2013 in the trade. The Eado XT hatchback is based on the Changan Eado sedan that was launched in March last year. A performance version with a turbo of the Eado XT was launched later in the market called the Eado XT RS.\n\nFile:Chang%27an\\_Eado\\_XT\\_01\\_China\\_2014\\-04\\-17\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado XT.\nFile:Changan Eado XT I rear China.jpg\\|The rear view of the Changan Eado XT.\n\n",
"### Eado Blue\n\nThe Eado Blue is a PHEV, or [plug\\-in hybrid](/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid \"Plug-in hybrid\") electric vehicle version of the Eado sedan. The powertrain was based on the gasoline 1\\.5 liter four\\-cylinder with 112 hp.\n\n",
"### Eado EV300\n\nChangan Eado EV is a full electric version of the Changan Eado sedan with a 26 kWh lithium\\-ion battery. Curb weight is 1610 kg. Range is 160 kilometer and top speed is 140 km/h. The Changan Eado EV debuted on the 2014 Beijing Auto Show in April featuring a blue painted grilles to differentiate from the regular Eado. Power comes from an electric motor with 120 hp, mated to a [CVT](/wiki/CVT_transmission \"CVT transmission\") transmission.\n\nFile:Chang'an Eado EV 2 China 2018\\-03\\-26\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado EV.",
"### Eado EV460\n\nIn 2018 the EV460 went on sale for a price of RMB 203,400 before subsidies. It offered an improved range over the EV300 of 550 km and fast charging capability. A batch of 100 EV460 with a battery swap modification went into service as taxis in [Chongqing](/wiki/Chongqing \"Chongqing\") in 2021\\. The battery swap can be completed within 20 seconds.\n\n",
"Second generation (2018\\-present)\n---------------------------------\n\n",
"### Changan Eado EV\n\nThe Changan Eado EV or Eado EV300 is the electric variant of the second generation Eado sedan. The Changan Eado EV is powered by an electric motor producing 100 kw, and is capable of a driving range of 405 km with a full battery. Prices of the Changan Eado EV in China ranges from 129\\.900 yuan to 139\\.900 yuan ($18\\.320 \\- $19\\.730\\).\n\nFile:Changan Eado EV IMG001\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado EV II\nFile:Changan Eado EV 02\\.jpg\\|The rear view of the Changan Eado EV II\n\nFile:Changan Eado EV II facelift 001\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado EV II facelift\nFile:Changan Eado EV II facelift 002\\.jpg\\|The rear view of the Changan Eado EV II facelift\n\n",
"### Changan Eado Plus\n\nAs of December 2019, Changan has officially unveiled the 2020 Eado sedan facelift named the Eado Plus sedan in China. The Eado Plus offers 2 distinctive styling appearance trims for buyers to choose from including Standard and Sports. The dimensions of the Eado Plus measures 4,730 mm in length, 1,820 mm in width and 1,505 mm in height with a wheelbase of 2,700 mm. Engine options include a 1\\.6 liter naturally aspirated engine producing 127hp and a 1\\.4 liter turbocharged engine producing 157 hp, mated to transmissions including a 5\\-speed manual gearbox, a 6\\-speed manual gearbox and a 7\\-speed dual clutch transmission. The new 2020 Changan Eado Plus went on sale in China in March 2020\\.\n\nFile:Changan Eado Plus 009\\.jpg\\|The front view of the Changan Eado Plus\nFile:Changan Eado Plus 010\\.jpg\\|The rear view of the Changan Eado Plus\nFile:Chang'an Eado Plus facelift 01 China 2023\\-04\\-10\\.jpg\\|Changan Eado Plus facelift (2022\\)\nFile:Chang'an Eado Plus facelift 02 China 2023\\-04\\-10\\.jpg\\|Changan Eado Plus facelift\n\n",
"Third generation (2024\\-present)\n--------------------------------\n\nIn March 2024, Changan announced the third generation of Eado, which is renamed from the Changan Lamore.\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* (Eado)\n* (Eado XT)\n\n[Category:Cars introduced in 2012](/wiki/Category:Cars_introduced_in_2012 \"Cars introduced in 2012\")\n[Category:2010s cars](/wiki/Category:2010s_cars \"2010s cars\")\n[Category:Cars of China](/wiki/Category:Cars_of_China \"Cars of China\")\n[Category:Front\\-wheel\\-drive vehicles](/wiki/Category:Front-wheel-drive_vehicles \"Front-wheel-drive vehicles\")\n[Eado XT](/wiki/Category:Changan_Automobile_vehicles \"Changan Automobile vehicles\")\n[Category:Compact cars](/wiki/Category:Compact_cars \"Compact cars\")\n[Category:Sedans](/wiki/Category:Sedans \"Sedans\")\n[Category:Hatchbacks](/wiki/Category:Hatchbacks \"Hatchbacks\")\n\n"
]
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School classification | {
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47673977
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"name": [
"Dhritirupa Das"
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} | 8eduo33f20yx2jliag7u01563e76j8t | 2024-04-10T21:33:03Z | 1,176,499,098 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Classes",
"References",
"See also"
],
"level": [
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"content": [
"\n\n**School classification** is the [categorization](/wiki/Categorization \"Categorization\") of [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") by officially sanctioned bodies for [athletic competition](/wiki/Athletic_competition \"Athletic competition\"). Across North America, the classes have often been based on [enrollment](/wiki/Matriculation \"Matriculation\") levels of the schools, with many leagues using classifications named A, AA, AAA, etc.\n\n",
"Classes\n-------\n\n[Classification](/wiki/Categorization \"Categorization\") of [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") is performed by officially sanctioned bodies to attempt to provide an equitable grouping of potential talent for [athletic competition](/wiki/Athletic_competition \"Athletic competition\"). Across North America, the classes have often been based on [enrollment](/wiki/Matriculation \"Matriculation\") levels of the schools, with many leagues using classifications named *A*, *AA*, *AAA*, etc., with the number of *A*s denoting schools with larger enrollment, but alternative schemes are also employed. Schools may be placed in different classes for different sports (e.g., *A* for football and *AA* for baseball).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations](/wiki/Ontario_Federation_of_School_Athletic_Associations \"Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations\")\n* [PIAA class](/wiki/PIAA_class \"PIAA class\")\n\n[Category:High school sports](/wiki/Category:High_school_sports \"High school sports\")\n\n \n\n"
]
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Thomas Paul Burgess | {
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} | e9zrmgxshaofjuciryhnw7mpw689ocs | 2024-02-23T19:06:00Z | 1,209,825,524 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Academic Publications",
"Novels",
"Music",
"Discography",
"Albums",
"Singles & EPs",
"Compilations",
"References"
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"\n\n**Thomas Paul Burgess** is an academic, novelist and musician from [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), Northern Ireland. \n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\n**Burgess** attended [Oxford University](/wiki/Oxford_University \"Oxford University\"), studying Ethics \\& Moral Education, He obtained his PhD from [University College Cork](/wiki/University_College_Cork \"University College Cork\"). He lives in Cork, Ireland, where he is a Senior Lecturer and Director of Youth \\& Community Work at The School of Applied Social Studies, [University College Cork](/wiki/University_College_Cork \"University College Cork\").\n\nHe worked in Short Brothers Ltd (aircraft manufacture), 1978\\-81\\. Following his academic studies, he taught English Literature in schools in Belfast and Oxford. In 1990, he was Community Relations Officer for Antrim Borough Council, and in 1992 was a researcher/outreach worker for Initiative '92, [Torkel Opsahl](/wiki/Torkel_Opsahl \"Torkel Opsahl\")\n\n",
"Academic Publications\n---------------------\n\nHis published works include *A Crisis of Conscience: \\- moral ambivalence and education in Northern Ireland* (1993\\), *The Reconciliation Industry: \\- community relations, community identity \\& social policy in Northern Ireland* (2002\\), *The Contested Identities of Ulster Protestants* (2015\\) and *The Contested Identities of Ulster Catholics* (2018\\).\n\n",
"Novels\n------\n\nHis first novel, ‘*White Church, Black Mountain*’ (Matador. 2015\\) was short\\-listed for the Impress Prize for New Writers, 2017 and The Carousel Aware Prize for Best Novel, 2016\\.\n\nHis second novel, ‘*Through Hollow Land*s’ (Urbane 2018\\) is a dark supernatural thriller based loosely on Dante's ‘Inferno’ and follows survivors of the 9/11 attacks, through the seeming purgatory of Las Vegas. He has described it as, 'An allegorical tale on the death of American innocence.'\n\n",
"Music\n-----\n\nAs a songwriter with his band [Ruefrex](/wiki/Ruefrex \"Ruefrex\") his work met with acclaim, the group being described as \"...the most important band in Britain\".[\"Belfast Punk Bands: Ruefrex – Once ‘The most important band in Britain.’\"](http://www.bombedoutpunk.com/music/belfast-punk-bands-ruefrex-once-the-most-important-band-in-britain), *www.bombedoutpunk.com*[\"Ruefrex\"](http://www.trakmarx.com/2005_02/06_refrex.htm), *www.trakmarx.com*[\"Mad Dogs and Ulstermen: the crisis of Loyalism (part one)\"](https://www.opendemocracy.net/node/2876/backlinks), *www.opendemocracy.net*\n\nHe appeared on the cover of *[Melody Maker](/wiki/Melody_Maker \"Melody Maker\")* after they had recorded the controversial *The Wild Colonial Boy* denouncing Irish\\-Americans for sending guns and money to the [IRA](/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army \"Irish Republican Army\"). The record entered the UK top 30\\.[\"Punk band Ruefrex, voice of working\\-class Ulster loyalists, are back – and still have something to say, writes Henry McDonald\"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/oct/02/northernireland.popandrock), *The Guardian*\nTheir music was featured in the motion picture *[Good Vibrations](/wiki/Good_Vibrations_%28film%29 \"Good Vibrations (film)\")*.[\"Good Vibrations (2012\\) Soundtracks \"](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1920945/soundtrack), IMDb[\"Good Vibrations: The Film (2012\\)\"](http://nipunk.weebly.com/good-vibrations-the-film.html), *nipunk.weebly.com*[\"Ruefrex\"](https://www.discogs.com/artist/856566-Ruefrex), discogs\n\nHis later projects include forming the musical collective *Sacred Heart of Bontempi*, and releasing a tribute to [Pogues](/wiki/Pogues \"Pogues\")’ frontman, [Shane MacGowan](/wiki/Shane_MacGowan \"Shane MacGowan\") entitled, *Shane MacGowan’s Smile* (Burgess had previously toured with the band).\n\nIn 2021 Burgess wrote, performed and produced *Vanished into Air; a song for the disappeared*.[https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/henry\\-mcdonald\\-a\\-moving\\-song\\-about\\-those\\-who\\-were\\-disappeared\\-by\\-the\\-ira\\-3493411](https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/henry-mcdonald-a-moving-song-about-those-who-were-disappeared-by-the-ira-3493411) The project was intended to highlight the plight of those families who lost members believed to have been abducted, murdered and secretly buried in Northern Ireland, the large majority of which occurred during the Troubles. The victim support group Wave and family members supported the initiative.\n\nIn 2024, Manchester University Press published Burgess’ memoir, *Wild Colonial Boys: A Belfast Punk Story.* [\"Belfast’s forgotten punks: ‘We were seen as part of the oppressor class’\"](https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/belfasts-forgotten-punks-we-were-seen-as-part-of-the-oppressor-class/a1455157599.html?fbclid=IwAR0QmT6UdrMraCuygwlWUsF9euSu_gn1xtvb4q3fn-PSYG0lT3Rh2m8Brrc) [\"Wild Colonial Boys is Hard to Beat\"](https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/review/2024/02/03/wild-colonial-boys-is-hard-to-beat/?fbclid=IwAR3e5b57GRzLg4fBiVebDWpY59jOaGlPZY8CrmxDJ3AVVPCvLQikTonUhfc) [\"Bono, Seamus Heaney and the Melody Maker cover ... tales from the punk era with Belfast’s mighty Ruefrex\"](https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/bono-seamus-heaney-and-the-melody-maker-cover-tales-from-the-punk-era-with-belfasts-mighty-ruefrex/a1579379555.html?fbclid=IwAR2urbjHxnJa6gd5dqJlJfGSeW610Y5tlKL2h1t-XpzG8mZ2do8xYhZ8DY8) [\"Review: ‘Wild Colonial Boys’: A Belfast Punk Story\"](https://www.punktuationmag.com/review-wild-colonial-boys-a-belfast-punk-story/?fbclid=IwAR1NWVavVqVlOIKte4c3nuMLK1iGXOau6wcW_eT3zqu3R_JiFszurt5XvXs) [\"Ruefrex drummer Paul Burgess publishes tell\\-all memoir on Belfast's punk scene: Wild Colonial Boys\"](https://www.hotpress.com/culture/ruefrex-drummer-paul-burgess-to-publishes-tell-all-memoir-on-belfasts-punk-scene-wild-colonial-boys-23004446?utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=article&utm_medium=web&fbclid=IwAR0DZXH49kXCkvAcxCNTy_CsKAz4dEThI4AnFEBEPOpFBOKKw-YuAQCCUgs) It gave an uncompromising account of his time with his band Ruefrex and enjoyed critical acclaim from a number of sources.\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Albums\n\n* Flowers for all Occasions (8 versions), Kasper Records, 1985\n\n### Singles \\& EPs\n\n* One by One (5 versions), Good Vibrations Records\n* Capital Letters (7\"), Kabuki Records\n* Paid in Kind (2 versions), One by One\n* The Wild Colonial Boy (4 versions), Kasper Records\n* In the Traps (2 versions), Kasper Records\n* Political Wings (12\"), Flicknife Records\n* Shane MacGowan’s Smile, Espresso Records\n\n### Compilations\n\n* Capital Letters... The Best of..., (CD, Comp), Cherry Red\n",
"### Albums\n\n* Flowers for all Occasions (8 versions), Kasper Records, 1985\n",
"### Singles \\& EPs\n\n* One by One (5 versions), Good Vibrations Records\n* Capital Letters (7\"), Kabuki Records\n* Paid in Kind (2 versions), One by One\n* The Wild Colonial Boy (4 versions), Kasper Records\n* In the Traps (2 versions), Kasper Records\n* Political Wings (12\"), Flicknife Records\n* Shane MacGowan’s Smile, Espresso Records\n",
"### Compilations\n\n* Capital Letters... The Best of..., (CD, Comp), Cherry Red\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Academics of University College Cork](/wiki/Category:Academics_of_University_College_Cork \"Academics of University College Cork\")\n[Category:Alumni of Ulster University](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Ulster_University \"Alumni of Ulster University\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Oxford \"Alumni of the University of Oxford\")\n[Category:Alumni of University College Cork](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_University_College_Cork \"Alumni of University College Cork\")\n[Category:Scholars and academics from Belfast](/wiki/Category:Scholars_and_academics_from_Belfast \"Scholars and academics from Belfast\")\n[Category:Male novelists from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Male_novelists_from_Northern_Ireland \"Male novelists from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:Male songwriters from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Male_songwriters_from_Northern_Ireland \"Male songwriters from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:Writers from Belfast](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Belfast \"Writers from Belfast\")\n[Category:Musicians from Belfast](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Belfast \"Musicians from Belfast\")\n[Category:Social scientists from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:Social_scientists_from_Northern_Ireland \"Social scientists from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:20th\\-century songwriters from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:20th-century_songwriters_from_Northern_Ireland \"20th-century songwriters from Northern Ireland\")\n[Category:21st\\-century songwriters from Northern Ireland](/wiki/Category:21st-century_songwriters_from_Northern_Ireland \"21st-century songwriters from Northern Ireland\")\n\n"
]
} |
Philip A. Gale | {
"id": [
24812038
],
"name": [
"JJMC89"
]
} | gj40buxx661m4sy8pgdlhai88ooe6bh | 2024-09-22T02:53:13Z | 1,201,875,146 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"* + - * + - * + - * + - * \n\n**Philip Alan Gale** (born 1969\\) is an [Australian](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\")/[British](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\") [chemist](/wiki/Chemist \"Chemist\"), Deputy Dean of Science and Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science, [University of Technology Sydney](/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney \"University of Technology Sydney\"). He is notable for his work on the supramolecular chemistry of anions.\n\nGale was born in Liverpool and grew up in [Woolton](/wiki/Woolton \"Woolton\") attending [Gateacre Community Comprehensive School](/wiki/Gateacre_Community_Comprehensive_School \"Gateacre Community Comprehensive School\"). He moved to [Wadham College, Oxford](/wiki/Wadham_College%2C_Oxford \"Wadham College, Oxford\"), where he received his B.A. (Hons) degree in 1992 (M.A. Oxon. 1995\\) then moving in October 1992 to [Linacre College](/wiki/Linacre_College \"Linacre College\") where he graduated with a D.Phil. degree in 1995\\. He then moved to the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") as a [Fulbright Scholar](/wiki/Fulbright_Scholar \"Fulbright Scholar\") with Prof. [Jonathan Sessler](/wiki/Jonathan_Sessler \"Jonathan Sessler\"). He returned to Oxford in 1997 as a Royal Society University Research Fellow and moved to a lectureship at the [University of Southampton](/wiki/University_of_Southampton \"University of Southampton\") in 1999\\. He was promoted to a personal chair in supramolecular chemistry in 2007 and served as Head of Chemistry at the [University of Southampton](/wiki/University_of_Southampton \"University of Southampton\") between 2010 and 2016\\. He was awarded a [Doctor of Science](/wiki/Doctor_of_Science \"Doctor of Science\") degree by the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") in 2014\\. In January 2017 he moved to the [University of Sydney](/wiki/University_of_Sydney \"University of Sydney\") where he took up the role of Head of the School of Chemistry and in 2020 Associate Dean (International) in the Faculty of Science. He became interim Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney serving from April 2022 to January 2023 and in February 2023 moved to the University of Technology Sydney to take up the role of Deputy Dean of Science.\n\nGale's research interests are in [supramolecular chemistry](/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry \"Supramolecular chemistry\") and in particular the molecular recognition and transmembrane transport of anions. His early work concerned the design of structurally simple anion receptors and elucidating other processes such as proton transfer that often accompany anion complexation. More recent research has focused on transmembrane anion transport. Gale has designed and synthesised a variety of highly effective classes of anion transporters including tren\\-based tris\\-ureas and \\-thioureas, squaramides and *ortho*\\-phenylene\\-based bis ureas. In 2013 Gale and co\\-workers published a quantitative structure activity relationship study showing that in a series of simple thioureas with one n\\-hexyl substituent and a phenyl substituent with different groups in the 4\\-position, the lipophilicity of the receptor is the dominant molecular parameter determining effective transport, with smaller contributions from the receptors’ volume and affinity for chloride.\n\nVery recent work has focused on the design of new assays to measure anion transport and the development of selective transporters. Gale is notable for his work at the interface of supramolecular and medicinal chemistry showing the effect that anionophores developed in his research group have on biological systems. This includes restoring the flux of chloride through epithelial cell membranes (with potential future application as a channel replacement therapy in cystic fibrosis) and causing cell death in cancer cells by triggering apoptosis and interfering with autophagy.\n\nOther aspects of Gale's work on transmembrane transport include the first synthetic chloride pumping system that uses fatty acids as fuels to create a chloride gradient across a lipid bilayer membrane, and the development of anion transporters that can be switched by membrane potential gradients or by the presence of reducing agents found in higher concentrations in tumours than in healthy tissue.\n\nGale is listed as a Thomson Reuters/Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Research in Chemistry and has received a number of awards for his research including the RSC Bob Hay Lectureship in 2004, RSC [Corday\\-Morgan Prize](/wiki/Corday-Morgan_Prize \"Corday-Morgan Prize\") in 2005, a 2013 Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, RSC [Supramolecular Chemistry Award](/wiki/Supramolecular_Chemistry_Award \"Supramolecular Chemistry Award\") in 2014 and the International Izatt\\-Christensen Award in Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry in 2018\\. In 2020 he was awarded a University of Sydney Vice\\-Chancellor’s Excellence Award for Outstanding Research and was highlighted by The Australian newspaper Research supplement (23 September 2020\\) as an Australian Field Research Leader (Chemistry \\& Material Sciences (general)) and in the 2024 issue as the field leader in inorganic chemistry.\n\nGale is the editor\\-in\\-chief of Coordination Chemistry Reviews.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Scientists from Liverpool](/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Liverpool \"Scientists from Liverpool\")\n[Category:1969 births](/wiki/Category:1969_births \"1969 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Academics of the University of Southampton](/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Southampton \"Academics of the University of Southampton\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the University of Sydney](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Sydney \"Academic staff of the University of Sydney\")\n[Category:21st\\-century British chemists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_chemists \"21st-century British chemists\")\n[Category:British expatriate academics](/wiki/Category:British_expatriate_academics \"British expatriate academics\")\n[Category:British expatriates in Australia](/wiki/Category:British_expatriates_in_Australia \"British expatriates in Australia\")\n[Category:20th\\-century British chemists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_chemists \"20th-century British chemists\")\n[Category:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Wadham_College%2C_Oxford \"Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford\")\n[Category:Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Linacre_College%2C_Oxford \"Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fred Howe | {
"id": [
20585603
],
"name": [
"Bot1058"
]
} | 0i6oj6x2n9j4w8xr9w7dnwbo83o6rx2 | 2019-12-28T13:01:24Z | 879,168,437 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Fred Howe"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Fred Howe** may refer to:\n\n* [Fred Howe (footballer, born 1912\\)](/wiki/Fred_Howe_%28footballer%2C_born_1912%29 \"Fred Howe (footballer, born 1912)\") (1912–1984\\), English football striker for Liverpool and others\n* [Fred Howe (footballer, born 1895\\)](/wiki/Fred_Howe_%28footballer%2C_born_1895%29 \"Fred Howe (footballer, born 1895)\"), English football wing half for Coventry City and Brentford\n\n"
]
} |
Hemlock Creek (Yellow River tributary) | {
"id": [
37991216
],
"name": [
"1ctinus"
]
} | nuodq6lue9o8kn5btpgmkd9h1ahjnbe | 2024-08-07T12:51:02Z | 986,334,278 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Hemlock Creek** is a [stream](/wiki/Stream \"Stream\") in the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"). It is a tributary to the [Yellow River](/wiki/Yellow_River_%28Wisconsin_River_tributary%29 \"Yellow River (Wisconsin River tributary)\").\n\n[Hemlock trees](/wiki/Tsuga \"Tsuga\") along the creek's watercourse may account for the name.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Rivers of Wood County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Wood_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Rivers of Wood County, Wisconsin\")\n[Category:Rivers of Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Wisconsin \"Rivers of Wisconsin\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Jacob Fletcher | {
"id": [
32983869
],
"name": [
"KiranBOT"
]
} | gc9s2o18m5ruzrdyfp4kklanv5cgy9z | 2023-07-07T16:34:56Z | 1,157,341,664 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Club career",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jacob Frederick Fletcher** (born 16 May 2000\\) is an English professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a [midfielder](/wiki/Midfielder \"Midfielder\").\n\n",
"Club career\n-----------\n\nFletcher is a [Doncaster Rovers](/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C. \"Doncaster Rovers F.C.\") youth prospect, having joined the Academy in November 2012\\. He made his professional debut on 3 October 2017, starting in a 1–0 [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy \"EFL Trophy\") home win against [Sunderland U21](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Reserves_and_Academy \"Sunderland A.F.C. Reserves and Academy\").\n\nFletcher made his [League One](/wiki/EFL_League_One \"EFL League One\") debut on 7 October 2017, coming on as a late [substitute](/wiki/Substitute_%28association_football%29 \"Substitute (association football)\") for [Jordan Houghton](/wiki/Jordan_Houghton \"Jordan Houghton\") in a 4–1 home routing of [Southend United](/wiki/Southend_United_F.C. \"Southend United F.C.\").\n\nHe was awarded a professional contract with Rovers at the beginning of May 2018\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2000 births](/wiki/Category:2000_births \"2000 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football midfielders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_midfielders \"Men's association football midfielders\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:Doncaster Rovers F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Doncaster_Rovers_F.C._players \"Doncaster Rovers F.C. players\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Place of birth missing (living people)\")\n\n"
]
} |
2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men's basketball game | {
"id": [
32968044
],
"name": [
"Alex9234"
]
} | k4ksdfix6r4s8qycxl7rz6i7dioewu2 | 2024-05-22T17:59:12Z | 1,218,090,720 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"UMBC",
"Virginia",
"Venue",
"Broadcast",
"Game summary",
"Box score",
"Aftermath and redemption",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nOn March 16, 2018, during the first round of the [2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/2018_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"), the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\") (Virginia; also UVA) [Cavaliers](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team\") played a [college basketball](/wiki/College_basketball \"College basketball\") game against the [University of Maryland, Baltimore County](/wiki/University_of_Maryland%2C_Baltimore_County \"University of Maryland, Baltimore County\") (UMBC) [Retrievers](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UMBC_Retrievers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team\") at the [Spectrum Center](/wiki/Spectrum_Center_%28arena%29 \"Spectrum Center (arena)\") in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). The Cavaliers, who were seeded first in the South regional bracket and first overall in the NCAA tournament, faced the Retrievers, who were seeded 16th in the south regional bracket. Virginia and UMBC competed for the right to face ninth\\-seeded [Kansas State](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Kansas_State_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball team\"), which had already won their first\\-round game against [Creighton](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Creighton_Bluejays_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Creighton Bluejays men's basketball team\") earlier in the day.\n\nAfter a close first half that saw the teams finish tied 21–21, UMBC took over in the second half and defeated the Cavaliers 74–54, becoming the first No. 16 seed to defeat a No. 1 seed in the [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"). It was only the second time in college basketball overall, after [No. 16 seeded Harvard defeated overall No. 1 Stanford](/wiki/1998_Harvard_vs._Stanford_women%27s_basketball_game \"1998 Harvard vs. Stanford women's basketball game\") in the [women's tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament\") twenty years earlier. UMBC also earned its first NCAA tournament win in school history. With Virginia set as a 20\\.5 point favorite heading into the game, UMBC's victory stands as the third\\-biggest upset in terms of point spread in NCAA Tournament history behind [Norfolk State](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Norfolk_State_Spartans_men%27s_basketball_team \"2011–12 Norfolk State Spartans men's basketball team\")'s defeat of [Missouri](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Missouri_Tigers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2011–12 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team\") in [2012](/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2012 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") when Missouri was a \\-point favorite, and [Fairleigh Dickinson's defeat of Purdue](/wiki/2023_Fairleigh_Dickinson_vs._Purdue_men%27s_basketball_game \"2023 Fairleigh Dickinson vs. Purdue men's basketball game\") in [2023](/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") when Purdue was a \\-point favorite. Virginia finished their season at 31–3 while UMBC improved to 25–10\\.\n\nUMBC coach [Ryan Odom](/wiki/Ryan_Odom \"Ryan Odom\"), the son of former Virginia assistant coach [Dave Odom](/wiki/Dave_Odom \"Dave Odom\"), grew up as a UVA fan, and recalled the experience of being in attendance when the Cavaliers [advanced to the Final Four](/wiki/1984_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament%23East_Regional_%E2%80%93_Atlanta%2C_Georgia \"1984 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament#East Regional – Atlanta, Georgia\") in 1984\\.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nAt the start of this game, NCAA tournament No. 16 seeds were 0–135 all\\-time against No. 1 seeds since the tournament field expanded to 64 teams in [1985](/wiki/1985_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"1985 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"). Although there had been close games, such as the [1989 Georgetown vs. Princeton game](/wiki/1989_Georgetown_vs._Princeton_men%27s_basketball_game \"1989 Georgetown vs. Princeton men's basketball game\"), a No. 16 seed had never managed to hold a lead through the end of a game.\n\n### UMBC\n\nUMBC entered its [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UMBC_Retrievers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team\") under second\\-year head coach [Ryan Odom](/wiki/Ryan_Odom \"Ryan Odom\"). A preseason [America East Conference](/wiki/America_East_Conference \"America East Conference\") coaches' poll picked the Retrievers to finish third in their league, and incoming senior guard [Jairus Lyles](/wiki/Jairus_Lyles \"Jairus Lyles\") earned Preseason All\\-Conference honors. The team completed the regular season with a 24–10 record and a second\\-place finish in the America East. Lyles, who averaged a team\\-high 20\\.3 points per game, and another senior guard, [K. J. Maura](/wiki/K._J._Maura \"K. J. Maura\"), were named first team and third team all\\-conference respectively, with the latter earning America East defensive player of the year accolades.\n\nOn March 10, 2018, UMBC won the [2018 America East tournament](/wiki/2018_America_East_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2018 America East men's basketball tournament\") after Lyles made a three\\-pointer with 0\\.6 seconds left to defeat top\\-seeded [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts_men%27s_basketball \"Vermont Catamounts men's basketball\") in the championship game. The win handed the Retrievers an automatic [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") berth, their second appearance ever and their first since [2008](/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2008 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"), when they suffered a 66–47 loss to [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball \"Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball\") in their opening game. It also gave UMBC its 24th win of the season, tied for most in program history. Before the team's NCAA Tournament opener against Virginia, [guard\\-forward](/wiki/Swingman \"Swingman\") [Joe Sherburne](/wiki/Joe_Sherburne \"Joe Sherburne\") said, \"We know we can go out there and have fun and play hard, and we really don't have anything to lose, so it'll be we go out there and play loose.\" 5 years later, FDU would become the second 16 seed to upset a number 1 seed as they would upset top\\-seed Purdue 63–58 in the 2023 NCAA tournament.\n\n### Virginia\n\nIn a rebuilding year under head coach Tony Bennett, Virginia had entered the season unranked but proceeded to win the [Atlantic Coast Conference](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\") (ACC) regular season championship outright by four games over pre\\-season AP No. 1 [Duke](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team\"), finishing 17–1 in conference play including Bennett's first win at [Cameron Indoor Stadium](/wiki/Cameron_Indoor_Stadium \"Cameron Indoor Stadium\"). They then capped an improbable ascendancy by defeating [North Carolina](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\") in the [ACC tournament](/wiki/2018_ACC_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2018 ACC men's basketball tournament\") championship, finishing the regular season 31–2\\. Virginia entered the tournament seeded first overall.\n\nTwo days before the UMBC game, the Cavaliers lost their future NBA [lottery pick](/wiki/Lottery_pick \"Lottery pick\"), forward [De'Andre Hunter](/wiki/De%27Andre_Hunter \"De'Andre Hunter\"), to a season\\-ending left wrist fracture. The injury led the *[New York Daily News](/wiki/New_York_Daily_News \"New York Daily News\")* to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen.\n\n",
"### UMBC\n\nUMBC entered its [2017–18 season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_UMBC_Retrievers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team\") under second\\-year head coach [Ryan Odom](/wiki/Ryan_Odom \"Ryan Odom\"). A preseason [America East Conference](/wiki/America_East_Conference \"America East Conference\") coaches' poll picked the Retrievers to finish third in their league, and incoming senior guard [Jairus Lyles](/wiki/Jairus_Lyles \"Jairus Lyles\") earned Preseason All\\-Conference honors. The team completed the regular season with a 24–10 record and a second\\-place finish in the America East. Lyles, who averaged a team\\-high 20\\.3 points per game, and another senior guard, [K. J. Maura](/wiki/K._J._Maura \"K. J. Maura\"), were named first team and third team all\\-conference respectively, with the latter earning America East defensive player of the year accolades.\n\nOn March 10, 2018, UMBC won the [2018 America East tournament](/wiki/2018_America_East_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2018 America East men's basketball tournament\") after Lyles made a three\\-pointer with 0\\.6 seconds left to defeat top\\-seeded [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts_men%27s_basketball \"Vermont Catamounts men's basketball\") in the championship game. The win handed the Retrievers an automatic [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") berth, their second appearance ever and their first since [2008](/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2008 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"), when they suffered a 66–47 loss to [Georgetown](/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball \"Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball\") in their opening game. It also gave UMBC its 24th win of the season, tied for most in program history. Before the team's NCAA Tournament opener against Virginia, [guard\\-forward](/wiki/Swingman \"Swingman\") [Joe Sherburne](/wiki/Joe_Sherburne \"Joe Sherburne\") said, \"We know we can go out there and have fun and play hard, and we really don't have anything to lose, so it'll be we go out there and play loose.\" 5 years later, FDU would become the second 16 seed to upset a number 1 seed as they would upset top\\-seed Purdue 63–58 in the 2023 NCAA tournament.\n\n",
"### Virginia\n\nIn a rebuilding year under head coach Tony Bennett, Virginia had entered the season unranked but proceeded to win the [Atlantic Coast Conference](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\") (ACC) regular season championship outright by four games over pre\\-season AP No. 1 [Duke](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team\"), finishing 17–1 in conference play including Bennett's first win at [Cameron Indoor Stadium](/wiki/Cameron_Indoor_Stadium \"Cameron Indoor Stadium\"). They then capped an improbable ascendancy by defeating [North Carolina](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\") in the [ACC tournament](/wiki/2018_ACC_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2018 ACC men's basketball tournament\") championship, finishing the regular season 31–2\\. Virginia entered the tournament seeded first overall.\n\nTwo days before the UMBC game, the Cavaliers lost their future NBA [lottery pick](/wiki/Lottery_pick \"Lottery pick\"), forward [De'Andre Hunter](/wiki/De%27Andre_Hunter \"De'Andre Hunter\"), to a season\\-ending left wrist fracture. The injury led the *[New York Daily News](/wiki/New_York_Daily_News \"New York Daily News\")* to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen.\n\n",
"Venue\n-----\n\nThe game was played at the [Spectrum Center](/wiki/Spectrum_Center_%28arena%29 \"Spectrum Center (arena)\") in [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). The attendance for the game was 17,943\\. Spectrum Center had previously hosted the tournament in 2008, 2011, and 2015\\.\n\n",
"Broadcast\n---------\n\nThe game was televised nationally as part of *[NCAA March Madness](/wiki/NCAA_March_Madness_%28CBS/Turner%29 \"NCAA March Madness (CBS/Turner)\")* on [TNT](/wiki/TNT_%28American_TV_network%29 \"TNT (American TV network)\") and announced by Charlotte native [Jim Nantz](/wiki/Jim_Nantz \"Jim Nantz\"), [Bill Raftery](/wiki/Bill_Raftery \"Bill Raftery\"), and [Grant Hill](/wiki/Grant_Hill \"Grant Hill\"), with [Tracy Wolfson](/wiki/Tracy_Wolfson \"Tracy Wolfson\") as their sideline reporter. The game was played after the conclusion of the [Kansas State](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Kansas_State_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball team\")–[Creighton](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Creighton_Bluejays_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Creighton Bluejays men's basketball team\") game, which took place in the same venue. The game had 3\\.53 million viewers, with a 94% and 54% increase in viewership compared to the 2016 and 2017 games in the same slot.\n\n",
"Game summary\n------------\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|[Kyle Guy](/wiki/Kyle_Guy \"Kyle Guy\") (pictured) scored 15 points for [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball \"Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball\"), tied for most on his team.](/wiki/File:Kyle_Guy_UVA.jpg \"Kyle Guy UVA.jpg\")\nThe game started defensively with the first half having four separate ties. UMBC did not lead until just before the midpoint of the half, before a Virginia steal tied the game up for the second time. Virginia went on a 7–1 run over a four\\-minute period to hold a six\\-point lead late in the first half before UMBC managed to tie the game at 16–16 before the final TV timeout of the half. UMBC took the lead twice before halftime, but Virginia was able to tie the game up at both points.\n\nComing out of halftime, the Retrievers went on an early 7–2 run before Virginia used their first of three remaining timeouts of the game. Despite the timeout, a 6–2 run before the first TV timeout of the half gave the Retrievers an 11\\-point lead. Another UMBC run of 10–4 would force the Cavaliers to use a second timeout. An 11–7 run by Virginia allowed them to get within 12 points before UMBC was forced to use their timeout. Both teams would stall as only eight combined points were scored by both teams before the Retrievers' second timeout. A 5–0 run by UMBC within a minute forced Virginia to use their final timeout. Despite the break, fouls by Virginia contributed to UMBC making four free throws and scoring a layup on a missed free throw, which allowed the lead to be extended to 19 points. The final two minutes would see the Retrievers extend their lead by another point to finish the game 74–54\\.\n\nThe Cavaliers, who led the NCAA during the season in scoring defense at 53\\.4 points per game, were outscored by the Retrievers 53–33 in the final twenty minutes. The 20\\-point loss was the largest deficit the Cavaliers suffered their entire season. It was also the only time they allowed as many as 70 points that season. UMBC's [Jairus Lyles](/wiki/Jairus_Lyles \"Jairus Lyles\"), who scored 28 points while battling through cramps late in the second half, was named the game's [most valuable player](/wiki/Most_valuable_player \"Most valuable player\").\n\n",
"Box score\n---------\n\nSource:\n\n \n\n| Legend | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| No. | [Jersey number](/wiki/Number_%28sports%29 \"Number (sports)\") | Pos | [Position](/wiki/Basketball_positions \"Basketball positions\") | Min | [Minutes played](/wiki/Rules_of_basketball%23Players%2C_substitutes%2C_teams_and_teammates \"Rules of basketball#Players, substitutes, teams and teammates\") | FGM | [Field goals](/wiki/Field_goal_%28basketball%29 \"Field goal (basketball)\") made |\n| FGA | Field goals attempted | 3PM | [Three\\-point field goals](/wiki/Three-point_field_goal \"Three-point field goal\") made | 3PA | Three\\-point field goals attempted | FTM | [Free throws](/wiki/Free_throws \"Free throws\") made |\n| FTA | Free throws attempted | OReb | Offensive [rebounds](/wiki/Rebound_%28basketball%29 \"Rebound (basketball)\") | Reb | Rebounds | Ast | [Assists](/wiki/Assist_%28basketball%29 \"Assist (basketball)\") |\n| Stl | [Steals](/wiki/Steal_%28basketball%29 \"Steal (basketball)\") | Blk | [Blocks](/wiki/Block_%28basketball%29 \"Block (basketball)\") | TO | [Turnovers](/wiki/Turnover_%28basketball%29 \"Turnover (basketball)\") | PF | [Personal fouls](/wiki/Personal_foul_%28basketball%29 \"Personal foul (basketball)\") |\n| Pts | [Points](/wiki/Point_%28basketball%29 \"Point (basketball)\") |\n\n| \\+UMBC Retrievers |\n| --- |\n| **** | **Player** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** |\n| 30 | | F | 22 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |\n| 23 | | F | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 35 | | F/C | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 11 | | G | 40 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 |\n| 13 | | G | 29 | 5 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 14 |\n| 5 | | G | 27 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |\n| 10 | | G | 39 | 9 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 28 |\n| 33 | | G/F | 31 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 12 |\n| **Team totals** | | | | **26** | **48** | **12** | **24** | **10** | **14** | **3** | **31** | **16** | **2** | **0** | **10** | **13** | **74** |\n|**Reference:**\n\n| \\+Virginia Cavaliers |\n| --- |\n| **** | **Player** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** | **** |\n| 33 | | C | 21 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n| 21 | | F | 24 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 |\n| 25 | | F | 24 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 |\n| 23 | | G | 24 | 4 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |\n| 11 | | G | 39 | 6 | 16 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 15 |\n| 0 | | G | 28 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 |\n| 5 | | G | 40 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 15 |\n| **Team totals** | | | | **23** | **56** | **4** | **22** | **4** | **8** | **5** | **21** | **5** | **8** | **1** | **7** | **16** | **54** |\n|**Reference:**\n\n",
"Aftermath and redemption\n------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|The UMBC basketball team with [Larry Hogan](/wiki/Larry_Hogan \"Larry Hogan\"), who is holding a special digital cover of *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\")* published after the game](/wiki/File:UMBC_Reception_%2841056467631%29.jpg \"UMBC Reception (41056467631).jpg\")\nImmediately after the game in an interview, Virginia coach Tony Bennett remarked, \n\nBennett continued to say, \n\nThis reaction by Bennett after the game was featured in *[Inc.](/wiki/Inc._%28magazine%29 \"Inc. (magazine)\")* magazine as a lesson in [emotional intelligence](/wiki/Emotional_intelligence \"Emotional intelligence\") and [leadership](/wiki/Leadership \"Leadership\"). After the win, Odom said, \"Unbelievable — it's really all you can say.\"\n\nUMBC advanced to the round of 32, in which they faced the 9\\-seed [Kansas State Wildcats](/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball \"Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball\") on March 18, 2018\\. The game was competitive, with neither team having a lead greater than nine points throughout the game, and UMBC trailing by only three points with two minutes remaining in the game. The Wildcats won the game 50–43, thus ending UMBC's one\\-game [Cinderella](/wiki/Cinderella_%28sports%29 \"Cinderella (sports)\") run.\n\nThe first round losses by No. 1 seed Virginia and No. 4 seed [Arizona](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Arizona_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team\"), and second round losses by No. 2 seed [Cincinnati](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Cincinnati_Bearcats_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team\") and No. 3 seed [Tennessee](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Tennessee_Volunteers_basketball_team \"2017–18 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team\"), led to the south region becoming the first ever to not advance any of its top four seeds to the Sweet Sixteen. Another Cinderella, No. 11 seed [Loyola\\-Chicago](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Loyola_Ramblers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2017–18 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team\"), won the region by beating Kansas State 78–62, becoming the fourth 11\\-seed ever to advance to the Final Four.\n\nFollowing the season, two members of the Retrievers staff became head coaches. Assistant coach [Eric Skeeters](/wiki/Eric_Skeeters \"Eric Skeeters\") took over the [Delaware State](/wiki/Delaware_State_Hornets_men%27s_basketball \"Delaware State Hornets men's basketball\") program, while director of recruiting [Griff Aldrich](/wiki/Griff_Aldrich \"Griff Aldrich\") took over [Longwood](/wiki/Longwood_Lancers_men%27s_basketball \"Longwood Lancers men's basketball\"). Delaware State and Longwood met in the 2018–19 season, with the host team Longwood winning 89–73\\. Aldrich then led Longwood to their first ever Division I postseason appearance in the [2019 College Basketball Invitational](/wiki/2019_College_Basketball_Invitational \"2019 College Basketball Invitational\"), and was named a finalist for the Joe B. Hall Award (given for most outstanding first\\-year head coach), which had been won by Odom in 2017\\. A member of the Virginia coaching staff, [Ron Sanchez](/wiki/Ron_Sanchez \"Ron Sanchez\"), also left to become a new head coach as he took over the [Charlotte 49ers](/wiki/Charlotte_49ers_men%27s_basketball \"Charlotte 49ers men's basketball\") in the same city the UMBC game was played in.\n\nIn 2018–19, [Virginia](/wiki/2018-19_Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018-19 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team\") again led the [Atlantic Coast Conference](/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference \"Atlantic Coast Conference\") standings and attained another No. 1 seed. Virginia trailed by as many as 14 points to No. 16 seed [Gardner\\-Webb](/wiki/2018-19_Gardner-Webb_Runnin%27_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team \"2018-19 Gardner-Webb Runnin' Bulldogs men's basketball team\") in the first half and still trailed by 6 (36–30\\) at halftime, before the Cavaliers poured it on and outscored the Runnin' Bulldogs 41–14 in the first nineteen minutes of the second half. Virginia went on to win the [2019 NCAA tournament championship](/wiki/2019_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2019 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\") in dramatic fashion, becoming the first first\\-time winner of the national championship since [Florida thirteen years prior](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball_team \"2005–06 Florida Gators men's basketball team\"). UMBC, meanwhile, lost to Vermont in the championship game of the [America East conference tournament](/wiki/2019_America_East_men%27s_basketball_tournament%23Bracket_and_results \"2019 America East men's basketball tournament#Bracket and results\"), ending their hopes for an immediate return to the tourney. In a show of sportsmanship, the official UMBC athletics [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") account celebrated Virginia's dramatic victory over Purdue in the Elite Eight. [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") called Virginia's 2018–19 championship run \"the most redemptive season in the history of college basketball.\"[Virginia's redemption was one year, 23 days in the making](http://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/26475169/virginia-redemption-was-one-year-23-days-making), accessed March 10, 2019 [NBC Sports](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\") called Virginia's 2018–19 NCAA title the \"greatest redemption story in the history of sports\".[Who will be the next head coach to win their first national title?](https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaabk/who-will-be-the-next-head-coach-to-win-their-first-national-title/ar-AAFwHKw), accessed August 8, 2019 Following the championship game, veteran CBS Sports announcer [Jim Nantz](/wiki/Jim_Nantz \"Jim Nantz\") (who also called Virginia's upset loss to UMBC in the previous year's first round tournament game), called Virginia's win the \"all\\-time turnaround title\". [De'Andre Hunter](/wiki/De%27Andre_Hunter \"De'Andre Hunter\") (who missed the UMBC game with the broken wrist) was drafted number 4 as a [lottery pick](/wiki/Lottery_pick \"Lottery pick\") in the [2019 NBA draft](/wiki/2019_NBA_draft \"2019 NBA draft\"), as [Ty Jerome](/wiki/Ty_Jerome \"Ty Jerome\") and [Kyle Guy](/wiki/Kyle_Guy \"Kyle Guy\") also left early and were drafted as well.\n\nFive years later, in the [2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"), a similar upset would take place between No. 1 [Purdue](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Purdue_Boilermakers_men%27s_basketball_team \"2022–23 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\") and No. 16 seed [Fairleigh Dickinson](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Fairleigh_Dickinson_Knights_men%27s_basketball_team \"2022–23 Fairleigh Dickinson Knights men's basketball team\"). FDU [won 63–58](/wiki/2023_Fairleigh_Dickinson_vs._Purdue_men%27s_basketball_game \"2023 Fairleigh Dickinson vs. Purdue men's basketball game\"), joining the Retrievers in being the only No. 16 seeds to advance to the Round of 32\\. Coincidentally, similar to the Cavaliers years prior, the Boilermakers would have their own shot at redemption a year after their upsetting defeat, with Purdue not only regaining the No. 1 seed the following season for the [2024 NCAA Tournament](/wiki/2024_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"2024 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament\"), but also going as far as the [championship match](/wiki/2024_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_championship_game \"2024 NCAA Division I men's basketball championship game\") themselves. However, unlike with Virginia's shot at redemption, Purdue would fail to fully clinch their chance that season, losing 75\\-60 to the team that were known as the defending champions at the time, the [UConn Huskies](/wiki/UConn_Huskies_men%27s_basketball \"UConn Huskies men's basketball\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [1998 Harvard vs. Stanford women's basketball game](/wiki/1998_Harvard_vs._Stanford_women%27s_basketball_game \"1998 Harvard vs. Stanford women's basketball game\"), in which the 16\\-seed Harvard team beat 1\\-seed Stanford\n* [1989 Georgetown vs. Princeton men's basketball game](/wiki/1989_Georgetown_vs._Princeton_men%27s_basketball_game \"1989 Georgetown vs. Princeton men's basketball game\"), in which 16\\-seed Princeton nearly beat 1\\-seed Georgetown\n* [2023 Fairleigh Dickinson vs. Purdue men's basketball game](/wiki/2023_Fairleigh_Dickinson_vs._Purdue_men%27s_basketball_game \"2023 Fairleigh Dickinson vs. Purdue men's basketball game\"), in which 16\\-seed Farleigh Dickinson beat 1\\-seed Purdue\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2017–18 America East Conference men's basketball season](/wiki/Category:2017%E2%80%9318_America_East_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season \"2017–18 America East Conference men's basketball season\")\n[Category:2017–18 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season](/wiki/Category:2017%E2%80%9318_Atlantic_Coast_Conference_men%27s_basketball_season \"2017–18 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season\")\n[Category:UMBC Retrievers men's basketball](/wiki/Category:UMBC_Retrievers_men%27s_basketball \"UMBC Retrievers men's basketball\")\n[Category:Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball](/wiki/Category:Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball \"Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball\")\n[Category:NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament games](/wiki/Category:NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament_games \"NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament games\")\n[UMBC vs. Virginia men's basketball game](/wiki/Category:March_2018_sports_events_in_the_United_States \"March 2018 sports events in the United States\")\n[UMBC vs. Virginia men's basketball game](/wiki/Category:2018_in_sports_in_North_Carolina \"2018 in sports in North Carolina\")\n[Category:Basketball in Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Category:Basketball_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Basketball in Charlotte, North Carolina\")\n\n"
]
} |
Allen Combined Cycle Plant | {
"id": [
482107
],
"name": [
"Athaler"
]
} | aowdfej6ye5oz2xfh98gic4968zggsu | 2022-09-12T23:20:23Z | 920,466,598 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Allen Combined Cycle Plant** is a 1\\.1\\-gigawatt (1,100 [MW](/wiki/Megawatt \"Megawatt\")) [natural gas power plant](/wiki/Natural_gas_power_plant \"Natural gas power plant\") located south of [Memphis, Tennessee](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\") that began generating electricity in 2018\\. It is operated by [Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority \"Tennessee Valley Authority\") (TVA).\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nTVA announced plans that the [Allen Fossil Plant](/wiki/Allen_Fossil_Plant \"Allen Fossil Plant\") would be replaced with a $975 million natural gas plant in order to reduce emissions by 2018 set by a 2011 agreement with the [Environmental Protection Agency](/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency \"United States Environmental Protection Agency\") (EPA). The TVA had plans to utilize [greywater](/wiki/Greywater \"Greywater\") from the nearby Maxson Wastewater Treatment Plant, but was determined to be unviable and expensive. Instead, the TVA drilled [wells](/wiki/Water_well \"Water well\") on the [Memphis Sand Aquifer](/wiki/Geography_of_Memphis%2C_Tennessee%23Aquifer \"Geography of Memphis, Tennessee#Aquifer\") to use for the plant's cooling source. During subsequent testing of groundwater and alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the combined cycle plant, TVA discovered that water contained [arsenic](/wiki/Arsenic \"Arsenic\") and [lead](/wiki/Lead \"Lead\") which raised concerns that use of the on\\-site wells may lead to cross\\-contamination of the Memphis Sand aquifer. As a result, the use of wells on site was suspended and all water for the plant was supplied from the MLGW system. As MLGW could not supply sufficient steady\\-state water flow to operate the combined cycle plant at full capacity in summer, TVA constructed four water storage tanks with 10 million gallon total capacity. The Allen Combined Cycle Plant went into commercial operations on April 30, 2018\\.\n\nIn addition to the natural gas plant, there is a 1 MW [solar farm](/wiki/Solar_farm \"Solar farm\") on site. The facility is also expected to burn biogas produced by the nearby Maxson wastewater treatment and [biogas plant](/wiki/Biogas_plant \"Biogas plant\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of power stations in Tennessee](/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Tennessee \"List of power stations in Tennessee\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Allen Combined Cycle Plant](https://www.tva.com/Energy/Our-Power-System/Natural-Gas/Allen-Combined-Cycle-Plant)\n\n[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2018](/wiki/Category:Energy_infrastructure_completed_in_2018 \"Energy infrastructure completed in 2018\")\n[Category:Tennessee Valley Authority](/wiki/Category:Tennessee_Valley_Authority \"Tennessee Valley Authority\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Memphis, Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Buildings and structures in Memphis, Tennessee\")\n[Category:Natural gas\\-fired power stations in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_Tennessee \"Natural gas-fired power stations in Tennessee\")\n\n"
]
} |
Canyon (horse) | {
"id": [
11308236
],
"name": [
"John of Reading"
]
} | aaimq7xlmdr0cou7wwxi4ui1i1roimq | 2022-02-15T16:24:02Z | 1,037,227,369 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Racing career",
"1915: two-year-old season",
"1916: three-year-old season",
"Assessment and honours",
"Breeding record",
"Pedigree",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Canyon** (1913 – April 1939\\) was a British [Thoroughbred](/wiki/Thoroughbred \"Thoroughbred\") racehorse and [broodmare](/wiki/Horse_breeding%23Terminology \"Horse breeding#Terminology\"). As a two\\-year\\-old in 1915 she won three races including the Bedford Stakes and the Bretby Stakes as well as finishing second in the [Dewhurst Stakes](/wiki/Dewhurst_Stakes \"Dewhurst Stakes\"). In the following spring she recorded her biggest win when defeating [Fifinella](/wiki/Fifinella_%28horse%29 \"Fifinella (horse)\") in the [1000 Guineas](/wiki/1000_Guineas \"1000 Guineas\"). Canyon failed to win again but after her retirement from racing she became a very successful broodmare, whose offspring included [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_%28horse%29 \"Colorado (horse)\") and two other major winners.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nCanyon was a bay mare bred and owned by [Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby](/wiki/Edward_Stanley%2C_17th_Earl_of_Derby \"Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby\"). She was trained throughout his career by Lord Derby's private trainer [George Lambton](/wiki/George_Lambton \"George Lambton\") at the Stanley House stable at [Newmarket, Suffolk](/wiki/Newmarket%2C_Suffolk \"Newmarket, Suffolk\"). She stood 15 2½ [hands high](/wiki/Hand_%28unit%29 \"Hand (unit)\") and in appearance was described as showing \"superb quality\", \"great length\" and \"immense power\".\n\nHer sire Chaucer won the [Gimcrack Stakes](/wiki/Gimcrack_Stakes \"Gimcrack Stakes\") as a juvenile in 1902, and later proved himself a high\\-class performer in handicap races. As a breeding stallion he sired the [1000 Guineas](/wiki/1000_Guineas \"1000 Guineas\") winner [Pillion](/wiki/Pillion_%28horse%29 \"Pillion (horse)\") and was the damsire of [Fairway](/wiki/Fairway_%28horse%29 \"Fairway (horse)\"), [Hyperion](/wiki/Hyperion_%28horse%29 \"Hyperion (horse)\"), [Pharos](/wiki/Pharos_%28horse%29 \"Pharos (horse)\") and [Sickle](/wiki/Sickle_%28horse%29 \"Sickle (horse)\"). Canyon's dam Glatisant was an influential broodmare whose other descendants included [Toboggan](/wiki/Toboggan_%28horse%29 \"Toboggan (horse)\"), [Citation](/wiki/Citation_%28horse%29 \"Citation (horse)\") and [Gate Dancer](/wiki/Gate_Dancer \"Gate Dancer\").\n\nCanyon's racing career took place during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). Many racecourses were closed for the duration of the conflict and all five of traditional [British Classic Races](/wiki/British_Classic_Races \"British Classic Races\") were run at [Newmarket](/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse \"Newmarket Racecourse\").\n\n",
"Racing career\n-------------\n\n### 1915: two\\-year\\-old season\n\nCanyon recorded her first success in a maiden race [maiden race](/wiki/Maiden_race \"Maiden race\") and followed up by taking the Bedford Stakes at [Newmarket Racecourse](/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse \"Newmarket Racecourse\") in May. She was beaten when attempting to concede 10 pounds to Melga in the Triennial Stakes at [Ascot](/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse \"Ascot Racecourse\") but then reversed the form by beating Melga at level weights in the Bretby Stakes. In the important [Dewhurst Stakes](/wiki/Dewhurst_Stakes \"Dewhurst Stakes\") over seven furlongs at Newmarket in October she finished second, beaten a head by the colt Atheling. She finished unplaced in her only other race that year.\n\n### 1916: three\\-year\\-old season\n\nOn her three\\-year\\-old debut Canyon started at odds of [9/2](/wiki/Fractional_odds \"Fractional odds\") for the [1000 Guineas](/wiki/1000_Guineas \"1000 Guineas\") over one mile at Newmarket on 5 May. Ridden by Fred Rickaby, she went to the front two furlongs out and held off a strong challenge from the odds\\-on favourite [Fifinella](/wiki/Fifinella_%28horse%29 \"Fifinella (horse)\") to win by three quarters of a length. The pair finished three lengths clear of the other eight runners, which were headed by Salamandra.\n\nCanyon was regarded as a serious contender for the \"[New Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby \"Epsom Derby\")\" at Newmarket on 29 May but reportedly \"went amiss\" shortly before the race. She took her place in the field but after contesting the lead for most of the way she faded in the closing stages and finished unplaced behind Fifinella. In September Canyon contested the September Stakes, a substitute for the Doncaster [St Leger](/wiki/St_Leger \"St Leger\") run over fourteen furlongs at Newmarket and finished last of the five runners behind [Hurry On](/wiki/Hurry_On \"Hurry On\"), [Clarissimus](/wiki/Clarissimus_%28horse%29 \"Clarissimus (horse)\"), Atheling and Flaming Fire.\n\n",
"### 1915: two\\-year\\-old season\n\nCanyon recorded her first success in a maiden race [maiden race](/wiki/Maiden_race \"Maiden race\") and followed up by taking the Bedford Stakes at [Newmarket Racecourse](/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse \"Newmarket Racecourse\") in May. She was beaten when attempting to concede 10 pounds to Melga in the Triennial Stakes at [Ascot](/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse \"Ascot Racecourse\") but then reversed the form by beating Melga at level weights in the Bretby Stakes. In the important [Dewhurst Stakes](/wiki/Dewhurst_Stakes \"Dewhurst Stakes\") over seven furlongs at Newmarket in October she finished second, beaten a head by the colt Atheling. She finished unplaced in her only other race that year.\n\n",
"### 1916: three\\-year\\-old season\n\nOn her three\\-year\\-old debut Canyon started at odds of [9/2](/wiki/Fractional_odds \"Fractional odds\") for the [1000 Guineas](/wiki/1000_Guineas \"1000 Guineas\") over one mile at Newmarket on 5 May. Ridden by Fred Rickaby, she went to the front two furlongs out and held off a strong challenge from the odds\\-on favourite [Fifinella](/wiki/Fifinella_%28horse%29 \"Fifinella (horse)\") to win by three quarters of a length. The pair finished three lengths clear of the other eight runners, which were headed by Salamandra.\n\nCanyon was regarded as a serious contender for the \"[New Derby](/wiki/Epsom_Derby \"Epsom Derby\")\" at Newmarket on 29 May but reportedly \"went amiss\" shortly before the race. She took her place in the field but after contesting the lead for most of the way she faded in the closing stages and finished unplaced behind Fifinella. In September Canyon contested the September Stakes, a substitute for the Doncaster [St Leger](/wiki/St_Leger \"St Leger\") run over fourteen furlongs at Newmarket and finished last of the five runners behind [Hurry On](/wiki/Hurry_On \"Hurry On\"), [Clarissimus](/wiki/Clarissimus_%28horse%29 \"Clarissimus (horse)\"), Atheling and Flaming Fire.\n\n",
"Assessment and honours\n----------------------\n\nIn their book, *A Century of Champions*, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Canyon an \"inferior\" winner of the 1000 Guineas.\n\n",
"Breeding record\n---------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Canyon in retirement with her trainer George Lambton and his daughter [Nancy](/wiki/Ann_Lambton \"Ann Lambton\"), c. 1917\\.](/wiki/File:Canyon_and_George_Lambton.jpg \"Canyon and George Lambton.jpg\")\nCanyon was retired from racing to become a broodmare for Lord Derby's stud. She produced at least nine foals between 1920 and 1936:\n\n* Sierra Leone, a brown colt (later gelded), foaled in 1920, sired by Great Sport. Runner\\-up in the [Chester Cup](/wiki/Chester_Cup \"Chester Cup\").\n* Halcyon, chestnut filly, 1921, by [Phalaris](/wiki/Phalaris_%28horse%29 \"Phalaris (horse)\"). Won [Richmond Stakes](/wiki/Richmond_Stakes \"Richmond Stakes\").\n* [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado_%28horse%29 \"Colorado (horse)\"), brown colt, 1923, by Phalaris. Won [2000 Guineas](/wiki/2000_Guineas \"2000 Guineas\"), [Eclipse Stakes](/wiki/Eclipse_Stakes \"Eclipse Stakes\").\n* Gonfalon, bay filly, 1926, by [Gay Crusader](/wiki/Gay_Crusader \"Gay Crusader\")\n* [Caerleon](/wiki/Caerleon_%28horse_sired_by_Phalaris%29 \"Caerleon (horse sired by Phalaris)\"), brown colt, 1927, by Phalaris. Won Eclipse Stakes.\n* Canaletto, chestnut colt, 1929, by [Gainsborough](/wiki/Gainsborough_%28horse%29 \"Gainsborough (horse)\")\n* Bright Angel, brown filly, 1930, by Phalaris\n* Overthrow, bay colt, 1934, by [Bosworth](/wiki/Bosworth_%28horse%29 \"Bosworth (horse)\")\n* Cougar, bay colt, 1936, by Hill Cat\n\nCanyon was destroyed in April 1939\\.\n\n",
"Pedigree\n--------\n\n* Canyon was [inbred](/wiki/Inbreeding \"Inbreeding\") 3 × 4 to Galopin, meaning that this stallion appears in both the third and fourth generations of her pedigree.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1913 racehorse births](/wiki/Category:1913_racehorse_births \"1913 racehorse births\")\n[Category:1939 racehorse deaths](/wiki/Category:1939_racehorse_deaths \"1939 racehorse deaths\")\n[Category:Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Racehorses_bred_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Racehorses_trained_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Thoroughbred family 3\\-l](/wiki/Category:Thoroughbred_family_3-l \"Thoroughbred family 3-l\")\n[Category:1000 Guineas winners](/wiki/Category:1000_Guineas_winners \"1000 Guineas winners\")\n\n"
]
} |
2016 Currie Cup qualification | {
"id": [
4842600
],
"name": [
"Explicit"
]
} | r2t0twppekhwezordyoi4gaxrwkpjx7 | 2024-07-12T03:18:02Z | 1,233,094,675 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Competition rules and information",
"Teams",
"Team Listing",
"Log",
"Round-by-round",
"Matches",
"Round One",
"Round Two",
"Round Three",
"Round Four",
"Round Five",
"Round Six",
"Round Seven",
"Round Eight",
"Round Nine",
"Round Ten",
"Round Eleven",
"Round Twelve",
"Round Thirteen",
"Round Fourteen",
"Round Fifteen",
"Round Sixteen",
"Players",
"Player statistics",
"Squads",
"Discipline",
"Referees",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2016 Currie Cup qualification** series was a South African [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") competition organised by the [South African Rugby Union](/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union \"South African Rugby Union\") which was played between 9 April and 23 July 2016\\. It featured all fourteen South African provincial unions plus the from Namibia and served as a qualifying competition for the 2016 [Currie Cup](/wiki/Currie_Cup \"Currie Cup\"), the 78th edition of South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition. Nine teams from this competition advanced to the [2016 Currie Cup Premier Division](/wiki/2016_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2016 Currie Cup Premier Division\"), while the remaining six teams progressed to the [2016 Currie Cup First Division](/wiki/2016_Currie_Cup_First_Division \"2016 Currie Cup First Division\").\n\n",
"Competition rules and information\n---------------------------------\n\nAll fifteen teams in the competition played against each other once over the course of the qualification competition, either at home or away. Teams received four points for a win and two points for a draw. Bonus points were awarded to teams that scored 4 or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by 7 points or less. Teams were ranked by log points, then points difference (points scored less points conceded).\n\nThe six main teams affiliated to [Super Rugby](/wiki/Super_Rugby \"Super Rugby\") franchises – , , , , and – automatically qualified to the [2016 Currie Cup Premier Division](/wiki/2016_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2016 Currie Cup Premier Division\"), along with the three highest\\-ranked non\\-franchise teams. The remaining six teams qualified to the [2016 Currie Cup First Division](/wiki/2016_Currie_Cup_First_Division \"2016 Currie Cup First Division\"). Points from the qualification stage were not carried over to the second stage.\n\n",
"Teams\n-----\n\nThe teams that competed in the 2016 Currie Cup qualification competition were:\n\n### Team Listing\n\n| 2016 Currie Cup qualification teams |\n| --- |\n| Team | Sponsored Name | Stadium/s | Sponsored Name |\n| | Vodacom Blue Bulls | | Loftus Versfeld |\n| | Boland Cavaliers | | Boland Stadium |\n| | Border Bulldogs | | Buffalo City Stadium |\n| | Eastern Province Kings | | Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium |\n| | Hino Valke | | Barnard Stadium |\n| | Toyota Free State XV | | Toyota Stadium |\n| | Xerox Golden Lions XV | | Emirates Airline Park |\n| | Down Touch Griffons | | HT Pelatona Projects Stadium |\n| | Griquas | | Griqua Park |\n| | Leopards | | Profert Olën Park |\n| | Steval Pumas | | Mbombela Stadium |\n| | Cell C Sharks XV | | Growthpoint Kings Park |\n| | SWD Eagles | | Outeniqua Park |\n| | Windhoek Draught Welwitschias | | Hage Geingob Stadium |\n| | DHL Western Province | | DHL Newlands |\n\n",
"### Team Listing\n\n| 2016 Currie Cup qualification teams |\n| --- |\n| Team | Sponsored Name | Stadium/s | Sponsored Name |\n| | Vodacom Blue Bulls | | Loftus Versfeld |\n| | Boland Cavaliers | | Boland Stadium |\n| | Border Bulldogs | | Buffalo City Stadium |\n| | Eastern Province Kings | | Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium |\n| | Hino Valke | | Barnard Stadium |\n| | Toyota Free State XV | | Toyota Stadium |\n| | Xerox Golden Lions XV | | Emirates Airline Park |\n| | Down Touch Griffons | | HT Pelatona Projects Stadium |\n| | Griquas | | Griqua Park |\n| | Leopards | | Profert Olën Park |\n| | Steval Pumas | | Mbombela Stadium |\n| | Cell C Sharks XV | | Growthpoint Kings Park |\n| | SWD Eagles | | Outeniqua Park |\n| | Windhoek Draught Welwitschias | | Hage Geingob Stadium |\n| | DHL Western Province | | DHL Newlands |\n\n",
"Log\n---\n\nThe final log for the 2016 Currie Cup qualification tournament is:\n### Round\\-by\\-round\n\nThe table below shows each team's progression throughout the season. For each round, each team's cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets.\n\n| Team Progression – 2016 Currie Cup qualification |\n| --- |\n| Team | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 |\n| | 4 | 4 (9th) | 9 (6th) | 14 (2nd) | 14 (5th) | 19 (4th) | 23 (3rd) | 27 (3rd) | 32 (2nd) | 32 (2nd) | 37 (2nd) | 42 (2nd) | 47 (2nd) | 51 (2nd) | 56 (1st) | 61 (1st) |\n| | 5 (2nd) | 10 (1st) | 15 (1st) | 20 (1st) | 24 (1st) | 29 (1st) | 34 (1st) | 35 (1st) | 40 (1st) | 41 (1st) | 41 (1st) | 46 (1st) | 51 (1st) | 56 (1st) | 56 (2nd) | 56 (2nd) |\n| | 5 (4th) | 10 (2nd) | 11 (4th) | 11 (6th) | 16 (2nd) | 21 (2nd) | 25 (2nd) | 30 (2nd) | 30 (4th) | 30 (4th) | 35 (4th) | 40 (4th) | 45 (3rd) | 45 (3rd) | 49 (3rd) | 54 (3rd) |\n| | 1 (8th) | 2 (11th) | 6 (9th) | 10 (8th) | 15 (3rd) | 20 (3rd) | 21 (5th) | 26 (4th) | 31 (3rd) | 31 (3rd) | 36 (3rd) | 41 (3rd) | 41 (4th) | 41 (5th) | 46 (5th) | 51 (4th) |\n| | 1 (9th) | 6 (5th) | 11 (3rd) | 12 (5th) | 12 (9th) | 12 (9th) | 17 (7th) | 20 (8th) | 21 (8th) | 26 (5th) | 26 (6th) | 31 (5th) | 36 (5th) | 41 (4th) | 46 (4th) | 47 (5th) |\n| | 5 (3rd) | 6 (6th) | 8 (7th) | 8 (9th) | 13 (8th) | 17 (5th) | 22 (4th) | 24 (6th) | 25 (6th) | 25 (7th) | 29 (5th) | 30 (7th) | 35 (6th) | 39 (6th) | 40 (6th) | 44 (6th) |\n| | 0 (12th) | 4 (10th) | 4 (13th) | 4 (14th) | 5 (14th) | 5 (14th) | 7 (14th) | 8 (14th) | 13 (12th) | 18 (13th) | 23 (9th) | 27 (8th) | 28 (8th) | 33 (7th) | 38 (7th) | 38 (7th) |\n| | 0 (10th) | 1 (13th) | 5 (12th) | 6 (12th) | 7 (13th) | 12 (11th) | 17 (8th) | 22 (7th) | 23 (7th) | 23 (8th) | 23 (10th) | 24 (10th) | 25 (11th) | 30 (9th) | 32 (9th) | 37 (8th) |\n| | 0 (14th) | 5 (7th) | 5 (11th) | 10 (7th) | 14 (4th) | 14 (7th) | 19 (6th) | 24 (5th) | 25 (5th) | 25 (6th) | 25 (8th) | 30 (6th) | 30 (7th) | 31 (8th) | 36 (8th) | 31 (9th) |\n| | 0 (11th) | 2 (12th) | 7 (8th) | 7 (10th) | 11 (10th) | 12 (10th) | 12 (11th) | 12 (12th) | 17 (10th) | 18 (12th) | 18 (13th) | 18 (13th) | 23 (12th) | 28 (10th) | 28 (11th) | 33 (10th) |\n| | 5 (1st) | 10 (3rd) | 10 (5th) | 14 (3rd) | 14 (6th) | 15 (6th) | 15 (9th) | 15 (10th) | 15 (11th) | 20 (9th) | 25 (7th) | 26 (9th) | 26 (9th) | 26 (11th) | 28 (10th) | 30 (11th) |\n| | 4 (7th) | 5 (8th) | 6 (10th) | 7 (11th) | 7 (12th) | 11 (12th) | 12 (12th) | 13 (11th) | 13 (13th) | 18 (11th) | 18 (12th) | 19 (12th) | 20 (13th) | 20 (13th) | 25 (13th) | 30 (12th) |\n| | 4 (6th) | 9 (4th) | 14 (2nd) | 14 (4th) | 14 (7th) | 14 (8th) | 14 (10th) | 19 (9th) | 19 (9th) | 20 (10th) | 20 (11th) | 20 (11th) | 25 (10th) | 25 (12th) | 25 (12th) | 26 (13th) |\n| | 0 (15th) | 0 (14th) | 0 (14th) | 5 (13th) | 9 (11th) | 9 (13th) | 9 (13th) | 12 (13th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 13 (14th) |\n| | 0 (13th) | 0 (15th) | 0 (15th) | 0 (15th) | 0 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) |\n| |\n| **Key:** | win | draw | loss | bye | |\n\n",
"### Round\\-by\\-round\n\nThe table below shows each team's progression throughout the season. For each round, each team's cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets.\n\n| Team Progression – 2016 Currie Cup qualification |\n| --- |\n| Team | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 |\n| | 4 (5th) | 4 (9th) | 9 (6th) | 14 (2nd) | 14 (5th) | 19 (4th) | 23 (3rd) | 27 (3rd) | 32 (2nd) | 32 (2nd) | 37 (2nd) | 42 (2nd) | 47 (2nd) | 51 (2nd) | 56 (1st) | 61 (1st) |\n| | 5 (2nd) | 10 (1st) | 15 (1st) | 20 (1st) | 24 (1st) | 29 (1st) | 34 (1st) | 35 (1st) | 40 (1st) | 41 (1st) | 41 (1st) | 46 (1st) | 51 (1st) | 56 (1st) | 56 (2nd) | 56 (2nd) |\n| | 5 (4th) | 10 (2nd) | 11 (4th) | 11 (6th) | 16 (2nd) | 21 (2nd) | 25 (2nd) | 30 (2nd) | 30 (4th) | 30 (4th) | 35 (4th) | 40 (4th) | 45 (3rd) | 45 (3rd) | 49 (3rd) | 54 (3rd) |\n| | 1 (8th) | 2 (11th) | 6 (9th) | 10 (8th) | 15 (3rd) | 20 (3rd) | 21 (5th) | 26 (4th) | 31 (3rd) | 31 (3rd) | 36 (3rd) | 41 (3rd) | 41 (4th) | 41 (5th) | 46 (5th) | 51 (4th) |\n| | 1 (9th) | 6 (5th) | 11 (3rd) | 12 (5th) | 12 (9th) | 12 (9th) | 17 (7th) | 20 (8th) | 21 (8th) | 26 (5th) | 26 (6th) | 31 (5th) | 36 (5th) | 41 (4th) | 46 (4th) | 47 (5th) |\n| | 5 (3rd) | 6 (6th) | 8 (7th) | 8 (9th) | 13 (8th) | 17 (5th) | 22 (4th) | 24 (6th) | 25 (6th) | 25 (7th) | 29 (5th) | 30 (7th) | 35 (6th) | 39 (6th) | 40 (6th) | 44 (6th) |\n| | 0 (12th) | 4 (10th) | 4 (13th) | 4 (14th) | 5 (14th) | 5 (14th) | 7 (14th) | 8 (14th) | 13 (12th) | 18 (13th) | 23 (9th) | 27 (8th) | 28 (8th) | 33 (7th) | 38 (7th) | 38 (7th) |\n| | 0 (10th) | 1 (13th) | 5 (12th) | 6 (12th) | 7 (13th) | 12 (11th) | 17 (8th) | 22 (7th) | 23 (7th) | 23 (8th) | 23 (10th) | 24 (10th) | 25 (11th) | 30 (9th) | 32 (9th) | 37 (8th) |\n| | 0 (14th) | 5 (7th) | 5 (11th) | 10 (7th) | 14 (4th) | 14 (7th) | 19 (6th) | 24 (5th) | 25 (5th) | 25 (6th) | 25 (8th) | 30 (6th) | 30 (7th) | 31 (8th) | 36 (8th) | 31 (9th) |\n| | 0 (11th) | 2 (12th) | 7 (8th) | 7 (10th) | 11 (10th) | 12 (10th) | 12 (11th) | 12 (12th) | 17 (10th) | 18 (12th) | 18 (13th) | 18 (13th) | 23 (12th) | 28 (10th) | 28 (11th) | 33 (10th) |\n| | 5 (1st) | 10 (3rd) | 10 (5th) | 14 (3rd) | 14 (6th) | 15 (6th) | 15 (9th) | 15 (10th) | 15 (11th) | 20 (9th) | 25 (7th) | 26 (9th) | 26 (9th) | 26 (11th) | 28 (10th) | 30 (11th) |\n| | 4 (7th) | 5 (8th) | 6 (10th) | 7 (11th) | 7 (12th) | 11 (12th) | 12 (12th) | 13 (11th) | 13 (13th) | 18 (11th) | 18 (12th) | 19 (12th) | 20 (13th) | 20 (13th) | 25 (13th) | 30 (12th) |\n| | 4 (6th) | 9 (4th) | 14 (2nd) | 14 (4th) | 14 (7th) | 14 (8th) | 14 (10th) | 19 (9th) | 19 (9th) | 20 (10th) | 20 (11th) | 20 (11th) | 25 (10th) | 25 (12th) | 25 (12th) | 26 (13th) |\n| | 0 (15th) | 0 (14th) | 0 (14th) | 5 (13th) | 9 (11th) | 9 (13th) | 9 (13th) | 12 (13th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 12 (14th) | 13 (14th) |\n| | 0 (13th) | 0 (15th) | 0 (15th) | 0 (15th) | 0 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) | 1 (15th) |\n| |\n| **Key:** | win | draw | loss | bye | |\n\n",
"Matches\n-------\n\nThe following matches were played in the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series:\n\n### Round One\n\n### Round Two\n\n### Round Three\n\n### Round Four\n\n### Round Five\n\n### Round Six\n\n### Round Seven\n\n### Round Eight\n\n### Round Nine\n\n### Round Ten\n\n### Round Eleven\n\n### Round Twelve\n\n### Round Thirteen\n\n### Round Fourteen\n\n### Round Fifteen\n\n### Round Sixteen\n\n",
"### Round One\n\n",
"### Round Two\n\n",
"### Round Three\n\n",
"### Round Four\n\n",
"### Round Five\n\n",
"### Round Six\n\n",
"### Round Seven\n\n",
"### Round Eight\n\n",
"### Round Nine\n\n",
"### Round Ten\n\n",
"### Round Eleven\n\n",
"### Round Twelve\n\n",
"### Round Thirteen\n\n",
"### Round Fourteen\n\n",
"### Round Fifteen\n\n",
"### Round Sixteen\n\n",
"Players\n-------\n\n### Player statistics\n\nThe top ten points scorers during the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series were: \n\n| Top Ten points scorers |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | Team | T | C | P | DG | Pts |\n| 1 | [George Whitehead](/wiki/George_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"George Whitehead (rugby union)\") | Griffons | 3 | 50 | 15 | 2 | **166** |\n| 2 | [Rhyno Smith](/wiki/Rhyno_Smith \"Rhyno Smith\") | Leopards | 5 | 33 | 17 | 2 | **148** |\n| 3 | [Nico Scheepers](/wiki/Nico_Scheepers \"Nico Scheepers\") | Boland Cavaliers | 5 | 41 | 11 | 0 | **140** |\n| 4 | [Justin van Staden](/wiki/Justin_van_Staden \"Justin van Staden\") | Pumas | 0 | 30 | 19 | 0 | **117** |\n| 5 | [Clinton Swart](/wiki/Clinton_Swart \"Clinton Swart\") | Griquas | 4 | 22 | 10 | 0 | **94** |\n| 6 | [Shaun Reynolds](/wiki/Shaun_Reynolds_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun Reynolds (rugby union)\") | Golden Lions XV | 5 | 24 | 6 | 0 | **91** |\n| 7 | [Karlo Aspeling](/wiki/Karlo_Aspeling \"Karlo Aspeling\") | Falcons | 2 | 25 | 10 | 0 | **90** |\n| 8 | [Masixole Banda](/wiki/Masixole_Banda \"Masixole Banda\") | Border Bulldogs | 4 | 15 | 12 | 0 | **86** |\n| 9 | [Marnitz Boshoff](/wiki/Marnitz_Boshoff \"Marnitz Boshoff\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 29 | 6 | 0 | **81** |\n| 10 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | Griffons | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **80** |\n\n| Other points scorers |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | Team | T | C | P | DG | Pts |\n| 11 | [André Swarts](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Swarts \"André Swarts\") | Griquas | 2 | 16 | 12 | 0 | **78** |\n| 12 | [Joshua Stander](/wiki/Joshua_Stander \"Joshua Stander\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 25 | 4 | 0 | **77** |\n| 13 | [Sias Ebersohn](/wiki/Sias_Ebersohn \"Sias Ebersohn\") | Free State XV | 1 | 26 | 6 | 0 | **75** |\n| 14 | [Scott van Breda](/wiki/Scott_van_Breda \"Scott van Breda\") | Western Province | 3 | 17 | 7 | 0 | **70** |\n| 15 | Tristan Tedder | Sharks XV | 2 | 14 | 10 | 0 | **68** |\n| 16 | [Hansie Graaff](/wiki/Hansie_Graaff \"Hansie Graaff\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 15 | 12 | 0 | **66** |\n| [Garrick Mattheus](/wiki/Garrick_Mattheus \"Garrick Mattheus\") | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 10 | 12 | 0 | **66** |\n| 18 | [Tony Jantjies](/wiki/Tony_Jantjies \"Tony Jantjies\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 16 | 6 | 0 | **65** |\n| [Makazole Mapimpi](/wiki/Makazole_Mapimpi \"Makazole Mapimpi\") | Border Bulldogs | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **65** |\n| 20 | [Ryan Nell](/wiki/Ryan_Nell \"Ryan Nell\") | Boland Cavaliers | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **60** |\n| 21 | [Grant Hermanus](/wiki/Grant_Hermanus \"Grant Hermanus\") | Western Province | 3 | 16 | 4 | 0 | **59** |\n| 22 | [Robert du Preez](/wiki/Robert_du_Preez_%28rugby_player_born_1993%29 \"Robert du Preez (rugby player born 1993)\") | Western Province | 2 | 19 | 3 | 0 | **57** |\n| 23 | [AJ Coertzen](/wiki/AJ_Coertzen \"AJ Coertzen\") | Griquas | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **55** |\n| 24 | Tom Kean | SWD Eagles | 0 | 14 | 8 | 0 | **52** |\n| 25 | [Christopher Bosch](/wiki/Christopher_Bosch \"Christopher Bosch\") | Boland Cavaliers | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **50** |\n| Warren Williams | Griffons | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **50** |\n| 27 | [Inny Radebe](/wiki/Inny_Radebe \"Inny Radebe\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 14 | 5 | 0 | **48** |\n| 28 | [Theuns Kotzé](/wiki/Theuns_Kotz%C3%A9 \"Theuns Kotzé\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 12 | 6 | 0 | **47** |\n| 29 | Logan Basson | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 12 | 4 | 0 | **46** |\n| 30 | [Etienne Taljaard](/wiki/Etienne_Taljaard \"Etienne Taljaard\") | Falcons | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **45** |\n| 31 | [JW Bell](/wiki/JW_Bell \"JW Bell\") | Golden Lions XV | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **40** |\n| [Ruaan Lerm](/wiki/Ruaan_Lerm \"Ruaan Lerm\") | Golden Lions XV | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **40** |\n| Marquit September | Blue Bulls | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **40** |\n| 34 | [Danwel Demas](/wiki/Danwel_Demas \"Danwel Demas\") | Boland Cavaliers | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| [Stokkies Hanekom](/wiki/Stokkies_Hanekom \"Stokkies Hanekom\") | Golden Lions XV | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| Jaco Hayward | Leopards | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| JP Lewis | Pumas / Western Province | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| [Mark Pretorius](/wiki/Mark_Pretorius_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Pretorius (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| [Daniel Roberts](/wiki/Daniel_Roberts_%28rugby_union%29 \"Daniel Roberts (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| Sergio Torrens | Boland Cavaliers | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| 41 | Duan Pretorius | Griffons | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0 | **34** |\n| 42 | Jacquin Jansen | SWD Eagles | 1 | 11 | 2 | 0 | **33** |\n| 43 | [Benhard Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Benhard_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Benhard Janse van Rensburg\") | Leopards | 2 | 8 | 2 | 0 | **32** |\n| 44 | [Alshaun Bock](/wiki/Alshaun_Bock \"Alshaun Bock\") | Griquas | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Joseph Dweba](/wiki/Joseph_Dweba \"Joseph Dweba\") | Free State XV | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Reinhardt Erwee](/wiki/Reinhardt_Erwee \"Reinhardt Erwee\") | Free State XV | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Shane Kirkwood](/wiki/Shane_Kirkwood \"Shane Kirkwood\") | Falcons | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Khanyo Ngcukana](/wiki/Khanyo_Ngcukana \"Khanyo Ngcukana\") | Western Province | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Chad Solomon](/wiki/Chad_Solomon \"Chad Solomon\") | Western Province | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Anthony Volmink](/wiki/Anthony_Volmink \"Anthony Volmink\") | Golden Lions XV | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| 51 | Warren Potgieter | Falcons | 0 | 11 | 2 | 0 | **28** |\n| [Courtney Winnaar](/wiki/Courtney_Winnaar \"Courtney Winnaar\") | Eastern Province Kings | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | **28** |\n| 53 | [Oliver Zono](/wiki/Oliver_Zono \"Oliver Zono\") | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | **27** |\n| 54 | [Simon Bolze](/wiki/Simon_Bolze \"Simon Bolze\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | **26** |\n| [Shaun Kaizemi](/wiki/Shaun_Kaizemi \"Shaun Kaizemi\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 7 | 4 | 0 | **26** |\n| 56 | [Johan Deysel](/wiki/Johan_Deysel \"Johan Deysel\") | Leopards | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Martin du Toit](/wiki/Martin_du_Toit \"Martin du Toit\") | SWD Eagles | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Tyler Fisher](/wiki/Tyler_Fisher \"Tyler Fisher\") | Pumas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Johnathan Francke](/wiki/Johnathan_Francke \"Johnathan Francke\") | Griquas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Jason Fraser](/wiki/Jason_Fraser \"Jason Fraser\") | Griquas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Selom Gavor | Golden Lions XV | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Lambert Groenewald](/wiki/Lambert_Groenewald \"Lambert Groenewald\") | Pumas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Kurt Haupt | SWD Eagles | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Frank Herne](/wiki/Frank_Herne \"Frank Herne\") | Pumas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Grant Janke | Falcons | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Somila Jho](/wiki/Somila_Jho \"Somila Jho\") | Eastern Province Kings | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [De Wet Kruger](/wiki/De_Wet_Kruger \"De Wet Kruger\") | Griffons | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Marius Louw](/wiki/Marius_Louw \"Marius Louw\") | Sharks XV | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Kefentse Mahlo](/wiki/Kefentse_Mahlo \"Kefentse Mahlo\") | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Jacques Nel](/wiki/Jacques_Nel \"Jacques Nel\") | Golden Lions XV | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Japie Nel](/wiki/Japie_Nel \"Japie Nel\") | Griffons | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Justin Phillips](/wiki/Justin_Phillips_%28rugby_union%29 \"Justin Phillips (rugby union)\") | Western Province | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Roelof Smit](/wiki/Roelof_Smit_%28rugby_player%29 \"Roelof Smit (rugby player)\") | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Heinrich Steyl](/wiki/Heinrich_Steyl \"Heinrich Steyl\") | Pumas | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **25** |\n| Jade Stighling | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Tapiwa Tsomondo | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [EW Viljoen](/wiki/EW_Viljoen \"EW Viljoen\") | Western Province | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| 78 | [Ntabeni Dukisa](/wiki/Ntabeni_Dukisa \"Ntabeni Dukisa\") | Griquas | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **24** |\n| 79 | Riaan van Zyl | Welwitschias | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | **23** |\n| 80 | Andries Truter | Falcons | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **22** |\n| 81 | [Niel Marais](/wiki/Niel_Marais \"Niel Marais\") | Free State XV | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | **21** |\n| 82 | Ederies Arendse | Griquas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Wilmar Arnoldi](/wiki/Wilmar_Arnoldi \"Wilmar Arnoldi\") | Leopards | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Rowayne Beukman | Leopards | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Tiaan Dorfling](/wiki/Tiaan_Dorfling \"Tiaan Dorfling\") | Griquas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Daniël du Plessis](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_du_Plessis \"Daniël du Plessis\") | Western Province | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [François Du Toit](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Du_Toit \"François Du Toit\") | Pumas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Carel Greeff](/wiki/Carel_Greeff \"Carel Greeff\") | Pumas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Kyle Hendricks](/wiki/Kyle_Hendricks_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Hendricks (rugby union)\") | Falcons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Tertius Kruger](/wiki/Tertius_Kruger \"Tertius Kruger\") | Free State XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Tertius Maarman | Griffons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Khaya Majola](/wiki/Khaya_Majola_%28rugby_union%29 \"Khaya Majola (rugby union)\") | Sharks XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Michael Makase](/wiki/Michael_Makase \"Michael Makase\") | Border Bulldogs | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Henko Marais](/wiki/Henko_Marais \"Henko Marais\") | Leopards | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Koch Marx | Golden Lions XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Vuyo Mbotho](/wiki/Vuyo_Mbotho \"Vuyo Mbotho\") | Griffons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Wandile Mjekevu](/wiki/Wandile_Mjekevu \"Wandile Mjekevu\") | Sharks XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Reg Muller](/wiki/Reg_Muller \"Reg Muller\") | Falcons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Marcello Sampson](/wiki/Marcello_Sampson \"Marcello Sampson\") | Pumas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Ramone Samuels](/wiki/Ramone_Samuels \"Ramone Samuels\") | Golden Lions XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Danie van der Merwe](/wiki/Danie_van_der_Merwe \"Danie van der Merwe\") | Griffons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Chadley Wenn | Boland Cavaliers | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Kurt Webster | Blue Bulls | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | **20** |\n| 104 | [Ashlon Davids](/wiki/Ashlon_Davids \"Ashlon Davids\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **19** |\n| [Gouws Prinsloo](/wiki/Gouws_Prinsloo \"Gouws Prinsloo\") | Griquas | 0 | 8 | 1 | 0 | **19** |\n| 106 | [Leighton Eksteen](/wiki/Leighton_Eksteen \"Leighton Eksteen\") | SWD Eagles | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **18** |\n| [Johann Tromp](/wiki/Johann_Tromp \"Johann Tromp\") | Welwitschias | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **18** |\n| 108 | [Divan Rossouw](/wiki/Divan_Rossouw \"Divan Rossouw\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **17** |\n| 109 | [Shaun Adendorff](/wiki/Shaun_Adendorff \"Shaun Adendorff\") | Boland Cavaliers | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Eital Bredenkamp](/wiki/Eital_Bredenkamp \"Eital Bredenkamp\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Adriaan Carelse](/wiki/Adriaan_Carelse \"Adriaan Carelse\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| JP Coetzee | Free State XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Marcel Coetzee | Sharks XV | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Stephan Coetzee](/wiki/Stephan_Coetzee \"Stephan Coetzee\") | Sharks XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Christo du Plessis](/wiki/Christo_du_Plessis \"Christo du Plessis\") | SWD Eagles | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Lourens Erasmus](/wiki/Lourens_Erasmus \"Lourens Erasmus\") | Golden Lions XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Reniel Hugo](/wiki/Reniel_Hugo \"Reniel Hugo\") | Free State XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Alcino Izaacs](/wiki/Alcino_Izaacs \"Alcino Izaacs\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Zandré Jordaan | Boland Cavaliers | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Hanro Liebenberg](/wiki/Hanro_Liebenberg \"Hanro Liebenberg\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Mosolwa Mafuma](/wiki/Mosolwa_Mafuma \"Mosolwa Mafuma\") | Free State XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Sylvian Mahuza](/wiki/Sylvian_Mahuza \"Sylvian Mahuza\") | Golden Lions XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Hoffmann Maritz](/wiki/Hoffmann_Maritz \"Hoffmann Maritz\") | Pumas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Khulu Marwana | Sharks XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Siya Masuku](/wiki/Siya_Masuku \"Siya Masuku\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Bradley Moolman](/wiki/Bradley_Moolman \"Bradley Moolman\") | Leopards | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Loftus Morrison | Leopards | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Sonwabiso Mqalo | Border Bulldogs | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Dean Muir](/wiki/Dean_Muir \"Dean Muir\") | Falcons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Philip Nashikaku | Welwitschias | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Heinrich Roelfse | Griffons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Jeandré Rudolph](/wiki/Jeandr%C3%A9_Rudolph \"Jeandré Rudolph\") | Leopards | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Christian Rust | Falcons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Jarryd Sage](/wiki/Jarryd_Sage \"Jarryd Sage\") | Golden Lions XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Luke Stringer](/wiki/Luke_Stringer \"Luke Stringer\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [De\\-Jay Terblanche](/wiki/De-Jay_Terblanche \"De-Jay Terblanche\") | Pumas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Brandon Thomson](/wiki/Brandon_Thomson \"Brandon Thomson\") | Western Province | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **15** |\n| Reynier van Rooyen | Pumas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Rudi van Rooyen](/wiki/Rudi_van_Rooyen \"Rudi van Rooyen\") | Griquas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Andrew van Wyk](/wiki/Andrew_van_Wyk \"Andrew van Wyk\") | Falcons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Boela Venter | Griffons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [André Warner](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warner \"André Warner\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Tim Whitehead](/wiki/Tim_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"Tim Whitehead (rugby union)\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Mike Willemse](/wiki/Mike_Willemse \"Mike Willemse\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| 145 | Michael Brink | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | **14** |\n| [Athi Mayinje](/wiki/Athi_Mayinje \"Athi Mayinje\") | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **14** |\n| 147 | Christo Coetzee | Falcons | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | **13** |\n| 148 | [Devon Williams](/wiki/Devon_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Devon Williams (rugby union)\") | Pumas / Western Province | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **12** |\n| [Morné Joubert](/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Joubert \"Morné Joubert\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **12** |\n| 150 | Schalk Hugo | Leopards | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | **11** |\n| [Justin Nel](/wiki/Justin_Nel \"Justin Nel\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | **11** |\n| 152 | [Lusanda Badiyana](/wiki/Lusanda_Badiyana \"Lusanda Badiyana\") | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Renaldo Bothma](/wiki/Renaldo_Bothma \"Renaldo Bothma\") | Blue Bulls | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Malcolm Cele | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Cullen Collopy | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Beyers de Villiers](/wiki/Beyers_de_Villiers \"Beyers de Villiers\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Lunga Dumezweni | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Layle Delo | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Maphutha Dolo | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Alrin Eksteen | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Corniel Els](/wiki/Corniel_Els \"Corniel Els\") | Blue Bulls | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Lorenzo Gordon | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Dirk Grobbelaar](/wiki/Dirk_Grobbelaar \"Dirk Grobbelaar\") | Griffons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| JP Jonck | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Johannes Jonker](/wiki/Johannes_Jonker \"Johannes Jonker\") | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [JW Jonker](/wiki/JW_Jonker \"JW Jonker\") | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Athenkosi Khethani | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Lesley Klim](/wiki/Lesley_Klim \"Lesley Klim\") | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Jacques Kotzé | Pumas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Stephan Kotzé | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Juan Language](/wiki/Juan_Language \"Juan Language\") | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [AJ Le Roux](/wiki/AJ_Le_Roux \"AJ Le Roux\") | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Tiaan Liebenberg](/wiki/Tiaan_Liebenberg \"Tiaan Liebenberg\") | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Thabo Mamojele](/wiki/Thabo_Mamojele \"Thabo Mamojele\") | Falcons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Neil Maritz](/wiki/Neil_Maritz \"Neil Maritz\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Godlen Masimla](/wiki/Godlen_Masimla \"Godlen Masimla\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Rabz Maxwane](/wiki/Rabz_Maxwane \"Rabz Maxwane\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Shaun McDonald](/wiki/Shaun_McDonald_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun McDonald (rugby union)\") | Boland Cavaliers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Malcolm Moore](/wiki/Malcolm_Moore_%28rugby_union%29 \"Malcolm Moore (rugby union)\") | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Nqoba Mxoli](/wiki/Nqoba_Mxoli \"Nqoba Mxoli\") | Blue Bulls | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Nkosi Nofuma | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Hentzwill Pedro | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Johan Pretorius | Falcons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Mahco Prinsloo | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Wandile Putuma](/wiki/Wandile_Putuma \"Wandile Putuma\") | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Fiffy Rampeta](/wiki/Fiffy_Rampeta \"Fiffy Rampeta\") | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Neil Rautenbach](/wiki/Neil_Rautenbach \"Neil Rautenbach\") | Free State XV / Griffons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Marno Redelinghuys](/wiki/Marno_Redelinghuys \"Marno Redelinghuys\") | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Edwin Sass | Boland Cavaliers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Ricky Schroeder](/wiki/Ricky_Schroeder_%28rugby_union%29 \"Ricky Schroeder (rugby union)\") | Golden Lions XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Victor Sekekete](/wiki/Victor_Sekekete \"Victor Sekekete\") | Golden Lions XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Brian Shabangu](/wiki/Brian_Shabangu \"Brian Shabangu\") | Pumas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [S'bura Sithole](/wiki/S%27bura_Sithole \"S'bura Sithole\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Hennie Skorbinski](/wiki/Hennie_Skorbinski \"Hennie Skorbinski\") | Pumas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Janneman Stander](/wiki/Janneman_Stander \"Janneman Stander\") | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Johan Steyn](/wiki/Johan_Steyn_%28rugby_union%29 \"Johan Steyn (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Jaco Taute](/wiki/Jaco_Taute \"Jaco Taute\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Clinton Theron | Golden Lions XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Sethu Tom | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Franswa Ueckermann | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Lodewyk Uys | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Edwill van der Merwe](/wiki/Edwill_van_der_Merwe \"Edwill van der Merwe\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Kobus van Dyk](/wiki/Kobus_van_Dyk \"Kobus van Dyk\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Ruan van Rensburg](/wiki/Ruan_van_Rensburg \"Ruan van Rensburg\") | Free State XV | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Russell van Wyk](/wiki/Russell_van_Wyk \"Russell van Wyk\") | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| William van Wyk | Boland Cavaliers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Hanco Venter](/wiki/Hanco_Venter \"Hanco Venter\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Adrian Vermeulen | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Ntokozo Vidima | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Francois Wiese | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Gene Willemse | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Heimar Williams | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Marlyn Williams | Falcons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Mzwanele Zito](/wiki/Mzwanele_Zito \"Mzwanele Zito\") | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| 215 | Marlou van Niekerk | Pumas | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **9** |\n| Leighton van Wyk | Pumas | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **9** |\n| 217 | [Manie Libbok](/wiki/Manie_Libbok \"Manie Libbok\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **8** |\n| [JP Smith](/wiki/Juan-Philip_Smith \"Juan-Philip Smith\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **8** |\n| [Jaco van der Walt](/wiki/Jaco_van_der_Walt \"Jaco van der Walt\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | **8** |\n| 220 | Dennis Cox | Western Province | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **7** |\n| [Pieter\\-Steyn de Wet](/wiki/Pieter-Steyn_de_Wet \"Pieter-Steyn de Wet\") | Free State XV | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | **7** |\n| [Malherbe Swart](/wiki/Malherbe_Swart \"Malherbe Swart\") | Leopards | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **7** |\n| 223 | [Ruan Ackermann](/wiki/Ruan_Ackermann \"Ruan Ackermann\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Gavin Annandale](/wiki/Gavin_Annandale \"Gavin Annandale\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Riaan Arends | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Ludwe Booi | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Fabian Booysen](/wiki/Fabian_Booysen \"Fabian Booysen\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Curwin Bosch](/wiki/Curwin_Bosch \"Curwin Bosch\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Henri Boshoff | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Bernado Botha](/wiki/Bernado_Botha \"Bernado Botha\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ruan Botha](/wiki/Ruan_Botha \"Ruan Botha\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Cyle Brink](/wiki/Cyle_Brink \"Cyle Brink\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Tienie Burger](/wiki/Tienie_Burger \"Tienie Burger\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Duncan Campbell | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Aranos Coetzee](/wiki/Aranos_Coetzee \"Aranos Coetzee\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Carel\\-Jan Coetzee](/wiki/Carel-Jan_Coetzee \"Carel-Jan Coetzee\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Coert Cronjé | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Kenan Cronjé | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Darryl de la Harpe](/wiki/Darryl_de_la_Harpe \"Darryl de la Harpe\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jo\\-Hanko de Villiers](/wiki/Jo-Hanko_de_Villiers \"Jo-Hanko de Villiers\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Bobby de Wee](/wiki/Bobby_de_Wee \"Bobby de Wee\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Stephan de Wit](/wiki/Stephan_de_Wit \"Stephan de Wit\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Leon du Plessis | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jacques du Toit](/wiki/Jacques_du_Toit_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jacques du Toit (rugby union)\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Johan du Toit](/wiki/Johan_du_Toit \"Johan du Toit\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Billy Dutton](/wiki/Billy_Dutton \"Billy Dutton\") | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Gerhard Engelbrecht | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Wilneth Engelbrecht | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Nardus Erasmus](/wiki/Nardus_Erasmus \"Nardus Erasmus\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Marius Fourie](/wiki/Marius_Fourie \"Marius Fourie\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Tazz Fuzani](/wiki/Tazz_Fuzani \"Tazz Fuzani\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| JC Genade | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Dean Greyling](/wiki/Dean_Greyling \"Dean Greyling\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Roan Grobbelaar | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Thor Halvorsen](/wiki/Thor_Halvorsen \"Thor Halvorsen\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Francois Hanekom | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Lyndon Hartnick | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Deon Helberg](/wiki/Deon_Helberg \"Deon Helberg\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Liam Hendricks](/wiki/Liam_Hendricks \"Liam Hendricks\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Kirsten Heyns | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Dean Hopp](/wiki/Dean_Hopp \"Dean Hopp\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Elandré Huggett | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Marnus Hugo](/wiki/Marnus_Hugo \"Marnus Hugo\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Greg Jackson](/wiki/Greg_Jackson_%28rugby_union%29 \"Greg Jackson (rugby union)\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| JP Jamieson | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jono Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Jono_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Jono Janse van Rensburg\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Rohan Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Rohan_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Rohan Janse van Rensburg\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Pieter Jansen](/wiki/Pieter_Jansen \"Pieter Jansen\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Damien Jansen van Rensburg | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Andile Jho](/wiki/Andile_Jho \"Andile Jho\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Reuben Johannes](/wiki/Reuben_Johannes \"Reuben Johannes\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Jaco Jordaan | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Hanno Kitshoff](/wiki/Hanno_Kitshoff \"Hanno Kitshoff\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Rohan Kitshoff](/wiki/Rohan_Kitshoff \"Rohan Kitshoff\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jean Kleyn](/wiki/Jean_Kleyn \"Jean Kleyn\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Sias Koen](/wiki/Sias_Koen \"Sias Koen\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Johnny Kôtze](/wiki/Johnny_K%C3%B4tze \"Johnny Kôtze\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Dan Kriel](/wiki/Dan_Kriel \"Dan Kriel\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sandile Kubekha | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Bart le Roux | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Tiaan Liebenberg | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Robbie Louw](/wiki/Robbie_Louw \"Robbie Louw\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [MB Lusaseni](/wiki/MB_Lusaseni \"MB Lusaseni\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Thabo Mabuza](/wiki/Thabo_Mabuza \"Thabo Mabuza\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Arnout Malherbe | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Theo Maree](/wiki/Theo_Maree \"Theo Maree\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Devon Martinus | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Duncan Matthews](/wiki/Duncan_Matthews_%28rugby_union%29 \"Duncan Matthews (rugby union)\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Thato Mavundla | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [David McDuling](/wiki/David_McDuling \"David McDuling\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Siya Mdaka](/wiki/Siya_Mdaka \"Siya Mdaka\") | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Christiaan Meyer | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ali Mgijima](/wiki/Ali_Mgijima \"Ali Mgijima\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Derick Minnie](/wiki/Derick_Minnie \"Derick Minnie\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Oupa Mohojé](/wiki/Oupa_Mohoj%C3%A9 \"Oupa Mohojé\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Mihlali Mpafi | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sphu Msutwana | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Bruce Muller | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Freddie Muller | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| David Murray | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Franco Naudé](/wiki/Franco_Naud%C3%A9 \"Franco Naudé\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ox Nché](/wiki/Ox_Nch%C3%A9 \"Ox Nché\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Nkululeko Ndlovu | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Norman Nelson](/wiki/Norman_Nelson \"Norman Nelson\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Siyamthanda Ngande | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Freddy Ngoza](/wiki/Freddy_Ngoza \"Freddy Ngoza\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| SF Nieuwoudt | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sipho Nofemele | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Abongile Nonkontwana](/wiki/Abongile_Nonkontwana \"Abongile Nonkontwana\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ossie Nortjé](/wiki/Ossie_Nortj%C3%A9 \"Ossie Nortjé\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Andisa Ntsila](/wiki/Andisa_Ntsila \"Andisa Ntsila\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sino Nyoka | Border Bulldogs / Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Dwight Pansegrouw | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Buran Parks | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Yaw Penxe](/wiki/Yaw_Penxe \"Yaw Penxe\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Charles Radebe | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Godfrey Ramaboea](/wiki/Godfrey_Ramaboea \"Godfrey Ramaboea\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Anrich Richter | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Marnus Schoeman](/wiki/Marnus_Schoeman \"Marnus Schoeman\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Andries Schutte | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Basil Short](/wiki/Basil_Short \"Basil Short\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Martin Sithole](/wiki/Martin_Sithole \"Martin Sithole\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jannie Stander](/wiki/Jannie_Stander \"Jannie Stander\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Walt Steenkamp](/wiki/Walt_Steenkamp \"Walt Steenkamp\") | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Barend Steyn | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Hendri Storm | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Meyer Swanepoel | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| BG Uys | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Christo van der Merwe](/wiki/Christo_van_der_Merwe \"Christo van der Merwe\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Nardus van der Walt](/wiki/Nardus_van_der_Walt \"Nardus van der Walt\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Peet van der Walt](/wiki/Peet_van_der_Walt \"Peet van der Walt\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Dane van der Westhuyzen | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ruben van Heerden](/wiki/Ruben_van_Heerden \"Ruben van Heerden\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Alandré van Rooyen](/wiki/Alandr%C3%A9_van_Rooyen \"Alandré van Rooyen\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jacques van Rooyen](/wiki/Jacques_van_Rooyen \"Jacques van Rooyen\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jurie van Vuuren](/wiki/Jurie_van_Vuuren \"Jurie van Vuuren\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Denzil van Wyk | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Frans van Wyk](/wiki/Frans_van_Wyk \"Frans van Wyk\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Chris van Zyl](/wiki/Chris_van_Zyl \"Chris van Zyl\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ivan van Zyl](/wiki/Ivan_van_Zyl \"Ivan van Zyl\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Ockie van Zyl | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [James Venter](/wiki/James_Venter \"James Venter\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Janco Venter](/wiki/Janco_Venter \"Janco Venter\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Keanu Vers](/wiki/Keanu_Vers \"Keanu Vers\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Callie Visagie](/wiki/Callie_Visagie \"Callie Visagie\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Wian Vosloo | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Clinton Wagman | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jeremy Ward](/wiki/Jeremy_Ward_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jeremy Ward (rugby union)\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Carl Wegner](/wiki/Carl_Wegner \"Carl Wegner\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Ryno Wepener | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jasper Wiese](/wiki/Jasper_Wiese \"Jasper Wiese\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| JC Winckler | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Johann Wohler](/wiki/Johann_Wohler \"Johann Wohler\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Lindelwe Zungu | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| 355 | [Gerrie Labuschagné](/wiki/Gerrie_Labuschagn%C3%A9 \"Gerrie Labuschagné\") | Free State XV | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **4** |\n| Colin Herbert | Griffons | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **4** |\n| 357 | [Steven Moir](/wiki/Steven_Moir \"Steven Moir\") | Griquas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **3** |\n| [Heinrich Smit](/wiki/Heinrich_Smit \"Heinrich Smit\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **3** |\n| 359 | Darren Baron | Free State XV | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| [Tinus de Beer](/wiki/Tinus_de_Beer \"Tinus de Beer\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| JP du Plessis | Falcons | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| Damian Engledoe | Falcons | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| [Eric Zana](/wiki/Eric_Zana \"Eric Zana\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| — | [penalty try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 \"Try (rugby)\") | Eastern Province Kings | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| \\* Legend: T \\= Tries, C \\= Conversions, P \\= Penalties, DG \\= Drop Goals, Pts \\= Points. |\n\n### Squads\n\nThe following squads were named for the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series:\n\n \n\n| \\+ Blue Bulls squad |\n| --- |\n| | Andrew Beerwinkel [Renaldo Bothma](/wiki/Renaldo_Bothma \"Renaldo Bothma\") [Jan\\-Henning Campher](/wiki/Jan-Henning_Campher \"Jan-Henning Campher\") Clyde Davids [Nick de Jager](/wiki/Nick_de_Jager \"Nick de Jager\") [Martin Dreyer](/wiki/Martin_Dreyer_%28rugby_union%29 \"Martin Dreyer (rugby union)\") [Corniel Els](/wiki/Corniel_Els \"Corniel Els\") [Aston Fortuin](/wiki/Aston_Fortuin \"Aston Fortuin\") [Justin Forwood](/wiki/Justin_Forwood \"Justin Forwood\") [Neethling Fouché](/wiki/Neethling_Fouch%C3%A9 \"Neethling Fouché\") [Dean Greyling](/wiki/Dean_Greyling \"Dean Greyling\") Njabulo Gumede [Irné Herbst](/wiki/Irn%C3%A9_Herbst \"Irné Herbst\") [Nico Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Nico_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Nico Janse van Rensburg\") [Werner Kruger](/wiki/Werner_Kruger \"Werner Kruger\") [Hanro Liebenberg](/wiki/Hanro_Liebenberg \"Hanro Liebenberg\") [Bandise Maku](/wiki/Bandise_Maku \"Bandise Maku\") [Nqoba Mxoli](/wiki/Nqoba_Mxoli \"Nqoba Mxoli\") [Freddy Ngoza](/wiki/Freddy_Ngoza \"Freddy Ngoza\") [Abongile Nonkontwana](/wiki/Abongile_Nonkontwana \"Abongile Nonkontwana\") [Marvin Orie](/wiki/Marvin_Orie \"Marvin Orie\") [Le Roux Roets](/wiki/Le_Roux_Roets \"Le Roux Roets\") [Roelof Smit](/wiki/Roelof_Smit_%28rugby_player%29 \"Roelof Smit (rugby player)\") [Eli Snyman](/wiki/Eli_Snyman \"Eli Snyman\") [Ruan Steenkamp](/wiki/Ruan_Steenkamp \"Ruan Steenkamp\") [Deon Stegmann](/wiki/Deon_Stegmann \"Deon Stegmann\") [Entienne Swanepoel](/wiki/Entienne_Swanepoel \"Entienne Swanepoel\") Jsuan\\-re Swanepoel Tapiwa Tsomondo [Jan van der Merwe](/wiki/Jan_van_der_Merwe_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jan van der Merwe (rugby union)\") [Dayan van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Dayan_van_der_Westhuizen \"Dayan van der Westhuizen\") [Ruben van Heerden](/wiki/Ruben_van_Heerden \"Ruben van Heerden\") [Alandré van Rooyen](/wiki/Alandr%C3%A9_van_Rooyen \"Alandré van Rooyen\") [Hencus van Wyk](/wiki/Hencus_van_Wyk \"Hencus van Wyk\") [Callie Visagie](/wiki/Callie_Visagie \"Callie Visagie\") [Jaco Visagie](/wiki/Jaco_Visagie \"Jaco Visagie\") **Did not play:** Matthys Basson Wynand de Necker Arnold Gerber Rohan Goosen Stefaan Grundlingh [Grant Hattingh](/wiki/Grant_Hattingh \"Grant Hattingh\") Riekert Hattingh [Madot Mabokela](/wiki/Madot_Mabokela \"Madot Mabokela\") Justin Meintjies Menzi Nhlabathi [Pierre Schoeman](/wiki/Pierre_Schoeman \"Pierre Schoeman\") PJ Toerien Luigy van Jaarsveld |\n| | [Bjorn Basson](/wiki/Bjorn_Basson \"Bjorn Basson\") [Tinus de Beer](/wiki/Tinus_de_Beer \"Tinus de Beer\") [Warrick Gelant](/wiki/Warrick_Gelant \"Warrick Gelant\") [Alcino Izaacs](/wiki/Alcino_Izaacs \"Alcino Izaacs\") [JT Jackson](/wiki/JT_Jackson \"JT Jackson\") [Tony Jantjies](/wiki/Tony_Jantjies \"Tony Jantjies\") [Dan Kriel](/wiki/Dan_Kriel \"Dan Kriel\") [Manie Libbok](/wiki/Manie_Libbok \"Manie Libbok\") Adrian Maebane [Kefentse Mahlo](/wiki/Kefentse_Mahlo \"Kefentse Mahlo\") [Theo Maree](/wiki/Theo_Maree \"Theo Maree\") [Duncan Matthews](/wiki/Duncan_Matthews_%28rugby_union%29 \"Duncan Matthews (rugby union)\") Ganfried May Dewald Naudé [Franco Naudé](/wiki/Franco_Naud%C3%A9 \"Franco Naudé\") [Luther Obi](/wiki/Luther_Obi \"Luther Obi\") [Divan Rossouw](/wiki/Divan_Rossouw \"Divan Rossouw\") Marquit September [Joshua Stander](/wiki/Joshua_Stander \"Joshua Stander\") Jade Stighling [Dries Swanepoel](/wiki/Dries_Swanepoel \"Dries Swanepoel\") [Duhan van der Merwe](/wiki/Duhan_van_der_Merwe \"Duhan van der Merwe\") [Ivan van Zyl](/wiki/Ivan_van_Zyl \"Ivan van Zyl\") [André Warner](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warner \"André Warner\") Kurt Webster **Did not play:** Jerry Danquah Corné de Klerk Dale Hendricks Keanu Langeveldt Tshepiso Mahasha Sipho Phiri Curtley Prins Marais Schmidt Marcel Steyn\\-Scholtz [Hanco Venter](/wiki/Hanco_Venter \"Hanco Venter\") |\n| | [Hendré Marnitz](/wiki/Hendr%C3%A9_Marnitz \"Hendré Marnitz\") |\n\n| \\+ Boland Cavaliers squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Shaun Adendorff](/wiki/Shaun_Adendorff \"Shaun Adendorff\") [Yves Bashiya](/wiki/Yves_Bashiya \"Yves Bashiya\") Kenan Cronjé [Francois Esterhuyzen](/wiki/Francois_Esterhuyzen \"Francois Esterhuyzen\") JC Genade Francois Hanekom Ferdie Horn Zandré Jordaan [Hanno Kitshoff](/wiki/Hanno_Kitshoff \"Hanno Kitshoff\") [Clemen Lewis](/wiki/Clemen_Lewis \"Clemen Lewis\") [Shaun McDonald](/wiki/Shaun_McDonald_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun McDonald (rugby union)\") Niel Oelofse [Basil Short](/wiki/Basil_Short \"Basil Short\") Linda Thwala Ockie van Zyl Chadley Wenn SP Wessels Chaney Willemse Wayne Wilschut **Did not play:** Gareth Cilliers Enoch Mnyaka Ludio Williams |\n| | [Christopher Bosch](/wiki/Christopher_Bosch \"Christopher Bosch\") [Adriaan Carelse](/wiki/Adriaan_Carelse \"Adriaan Carelse\") [Jovelian de Koker](/wiki/Jovelian_de_Koker \"Jovelian de Koker\") [Danwel Demas](/wiki/Danwel_Demas \"Danwel Demas\") Gavin Hauptfleisch [Marnus Hugo](/wiki/Marnus_Hugo \"Marnus Hugo\") Gerhard Jordaan [Theuns Kotzé](/wiki/Theuns_Kotz%C3%A9 \"Theuns Kotzé\") [Robbie Louw](/wiki/Robbie_Louw \"Robbie Louw\") [Ryan Nell](/wiki/Ryan_Nell \"Ryan Nell\") Craig Pheiffer Edwin Sass [Nico Scheepers](/wiki/Nico_Scheepers \"Nico Scheepers\") Sergio Torrens Gerrit van Wyk William van Wyk **Did not play:** Charlie Mayeza Wesley Pindele |\n| | [Brent Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Brent_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Brent Janse van Rensburg\") |\n\n| \\+ Border Bulldogs squad |\n| --- |\n| | Ludwe Booi [Onke Dubase](/wiki/Onke_Dubase \"Onke Dubase\") [Billy Dutton](/wiki/Billy_Dutton \"Billy Dutton\") Johannes Janse van Rensburg [Johannes Jonker](/wiki/Johannes_Jonker \"Johannes Jonker\") Athenkosi Khethani Josh Kota [Blake Kyd](/wiki/Blake_Kyd \"Blake Kyd\") Athenkosi Manentsa [Siya Mdaka](/wiki/Siya_Mdaka \"Siya Mdaka\") Mihlali Mpafi [Buhle Mxunyelwa](/wiki/Buhle_Mxunyelwa \"Buhle Mxunyelwa\") Siyamthanda Ngande Nkosi Nofuma [Lukhanyo Nomzanga](/wiki/Lukhanyo_Nomzanga \"Lukhanyo Nomzanga\") [Wandile Putuma](/wiki/Wandile_Putuma \"Wandile Putuma\") Hendri Storm Lindokuhle Welemu [Yanga Xakalashe](/wiki/Yanga_Xakalashe \"Yanga Xakalashe\") **Did not play:** Phumlani Blaauw Ayabonga Nomboyo Soso Xakalashe |\n| | [Masixole Banda](/wiki/Masixole_Banda \"Masixole Banda\") Logan Basson Lunga Dumezweni Bangi Kobese [Michael Makase](/wiki/Michael_Makase \"Michael Makase\") [Makazole Mapimpi](/wiki/Makazole_Mapimpi \"Makazole Mapimpi\") [Thembani Mkokeli](/wiki/Thembani_Mkokeli \"Thembani Mkokeli\") Sonwabiso Mqalo Sibabalwe Mtsulwana Siya Ncanywa Nkululeko Ndlovu Saneliso Ngoma Sipho Nofemele Sino Nyoka Lundi Ralarala Sethu Tom Zukisani Tywaleni [Oliver Zono](/wiki/Oliver_Zono \"Oliver Zono\") **Did not play:** [Ntando Kebe](/wiki/Ntando_Kebe \"Ntando Kebe\") [Tiger Mangweni](/wiki/Tiger_Mangweni \"Tiger Mangweni\") |\n| | **Did not play:** Minenhle Ngidi |\n| | [David Dobela](/wiki/David_Dobela \"David Dobela\") [Elliot Fana](/wiki/Elliot_Fana \"Elliot Fana\") |\n\n| \\+ Eastern Province Kings squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Louis Albertse](/wiki/Louis_Albertse \"Louis Albertse\") [Lusanda Badiyana](/wiki/Lusanda_Badiyana \"Lusanda Badiyana\") Tango Balekile Martin Bezuidenhout [Brandon Brown](/wiki/Brandon_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 \"Brandon Brown (rugby union)\") Wihan Coetzer Stephan Deyzel [Philip du Preez](/wiki/Philip_du_Preez \"Philip du Preez\") [Jacques Engelbrecht](/wiki/Jacques_Engelbrecht \"Jacques Engelbrecht\") [Tazz Fuzani](/wiki/Tazz_Fuzani \"Tazz Fuzani\") Wynand Grassmann [Liam Hendricks](/wiki/Liam_Hendricks \"Liam Hendricks\") [Cornell Hess](/wiki/Cornell_Hess \"Cornell Hess\") Justin Hollis Gerrit Huisamen [Hannes Huisamen](/wiki/Hannes_Huisamen \"Hannes Huisamen\") [Greg Jackson](/wiki/Greg_Jackson_%28rugby_union%29 \"Greg Jackson (rugby union)\") JP Jamieson JP Jonck Rob Lyons [Sintu Manjezi](/wiki/Sintu_Manjezi \"Sintu Manjezi\") David Murray SF Nieuwoudt NJ Oosthuizen [Junior Pokomela](/wiki/Junior_Pokomela \"Junior Pokomela\") Jayson Reinecke Vukile Sofisa Roché van Zyl Warrick Venter Stephan Zaayman **Did not play:** [Tyler Paul](/wiki/Tyler_Paul \"Tyler Paul\") Hayden Tharratt |\n| | [Simon Bolze](/wiki/Simon_Bolze \"Simon Bolze\") Michael Brink Davron Cameron [JP du Plessis](/wiki/JP_du_Plessis \"JP du Plessis\") Ivan\\-John du Preez Riaan Esterhuizen Chuma Faas [Andile Jho](/wiki/Andile_Jho \"Andile Jho\") [Somila Jho](/wiki/Somila_Jho \"Somila Jho\") Jordan Koekemoer [Garrick Mattheus](/wiki/Garrick_Mattheus \"Garrick Mattheus\") [Athi Mayinje](/wiki/Athi_Mayinje \"Athi Mayinje\") [Jixie Molapo](/wiki/Jixie_Molapo \"Jixie Molapo\") Sphu Msutwana Rouche Nel Sibusiso Ngcokovane [Yaw Penxe](/wiki/Yaw_Penxe \"Yaw Penxe\") Mabhutana Peter Franswa Ueckermann [Jaco van Tonder](/wiki/Jaco_van_Tonder \"Jaco van Tonder\") [Keanu Vers](/wiki/Keanu_Vers \"Keanu Vers\") [Jeremy Ward](/wiki/Jeremy_Ward_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jeremy Ward (rugby union)\") [Courtney Winnaar](/wiki/Courtney_Winnaar \"Courtney Winnaar\") Lindelwe Zungu **Did not play:** Thaki Boloko Warren Swarts [Elgar Watts](/wiki/Elgar_Watts \"Elgar Watts\") |\n| | [Robbi Kempson](/wiki/Robbi_Kempson \"Robbi Kempson\") |\n\n| \\+ Falcons squad |\n| --- |\n| | Jacques Alberts Henri Boshoff Isak Deetlefs [Vince Jobo](/wiki/Vince_Jobo \"Vince Jobo\") [Shane Kirkwood](/wiki/Shane_Kirkwood \"Shane Kirkwood\") Ernst Ladendorf [Thabo Mamojele](/wiki/Thabo_Mamojele \"Thabo Mamojele\") [JP Mostert](/wiki/JP_Mostert \"JP Mostert\") [Dean Muir](/wiki/Dean_Muir \"Dean Muir\") [Reg Muller](/wiki/Reg_Muller \"Reg Muller\") [Friedle Olivier](/wiki/Friedle_Olivier \"Friedle Olivier\") Dwight Pansegrouw Andries Schutte Barend Steyn Koos Strauss Gihard Visagie Grant Watts Marlyn Williams **Did not play:** Justin Pappin Themba Thabethe |\n| | Ruan Allerston [Karlo Aspeling](/wiki/Karlo_Aspeling \"Karlo Aspeling\") Christo Coetzee Coert Cronjé Xander Cronjé JP du Plessis Damian Engledoe [Kyle Hendricks](/wiki/Kyle_Hendricks_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Hendricks (rugby union)\") Grant Janke Charlie Mayeza Sino Nyoka Warren Potgieter Johan Pretorius Anrich Richter Christian Rust [Etienne Taljaard](/wiki/Etienne_Taljaard \"Etienne Taljaard\") Andries Truter [Andrew van Wyk](/wiki/Andrew_van_Wyk \"Andrew van Wyk\") **Did not play:** Etienne Storm Waylon Thompson |\n| | [Rudy Joubert](/wiki/Rudy_Joubert \"Rudy Joubert\") |\n\n| \\+ Free State XV squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Justin Basson](/wiki/Justin_Basson \"Justin Basson\") [Willie Britz](/wiki/Willie_Britz \"Willie Britz\") [Tienie Burger](/wiki/Tienie_Burger \"Tienie Burger\") [Neil Claassen](/wiki/Neil_Claassen \"Neil Claassen\") [Aranos Coetzee](/wiki/Aranos_Coetzee \"Aranos Coetzee\") [Luan de Bruin](/wiki/Luan_de_Bruin \"Luan de Bruin\") [Erich de Jager](/wiki/Erich_de_Jager \"Erich de Jager\") [Jacques du Toit](/wiki/Jacques_du_Toit_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jacques du Toit (rugby union)\") [Joseph Dweba](/wiki/Joseph_Dweba \"Joseph Dweba\") [Nardus Erasmus](/wiki/Nardus_Erasmus \"Nardus Erasmus\") Johann Grundlingh Elandré Huggett [Reniel Hugo](/wiki/Reniel_Hugo \"Reniel Hugo\") Günther Janse van Vuuren [Niell Jordaan](/wiki/Niell_Jordaan \"Niell Jordaan\") [Armandt Koster](/wiki/Armandt_Koster \"Armandt Koster\") [Johan Kotze](/wiki/Johan_Kotze \"Johan Kotze\") [Tiaan Liebenberg](/wiki/Tiaan_Liebenberg \"Tiaan Liebenberg\") Musa Mahlasela Victor Maruping [Danie Mienie](/wiki/Danie_Mienie \"Danie Mienie\") [Oupa Mohojé](/wiki/Oupa_Mohoj%C3%A9 \"Oupa Mohojé\") Gopolang Molefe [Chase Morison](/wiki/Chase_Morison \"Chase Morison\") [Ox Nché](/wiki/Ox_Nch%C3%A9 \"Ox Nché\") [Fiffy Rampeta](/wiki/Fiffy_Rampeta \"Fiffy Rampeta\") [Neil Rautenbach](/wiki/Neil_Rautenbach \"Neil Rautenbach\") [Boela Serfontein](/wiki/Boela_Serfontein \"Boela Serfontein\") [Yōsuke Takahashi](/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Takahashi_%28rugby_union%29 \"Yōsuke Takahashi (rugby union)\") BG Uys [Henco Venter](/wiki/Henco_Venter \"Henco Venter\") [Reinach Venter](/wiki/Reinach_Venter \"Reinach Venter\") Brendan Verster Ntokozo Vidima Quintin Vorster [Carl Wegner](/wiki/Carl_Wegner \"Carl Wegner\") [Jasper Wiese](/wiki/Jasper_Wiese \"Jasper Wiese\") **Did not play:** [Dolph Botha](/wiki/Dolph_Botha \"Dolph Botha\") Junior Burger Wynne Crawford JC Fourie [Nicolaas Immelman](/wiki/Nicolaas_Immelman \"Nicolaas Immelman\") Alex Jonker Willandré Kotzenberg [De Wet Kruger](/wiki/De_Wet_Kruger \"De Wet Kruger\") Brandon Kuzatjike [Hilton Lobberts](/wiki/Hilton_Lobberts \"Hilton Lobberts\") [Daniel Maartens](/wiki/Daniel_Maartens \"Daniel Maartens\") Sylvester Makakole Damien May Teunis Nieuwoudt [Gerhard Olivier](/wiki/Gerhard_Olivier \"Gerhard Olivier\") Kaden Prince Dean Rossouw SJ Roux Robin Stevens Hennie\\-Schalk Theron [Conraad van Vuuren](/wiki/Conraad_van_Vuuren \"Conraad van Vuuren\") Pieter Venter [Dennis Visser](/wiki/Dennis_Visser \"Dennis Visser\") |\n| | Darren Baron [Rayno Benjamin](/wiki/Rayno_Benjamin \"Rayno Benjamin\") [Renier Botha](/wiki/Renier_Botha \"Renier Botha\") [Carel\\-Jan Coetzee](/wiki/Carel-Jan_Coetzee \"Carel-Jan Coetzee\") JP Coetzee [Pieter\\-Steyn de Wet](/wiki/Pieter-Steyn_de_Wet \"Pieter-Steyn de Wet\") Maphutha Dolo [Sias Ebersohn](/wiki/Sias_Ebersohn \"Sias Ebersohn\") [Reinhardt Erwee](/wiki/Reinhardt_Erwee \"Reinhardt Erwee\") Lorenzo Gordon [Tertius Kruger](/wiki/Tertius_Kruger \"Tertius Kruger\") [Gerrie Labuschagné](/wiki/Gerrie_Labuschagn%C3%A9 \"Gerrie Labuschagné\") [Mosolwa Mafuma](/wiki/Mosolwa_Mafuma \"Mosolwa Mafuma\") [Niel Marais](/wiki/Niel_Marais \"Niel Marais\") [Ali Mgijima](/wiki/Ali_Mgijima \"Ali Mgijima\") [Zee Mkhabela](/wiki/Zee_Mkhabela \"Zee Mkhabela\") Kholo Ramashala [JP Smith](/wiki/Juan-Philip_Smith \"Juan-Philip Smith\") [Michael van der Spuy](/wiki/Michael_van_der_Spuy \"Michael van der Spuy\") [Ruan van Rensburg](/wiki/Ruan_van_Rensburg \"Ruan van Rensburg\") Arno van Staden **Did not play:** Carlton Coeries Luke Cyster Ludwig Erasmus Henry Immelman Stephan Janse van Rensburg Julian Jordaan Garneth Kock [Nico Lee](/wiki/Nico_Lee \"Nico Lee\") [Marco Mason](/wiki/Marco_Mason \"Marco Mason\") Shaun Prins Tiaan Schmulian [Yoshizumi Takeda](/wiki/Yoshizumi_Takeda \"Yoshizumi Takeda\") [Coenie van Wyk](/wiki/Coenie_van_Wyk \"Coenie van Wyk\") [Louis Venter](/wiki/Louis_Venter \"Louis Venter\") Arrie Vosloo Ruan Wasserman Dwayne Wessels Arthur Williams |\n| | [MJ Smith](/wiki/MJ_Smith \"MJ Smith\") |\n\n| \\+ Golden Lions XV squad |\n| --- |\n| | Justin Ackerman [Ruan Ackermann](/wiki/Ruan_Ackermann \"Ruan Ackermann\") Le Roux Baard Driaan Bester [Fabian Booysen](/wiki/Fabian_Booysen \"Fabian Booysen\") [Cyle Brink](/wiki/Cyle_Brink \"Cyle Brink\") [Jo\\-Hanko de Villiers](/wiki/Jo-Hanko_de_Villiers \"Jo-Hanko de Villiers\") [Bobby de Wee](/wiki/Bobby_de_Wee \"Bobby de Wee\") [Stephan de Wit](/wiki/Stephan_de_Wit \"Stephan de Wit\") [Nico du Plessis](/wiki/Nico_du_Plessis \"Nico du Plessis\") [JP du Preez](/wiki/JP_du_Preez \"JP du Preez\") [Lourens Erasmus](/wiki/Lourens_Erasmus \"Lourens Erasmus\") [Andries Ferreira](/wiki/Andries_Ferreira \"Andries Ferreira\") [Corné Fourie](/wiki/Corn%C3%A9_Fourie \"Corné Fourie\") Wiehan Jacobs [Pieter Jansen](/wiki/Pieter_Jansen \"Pieter Jansen\") Kyle Kruger [Robert Kruger](/wiki/Robert_Kruger \"Robert Kruger\") [Ruaan Lerm](/wiki/Ruaan_Lerm \"Ruaan Lerm\") [MB Lusaseni](/wiki/MB_Lusaseni \"MB Lusaseni\") Arnout Malherbe [Derick Minnie](/wiki/Derick_Minnie \"Derick Minnie\") [Martin Muller](/wiki/Martin_Muller_%28rugby_union%29 \"Martin Muller (rugby union)\") Luvuyo Pupuma [Ramone Samuels](/wiki/Ramone_Samuels \"Ramone Samuels\") [Pieter Scholtz](/wiki/Pieter_Scholtz \"Pieter Scholtz\") [Victor Sekekete](/wiki/Victor_Sekekete \"Victor Sekekete\") Henco Smit [Dylan Smith](/wiki/Dylan_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"Dylan Smith (rugby union)\") [Jannes Snyman](/wiki/Jannes_Snyman \"Jannes Snyman\") [Warwick Tecklenburg](/wiki/Warwick_Tecklenburg \"Warwick Tecklenburg\") Clinton Theron [Jacques van Rooyen](/wiki/Jacques_van_Rooyen \"Jacques van Rooyen\") [James Venter](/wiki/James_Venter \"James Venter\") [Jano Venter](/wiki/Jano_Venter \"Jano Venter\") **Did not play:** CJ Conradie Estian Enslin Juandré Michau Dwayne Pienaar Sarel Smith Koos Tredoux [Akker van der Merwe](/wiki/Akker_van_der_Merwe \"Akker van der Merwe\") |\n| | [JW Bell](/wiki/JW_Bell \"JW Bell\") [Marnitz Boshoff](/wiki/Marnitz_Boshoff \"Marnitz Boshoff\") [Andries Coetzee](/wiki/Andries_Coetzee \"Andries Coetzee\") [Ross Cronjé](/wiki/Ross_Cronj%C3%A9 \"Ross Cronjé\") [Ashlon Davids](/wiki/Ashlon_Davids \"Ashlon Davids\") [Aphiwe Dyantyi](/wiki/Aphiwe_Dyantyi \"Aphiwe Dyantyi\") Selom Gavor [Lloyd Greeff](/wiki/Lloyd_Greeff \"Lloyd Greeff\") [Stokkies Hanekom](/wiki/Stokkies_Hanekom \"Stokkies Hanekom\") [Rohan Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Rohan_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Rohan Janse van Rensburg\") [Marco Jansen van Vuren](/wiki/Marco_Jansen_van_Vuren \"Marco Jansen van Vuren\") Curtis Jonas [Sylvian Mahuza](/wiki/Sylvian_Mahuza \"Sylvian Mahuza\") Koch Marx [Siya Masuku](/wiki/Siya_Masuku \"Siya Masuku\") [Jacques Nel](/wiki/Jacques_Nel \"Jacques Nel\") [Godfrey Ramaboea](/wiki/Godfrey_Ramaboea \"Godfrey Ramaboea\") [Shaun Reynolds](/wiki/Shaun_Reynolds_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun Reynolds (rugby union)\") Cameron Rooi [Jarryd Sage](/wiki/Jarryd_Sage \"Jarryd Sage\") [Ricky Schroeder](/wiki/Ricky_Schroeder_%28rugby_union%29 \"Ricky Schroeder (rugby union)\") Barend Smit [Dillon Smit](/wiki/Dillon_Smit \"Dillon Smit\") [Jaco van der Walt](/wiki/Jaco_van_der_Walt \"Jaco van der Walt\") [Anthony Volmink](/wiki/Anthony_Volmink \"Anthony Volmink\") **Did not play:** Kobus Engelbrecht Jurie Linde [Sampie Mastriet](/wiki/Sampie_Mastriet \"Sampie Mastriet\") [Gerdus van der Walt](/wiki/Gerdus_van_der_Walt \"Gerdus van der Walt\") |\n| | [Bafana Nhleko](/wiki/Bafana_Nhleko \"Bafana Nhleko\") |\n\n| \\+ Griffons squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Gavin Annandale](/wiki/Gavin_Annandale \"Gavin Annandale\") Zingisa April Gerard Baard [PW Botha](/wiki/PW_Botha_%28rugby_union%29 \"PW Botha (rugby union)\") [Samora Fihlani](/wiki/Samora_Fihlani \"Samora Fihlani\") [Dirk Grobbelaar](/wiki/Dirk_Grobbelaar \"Dirk Grobbelaar\") [Boetie Groenewald](/wiki/Boetie_Groenewald \"Boetie Groenewald\") [De Wet Kruger](/wiki/De_Wet_Kruger \"De Wet Kruger\") Wayne Ludick [George Marich](/wiki/George_Marich \"George Marich\") Vincent Maruping Thato Mavundla [Khwezi Mkhafu](/wiki/Khwezi_Mkhafu \"Khwezi Mkhafu\") [Neil Rautenbach](/wiki/Neil_Rautenbach \"Neil Rautenbach\") Heinrich Roelfse Frans Sisita [Martin Sithole](/wiki/Martin_Sithole \"Martin Sithole\") [Danie van der Merwe](/wiki/Danie_van_der_Merwe \"Danie van der Merwe\") Boela Venter Hennie Venter **Did not play:** Jan Breedt Rudi Britz Werner Kotze [Erik le Roux](/wiki/Erik_le_Roux \"Erik le Roux\") |\n| | [Boela Abrahams](/wiki/Boela_Abrahams \"Boela Abrahams\") [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") [Pieter\\-Steyn de Wet](/wiki/Pieter-Steyn_de_Wet \"Pieter-Steyn de Wet\") [Franna du Toit](/wiki/Franna_du_Toit \"Franna du Toit\") [Joubert Engelbrecht](/wiki/Joubert_Engelbrecht \"Joubert Engelbrecht\") Colin Herbert Lohan Lubbe Tertius Maarman [Vuyo Mbotho](/wiki/Vuyo_Mbotho \"Vuyo Mbotho\") [Japie Nel](/wiki/Japie_Nel \"Japie Nel\") [Norman Nelson](/wiki/Norman_Nelson \"Norman Nelson\") [Ossie Nortjé](/wiki/Ossie_Nortj%C3%A9 \"Ossie Nortjé\") Duan Pretorius Sherwin Slater Malcolm\\-Kerr Till [Coenie van Wyk](/wiki/Coenie_van_Wyk \"Coenie van Wyk\") [Louis Venter](/wiki/Louis_Venter \"Louis Venter\") [George Whitehead](/wiki/George_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"George Whitehead (rugby union)\") Warren Williams **Did not play:** Hein Bezuidenhout Wynand Pienaar [Dewald Pretorius](/wiki/Dewald_Pretorius_%28rugby_union%29 \"Dewald Pretorius (rugby union)\") Tshidiso Tlale |\n| | [Oersond Gorgonzola](/wiki/Oersond_Gorgonzola \"Oersond Gorgonzola\") |\n\n| \\+ Griquas squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Jonathan Adendorf](/wiki/Jonathan_Adendorf \"Jonathan Adendorf\") [David Antonites](/wiki/David_Antonites \"David Antonites\") [Marius Fourie](/wiki/Marius_Fourie \"Marius Fourie\") [Jason Fraser](/wiki/Jason_Fraser \"Jason Fraser\") [Jono Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Jono_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Jono Janse van Rensburg\") [Sias Koen](/wiki/Sias_Koen \"Sias Koen\") Stephan Kotzé [Luxolo Koza](/wiki/Luxolo_Koza \"Luxolo Koza\") [AJ le Roux](/wiki/AJ_le_Roux \"AJ le Roux\") [RJ Liebenberg](/wiki/RJ_Liebenberg \"RJ Liebenberg\") [Thabo Mabuza](/wiki/Thabo_Mabuza \"Thabo Mabuza\") Devon Martinus Steven Meiring [Jaco Nepgen](/wiki/Jaco_Nepgen \"Jaco Nepgen\") Teunis Nieuwoudt [Steph Roberts](/wiki/Steph_Roberts \"Steph Roberts\") [Sidney Tobias](/wiki/Sidney_Tobias \"Sidney Tobias\") [Ewald van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Ewald_van_der_Westhuizen \"Ewald van der Westhuizen\") Steph Vermeulen [Wendal Wehr](/wiki/Wendal_Wehr \"Wendal Wehr\") [Mzwanele Zito](/wiki/Mzwanele_Zito \"Mzwanele Zito\") |\n| | Ederies Arendse [Alshaun Bock](/wiki/Alshaun_Bock \"Alshaun Bock\") [Renier Botha](/wiki/Renier_Botha \"Renier Botha\") [AJ Coertzen](/wiki/AJ_Coertzen \"AJ Coertzen\") [Tiaan Dorfling](/wiki/Tiaan_Dorfling \"Tiaan Dorfling\") [Ntabeni Dukisa](/wiki/Ntabeni_Dukisa \"Ntabeni Dukisa\") [Johnathan Francke](/wiki/Johnathan_Francke \"Johnathan Francke\") [JW Jonker](/wiki/JW_Jonker \"JW Jonker\") Kyle Lombard Christiaan Meyer [Steven Moir](/wiki/Steven_Moir \"Steven Moir\") [Gouws Prinsloo](/wiki/Gouws_Prinsloo \"Gouws Prinsloo\") [Clinton Swart](/wiki/Clinton_Swart \"Clinton Swart\") [André Swarts](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Swarts \"André Swarts\") [Rudi van Rooyen](/wiki/Rudi_van_Rooyen \"Rudi van Rooyen\") [Eric Zana](/wiki/Eric_Zana \"Eric Zana\") |\n| | [Peter Engledow](/wiki/Peter_Engledow \"Peter Engledow\") |\n\n| \\+ Leopards squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Wilmar Arnoldi](/wiki/Wilmar_Arnoldi \"Wilmar Arnoldi\") Molotsi Bouwer Leon du Plessis Roan Grobbelaar [Danie Jordaan](/wiki/Danie_Jordaan \"Danie Jordaan\") Jaco Jordaan [Juan Language](/wiki/Juan_Language \"Juan Language\") Bart le Roux Tiaan Liebenberg Mash Mafela Stairs Mhlongo Loftus Morrison Bruce Muller Lucky Ngcamu [Marno Redelinghuys](/wiki/Marno_Redelinghuys \"Marno Redelinghuys\") Francois Robertse [Jeandré Rudolph](/wiki/Jeandr%C3%A9_Rudolph \"Jeandré Rudolph\") [Walt Steenkamp](/wiki/Walt_Steenkamp \"Walt Steenkamp\") [HP Swart](/wiki/HP_Swart \"HP Swart\") [Louis van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Louis_van_der_Westhuizen_%28rugby_union%29 \"Louis van der Westhuizen (rugby union)\") Dane van der Westhuyzen [Ruan Venter](/wiki/Ruan_Venter \"Ruan Venter\") **Did not play:** Wian Fourie Mogau Mabokela Tshego Moloto Bhekisa Shongwe [Joe Smith](/wiki/Joe_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"Joe Smith (rugby union)\") |\n| | Rowayne Beukman Myburgh Briers Lucian Cupido [Johan Deysel](/wiki/Johan_Deysel \"Johan Deysel\") Cecil Dumond Jaco Hayward Schalk Hugo [Benhard Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Benhard_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Benhard Janse van Rensburg\") [Henko Marais](/wiki/Henko_Marais \"Henko Marais\") [Bradley Moolman](/wiki/Bradley_Moolman \"Bradley Moolman\") [Chriswill September](/wiki/Chriswill_September \"Chriswill September\") [Rhyno Smith](/wiki/Rhyno_Smith \"Rhyno Smith\") Dean Stokes [Malherbe Swart](/wiki/Malherbe_Swart \"Malherbe Swart\") Adrian Vermeulen Johnny Welthagen Ryno Wepener Gene Willemse [Percy Williams](/wiki/Percy_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Percy Williams (rugby union)\") **Did not play:** Wesley Cupido Arthur Festus Dalen Goliath Akhona Nela |\n| | [Jonathan Mokeuna](/wiki/Jonathan_Mokeuna \"Jonathan Mokeuna\") |\n\n| \\+ Pumas squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Marné Coetzee](/wiki/Marn%C3%A9_Coetzee \"Marné Coetzee\") [François du Toit](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_du_Toit \"François du Toit\") [Carel Greeff](/wiki/Carel_Greeff \"Carel Greeff\") [Stephan Greeff](/wiki/Stephan_Greeff \"Stephan Greeff\") [Lambert Groenewald](/wiki/Lambert_Groenewald \"Lambert Groenewald\") Wiehan Hay [Frank Herne](/wiki/Frank_Herne \"Frank Herne\") [Rassie Jansen van Vuuren](/wiki/Rassie_Jansen_van_Vuuren \"Rassie Jansen van Vuuren\") [Reuben Johannes](/wiki/Reuben_Johannes \"Reuben Johannes\") [Hugo Kloppers](/wiki/Hugo_Kloppers \"Hugo Kloppers\") Jacques Kotzé [Khwezi Mona](/wiki/Khwezi_Mona \"Khwezi Mona\") [Giant Mtyanda](/wiki/Giant_Mtyanda \"Giant Mtyanda\") [Sabelo Nhlapo](/wiki/Sabelo_Nhlapo \"Sabelo Nhlapo\") [Dylan Peterson](/wiki/Dylan_Peterson \"Dylan Peterson\") [Marnus Schoeman](/wiki/Marnus_Schoeman \"Marnus Schoeman\") [Brian Shabangu](/wiki/Brian_Shabangu \"Brian Shabangu\") [Jannie Stander](/wiki/Jannie_Stander \"Jannie Stander\") [De\\-Jay Terblanche](/wiki/De-Jay_Terblanche \"De-Jay Terblanche\") [Nardus van der Walt](/wiki/Nardus_van_der_Walt \"Nardus van der Walt\") [Simon Westraadt](/wiki/Simon_Westraadt \"Simon Westraadt\") **Did not play:** [Jeremy Jordaan](/wiki/Jeremy_Jordaan \"Jeremy Jordaan\") |\n| | [Bernado Botha](/wiki/Bernado_Botha \"Bernado Botha\") [Tyler Fisher](/wiki/Tyler_Fisher \"Tyler Fisher\") [Deon Helberg](/wiki/Deon_Helberg \"Deon Helberg\") Johan Herbst [Ruwellyn Isbell](/wiki/Ruwellyn_Isbell \"Ruwellyn Isbell\") Damien Jansen van Rensburg JP Lewis [Wilmaure Louw](/wiki/Wilmaure_Louw \"Wilmaure Louw\") [Hoffmann Maritz](/wiki/Hoffmann_Maritz \"Hoffmann Maritz\") [Marcello Sampson](/wiki/Marcello_Sampson \"Marcello Sampson\") [Hennie Skorbinski](/wiki/Hennie_Skorbinski \"Hennie Skorbinski\") [Heinrich Steyl](/wiki/Heinrich_Steyl \"Heinrich Steyl\") [Emile Temperman](/wiki/Emile_Temperman \"Emile Temperman\") Marlou van Niekerk Reynier van Rooyen [Justin van Staden](/wiki/Justin_van_Staden \"Justin van Staden\") Leighton van Wyk [Devon Williams](/wiki/Devon_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Devon Williams (rugby union)\") **Did not play:** Ian Truter |\n| | [MJ Mentz](/wiki/MJ_Mentz \"MJ Mentz\") |\n\n| \\+ Sharks XV squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Hyron Andrews](/wiki/Hyron_Andrews \"Hyron Andrews\") [Ruan Botha](/wiki/Ruan_Botha \"Ruan Botha\") [Dale Chadwick](/wiki/Dale_Chadwick \"Dale Chadwick\") [Stephan Coetzee](/wiki/Stephan_Coetzee \"Stephan Coetzee\") Chris de Beer [Christiaan de Bruin](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Bruin \"Christiaan de Bruin\") [Jean Droste](/wiki/Jean_Droste \"Jean Droste\") [Andrew du Plessis](/wiki/Andrew_du_Plessis \"Andrew du Plessis\") [Johan du Toit](/wiki/Johan_du_Toit \"Johan du Toit\") [Thomas du Toit](/wiki/Thomas_du_Toit \"Thomas du Toit\") Gerhard Engelbrecht Graham Geldenhuys [Francois Kleinhans](/wiki/Francois_Kleinhans \"Francois Kleinhans\") [Ruan Kramer](/wiki/Ruan_Kramer \"Ruan Kramer\") [Khaya Majola](/wiki/Khaya_Majola_%28rugby_union%29 \"Khaya Majola (rugby union)\") [Mzamo Majola](/wiki/Mzamo_Majola \"Mzamo Majola\") Retief Marais [David McDuling](/wiki/David_McDuling \"David McDuling\") [John\\-Hubert Meyer](/wiki/John-Hubert_Meyer \"John-Hubert Meyer\") [Tera Mtembu](/wiki/Tera_Mtembu \"Tera Mtembu\") Barend Potgieter [Chiliboy Ralepelle](/wiki/Chiliboy_Ralepelle \"Chiliboy Ralepelle\") [Juan Schoeman](/wiki/Juan_Schoeman \"Juan Schoeman\") Ayron Schramm [Tjiuee Uanivi](/wiki/Tjiuee_Uanivi \"Tjiuee Uanivi\") [Kerron van Vuuren](/wiki/Kerron_van_Vuuren \"Kerron van Vuuren\") Wian Vosloo **Did not play:** Greg Bauer Reyno du Toit Wade Elliott Bernardus Haring Kyle Hatherell Matt Jones Erich Kankowski Michael Meyer Mthunzi Moloi Ruan Smook Christie van der Merwe Ray Williams Rikus Zwart |\n| | [Tristan Blewett](/wiki/Tristan_Blewett \"Tristan Blewett\") [Curwin Bosch](/wiki/Curwin_Bosch \"Curwin Bosch\") Duncan Campbell Malcolm Cele Marcel Coetzee Alrin Eksteen Kelvin Elder [Rowan Gouws](/wiki/Rowan_Gouws \"Rowan Gouws\") [Morné Joubert](/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Joubert \"Morné Joubert\") Jaywinn Juries Sandile Kubekha [Marius Louw](/wiki/Marius_Louw \"Marius Louw\") Dylan Marcus [Neil Maritz](/wiki/Neil_Maritz \"Neil Maritz\") Khulu Marwana [Wandile Mjekevu](/wiki/Wandile_Mjekevu \"Wandile Mjekevu\") Sipho Mkhize [S'busiso Nkosi](/wiki/S%27busiso_Nkosi \"S'busiso Nkosi\") [Inny Radebe](/wiki/Inny_Radebe \"Inny Radebe\") [S'bura Sithole](/wiki/S%27bura_Sithole \"S'bura Sithole\") Tristan Tedder [Hanco Venter](/wiki/Hanco_Venter \"Hanco Venter\") Heimar Williams **Did not play:** [Tythan Adams](/wiki/Tythan_Adams \"Tythan Adams\") Matthew Alborough Cameron Dunlop Andrew Holland Michael Reid [Mark Richards](/wiki/Mark_Richards_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Richards (rugby union)\") José Rodrigues Zweli Silaule [Stefan Ungerer](/wiki/Stefan_Ungerer \"Stefan Ungerer\") Morné van Staden [Alwayno Visagie](/wiki/Alwayno_Visagie \"Alwayno Visagie\") |\n| | [Michael Horak](/wiki/Michael_Horak \"Michael Horak\") |\n\n| \\+ SWD Eagles squad |\n| --- |\n| | Brianton Booysen Layle Delo [Juandré Digue](/wiki/Juandr%C3%A9_Digue \"Juandré Digue\") [Christo du Plessis](/wiki/Christo_du_Plessis \"Christo du Plessis\") [Thor Halvorsen](/wiki/Thor_Halvorsen \"Thor Halvorsen\") Lyndon Hartnick Kurt Haupt [Dean Hopp](/wiki/Dean_Hopp \"Dean Hopp\") Marco Kruger [Grant le Roux](/wiki/Grant_le_Roux \"Grant le Roux\") Gideon Muller [Andisa Ntsila](/wiki/Andisa_Ntsila \"Andisa Ntsila\") Buran Parks [Mark Pretorius](/wiki/Mark_Pretorius_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Pretorius (rugby union)\") [Davon Raubenheimer](/wiki/Davon_Raubenheimer \"Davon Raubenheimer\") Nemo Roelofse [Janneman Stander](/wiki/Janneman_Stander \"Janneman Stander\") Pieter Stemmet Lodewyk Uys [Peet van der Walt](/wiki/Peet_van_der_Walt \"Peet van der Walt\") **Did not play:** Wayne Khan Schalk Oelofse |\n| | Riaan Arends [Martin du Toit](/wiki/Martin_du_Toit \"Martin du Toit\") [Mzo Dyantyi](/wiki/Mzo_Dyantyi \"Mzo Dyantyi\") [Leighton Eksteen](/wiki/Leighton_Eksteen \"Leighton Eksteen\") Wilneth Engelbrecht [Hansie Graaff](/wiki/Hansie_Graaff \"Hansie Graaff\") Kirsten Heyns Jacquin Jansen Tom Kean Leegan Moos Lenes Nomdo Hentzwill Pedro Charles Radebe [Daniel Roberts](/wiki/Daniel_Roberts_%28rugby_union%29 \"Daniel Roberts (rugby union)\") Dillin Snel [Johan Steyn](/wiki/Johan_Steyn_%28rugby_union%29 \"Johan Steyn (rugby union)\") [Luzuko Vulindlu](/wiki/Luzuko_Vulindlu \"Luzuko Vulindlu\") Clinton Wagman |\n| | [Abé Davids](/wiki/Ab%C3%A9_Davids \"Abé Davids\") [Rynard van As](/wiki/Rynard_van_As \"Rynard van As\") |\n\n| \\+ Welwitschias squad |\n| --- |\n| | Schalk Bergh [Morné Blom](/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Blom \"Morné Blom\") Aleck Botha Petri Burger Dewald Coetzee [Leneve Damens](/wiki/Leneve_Damens \"Leneve Damens\") Wikus Davis [AJ de Klerk](/wiki/AJ_de_Klerk \"AJ de Klerk\") [Tinus du Plessis](/wiki/Tinus_du_Plessis \"Tinus du Plessis\") [Shaun du Preez](/wiki/Shaun_du_Preez \"Shaun du Preez\") Alberto Engelbrecht [Quintin Esterhuizen](/wiki/Quintin_Esterhuizen \"Quintin Esterhuizen\") Zayne Groenewaldt Joe Herrmann Thomas Kali [Munio Kasiringua](/wiki/Munio_Kasiringua \"Munio Kasiringua\") [Max Katjijeko](/wiki/Max_Katjijeko \"Max Katjijeko\") [Rohan Kitshoff](/wiki/Rohan_Kitshoff \"Rohan Kitshoff\") Herman Krause [Gert Lotter](/wiki/Gert_Lotter \"Gert Lotter\") [Ruan Ludick](/wiki/Ruan_Ludick \"Ruan Ludick\") Johan Luttig Grant Nash [Collen Smith](/wiki/Collen_Smith \"Collen Smith\") [Carel Swanepoel](/wiki/Carel_Swanepoel \"Carel Swanepoel\") Tjino Tjirare Ignus Tripodi [Niël van Vuuren](/wiki/Ni%C3%ABl_van_Vuuren \"Niël van Vuuren\") Denzil van Wyk Hauta Veii [Roderique Victor](/wiki/Roderique_Victor \"Roderique Victor\") [Casper Viviers](/wiki/Casper_Viviers \"Casper Viviers\") Arno von Wielligh [Johann Wohler](/wiki/Johann_Wohler \"Johann Wohler\") |\n| | Tuna Amutenya Silvano Beukes Handré Bezuidenhout [Arthur Bouwer](/wiki/Arthur_Bouwer \"Arthur Bouwer\") Egon Cloete [Darryl de la Harpe](/wiki/Darryl_de_la_Harpe \"Darryl de la Harpe\") [JC Greyling](/wiki/JC_Greyling \"JC Greyling\") [Shaun Kaizemi](/wiki/Shaun_Kaizemi \"Shaun Kaizemi\") [Cameron Klassen](/wiki/Cameron_Klassen \"Cameron Klassen\") [Lesley Klim](/wiki/Lesley_Klim \"Lesley Klim\") Guiliano Lawrence [Malcolm Moore](/wiki/Malcolm_Moore_%28rugby_union%29 \"Malcolm Moore (rugby union)\") Philip Nashikaku [Justin Nel](/wiki/Justin_Nel \"Justin Nel\") Aurelio Plato MP Pretorius Mahco Prinsloo [Heinrich Smit](/wiki/Heinrich_Smit \"Heinrich Smit\") Ricardo Swartz [Johann Tromp](/wiki/Johann_Tromp \"Johann Tromp\") Riaan van Zyl [Russell van Wyk](/wiki/Russell_van_Wyk \"Russell van Wyk\") Francois Wiese JC Winckler |\n| | [John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams_%28rugby_union_coach%29 \"John Williams (rugby union coach)\") |\n\n| \\+ Western Province squad |\n| --- |\n| | Rikus Bothma [Eital Bredenkamp](/wiki/Eital_Bredenkamp \"Eital Bredenkamp\") Wesley Chetty Cullen Collopy [Tertius Daniller](/wiki/Tertius_Daniller \"Tertius Daniller\") [Beyers de Villiers](/wiki/Beyers_de_Villiers \"Beyers de Villiers\") [JC Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/JC_Janse_van_Rensburg \"JC Janse van Rensburg\") [Jean Kleyn](/wiki/Jean_Kleyn \"Jean Kleyn\") [Wilco Louw](/wiki/Wilco_Louw \"Wilco Louw\") Percy Mngadi [David Ribbans](/wiki/David_Ribbans \"David Ribbans\") Denzel Riddles [JD Schickerling](/wiki/JD_Schickerling \"JD Schickerling\") [JP Smith](/wiki/JP_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"JP Smith (rugby union)\") [Chad Solomon](/wiki/Chad_Solomon \"Chad Solomon\") [Luke Stringer](/wiki/Luke_Stringer \"Luke Stringer\") Meyer Swanepoel [Christo van der Merwe](/wiki/Christo_van_der_Merwe \"Christo van der Merwe\") [Kobus van Dyk](/wiki/Kobus_van_Dyk \"Kobus van Dyk\") [Jurie van Vuuren](/wiki/Jurie_van_Vuuren \"Jurie van Vuuren\") Christo van Wyk [Frans van Wyk](/wiki/Frans_van_Wyk \"Frans van Wyk\") [Chris van Zyl](/wiki/Chris_van_Zyl \"Chris van Zyl\") [Janco Venter](/wiki/Janco_Venter \"Janco Venter\") [Alistair Vermaak](/wiki/Alistair_Vermaak \"Alistair Vermaak\") [Jacques Vermeulen](/wiki/Jacques_Vermeulen \"Jacques Vermeulen\") Ashley Wells Kyle Whyte [Mike Willemse](/wiki/Mike_Willemse \"Mike Willemse\") Dale Wilson [Eduard Zandberg](/wiki/Eduard_Zandberg \"Eduard Zandberg\") **Did not play:** Wesley Adonis |\n| | Alvin Brandt Dennis Cox [Daniël du Plessis](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_du_Plessis \"Daniël du Plessis\") [Robert du Preez](/wiki/Robert_du_Preez_%28rugby_player_born_1993%29 \"Robert du Preez (rugby player born 1993)\") [Grant Hermanus](/wiki/Grant_Hermanus \"Grant Hermanus\") [Herschel Jantjies](/wiki/Herschel_Jantjies \"Herschel Jantjies\") [Berton Klaasen](/wiki/Berton_Klaasen \"Berton Klaasen\") [Johnny Kôtze](/wiki/Johnny_K%C3%B4tze \"Johnny Kôtze\") JP Lewis [Godlen Masimla](/wiki/Godlen_Masimla \"Godlen Masimla\") [Rabz Maxwane](/wiki/Rabz_Maxwane \"Rabz Maxwane\") Freddie Muller [Khanyo Ngcukana](/wiki/Khanyo_Ngcukana \"Khanyo Ngcukana\") [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") [Justin Phillips](/wiki/Justin_Phillips_%28rugby_union%29 \"Justin Phillips (rugby union)\") [Damian Stevens](/wiki/Damian_Stevens \"Damian Stevens\") [Jaco Taute](/wiki/Jaco_Taute \"Jaco Taute\") [Brandon Thomson](/wiki/Brandon_Thomson \"Brandon Thomson\") [Scott van Breda](/wiki/Scott_van_Breda \"Scott van Breda\") [Edwill van der Merwe](/wiki/Edwill_van_der_Merwe \"Edwill van der Merwe\") [Jano Vermaak](/wiki/Jano_Vermaak \"Jano Vermaak\") [EW Viljoen](/wiki/EW_Viljoen \"EW Viljoen\") [Tim Whitehead](/wiki/Tim_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"Tim Whitehead (rugby union)\") [Devon Williams](/wiki/Devon_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Devon Williams (rugby union)\") **Did not play:** [Jean\\-Luc du Plessis](/wiki/Jean-Luc_du_Plessis \"Jean-Luc du Plessis\") [Ryno Eksteen](/wiki/Ryno_Eksteen \"Ryno Eksteen\") [Chris Smit](/wiki/Chris_Smit \"Chris Smit\") [Chris Smith](/wiki/Chris_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"Chris Smith (rugby union)\") [Ernst Stapelberg](/wiki/Ernst_Stapelberg \"Ernst Stapelberg\") [Leolin Zas](/wiki/Leolin_Zas \"Leolin Zas\") |\n| | [John Dobson](/wiki/John_Dobson_%28rugby_union_coach%29 \"John Dobson (rugby union coach)\") |\n\n### Discipline\n\nThe following table contains all the cards handed out during the tournament:\n\n| Red and multiple yellow cards |\n| --- |\n| Player | Team | | |\n| [Khwezi Mkhafu](/wiki/Khwezi_Mkhafu \"Khwezi Mkhafu\") | Griffons | 0 | 4 |\n| [Siya Mdaka](/wiki/Siya_Mdaka \"Siya Mdaka\") | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 3 |\n| [Wilmar Arnoldi](/wiki/Wilmar_Arnoldi \"Wilmar Arnoldi\") | Leopards | 0 | 2 |\n| Martin Bezuidenhout | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 2 |\n| [Grant Hermanus](/wiki/Grant_Hermanus \"Grant Hermanus\") | Western Province | 0 | 2 |\n| Khulu Marwana | Sharks XV | 0 | 2 |\n| [Khwezi Mona](/wiki/Khwezi_Mona \"Khwezi Mona\") | Pumas | 0 | 2 |\n| [Ricky Schroeder](/wiki/Ricky_Schroeder_%28rugby_union%29 \"Ricky Schroeder (rugby union)\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 2 |\n| [Nardus van der Walt](/wiki/Nardus_van_der_Walt \"Nardus van der Walt\") | Pumas | 0 | 2 |\n| Lindokuhle Welemu | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 2 |\n\n| Single yellow cards |\n| --- |\n| Player | Team | | |\n| [Jonathan Adendorf](/wiki/Jonathan_Adendorf \"Jonathan Adendorf\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Shaun Adendorff](/wiki/Shaun_Adendorff \"Shaun Adendorff\") | Boland Cavaliers | 0 | 1 |\n| [Justin Basson](/wiki/Justin_Basson \"Justin Basson\") | Free State XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Tienie Burger](/wiki/Tienie_Burger \"Tienie Burger\") | Free State XV | 0 | 1 |\n| Wihan Coetzer | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Leneve Damens](/wiki/Leneve_Damens \"Leneve Damens\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | Griffons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Christiaan de Bruin](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Bruin \"Christiaan de Bruin\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Bobby de Wee](/wiki/Bobby_de_Wee \"Bobby de Wee\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Danwel Demas](/wiki/Danwel_Demas \"Danwel Demas\") | Boland Cavaliers | 0 | 1 |\n| [Juandré Digue](/wiki/Juandr%C3%A9_Digue \"Juandré Digue\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| Maphutha Dolo | Free State XV | 0 | 1 |\n| JP du Plessis | Falcons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Shaun du Preez](/wiki/Shaun_du_Preez \"Shaun du Preez\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Johan du Toit](/wiki/Johan_du_Toit \"Johan du Toit\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Mzo Dyantyi](/wiki/Mzo_Dyantyi \"Mzo Dyantyi\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Samora Fihlani](/wiki/Samora_Fihlani \"Samora Fihlani\") | Griffons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Tazz Fuzani](/wiki/Tazz_Fuzani \"Tazz Fuzani\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| Roan Grobbelaar | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| [Cornell Hess](/wiki/Cornell_Hess \"Cornell Hess\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Nico Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Nico_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Nico Janse van Rensburg\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Rohan Kitshoff](/wiki/Rohan_Kitshoff \"Rohan Kitshoff\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Cameron Klassen](/wiki/Cameron_Klassen \"Cameron Klassen\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Hugo Kloppers](/wiki/Hugo_Kloppers \"Hugo Kloppers\") | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Sias Koen](/wiki/Sias_Koen \"Sias Koen\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| Ernst Ladendorf | Falcons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Grant le Roux](/wiki/Grant_le_Roux \"Grant le Roux\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Ruaan Lerm](/wiki/Ruaan_Lerm \"Ruaan Lerm\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Hanro Liebenberg](/wiki/Hanro_Liebenberg \"Hanro Liebenberg\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [RJ Liebenberg](/wiki/RJ_Liebenberg \"RJ Liebenberg\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Sylvian Mahuza](/wiki/Sylvian_Mahuza \"Sylvian Mahuza\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Mzamo Majola](/wiki/Mzamo_Majola \"Mzamo Majola\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Sintu Manjezi](/wiki/Sintu_Manjezi \"Sintu Manjezi\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Makazole Mapimpi](/wiki/Makazole_Mapimpi \"Makazole Mapimpi\") | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| [Henko Marais](/wiki/Henko_Marais \"Henko Marais\") | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| Vincent Maruping | Griffons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Godlen Masimla](/wiki/Godlen_Masimla \"Godlen Masimla\") | Western Province | 0 | 1 |\n| [David McDuling](/wiki/David_McDuling \"David McDuling\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| Christiaan Meyer | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Derick Minnie](/wiki/Derick_Minnie \"Derick Minnie\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Malcolm Moore](/wiki/Malcolm_Moore_%28rugby_union%29 \"Malcolm Moore (rugby union)\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| Mihlali Mpafi | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| Sonwabiso Mqalo | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| Sphu Msutwana | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Nqoba Mxoli](/wiki/Nqoba_Mxoli \"Nqoba Mxoli\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| Lucky Ngcamu | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| Nkosi Nofuma | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| Lenes Nomdo | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Andisa Ntsila](/wiki/Andisa_Ntsila \"Andisa Ntsila\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Marvin Orie](/wiki/Marvin_Orie \"Marvin Orie\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Marno Redelinghuys](/wiki/Marno_Redelinghuys \"Marno Redelinghuys\") | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| [Le Roux Roets](/wiki/Le_Roux_Roets \"Le Roux Roets\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Marnus Schoeman](/wiki/Marnus_Schoeman \"Marnus Schoeman\") | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| Marquit September | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Heinrich Smit](/wiki/Heinrich_Smit \"Heinrich Smit\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Rhyno Smith](/wiki/Rhyno_Smith \"Rhyno Smith\") | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| Vukile Sofisa | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Janneman Stander](/wiki/Janneman_Stander \"Janneman Stander\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Ruan Steenkamp](/wiki/Ruan_Steenkamp \"Ruan Steenkamp\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Johan Steyn](/wiki/Johan_Steyn_%28rugby_union%29 \"Johan Steyn (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| Meyer Swanepoel | Western Province | 0 | 1 |\n| [Etienne Taljaard](/wiki/Etienne_Taljaard \"Etienne Taljaard\") | Falcons | 0 | 1 |\n| [De\\-Jay Terblanche](/wiki/De-Jay_Terblanche \"De-Jay Terblanche\") | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| Franswa Ueckermann | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| Lodewyk Uys | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Christo van der Merwe](/wiki/Christo_van_der_Merwe \"Christo van der Merwe\") | Western Province | 0 | 1 |\n| [Peet van der Walt](/wiki/Peet_van_der_Walt \"Peet van der Walt\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| Reynier van Rooyen | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Rudi van Rooyen](/wiki/Rudi_van_Rooyen \"Rudi van Rooyen\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Kerron van Vuuren](/wiki/Kerron_van_Vuuren \"Kerron van Vuuren\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Russell van Wyk](/wiki/Russell_van_Wyk \"Russell van Wyk\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| Hauta Veii | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| Warrick Venter | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| Steph Vermeulen | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| Clinton Wagman | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Wendal Wehr](/wiki/Wendal_Wehr \"Wendal Wehr\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Courtney Winnaar](/wiki/Courtney_Winnaar \"Courtney Winnaar\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| |\n| \\* Legend: \\= Sent off, \\= Sin\\-binned |\n\n",
"### Player statistics\n\nThe top ten points scorers during the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series were: \n\n| Top Ten points scorers |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | Team | T | C | P | DG | Pts |\n| 1 | [George Whitehead](/wiki/George_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"George Whitehead (rugby union)\") | Griffons | 3 | 50 | 15 | 2 | **166** |\n| 2 | [Rhyno Smith](/wiki/Rhyno_Smith \"Rhyno Smith\") | Leopards | 5 | 33 | 17 | 2 | **148** |\n| 3 | [Nico Scheepers](/wiki/Nico_Scheepers \"Nico Scheepers\") | Boland Cavaliers | 5 | 41 | 11 | 0 | **140** |\n| 4 | [Justin van Staden](/wiki/Justin_van_Staden \"Justin van Staden\") | Pumas | 0 | 30 | 19 | 0 | **117** |\n| 5 | [Clinton Swart](/wiki/Clinton_Swart \"Clinton Swart\") | Griquas | 4 | 22 | 10 | 0 | **94** |\n| 6 | [Shaun Reynolds](/wiki/Shaun_Reynolds_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun Reynolds (rugby union)\") | Golden Lions XV | 5 | 24 | 6 | 0 | **91** |\n| 7 | [Karlo Aspeling](/wiki/Karlo_Aspeling \"Karlo Aspeling\") | Falcons | 2 | 25 | 10 | 0 | **90** |\n| 8 | [Masixole Banda](/wiki/Masixole_Banda \"Masixole Banda\") | Border Bulldogs | 4 | 15 | 12 | 0 | **86** |\n| 9 | [Marnitz Boshoff](/wiki/Marnitz_Boshoff \"Marnitz Boshoff\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 29 | 6 | 0 | **81** |\n| 10 | [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | Griffons | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **80** |\n\n| Other points scorers |\n| --- |\n| No | Player | Team | T | C | P | DG | Pts |\n| 11 | [André Swarts](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Swarts \"André Swarts\") | Griquas | 2 | 16 | 12 | 0 | **78** |\n| 12 | [Joshua Stander](/wiki/Joshua_Stander \"Joshua Stander\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 25 | 4 | 0 | **77** |\n| 13 | [Sias Ebersohn](/wiki/Sias_Ebersohn \"Sias Ebersohn\") | Free State XV | 1 | 26 | 6 | 0 | **75** |\n| 14 | [Scott van Breda](/wiki/Scott_van_Breda \"Scott van Breda\") | Western Province | 3 | 17 | 7 | 0 | **70** |\n| 15 | Tristan Tedder | Sharks XV | 2 | 14 | 10 | 0 | **68** |\n| 16 | [Hansie Graaff](/wiki/Hansie_Graaff \"Hansie Graaff\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 15 | 12 | 0 | **66** |\n| [Garrick Mattheus](/wiki/Garrick_Mattheus \"Garrick Mattheus\") | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 10 | 12 | 0 | **66** |\n| 18 | [Tony Jantjies](/wiki/Tony_Jantjies \"Tony Jantjies\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 16 | 6 | 0 | **65** |\n| [Makazole Mapimpi](/wiki/Makazole_Mapimpi \"Makazole Mapimpi\") | Border Bulldogs | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **65** |\n| 20 | [Ryan Nell](/wiki/Ryan_Nell \"Ryan Nell\") | Boland Cavaliers | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **60** |\n| 21 | [Grant Hermanus](/wiki/Grant_Hermanus \"Grant Hermanus\") | Western Province | 3 | 16 | 4 | 0 | **59** |\n| 22 | [Robert du Preez](/wiki/Robert_du_Preez_%28rugby_player_born_1993%29 \"Robert du Preez (rugby player born 1993)\") | Western Province | 2 | 19 | 3 | 0 | **57** |\n| 23 | [AJ Coertzen](/wiki/AJ_Coertzen \"AJ Coertzen\") | Griquas | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **55** |\n| 24 | Tom Kean | SWD Eagles | 0 | 14 | 8 | 0 | **52** |\n| 25 | [Christopher Bosch](/wiki/Christopher_Bosch \"Christopher Bosch\") | Boland Cavaliers | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **50** |\n| Warren Williams | Griffons | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **50** |\n| 27 | [Inny Radebe](/wiki/Inny_Radebe \"Inny Radebe\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 14 | 5 | 0 | **48** |\n| 28 | [Theuns Kotzé](/wiki/Theuns_Kotz%C3%A9 \"Theuns Kotzé\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 12 | 6 | 0 | **47** |\n| 29 | Logan Basson | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 12 | 4 | 0 | **46** |\n| 30 | [Etienne Taljaard](/wiki/Etienne_Taljaard \"Etienne Taljaard\") | Falcons | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **45** |\n| 31 | [JW Bell](/wiki/JW_Bell \"JW Bell\") | Golden Lions XV | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **40** |\n| [Ruaan Lerm](/wiki/Ruaan_Lerm \"Ruaan Lerm\") | Golden Lions XV | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **40** |\n| Marquit September | Blue Bulls | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **40** |\n| 34 | [Danwel Demas](/wiki/Danwel_Demas \"Danwel Demas\") | Boland Cavaliers | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| [Stokkies Hanekom](/wiki/Stokkies_Hanekom \"Stokkies Hanekom\") | Golden Lions XV | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| Jaco Hayward | Leopards | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| JP Lewis | Pumas / Western Province | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| [Mark Pretorius](/wiki/Mark_Pretorius_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Pretorius (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| [Daniel Roberts](/wiki/Daniel_Roberts_%28rugby_union%29 \"Daniel Roberts (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| Sergio Torrens | Boland Cavaliers | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **35** |\n| 41 | Duan Pretorius | Griffons | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0 | **34** |\n| 42 | Jacquin Jansen | SWD Eagles | 1 | 11 | 2 | 0 | **33** |\n| 43 | [Benhard Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Benhard_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Benhard Janse van Rensburg\") | Leopards | 2 | 8 | 2 | 0 | **32** |\n| 44 | [Alshaun Bock](/wiki/Alshaun_Bock \"Alshaun Bock\") | Griquas | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Joseph Dweba](/wiki/Joseph_Dweba \"Joseph Dweba\") | Free State XV | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Reinhardt Erwee](/wiki/Reinhardt_Erwee \"Reinhardt Erwee\") | Free State XV | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Shane Kirkwood](/wiki/Shane_Kirkwood \"Shane Kirkwood\") | Falcons | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Khanyo Ngcukana](/wiki/Khanyo_Ngcukana \"Khanyo Ngcukana\") | Western Province | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Chad Solomon](/wiki/Chad_Solomon \"Chad Solomon\") | Western Province | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| [Anthony Volmink](/wiki/Anthony_Volmink \"Anthony Volmink\") | Golden Lions XV | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **30** |\n| 51 | Warren Potgieter | Falcons | 0 | 11 | 2 | 0 | **28** |\n| [Courtney Winnaar](/wiki/Courtney_Winnaar \"Courtney Winnaar\") | Eastern Province Kings | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | **28** |\n| 53 | [Oliver Zono](/wiki/Oliver_Zono \"Oliver Zono\") | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | **27** |\n| 54 | [Simon Bolze](/wiki/Simon_Bolze \"Simon Bolze\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | **26** |\n| [Shaun Kaizemi](/wiki/Shaun_Kaizemi \"Shaun Kaizemi\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 7 | 4 | 0 | **26** |\n| 56 | [Johan Deysel](/wiki/Johan_Deysel \"Johan Deysel\") | Leopards | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Martin du Toit](/wiki/Martin_du_Toit \"Martin du Toit\") | SWD Eagles | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Tyler Fisher](/wiki/Tyler_Fisher \"Tyler Fisher\") | Pumas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Johnathan Francke](/wiki/Johnathan_Francke \"Johnathan Francke\") | Griquas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Jason Fraser](/wiki/Jason_Fraser \"Jason Fraser\") | Griquas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Selom Gavor | Golden Lions XV | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Lambert Groenewald](/wiki/Lambert_Groenewald \"Lambert Groenewald\") | Pumas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Kurt Haupt | SWD Eagles | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Frank Herne](/wiki/Frank_Herne \"Frank Herne\") | Pumas | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Grant Janke | Falcons | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Somila Jho](/wiki/Somila_Jho \"Somila Jho\") | Eastern Province Kings | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [De Wet Kruger](/wiki/De_Wet_Kruger \"De Wet Kruger\") | Griffons | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Marius Louw](/wiki/Marius_Louw \"Marius Louw\") | Sharks XV | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Kefentse Mahlo](/wiki/Kefentse_Mahlo \"Kefentse Mahlo\") | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Jacques Nel](/wiki/Jacques_Nel \"Jacques Nel\") | Golden Lions XV | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Japie Nel](/wiki/Japie_Nel \"Japie Nel\") | Griffons | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Justin Phillips](/wiki/Justin_Phillips_%28rugby_union%29 \"Justin Phillips (rugby union)\") | Western Province | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Roelof Smit](/wiki/Roelof_Smit_%28rugby_player%29 \"Roelof Smit (rugby player)\") | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [Heinrich Steyl](/wiki/Heinrich_Steyl \"Heinrich Steyl\") | Pumas | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **25** |\n| Jade Stighling | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| Tapiwa Tsomondo | Blue Bulls | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| [EW Viljoen](/wiki/EW_Viljoen \"EW Viljoen\") | Western Province | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **25** |\n| 78 | [Ntabeni Dukisa](/wiki/Ntabeni_Dukisa \"Ntabeni Dukisa\") | Griquas | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **24** |\n| 79 | Riaan van Zyl | Welwitschias | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | **23** |\n| 80 | Andries Truter | Falcons | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **22** |\n| 81 | [Niel Marais](/wiki/Niel_Marais \"Niel Marais\") | Free State XV | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | **21** |\n| 82 | Ederies Arendse | Griquas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Wilmar Arnoldi](/wiki/Wilmar_Arnoldi \"Wilmar Arnoldi\") | Leopards | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Rowayne Beukman | Leopards | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Tiaan Dorfling](/wiki/Tiaan_Dorfling \"Tiaan Dorfling\") | Griquas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Daniël du Plessis](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_du_Plessis \"Daniël du Plessis\") | Western Province | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [François Du Toit](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Du_Toit \"François Du Toit\") | Pumas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Carel Greeff](/wiki/Carel_Greeff \"Carel Greeff\") | Pumas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Kyle Hendricks](/wiki/Kyle_Hendricks_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Hendricks (rugby union)\") | Falcons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Tertius Kruger](/wiki/Tertius_Kruger \"Tertius Kruger\") | Free State XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Tertius Maarman | Griffons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Khaya Majola](/wiki/Khaya_Majola_%28rugby_union%29 \"Khaya Majola (rugby union)\") | Sharks XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Michael Makase](/wiki/Michael_Makase \"Michael Makase\") | Border Bulldogs | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Henko Marais](/wiki/Henko_Marais \"Henko Marais\") | Leopards | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Koch Marx | Golden Lions XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Vuyo Mbotho](/wiki/Vuyo_Mbotho \"Vuyo Mbotho\") | Griffons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Wandile Mjekevu](/wiki/Wandile_Mjekevu \"Wandile Mjekevu\") | Sharks XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Reg Muller](/wiki/Reg_Muller \"Reg Muller\") | Falcons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Marcello Sampson](/wiki/Marcello_Sampson \"Marcello Sampson\") | Pumas | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Ramone Samuels](/wiki/Ramone_Samuels \"Ramone Samuels\") | Golden Lions XV | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| [Danie van der Merwe](/wiki/Danie_van_der_Merwe \"Danie van der Merwe\") | Griffons | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Chadley Wenn | Boland Cavaliers | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **20** |\n| Kurt Webster | Blue Bulls | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | **20** |\n| 104 | [Ashlon Davids](/wiki/Ashlon_Davids \"Ashlon Davids\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **19** |\n| [Gouws Prinsloo](/wiki/Gouws_Prinsloo \"Gouws Prinsloo\") | Griquas | 0 | 8 | 1 | 0 | **19** |\n| 106 | [Leighton Eksteen](/wiki/Leighton_Eksteen \"Leighton Eksteen\") | SWD Eagles | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **18** |\n| [Johann Tromp](/wiki/Johann_Tromp \"Johann Tromp\") | Welwitschias | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **18** |\n| 108 | [Divan Rossouw](/wiki/Divan_Rossouw \"Divan Rossouw\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **17** |\n| 109 | [Shaun Adendorff](/wiki/Shaun_Adendorff \"Shaun Adendorff\") | Boland Cavaliers | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Eital Bredenkamp](/wiki/Eital_Bredenkamp \"Eital Bredenkamp\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Adriaan Carelse](/wiki/Adriaan_Carelse \"Adriaan Carelse\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| JP Coetzee | Free State XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Marcel Coetzee | Sharks XV | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Stephan Coetzee](/wiki/Stephan_Coetzee \"Stephan Coetzee\") | Sharks XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Christo du Plessis](/wiki/Christo_du_Plessis \"Christo du Plessis\") | SWD Eagles | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Lourens Erasmus](/wiki/Lourens_Erasmus \"Lourens Erasmus\") | Golden Lions XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Reniel Hugo](/wiki/Reniel_Hugo \"Reniel Hugo\") | Free State XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Alcino Izaacs](/wiki/Alcino_Izaacs \"Alcino Izaacs\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Zandré Jordaan | Boland Cavaliers | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Hanro Liebenberg](/wiki/Hanro_Liebenberg \"Hanro Liebenberg\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Mosolwa Mafuma](/wiki/Mosolwa_Mafuma \"Mosolwa Mafuma\") | Free State XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Sylvian Mahuza](/wiki/Sylvian_Mahuza \"Sylvian Mahuza\") | Golden Lions XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Hoffmann Maritz](/wiki/Hoffmann_Maritz \"Hoffmann Maritz\") | Pumas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Khulu Marwana | Sharks XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Siya Masuku](/wiki/Siya_Masuku \"Siya Masuku\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Bradley Moolman](/wiki/Bradley_Moolman \"Bradley Moolman\") | Leopards | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Loftus Morrison | Leopards | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Sonwabiso Mqalo | Border Bulldogs | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Dean Muir](/wiki/Dean_Muir \"Dean Muir\") | Falcons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Philip Nashikaku | Welwitschias | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Heinrich Roelfse | Griffons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Jeandré Rudolph](/wiki/Jeandr%C3%A9_Rudolph \"Jeandré Rudolph\") | Leopards | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Christian Rust | Falcons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Jarryd Sage](/wiki/Jarryd_Sage \"Jarryd Sage\") | Golden Lions XV | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Luke Stringer](/wiki/Luke_Stringer \"Luke Stringer\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [De\\-Jay Terblanche](/wiki/De-Jay_Terblanche \"De-Jay Terblanche\") | Pumas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Brandon Thomson](/wiki/Brandon_Thomson \"Brandon Thomson\") | Western Province | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **15** |\n| Reynier van Rooyen | Pumas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Rudi van Rooyen](/wiki/Rudi_van_Rooyen \"Rudi van Rooyen\") | Griquas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Andrew van Wyk](/wiki/Andrew_van_Wyk \"Andrew van Wyk\") | Falcons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Boela Venter | Griffons | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [André Warner](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warner \"André Warner\") | Blue Bulls | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Tim Whitehead](/wiki/Tim_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"Tim Whitehead (rugby union)\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| [Mike Willemse](/wiki/Mike_Willemse \"Mike Willemse\") | Western Province | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| 145 | Michael Brink | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | **14** |\n| [Athi Mayinje](/wiki/Athi_Mayinje \"Athi Mayinje\") | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **14** |\n| 147 | Christo Coetzee | Falcons | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | **13** |\n| 148 | [Devon Williams](/wiki/Devon_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Devon Williams (rugby union)\") | Pumas / Western Province | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **12** |\n| [Morné Joubert](/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Joubert \"Morné Joubert\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **12** |\n| 150 | Schalk Hugo | Leopards | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | **11** |\n| [Justin Nel](/wiki/Justin_Nel \"Justin Nel\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | **11** |\n| 152 | [Lusanda Badiyana](/wiki/Lusanda_Badiyana \"Lusanda Badiyana\") | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Renaldo Bothma](/wiki/Renaldo_Bothma \"Renaldo Bothma\") | Blue Bulls | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Malcolm Cele | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Cullen Collopy | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Beyers de Villiers](/wiki/Beyers_de_Villiers \"Beyers de Villiers\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Lunga Dumezweni | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Layle Delo | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Maphutha Dolo | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Alrin Eksteen | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Corniel Els](/wiki/Corniel_Els \"Corniel Els\") | Blue Bulls | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Lorenzo Gordon | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Dirk Grobbelaar](/wiki/Dirk_Grobbelaar \"Dirk Grobbelaar\") | Griffons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| JP Jonck | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Johannes Jonker](/wiki/Johannes_Jonker \"Johannes Jonker\") | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [JW Jonker](/wiki/JW_Jonker \"JW Jonker\") | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Athenkosi Khethani | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Lesley Klim](/wiki/Lesley_Klim \"Lesley Klim\") | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Jacques Kotzé | Pumas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Stephan Kotzé | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Juan Language](/wiki/Juan_Language \"Juan Language\") | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [AJ Le Roux](/wiki/AJ_Le_Roux \"AJ Le Roux\") | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Tiaan Liebenberg](/wiki/Tiaan_Liebenberg \"Tiaan Liebenberg\") | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Thabo Mamojele](/wiki/Thabo_Mamojele \"Thabo Mamojele\") | Falcons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Neil Maritz](/wiki/Neil_Maritz \"Neil Maritz\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Godlen Masimla](/wiki/Godlen_Masimla \"Godlen Masimla\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Rabz Maxwane](/wiki/Rabz_Maxwane \"Rabz Maxwane\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Shaun McDonald](/wiki/Shaun_McDonald_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun McDonald (rugby union)\") | Boland Cavaliers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Malcolm Moore](/wiki/Malcolm_Moore_%28rugby_union%29 \"Malcolm Moore (rugby union)\") | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Nqoba Mxoli](/wiki/Nqoba_Mxoli \"Nqoba Mxoli\") | Blue Bulls | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Nkosi Nofuma | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Hentzwill Pedro | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Johan Pretorius | Falcons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Mahco Prinsloo | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Wandile Putuma](/wiki/Wandile_Putuma \"Wandile Putuma\") | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Fiffy Rampeta](/wiki/Fiffy_Rampeta \"Fiffy Rampeta\") | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Neil Rautenbach](/wiki/Neil_Rautenbach \"Neil Rautenbach\") | Free State XV / Griffons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Marno Redelinghuys](/wiki/Marno_Redelinghuys \"Marno Redelinghuys\") | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Edwin Sass | Boland Cavaliers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Ricky Schroeder](/wiki/Ricky_Schroeder_%28rugby_union%29 \"Ricky Schroeder (rugby union)\") | Golden Lions XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Victor Sekekete](/wiki/Victor_Sekekete \"Victor Sekekete\") | Golden Lions XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Brian Shabangu](/wiki/Brian_Shabangu \"Brian Shabangu\") | Pumas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [S'bura Sithole](/wiki/S%27bura_Sithole \"S'bura Sithole\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Hennie Skorbinski](/wiki/Hennie_Skorbinski \"Hennie Skorbinski\") | Pumas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Janneman Stander](/wiki/Janneman_Stander \"Janneman Stander\") | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Johan Steyn](/wiki/Johan_Steyn_%28rugby_union%29 \"Johan Steyn (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Jaco Taute](/wiki/Jaco_Taute \"Jaco Taute\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Clinton Theron | Golden Lions XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Sethu Tom | Border Bulldogs | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Franswa Ueckermann | Eastern Province Kings | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Lodewyk Uys | SWD Eagles | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Edwill van der Merwe](/wiki/Edwill_van_der_Merwe \"Edwill van der Merwe\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Kobus van Dyk](/wiki/Kobus_van_Dyk \"Kobus van Dyk\") | Western Province | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Ruan van Rensburg](/wiki/Ruan_van_Rensburg \"Ruan van Rensburg\") | Free State XV | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Russell van Wyk](/wiki/Russell_van_Wyk \"Russell van Wyk\") | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| William van Wyk | Boland Cavaliers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Hanco Venter](/wiki/Hanco_Venter \"Hanco Venter\") | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Adrian Vermeulen | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Ntokozo Vidima | Free State XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Francois Wiese | Welwitschias | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Gene Willemse | Leopards | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Heimar Williams | Sharks XV | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| Marlyn Williams | Falcons | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| [Mzwanele Zito](/wiki/Mzwanele_Zito \"Mzwanele Zito\") | Griquas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** |\n| 215 | Marlou van Niekerk | Pumas | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **9** |\n| Leighton van Wyk | Pumas | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **9** |\n| 217 | [Manie Libbok](/wiki/Manie_Libbok \"Manie Libbok\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **8** |\n| [JP Smith](/wiki/Juan-Philip_Smith \"Juan-Philip Smith\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **8** |\n| [Jaco van der Walt](/wiki/Jaco_van_der_Walt \"Jaco van der Walt\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | **8** |\n| 220 | Dennis Cox | Western Province | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **7** |\n| [Pieter\\-Steyn de Wet](/wiki/Pieter-Steyn_de_Wet \"Pieter-Steyn de Wet\") | Free State XV | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | **7** |\n| [Malherbe Swart](/wiki/Malherbe_Swart \"Malherbe Swart\") | Leopards | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **7** |\n| 223 | [Ruan Ackermann](/wiki/Ruan_Ackermann \"Ruan Ackermann\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Gavin Annandale](/wiki/Gavin_Annandale \"Gavin Annandale\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Riaan Arends | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Ludwe Booi | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Fabian Booysen](/wiki/Fabian_Booysen \"Fabian Booysen\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Curwin Bosch](/wiki/Curwin_Bosch \"Curwin Bosch\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Henri Boshoff | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Bernado Botha](/wiki/Bernado_Botha \"Bernado Botha\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ruan Botha](/wiki/Ruan_Botha \"Ruan Botha\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Cyle Brink](/wiki/Cyle_Brink \"Cyle Brink\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Tienie Burger](/wiki/Tienie_Burger \"Tienie Burger\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Duncan Campbell | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Aranos Coetzee](/wiki/Aranos_Coetzee \"Aranos Coetzee\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Carel\\-Jan Coetzee](/wiki/Carel-Jan_Coetzee \"Carel-Jan Coetzee\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Coert Cronjé | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Kenan Cronjé | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Darryl de la Harpe](/wiki/Darryl_de_la_Harpe \"Darryl de la Harpe\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jo\\-Hanko de Villiers](/wiki/Jo-Hanko_de_Villiers \"Jo-Hanko de Villiers\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Bobby de Wee](/wiki/Bobby_de_Wee \"Bobby de Wee\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Stephan de Wit](/wiki/Stephan_de_Wit \"Stephan de Wit\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Leon du Plessis | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jacques du Toit](/wiki/Jacques_du_Toit_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jacques du Toit (rugby union)\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Johan du Toit](/wiki/Johan_du_Toit \"Johan du Toit\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Billy Dutton](/wiki/Billy_Dutton \"Billy Dutton\") | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Gerhard Engelbrecht | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Wilneth Engelbrecht | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Nardus Erasmus](/wiki/Nardus_Erasmus \"Nardus Erasmus\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Marius Fourie](/wiki/Marius_Fourie \"Marius Fourie\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Tazz Fuzani](/wiki/Tazz_Fuzani \"Tazz Fuzani\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| JC Genade | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Dean Greyling](/wiki/Dean_Greyling \"Dean Greyling\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Roan Grobbelaar | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Thor Halvorsen](/wiki/Thor_Halvorsen \"Thor Halvorsen\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Francois Hanekom | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Lyndon Hartnick | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Deon Helberg](/wiki/Deon_Helberg \"Deon Helberg\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Liam Hendricks](/wiki/Liam_Hendricks \"Liam Hendricks\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Kirsten Heyns | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Dean Hopp](/wiki/Dean_Hopp \"Dean Hopp\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Elandré Huggett | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Marnus Hugo](/wiki/Marnus_Hugo \"Marnus Hugo\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Greg Jackson](/wiki/Greg_Jackson_%28rugby_union%29 \"Greg Jackson (rugby union)\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| JP Jamieson | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jono Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Jono_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Jono Janse van Rensburg\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Rohan Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Rohan_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Rohan Janse van Rensburg\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Pieter Jansen](/wiki/Pieter_Jansen \"Pieter Jansen\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Damien Jansen van Rensburg | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Andile Jho](/wiki/Andile_Jho \"Andile Jho\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Reuben Johannes](/wiki/Reuben_Johannes \"Reuben Johannes\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Jaco Jordaan | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Hanno Kitshoff](/wiki/Hanno_Kitshoff \"Hanno Kitshoff\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Rohan Kitshoff](/wiki/Rohan_Kitshoff \"Rohan Kitshoff\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jean Kleyn](/wiki/Jean_Kleyn \"Jean Kleyn\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Sias Koen](/wiki/Sias_Koen \"Sias Koen\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Johnny Kôtze](/wiki/Johnny_K%C3%B4tze \"Johnny Kôtze\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Dan Kriel](/wiki/Dan_Kriel \"Dan Kriel\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sandile Kubekha | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Bart le Roux | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Tiaan Liebenberg | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Robbie Louw](/wiki/Robbie_Louw \"Robbie Louw\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [MB Lusaseni](/wiki/MB_Lusaseni \"MB Lusaseni\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Thabo Mabuza](/wiki/Thabo_Mabuza \"Thabo Mabuza\") | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Arnout Malherbe | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Theo Maree](/wiki/Theo_Maree \"Theo Maree\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Devon Martinus | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Duncan Matthews](/wiki/Duncan_Matthews_%28rugby_union%29 \"Duncan Matthews (rugby union)\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Thato Mavundla | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [David McDuling](/wiki/David_McDuling \"David McDuling\") | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Siya Mdaka](/wiki/Siya_Mdaka \"Siya Mdaka\") | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Christiaan Meyer | Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ali Mgijima](/wiki/Ali_Mgijima \"Ali Mgijima\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Derick Minnie](/wiki/Derick_Minnie \"Derick Minnie\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Oupa Mohojé](/wiki/Oupa_Mohoj%C3%A9 \"Oupa Mohojé\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Mihlali Mpafi | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sphu Msutwana | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Bruce Muller | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Freddie Muller | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| David Murray | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Franco Naudé](/wiki/Franco_Naud%C3%A9 \"Franco Naudé\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ox Nché](/wiki/Ox_Nch%C3%A9 \"Ox Nché\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Nkululeko Ndlovu | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Norman Nelson](/wiki/Norman_Nelson \"Norman Nelson\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Siyamthanda Ngande | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Freddy Ngoza](/wiki/Freddy_Ngoza \"Freddy Ngoza\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| SF Nieuwoudt | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sipho Nofemele | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Abongile Nonkontwana](/wiki/Abongile_Nonkontwana \"Abongile Nonkontwana\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ossie Nortjé](/wiki/Ossie_Nortj%C3%A9 \"Ossie Nortjé\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Andisa Ntsila](/wiki/Andisa_Ntsila \"Andisa Ntsila\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Sino Nyoka | Border Bulldogs / Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Dwight Pansegrouw | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Buran Parks | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Yaw Penxe](/wiki/Yaw_Penxe \"Yaw Penxe\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Charles Radebe | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Godfrey Ramaboea](/wiki/Godfrey_Ramaboea \"Godfrey Ramaboea\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Anrich Richter | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Marnus Schoeman](/wiki/Marnus_Schoeman \"Marnus Schoeman\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Andries Schutte | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Basil Short](/wiki/Basil_Short \"Basil Short\") | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Martin Sithole](/wiki/Martin_Sithole \"Martin Sithole\") | Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jannie Stander](/wiki/Jannie_Stander \"Jannie Stander\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Walt Steenkamp](/wiki/Walt_Steenkamp \"Walt Steenkamp\") | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Barend Steyn | Falcons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Hendri Storm | Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Meyer Swanepoel | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| BG Uys | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Christo van der Merwe](/wiki/Christo_van_der_Merwe \"Christo van der Merwe\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Nardus van der Walt](/wiki/Nardus_van_der_Walt \"Nardus van der Walt\") | Pumas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Peet van der Walt](/wiki/Peet_van_der_Walt \"Peet van der Walt\") | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Dane van der Westhuyzen | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ruben van Heerden](/wiki/Ruben_van_Heerden \"Ruben van Heerden\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Alandré van Rooyen](/wiki/Alandr%C3%A9_van_Rooyen \"Alandré van Rooyen\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jacques van Rooyen](/wiki/Jacques_van_Rooyen \"Jacques van Rooyen\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jurie van Vuuren](/wiki/Jurie_van_Vuuren \"Jurie van Vuuren\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Denzil van Wyk | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Frans van Wyk](/wiki/Frans_van_Wyk \"Frans van Wyk\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Chris van Zyl](/wiki/Chris_van_Zyl \"Chris van Zyl\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Ivan van Zyl](/wiki/Ivan_van_Zyl \"Ivan van Zyl\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Ockie van Zyl | Boland Cavaliers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [James Venter](/wiki/James_Venter \"James Venter\") | Golden Lions XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Janco Venter](/wiki/Janco_Venter \"Janco Venter\") | Western Province | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Keanu Vers](/wiki/Keanu_Vers \"Keanu Vers\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Callie Visagie](/wiki/Callie_Visagie \"Callie Visagie\") | Blue Bulls | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Wian Vosloo | Sharks XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Clinton Wagman | SWD Eagles | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jeremy Ward](/wiki/Jeremy_Ward_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jeremy Ward (rugby union)\") | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Carl Wegner](/wiki/Carl_Wegner \"Carl Wegner\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Ryno Wepener | Leopards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Jasper Wiese](/wiki/Jasper_Wiese \"Jasper Wiese\") | Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| JC Winckler | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| [Johann Wohler](/wiki/Johann_Wohler \"Johann Wohler\") | Welwitschias | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Lindelwe Zungu | Eastern Province Kings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| 355 | [Gerrie Labuschagné](/wiki/Gerrie_Labuschagn%C3%A9 \"Gerrie Labuschagné\") | Free State XV | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **4** |\n| Colin Herbert | Griffons | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **4** |\n| 357 | [Steven Moir](/wiki/Steven_Moir \"Steven Moir\") | Griquas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **3** |\n| [Heinrich Smit](/wiki/Heinrich_Smit \"Heinrich Smit\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **3** |\n| 359 | Darren Baron | Free State XV | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| [Tinus de Beer](/wiki/Tinus_de_Beer \"Tinus de Beer\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| JP du Plessis | Falcons | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| Damian Engledoe | Falcons | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| [Eric Zana](/wiki/Eric_Zana \"Eric Zana\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **2** |\n| — | [penalty try](/wiki/Try_%28rugby%29 \"Try (rugby)\") | Eastern Province Kings | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **15** |\n| Border Bulldogs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Free State XV | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Griffons | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| Griquas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** |\n| \\* Legend: T \\= Tries, C \\= Conversions, P \\= Penalties, DG \\= Drop Goals, Pts \\= Points. |\n\n",
"### Squads\n\nThe following squads were named for the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series:\n\n \n\n| \\+ Blue Bulls squad |\n| --- |\n| | Andrew Beerwinkel [Renaldo Bothma](/wiki/Renaldo_Bothma \"Renaldo Bothma\") [Jan\\-Henning Campher](/wiki/Jan-Henning_Campher \"Jan-Henning Campher\") Clyde Davids [Nick de Jager](/wiki/Nick_de_Jager \"Nick de Jager\") [Martin Dreyer](/wiki/Martin_Dreyer_%28rugby_union%29 \"Martin Dreyer (rugby union)\") [Corniel Els](/wiki/Corniel_Els \"Corniel Els\") [Aston Fortuin](/wiki/Aston_Fortuin \"Aston Fortuin\") [Justin Forwood](/wiki/Justin_Forwood \"Justin Forwood\") [Neethling Fouché](/wiki/Neethling_Fouch%C3%A9 \"Neethling Fouché\") [Dean Greyling](/wiki/Dean_Greyling \"Dean Greyling\") Njabulo Gumede [Irné Herbst](/wiki/Irn%C3%A9_Herbst \"Irné Herbst\") [Nico Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Nico_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Nico Janse van Rensburg\") [Werner Kruger](/wiki/Werner_Kruger \"Werner Kruger\") [Hanro Liebenberg](/wiki/Hanro_Liebenberg \"Hanro Liebenberg\") [Bandise Maku](/wiki/Bandise_Maku \"Bandise Maku\") [Nqoba Mxoli](/wiki/Nqoba_Mxoli \"Nqoba Mxoli\") [Freddy Ngoza](/wiki/Freddy_Ngoza \"Freddy Ngoza\") [Abongile Nonkontwana](/wiki/Abongile_Nonkontwana \"Abongile Nonkontwana\") [Marvin Orie](/wiki/Marvin_Orie \"Marvin Orie\") [Le Roux Roets](/wiki/Le_Roux_Roets \"Le Roux Roets\") [Roelof Smit](/wiki/Roelof_Smit_%28rugby_player%29 \"Roelof Smit (rugby player)\") [Eli Snyman](/wiki/Eli_Snyman \"Eli Snyman\") [Ruan Steenkamp](/wiki/Ruan_Steenkamp \"Ruan Steenkamp\") [Deon Stegmann](/wiki/Deon_Stegmann \"Deon Stegmann\") [Entienne Swanepoel](/wiki/Entienne_Swanepoel \"Entienne Swanepoel\") Jsuan\\-re Swanepoel Tapiwa Tsomondo [Jan van der Merwe](/wiki/Jan_van_der_Merwe_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jan van der Merwe (rugby union)\") [Dayan van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Dayan_van_der_Westhuizen \"Dayan van der Westhuizen\") [Ruben van Heerden](/wiki/Ruben_van_Heerden \"Ruben van Heerden\") [Alandré van Rooyen](/wiki/Alandr%C3%A9_van_Rooyen \"Alandré van Rooyen\") [Hencus van Wyk](/wiki/Hencus_van_Wyk \"Hencus van Wyk\") [Callie Visagie](/wiki/Callie_Visagie \"Callie Visagie\") [Jaco Visagie](/wiki/Jaco_Visagie \"Jaco Visagie\") **Did not play:** Matthys Basson Wynand de Necker Arnold Gerber Rohan Goosen Stefaan Grundlingh [Grant Hattingh](/wiki/Grant_Hattingh \"Grant Hattingh\") Riekert Hattingh [Madot Mabokela](/wiki/Madot_Mabokela \"Madot Mabokela\") Justin Meintjies Menzi Nhlabathi [Pierre Schoeman](/wiki/Pierre_Schoeman \"Pierre Schoeman\") PJ Toerien Luigy van Jaarsveld |\n| | [Bjorn Basson](/wiki/Bjorn_Basson \"Bjorn Basson\") [Tinus de Beer](/wiki/Tinus_de_Beer \"Tinus de Beer\") [Warrick Gelant](/wiki/Warrick_Gelant \"Warrick Gelant\") [Alcino Izaacs](/wiki/Alcino_Izaacs \"Alcino Izaacs\") [JT Jackson](/wiki/JT_Jackson \"JT Jackson\") [Tony Jantjies](/wiki/Tony_Jantjies \"Tony Jantjies\") [Dan Kriel](/wiki/Dan_Kriel \"Dan Kriel\") [Manie Libbok](/wiki/Manie_Libbok \"Manie Libbok\") Adrian Maebane [Kefentse Mahlo](/wiki/Kefentse_Mahlo \"Kefentse Mahlo\") [Theo Maree](/wiki/Theo_Maree \"Theo Maree\") [Duncan Matthews](/wiki/Duncan_Matthews_%28rugby_union%29 \"Duncan Matthews (rugby union)\") Ganfried May Dewald Naudé [Franco Naudé](/wiki/Franco_Naud%C3%A9 \"Franco Naudé\") [Luther Obi](/wiki/Luther_Obi \"Luther Obi\") [Divan Rossouw](/wiki/Divan_Rossouw \"Divan Rossouw\") Marquit September [Joshua Stander](/wiki/Joshua_Stander \"Joshua Stander\") Jade Stighling [Dries Swanepoel](/wiki/Dries_Swanepoel \"Dries Swanepoel\") [Duhan van der Merwe](/wiki/Duhan_van_der_Merwe \"Duhan van der Merwe\") [Ivan van Zyl](/wiki/Ivan_van_Zyl \"Ivan van Zyl\") [André Warner](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warner \"André Warner\") Kurt Webster **Did not play:** Jerry Danquah Corné de Klerk Dale Hendricks Keanu Langeveldt Tshepiso Mahasha Sipho Phiri Curtley Prins Marais Schmidt Marcel Steyn\\-Scholtz [Hanco Venter](/wiki/Hanco_Venter \"Hanco Venter\") |\n| | [Hendré Marnitz](/wiki/Hendr%C3%A9_Marnitz \"Hendré Marnitz\") |\n\n| \\+ Boland Cavaliers squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Shaun Adendorff](/wiki/Shaun_Adendorff \"Shaun Adendorff\") [Yves Bashiya](/wiki/Yves_Bashiya \"Yves Bashiya\") Kenan Cronjé [Francois Esterhuyzen](/wiki/Francois_Esterhuyzen \"Francois Esterhuyzen\") JC Genade Francois Hanekom Ferdie Horn Zandré Jordaan [Hanno Kitshoff](/wiki/Hanno_Kitshoff \"Hanno Kitshoff\") [Clemen Lewis](/wiki/Clemen_Lewis \"Clemen Lewis\") [Shaun McDonald](/wiki/Shaun_McDonald_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun McDonald (rugby union)\") Niel Oelofse [Basil Short](/wiki/Basil_Short \"Basil Short\") Linda Thwala Ockie van Zyl Chadley Wenn SP Wessels Chaney Willemse Wayne Wilschut **Did not play:** Gareth Cilliers Enoch Mnyaka Ludio Williams |\n| | [Christopher Bosch](/wiki/Christopher_Bosch \"Christopher Bosch\") [Adriaan Carelse](/wiki/Adriaan_Carelse \"Adriaan Carelse\") [Jovelian de Koker](/wiki/Jovelian_de_Koker \"Jovelian de Koker\") [Danwel Demas](/wiki/Danwel_Demas \"Danwel Demas\") Gavin Hauptfleisch [Marnus Hugo](/wiki/Marnus_Hugo \"Marnus Hugo\") Gerhard Jordaan [Theuns Kotzé](/wiki/Theuns_Kotz%C3%A9 \"Theuns Kotzé\") [Robbie Louw](/wiki/Robbie_Louw \"Robbie Louw\") [Ryan Nell](/wiki/Ryan_Nell \"Ryan Nell\") Craig Pheiffer Edwin Sass [Nico Scheepers](/wiki/Nico_Scheepers \"Nico Scheepers\") Sergio Torrens Gerrit van Wyk William van Wyk **Did not play:** Charlie Mayeza Wesley Pindele |\n| | [Brent Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Brent_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Brent Janse van Rensburg\") |\n\n| \\+ Border Bulldogs squad |\n| --- |\n| | Ludwe Booi [Onke Dubase](/wiki/Onke_Dubase \"Onke Dubase\") [Billy Dutton](/wiki/Billy_Dutton \"Billy Dutton\") Johannes Janse van Rensburg [Johannes Jonker](/wiki/Johannes_Jonker \"Johannes Jonker\") Athenkosi Khethani Josh Kota [Blake Kyd](/wiki/Blake_Kyd \"Blake Kyd\") Athenkosi Manentsa [Siya Mdaka](/wiki/Siya_Mdaka \"Siya Mdaka\") Mihlali Mpafi [Buhle Mxunyelwa](/wiki/Buhle_Mxunyelwa \"Buhle Mxunyelwa\") Siyamthanda Ngande Nkosi Nofuma [Lukhanyo Nomzanga](/wiki/Lukhanyo_Nomzanga \"Lukhanyo Nomzanga\") [Wandile Putuma](/wiki/Wandile_Putuma \"Wandile Putuma\") Hendri Storm Lindokuhle Welemu [Yanga Xakalashe](/wiki/Yanga_Xakalashe \"Yanga Xakalashe\") **Did not play:** Phumlani Blaauw Ayabonga Nomboyo Soso Xakalashe |\n| | [Masixole Banda](/wiki/Masixole_Banda \"Masixole Banda\") Logan Basson Lunga Dumezweni Bangi Kobese [Michael Makase](/wiki/Michael_Makase \"Michael Makase\") [Makazole Mapimpi](/wiki/Makazole_Mapimpi \"Makazole Mapimpi\") [Thembani Mkokeli](/wiki/Thembani_Mkokeli \"Thembani Mkokeli\") Sonwabiso Mqalo Sibabalwe Mtsulwana Siya Ncanywa Nkululeko Ndlovu Saneliso Ngoma Sipho Nofemele Sino Nyoka Lundi Ralarala Sethu Tom Zukisani Tywaleni [Oliver Zono](/wiki/Oliver_Zono \"Oliver Zono\") **Did not play:** [Ntando Kebe](/wiki/Ntando_Kebe \"Ntando Kebe\") [Tiger Mangweni](/wiki/Tiger_Mangweni \"Tiger Mangweni\") |\n| | **Did not play:** Minenhle Ngidi |\n| | [David Dobela](/wiki/David_Dobela \"David Dobela\") [Elliot Fana](/wiki/Elliot_Fana \"Elliot Fana\") |\n\n| \\+ Eastern Province Kings squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Louis Albertse](/wiki/Louis_Albertse \"Louis Albertse\") [Lusanda Badiyana](/wiki/Lusanda_Badiyana \"Lusanda Badiyana\") Tango Balekile Martin Bezuidenhout [Brandon Brown](/wiki/Brandon_Brown_%28rugby_union%29 \"Brandon Brown (rugby union)\") Wihan Coetzer Stephan Deyzel [Philip du Preez](/wiki/Philip_du_Preez \"Philip du Preez\") [Jacques Engelbrecht](/wiki/Jacques_Engelbrecht \"Jacques Engelbrecht\") [Tazz Fuzani](/wiki/Tazz_Fuzani \"Tazz Fuzani\") Wynand Grassmann [Liam Hendricks](/wiki/Liam_Hendricks \"Liam Hendricks\") [Cornell Hess](/wiki/Cornell_Hess \"Cornell Hess\") Justin Hollis Gerrit Huisamen [Hannes Huisamen](/wiki/Hannes_Huisamen \"Hannes Huisamen\") [Greg Jackson](/wiki/Greg_Jackson_%28rugby_union%29 \"Greg Jackson (rugby union)\") JP Jamieson JP Jonck Rob Lyons [Sintu Manjezi](/wiki/Sintu_Manjezi \"Sintu Manjezi\") David Murray SF Nieuwoudt NJ Oosthuizen [Junior Pokomela](/wiki/Junior_Pokomela \"Junior Pokomela\") Jayson Reinecke Vukile Sofisa Roché van Zyl Warrick Venter Stephan Zaayman **Did not play:** [Tyler Paul](/wiki/Tyler_Paul \"Tyler Paul\") Hayden Tharratt |\n| | [Simon Bolze](/wiki/Simon_Bolze \"Simon Bolze\") Michael Brink Davron Cameron [JP du Plessis](/wiki/JP_du_Plessis \"JP du Plessis\") Ivan\\-John du Preez Riaan Esterhuizen Chuma Faas [Andile Jho](/wiki/Andile_Jho \"Andile Jho\") [Somila Jho](/wiki/Somila_Jho \"Somila Jho\") Jordan Koekemoer [Garrick Mattheus](/wiki/Garrick_Mattheus \"Garrick Mattheus\") [Athi Mayinje](/wiki/Athi_Mayinje \"Athi Mayinje\") [Jixie Molapo](/wiki/Jixie_Molapo \"Jixie Molapo\") Sphu Msutwana Rouche Nel Sibusiso Ngcokovane [Yaw Penxe](/wiki/Yaw_Penxe \"Yaw Penxe\") Mabhutana Peter Franswa Ueckermann [Jaco van Tonder](/wiki/Jaco_van_Tonder \"Jaco van Tonder\") [Keanu Vers](/wiki/Keanu_Vers \"Keanu Vers\") [Jeremy Ward](/wiki/Jeremy_Ward_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jeremy Ward (rugby union)\") [Courtney Winnaar](/wiki/Courtney_Winnaar \"Courtney Winnaar\") Lindelwe Zungu **Did not play:** Thaki Boloko Warren Swarts [Elgar Watts](/wiki/Elgar_Watts \"Elgar Watts\") |\n| | [Robbi Kempson](/wiki/Robbi_Kempson \"Robbi Kempson\") |\n\n| \\+ Falcons squad |\n| --- |\n| | Jacques Alberts Henri Boshoff Isak Deetlefs [Vince Jobo](/wiki/Vince_Jobo \"Vince Jobo\") [Shane Kirkwood](/wiki/Shane_Kirkwood \"Shane Kirkwood\") Ernst Ladendorf [Thabo Mamojele](/wiki/Thabo_Mamojele \"Thabo Mamojele\") [JP Mostert](/wiki/JP_Mostert \"JP Mostert\") [Dean Muir](/wiki/Dean_Muir \"Dean Muir\") [Reg Muller](/wiki/Reg_Muller \"Reg Muller\") [Friedle Olivier](/wiki/Friedle_Olivier \"Friedle Olivier\") Dwight Pansegrouw Andries Schutte Barend Steyn Koos Strauss Gihard Visagie Grant Watts Marlyn Williams **Did not play:** Justin Pappin Themba Thabethe |\n| | Ruan Allerston [Karlo Aspeling](/wiki/Karlo_Aspeling \"Karlo Aspeling\") Christo Coetzee Coert Cronjé Xander Cronjé JP du Plessis Damian Engledoe [Kyle Hendricks](/wiki/Kyle_Hendricks_%28rugby_union%29 \"Kyle Hendricks (rugby union)\") Grant Janke Charlie Mayeza Sino Nyoka Warren Potgieter Johan Pretorius Anrich Richter Christian Rust [Etienne Taljaard](/wiki/Etienne_Taljaard \"Etienne Taljaard\") Andries Truter [Andrew van Wyk](/wiki/Andrew_van_Wyk \"Andrew van Wyk\") **Did not play:** Etienne Storm Waylon Thompson |\n| | [Rudy Joubert](/wiki/Rudy_Joubert \"Rudy Joubert\") |\n\n| \\+ Free State XV squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Justin Basson](/wiki/Justin_Basson \"Justin Basson\") [Willie Britz](/wiki/Willie_Britz \"Willie Britz\") [Tienie Burger](/wiki/Tienie_Burger \"Tienie Burger\") [Neil Claassen](/wiki/Neil_Claassen \"Neil Claassen\") [Aranos Coetzee](/wiki/Aranos_Coetzee \"Aranos Coetzee\") [Luan de Bruin](/wiki/Luan_de_Bruin \"Luan de Bruin\") [Erich de Jager](/wiki/Erich_de_Jager \"Erich de Jager\") [Jacques du Toit](/wiki/Jacques_du_Toit_%28rugby_union%29 \"Jacques du Toit (rugby union)\") [Joseph Dweba](/wiki/Joseph_Dweba \"Joseph Dweba\") [Nardus Erasmus](/wiki/Nardus_Erasmus \"Nardus Erasmus\") Johann Grundlingh Elandré Huggett [Reniel Hugo](/wiki/Reniel_Hugo \"Reniel Hugo\") Günther Janse van Vuuren [Niell Jordaan](/wiki/Niell_Jordaan \"Niell Jordaan\") [Armandt Koster](/wiki/Armandt_Koster \"Armandt Koster\") [Johan Kotze](/wiki/Johan_Kotze \"Johan Kotze\") [Tiaan Liebenberg](/wiki/Tiaan_Liebenberg \"Tiaan Liebenberg\") Musa Mahlasela Victor Maruping [Danie Mienie](/wiki/Danie_Mienie \"Danie Mienie\") [Oupa Mohojé](/wiki/Oupa_Mohoj%C3%A9 \"Oupa Mohojé\") Gopolang Molefe [Chase Morison](/wiki/Chase_Morison \"Chase Morison\") [Ox Nché](/wiki/Ox_Nch%C3%A9 \"Ox Nché\") [Fiffy Rampeta](/wiki/Fiffy_Rampeta \"Fiffy Rampeta\") [Neil Rautenbach](/wiki/Neil_Rautenbach \"Neil Rautenbach\") [Boela Serfontein](/wiki/Boela_Serfontein \"Boela Serfontein\") [Yōsuke Takahashi](/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Takahashi_%28rugby_union%29 \"Yōsuke Takahashi (rugby union)\") BG Uys [Henco Venter](/wiki/Henco_Venter \"Henco Venter\") [Reinach Venter](/wiki/Reinach_Venter \"Reinach Venter\") Brendan Verster Ntokozo Vidima Quintin Vorster [Carl Wegner](/wiki/Carl_Wegner \"Carl Wegner\") [Jasper Wiese](/wiki/Jasper_Wiese \"Jasper Wiese\") **Did not play:** [Dolph Botha](/wiki/Dolph_Botha \"Dolph Botha\") Junior Burger Wynne Crawford JC Fourie [Nicolaas Immelman](/wiki/Nicolaas_Immelman \"Nicolaas Immelman\") Alex Jonker Willandré Kotzenberg [De Wet Kruger](/wiki/De_Wet_Kruger \"De Wet Kruger\") Brandon Kuzatjike [Hilton Lobberts](/wiki/Hilton_Lobberts \"Hilton Lobberts\") [Daniel Maartens](/wiki/Daniel_Maartens \"Daniel Maartens\") Sylvester Makakole Damien May Teunis Nieuwoudt [Gerhard Olivier](/wiki/Gerhard_Olivier \"Gerhard Olivier\") Kaden Prince Dean Rossouw SJ Roux Robin Stevens Hennie\\-Schalk Theron [Conraad van Vuuren](/wiki/Conraad_van_Vuuren \"Conraad van Vuuren\") Pieter Venter [Dennis Visser](/wiki/Dennis_Visser \"Dennis Visser\") |\n| | Darren Baron [Rayno Benjamin](/wiki/Rayno_Benjamin \"Rayno Benjamin\") [Renier Botha](/wiki/Renier_Botha \"Renier Botha\") [Carel\\-Jan Coetzee](/wiki/Carel-Jan_Coetzee \"Carel-Jan Coetzee\") JP Coetzee [Pieter\\-Steyn de Wet](/wiki/Pieter-Steyn_de_Wet \"Pieter-Steyn de Wet\") Maphutha Dolo [Sias Ebersohn](/wiki/Sias_Ebersohn \"Sias Ebersohn\") [Reinhardt Erwee](/wiki/Reinhardt_Erwee \"Reinhardt Erwee\") Lorenzo Gordon [Tertius Kruger](/wiki/Tertius_Kruger \"Tertius Kruger\") [Gerrie Labuschagné](/wiki/Gerrie_Labuschagn%C3%A9 \"Gerrie Labuschagné\") [Mosolwa Mafuma](/wiki/Mosolwa_Mafuma \"Mosolwa Mafuma\") [Niel Marais](/wiki/Niel_Marais \"Niel Marais\") [Ali Mgijima](/wiki/Ali_Mgijima \"Ali Mgijima\") [Zee Mkhabela](/wiki/Zee_Mkhabela \"Zee Mkhabela\") Kholo Ramashala [JP Smith](/wiki/Juan-Philip_Smith \"Juan-Philip Smith\") [Michael van der Spuy](/wiki/Michael_van_der_Spuy \"Michael van der Spuy\") [Ruan van Rensburg](/wiki/Ruan_van_Rensburg \"Ruan van Rensburg\") Arno van Staden **Did not play:** Carlton Coeries Luke Cyster Ludwig Erasmus Henry Immelman Stephan Janse van Rensburg Julian Jordaan Garneth Kock [Nico Lee](/wiki/Nico_Lee \"Nico Lee\") [Marco Mason](/wiki/Marco_Mason \"Marco Mason\") Shaun Prins Tiaan Schmulian [Yoshizumi Takeda](/wiki/Yoshizumi_Takeda \"Yoshizumi Takeda\") [Coenie van Wyk](/wiki/Coenie_van_Wyk \"Coenie van Wyk\") [Louis Venter](/wiki/Louis_Venter \"Louis Venter\") Arrie Vosloo Ruan Wasserman Dwayne Wessels Arthur Williams |\n| | [MJ Smith](/wiki/MJ_Smith \"MJ Smith\") |\n\n| \\+ Golden Lions XV squad |\n| --- |\n| | Justin Ackerman [Ruan Ackermann](/wiki/Ruan_Ackermann \"Ruan Ackermann\") Le Roux Baard Driaan Bester [Fabian Booysen](/wiki/Fabian_Booysen \"Fabian Booysen\") [Cyle Brink](/wiki/Cyle_Brink \"Cyle Brink\") [Jo\\-Hanko de Villiers](/wiki/Jo-Hanko_de_Villiers \"Jo-Hanko de Villiers\") [Bobby de Wee](/wiki/Bobby_de_Wee \"Bobby de Wee\") [Stephan de Wit](/wiki/Stephan_de_Wit \"Stephan de Wit\") [Nico du Plessis](/wiki/Nico_du_Plessis \"Nico du Plessis\") [JP du Preez](/wiki/JP_du_Preez \"JP du Preez\") [Lourens Erasmus](/wiki/Lourens_Erasmus \"Lourens Erasmus\") [Andries Ferreira](/wiki/Andries_Ferreira \"Andries Ferreira\") [Corné Fourie](/wiki/Corn%C3%A9_Fourie \"Corné Fourie\") Wiehan Jacobs [Pieter Jansen](/wiki/Pieter_Jansen \"Pieter Jansen\") Kyle Kruger [Robert Kruger](/wiki/Robert_Kruger \"Robert Kruger\") [Ruaan Lerm](/wiki/Ruaan_Lerm \"Ruaan Lerm\") [MB Lusaseni](/wiki/MB_Lusaseni \"MB Lusaseni\") Arnout Malherbe [Derick Minnie](/wiki/Derick_Minnie \"Derick Minnie\") [Martin Muller](/wiki/Martin_Muller_%28rugby_union%29 \"Martin Muller (rugby union)\") Luvuyo Pupuma [Ramone Samuels](/wiki/Ramone_Samuels \"Ramone Samuels\") [Pieter Scholtz](/wiki/Pieter_Scholtz \"Pieter Scholtz\") [Victor Sekekete](/wiki/Victor_Sekekete \"Victor Sekekete\") Henco Smit [Dylan Smith](/wiki/Dylan_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"Dylan Smith (rugby union)\") [Jannes Snyman](/wiki/Jannes_Snyman \"Jannes Snyman\") [Warwick Tecklenburg](/wiki/Warwick_Tecklenburg \"Warwick Tecklenburg\") Clinton Theron [Jacques van Rooyen](/wiki/Jacques_van_Rooyen \"Jacques van Rooyen\") [James Venter](/wiki/James_Venter \"James Venter\") [Jano Venter](/wiki/Jano_Venter \"Jano Venter\") **Did not play:** CJ Conradie Estian Enslin Juandré Michau Dwayne Pienaar Sarel Smith Koos Tredoux [Akker van der Merwe](/wiki/Akker_van_der_Merwe \"Akker van der Merwe\") |\n| | [JW Bell](/wiki/JW_Bell \"JW Bell\") [Marnitz Boshoff](/wiki/Marnitz_Boshoff \"Marnitz Boshoff\") [Andries Coetzee](/wiki/Andries_Coetzee \"Andries Coetzee\") [Ross Cronjé](/wiki/Ross_Cronj%C3%A9 \"Ross Cronjé\") [Ashlon Davids](/wiki/Ashlon_Davids \"Ashlon Davids\") [Aphiwe Dyantyi](/wiki/Aphiwe_Dyantyi \"Aphiwe Dyantyi\") Selom Gavor [Lloyd Greeff](/wiki/Lloyd_Greeff \"Lloyd Greeff\") [Stokkies Hanekom](/wiki/Stokkies_Hanekom \"Stokkies Hanekom\") [Rohan Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Rohan_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Rohan Janse van Rensburg\") [Marco Jansen van Vuren](/wiki/Marco_Jansen_van_Vuren \"Marco Jansen van Vuren\") Curtis Jonas [Sylvian Mahuza](/wiki/Sylvian_Mahuza \"Sylvian Mahuza\") Koch Marx [Siya Masuku](/wiki/Siya_Masuku \"Siya Masuku\") [Jacques Nel](/wiki/Jacques_Nel \"Jacques Nel\") [Godfrey Ramaboea](/wiki/Godfrey_Ramaboea \"Godfrey Ramaboea\") [Shaun Reynolds](/wiki/Shaun_Reynolds_%28rugby_union%29 \"Shaun Reynolds (rugby union)\") Cameron Rooi [Jarryd Sage](/wiki/Jarryd_Sage \"Jarryd Sage\") [Ricky Schroeder](/wiki/Ricky_Schroeder_%28rugby_union%29 \"Ricky Schroeder (rugby union)\") Barend Smit [Dillon Smit](/wiki/Dillon_Smit \"Dillon Smit\") [Jaco van der Walt](/wiki/Jaco_van_der_Walt \"Jaco van der Walt\") [Anthony Volmink](/wiki/Anthony_Volmink \"Anthony Volmink\") **Did not play:** Kobus Engelbrecht Jurie Linde [Sampie Mastriet](/wiki/Sampie_Mastriet \"Sampie Mastriet\") [Gerdus van der Walt](/wiki/Gerdus_van_der_Walt \"Gerdus van der Walt\") |\n| | [Bafana Nhleko](/wiki/Bafana_Nhleko \"Bafana Nhleko\") |\n\n| \\+ Griffons squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Gavin Annandale](/wiki/Gavin_Annandale \"Gavin Annandale\") Zingisa April Gerard Baard [PW Botha](/wiki/PW_Botha_%28rugby_union%29 \"PW Botha (rugby union)\") [Samora Fihlani](/wiki/Samora_Fihlani \"Samora Fihlani\") [Dirk Grobbelaar](/wiki/Dirk_Grobbelaar \"Dirk Grobbelaar\") [Boetie Groenewald](/wiki/Boetie_Groenewald \"Boetie Groenewald\") [De Wet Kruger](/wiki/De_Wet_Kruger \"De Wet Kruger\") Wayne Ludick [George Marich](/wiki/George_Marich \"George Marich\") Vincent Maruping Thato Mavundla [Khwezi Mkhafu](/wiki/Khwezi_Mkhafu \"Khwezi Mkhafu\") [Neil Rautenbach](/wiki/Neil_Rautenbach \"Neil Rautenbach\") Heinrich Roelfse Frans Sisita [Martin Sithole](/wiki/Martin_Sithole \"Martin Sithole\") [Danie van der Merwe](/wiki/Danie_van_der_Merwe \"Danie van der Merwe\") Boela Venter Hennie Venter **Did not play:** Jan Breedt Rudi Britz Werner Kotze [Erik le Roux](/wiki/Erik_le_Roux \"Erik le Roux\") |\n| | [Boela Abrahams](/wiki/Boela_Abrahams \"Boela Abrahams\") [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") [Pieter\\-Steyn de Wet](/wiki/Pieter-Steyn_de_Wet \"Pieter-Steyn de Wet\") [Franna du Toit](/wiki/Franna_du_Toit \"Franna du Toit\") [Joubert Engelbrecht](/wiki/Joubert_Engelbrecht \"Joubert Engelbrecht\") Colin Herbert Lohan Lubbe Tertius Maarman [Vuyo Mbotho](/wiki/Vuyo_Mbotho \"Vuyo Mbotho\") [Japie Nel](/wiki/Japie_Nel \"Japie Nel\") [Norman Nelson](/wiki/Norman_Nelson \"Norman Nelson\") [Ossie Nortjé](/wiki/Ossie_Nortj%C3%A9 \"Ossie Nortjé\") Duan Pretorius Sherwin Slater Malcolm\\-Kerr Till [Coenie van Wyk](/wiki/Coenie_van_Wyk \"Coenie van Wyk\") [Louis Venter](/wiki/Louis_Venter \"Louis Venter\") [George Whitehead](/wiki/George_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"George Whitehead (rugby union)\") Warren Williams **Did not play:** Hein Bezuidenhout Wynand Pienaar [Dewald Pretorius](/wiki/Dewald_Pretorius_%28rugby_union%29 \"Dewald Pretorius (rugby union)\") Tshidiso Tlale |\n| | [Oersond Gorgonzola](/wiki/Oersond_Gorgonzola \"Oersond Gorgonzola\") |\n\n| \\+ Griquas squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Jonathan Adendorf](/wiki/Jonathan_Adendorf \"Jonathan Adendorf\") [David Antonites](/wiki/David_Antonites \"David Antonites\") [Marius Fourie](/wiki/Marius_Fourie \"Marius Fourie\") [Jason Fraser](/wiki/Jason_Fraser \"Jason Fraser\") [Jono Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Jono_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Jono Janse van Rensburg\") [Sias Koen](/wiki/Sias_Koen \"Sias Koen\") Stephan Kotzé [Luxolo Koza](/wiki/Luxolo_Koza \"Luxolo Koza\") [AJ le Roux](/wiki/AJ_le_Roux \"AJ le Roux\") [RJ Liebenberg](/wiki/RJ_Liebenberg \"RJ Liebenberg\") [Thabo Mabuza](/wiki/Thabo_Mabuza \"Thabo Mabuza\") Devon Martinus Steven Meiring [Jaco Nepgen](/wiki/Jaco_Nepgen \"Jaco Nepgen\") Teunis Nieuwoudt [Steph Roberts](/wiki/Steph_Roberts \"Steph Roberts\") [Sidney Tobias](/wiki/Sidney_Tobias \"Sidney Tobias\") [Ewald van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Ewald_van_der_Westhuizen \"Ewald van der Westhuizen\") Steph Vermeulen [Wendal Wehr](/wiki/Wendal_Wehr \"Wendal Wehr\") [Mzwanele Zito](/wiki/Mzwanele_Zito \"Mzwanele Zito\") |\n| | Ederies Arendse [Alshaun Bock](/wiki/Alshaun_Bock \"Alshaun Bock\") [Renier Botha](/wiki/Renier_Botha \"Renier Botha\") [AJ Coertzen](/wiki/AJ_Coertzen \"AJ Coertzen\") [Tiaan Dorfling](/wiki/Tiaan_Dorfling \"Tiaan Dorfling\") [Ntabeni Dukisa](/wiki/Ntabeni_Dukisa \"Ntabeni Dukisa\") [Johnathan Francke](/wiki/Johnathan_Francke \"Johnathan Francke\") [JW Jonker](/wiki/JW_Jonker \"JW Jonker\") Kyle Lombard Christiaan Meyer [Steven Moir](/wiki/Steven_Moir \"Steven Moir\") [Gouws Prinsloo](/wiki/Gouws_Prinsloo \"Gouws Prinsloo\") [Clinton Swart](/wiki/Clinton_Swart \"Clinton Swart\") [André Swarts](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Swarts \"André Swarts\") [Rudi van Rooyen](/wiki/Rudi_van_Rooyen \"Rudi van Rooyen\") [Eric Zana](/wiki/Eric_Zana \"Eric Zana\") |\n| | [Peter Engledow](/wiki/Peter_Engledow \"Peter Engledow\") |\n\n| \\+ Leopards squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Wilmar Arnoldi](/wiki/Wilmar_Arnoldi \"Wilmar Arnoldi\") Molotsi Bouwer Leon du Plessis Roan Grobbelaar [Danie Jordaan](/wiki/Danie_Jordaan \"Danie Jordaan\") Jaco Jordaan [Juan Language](/wiki/Juan_Language \"Juan Language\") Bart le Roux Tiaan Liebenberg Mash Mafela Stairs Mhlongo Loftus Morrison Bruce Muller Lucky Ngcamu [Marno Redelinghuys](/wiki/Marno_Redelinghuys \"Marno Redelinghuys\") Francois Robertse [Jeandré Rudolph](/wiki/Jeandr%C3%A9_Rudolph \"Jeandré Rudolph\") [Walt Steenkamp](/wiki/Walt_Steenkamp \"Walt Steenkamp\") [HP Swart](/wiki/HP_Swart \"HP Swart\") [Louis van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Louis_van_der_Westhuizen_%28rugby_union%29 \"Louis van der Westhuizen (rugby union)\") Dane van der Westhuyzen [Ruan Venter](/wiki/Ruan_Venter \"Ruan Venter\") **Did not play:** Wian Fourie Mogau Mabokela Tshego Moloto Bhekisa Shongwe [Joe Smith](/wiki/Joe_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"Joe Smith (rugby union)\") |\n| | Rowayne Beukman Myburgh Briers Lucian Cupido [Johan Deysel](/wiki/Johan_Deysel \"Johan Deysel\") Cecil Dumond Jaco Hayward Schalk Hugo [Benhard Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Benhard_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Benhard Janse van Rensburg\") [Henko Marais](/wiki/Henko_Marais \"Henko Marais\") [Bradley Moolman](/wiki/Bradley_Moolman \"Bradley Moolman\") [Chriswill September](/wiki/Chriswill_September \"Chriswill September\") [Rhyno Smith](/wiki/Rhyno_Smith \"Rhyno Smith\") Dean Stokes [Malherbe Swart](/wiki/Malherbe_Swart \"Malherbe Swart\") Adrian Vermeulen Johnny Welthagen Ryno Wepener Gene Willemse [Percy Williams](/wiki/Percy_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Percy Williams (rugby union)\") **Did not play:** Wesley Cupido Arthur Festus Dalen Goliath Akhona Nela |\n| | [Jonathan Mokeuna](/wiki/Jonathan_Mokeuna \"Jonathan Mokeuna\") |\n\n| \\+ Pumas squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Marné Coetzee](/wiki/Marn%C3%A9_Coetzee \"Marné Coetzee\") [François du Toit](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_du_Toit \"François du Toit\") [Carel Greeff](/wiki/Carel_Greeff \"Carel Greeff\") [Stephan Greeff](/wiki/Stephan_Greeff \"Stephan Greeff\") [Lambert Groenewald](/wiki/Lambert_Groenewald \"Lambert Groenewald\") Wiehan Hay [Frank Herne](/wiki/Frank_Herne \"Frank Herne\") [Rassie Jansen van Vuuren](/wiki/Rassie_Jansen_van_Vuuren \"Rassie Jansen van Vuuren\") [Reuben Johannes](/wiki/Reuben_Johannes \"Reuben Johannes\") [Hugo Kloppers](/wiki/Hugo_Kloppers \"Hugo Kloppers\") Jacques Kotzé [Khwezi Mona](/wiki/Khwezi_Mona \"Khwezi Mona\") [Giant Mtyanda](/wiki/Giant_Mtyanda \"Giant Mtyanda\") [Sabelo Nhlapo](/wiki/Sabelo_Nhlapo \"Sabelo Nhlapo\") [Dylan Peterson](/wiki/Dylan_Peterson \"Dylan Peterson\") [Marnus Schoeman](/wiki/Marnus_Schoeman \"Marnus Schoeman\") [Brian Shabangu](/wiki/Brian_Shabangu \"Brian Shabangu\") [Jannie Stander](/wiki/Jannie_Stander \"Jannie Stander\") [De\\-Jay Terblanche](/wiki/De-Jay_Terblanche \"De-Jay Terblanche\") [Nardus van der Walt](/wiki/Nardus_van_der_Walt \"Nardus van der Walt\") [Simon Westraadt](/wiki/Simon_Westraadt \"Simon Westraadt\") **Did not play:** [Jeremy Jordaan](/wiki/Jeremy_Jordaan \"Jeremy Jordaan\") |\n| | [Bernado Botha](/wiki/Bernado_Botha \"Bernado Botha\") [Tyler Fisher](/wiki/Tyler_Fisher \"Tyler Fisher\") [Deon Helberg](/wiki/Deon_Helberg \"Deon Helberg\") Johan Herbst [Ruwellyn Isbell](/wiki/Ruwellyn_Isbell \"Ruwellyn Isbell\") Damien Jansen van Rensburg JP Lewis [Wilmaure Louw](/wiki/Wilmaure_Louw \"Wilmaure Louw\") [Hoffmann Maritz](/wiki/Hoffmann_Maritz \"Hoffmann Maritz\") [Marcello Sampson](/wiki/Marcello_Sampson \"Marcello Sampson\") [Hennie Skorbinski](/wiki/Hennie_Skorbinski \"Hennie Skorbinski\") [Heinrich Steyl](/wiki/Heinrich_Steyl \"Heinrich Steyl\") [Emile Temperman](/wiki/Emile_Temperman \"Emile Temperman\") Marlou van Niekerk Reynier van Rooyen [Justin van Staden](/wiki/Justin_van_Staden \"Justin van Staden\") Leighton van Wyk [Devon Williams](/wiki/Devon_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Devon Williams (rugby union)\") **Did not play:** Ian Truter |\n| | [MJ Mentz](/wiki/MJ_Mentz \"MJ Mentz\") |\n\n| \\+ Sharks XV squad |\n| --- |\n| | [Hyron Andrews](/wiki/Hyron_Andrews \"Hyron Andrews\") [Ruan Botha](/wiki/Ruan_Botha \"Ruan Botha\") [Dale Chadwick](/wiki/Dale_Chadwick \"Dale Chadwick\") [Stephan Coetzee](/wiki/Stephan_Coetzee \"Stephan Coetzee\") Chris de Beer [Christiaan de Bruin](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Bruin \"Christiaan de Bruin\") [Jean Droste](/wiki/Jean_Droste \"Jean Droste\") [Andrew du Plessis](/wiki/Andrew_du_Plessis \"Andrew du Plessis\") [Johan du Toit](/wiki/Johan_du_Toit \"Johan du Toit\") [Thomas du Toit](/wiki/Thomas_du_Toit \"Thomas du Toit\") Gerhard Engelbrecht Graham Geldenhuys [Francois Kleinhans](/wiki/Francois_Kleinhans \"Francois Kleinhans\") [Ruan Kramer](/wiki/Ruan_Kramer \"Ruan Kramer\") [Khaya Majola](/wiki/Khaya_Majola_%28rugby_union%29 \"Khaya Majola (rugby union)\") [Mzamo Majola](/wiki/Mzamo_Majola \"Mzamo Majola\") Retief Marais [David McDuling](/wiki/David_McDuling \"David McDuling\") [John\\-Hubert Meyer](/wiki/John-Hubert_Meyer \"John-Hubert Meyer\") [Tera Mtembu](/wiki/Tera_Mtembu \"Tera Mtembu\") Barend Potgieter [Chiliboy Ralepelle](/wiki/Chiliboy_Ralepelle \"Chiliboy Ralepelle\") [Juan Schoeman](/wiki/Juan_Schoeman \"Juan Schoeman\") Ayron Schramm [Tjiuee Uanivi](/wiki/Tjiuee_Uanivi \"Tjiuee Uanivi\") [Kerron van Vuuren](/wiki/Kerron_van_Vuuren \"Kerron van Vuuren\") Wian Vosloo **Did not play:** Greg Bauer Reyno du Toit Wade Elliott Bernardus Haring Kyle Hatherell Matt Jones Erich Kankowski Michael Meyer Mthunzi Moloi Ruan Smook Christie van der Merwe Ray Williams Rikus Zwart |\n| | [Tristan Blewett](/wiki/Tristan_Blewett \"Tristan Blewett\") [Curwin Bosch](/wiki/Curwin_Bosch \"Curwin Bosch\") Duncan Campbell Malcolm Cele Marcel Coetzee Alrin Eksteen Kelvin Elder [Rowan Gouws](/wiki/Rowan_Gouws \"Rowan Gouws\") [Morné Joubert](/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Joubert \"Morné Joubert\") Jaywinn Juries Sandile Kubekha [Marius Louw](/wiki/Marius_Louw \"Marius Louw\") Dylan Marcus [Neil Maritz](/wiki/Neil_Maritz \"Neil Maritz\") Khulu Marwana [Wandile Mjekevu](/wiki/Wandile_Mjekevu \"Wandile Mjekevu\") Sipho Mkhize [S'busiso Nkosi](/wiki/S%27busiso_Nkosi \"S'busiso Nkosi\") [Inny Radebe](/wiki/Inny_Radebe \"Inny Radebe\") [S'bura Sithole](/wiki/S%27bura_Sithole \"S'bura Sithole\") Tristan Tedder [Hanco Venter](/wiki/Hanco_Venter \"Hanco Venter\") Heimar Williams **Did not play:** [Tythan Adams](/wiki/Tythan_Adams \"Tythan Adams\") Matthew Alborough Cameron Dunlop Andrew Holland Michael Reid [Mark Richards](/wiki/Mark_Richards_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Richards (rugby union)\") José Rodrigues Zweli Silaule [Stefan Ungerer](/wiki/Stefan_Ungerer \"Stefan Ungerer\") Morné van Staden [Alwayno Visagie](/wiki/Alwayno_Visagie \"Alwayno Visagie\") |\n| | [Michael Horak](/wiki/Michael_Horak \"Michael Horak\") |\n\n| \\+ SWD Eagles squad |\n| --- |\n| | Brianton Booysen Layle Delo [Juandré Digue](/wiki/Juandr%C3%A9_Digue \"Juandré Digue\") [Christo du Plessis](/wiki/Christo_du_Plessis \"Christo du Plessis\") [Thor Halvorsen](/wiki/Thor_Halvorsen \"Thor Halvorsen\") Lyndon Hartnick Kurt Haupt [Dean Hopp](/wiki/Dean_Hopp \"Dean Hopp\") Marco Kruger [Grant le Roux](/wiki/Grant_le_Roux \"Grant le Roux\") Gideon Muller [Andisa Ntsila](/wiki/Andisa_Ntsila \"Andisa Ntsila\") Buran Parks [Mark Pretorius](/wiki/Mark_Pretorius_%28rugby_union%29 \"Mark Pretorius (rugby union)\") [Davon Raubenheimer](/wiki/Davon_Raubenheimer \"Davon Raubenheimer\") Nemo Roelofse [Janneman Stander](/wiki/Janneman_Stander \"Janneman Stander\") Pieter Stemmet Lodewyk Uys [Peet van der Walt](/wiki/Peet_van_der_Walt \"Peet van der Walt\") **Did not play:** Wayne Khan Schalk Oelofse |\n| | Riaan Arends [Martin du Toit](/wiki/Martin_du_Toit \"Martin du Toit\") [Mzo Dyantyi](/wiki/Mzo_Dyantyi \"Mzo Dyantyi\") [Leighton Eksteen](/wiki/Leighton_Eksteen \"Leighton Eksteen\") Wilneth Engelbrecht [Hansie Graaff](/wiki/Hansie_Graaff \"Hansie Graaff\") Kirsten Heyns Jacquin Jansen Tom Kean Leegan Moos Lenes Nomdo Hentzwill Pedro Charles Radebe [Daniel Roberts](/wiki/Daniel_Roberts_%28rugby_union%29 \"Daniel Roberts (rugby union)\") Dillin Snel [Johan Steyn](/wiki/Johan_Steyn_%28rugby_union%29 \"Johan Steyn (rugby union)\") [Luzuko Vulindlu](/wiki/Luzuko_Vulindlu \"Luzuko Vulindlu\") Clinton Wagman |\n| | [Abé Davids](/wiki/Ab%C3%A9_Davids \"Abé Davids\") [Rynard van As](/wiki/Rynard_van_As \"Rynard van As\") |\n\n| \\+ Welwitschias squad |\n| --- |\n| | Schalk Bergh [Morné Blom](/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Blom \"Morné Blom\") Aleck Botha Petri Burger Dewald Coetzee [Leneve Damens](/wiki/Leneve_Damens \"Leneve Damens\") Wikus Davis [AJ de Klerk](/wiki/AJ_de_Klerk \"AJ de Klerk\") [Tinus du Plessis](/wiki/Tinus_du_Plessis \"Tinus du Plessis\") [Shaun du Preez](/wiki/Shaun_du_Preez \"Shaun du Preez\") Alberto Engelbrecht [Quintin Esterhuizen](/wiki/Quintin_Esterhuizen \"Quintin Esterhuizen\") Zayne Groenewaldt Joe Herrmann Thomas Kali [Munio Kasiringua](/wiki/Munio_Kasiringua \"Munio Kasiringua\") [Max Katjijeko](/wiki/Max_Katjijeko \"Max Katjijeko\") [Rohan Kitshoff](/wiki/Rohan_Kitshoff \"Rohan Kitshoff\") Herman Krause [Gert Lotter](/wiki/Gert_Lotter \"Gert Lotter\") [Ruan Ludick](/wiki/Ruan_Ludick \"Ruan Ludick\") Johan Luttig Grant Nash [Collen Smith](/wiki/Collen_Smith \"Collen Smith\") [Carel Swanepoel](/wiki/Carel_Swanepoel \"Carel Swanepoel\") Tjino Tjirare Ignus Tripodi [Niël van Vuuren](/wiki/Ni%C3%ABl_van_Vuuren \"Niël van Vuuren\") Denzil van Wyk Hauta Veii [Roderique Victor](/wiki/Roderique_Victor \"Roderique Victor\") [Casper Viviers](/wiki/Casper_Viviers \"Casper Viviers\") Arno von Wielligh [Johann Wohler](/wiki/Johann_Wohler \"Johann Wohler\") |\n| | Tuna Amutenya Silvano Beukes Handré Bezuidenhout [Arthur Bouwer](/wiki/Arthur_Bouwer \"Arthur Bouwer\") Egon Cloete [Darryl de la Harpe](/wiki/Darryl_de_la_Harpe \"Darryl de la Harpe\") [JC Greyling](/wiki/JC_Greyling \"JC Greyling\") [Shaun Kaizemi](/wiki/Shaun_Kaizemi \"Shaun Kaizemi\") [Cameron Klassen](/wiki/Cameron_Klassen \"Cameron Klassen\") [Lesley Klim](/wiki/Lesley_Klim \"Lesley Klim\") Guiliano Lawrence [Malcolm Moore](/wiki/Malcolm_Moore_%28rugby_union%29 \"Malcolm Moore (rugby union)\") Philip Nashikaku [Justin Nel](/wiki/Justin_Nel \"Justin Nel\") Aurelio Plato MP Pretorius Mahco Prinsloo [Heinrich Smit](/wiki/Heinrich_Smit \"Heinrich Smit\") Ricardo Swartz [Johann Tromp](/wiki/Johann_Tromp \"Johann Tromp\") Riaan van Zyl [Russell van Wyk](/wiki/Russell_van_Wyk \"Russell van Wyk\") Francois Wiese JC Winckler |\n| | [John Williams](/wiki/John_Williams_%28rugby_union_coach%29 \"John Williams (rugby union coach)\") |\n\n| \\+ Western Province squad |\n| --- |\n| | Rikus Bothma [Eital Bredenkamp](/wiki/Eital_Bredenkamp \"Eital Bredenkamp\") Wesley Chetty Cullen Collopy [Tertius Daniller](/wiki/Tertius_Daniller \"Tertius Daniller\") [Beyers de Villiers](/wiki/Beyers_de_Villiers \"Beyers de Villiers\") [JC Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/JC_Janse_van_Rensburg \"JC Janse van Rensburg\") [Jean Kleyn](/wiki/Jean_Kleyn \"Jean Kleyn\") [Wilco Louw](/wiki/Wilco_Louw \"Wilco Louw\") Percy Mngadi [David Ribbans](/wiki/David_Ribbans \"David Ribbans\") Denzel Riddles [JD Schickerling](/wiki/JD_Schickerling \"JD Schickerling\") [JP Smith](/wiki/JP_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"JP Smith (rugby union)\") [Chad Solomon](/wiki/Chad_Solomon \"Chad Solomon\") [Luke Stringer](/wiki/Luke_Stringer \"Luke Stringer\") Meyer Swanepoel [Christo van der Merwe](/wiki/Christo_van_der_Merwe \"Christo van der Merwe\") [Kobus van Dyk](/wiki/Kobus_van_Dyk \"Kobus van Dyk\") [Jurie van Vuuren](/wiki/Jurie_van_Vuuren \"Jurie van Vuuren\") Christo van Wyk [Frans van Wyk](/wiki/Frans_van_Wyk \"Frans van Wyk\") [Chris van Zyl](/wiki/Chris_van_Zyl \"Chris van Zyl\") [Janco Venter](/wiki/Janco_Venter \"Janco Venter\") [Alistair Vermaak](/wiki/Alistair_Vermaak \"Alistair Vermaak\") [Jacques Vermeulen](/wiki/Jacques_Vermeulen \"Jacques Vermeulen\") Ashley Wells Kyle Whyte [Mike Willemse](/wiki/Mike_Willemse \"Mike Willemse\") Dale Wilson [Eduard Zandberg](/wiki/Eduard_Zandberg \"Eduard Zandberg\") **Did not play:** Wesley Adonis |\n| | Alvin Brandt Dennis Cox [Daniël du Plessis](/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_du_Plessis \"Daniël du Plessis\") [Robert du Preez](/wiki/Robert_du_Preez_%28rugby_player_born_1993%29 \"Robert du Preez (rugby player born 1993)\") [Grant Hermanus](/wiki/Grant_Hermanus \"Grant Hermanus\") [Herschel Jantjies](/wiki/Herschel_Jantjies \"Herschel Jantjies\") [Berton Klaasen](/wiki/Berton_Klaasen \"Berton Klaasen\") [Johnny Kôtze](/wiki/Johnny_K%C3%B4tze \"Johnny Kôtze\") JP Lewis [Godlen Masimla](/wiki/Godlen_Masimla \"Godlen Masimla\") [Rabz Maxwane](/wiki/Rabz_Maxwane \"Rabz Maxwane\") Freddie Muller [Khanyo Ngcukana](/wiki/Khanyo_Ngcukana \"Khanyo Ngcukana\") [Ryan Oosthuizen](/wiki/Ryan_Oosthuizen \"Ryan Oosthuizen\") [Justin Phillips](/wiki/Justin_Phillips_%28rugby_union%29 \"Justin Phillips (rugby union)\") [Damian Stevens](/wiki/Damian_Stevens \"Damian Stevens\") [Jaco Taute](/wiki/Jaco_Taute \"Jaco Taute\") [Brandon Thomson](/wiki/Brandon_Thomson \"Brandon Thomson\") [Scott van Breda](/wiki/Scott_van_Breda \"Scott van Breda\") [Edwill van der Merwe](/wiki/Edwill_van_der_Merwe \"Edwill van der Merwe\") [Jano Vermaak](/wiki/Jano_Vermaak \"Jano Vermaak\") [EW Viljoen](/wiki/EW_Viljoen \"EW Viljoen\") [Tim Whitehead](/wiki/Tim_Whitehead_%28rugby_union%29 \"Tim Whitehead (rugby union)\") [Devon Williams](/wiki/Devon_Williams_%28rugby_union%29 \"Devon Williams (rugby union)\") **Did not play:** [Jean\\-Luc du Plessis](/wiki/Jean-Luc_du_Plessis \"Jean-Luc du Plessis\") [Ryno Eksteen](/wiki/Ryno_Eksteen \"Ryno Eksteen\") [Chris Smit](/wiki/Chris_Smit \"Chris Smit\") [Chris Smith](/wiki/Chris_Smith_%28rugby_union%29 \"Chris Smith (rugby union)\") [Ernst Stapelberg](/wiki/Ernst_Stapelberg \"Ernst Stapelberg\") [Leolin Zas](/wiki/Leolin_Zas \"Leolin Zas\") |\n| | [John Dobson](/wiki/John_Dobson_%28rugby_union_coach%29 \"John Dobson (rugby union coach)\") |\n\n",
"### Discipline\n\nThe following table contains all the cards handed out during the tournament:\n\n| Red and multiple yellow cards |\n| --- |\n| Player | Team | | |\n| [Khwezi Mkhafu](/wiki/Khwezi_Mkhafu \"Khwezi Mkhafu\") | Griffons | 0 | 4 |\n| [Siya Mdaka](/wiki/Siya_Mdaka \"Siya Mdaka\") | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 3 |\n| [Wilmar Arnoldi](/wiki/Wilmar_Arnoldi \"Wilmar Arnoldi\") | Leopards | 0 | 2 |\n| Martin Bezuidenhout | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 2 |\n| [Grant Hermanus](/wiki/Grant_Hermanus \"Grant Hermanus\") | Western Province | 0 | 2 |\n| Khulu Marwana | Sharks XV | 0 | 2 |\n| [Khwezi Mona](/wiki/Khwezi_Mona \"Khwezi Mona\") | Pumas | 0 | 2 |\n| [Ricky Schroeder](/wiki/Ricky_Schroeder_%28rugby_union%29 \"Ricky Schroeder (rugby union)\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 2 |\n| [Nardus van der Walt](/wiki/Nardus_van_der_Walt \"Nardus van der Walt\") | Pumas | 0 | 2 |\n| Lindokuhle Welemu | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 2 |\n\n| Single yellow cards |\n| --- |\n| Player | Team | | |\n| [Jonathan Adendorf](/wiki/Jonathan_Adendorf \"Jonathan Adendorf\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Shaun Adendorff](/wiki/Shaun_Adendorff \"Shaun Adendorff\") | Boland Cavaliers | 0 | 1 |\n| [Justin Basson](/wiki/Justin_Basson \"Justin Basson\") | Free State XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Tienie Burger](/wiki/Tienie_Burger \"Tienie Burger\") | Free State XV | 0 | 1 |\n| Wihan Coetzer | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Leneve Damens](/wiki/Leneve_Damens \"Leneve Damens\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Selvyn Davids](/wiki/Selvyn_Davids \"Selvyn Davids\") | Griffons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Christiaan de Bruin](/wiki/Christiaan_de_Bruin \"Christiaan de Bruin\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Bobby de Wee](/wiki/Bobby_de_Wee \"Bobby de Wee\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Danwel Demas](/wiki/Danwel_Demas \"Danwel Demas\") | Boland Cavaliers | 0 | 1 |\n| [Juandré Digue](/wiki/Juandr%C3%A9_Digue \"Juandré Digue\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| Maphutha Dolo | Free State XV | 0 | 1 |\n| JP du Plessis | Falcons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Shaun du Preez](/wiki/Shaun_du_Preez \"Shaun du Preez\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Johan du Toit](/wiki/Johan_du_Toit \"Johan du Toit\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Mzo Dyantyi](/wiki/Mzo_Dyantyi \"Mzo Dyantyi\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Samora Fihlani](/wiki/Samora_Fihlani \"Samora Fihlani\") | Griffons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Tazz Fuzani](/wiki/Tazz_Fuzani \"Tazz Fuzani\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| Roan Grobbelaar | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| [Cornell Hess](/wiki/Cornell_Hess \"Cornell Hess\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Nico Janse van Rensburg](/wiki/Nico_Janse_van_Rensburg \"Nico Janse van Rensburg\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Rohan Kitshoff](/wiki/Rohan_Kitshoff \"Rohan Kitshoff\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Cameron Klassen](/wiki/Cameron_Klassen \"Cameron Klassen\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Hugo Kloppers](/wiki/Hugo_Kloppers \"Hugo Kloppers\") | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Sias Koen](/wiki/Sias_Koen \"Sias Koen\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| Ernst Ladendorf | Falcons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Grant le Roux](/wiki/Grant_le_Roux \"Grant le Roux\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Ruaan Lerm](/wiki/Ruaan_Lerm \"Ruaan Lerm\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Hanro Liebenberg](/wiki/Hanro_Liebenberg \"Hanro Liebenberg\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [RJ Liebenberg](/wiki/RJ_Liebenberg \"RJ Liebenberg\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Sylvian Mahuza](/wiki/Sylvian_Mahuza \"Sylvian Mahuza\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Mzamo Majola](/wiki/Mzamo_Majola \"Mzamo Majola\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Sintu Manjezi](/wiki/Sintu_Manjezi \"Sintu Manjezi\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Makazole Mapimpi](/wiki/Makazole_Mapimpi \"Makazole Mapimpi\") | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| [Henko Marais](/wiki/Henko_Marais \"Henko Marais\") | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| Vincent Maruping | Griffons | 0 | 1 |\n| [Godlen Masimla](/wiki/Godlen_Masimla \"Godlen Masimla\") | Western Province | 0 | 1 |\n| [David McDuling](/wiki/David_McDuling \"David McDuling\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| Christiaan Meyer | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Derick Minnie](/wiki/Derick_Minnie \"Derick Minnie\") | Golden Lions XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Malcolm Moore](/wiki/Malcolm_Moore_%28rugby_union%29 \"Malcolm Moore (rugby union)\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| Mihlali Mpafi | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| Sonwabiso Mqalo | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| Sphu Msutwana | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Nqoba Mxoli](/wiki/Nqoba_Mxoli \"Nqoba Mxoli\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| Lucky Ngcamu | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| Nkosi Nofuma | Border Bulldogs | 0 | 1 |\n| Lenes Nomdo | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Andisa Ntsila](/wiki/Andisa_Ntsila \"Andisa Ntsila\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Marvin Orie](/wiki/Marvin_Orie \"Marvin Orie\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Marno Redelinghuys](/wiki/Marno_Redelinghuys \"Marno Redelinghuys\") | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| [Le Roux Roets](/wiki/Le_Roux_Roets \"Le Roux Roets\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Marnus Schoeman](/wiki/Marnus_Schoeman \"Marnus Schoeman\") | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| Marquit September | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Heinrich Smit](/wiki/Heinrich_Smit \"Heinrich Smit\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| [Rhyno Smith](/wiki/Rhyno_Smith \"Rhyno Smith\") | Leopards | 0 | 1 |\n| Vukile Sofisa | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| [Janneman Stander](/wiki/Janneman_Stander \"Janneman Stander\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Ruan Steenkamp](/wiki/Ruan_Steenkamp \"Ruan Steenkamp\") | Blue Bulls | 0 | 1 |\n| [Johan Steyn](/wiki/Johan_Steyn_%28rugby_union%29 \"Johan Steyn (rugby union)\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| Meyer Swanepoel | Western Province | 0 | 1 |\n| [Etienne Taljaard](/wiki/Etienne_Taljaard \"Etienne Taljaard\") | Falcons | 0 | 1 |\n| [De\\-Jay Terblanche](/wiki/De-Jay_Terblanche \"De-Jay Terblanche\") | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| Franswa Ueckermann | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| Lodewyk Uys | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Christo van der Merwe](/wiki/Christo_van_der_Merwe \"Christo van der Merwe\") | Western Province | 0 | 1 |\n| [Peet van der Walt](/wiki/Peet_van_der_Walt \"Peet van der Walt\") | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| Reynier van Rooyen | Pumas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Rudi van Rooyen](/wiki/Rudi_van_Rooyen \"Rudi van Rooyen\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Kerron van Vuuren](/wiki/Kerron_van_Vuuren \"Kerron van Vuuren\") | Sharks XV | 0 | 1 |\n| [Russell van Wyk](/wiki/Russell_van_Wyk \"Russell van Wyk\") | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| Hauta Veii | Welwitschias | 0 | 1 |\n| Warrick Venter | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| Steph Vermeulen | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| Clinton Wagman | SWD Eagles | 0 | 1 |\n| [Wendal Wehr](/wiki/Wendal_Wehr \"Wendal Wehr\") | Griquas | 0 | 1 |\n| [Courtney Winnaar](/wiki/Courtney_Winnaar \"Courtney Winnaar\") | Eastern Province Kings | 0 | 1 |\n| |\n| \\* Legend: \\= Sent off, \\= Sin\\-binned |\n\n",
"Referees\n--------\n\nThe following referees officiated matches in the 2016 Currie Cup qualification series:\n\n| \\+ 2016 Currie Cup qualification referees |\n| --- |\n| | | [Stuart Berry](/wiki/Stuart_Berry \"Stuart Berry\") Rodney Boneparte [Pierre Brousset](/wiki/Pierre_Brousset \"Pierre Brousset\") [Ben Crouse](/wiki/Ben_Crouse \"Ben Crouse\") Stephan Geldenhuys [Quinton Immelman](/wiki/Quinton_Immelman \"Quinton Immelman\") [AJ Jacobs](/wiki/AJ_Jacobs_%28rugby_union%29 \"AJ Jacobs (rugby union)\") [Cwengile Jadezweni](/wiki/Cwengile_Jadezweni \"Cwengile Jadezweni\") [Craig Joubert](/wiki/Craig_Joubert \"Craig Joubert\") Jaco Kotze [Pro Legoete](/wiki/Pro_Legoete \"Pro Legoete\") Sindile Ngcese [Jaco Peyper](/wiki/Jaco_Peyper \"Jaco Peyper\") Francois Pretorius [Rasta Rasivhenge](/wiki/Rasta_Rasivhenge \"Rasta Rasivhenge\") [Egon Seconds](/wiki/Egon_Seconds \"Egon Seconds\") Archie Sehlako [Juan Sylvestre](/wiki/Juan_Sylvestre \"Juan Sylvestre\") [Lourens van der Merwe](/wiki/Lourens_van_der_Merwe \"Lourens van der Merwe\") [Marius van der Westhuizen](/wiki/Marius_van_der_Westhuizen \"Marius van der Westhuizen\") [Jaco van Heerden](/wiki/Jaco_van_Heerden \"Jaco van Heerden\") |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [2016 Currie Cup Premier Division](/wiki/2016_Currie_Cup_Premier_Division \"2016 Currie Cup Premier Division\")\n* [2016 Currie Cup First Division](/wiki/2016_Currie_Cup_First_Division \"2016 Currie Cup First Division\")\n* [2016 Under\\-21 Provincial Championship](/wiki/2016_Under-21_Provincial_Championship \"2016 Under-21 Provincial Championship\")\n* [2016 Under\\-20 Provincial Championship](/wiki/2016_Under-20_Provincial_Championship \"2016 Under-20 Provincial Championship\")\n* [2016 Under\\-19 Provincial Championship](/wiki/2016_Under-19_Provincial_Championship \"2016 Under-19 Provincial Championship\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[2016](/wiki/Category:Currie_Cup_qualification \"Currie Cup qualification\")\n[Category:2016 Currie Cup](/wiki/Category:2016_Currie_Cup \"2016 Currie Cup\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of members of the National Assembly of Zambia (1988–1991) | {
"id": [
31804499
],
"name": [
"Usernamekiran (AWB)"
]
} | hk0f4pc8giiqfraeihiyqmg2rfsc76d | 2023-01-29T23:39:40Z | 1,098,315,906 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List of members",
"Elected members",
"Non-elected members",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe members of the [National Assembly of Zambia](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia \"National Assembly of Zambia\") from 1988 until 1991 [were elected](/wiki/1988_Zambian_general_election \"1988 Zambian general election\") on 26 October 1988\\. The country was a [one\\-party state](/wiki/One-party_state \"One-party state\") at the time, meaning the only party represented was the [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\"). An additional ten members were nominated by President [Kenneth Kaunda](/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda \"Kenneth Kaunda\").[Zambia](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/ZAMBIA_1988_E.PDF) IPU\n\n",
"List of members\n---------------\n\n### Elected members\n\n| Constituency | Member | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Bahati](/wiki/Bahati_%28constituency%29 \"Bahati (constituency)\") | [Simon Kalaba](/wiki/Simon_Kalaba \"Simon Kalaba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bangweulu](/wiki/Bangweulu_%28constituency%29 \"Bangweulu (constituency)\") | [Joseph Kasongo](/wiki/Joseph_Kasongo_%28Zambian_politician%29 \"Joseph Kasongo (Zambian politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bwacha](/wiki/Bwacha_%28constituency%29 \"Bwacha (constituency)\") | [Richard Banda](/wiki/Richard_Banda_%28politician%29 \"Richard Banda (politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bwana Mkubwa](/wiki/Bwana_Mkubwa_%28constituency%29 \"Bwana Mkubwa (constituency)\") | [Lawrence Phiri](/wiki/Lawrence_Phiri_%28politician%29 \"Lawrence Phiri (politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bweengwa](/wiki/Bweengwa_%28constituency%29 \"Bweengwa (constituency)\") | [Eli Mwanang'onze](/wiki/Eli_Mwanang%27onze \"Eli Mwanang'onze\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chadiza](/wiki/Chadiza_%28constituency%29 \"Chadiza (constituency)\") | [Shart Banda](/wiki/Shart_Banda \"Shart Banda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chama](/wiki/Chama_%28constituency%29 \"Chama (constituency)\") | [Nephas Tembo](/wiki/Nephas_Tembo \"Nephas Tembo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chasefu](/wiki/Chasefu_%28constituency%29 \"Chasefu (constituency)\") | [Stanley Phiri](/wiki/Stanley_Phiri \"Stanley Phiri\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chembe](/wiki/Milenge_%28constituency%29 \"Milenge (constituency)\") | [Dickson Mpundu](/wiki/Dickson_Mpundu \"Dickson Mpundu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chiengi](/wiki/Chiengi_%28constituency%29 \"Chiengi (constituency)\") | [Tayaisius Koti](/wiki/Tayaisius_Koti \"Tayaisius Koti\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chifubu](/wiki/Chifubu_%28constituency%29 \"Chifubu (constituency)\") | [Arthur Mtewa](/wiki/Arthur_Mtewa \"Arthur Mtewa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chifunabuli](/wiki/Chifunabuli_%28constituency%29 \"Chifunabuli (constituency)\") | [Anthony Ndalama](/wiki/Anthony_Ndalama \"Anthony Ndalama\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chikankata](/wiki/Chikankata_%28constituency%29 \"Chikankata (constituency)\") | [Machila Lumina](/wiki/Machila_Lumina \"Machila Lumina\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chililabombwe](/wiki/Chililabombwe_%28constituency%29 \"Chililabombwe (constituency)\") | [Mufo Nkunika](/wiki/Mufo_Nkunika \"Mufo Nkunika\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chilubi](/wiki/Chilubi_%28constituency%29 \"Chilubi (constituency)\") | [Rabbison Chongo](/wiki/Rabbison_Chongo \"Rabbison Chongo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chimwemwe](/wiki/Chimwemwe_%28constituency%29 \"Chimwemwe (constituency)\") | [Julius Kabaso](/wiki/Julius_Kabaso \"Julius Kabaso\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chingola](/wiki/Chingola_%28constituency%29 \"Chingola (constituency)\") | | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chinsali](/wiki/Chinsali_%28constituency%29 \"Chinsali (constituency)\") | [Francis Kaunda](/wiki/Francis_Kaunda \"Francis Kaunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chipangali](/wiki/Chipangali_%28constituency%29 \"Chipangali (constituency)\") | [Gershom Nkhoma](/wiki/Gershom_Nkhoma \"Gershom Nkhoma\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chipata](/wiki/Chipata_Central \"Chipata Central\") | [Teddy Mbewe](/wiki/Teddy_Mbewe \"Teddy Mbewe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chipili](/wiki/Chipili_%28constituency%29 \"Chipili (constituency)\") | [Enock Mwewa](/wiki/Enock_Mwewa \"Enock Mwewa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chisamba](/wiki/Chisamba_%28constituency%29 \"Chisamba (constituency)\") | [Godwin Chinkuli](/wiki/Godwin_Chinkuli \"Godwin Chinkuli\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chitambo](/wiki/Chitambo_%28constituency%29 \"Chitambo (constituency)\") | [Jeremiah Mukando](/wiki/Jeremiah_Mukando \"Jeremiah Mukando\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chizela](/wiki/Chizela \"Chizela\") | [Mulondwe Muzungu](/wiki/Mulondwe_Muzungu \"Mulondwe Muzungu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Choma](/wiki/Choma_%28constituency%29 \"Choma (constituency)\") | [Daniel Munkombwe](/wiki/Daniel_Munkombwe \"Daniel Munkombwe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chongwe](/wiki/Chongwe_%28constituency%29 \"Chongwe (constituency)\") | [Elizabeth Mulenje](/wiki/Elizabeth_Mulenje \"Elizabeth Mulenje\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Dundumwenzi](/wiki/Dundumwenzi_%28constituency%29 \"Dundumwenzi (constituency)\") | [Jonathan Sing'ombe](/wiki/Jonathan_Sing%27ombe \"Jonathan Sing'ombe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Feira](/wiki/Feira_%28constituency%29 \"Feira (constituency)\") | [Stanislaus Nyamkandeka](/wiki/Stanislaus_Nyamkandeka \"Stanislaus Nyamkandeka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Gwembe](/wiki/Gwembe_%28constituency%29 \"Gwembe (constituency)\") | [Bernard Hanyimbo](/wiki/Bernard_Hanyimbo \"Bernard Hanyimbo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Isoka East](/wiki/Isoka_East \"Isoka East\") | [Elwell Muwowo](/wiki/Elwell_Muwowo \"Elwell Muwowo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Isoka West](/wiki/Isoka_West \"Isoka West\") | [Winstone Siame](/wiki/Winstone_Siame \"Winstone Siame\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabompo](/wiki/Kabompo_%28constituency%29 \"Kabompo (constituency)\") | [Mathews Makayi](/wiki/Mathews_Makayi \"Mathews Makayi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabushi](/wiki/Kabushi_%28constituency%29 \"Kabushi (constituency)\") | [Levi Mbulo](/wiki/Levi_Mbulo \"Levi Mbulo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabwata](/wiki/Kabwata_%28constituency%29 \"Kabwata (constituency)\") | [Michael Sata](/wiki/Michael_Sata \"Michael Sata\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabwe](/wiki/Kabwe_Central \"Kabwe Central\") | [Wilfred Wonani](/wiki/Wilfred_Wonani \"Wilfred Wonani\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kafue](/wiki/Kafue_%28constituency%29 \"Kafue (constituency)\") | [Joel Shabusale](/wiki/Joel_Shabusale \"Joel Shabusale\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kalabo](/wiki/Kalabo_%28constituency%29 \"Kalabo (constituency)\") | [John Miyato](/wiki/John_Miyato \"John Miyato\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kalomo](/wiki/Kalomo_%28constituency%29 \"Kalomo (constituency)\") | [Redson Kumalo](/wiki/Redson_Kumalo \"Redson Kumalo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kalulushi](/wiki/Kalulushi_%28constituency%29 \"Kalulushi (constituency)\") | [Bonard Sekwila](/wiki/Bonard_Sekwila \"Bonard Sekwila\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kankoyo](/wiki/Kankoyo_%28constituency%29 \"Kankoyo (constituency)\") | [Jack Kopolo](/wiki/Jack_Kopolo \"Jack Kopolo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kantanshi](/wiki/Kantanshi_%28constituency%29 \"Kantanshi (constituency)\") | [David Nkhata](/wiki/David_Nkhata \"David Nkhata\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kanyama](/wiki/Kanyama_%28constituency%29 \"Kanyama (constituency)\") | [Donald Chilufya](/wiki/Donald_Chilufya \"Donald Chilufya\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kaoma](/wiki/Kaoma_%28constituency%29 \"Kaoma (constituency)\") | [Fred Chabaya](/wiki/Fred_Chabaya \"Fred Chabaya\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kapoche](/wiki/Kaumbwe \"Kaumbwe\") | [Ben Zulu](/wiki/Ben_Zulu \"Ben Zulu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kaputa](/wiki/Kaputa_%28constituency%29 \"Kaputa (constituency)\") | [Wilson Chipili](/wiki/Wilson_Chipili \"Wilson Chipili\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kasama](/wiki/Kasama_Central \"Kasama Central\") | [Daniel Kapapa](/wiki/Daniel_Kapapa \"Daniel Kapapa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kasempa](/wiki/Kasempa_%28constituency%29 \"Kasempa (constituency)\") | [Kasempa Mushitala](/wiki/Kasempa_Mushitala \"Kasempa Mushitala\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kasenengwa](/wiki/Kasenengwa \"Kasenengwa\") | [John Ngoma](/wiki/John_Ngoma \"John Ngoma\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katete North](/wiki/Katete_North \"Katete North\") | [Gibson Chigaga](/wiki/Gibson_Chigaga \"Gibson Chigaga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katete South](/wiki/Katete_South \"Katete South\") | [Joseph Mbewe](/wiki/Joseph_Mbewe \"Joseph Mbewe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katombora](/wiki/Katombola \"Katombola\") | [Henry Siamani](/wiki/Henry_Siamani \"Henry Siamani\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katuba](/wiki/Katuba_%28constituency%29 \"Katuba (constituency)\") | [Mavis Muyunda](/wiki/Mavis_Muyunda \"Mavis Muyunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kawambwa](/wiki/Kawambwa_%28constituency%29 \"Kawambwa (constituency)\") | [Francis Kapansa](/wiki/Francis_Kapansa \"Francis Kapansa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kwacha](/wiki/Kwacha_%28constituency%29 \"Kwacha (constituency)\") | [Austin Sichinga](/wiki/Austin_Sichinga \"Austin Sichinga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Liuwa](/wiki/Liuwa_%28constituency%29 \"Liuwa (constituency)\") | [Namushi Namuchana](/wiki/Namushi_Namuchana \"Namushi Namuchana\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Livingstone](/wiki/Livingstone_%28constituency%29 \"Livingstone (constituency)\") | [Enos Haimbe](/wiki/Enos_Haimbe \"Enos Haimbe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luampa](/wiki/Luampa_%28constituency%29 \"Luampa (constituency)\") | [Kenneth Musangu](/wiki/Kenneth_Musangu \"Kenneth Musangu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luangeni](/wiki/Luangeni \"Luangeni\") | [Johnstone Jere](/wiki/Johnstone_Jere \"Johnstone Jere\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luanshya](/wiki/Luanshya_%28constituency%29 \"Luanshya (constituency)\") | [Leonard Mpundu](/wiki/Leonard_Mpundu \"Leonard Mpundu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luapula](/wiki/Luapula_%28constituency%29 \"Luapula (constituency)\") | [Augustine Katotobwe](/wiki/Augustine_Katotobwe \"Augustine Katotobwe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lubansenshi](/wiki/Lubansenshi_%28constituency%29 \"Lubansenshi (constituency)\") | [Eugine Mulenga](/wiki/Eugine_Mulenga \"Eugine Mulenga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luena](/wiki/Luena_%28constituency%29 \"Luena (constituency)\") | [Chrispin Sibetta](/wiki/Chrispin_Sibetta \"Chrispin Sibetta\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lukanga](/wiki/Lukanga_%28constituency%29 \"Lukanga (constituency)\") | [Johnny Chafwa](/wiki/Johnny_Chafwa \"Johnny Chafwa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lukashya](/wiki/Lukashya \"Lukashya\") | [Cosmas Masongo](/wiki/Cosmas_Masongo \"Cosmas Masongo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lukulu](/wiki/Lukulu_%28constituency%29 \"Lukulu (constituency)\") | [Alexis Luhila](/wiki/Alexis_Luhila \"Alexis Luhila\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lumezi](/wiki/Lumezi_%28constituency%29 \"Lumezi (constituency)\") | [Leticia Mwanza](/wiki/Leticia_Mwanza \"Leticia Mwanza\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lundazi](/wiki/Lundazi_%28constituency%29 \"Lundazi (constituency)\") | [Dingiswago Banda](/wiki/Dingiswago_Banda \"Dingiswago Banda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lupososhi](/wiki/Lupososhi \"Lupososhi\") | [Athanasio Kabaso](/wiki/Athanasio_Kabaso \"Athanasio Kabaso\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luswishi](/wiki/Luswishi \"Luswishi\") | [Peter Shibuchinga](/wiki/Peter_Shibuchinga \"Peter Shibuchinga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Malambo](/wiki/Malambo_%28constituency%29 \"Malambo (constituency)\") | [Wezi Kaunda](/wiki/Wezi_Kaunda \"Wezi Kaunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Malole](/wiki/Malole_%28constituency%29 \"Malole (constituency)\") | [Godfrey Kasoma](/wiki/Godfrey_Kasoma \"Godfrey Kasoma\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mandevu](/wiki/Mandevu_%28constituency%29 \"Mandevu (constituency)\") | [Pencil Phiri](/wiki/Pencil_Phiri \"Pencil Phiri\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mansa](/wiki/Mansa_%28constituency%29 \"Mansa (constituency)\") | [Mwenaboyi Kaimbi](/wiki/Mwenaboyi_Kaimbi \"Mwenaboyi Kaimbi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Masaiti](/wiki/Masaiti_%28constituency%29 \"Masaiti (constituency)\") | [George Mpombo](/wiki/George_Mpombo \"George Mpombo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Matero](/wiki/Matero_%28constituency%29 \"Matero (constituency)\") | [Abel Mkandawire](/wiki/Abel_Mkandawire \"Abel Mkandawire\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mazabuka](/wiki/Mazabuka_%28constituency%29 \"Mazabuka (constituency)\") | [Ben Mwiinga](/wiki/Ben_Mwiinga \"Ben Mwiinga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mbabala](/wiki/Mbabala_%28constituency%29 \"Mbabala (constituency)\") | [Maurice Katowa](/wiki/Maurice_Katowa \"Maurice Katowa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mbala](/wiki/Mbala_%28constituency%29 \"Mbala (constituency)\") | [Lightwell Sibale](/wiki/Lightwell_Sibale \"Lightwell Sibale\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mkushi North](/wiki/Mkushi_North \"Mkushi North\") | [Leonard Kombe](/wiki/Leonard_Kombe \"Leonard Kombe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mkushi South](/wiki/Mkushi_South \"Mkushi South\") | [Matilda Kolala](/wiki/Matilda_Kolala \"Matilda Kolala\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mongu](/wiki/Mongu_%28constituency%29 \"Mongu (constituency)\") | [Munukayumbwa Sipalo](/wiki/Munukayumbwa_Sipalo \"Munukayumbwa Sipalo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Monze](/wiki/Monze_%28constituency%29 \"Monze (constituency)\") | [Joseph Sichoonga](/wiki/Joseph_Sichoonga \"Joseph Sichoonga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Moomba](/wiki/Moomba_%28constituency%29 \"Moomba (constituency)\") | [Jeremiah Chijikwa](/wiki/Jeremiah_Chijikwa \"Jeremiah Chijikwa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mpika East](/wiki/Mpika_East \"Mpika East\") | | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mpika West](/wiki/Mpika_West \"Mpika West\") | [Otema Musuka](/wiki/Otema_Musuka \"Otema Musuka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mporokoso](/wiki/Mporokoso_%28constituency%29 \"Mporokoso (constituency)\") | [Kasonde Mwamba](/wiki/Kasonde_Mwamba \"Kasonde Mwamba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mpulungu](/wiki/Mpulungu_%28constituency%29 \"Mpulungu (constituency)\") | [John Chizu](/wiki/John_Chizu \"John Chizu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Msanzala](/wiki/Msanzala \"Msanzala\") | [Achitenji Mumba](/wiki/Achitenji_Mumba \"Achitenji Mumba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mufulira](/wiki/Mufulira_%28constituency%29 \"Mufulira (constituency)\") | [Mary Chisala](/wiki/Mary_Chisala \"Mary Chisala\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mulobezi](/wiki/Mulobezi_%28constituency%29 \"Mulobezi (constituency)\") | [Leonard Subulwa](/wiki/Leonard_Subulwa \"Leonard Subulwa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mumbwa East](/wiki/Mumbwa_East \"Mumbwa East\") | [Kennedy Shepande](/wiki/Kennedy_Shepande \"Kennedy Shepande\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mumbwa West](/wiki/Mumbwa_West \"Mumbwa West\") | [Joel Chivwema](/wiki/Joel_Chivwema \"Joel Chivwema\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Munali](/wiki/Munali_%28constituency%29 \"Munali (constituency)\") | [Rupiah Banda](/wiki/Rupiah_Banda \"Rupiah Banda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwansabombwe](/wiki/Mwansabombwe_%28constituency%29 \"Mwansabombwe (constituency)\") | [Peter Chanshi](/wiki/Peter_Chanshi \"Peter Chanshi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwense](/wiki/Mwense_%28constituency%29 \"Mwense (constituency)\") | [Felix Kapapula](/wiki/Felix_Kapapula \"Felix Kapapula\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwinilunga East](/wiki/Mwinilunga_East \"Mwinilunga East\") | [Saimon Nyamboji](/wiki/Saimon_Nyamboji \"Saimon Nyamboji\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwinilunga West](/wiki/Mwinilunga_West \"Mwinilunga West\") | [John Kalenga](/wiki/John_Kalenga \"John Kalenga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nakonde](/wiki/Nakonde_%28constituency%29 \"Nakonde (constituency)\") | [Arnold Simuchimba](/wiki/Arnold_Simuchimba \"Arnold Simuchimba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nalikwanda](/wiki/Nalikwanda \"Nalikwanda\") | [Namonda Kamayoyo](/wiki/Namonda_Kamayoyo \"Namonda Kamayoyo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nalolo](/wiki/Nalolo_%28constituency%29 \"Nalolo (constituency)\") | [Njekwa Anamela](/wiki/Njekwa_Anamela \"Njekwa Anamela\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Namwala](/wiki/Namwala_%28constituency%29 \"Namwala (constituency)\") | [Biggie Nkumbula](/wiki/Biggie_Nkumbula \"Biggie Nkumbula\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nchanga](/wiki/Nchanga_%28constituency%29 \"Nchanga (constituency)\") | [Titus Mukupa](/wiki/Titus_Mukupa \"Titus Mukupa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nchelenge](/wiki/Nchelenge_%28constituency%29 \"Nchelenge (constituency)\") | [Mukanga Kainga](/wiki/Mukanga_Kainga \"Mukanga Kainga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Ndola](/wiki/Ndola_Central \"Ndola Central\") | [Victor Konie](/wiki/Victor_Konie \"Victor Konie\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nkana](/wiki/Nkana_%28constituency%29 \"Nkana (constituency)\") | [Noel Mvula](/wiki/Noel_Mvula \"Noel Mvula\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nyimba](/wiki/Nyimba_%28constituency%29 \"Nyimba (constituency)\") | [Ronald Koloweka](/wiki/Ronald_Koloweka \"Ronald Koloweka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Pemba](/wiki/Pemba_%28constituency%29 \"Pemba (constituency)\") | [Aaron Chonya](/wiki/Aaron_Chonya \"Aaron Chonya\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Petauke](/wiki/Petauke_%28constituency%29 \"Petauke (constituency)\") | [Lavu Mulimba](/wiki/Lavu_Mulimba \"Lavu Mulimba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Roan](/wiki/Roan_%28constituency%29 \"Roan (constituency)\") | [Moses Mwachindalo](/wiki/Moses_Mwachindalo \"Moses Mwachindalo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Senanga](/wiki/Senanga_%28constituency%29 \"Senanga (constituency)\") | [Likando Kalaluka](/wiki/Likando_Kalaluka_%28politician%29 \"Likando Kalaluka (politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Senga Hill](/wiki/Senga_Hill_%28constituency%29 \"Senga Hill (constituency)\") | [Frederick Simpasa](/wiki/Frederick_Simpasa \"Frederick Simpasa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Serenje](/wiki/Serenje_%28constituency%29 \"Serenje (constituency)\") | [Musonda Chunga](/wiki/Musonda_Chunga \"Musonda Chunga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sesheke](/wiki/Sesheke_%28constituency%29 \"Sesheke (constituency)\") | [Inyambo Yeta](/wiki/Inyambo_Yeta \"Inyambo Yeta\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Shiwa Ng'andu](/wiki/Shiwa_Ng%27andu_%28constituency%29 \"Shiwa Ng'andu (constituency)\") | [Namutambili Muyoba](/wiki/Namutambili_Muyoba \"Namutambili Muyoba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Siavonga](/wiki/Siavonga_%28constituency%29 \"Siavonga (constituency)\") | [Frederick Hapunda](/wiki/Frederick_Hapunda \"Frederick Hapunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sihole](/wiki/Sihole \"Sihole\") | [Mubiana Kangongwe](/wiki/Mubiana_Kangongwe \"Mubiana Kangongwe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sikongo](/wiki/Sikongo_%28constituency%29 \"Sikongo (constituency)\") | [Mbambo Sianga](/wiki/Mbambo_Sianga \"Mbambo Sianga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sinazongwe](/wiki/Sinazongwe_%28constituency%29 \"Sinazongwe (constituency)\") | [Dodson Syatalimi](/wiki/Dodson_Syatalimi \"Dodson Syatalimi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sinjembela](/wiki/Shang%27ombo_%28constituency%29 \"Shang'ombo (constituency)\") | [Albert Limbo](/wiki/Albert_Limbo \"Albert Limbo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Solwezi East](/wiki/Solwezi_East \"Solwezi East\") | [Humphrey Mulemba](/wiki/Humphrey_Mulemba \"Humphrey Mulemba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Solwezi West](/wiki/Solwezi_West \"Solwezi West\") | [Beston Mukumbi](/wiki/Beston_Mukumbi \"Beston Mukumbi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Wusakile](/wiki/Wusakile_%28constituency%29 \"Wusakile (constituency)\") | [Maliya Chitumbi](/wiki/Maliya_Chitumbi \"Maliya Chitumbi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Zambezi East](/wiki/Zambezi_East \"Zambezi East\") | [Joseph Poho](/wiki/Joseph_Poho \"Joseph Poho\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Zambezi North](/wiki/Zambezi_North \"Zambezi North\") | [Bernard Fumbelo](/wiki/Bernard_Fumbelo \"Bernard Fumbelo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Zambezi West](/wiki/Zambezi_West \"Zambezi West\") | [Rodger Sakuhuka](/wiki/Rodger_Sakuhuka \"Rodger Sakuhuka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n\n### Non\\-elected members\n\n| Type | Member | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Speaker](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Zambia \"List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Zambia\") | [Fwanyanga Mulikita](/wiki/Fwanyanga_Mulikita \"Fwanyanga Mulikita\") | |\n| Nominated | [Pickson Chitambala](/wiki/Pickson_Chitambala \"Pickson Chitambala\") | |\n| Nominated | [Frederick Chomba](/wiki/Frederick_Chomba \"Frederick Chomba\") | |\n| Nominated | [Lameck Goma](/wiki/Lameck_Goma \"Lameck Goma\") | |\n| Nominated | [Malimba Masheke](/wiki/Malimba_Masheke \"Malimba Masheke\") | |\n| Nominated | [Benjamin Mibenge](/wiki/Benjamin_Mibenge \"Benjamin Mibenge\") | |\n| Nominated | [Alex Shapi](/wiki/Alex_Shapi \"Alex Shapi\") | |\n| Nominated | [Lazarus Tembo](/wiki/Lazarus_Tembo \"Lazarus Tembo\") | |\n\n",
"### Elected members\n\n| Constituency | Member | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Bahati](/wiki/Bahati_%28constituency%29 \"Bahati (constituency)\") | [Simon Kalaba](/wiki/Simon_Kalaba \"Simon Kalaba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bangweulu](/wiki/Bangweulu_%28constituency%29 \"Bangweulu (constituency)\") | [Joseph Kasongo](/wiki/Joseph_Kasongo_%28Zambian_politician%29 \"Joseph Kasongo (Zambian politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bwacha](/wiki/Bwacha_%28constituency%29 \"Bwacha (constituency)\") | [Richard Banda](/wiki/Richard_Banda_%28politician%29 \"Richard Banda (politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bwana Mkubwa](/wiki/Bwana_Mkubwa_%28constituency%29 \"Bwana Mkubwa (constituency)\") | [Lawrence Phiri](/wiki/Lawrence_Phiri_%28politician%29 \"Lawrence Phiri (politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Bweengwa](/wiki/Bweengwa_%28constituency%29 \"Bweengwa (constituency)\") | [Eli Mwanang'onze](/wiki/Eli_Mwanang%27onze \"Eli Mwanang'onze\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chadiza](/wiki/Chadiza_%28constituency%29 \"Chadiza (constituency)\") | [Shart Banda](/wiki/Shart_Banda \"Shart Banda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chama](/wiki/Chama_%28constituency%29 \"Chama (constituency)\") | [Nephas Tembo](/wiki/Nephas_Tembo \"Nephas Tembo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chasefu](/wiki/Chasefu_%28constituency%29 \"Chasefu (constituency)\") | [Stanley Phiri](/wiki/Stanley_Phiri \"Stanley Phiri\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chembe](/wiki/Milenge_%28constituency%29 \"Milenge (constituency)\") | [Dickson Mpundu](/wiki/Dickson_Mpundu \"Dickson Mpundu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chiengi](/wiki/Chiengi_%28constituency%29 \"Chiengi (constituency)\") | [Tayaisius Koti](/wiki/Tayaisius_Koti \"Tayaisius Koti\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chifubu](/wiki/Chifubu_%28constituency%29 \"Chifubu (constituency)\") | [Arthur Mtewa](/wiki/Arthur_Mtewa \"Arthur Mtewa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chifunabuli](/wiki/Chifunabuli_%28constituency%29 \"Chifunabuli (constituency)\") | [Anthony Ndalama](/wiki/Anthony_Ndalama \"Anthony Ndalama\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chikankata](/wiki/Chikankata_%28constituency%29 \"Chikankata (constituency)\") | [Machila Lumina](/wiki/Machila_Lumina \"Machila Lumina\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chililabombwe](/wiki/Chililabombwe_%28constituency%29 \"Chililabombwe (constituency)\") | [Mufo Nkunika](/wiki/Mufo_Nkunika \"Mufo Nkunika\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chilubi](/wiki/Chilubi_%28constituency%29 \"Chilubi (constituency)\") | [Rabbison Chongo](/wiki/Rabbison_Chongo \"Rabbison Chongo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chimwemwe](/wiki/Chimwemwe_%28constituency%29 \"Chimwemwe (constituency)\") | [Julius Kabaso](/wiki/Julius_Kabaso \"Julius Kabaso\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chingola](/wiki/Chingola_%28constituency%29 \"Chingola (constituency)\") | | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chinsali](/wiki/Chinsali_%28constituency%29 \"Chinsali (constituency)\") | [Francis Kaunda](/wiki/Francis_Kaunda \"Francis Kaunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chipangali](/wiki/Chipangali_%28constituency%29 \"Chipangali (constituency)\") | [Gershom Nkhoma](/wiki/Gershom_Nkhoma \"Gershom Nkhoma\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chipata](/wiki/Chipata_Central \"Chipata Central\") | [Teddy Mbewe](/wiki/Teddy_Mbewe \"Teddy Mbewe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chipili](/wiki/Chipili_%28constituency%29 \"Chipili (constituency)\") | [Enock Mwewa](/wiki/Enock_Mwewa \"Enock Mwewa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chisamba](/wiki/Chisamba_%28constituency%29 \"Chisamba (constituency)\") | [Godwin Chinkuli](/wiki/Godwin_Chinkuli \"Godwin Chinkuli\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chitambo](/wiki/Chitambo_%28constituency%29 \"Chitambo (constituency)\") | [Jeremiah Mukando](/wiki/Jeremiah_Mukando \"Jeremiah Mukando\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chizela](/wiki/Chizela \"Chizela\") | [Mulondwe Muzungu](/wiki/Mulondwe_Muzungu \"Mulondwe Muzungu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Choma](/wiki/Choma_%28constituency%29 \"Choma (constituency)\") | [Daniel Munkombwe](/wiki/Daniel_Munkombwe \"Daniel Munkombwe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Chongwe](/wiki/Chongwe_%28constituency%29 \"Chongwe (constituency)\") | [Elizabeth Mulenje](/wiki/Elizabeth_Mulenje \"Elizabeth Mulenje\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Dundumwenzi](/wiki/Dundumwenzi_%28constituency%29 \"Dundumwenzi (constituency)\") | [Jonathan Sing'ombe](/wiki/Jonathan_Sing%27ombe \"Jonathan Sing'ombe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Feira](/wiki/Feira_%28constituency%29 \"Feira (constituency)\") | [Stanislaus Nyamkandeka](/wiki/Stanislaus_Nyamkandeka \"Stanislaus Nyamkandeka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Gwembe](/wiki/Gwembe_%28constituency%29 \"Gwembe (constituency)\") | [Bernard Hanyimbo](/wiki/Bernard_Hanyimbo \"Bernard Hanyimbo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Isoka East](/wiki/Isoka_East \"Isoka East\") | [Elwell Muwowo](/wiki/Elwell_Muwowo \"Elwell Muwowo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Isoka West](/wiki/Isoka_West \"Isoka West\") | [Winstone Siame](/wiki/Winstone_Siame \"Winstone Siame\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabompo](/wiki/Kabompo_%28constituency%29 \"Kabompo (constituency)\") | [Mathews Makayi](/wiki/Mathews_Makayi \"Mathews Makayi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabushi](/wiki/Kabushi_%28constituency%29 \"Kabushi (constituency)\") | [Levi Mbulo](/wiki/Levi_Mbulo \"Levi Mbulo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabwata](/wiki/Kabwata_%28constituency%29 \"Kabwata (constituency)\") | [Michael Sata](/wiki/Michael_Sata \"Michael Sata\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kabwe](/wiki/Kabwe_Central \"Kabwe Central\") | [Wilfred Wonani](/wiki/Wilfred_Wonani \"Wilfred Wonani\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kafue](/wiki/Kafue_%28constituency%29 \"Kafue (constituency)\") | [Joel Shabusale](/wiki/Joel_Shabusale \"Joel Shabusale\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kalabo](/wiki/Kalabo_%28constituency%29 \"Kalabo (constituency)\") | [John Miyato](/wiki/John_Miyato \"John Miyato\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kalomo](/wiki/Kalomo_%28constituency%29 \"Kalomo (constituency)\") | [Redson Kumalo](/wiki/Redson_Kumalo \"Redson Kumalo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kalulushi](/wiki/Kalulushi_%28constituency%29 \"Kalulushi (constituency)\") | [Bonard Sekwila](/wiki/Bonard_Sekwila \"Bonard Sekwila\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kankoyo](/wiki/Kankoyo_%28constituency%29 \"Kankoyo (constituency)\") | [Jack Kopolo](/wiki/Jack_Kopolo \"Jack Kopolo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kantanshi](/wiki/Kantanshi_%28constituency%29 \"Kantanshi (constituency)\") | [David Nkhata](/wiki/David_Nkhata \"David Nkhata\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kanyama](/wiki/Kanyama_%28constituency%29 \"Kanyama (constituency)\") | [Donald Chilufya](/wiki/Donald_Chilufya \"Donald Chilufya\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kaoma](/wiki/Kaoma_%28constituency%29 \"Kaoma (constituency)\") | [Fred Chabaya](/wiki/Fred_Chabaya \"Fred Chabaya\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kapoche](/wiki/Kaumbwe \"Kaumbwe\") | [Ben Zulu](/wiki/Ben_Zulu \"Ben Zulu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kaputa](/wiki/Kaputa_%28constituency%29 \"Kaputa (constituency)\") | [Wilson Chipili](/wiki/Wilson_Chipili \"Wilson Chipili\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kasama](/wiki/Kasama_Central \"Kasama Central\") | [Daniel Kapapa](/wiki/Daniel_Kapapa \"Daniel Kapapa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kasempa](/wiki/Kasempa_%28constituency%29 \"Kasempa (constituency)\") | [Kasempa Mushitala](/wiki/Kasempa_Mushitala \"Kasempa Mushitala\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kasenengwa](/wiki/Kasenengwa \"Kasenengwa\") | [John Ngoma](/wiki/John_Ngoma \"John Ngoma\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katete North](/wiki/Katete_North \"Katete North\") | [Gibson Chigaga](/wiki/Gibson_Chigaga \"Gibson Chigaga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katete South](/wiki/Katete_South \"Katete South\") | [Joseph Mbewe](/wiki/Joseph_Mbewe \"Joseph Mbewe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katombora](/wiki/Katombola \"Katombola\") | [Henry Siamani](/wiki/Henry_Siamani \"Henry Siamani\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Katuba](/wiki/Katuba_%28constituency%29 \"Katuba (constituency)\") | [Mavis Muyunda](/wiki/Mavis_Muyunda \"Mavis Muyunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kawambwa](/wiki/Kawambwa_%28constituency%29 \"Kawambwa (constituency)\") | [Francis Kapansa](/wiki/Francis_Kapansa \"Francis Kapansa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Kwacha](/wiki/Kwacha_%28constituency%29 \"Kwacha (constituency)\") | [Austin Sichinga](/wiki/Austin_Sichinga \"Austin Sichinga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Liuwa](/wiki/Liuwa_%28constituency%29 \"Liuwa (constituency)\") | [Namushi Namuchana](/wiki/Namushi_Namuchana \"Namushi Namuchana\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Livingstone](/wiki/Livingstone_%28constituency%29 \"Livingstone (constituency)\") | [Enos Haimbe](/wiki/Enos_Haimbe \"Enos Haimbe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luampa](/wiki/Luampa_%28constituency%29 \"Luampa (constituency)\") | [Kenneth Musangu](/wiki/Kenneth_Musangu \"Kenneth Musangu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luangeni](/wiki/Luangeni \"Luangeni\") | [Johnstone Jere](/wiki/Johnstone_Jere \"Johnstone Jere\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luanshya](/wiki/Luanshya_%28constituency%29 \"Luanshya (constituency)\") | [Leonard Mpundu](/wiki/Leonard_Mpundu \"Leonard Mpundu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luapula](/wiki/Luapula_%28constituency%29 \"Luapula (constituency)\") | [Augustine Katotobwe](/wiki/Augustine_Katotobwe \"Augustine Katotobwe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lubansenshi](/wiki/Lubansenshi_%28constituency%29 \"Lubansenshi (constituency)\") | [Eugine Mulenga](/wiki/Eugine_Mulenga \"Eugine Mulenga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luena](/wiki/Luena_%28constituency%29 \"Luena (constituency)\") | [Chrispin Sibetta](/wiki/Chrispin_Sibetta \"Chrispin Sibetta\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lukanga](/wiki/Lukanga_%28constituency%29 \"Lukanga (constituency)\") | [Johnny Chafwa](/wiki/Johnny_Chafwa \"Johnny Chafwa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lukashya](/wiki/Lukashya \"Lukashya\") | [Cosmas Masongo](/wiki/Cosmas_Masongo \"Cosmas Masongo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lukulu](/wiki/Lukulu_%28constituency%29 \"Lukulu (constituency)\") | [Alexis Luhila](/wiki/Alexis_Luhila \"Alexis Luhila\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lumezi](/wiki/Lumezi_%28constituency%29 \"Lumezi (constituency)\") | [Leticia Mwanza](/wiki/Leticia_Mwanza \"Leticia Mwanza\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lundazi](/wiki/Lundazi_%28constituency%29 \"Lundazi (constituency)\") | [Dingiswago Banda](/wiki/Dingiswago_Banda \"Dingiswago Banda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Lupososhi](/wiki/Lupososhi \"Lupososhi\") | [Athanasio Kabaso](/wiki/Athanasio_Kabaso \"Athanasio Kabaso\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Luswishi](/wiki/Luswishi \"Luswishi\") | [Peter Shibuchinga](/wiki/Peter_Shibuchinga \"Peter Shibuchinga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Malambo](/wiki/Malambo_%28constituency%29 \"Malambo (constituency)\") | [Wezi Kaunda](/wiki/Wezi_Kaunda \"Wezi Kaunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Malole](/wiki/Malole_%28constituency%29 \"Malole (constituency)\") | [Godfrey Kasoma](/wiki/Godfrey_Kasoma \"Godfrey Kasoma\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mandevu](/wiki/Mandevu_%28constituency%29 \"Mandevu (constituency)\") | [Pencil Phiri](/wiki/Pencil_Phiri \"Pencil Phiri\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mansa](/wiki/Mansa_%28constituency%29 \"Mansa (constituency)\") | [Mwenaboyi Kaimbi](/wiki/Mwenaboyi_Kaimbi \"Mwenaboyi Kaimbi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Masaiti](/wiki/Masaiti_%28constituency%29 \"Masaiti (constituency)\") | [George Mpombo](/wiki/George_Mpombo \"George Mpombo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Matero](/wiki/Matero_%28constituency%29 \"Matero (constituency)\") | [Abel Mkandawire](/wiki/Abel_Mkandawire \"Abel Mkandawire\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mazabuka](/wiki/Mazabuka_%28constituency%29 \"Mazabuka (constituency)\") | [Ben Mwiinga](/wiki/Ben_Mwiinga \"Ben Mwiinga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mbabala](/wiki/Mbabala_%28constituency%29 \"Mbabala (constituency)\") | [Maurice Katowa](/wiki/Maurice_Katowa \"Maurice Katowa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mbala](/wiki/Mbala_%28constituency%29 \"Mbala (constituency)\") | [Lightwell Sibale](/wiki/Lightwell_Sibale \"Lightwell Sibale\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mkushi North](/wiki/Mkushi_North \"Mkushi North\") | [Leonard Kombe](/wiki/Leonard_Kombe \"Leonard Kombe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mkushi South](/wiki/Mkushi_South \"Mkushi South\") | [Matilda Kolala](/wiki/Matilda_Kolala \"Matilda Kolala\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mongu](/wiki/Mongu_%28constituency%29 \"Mongu (constituency)\") | [Munukayumbwa Sipalo](/wiki/Munukayumbwa_Sipalo \"Munukayumbwa Sipalo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Monze](/wiki/Monze_%28constituency%29 \"Monze (constituency)\") | [Joseph Sichoonga](/wiki/Joseph_Sichoonga \"Joseph Sichoonga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Moomba](/wiki/Moomba_%28constituency%29 \"Moomba (constituency)\") | [Jeremiah Chijikwa](/wiki/Jeremiah_Chijikwa \"Jeremiah Chijikwa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mpika East](/wiki/Mpika_East \"Mpika East\") | | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mpika West](/wiki/Mpika_West \"Mpika West\") | [Otema Musuka](/wiki/Otema_Musuka \"Otema Musuka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mporokoso](/wiki/Mporokoso_%28constituency%29 \"Mporokoso (constituency)\") | [Kasonde Mwamba](/wiki/Kasonde_Mwamba \"Kasonde Mwamba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mpulungu](/wiki/Mpulungu_%28constituency%29 \"Mpulungu (constituency)\") | [John Chizu](/wiki/John_Chizu \"John Chizu\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Msanzala](/wiki/Msanzala \"Msanzala\") | [Achitenji Mumba](/wiki/Achitenji_Mumba \"Achitenji Mumba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mufulira](/wiki/Mufulira_%28constituency%29 \"Mufulira (constituency)\") | [Mary Chisala](/wiki/Mary_Chisala \"Mary Chisala\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mulobezi](/wiki/Mulobezi_%28constituency%29 \"Mulobezi (constituency)\") | [Leonard Subulwa](/wiki/Leonard_Subulwa \"Leonard Subulwa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mumbwa East](/wiki/Mumbwa_East \"Mumbwa East\") | [Kennedy Shepande](/wiki/Kennedy_Shepande \"Kennedy Shepande\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mumbwa West](/wiki/Mumbwa_West \"Mumbwa West\") | [Joel Chivwema](/wiki/Joel_Chivwema \"Joel Chivwema\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Munali](/wiki/Munali_%28constituency%29 \"Munali (constituency)\") | [Rupiah Banda](/wiki/Rupiah_Banda \"Rupiah Banda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwansabombwe](/wiki/Mwansabombwe_%28constituency%29 \"Mwansabombwe (constituency)\") | [Peter Chanshi](/wiki/Peter_Chanshi \"Peter Chanshi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwense](/wiki/Mwense_%28constituency%29 \"Mwense (constituency)\") | [Felix Kapapula](/wiki/Felix_Kapapula \"Felix Kapapula\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwinilunga East](/wiki/Mwinilunga_East \"Mwinilunga East\") | [Saimon Nyamboji](/wiki/Saimon_Nyamboji \"Saimon Nyamboji\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Mwinilunga West](/wiki/Mwinilunga_West \"Mwinilunga West\") | [John Kalenga](/wiki/John_Kalenga \"John Kalenga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nakonde](/wiki/Nakonde_%28constituency%29 \"Nakonde (constituency)\") | [Arnold Simuchimba](/wiki/Arnold_Simuchimba \"Arnold Simuchimba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nalikwanda](/wiki/Nalikwanda \"Nalikwanda\") | [Namonda Kamayoyo](/wiki/Namonda_Kamayoyo \"Namonda Kamayoyo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nalolo](/wiki/Nalolo_%28constituency%29 \"Nalolo (constituency)\") | [Njekwa Anamela](/wiki/Njekwa_Anamela \"Njekwa Anamela\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Namwala](/wiki/Namwala_%28constituency%29 \"Namwala (constituency)\") | [Biggie Nkumbula](/wiki/Biggie_Nkumbula \"Biggie Nkumbula\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nchanga](/wiki/Nchanga_%28constituency%29 \"Nchanga (constituency)\") | [Titus Mukupa](/wiki/Titus_Mukupa \"Titus Mukupa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nchelenge](/wiki/Nchelenge_%28constituency%29 \"Nchelenge (constituency)\") | [Mukanga Kainga](/wiki/Mukanga_Kainga \"Mukanga Kainga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Ndola](/wiki/Ndola_Central \"Ndola Central\") | [Victor Konie](/wiki/Victor_Konie \"Victor Konie\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nkana](/wiki/Nkana_%28constituency%29 \"Nkana (constituency)\") | [Noel Mvula](/wiki/Noel_Mvula \"Noel Mvula\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Nyimba](/wiki/Nyimba_%28constituency%29 \"Nyimba (constituency)\") | [Ronald Koloweka](/wiki/Ronald_Koloweka \"Ronald Koloweka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Pemba](/wiki/Pemba_%28constituency%29 \"Pemba (constituency)\") | [Aaron Chonya](/wiki/Aaron_Chonya \"Aaron Chonya\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Petauke](/wiki/Petauke_%28constituency%29 \"Petauke (constituency)\") | [Lavu Mulimba](/wiki/Lavu_Mulimba \"Lavu Mulimba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Roan](/wiki/Roan_%28constituency%29 \"Roan (constituency)\") | [Moses Mwachindalo](/wiki/Moses_Mwachindalo \"Moses Mwachindalo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Senanga](/wiki/Senanga_%28constituency%29 \"Senanga (constituency)\") | [Likando Kalaluka](/wiki/Likando_Kalaluka_%28politician%29 \"Likando Kalaluka (politician)\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Senga Hill](/wiki/Senga_Hill_%28constituency%29 \"Senga Hill (constituency)\") | [Frederick Simpasa](/wiki/Frederick_Simpasa \"Frederick Simpasa\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Serenje](/wiki/Serenje_%28constituency%29 \"Serenje (constituency)\") | [Musonda Chunga](/wiki/Musonda_Chunga \"Musonda Chunga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sesheke](/wiki/Sesheke_%28constituency%29 \"Sesheke (constituency)\") | [Inyambo Yeta](/wiki/Inyambo_Yeta \"Inyambo Yeta\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Shiwa Ng'andu](/wiki/Shiwa_Ng%27andu_%28constituency%29 \"Shiwa Ng'andu (constituency)\") | [Namutambili Muyoba](/wiki/Namutambili_Muyoba \"Namutambili Muyoba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Siavonga](/wiki/Siavonga_%28constituency%29 \"Siavonga (constituency)\") | [Frederick Hapunda](/wiki/Frederick_Hapunda \"Frederick Hapunda\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sihole](/wiki/Sihole \"Sihole\") | [Mubiana Kangongwe](/wiki/Mubiana_Kangongwe \"Mubiana Kangongwe\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sikongo](/wiki/Sikongo_%28constituency%29 \"Sikongo (constituency)\") | [Mbambo Sianga](/wiki/Mbambo_Sianga \"Mbambo Sianga\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sinazongwe](/wiki/Sinazongwe_%28constituency%29 \"Sinazongwe (constituency)\") | [Dodson Syatalimi](/wiki/Dodson_Syatalimi \"Dodson Syatalimi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Sinjembela](/wiki/Shang%27ombo_%28constituency%29 \"Shang'ombo (constituency)\") | [Albert Limbo](/wiki/Albert_Limbo \"Albert Limbo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Solwezi East](/wiki/Solwezi_East \"Solwezi East\") | [Humphrey Mulemba](/wiki/Humphrey_Mulemba \"Humphrey Mulemba\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Solwezi West](/wiki/Solwezi_West \"Solwezi West\") | [Beston Mukumbi](/wiki/Beston_Mukumbi \"Beston Mukumbi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Wusakile](/wiki/Wusakile_%28constituency%29 \"Wusakile (constituency)\") | [Maliya Chitumbi](/wiki/Maliya_Chitumbi \"Maliya Chitumbi\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Zambezi East](/wiki/Zambezi_East \"Zambezi East\") | [Joseph Poho](/wiki/Joseph_Poho \"Joseph Poho\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Zambezi North](/wiki/Zambezi_North \"Zambezi North\") | [Bernard Fumbelo](/wiki/Bernard_Fumbelo \"Bernard Fumbelo\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n| [Zambezi West](/wiki/Zambezi_West \"Zambezi West\") | [Rodger Sakuhuka](/wiki/Rodger_Sakuhuka \"Rodger Sakuhuka\") | [United National Independence Party](/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party \"United National Independence Party\") |\n\n",
"### Non\\-elected members\n\n| Type | Member | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Speaker](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Zambia \"List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Zambia\") | [Fwanyanga Mulikita](/wiki/Fwanyanga_Mulikita \"Fwanyanga Mulikita\") | |\n| Nominated | [Pickson Chitambala](/wiki/Pickson_Chitambala \"Pickson Chitambala\") | |\n| Nominated | [Frederick Chomba](/wiki/Frederick_Chomba \"Frederick Chomba\") | |\n| Nominated | [Lameck Goma](/wiki/Lameck_Goma \"Lameck Goma\") | |\n| Nominated | [Malimba Masheke](/wiki/Malimba_Masheke \"Malimba Masheke\") | |\n| Nominated | [Benjamin Mibenge](/wiki/Benjamin_Mibenge \"Benjamin Mibenge\") | |\n| Nominated | [Alex Shapi](/wiki/Alex_Shapi \"Alex Shapi\") | |\n| Nominated | [Lazarus Tembo](/wiki/Lazarus_Tembo \"Lazarus Tembo\") | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[1988](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Zambia \"Lists of members of the National Assembly of Zambia\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jett (TV series) | {
"id": [
14965160
],
"name": [
"Marcocapelle"
]
} | 2qhabt45kueloqobfxz92d96dp98w0e | 2024-02-05T09:32:18Z | 1,200,014,674 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Premise",
"Cast and characters",
"Main",
"Recurring",
"Episodes",
"Production",
"Development",
"Casting",
"Filming",
"Critical response",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t***Jett*** is an American [action](/wiki/Action_%28fiction%29 \"Action (fiction)\") [crime drama](/wiki/Crime_drama \"Crime drama\") television series created by [Sebastian Gutierrez](/wiki/Sebastian_Gutierrez \"Sebastian Gutierrez\"). It stars [Carla Gugino](/wiki/Carla_Gugino \"Carla Gugino\") and premiered on June 14, 2019, on [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax \"Cinemax\"). The drama ended with only 1 season and 9 episodes.\n\n",
"Premise\n-------\n\n*Jett* begins when \"fresh out of prison, world\\-class thief Daisy \"Jett\" Kowalski is forced back into doing what she does best by dangerous and eccentric criminals determined to exploit her skills for their own ends.\"\n\n",
"Cast and characters\n-------------------\n\n### Main\n\n* [Carla Gugino](/wiki/Carla_Gugino \"Carla Gugino\") as Daisy \"Jett\" Kowalski, a skilled ex\\-thief.\n* [Giancarlo Esposito](/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito \"Giancarlo Esposito\") as Charlie Baudelaire, a cool\\-headed crime boss and Jett's associate/lover.\n* [Elena Anaya](/wiki/Elena_Anaya \"Elena Anaya\") as Maria, a Spanish woman who helps raise Jett's daughter.\n* [Michael Aronov](/wiki/Michael_Aronov \"Michael Aronov\") as Jack \"Jackie\" Dillon, an ex\\-criminal who is now a detective. He is also Jett's ex\\-husband.\n* [Gaite Jansen](/wiki/Gaite_Jansen \"Gaite Jansen\") as Phoenix, a sweet\\-natured sex worker and friend of Jett.\n* [Gil Bellows](/wiki/Gil_Bellows \"Gil Bellows\") as Evans, an employee of Miljan Bestic and ex\\-husband to Miljan's sister.\n* [Christopher Backus](/wiki/Christopher_Backus \"Christopher Backus\") as Bennie, one of Charlie's henchmen.\n* Gentry White as Charles Junior, Charlie's violent, unpredictable son.\n* [Jodie Turner\\-Smith](/wiki/Jodie_Turner-Smith \"Jodie Turner-Smith\") as Josie Lambert, a detective who is Dillon's partner and his mistress.\n* [Violet McGraw](/wiki/Violet_McGraw \"Violet McGraw\") as Alice, Jett's daughter.\n\n### Recurring\n\n* [Greg Bryk](/wiki/Greg_Bryk \"Greg Bryk\") as Miljan Bestic, a [Moldovan](/wiki/Moldova \"Moldova\") lawyer living in Cuba.\n* [Lucy Walters](/wiki/Lucy_Walters \"Lucy Walters\") as Rosalie, a prison guard's wife who is kidnapped at Charlie Baudelaire's instructions.\n* [Mustafa Shakir](/wiki/Mustafa_Shakir \"Mustafa Shakir\") as Rufus \"Quinn\" Quinton, Jett's ex\\-lover and a safe\\-cracker.\n* [David Aron Damane](/wiki/David_Aron_Damane \"David Aron Damane\") as Eddie McKay, Jett's old partner in crime\n* [Rainbow Francks](/wiki/Rainbow_Sun_Francks \"Rainbow Sun Francks\") as Carl, another of Charlie's henchmen.\n* [Shiloh Fernandez](/wiki/Shiloh_Fernandez \"Shiloh Fernandez\") as Blair Howell, a former henchman to Frank Sweeney.\n* [Gregg Lowe](/wiki/Gregg_Lowe \"Gregg Lowe\") as Robert \"Bobby\" Larcum, a real estate agent and Charles Junior's lover.\n* [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\") as Carlyle\n* [Gus Halper](/wiki/Gus_Halper \"Gus Halper\") as Neal, Phoenix's half\\-brother.\n",
"### Main\n\n* [Carla Gugino](/wiki/Carla_Gugino \"Carla Gugino\") as Daisy \"Jett\" Kowalski, a skilled ex\\-thief.\n* [Giancarlo Esposito](/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito \"Giancarlo Esposito\") as Charlie Baudelaire, a cool\\-headed crime boss and Jett's associate/lover.\n* [Elena Anaya](/wiki/Elena_Anaya \"Elena Anaya\") as Maria, a Spanish woman who helps raise Jett's daughter.\n* [Michael Aronov](/wiki/Michael_Aronov \"Michael Aronov\") as Jack \"Jackie\" Dillon, an ex\\-criminal who is now a detective. He is also Jett's ex\\-husband.\n* [Gaite Jansen](/wiki/Gaite_Jansen \"Gaite Jansen\") as Phoenix, a sweet\\-natured sex worker and friend of Jett.\n* [Gil Bellows](/wiki/Gil_Bellows \"Gil Bellows\") as Evans, an employee of Miljan Bestic and ex\\-husband to Miljan's sister.\n* [Christopher Backus](/wiki/Christopher_Backus \"Christopher Backus\") as Bennie, one of Charlie's henchmen.\n* Gentry White as Charles Junior, Charlie's violent, unpredictable son.\n* [Jodie Turner\\-Smith](/wiki/Jodie_Turner-Smith \"Jodie Turner-Smith\") as Josie Lambert, a detective who is Dillon's partner and his mistress.\n* [Violet McGraw](/wiki/Violet_McGraw \"Violet McGraw\") as Alice, Jett's daughter.\n",
"### Recurring\n\n* [Greg Bryk](/wiki/Greg_Bryk \"Greg Bryk\") as Miljan Bestic, a [Moldovan](/wiki/Moldova \"Moldova\") lawyer living in Cuba.\n* [Lucy Walters](/wiki/Lucy_Walters \"Lucy Walters\") as Rosalie, a prison guard's wife who is kidnapped at Charlie Baudelaire's instructions.\n* [Mustafa Shakir](/wiki/Mustafa_Shakir \"Mustafa Shakir\") as Rufus \"Quinn\" Quinton, Jett's ex\\-lover and a safe\\-cracker.\n* [David Aron Damane](/wiki/David_Aron_Damane \"David Aron Damane\") as Eddie McKay, Jett's old partner in crime\n* [Rainbow Francks](/wiki/Rainbow_Sun_Francks \"Rainbow Sun Francks\") as Carl, another of Charlie's henchmen.\n* [Shiloh Fernandez](/wiki/Shiloh_Fernandez \"Shiloh Fernandez\") as Blair Howell, a former henchman to Frank Sweeney.\n* [Gregg Lowe](/wiki/Gregg_Lowe \"Gregg Lowe\") as Robert \"Bobby\" Larcum, a real estate agent and Charles Junior's lover.\n* [Bruce Greenwood](/wiki/Bruce_Greenwood \"Bruce Greenwood\") as Carlyle\n* [Gus Halper](/wiki/Gus_Halper \"Gus Halper\") as Neal, Phoenix's half\\-brother.\n",
"Episodes\n--------\n\n",
"Production\n----------\n\n### Development\n\nOn April 18, 2018, it was announced that [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax \"Cinemax\") had given the production a straight\\-to\\-series order. The series was created by Sebastian Gutierrez who is also set to executive produce, write, and direct for the series. Other executive producers are set to include Mark Stern, [Stuart Ford](/wiki/Stuart_Ford_%28entertainment_executive%29 \"Stuart Ford (entertainment executive)\"), and [Dana Brunetti](/wiki/Dana_Brunetti \"Dana Brunetti\"). Additionally, it was reported that Stacey Levin will serve as a co\\-executive producer and Kathy Landsberg as a line producer. Production companies involved with the series are expected to include Global Road Entertainment. On May 17, 2019, it was announced that the series will premiere on June 14, 2019\\.\n\nOn January 16, 2020, it was announced that Cinemax had ceased development of all original programming, and that the show was being shopped around to other networks for a potential second season. While there was no subsequent explicit announcement about *Jett*, by early 2021, Gugino and Gutierrez had started work on a different crime thriller for [AGC Studios](/wiki/AGC_Studios \"AGC Studios\") titled *Leopard Skin* which includes both White and Jansen in the cast.\n\n### Casting\n\nAlongside the series order announcement, it was confirmed that Carla Gugino would star in the series as the titular character Jett. On June 19, 2018, it was announced that Giancarlo Esposito, Elena Anaya, Michael Aronov, Gaite Jansen, Christopher Backus, Gil Bellows, and Violet McGraw had been cast as series regulars and that Jodie Turner\\-Smith, Gentry White, Lucy Walters, and Mustafa Shakir were set for recurring roles. On August 29, 2018, it was reported that Chivonne Michelle had joined the cast in a recurring capacity.\n\n### Filming\n\nPrincipal photography for the series began on June 11, 2018 and was scheduled to end November 16, 2018 in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Ontario \"Toronto, Ontario\") and [Hamilton, Ontario](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario \"Hamilton, Ontario\"), Canada.\n\n",
"### Development\n\nOn April 18, 2018, it was announced that [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax \"Cinemax\") had given the production a straight\\-to\\-series order. The series was created by Sebastian Gutierrez who is also set to executive produce, write, and direct for the series. Other executive producers are set to include Mark Stern, [Stuart Ford](/wiki/Stuart_Ford_%28entertainment_executive%29 \"Stuart Ford (entertainment executive)\"), and [Dana Brunetti](/wiki/Dana_Brunetti \"Dana Brunetti\"). Additionally, it was reported that Stacey Levin will serve as a co\\-executive producer and Kathy Landsberg as a line producer. Production companies involved with the series are expected to include Global Road Entertainment. On May 17, 2019, it was announced that the series will premiere on June 14, 2019\\.\n\nOn January 16, 2020, it was announced that Cinemax had ceased development of all original programming, and that the show was being shopped around to other networks for a potential second season. While there was no subsequent explicit announcement about *Jett*, by early 2021, Gugino and Gutierrez had started work on a different crime thriller for [AGC Studios](/wiki/AGC_Studios \"AGC Studios\") titled *Leopard Skin* which includes both White and Jansen in the cast.\n\n",
"### Casting\n\nAlongside the series order announcement, it was confirmed that Carla Gugino would star in the series as the titular character Jett. On June 19, 2018, it was announced that Giancarlo Esposito, Elena Anaya, Michael Aronov, Gaite Jansen, Christopher Backus, Gil Bellows, and Violet McGraw had been cast as series regulars and that Jodie Turner\\-Smith, Gentry White, Lucy Walters, and Mustafa Shakir were set for recurring roles. On August 29, 2018, it was reported that Chivonne Michelle had joined the cast in a recurring capacity.\n\n",
"### Filming\n\nPrincipal photography for the series began on June 11, 2018 and was scheduled to end November 16, 2018 in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Ontario \"Toronto, Ontario\") and [Hamilton, Ontario](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario \"Hamilton, Ontario\"), Canada.\n\n",
"Critical response\n-----------------\n\nOn [review aggregator](/wiki/Review_aggregator \"Review aggregator\") [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\"), the series has an approval rating of 94% with an average rating of 7\\.5/10, based on 17 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, “Carla Gugino shines in *JETT*, a stylish – if overtly violent – noir that benefits from its willingness to crank its genre set\\-pieces up to eleven.” On [Metacritic](/wiki/Metacritic \"Metacritic\"), it has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating “generally favorable reviews”.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2019 American television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2019_American_television_series_debuts \"2019 American television series debuts\")\n[Category:2019 American television series endings](/wiki/Category:2019_American_television_series_endings \"2019 American television series endings\")\n[Category:2010s American crime drama television series](/wiki/Category:2010s_American_crime_drama_television_series \"2010s American crime drama television series\")\n[Category:American action television series](/wiki/Category:American_action_television_series \"American action television series\")\n[Category:American English\\-language television shows](/wiki/Category:American_English-language_television_shows \"American English-language television shows\")\n[Category:Cinemax original programming](/wiki/Category:Cinemax_original_programming \"Cinemax original programming\")\n[Category:Serial drama television series](/wiki/Category:Serial_drama_television_series \"Serial drama television series\")\n\n"
]
} |
Oliver Balch | {
"id": [
42596612
],
"name": [
"Dejaqo"
]
} | g5u0qquhduu9z8bqsrdczdpvjct7t5z | 2024-03-30T21:51:45Z | 1,176,383,887 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Oliver Balch** is a British author and freelance writer who specializes in business and international affairs. He has written for *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, the *[Daily Telegraph](/wiki/Daily_Telegraph \"Daily Telegraph\")*, *[Huffington Post](/wiki/HuffPost \"HuffPost\"),* *[The Spectator](/wiki/The_Spectator \"The Spectator\")*, *[Literary Review](/wiki/Literary_Review \"Literary Review\")*, and the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*.\n\nBalch was educated at [Felsted School](/wiki/Felsted_School \"Felsted School\"). He graduated from [Durham University](/wiki/Durham_University \"Durham University\") ([Hatfield College](/wiki/Hatfield_College%2C_Durham \"Hatfield College, Durham\")) in 1998 with a [first\\-class](/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification%23First-class_honours \"British undergraduate degree classification#First-class honours\") degree in History and subsequently completed an [MPhil](/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy \"Master of Philosophy\") at [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\").\n\nAfter leaving university he spent a year living in [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\") and later moved to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"), where he began writing freelance. In 2018 he received a [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") in [Latin American Studies](/wiki/Latin_American_Studies \"Latin American Studies\") from the [University of Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\") ([Christ's College](/wiki/Christ%27s_College%2C_Cambridge \"Christ's College, Cambridge\")). His [thesis](/wiki/Thesis \"Thesis\") was entitled \"Pulp Fictions: The Role of Detachable Corporate Social Responsibility in Building Legitimacy for Uruguay’s Largest Ever Foreign Investment\".\n\nHe has had three books published by [Faber \\& Faber](/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber \"Faber & Faber\"): *Viva South America! A Journey Round a Restless Continent* (2009\\), *India Rising: Tales from a Changing Nation* (2012\\), and *Under the Tump: Sketches of Real Life on the Welsh Borders* (2016\\).\n\nOliver and his wife Emma are co\\-owners of Pottery Cottage, [Clyro](/wiki/Clyro \"Clyro\") and are co\\-founders of the social enterprise, The Story of Books, based in [Hay\\-on\\-Wye](/wiki/Hay-on-Wye \"Hay-on-Wye\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:English travel writers](/wiki/Category:English_travel_writers \"English travel writers\")\n[Category:British journalists](/wiki/Category:British_journalists \"British journalists\")\n[Category:Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Hatfield_College%2C_Durham \"Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Cambridge \"Alumni of the University of Cambridge\")\n[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Christ%27s_College%2C_Cambridge \"Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge\")\n[Category:People educated at Felsted School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Felsted_School \"People educated at Felsted School\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Galgupha atra | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"104.62.166.110"
]
} | 31za8zmmvs0yedze1ar43lyfokqje8l | 2023-07-23T19:50:22Z | 1,053,820,942 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Galgupha atra*** is a species of ebony bug in the family [Thyreocoridae](/wiki/Thyreocoridae \"Thyreocoridae\"). It is found in Central America and North America.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Shield bugs](/wiki/Category:Shield_bugs \"Shield bugs\")\n[Category:Articles created by Qbugbot](/wiki/Category:Articles_created_by_Qbugbot \"Articles created by Qbugbot\")\n[Category:Insects described in 1843](/wiki/Category:Insects_described_in_1843 \"Insects described in 1843\")\n[Category:Hemiptera of Central America](/wiki/Category:Hemiptera_of_Central_America \"Hemiptera of Central America\")\n\n"
]
} |
Chrysobothris quadrilineata | {
"id": [
1398
],
"name": [
"William Avery"
]
} | q09w469khl8v6g6jrqhwwfbspyhcs89 | 2024-09-20T10:38:39Z | 1,225,701,332 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Chrysobothris quadrilineata*** is a species of [metallic wood\\-boring beetle](/wiki/Metallic_wood-boring_beetle \"Metallic wood-boring beetle\") in the family [Buprestidae](/wiki/Buprestidae \"Buprestidae\"). It is found in North America.\n [thumb](/wiki/File:Chrysobothris_quadrilineata_P1100379a.jpg \"Chrysobothris quadrilineata P1100379a.jpg\")\n [thumb](/wiki/File:Chrysobothris_quadrilineata_P1100387a.jpg \"Chrysobothris quadrilineata P1100387a.jpg\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Buprestidae](/wiki/Category:Buprestidae \"Buprestidae\")\n[Category:Articles created by Qbugbot](/wiki/Category:Articles_created_by_Qbugbot \"Articles created by Qbugbot\")\n[Category:Beetles described in 1860](/wiki/Category:Beetles_described_in_1860 \"Beetles described in 1860\")\n[Category:Beetles of North America](/wiki/Category:Beetles_of_North_America \"Beetles of North America\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Phymata fasciata | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"104.62.166.110"
]
} | 0nitx4urtlfjs12lsowaha6ckj4c98b | 2023-07-13T01:32:00Z | 1,158,269,396 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Subspecies",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Phymata fasciata*** is a species of [ambush bug](/wiki/Ambush_bug \"Ambush bug\") in the family [Reduviidae](/wiki/Reduviidae \"Reduviidae\"). It is found in Central America and North America.\n\n",
"Subspecies\n----------\n\nThese four subspecies belong to the species *Phymata fasciata*:\n* *Phymata fasciata fasciata* (Gray, 1832\\)\n* *Phymata fasciata mexicana* Melin, 1930\n* *Phymata fasciata mystica* Evans, 1931\n* *Phymata fasciata panamensis* Kormilev, 1962\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Reduviidae](/wiki/Category:Reduviidae \"Reduviidae\")\n[Category:Articles created by Qbugbot](/wiki/Category:Articles_created_by_Qbugbot \"Articles created by Qbugbot\")\n[Category:Insects described in 1832](/wiki/Category:Insects_described_in_1832 \"Insects described in 1832\")\n[Category:Hemiptera of Central America](/wiki/Category:Hemiptera_of_Central_America \"Hemiptera of Central America\")\n[Category:Hemiptera of North America](/wiki/Category:Hemiptera_of_North_America \"Hemiptera of North America\")\n\n"
]
} |
Anthaxia dichroa | {
"id": [
32867347
],
"name": [
"Qbugbot"
]
} | 1hsrcw0yezx4zqfjx5bxfpgw1c5dt9b | 2019-09-23T23:22:58Z | 916,043,237 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Anthaxia dichroa*** is a species of [metallic wood\\-boring beetle](/wiki/Metallic_wood-boring_beetle \"Metallic wood-boring beetle\") in the family [Buprestidae](/wiki/Buprestidae \"Buprestidae\"). It is found in North America.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n[Category:Buprestidae](/wiki/Category:Buprestidae \"Buprestidae\")\n[Category:Articles created by Qbugbot](/wiki/Category:Articles_created_by_Qbugbot \"Articles created by Qbugbot\")\n[Category:Beetles described in 1991](/wiki/Category:Beetles_described_in_1991 \"Beetles described in 1991\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Our House (2018 film) | {
"id": [
39023869
],
"name": [
"Zandburger"
]
} | d1gu6d8po7iugkbluce7lcj6bpmbc1f | 2024-09-26T23:18:18Z | 1,236,503,203 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Production",
"Filming",
"Post-production",
"Release",
"Reception",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t***Our House*** is a 2018 [horror film](/wiki/Horror_film \"Horror film\") directed by [Anthony Scott Burns](/wiki/Anthony_Scott_Burns \"Anthony Scott Burns\") from a screenplay by [Nathan Parker](/wiki/Nathan_Parker_%28writer%29 \"Nathan Parker (writer)\"). The film is a remake of the 2010 film *[Ghost from the Machine](/wiki/Ghost_from_the_Machine \"Ghost from the Machine\")*, written and directed by [Matt Osterman](/wiki/Matt_Osterman \"Matt Osterman\").[Our House \\- WGA Directory](https://directories.wga.org/project/1110201/our-house/) It stars [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann_%28actor%29 \"Thomas Mann (actor)\"), [Kate Moyer](/wiki/Kate_Moyer \"Kate Moyer\"), [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz \"Nicola Peltz\") and [Percy Hynes White](/wiki/Percy_Hynes_White \"Percy Hynes White\"). It was released in the United States and Canada on July 27, 2018 by [IFC Midnight](/wiki/IFC_Midnight \"IFC Midnight\") and [Elevation Pictures](/wiki/Elevation_Pictures \"Elevation Pictures\").\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nEthan returns home from college to visit his parents and younger siblings, Becca and Matt. A passionate inventor, he leaves early to conduct an on\\-campus experiment, but promises his disappointed parents he'll prioritize the family on his next break.\n\nEthan has invented a machine called ELI that is designed to create [wireless electrical power](/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer \"Wireless power transfer\"). However, as his project lacks university authorization, Ethan, his girlfriend Hannah, and another friend must sneak into the university lab to perform his experiments with it. When they activate the device, they fail to notice a black, smoky mass emanating from the equipment. The trial causes a campus\\-wide blackout, and the trio flee.\n\nThe next morning, Ethan learns that his parents have died in a traffic accident, and he returns home to care for Becca and Matt. He begins a part\\-time job, and continues to work on ELI in his spare time. After he performs further experiments, strange things begin to occur through the house. The siblings come to believe that Ethan's machine is allowing their parents' spirits to make contact with them. When a supernatural entity appears, it tells them that the machine is harnessing spiritual energy, and that increasing its power will allow both of their parents to appear.\n\nEthan enlists the help of his neighbour, Tom, a widower, to illegally tap into the street's power supply. Becca claims to have given her doll away to comfort a new friend, Alice, who fears a man named Henry. The supernatural events increase and become menacing. Tom begins to exhibit odd behaviour, warning Ethan that the machine's effect has expanded beyond the house. Hannah views footage of the first experiment and shows Ethan a ghostly, female silhouette, and they ask an elderly neighbour, Marie, about the house's previous occupants. Marie tells them about Alice, a child who disappeared from the house, whom Marie thinks was killed by Henry, her foster father.\n\nBecca is lured into the basement by the doll and dragged into a large chest. Ethan informs Matt that the ghosts are not their parents, and Hannah and Matt look for Becca while Ethan goes to switch ELI off. However, he finds that Tom has taken the machine to communicate with his wife's spirit, Ethan breaks in to Tom's house and a fight ensues. Matt and Hannah find Becca in a hidden underground room, but all three are overcome by murderous ghosts.\n\nAfter Ethan explains that the spirit isn't his wife, Tom releases him. The ghost then turns on Tom and drags him away. Ethan smashes the machine with a baseball bat, saving his family, as well as Tom.\n\nAs the siblings prepare to move to a new home, Becca is given the doll she'd intentionally left in the house to keep Alice company. She races in to return it before they leave.\n\nEthan and Hannah unpack boxes in their new home with the help of Matt and Becca, and the four of them eat take dinner together. The film ends as the doll is seen peeking out from inside a packing box.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann_%28actor%29 \"Thomas Mann (actor)\") as Ethan Lightman\n* [Percy Hynes White](/wiki/Percy_Hynes_White \"Percy Hynes White\") as Matt Lightman\n* [Kate Moyer](/wiki/Kate_Moyer \"Kate Moyer\") as Becca Lightman\n* [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz \"Nicola Peltz\") as Hannah\n* Robert B. Kennedy as Tom\n* Lucius Hoyos as Dag\n* Marcia Bennett as Marie\n* [Allison Hossack](/wiki/Allison_Hossack \"Allison Hossack\") as Lila Lightman\n* [John Ralston](/wiki/John_Ralston_%28actor%29 \"John Ralston (actor)\") as Richard Lightman\n* Carlyn Burchell as Ms. Nash\n* Neil Whitely as Jacob\n* Aaron Hale as Adnan\n",
"Production\n----------\n\nIn August 2011, [Universal Pictures](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\") acquired the rights to remake the 2010 film *[Ghost from the Machine](/wiki/Ghost_from_the_Machine \"Ghost from the Machine\")*. [Gary Shore](/wiki/Gary_Shore \"Gary Shore\") signed on as director with *[Moon](/wiki/Moon_%282009_film%29 \"Moon (2009 film)\")* screenwriter [Nathan Parker](/wiki/Nathan_Parker_%28writer%29 \"Nathan Parker (writer)\") writing the script. By January 2016, Shore had left the project and was replaced by [Anthony Scott Burns](/wiki/Anthony_Scott_Burns \"Anthony Scott Burns\"). [Thomas Mann](/wiki/Thomas_Mann_%28actor%29 \"Thomas Mann (actor)\") was set to star in the film with [John Davis](/wiki/John_Davis_%28producer%29 \"John Davis (producer)\"), Derek Dauchy, Nick Spicer and Kyle Franke producing the film under their Davis Entertainment and [XYZ Films](/wiki/XYZ_Films \"XYZ Films\") banners, respectively. In May 2016, [Nicola Peltz](/wiki/Nicola_Peltz \"Nicola Peltz\") joined the cast of the film, with Lee Kim, [Marty Katz](/wiki/Marty_Katz \"Marty Katz\"), and Ulf Israel joining the film as producers. In June 2017, [Mark Korven](/wiki/Mark_Korven \"Mark Korven\") was announced to compose the film's score.\n\n### Filming\n\n[Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") began in May 2016 in [Port Hope, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Hope%2C_Ontario \"Port Hope, Ontario\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") and concluded the following month, with a tentative release date set for 2017\\.\n\n### Post\\-production\n\nIn June 2017, [Electric Youth](/wiki/Electric_Youth_%28band%29 \"Electric Youth (band)\") announced a new album titled *Breathing* based on a \"lost\" film of the same name. The band had collaborated with Burns on the film, that was intended to \"reinvent the horror genre\", which was changed completely in [post production](/wiki/Post_production \"Post production\"). According to band members [Austin Garrick](/wiki/Watts_%28producer%29 \"Watts (producer)\") and Bronwyn Griffin, Burns had left the project during post production due to creative differences, the duo soon left afterward. Dennis Harvey of *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* had seemingly confirmed that *Breathing* was an earlier title used for *Our House*. Harvey also points to the lack of a [director of photography](/wiki/Director_of_photography \"Director of photography\") credit as further evidence of production troubles. While promoting *[Come True](/wiki/Come_True \"Come True\")*, both Burns and Electric Youth confirmed the production disputes, with Burns claiming he lost all his representation after quitting the film.\n\n",
"### Filming\n\n[Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") began in May 2016 in [Port Hope, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Hope%2C_Ontario \"Port Hope, Ontario\"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") and concluded the following month, with a tentative release date set for 2017\\.\n\n",
"### Post\\-production\n\nIn June 2017, [Electric Youth](/wiki/Electric_Youth_%28band%29 \"Electric Youth (band)\") announced a new album titled *Breathing* based on a \"lost\" film of the same name. The band had collaborated with Burns on the film, that was intended to \"reinvent the horror genre\", which was changed completely in [post production](/wiki/Post_production \"Post production\"). According to band members [Austin Garrick](/wiki/Watts_%28producer%29 \"Watts (producer)\") and Bronwyn Griffin, Burns had left the project during post production due to creative differences, the duo soon left afterward. Dennis Harvey of *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* had seemingly confirmed that *Breathing* was an earlier title used for *Our House*. Harvey also points to the lack of a [director of photography](/wiki/Director_of_photography \"Director of photography\") credit as further evidence of production troubles. While promoting *[Come True](/wiki/Come_True \"Come True\")*, both Burns and Electric Youth confirmed the production disputes, with Burns claiming he lost all his representation after quitting the film.\n\n",
"Release\n-------\n\nIn June 2016, [Elevation Pictures](/wiki/Elevation_Pictures \"Elevation Pictures\") acquired Canadian distribution rights to the film. In February 2018, [IFC Midnight](/wiki/IFC_Midnight \"IFC Midnight\") acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. The film was released in the United States and Canada on July 27, 2018\\.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nSales of *Our House* DVD/Blu\\-ray releases have cashed $1,732\\. On [review aggregator](/wiki/Review_aggregator \"Review aggregator\") [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\"), the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, \"*Our House* sits on a solid foundation of genuine pathos, even if the storytelling structure tends to be frustratingly rickety in spots.\" On [Metacritic](/wiki/Metacritic \"Metacritic\"), the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* *[Our House](http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=filvidandsou&id=540751&lang=eng)* at [Library and Archives Canada](/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada \"Library and Archives Canada\")\n\n[Category:2018 films](/wiki/Category:2018_films \"2018 films\")\n[Category:2018 horror films](/wiki/Category:2018_horror_films \"2018 horror films\")\n[Category:American supernatural horror films](/wiki/Category:American_supernatural_horror_films \"American supernatural horror films\")\n[Category:English\\-language Canadian films](/wiki/Category:English-language_Canadian_films \"English-language Canadian films\")\n[Category:Canadian supernatural horror films](/wiki/Category:Canadian_supernatural_horror_films \"Canadian supernatural horror films\")\n[Category:Films produced by John Davis](/wiki/Category:Films_produced_by_John_Davis \"Films produced by John Davis\")\n[Category:Films scored by Mark Korven](/wiki/Category:Films_scored_by_Mark_Korven \"Films scored by Mark Korven\")\n[Category:English\\-language German films](/wiki/Category:English-language_German_films \"English-language German films\")\n[Category:German supernatural horror films](/wiki/Category:German_supernatural_horror_films \"German supernatural horror films\")\n[Category:IFC Films films](/wiki/Category:IFC_Films_films \"IFC Films films\")\n[Category:2010s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:2010s_English-language_films \"2010s English-language films\")\n[Category:2010s American films](/wiki/Category:2010s_American_films \"2010s American films\")\n[Category:2010s Canadian films](/wiki/Category:2010s_Canadian_films \"2010s Canadian films\")\n[Category:2010s German films](/wiki/Category:2010s_German_films \"2010s German films\")\n[Category:English\\-language horror films](/wiki/Category:English-language_horror_films \"English-language horror films\")\n\n"
]
} |
Endomychus biguttatus | {
"id": [
36006189
],
"name": [
"Feralcateater000"
]
} | 6jjh1xsuqdtwjfzrexssj9rfnw4f655 | 2024-05-09T12:56:41Z | 917,517,947 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Endomychus biguttatus***, the **handsome fungus beetle**, is a species of [handsome fungus beetle](/wiki/Handsome_fungus_beetle \"Handsome fungus beetle\") in the family [Endomychidae](/wiki/Endomychidae \"Endomychidae\"). It is found in North America.\n [thumb\\|Handsome fungus beetle, *Endomychus biguttatus*](/wiki/File:Handsome_Fungus_Beetle_-_Flickr_-_treegrow.jpg \"Handsome Fungus Beetle - Flickr - treegrow.jpg\")\n [thumb\\|Handsome fungus beetle, *Endomychus biguttatus*](/wiki/File:Handsome_Fungus_Beetlee_-_Endomychus_biguttatus%2C_Meadowwood_SRMA%2C_Mason_Neck%2C_Virginia.jpg \"Handsome Fungus Beetlee - Endomychus biguttatus, Meadowwood SRMA, Mason Neck, Virginia.jpg\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Endomychidae](/wiki/Category:Endomychidae \"Endomychidae\")\n[Category:Articles created by Qbugbot](/wiki/Category:Articles_created_by_Qbugbot \"Articles created by Qbugbot\")\n[Category:Beetles described in 1824](/wiki/Category:Beetles_described_in_1824 \"Beetles described in 1824\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Say](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Thomas_Say \"Taxa named by Thomas Say\")\n\n"
]
} |
Phalacrotophora | {
"id": [
36006189
],
"name": [
"Feralcateater000"
]
} | re79zsnwivhd2137jc4ornsb9lch2aq | 2024-07-18T22:38:24Z | 1,163,320,442 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Species",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Phalacrotophora*** is a genus of scuttle flies (insects in the family [Phoridae](/wiki/Phoridae \"Phoridae\")). There are at least 50 described species in *Phalacrotophora*.\n [thumb](/wiki/File:Phalacrotophora_sp._03.JPG \"Phalacrotophora sp. 03.JPG\")\n\n",
"Species\n-------\n\nThese 57 species belong to the genus *Phalacrotophora*:\n\n* *[Phalacrotophora amplectens](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_amplectens \"Phalacrotophora amplectens\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1961\n* *[Phalacrotophora appendicigera](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_appendicigera \"Phalacrotophora appendicigera\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1924\n* *[Phalacrotophora auranticolor](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_auranticolor \"Phalacrotophora auranticolor\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1932\n* *[Phalacrotophora berolinensis](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_berolinensis \"Phalacrotophora berolinensis\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1920\n* *[Phalacrotophora beuki](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_beuki \"Phalacrotophora beuki\")* Disney, 1997\n* *[Phalacrotophora boliviana](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_boliviana \"Phalacrotophora boliviana\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1971\n* *[Phalacrotophora braunsi](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_braunsi \"Phalacrotophora braunsi\")* ([Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1907\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora bruesiana](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_bruesiana \"Phalacrotophora bruesiana\")* [Enderlein](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Enderlein \"Günther Enderlein\"), 1912\n* *[Phalacrotophora brunnescens](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_brunnescens \"Phalacrotophora brunnescens\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1961\n* *[Phalacrotophora decimaculata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_decimaculata \"Phalacrotophora decimaculata\")* Liu, 2001\n* *[Phalacrotophora delageae](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_delageae \"Phalacrotophora delageae\")* Disney, 1979\n* *[Phalacrotophora epeirae](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_epeirae \"Phalacrotophora epeirae\")* ([Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1902\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora fasciata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_fasciata \"Phalacrotophora fasciata\")* ([Fallén](/wiki/Carl_Fredrik_Fall%C3%A9n \"Carl Fredrik Fallén\"), 1823\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora fimbriiterga](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_fimbriiterga \"Phalacrotophora fimbriiterga\")* Beyer, 1966\n* *[Phalacrotophora flaviclava](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_flaviclava \"Phalacrotophora flaviclava\")* ([Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1911\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora flexivena](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_flexivena \"Phalacrotophora flexivena\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1961\n* *[Phalacrotophora gigantea](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_gigantea \"Phalacrotophora gigantea\")* Beyer, 1966\n* *[Phalacrotophora gressitti](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_gressitti \"Phalacrotophora gressitti\")* Beyer, 1966\n* *[Phalacrotophora halictorum](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_halictorum \"Phalacrotophora halictorum\")* ([Melander](/wiki/Axel_Leonard_Melander \"Axel Leonard Melander\") and [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1903\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora indiana](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_indiana \"Phalacrotophora indiana\")* Colyer, 1961\n* *[Phalacrotophora irregularis](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_irregularis \"Phalacrotophora irregularis\")* [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1936\n* *[Phalacrotophora jacobsoni](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_jacobsoni \"Phalacrotophora jacobsoni\")* [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1915\n* *[Phalacrotophora longifrons](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_longifrons \"Phalacrotophora longifrons\")* ([Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1906\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora luteifascia](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_luteifascia \"Phalacrotophora luteifascia\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1934\n* *[Phalacrotophora maculiterga](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_maculiterga \"Phalacrotophora maculiterga\")* Beyer, 1958\n* *[Phalacrotophora magnifica](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_magnifica \"Phalacrotophora magnifica\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1962\n* *[Phalacrotophora marginata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_marginata \"Phalacrotophora marginata\")* ([Brunetti](/wiki/Enrico_Adelelmo_Brunetti \"Enrico Adelelmo Brunetti\"), 1912\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora nedae](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_nedae \"Phalacrotophora nedae\")* ([Malloch](/wiki/John_Russell_Malloch \"John Russell Malloch\"), 1912\\)\n* *[Phalacrotophora neotropica](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_neotropica \"Phalacrotophora neotropica\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1923\n* *[Phalacrotophora netropica](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_netropica \"Phalacrotophora netropica\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1971\n* *[Phalacrotophora nigrita](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_nigrita \"Phalacrotophora nigrita\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1932\n* *[Phalacrotophora nitida](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_nitida \"Phalacrotophora nitida\")* Lengyel, 2011\n* *[Phalacrotophora oudemansi](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_oudemansi \"Phalacrotophora oudemansi\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1932\n* *[Phalacrotophora pallidicornis](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_pallidicornis \"Phalacrotophora pallidicornis\")* [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1936\n* *[Phalacrotophora pappi](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_pappi \"Phalacrotophora pappi\")* Lengyel, 2011\n* *[Phalacrotophora paradoxa](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_paradoxa \"Phalacrotophora paradoxa\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1949\n* *[Phalacrotophora perlonga](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_perlonga \"Phalacrotophora perlonga\")* Beyer, 1966\n* *[Phalacrotophora petropolitana](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_petropolitana \"Phalacrotophora petropolitana\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1925\n* *[Phalacrotophora philaxyridis](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_philaxyridis \"Phalacrotophora philaxyridis\")* Disney, 1997\n* *[Phalacrotophora pictofasciata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_pictofasciata \"Phalacrotophora pictofasciata\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1919\n* *[Phalacrotophora pilipes](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_pilipes \"Phalacrotophora pilipes\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1934\n* *[Phalacrotophora proclinans](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_proclinans \"Phalacrotophora proclinans\")* Beyer, 1965\n* *[Phalacrotophora pruinosa](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_pruinosa \"Phalacrotophora pruinosa\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1934\n* *[Phalacrotophora puncifrons](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_puncifrons \"Phalacrotophora puncifrons\")* [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 24 g\n* *[Phalacrotophora punctiapex](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_punctiapex \"Phalacrotophora punctiapex\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1961\n* *[Phalacrotophora punctifrons](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_punctifrons \"Phalacrotophora punctifrons\")* [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1924\n* *[Phalacrotophora quadrimaculata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_quadrimaculata \"Phalacrotophora quadrimaculata\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1926\n* *[Phalacrotophora quardrimaculata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_quardrimaculata \"Phalacrotophora quardrimaculata\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1926\n* *[Phalacrotophora rufiventris](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_rufiventris \"Phalacrotophora rufiventris\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1971\n* *[Phalacrotophora scutata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_scutata \"Phalacrotophora scutata\")* [Brues](/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Brues \"Charles Thomas Brues\"), 1936\n* *[Phalacrotophora spectabilis](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_spectabilis \"Phalacrotophora spectabilis\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1925\n* *[Phalacrotophora subnigrita](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_subnigrita \"Phalacrotophora subnigrita\")* Beyer, 1965\n* *[Phalacrotophora tesselata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_tesselata \"Phalacrotophora tesselata\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1971\n* *[Phalacrotophora triciliata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_triciliata \"Phalacrotophora triciliata\")* [Borgmeier](/wiki/Thomas_Borgmeier \"Thomas Borgmeier\"), 1967\n* *[Phalacrotophora triguttata](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_triguttata \"Phalacrotophora triguttata\")* Beyer, 1965\n* *[Phalacrotophora vernicea](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_vernicea \"Phalacrotophora vernicea\")* Beyer, 1966\n* *[Phalacrotophora vittipennis](/wiki/Phalacrotophora_vittipennis \"Phalacrotophora vittipennis\")* [Schmitz](/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz_%28entomologist%29 \"Hermann Schmitz (entomologist)\"), 1932\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Phoridae](/wiki/Category:Phoridae \"Phoridae\")\n[Category:Articles created by Qbugbot](/wiki/Category:Articles_created_by_Qbugbot \"Articles created by Qbugbot\")\n[Category:Platypezoidea genera](/wiki/Category:Platypezoidea_genera \"Platypezoidea genera\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Günther Enderlein](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_G%C3%BCnther_Enderlein \"Taxa named by Günther Enderlein\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jodi-Ann Ward | {
"id": [
18289561
],
"name": [
"Djln19"
]
} | bs7ghth8xnw6z5pcpdwyuy1muu3791l | 2024-04-09T13:35:51Z | 1,212,589,845 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jodi\\-Ann Ward** (born 1 September 1994\\) is a [Jamaican](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\") [netball](/wiki/Netball \"Netball\") player who plays in the Australian [Suncorp Super Netball](/wiki/Suncorp_Super_Netball \"Suncorp Super Netball\") league for [Giants Netball](/wiki/Giants_Netball \"Giants Netball\"). She has also represented the [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica_national_netball_team \"Jamaica national netball team\") at an international level since 2017\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nWard made her international debut in late 2017 against [Barbados](/wiki/Barbados_national_netball_team \"Barbados national netball team\") at the age of 22\\. She was also selected for the Jamaican netball team to take part at the [2018 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games \"2018 Commonwealth Games\"). She was a key member of the Jamaican squad which stunned [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team \"New Zealand national netball team\") in the bronze medal match as a part of the [2018 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games \"2018 Commonwealth Games\"). As of October 2019 she has attained 25 test caps.\n\nWard has played domestic netball in several countries. Her career began in the Jamaican elite league for St. Catherine Racers in 2017, before she was signed by UK [Netball Superleague](/wiki/Netball_Superleague \"Netball Superleague\") club the [Severn Stars](/wiki/Severn_Stars \"Severn Stars\") ahead of the 2019 season. Ward played in England for one year before being signed by the [Collingwood Magpies](/wiki/Collingwood_Magpies_Netball \"Collingwood Magpies Netball\") for the 2020 Australian season.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1994 births](/wiki/Category:1994_births \"1994 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Jamaican netball players](/wiki/Category:Jamaican_netball_players \"Jamaican netball players\")\n[Category:Netball players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Netball_players_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games \"Netball players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_bronze_medallists_for_Jamaica \"Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica\")\n[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in netball](/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Games_medallists_in_netball \"Commonwealth Games medallists in netball\")\n[Category:Netball Superleague players](/wiki/Category:Netball_Superleague_players \"Netball Superleague players\")\n[Category:Collingwood Magpies Netball players](/wiki/Category:Collingwood_Magpies_Netball_players \"Collingwood Magpies Netball players\")\n[Category:2019 Netball World Cup players](/wiki/Category:2019_Netball_World_Cup_players \"2019 Netball World Cup players\")\n[Category:Jamaican expatriate netball people in Australia](/wiki/Category:Jamaican_expatriate_netball_people_in_Australia \"Jamaican expatriate netball people in Australia\")\n[Category:Jamaican expatriate netball people in England](/wiki/Category:Jamaican_expatriate_netball_people_in_England \"Jamaican expatriate netball people in England\")\n[Category:Severn Stars players](/wiki/Category:Severn_Stars_players \"Severn Stars players\")\n[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Medallists_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games \"Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games\")\n[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games](/wiki/Category:Medallists_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games \"Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games\")\n[Category:2023 Netball World Cup players](/wiki/Category:2023_Netball_World_Cup_players \"2023 Netball World Cup players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nason House | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | 0nom0t7nbo2ypf7nfzoayl2dzh2pj4f | 2023-08-08T01:17:17Z | 885,035,901 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Nason House**, formerly the **University President's House**, is a historic house in [Las Cruces, New Mexico](/wiki/Las_Cruces%2C_New_Mexico \"Las Cruces, New Mexico\"), U.S. It was constructed as the official residence of the president of [New Mexico State University](/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University \"New Mexico State University\"). It was built on the NMSU campus in 1918\\. It was designed in the [Prairie School](/wiki/Prairie_School \"Prairie School\") architectural style. It has been listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Do%C3%B1a_Ana_County%2C_New_Mexico \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Doña Ana County, New Mexico\") since May 16, 1989\\.\n\nIn 1980, a new residence was constructed for the University president, and this structure was refurbished to accommodate the Center for Latin American and Border Studies. In 1987, the building was renamed, dedicating it to Willoughby Nason, a university graduate student who died in 1979 before completing his thesis.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Doña Ana County, New Mexico](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Do%C3%B1a_Ana_County%2C_New_Mexico \"National Register of Historic Places in Doña Ana County, New Mexico\")\n[Category:Prairie School architecture](/wiki/Category:Prairie_School_architecture \"Prairie School architecture\")\n[Category:Houses completed in 1918](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_1918 \"Houses completed in 1918\")\n[Category:New Mexico State University](/wiki/Category:New_Mexico_State_University \"New Mexico State University\")\n[Category:1918 establishments in New Mexico](/wiki/Category:1918_establishments_in_New_Mexico \"1918 establishments in New Mexico\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Tolasampatti railway station | {
"id": [
27199084
],
"name": [
"Entranced98"
]
} | tm4zr1db445qd83507xi08nywu0891z | 2024-08-25T09:38:50Z | 1,216,154,613 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Tolasampatti railway station** is located between and .\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Salem railway division](/wiki/Category:Salem_railway_division \"Salem railway division\")\n[Category:Railway stations in Salem district](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Salem_district \"Railway stations in Salem district\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Lhalu family | {
"id": [
42776270
],
"name": [
"TinaLees-Jones"
]
} | b7q2ora5yx4fw4ethlu1nb609q9kthi | 2024-06-14T07:14:53Z | 1,216,790,176 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Lhalu family** is a [Tibetan noble](/wiki/Tibetan_nobility \"Tibetan nobility\") family who are known in Tibet for producing the 8th [Dalai Lama](/wiki/Dalai_Lama \"Dalai Lama\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Patrick French](/wiki/Patrick_French \"Patrick French\"), *[Tibet, Tibet, une histoire personnelle d'un pays perdu](/wiki/Tibet%2C_Tibet%2C_une_histoire_personnelle_d%27un_pays_perdu \"Tibet, Tibet, une histoire personnelle d'un pays perdu\")*, translated from English by William Oliver Desmond, Albin Michel, 2005\n* [Lhalu Pohang](/wiki/Lhalu_Pohang \"Lhalu Pohang\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Tibetan families](/wiki/Category:Tibetan_families \"Tibetan families\")\n[Category:Dalai Lamas](/wiki/Category:Dalai_Lamas \"Dalai Lamas\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
2018 Hypo-Meeting | {
"id": [
3006008
],
"name": [
"Hugo999"
]
} | fu3sg95jqf4e3aij0aptu48w0eltbzr | 2021-04-05T04:39:21Z | 904,173,384 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Men's decathlon",
"Schedule",
"Records",
"Results",
"Women's heptathlon",
"Schedule",
"Records",
"Results",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe 44th edition of the annual **[Hypo\\-Meeting](/wiki/Hypo-Meeting \"Hypo-Meeting\")** took place on May 26 and May 27, [2018](/wiki/2018_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"2018 in athletics (track and field)\") in [Götzis](/wiki/G%C3%B6tzis \"Götzis\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"). The [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field \"Track and field\") competition, featuring a men's [decathlon](/wiki/Decathlon \"Decathlon\") and a [women's heptathlon](/wiki/Women%27s_heptathlon \"Women's heptathlon\") event is part of the 2018 [IAAF Combined Events Challenge](/wiki/IAAF_Combined_Events_Challenge \"IAAF Combined Events Challenge\").\n\n",
"Men's decathlon\n---------------\n\n### Schedule\n\nMay 26\n\nMay 27\n\n### Records\n\n| [World Record](/wiki/Decathlon \"Decathlon\") | | **9045** | 29 August, 2015 | [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Event Record](/wiki/Decathlon \"Decathlon\") | | **9026** | 27 May, 2001 | [Götzis](/wiki/G%C3%B6tzis \"Götzis\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") |\n\n### Results\n\n| Rank | Athlete | Decathlon | | | | | | | | | | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 100 | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 |\n| 1 | |10\\.31\n\n7\\.81\n\n 14\\.83 |\n 2\\.03 |\n 47\\.72 |\n13\\.56\n\n 47\\.32 |\n 4\\.80 |\n 61\\.94 |\n 4:26\\.59 |\n 8795 |\n| 2 | | 11\\.04 | 7\\.57 | 14\\.78 |2\\.12\n\n 50\\.32 |\n 14\\.66 |\n 46\\.58 |\n5\\.30\n\n 61\\.75 |\n 4:27\\.54 |\n 8514 |\n| 3 | | 11\\.12 | 7\\.62 | 15\\.28 | 2\\.00 | 49\\.25 | 14\\.40 | 45\\.52 | 4\\.90 | 58\\.77 | 4:24\\.29 | 8342 |\n|\n\n",
"### Schedule\n\nMay 26\n\nMay 27\n\n",
"### Records\n\n| [World Record](/wiki/Decathlon \"Decathlon\") | | **9045** | 29 August, 2015 | [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Event Record](/wiki/Decathlon \"Decathlon\") | | **9026** | 27 May, 2001 | [Götzis](/wiki/G%C3%B6tzis \"Götzis\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") |\n\n",
"### Results\n\n| Rank | Athlete | Decathlon | | | | | | | | | | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 100 | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 |\n| 1 | |10\\.31\n\n7\\.81\n\n 14\\.83 |\n 2\\.03 |\n 47\\.72 |\n13\\.56\n\n 47\\.32 |\n 4\\.80 |\n 61\\.94 |\n 4:26\\.59 |\n 8795 |\n| 2 | | 11\\.04 | 7\\.57 | 14\\.78 |2\\.12\n\n 50\\.32 |\n 14\\.66 |\n 46\\.58 |\n5\\.30\n\n 61\\.75 |\n 4:27\\.54 |\n 8514 |\n| 3 | | 11\\.12 | 7\\.62 | 15\\.28 | 2\\.00 | 49\\.25 | 14\\.40 | 45\\.52 | 4\\.90 | 58\\.77 | 4:24\\.29 | 8342 |\n|\n\n",
"Women's heptathlon\n------------------\n\n### Schedule\n\nMay 26\n\nMay 27\n\n### Records\n\n| [World Record](/wiki/Heptathlon \"Heptathlon\") | | **7291** | September 24, 1988 | [Seoul, South Korea](/wiki/Seoul%2C_South_Korea \"Seoul, South Korea\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Event Record](/wiki/Heptathlon \"Heptathlon\") | | **7013** | May 28, 2017 | [Götzis](/wiki/G%C3%B6tzis \"Götzis\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") |\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### Schedule\n\nMay 26\n\nMay 27\n\n",
"### Records\n\n| [World Record](/wiki/Heptathlon \"Heptathlon\") | | **7291** | September 24, 1988 | [Seoul, South Korea](/wiki/Seoul%2C_South_Korea \"Seoul, South Korea\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Event Record](/wiki/Heptathlon \"Heptathlon\") | | **7013** | May 28, 2017 | [Götzis](/wiki/G%C3%B6tzis \"Götzis\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") |\n\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n Results\n* [Men's Event by Event Decathlon Scores](https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-combined-events-challenge/44th-hypo-meeting-6340/results/men/decathlon/1500-metres/points)\n* [Women's Event by Event Heptathlon Scores](https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-combined-events-challenge/44th-hypo-meeting-6340/results/women/heptathlon/800-metres/points)\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Home page](https://meeting-goetzis.at/en/)\n\n[2018](/wiki/Category:Hypo-Meeting \"Hypo-Meeting\")\n[Hypo\\-Meeting](/wiki/Category:2018_in_athletics_%28track_and_field%29 \"2018 in athletics (track and field)\")\n[Hypo\\-Meeting](/wiki/Category:2018_in_Austrian_sport \"2018 in Austrian sport\")\n[Hypo\\-Meeting](/wiki/Category:May_2018_sports_events_in_Austria \"May 2018 sports events in Austria\")\n\n"
]
} |
Linus Karlsson (ice hockey) | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | brcfdz1ut87mrvbjmwoae93cmx2r9tl | 2024-09-18T12:46:56Z | 1,227,582,341 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Playing career",
"Career statistics",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Linus Karlsson** (born 16 November 1999\\) is a Swedish [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") [centre](/wiki/Centre_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Centre (ice hockey)\") who is currently playing with the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") in the [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") (NHL). Karlsson was selected in the third round, 87th overall, of the [2018 NHL Entry Draft](/wiki/2018_NHL_Entry_Draft \"2018 NHL Entry Draft\") by the [San Jose Sharks](/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks \"San Jose Sharks\").\n\n",
"Playing career\n--------------\n\nKarlsson began playing with the Boro/Vetlanda club at different junior levels before he started playing at the senior level (in the [fourth tier](/wiki/Hockeytv%C3%A5an \"Hockeytvåan\") of Swedish ice hockey) during the 2015–16 season. Karlsson signed with the [Karlskrona HK](/wiki/Karlskrona_HK \"Karlskrona HK\") organization for the 2017–18 season, and subsequently made his [Swedish Hockey League](/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League \"Swedish Hockey League\") debut with Karlskrona during the [2017–18 SHL season](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_SHL_season \"2017–18 SHL season\"). On 25 February 2019, his NHL rights were traded to the [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") in exchange for [Jonathan Dahlén](/wiki/Jonathan_Dahl%C3%A9n \"Jonathan Dahlén\"). after a successful [2021–22 season in the SHL](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_SHL_season \"2021–22 SHL season\") with [Skellefteå AIK](/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5_AIK \"Skellefteå AIK\") he was awarded the [SHL Rookie of the Year](/wiki/SHL_Rookie_of_the_Year \"SHL Rookie of the Year\") award.\n\nOn 27 May 2022, Karlsson was signed to a two\\-year, entry\\-level contract with the Vancouver Canucks. He made his NHL debut on November 16, 2023, in a 5–2 loss to the [Calgary Flames](/wiki/Calgary_Flames \"Calgary Flames\"), recording three shots in 11:54 of ice time.\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 2015–16 | Boro/Vetlanda HC | [Div.2](/wiki/Hockeytv%C3%A5an \"Hockeytvåan\") | 20 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2016–17 | Boro/Vetlanda HC | Div.2 | 31 | 21 | 23 | 44 | 32 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2017–18 | [Karlskrona HK](/wiki/Karlskrona_HK \"Karlskrona HK\") | [J20](/wiki/J20_SuperElit \"J20 SuperElit\") | 42 | 27 | 25 | 52 | 26 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_SHL_season \"2017–18 SHL season\") | Karlskrona HK | [SHL](/wiki/Swedish_Hockey_League \"Swedish Hockey League\") | 13 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2018–19 | Karlskrona HK | J20 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0 |\n| [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_HockeyAllsvenskan_season \"2018–19 HockeyAllsvenskan season\") | Karlskrona HK | [Allsv](/wiki/HockeyAllsvenskan \"HockeyAllsvenskan\") | 52 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 59 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |\n| [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_HockeyAllsvenskan_season \"2019–20 HockeyAllsvenskan season\") | Karlskrona HK | Allsv | 36 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 18 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| 2019–20 | [BIK Karlskoga](/wiki/BIK_Karlskoga \"BIK Karlskoga\") | Allsv | 12 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |\n| [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_HockeyAllsvenskan_season \"2020–21 HockeyAllsvenskan season\") | BIK Karlskoga | Allsv | 52 | 20 | 31 | 51 | 32 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 2 |\n| [2021–22](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_SHL_season \"2021–22 SHL season\") | [Skellefteå AIK](/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5_AIK \"Skellefteå AIK\") | SHL | 52 | 26 | 20 | 46 | 18 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |\n| [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_AHL_season \"2022–23 AHL season\") | [Abbotsford Canucks](/wiki/Abbotsford_Canucks \"Abbotsford Canucks\") | [AHL](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") | 72 | 24 | 25 | 49 | 72 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_AHL_season \"2023–24 AHL season\") | Abbotsford Canucks | AHL | 60 | 23 | 37 | 60 | 30 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_NHL_season \"2023–24 NHL season\") | [Vancouver Canucks](/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks \"Vancouver Canucks\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |\n| SHL totals | | | 65 | 26 | 21 | 47 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |\n| NHL totals | | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1999 births](/wiki/Category:1999_births \"1999 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Abbotsford Canucks players](/wiki/Category:Abbotsford_Canucks_players \"Abbotsford Canucks players\")\n[Category:BIK Karlskoga players](/wiki/Category:BIK_Karlskoga_players \"BIK Karlskoga players\")\n[Category:Ice hockey people from Jönköping County](/wiki/Category:Ice_hockey_people_from_J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_County \"Ice hockey people from Jönköping County\")\n[Category:Karlskrona HK players](/wiki/Category:Karlskrona_HK_players \"Karlskrona HK players\")\n[Category:People from Eksjö Municipality](/wiki/Category:People_from_Eksj%C3%B6_Municipality \"People from Eksjö Municipality\")\n[Category:San Jose Sharks draft picks](/wiki/Category:San_Jose_Sharks_draft_picks \"San Jose Sharks draft picks\")\n[Category:Skellefteå AIK players](/wiki/Category:Skellefte%C3%A5_AIK_players \"Skellefteå AIK players\")\n[Category:Swedish ice hockey centres](/wiki/Category:Swedish_ice_hockey_centres \"Swedish ice hockey centres\")\n[Category:Vancouver Canucks players](/wiki/Category:Vancouver_Canucks_players \"Vancouver Canucks players\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Memoricide | {
"id": [
33124044
],
"name": [
"Dottasriel2000"
]
} | befqagecrjprn7ha9parioh0gfws0sr | 2024-10-16T13:08:00Z | 1,248,433,432 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Allegations of memoricide",
"See also",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Memoricide** is the destruction of the memory, extermination of the past of targeted people.: \"memoricid m (gen. jd memoricida) pol. uništavanje sjećanja, zatiranje prošlosti nekog naroda\" It also refers to destruction of the traces (such as religious buildings or schools) that might recall the former presence of those considered undesirable.\n\nMemoricide is used in support of [ethnic cleansing](/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing \"Ethnic cleansing\").: \"Surely, committing memoricide is a way to contribute to ethnic cleansing.\" Since memoricide refers to intentional attempts to erase human memory about something, it usually takes the form of destruction of physical property. The term was coined by Croatian doctor [Mirko Grmek](/wiki/Mirko_Grmek \"Mirko Grmek\") in a text published in *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")* on 19 December 1991\\.\n\n",
"Allegations of memoricide\n-------------------------\n\nAccording to some accounts memoricide was employed by [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") toward [Macedonians of Slavic origin](/wiki/Macedonians_%28Slavic%29 \"Macedonians (Slavic)\").\n\nThe dissident historian [Ilan Pappe](/wiki/Ilan_Pappe \"Ilan Pappe\") deployed the concept of cultural memoricide as systematic attempt of post\\-1948 [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") in relation to [Palestine](/wiki/Palestine_%28region%29 \"Palestine (region)\").: \"In The Ethnic Cleaning of Palestine the concept of cultural memoricide is deployed by historian Ilan Pappe, where he highlights the systematic scholarly, political and military attempt in post\\-1948 Israel to de\\-Arabize and \"ecologicide\" the Palestinian terrain, ....\"\n\nGrmek used the term to describe activities of the rebel [Serb forces](/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Serb_Krajina \"Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina\") in [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\") during the first year of the [Croatian independence war](/wiki/Croatian_independence_war \"Croatian independence war\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Cultural genocide](/wiki/Cultural_genocide \"Cultural genocide\")\n* [List of destroyed heritage](/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage \"List of destroyed heritage\")\n* [Yimakh shemo](/wiki/Yimakh_shemo \"Yimakh shemo\")\n* [Desecration of graves](/wiki/Desecration_of_graves \"Desecration of graves\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n[Category:Cultural genocide](/wiki/Category:Cultural_genocide \"Cultural genocide\")\n[Category:Ethnic cleansing](/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing \"Ethnic cleansing\")\n[Category:1990s neologisms](/wiki/Category:1990s_neologisms \"1990s neologisms\")\n\n"
]
} |
1976 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump | {
"id": [
36915781
],
"name": [
"Brandon Downes"
]
} | mt6qm7ohbbvid55eciyj7upgf4tpgs1 | 2024-08-09T22:21:29Z | 1,078,894,181 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Results",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **women's high jump** event at the [1976 European Athletics Indoor Championships](/wiki/1976_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships \"1976 European Athletics Indoor Championships\") was held on 21 February in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\").[Results](http://www.european-athletics.org/competitions/european-athletics-indoor-championships/history/year=1976/results/index.html)[Results](http://www.european-athletics.org/mm/Document/EventsMeetings/General/01/28/07/76/StatisticsHandbookEICH2017_FINAL_Neutral.pdf) (p. 465\\)\n\n",
"Results\n-------\n\n| Rank | Name | Nationality | 1\\.75 | 1\\.80 | 1\\.83 | 1\\.86 | 1\\.89 | 1\\.92 | 1\\.95 | Result | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Rosemarie Ackermann](/wiki/Rosemarie_Ackermann \"Rosemarie Ackermann\") | | | | | xo | **o** | xxx | **1\\.92** | **[\\=CR](/wiki/European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships%23Women \"European Athletics Indoor Championships#Women\")** |\n| | [Ulrike Meyfarth](/wiki/Ulrike_Meyfarth \"Ulrike Meyfarth\") | | | | | **o** | xxx | | **1\\.89** | |\n| | [Milada Karbanová](/wiki/Milada_Karbanov%C3%A1 \"Milada Karbanová\") | | | | | x**o** | xxx | | **1\\.89** | |\n| | [Marie\\-Christine Debourse](/wiki/Marie-Christine_Debourse \"Marie-Christine Debourse\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.86** | |\n| | [Věra Bradáčová](/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_Brad%C3%A1%C4%8Dov%C3%A1 \"Věra Bradáčová\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.86** | |\n| | [Ria Ahlers](/wiki/Ria_Ahlers \"Ria Ahlers\") | | | xxo | **o** | xxx | | | **1\\.86** | **[NR](/wiki/List_of_Dutch_records_in_athletics \"List of Dutch records in athletics\")** |\n| | [Mária Mračnová](/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Mra%C4%8Dnov%C3%A1 \"Mária Mračnová\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.86** | |\n| | [Rita Kirst](/wiki/Rita_Kirst \"Rita Kirst\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.83** | |\n| | [Marlis Wilken](/wiki/Marlis_Wilken \"Marlis Wilken\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.83** | |\n| 10 | [Brigitte Holzapfel](/wiki/Brigitte_Holzapfel \"Brigitte Holzapfel\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.80** | |\n| 11 | [Mirjam van Laar](/wiki/Mirjam_van_Laar \"Mirjam van Laar\") | o | **o** | xxx | | | | | **1\\.80** | |\n| 11 | [Yordanka Blagoeva](/wiki/Yordanka_Blagoeva \"Yordanka Blagoeva\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.80** | |\n| 11 | [Nadezhda Oskolok](/wiki/Nadezhda_Oskolok \"Nadezhda Oskolok\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.80** | |\n| 14 | [Tatyana Shlyakhto](/wiki/Tatyana_Shlyakhto \"Tatyana Shlyakhto\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.80** | |\n| 14 | [Ann\\-Ewa Karlsson](/wiki/Ann-Ewa_Karlsson \"Ann-Ewa Karlsson\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.80** | |\n| 16 | [Carina Andersson](/wiki/Carina_Andersson \"Carina Andersson\") | | | | | | | | **1\\.75** | |\n| 17 | [Annemieke Bouma](/wiki/Annemieke_Bouma \"Annemieke Bouma\") | xx**o** | xxx | | | | | | **1\\.75** | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:High jump at the European Athletics Indoor Championships](/wiki/Category:High_jump_at_the_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships \"High jump at the European Athletics Indoor Championships\")\n[High](/wiki/Category:1976_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships \"1976 European Athletics Indoor Championships\")\n[Euro](/wiki/Category:1976_in_women%27s_athletics \"1976 in women's athletics\")\n\n"
]
} |
Scalby Formation | {
"id": [
27025068
],
"name": [
"Zach Varmitech"
]
} | ju1x8qgl34nh02hr3485xqi2h81oz75 | 2023-02-16T20:06:28Z | 1,084,019,629 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + \n\nThe **Scalby Formation** is a [geological formation](/wiki/Geological_formation \"Geological formation\") in [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). Part of the [Ravenscar Group](/wiki/Ravenscar_Group \"Ravenscar Group\"), it was deposited in the [Bathonian](/wiki/Bathonian \"Bathonian\") stage of the [Middle Jurassic](/wiki/Middle_Jurassic \"Middle Jurassic\"). The lower Moor Grit Member has a lithology consisting of medium to coarse grained cross bedded sandstone, with thin beds of mudstone and siltstone, while the upper Long Nab Member has a lithology consisting of predominantly laminated mudstone and siltstone, with fine to medium grained planar and cross stratified sandstones.\n\nFossilized [dinosaur tracks](/wiki/Dinosaur_tracks \"Dinosaur tracks\") have been found in the Scalby Formation; these include a recently discovered footprint from a large [theropod](/wiki/Theropoda \"Theropoda\"), probably a [megalosaurid](/wiki/Megalosauridae \"Megalosauridae\"). The track is from the Long Nab Member, and has been assigned to the [ichnogenus](/wiki/Ichnogenus \"Ichnogenus\") *[Megalosauripus](/wiki/Megalosauripus \"Megalosauripus\")*.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Bathonian Stage](/wiki/Category:Bathonian_Stage \"Bathonian Stage\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Zhu Chenjie | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | kwsetoia92hszldzoexzdy7glaeybnl | 2024-09-17T21:54:04Z | 1,246,135,159 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Club career",
"International career",
"Career statistics",
"Club statistics",
"International statistics",
"International goals",
"Honours",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Zhu Chenjie** (; born 23 August 2000\\) is a Chinese professional footballer who plays for [Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League \"Chinese Super League\") club [Shanghai Shenhua](/wiki/Shanghai_Shenhua_F.C. \"Shanghai Shenhua F.C.\") and the [China national football team](/wiki/China_national_football_team \"China national football team\").\n\n",
"Club career\n-----------\n\nZhu Chenjie started his football career when he transferred to [Shanghai Shenhua](/wiki/Shanghai_Greenland_Shenhua_F.C. \"Shanghai Greenland Shenhua F.C.\")'s youth academy in March 2018 after the club bought [Genbao Football Base](/wiki/Genbao_Football_Base \"Genbao Football Base\")'s under\\-19 players. He was promoted to the first team squad in the 2018 season. Zhu made his debut for the club on 22 July 2018 in a 2–2 away draw against [Henan Jianye](/wiki/Henan_Jianye_F.C. \"Henan Jianye F.C.\"). In doing so at 17 years and 333 days old, he became the youngest player ever to start for Shanghai Shenhua. On 30 September 2018, he scored his first senior goal in a 3–1 home win against [Guangzhou R\\&F](/wiki/Guangzhou_R%26F_F.C. \"Guangzhou R&F F.C.\"), becoming the youngest goalscorer ever for the club aged 18 years and 38 days as well as the first player born after 2000 to score in the [Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League \"Chinese Super League\").\n\n",
"International career\n--------------------\n\nZhu made his debut for the [Chinese national team](/wiki/China_national_football_team \"China national football team\") on 7 June 2019 in a 2–0 win against the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team \"Philippines national football team\"), coming on as a substitute for [Ji Xiang](/wiki/Ji_Xiang_%28footballer%29 \"Ji Xiang (footballer)\") in the 33rd minute. On 24 March 2022, Zhu scored his first international goal in a 1–1 draw against [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team \"Saudi Arabia national football team\") in the [2022 FIFA World Cup qualification](/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_third_round \"2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC third round\"), converting in a second\\-half penalty. He then became the first Chinese player born in the 21st century to debut, provide an assist and score a goal for the national team.\n\nOn 20 July 2022, Zhu captained the national team for the first time against [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea_national_football_team \"South Korea national football team\") in the [2022 EAFF E\\-1 Football Championship](/wiki/2022_EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship \"2022 EAFF E-1 Football Championship\"), however he inadvertently headed in an own goal in the first half of an eventual 3–0 defeat.\n\nZhu was named in China's squad for the [2023 AFC Asian Cup](/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup \"2023 AFC Asian Cup\") in Qatar and started the team's opening match against [Tajikistan](/wiki/Tajikistan_national_football_team \"Tajikistan national football team\") on 13 January 2024\\.\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n### Club statistics\n\n \n\n| \\+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |\n| --- |\n|Club\n\nSeason\n\nLeague\n\nNational Cup\n\nContinental\n\nOther\n\nTotal\n\n| Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |\n|[Shanghai Shenhua](/wiki/Shanghai_Greenland_Shenhua_F.C. \"Shanghai Greenland Shenhua F.C.\") [2018](/wiki/2018_Chinese_Super_League \"2018 Chinese Super League\") |[Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League \"Chinese Super League\") 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |\n| [2019](/wiki/2019_Chinese_Super_League \"2019 Chinese Super League\") | 26 | 1 | 5 | 0 |\\-\\- 30 | 1 |\n| [2020](/wiki/2020_Chinese_Super_League \"2020 Chinese Super League\") | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\\- 15 | 0 |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_Chinese_Super_League \"2021 Chinese Super League\") | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\\-\\- 13 | 0 |\n| [2022](/wiki/2022_Chinese_Super_League \"2022 Chinese Super League\") | 14 | 2 | 1 | 0 |\\-\\- 15 | 2 |\n| [2023](/wiki/2023_Chinese_Super_League \"2023 Chinese Super League\") | 24 | 1 | 5 | 0 |\\-\\- 29 | 1 |\n| [2024](/wiki/2024_Chinese_Super_League \"2024 Chinese Super League\") | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 |\\- 1 | 0 | 10 | 1 |\n| Total | | 114 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 128 | 6 |\n| Career total | | | 114 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 128 | 6 |\n\n### International statistics\n\n| National team | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Year | Apps | Goals |\n| 2019 | 6 | 0 |\n| 2020 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2021 | 4 | 0 |\n| 2022 | 7 | 1 |\n| 2023 | 6 | 0 |\n| 2024 | 9 | 0 |\n| Total | 32 | 1 |\n\n### International goals\n\n| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 24 March 2022 | [Sharjah Stadium](/wiki/Sharjah_Stadium_%28football%29 \"Sharjah Stadium (football)\"), [Sharjah](/wiki/Sharjah \"Sharjah\"), United Arab Emirates | | **1**–1 | 1–1 | [2022 FIFA World Cup qualification](/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_third_round \"2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC third round\") |\n\n",
"### Club statistics\n\n \n\n| \\+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |\n| --- |\n|Club\n\nSeason\n\nLeague\n\nNational Cup\n\nContinental\n\nOther\n\nTotal\n\n| Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |\n|[Shanghai Shenhua](/wiki/Shanghai_Greenland_Shenhua_F.C. \"Shanghai Greenland Shenhua F.C.\") [2018](/wiki/2018_Chinese_Super_League \"2018 Chinese Super League\") |[Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League \"Chinese Super League\") 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |\n| [2019](/wiki/2019_Chinese_Super_League \"2019 Chinese Super League\") | 26 | 1 | 5 | 0 |\\-\\- 30 | 1 |\n| [2020](/wiki/2020_Chinese_Super_League \"2020 Chinese Super League\") | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\\- 15 | 0 |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_Chinese_Super_League \"2021 Chinese Super League\") | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\\-\\- 13 | 0 |\n| [2022](/wiki/2022_Chinese_Super_League \"2022 Chinese Super League\") | 14 | 2 | 1 | 0 |\\-\\- 15 | 2 |\n| [2023](/wiki/2023_Chinese_Super_League \"2023 Chinese Super League\") | 24 | 1 | 5 | 0 |\\-\\- 29 | 1 |\n| [2024](/wiki/2024_Chinese_Super_League \"2024 Chinese Super League\") | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 |\\- 1 | 0 | 10 | 1 |\n| Total | | 114 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 128 | 6 |\n| Career total | | | 114 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 128 | 6 |\n\n",
"### International statistics\n\n| National team | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Year | Apps | Goals |\n| 2019 | 6 | 0 |\n| 2020 | 0 | 0 |\n| 2021 | 4 | 0 |\n| 2022 | 7 | 1 |\n| 2023 | 6 | 0 |\n| 2024 | 9 | 0 |\n| Total | 32 | 1 |\n\n",
"### International goals\n\n| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 24 March 2022 | [Sharjah Stadium](/wiki/Sharjah_Stadium_%28football%29 \"Sharjah Stadium (football)\"), [Sharjah](/wiki/Sharjah \"Sharjah\"), United Arab Emirates | | **1**–1 | 1–1 | [2022 FIFA World Cup qualification](/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_AFC_third_round \"2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC third round\") |\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\n**Shanghai Shenhua**\n* [Chinese FA Cup](/wiki/Chinese_FA_Cup \"Chinese FA Cup\"): [2019](/wiki/2019_Chinese_FA_Cup \"2019 Chinese FA Cup\"), [2023](/wiki/2023_Chinese_FA_Cup \"2023 Chinese FA Cup\")\n* [Chinese FA Super Cup](/wiki/Chinese_FA_Super_Cup \"Chinese FA Super Cup\"): [2024](/wiki/2024_Chinese_FA_Super_Cup \"2024 Chinese FA Super Cup\")\n\n**Individual**\n* [Chinese Football Association](/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association \"Chinese Football Association\") Young Player of the Year: [2019](/wiki/2019_Chinese_Super_League \"2019 Chinese Super League\")\n* [Chinese Super League](/wiki/Chinese_Super_League \"Chinese Super League\") Team of the Year: [2019](/wiki/2019_Chinese_Super_League \"2019 Chinese Super League\"), [2023](/wiki/2023_Chinese_Super_League \"2023 Chinese Super League\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2000 births](/wiki/Category:2000_births \"2000 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Chinese men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Chinese_men%27s_footballers \"Chinese men's footballers\")\n[Category:China men's international footballers](/wiki/Category:China_men%27s_international_footballers \"China men's international footballers\")\n[Category:Footballers from Shanghai](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Shanghai \"Footballers from Shanghai\")\n[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Shanghai_Shenhua_F.C._players \"Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players\")\n[Category:Chinese Super League players](/wiki/Category:Chinese_Super_League_players \"Chinese Super League players\")\n[Category:Men's association football defenders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders \"Men's association football defenders\")\n[Category:China men's under\\-20 international footballers](/wiki/Category:China_men%27s_under-20_international_footballers \"China men's under-20 international footballers\")\n[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games](/wiki/Category:Footballers_at_the_2022_Asian_Games \"Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games\")\n[Category:2023 AFC Asian Cup players](/wiki/Category:2023_AFC_Asian_Cup_players \"2023 AFC Asian Cup players\")\n[Category:Asian Games competitors for China](/wiki/Category:Asian_Games_competitors_for_China \"Asian Games competitors for China\")\n\n"
]
} |
Faustino Amiano | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | n5khxdv8mkncjl74ba9djjn4irwzkdl | 2023-05-24T22:01:35Z | 1,102,181,595 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Faustino Amiano** (15 February 1944 – 1 December 2020\\) was a Spanish [rower](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 \"Rowing (sport)\"). He competed in the [men's eight](/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_eight \"Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's eight\") event at the [1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics \"1960 Summer Olympics\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1944 births](/wiki/Category:1944_births \"1944 births\")\n[Category:2020 deaths](/wiki/Category:2020_deaths \"2020 deaths\")\n[Category:Spanish male rowers](/wiki/Category:Spanish_male_rowers \"Spanish male rowers\")\n[Category:Olympic rowers for Spain](/wiki/Category:Olympic_rowers_for_Spain \"Olympic rowers for Spain\")\n[Category:Rowers at the 1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Rowers_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics \"Rowers at the 1960 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from San Sebastián](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"Sportspeople from San Sebastián\")\n[Category:Rowers from the Basque Country (autonomous community)](/wiki/Category:Rowers_from_the_Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29 \"Rowers from the Basque Country (autonomous community)\")\n\n"
]
} |
James Huffman (historian) | {
"id": [
43306454
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"name": [
"The Green Star Collector"
]
} | cdv5g4auwylxigmj1a28extzj78l50k | 2024-08-01T21:56:16Z | 1,036,617,370 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**James L. Huffman** (born October 17, 1941\\) is an American historian.\n\nHuffman obtained a bachelor of arts degree at [Indiana Wesleyan University](/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_University \"Indiana Wesleyan University\"), and studied journalism at [Northwestern University](/wiki/Northwestern_University \"Northwestern University\") before he completed graduate study at the [University of Michigan](/wiki/University_of_Michigan \"University of Michigan\"), earning a master's degree in Asian studies and a doctorate in history. Huffman worked as a journalist prior to teaching at the [University of Nebraska–Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln \"University of Nebraska–Lincoln\"), [Indiana Wesleyan University](/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_University \"Indiana Wesleyan University\"), [Williams College](/wiki/Williams_College \"Williams College\"), and [Dartmouth College](/wiki/Dartmouth_College \"Dartmouth College\"). He joined the faculty of [Wittenberg University](/wiki/Wittenberg_University \"Wittenberg University\"), where he was named H. Orth Hirt Professor of History and taught for three decades until his retirement in May 2007\\. In March 2017, the [Association for Asian Studies](/wiki/Association_for_Asian_Studies \"Association for Asian Studies\") honored Huffman with its Distinguished Service Award.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1941 births](/wiki/Category:1941_births \"1941 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Writers from Indiana](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Indiana \"Writers from Indiana\")\n[Category:Historians of Japan](/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Japan \"Historians of Japan\")\n[Category:Indiana Wesleyan University alumni](/wiki/Category:Indiana_Wesleyan_University_alumni \"Indiana Wesleyan University alumni\")\n[Category:Northwestern University alumni](/wiki/Category:Northwestern_University_alumni \"Northwestern University alumni\")\n[Category:University of Michigan alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_alumni \"University of Michigan alumni\")\n[Category:Indiana Wesleyan University faculty](/wiki/Category:Indiana_Wesleyan_University_faculty \"Indiana Wesleyan University faculty\")\n[Category:Dartmouth College faculty](/wiki/Category:Dartmouth_College_faculty \"Dartmouth College faculty\")\n[Category:Williams College faculty](/wiki/Category:Williams_College_faculty \"Williams College faculty\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American journalists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_journalists \"20th-century American journalists\")\n[Category:American male journalists](/wiki/Category:American_male_journalists \"American male journalists\")\n[Category:American Japanologists](/wiki/Category:American_Japanologists \"American Japanologists\")\n[Category: Wittenberg University faculty](/wiki/Category:Wittenberg_University_faculty \"Wittenberg University faculty\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American historians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_historians \"21st-century American historians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male writers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers \"21st-century American male writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American historians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_historians \"20th-century American historians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers \"20th-century American male writers\")\n[Category:American male non\\-fiction writers](/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers \"American male non-fiction writers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Constanza Valdés | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | cvidj4pzzjsdnvhb6lhdenvofcehppr | 2024-09-25T03:44:28Z | 1,247,434,430 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"[thumb\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Constanza Valdés in 2017](/wiki/File:Constanza_Vald%C3%A9s.jpg \"Constanza Valdés.jpg\")\n**Constanza Valdés** is a [trans female](/wiki/Trans_female \"Trans female\") Chilean political activist and parliamentary advisor.\n\nShe became the spokesperson for [Broad Front](/wiki/Broad_Front_%28Chilean_political_coalition%29 \"Broad Front (Chilean political coalition)\") in June 2017, making her the first trans spokesperson for a political organization. She supported a 2017 Gender Identity Law in Chile which simplifies the procedure for trans people to change their name and sex, though she criticized it for not going far enough.\n\nValdés was the legal advisor for Chilean group Organizing Trans\\-Diversities, an advocacy group for trans rights. She is currently an adviser to Chilean politician [Claudia Mix](/wiki/Claudia_Mix \"Claudia Mix\"). Valdés is a member of the Chilean Pirate Party.\n\nValdés studied law at [Diego Portales University](/wiki/Diego_Portales_University \"Diego Portales University\"). In an interview with *[Qué Pasa](/wiki/Qu%C3%A9_Pasa_%28magazine%29 \"Qué Pasa (magazine)\")*, she stated that she knew her gender identity when she was 18, but it took her five years to publicly identify as female, fearing it would cause her problems at university. She changed her legal name and sex on April 21, 2016\\. In a 2017 interview, Valdés said that she did not want [hormone therapy](/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy \"Transgender hormone therapy\") or [surgery](/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery \"Sex reassignment surgery\"), and described herself as a [feminist](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* [Constanza Valdés, activista trans: \"Espero que la ola feminista se transforme en un tsunami\"](http://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2018/07/05/video-constanza-valdes-activista-trans-espero-que-la-ola-feminista-se-transforme-en-un-tsunami/)\n* [\\#VíaInclusiva: ¿Qué recomendaron los invitados para seguir aprendiendo sobre diversidad sexual y de género?](https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/viainclusiva-recomendaron-los-invitados-seguir-aprendiendo-diversidad-sexual-genero/222199/)\n\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Chilean LGBTQ politicians](/wiki/Category:Chilean_LGBTQ_politicians \"Chilean LGBTQ politicians\")\n[Category:Chilean transgender women](/wiki/Category:Chilean_transgender_women \"Chilean transgender women\")\n[Category:Political activists](/wiki/Category:Political_activists \"Political activists\")\n[Category:Transgender women politicians](/wiki/Category:Transgender_women_politicians \"Transgender women politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Chilean women](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chilean_women \"20th-century Chilean women\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Chilean politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Chilean_politicians \"21st-century Chilean politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Chilean women politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Chilean_women_politicians \"21st-century Chilean women politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Chilean LGBTQ people](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Chilean_LGBTQ_people \"21st-century Chilean LGBTQ people\")\n[Category:Broad Front (Chile) politicians](/wiki/Category:Broad_Front_%28Chile%29_politicians \"Broad Front (Chile) politicians\")\n[Category:Comunes (Chile) politicians](/wiki/Category:Comunes_%28Chile%29_politicians \"Comunes (Chile) politicians\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of rail accidents (1910–1919) | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | 0eius8qbsdvsb3lcw782rm4llth1n17 | 2024-04-26T21:52:19Z | 1,214,799,799 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"1910",
"1911",
"1912",
"1913",
"1914",
"1915",
"1916",
"1917",
"1918",
"1919",
"See also",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThis is a **list of rail accidents from 1910 to 1919**.\n\n",
"1910\n----\n\n* January 1 \\- [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") \\- [Braunton Road rail accident](/wiki/Braunton_Road_rail_accident \"Braunton Road rail accident\"), In Devon, United Kingdom, 1 person was killed after being hit by a railroad crossing gate and a train.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Spanish River derailment](/wiki/File:Spanish_River_derailment_aftermath.jpg \"Spanish River derailment aftermath.jpg\") January 21 – *Canada* – **[Spanish River derailment](/wiki/Spanish_River_derailment \"Spanish River derailment\")** [Northern Ontario](/wiki/Northern_Ontario \"Northern Ontario\"): [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\")'s westbound *Soo Express* derailed while crossing the bridge at the [Spanish River](/wiki/Spanish_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Spanish River (Ontario)\") killing 44 people and injuring many more.\n* January 29 – *United Kingdom* – A [London, Brighton and South Coast Railway](/wiki/London%2C_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway \"London, Brighton and South Coast Railway\") express train derailed at , [London](/wiki/London \"London\") due to a faulty wheelset on one of the carriages. Seven people were killed and 65 injured.\n* February 14 – *United States* – Near [Elkton, Kentucky](/wiki/Elkton%2C_Kentucky \"Elkton, Kentucky\"), the engine and two cars of [Elkton \\& Guthrie Railroad](/wiki/Elkton_%26_Guthrie_Railroad \"Elkton & Guthrie Railroad\") passenger train No. 84 derailed killing the engineer and fireman.The Thirty First Annual Report of the Railroad Commissioners of Kentucky\n* March 1 – *United States* – The **[Wellington, Washington avalanche](/wiki/Wellington%2C_Washington_avalanche \"Wellington, Washington avalanche\")**: in [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington%2C_Washington \"Wellington, Washington\"), near the [Cascade Tunnel](/wiki/Cascade_Tunnel \"Cascade Tunnel\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"), approximately 100 were killed when a snow [avalanche](/wiki/Avalanche \"Avalanche\") pushed two trains off a cliff. The trains were stopped at a mountain depot; the passenger train was halted by an avalanche ahead of it, and then trapped by an avalanche behind it. Passengers and rail employees mostly stayed on board the stopped trains, which were subsequently struck squarely by another avalanche.\n* [thumb\\|upright\\|1910 Rogers Pass avalanche](/wiki/File:Rogers_Pass_avalanche_disaster_5_March_1910.jpg \"Rogers Pass avalanche disaster 5 March 1910.jpg\") March 4 – *Canada* – **[1910 Rogers Pass avalanche](/wiki/1910_Rogers_Pass_avalanche \"1910 Rogers Pass avalanche\")** [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\"): An [avalanche](/wiki/Avalanche \"Avalanche\") killed 62 men clearing the snow of a preceding avalanche from the [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\")'s [transcontinental railway](/wiki/Canadian_transcontinental_railroad \"Canadian transcontinental railroad\"), near the summit of [Rogers Pass](/wiki/Rogers_Pass_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Rogers Pass (British Columbia)\") through the [Selkirk Mountains](/wiki/Selkirk_Mountains \"Selkirk Mountains\").\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Green Mountain train wreck](/wiki/File:GreenMountainTrainWreck.jpg \"GreenMountainTrainWreck.jpg\") March 21 – *United States* – **[Green Mountain train wreck](/wiki/Green_Mountain_train_wreck \"Green Mountain train wreck\")**, Iowa: A [Rock Island Railroad](/wiki/Rock_Island_Railroad \"Rock Island Railroad\") passenger train derailed, killing 52 passengers and severely injuring scores of others.\n* March 30 – *Germany* – The luxury *[Lloyd](/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd \"Norddeutscher Lloyd\") Express* from [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") to [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"), overran signals at [Mülheim an der Ruhr](/wiki/M%C3%BClheim \"Mülheim\") due to the driver's error and collided with a troop train going to [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\") (now in France); 20 were killed and 41 seriously injured.\n* June 9 – *Canada* – A freight train derailed near [Marathon, Ontario](/wiki/Marathon%2C_Ontario \"Marathon, Ontario\") killing three people. The locomotive and boxcars plunged into [Lake Superior](/wiki/Lake_Superior \"Lake Superior\"), sinking in of water. They were discovered in 2016 and 2014 respectively.\n* June 18 – *France* – On the [Chemins de fer de l'État](/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%27%C3%89tat \"Chemins de fer de l'État\"), a local train from [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") stopped at [Villepreux](/wiki/Villepreux \"Villepreux\") – [Les Clayes](/wiki/Les_Clayes-sous-Bois \"Les Clayes-sous-Bois\") station due to engine trouble—fortunately, with many of the passengers waiting on the platform—when an express for [Granville](/wiki/Granville%2C_Manche \"Granville, Manche\") overran signals and crashed into it at about ; at least 18 people were killed and 90 injured. The driver of the express was chased from the scene by an angry crowd and later arrested.\n* June 23 – *Mexico* – On the [Manzanillo](/wiki/Manzanillo%2C_Colima \"Manzanillo, Colima\") line, the rear four cars of a troop train broke free and ran away backwards; 37 people were killed and 50 injured.\n* July 4 – *United States* – Due to an accident at [Sharonville, Ohio](/wiki/Sharonville%2C_Ohio \"Sharonville, Ohio\"), the [New York Central Railroad](/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad \"New York Central Railroad\")'s westbound *[20th Century Limited](/wiki/20th_Century_Limited \"20th Century Limited\")* was diverted onto the [Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_%281846%E2%80%931917%29 \"Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1846–1917)\"). Due to an error in transmitting train orders, the train collided head\\-on with an eastbound freight at [Middletown, Ohio](/wiki/Middletown%2C_Ohio \"Middletown, Ohio\") killing 20\\.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|The aftermath of the 1910 Ignacio rail accident](/wiki/File:1910_Ignacio_Rail_Accident_Aftermath.png \"1910 Ignacio Rail Accident Aftermath.png\") August 8 – *United States* – [**1910** **Ignacio Rail Accident**](/wiki/1910_Ignacio_rail_accident \"1910 Ignacio rail accident\"): A regularly scheduled [San Francisco and North Pacific](/wiki/San_Francisco_and_North_Pacific_Railroad \"San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad\") passenger train collided with an extra train not listed on the timetable in [Novato, California](/wiki/Novato%2C_California \"Novato, California\"). up to 16 were killed and up to 30 were injured.\n* August 14 – *France* – At [Saujon](/wiki/Saujon \"Saujon\") on the [Paris\\-Orléans Railway](/wiki/Compagnie_du_chemin_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Orl%C3%A9ans \"Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans\"), an excursion train from [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\") collided with a freight train; 43 people were killed and 50 injured, most of them young girls.\n* August 15 – *United States* – Two [trolley cars](/wiki/Tram \"Tram\") of the [Gettysburg Electric Railway](/wiki/Gettysburg_Electric_Railway \"Gettysburg Electric Railway\") collided near [Devil's Den](/wiki/Devil%27s_Den \"Devil's Den\"), ejecting people onto rocks, resulting in one fatality. A similar collision occurred during the [1913 Gettysburg reunion](/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion \"1913 Gettysburg reunion\"), and trolley incidents on the [Gettysburg Battlefield](/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield \"Gettysburg Battlefield\") included failed tracks, sabotage, and lightning strikes.\n* September 21 – *United States* – A southbound [interurban](/wiki/Interurban \"Interurban\") car on the [Fort Wayne and Wabash Valley](/wiki/Indiana_Railroad \"Indiana Railroad\") was driven past the point where it should have waited for an empty northbound car. The two trains collided killing 34\\.\n* October 4 – *United States* – Due to a heavy passenger load for the [Veiled Prophets](/wiki/Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm \"Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm\") parade at [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis \"St. Louis\"), a southbound [interurban](/wiki/Interurban \"Interurban\") train on the [Illinois Traction System](/wiki/Illinois_Terminal_Railroad \"Illinois Terminal Railroad\") was operated in two sections. The motorman of a northbound train that was supposed to wait for it at [Staunton, Illinois](/wiki/Staunton%2C_Illinois \"Staunton, Illinois\"), failed to understand this and collided with the second section in the worst accident ever to an interurban in the U.S; 36 were killed.\n* November 15 – *United Kingdom* – An express freight train overran signals and crashed into the rear of another freight train at , [County Durham](/wiki/County_Durham \"County Durham\"). The driver may have fallen asleep at the controls.\n* December 6 – *United Kingdom* – A [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\") passenger train ran into the rear of another at , [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex \"Middlesex\") killing three and injuring more than 40\\.\n* December 24 – *United Kingdom* – **[Hawes Junction rail crash](/wiki/Hawes_Junction_rail_crash \"Hawes Junction rail crash\")**, [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria \"Cumbria\"), England: A busy signalman forgot about a pair of [light engines](/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms%23L \"Glossary of rail transport terms#L\") on the main line and allowed an express train to follow them into the same section, causing a collision which killed 12\\.\n* December 24 – *United Kingdom* – At [Bolsover](/wiki/Bolsover \"Bolsover\"), England, a group of children got onto a level crossing through an open wicket gate and were struck by a train; three were killed and three injured.\n* December 24 – *United States* – Eight people died in a collision at [Upper Sandusky, Ohio](/wiki/Upper_Sandusky%2C_Ohio \"Upper Sandusky, Ohio\").\n* December 24 – *France* – At [Montereau](/wiki/Montereau-Fault-Yonne \"Montereau-Fault-Yonne\") on the [PLM](/wiki/Compagnie_des_chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e \"Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée\") railway, an express from [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") to [Modane](/wiki/Modane \"Modane\") collided with a freight train, killing one crew member and injuring seven passengers.\n",
"1911\n----\n\n* January 23 – *United Kingdom* – **[Pontypridd railway accident](/wiki/Pontypridd_railway_accident \"Pontypridd railway accident\")**. A collision between a passenger train and coal train on the [Taff Vale Railway](/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway \"Taff Vale Railway\") at [Hopkinstown](/wiki/Hopkinstown \"Hopkinstown\") killed eleven and seriously injured four.\n* April 22 – *South Africa* – [Blaauwkrantz Bridge disaster](/wiki/Blaauwkrantz_Bridge_disaster \"Blaauwkrantz Bridge disaster\") \\- A [mixed train](/wiki/Mixed_train \"Mixed train\") on the [Kowie Railway](/wiki/Kowie_Railway_4-4-0T \"Kowie Railway 4-4-0T\"), running from [Port Alfred](/wiki/Port_Alfred \"Port Alfred\") to [Grahamstown](/wiki/Grahamstown \"Grahamstown\"), derailed on the approach to the Blaauwkrants (now [Bloukrans](/wiki/Bloukrans_River_%28Grahamstown%29 \"Bloukrans River (Grahamstown)\")) Bridge, probably due to a wheel defect on a freight car. Four passenger cars fell into a ravine deep killing thirty people.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Train wreck on April 29, 1911, in Martin's Creek, New Jersey](/wiki/File:Train_wreck_on_April_29%2C_1911_in_Martin%27s_Creek%2C_New_Jersey_showing_locomotive.jpg \"Train wreck on April 29, 1911 in Martin's Creek, New Jersey showing locomotive.jpg\") April 29 – *United States* – [Martin's Creek, New Jersey](/wiki/Martin%27s_Creek%2C_New_Jersey \"Martin's Creek, New Jersey\"). A train, carrying 169 school teachers, friends, and relatives, bound from [Utica](/wiki/Utica%2C_New_York \"Utica, New York\"), [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse%2C_New_York \"Syracuse, New York\"), and [Waterville](/wiki/Waterville%2C_New_York \"Waterville, New York\") in [New York state](/wiki/New_York_state \"New York state\") to [Washington, DC](/wiki/Washington%2C_DC \"Washington, DC\"), was hurled down a forty\\-foot (12 m) embankment at Martin's Creek.\n* May 29 – *United States* – **[Indianola train wreck](/wiki/Indianola_train_wreck \"Indianola train wreck\")**. A collision between two passenger trains at [Indianola, Nebraska](/wiki/Indianola%2C_Nebraska \"Indianola, Nebraska\") killed 18 and injured 32\\.\n* July 11 – *United States* – outside of [Bridgeport, Connecticut](/wiki/Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut \"Bridgeport, Connecticut\"): The [*Federal Express*](/wiki/Federal_Express_%28passenger_train%29 \"Federal Express (passenger train)\"), carrying the [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") baseball team on a trip from [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") to [Boston](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\"), plunged down an embankment, killing 14 passengers.[Tuesday, July 11th](https://web.archive.org/web/20030813011119/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/chronology/1911JULY.stm#day11) from BaseballLibrary.com No one from the team was killed.\n* August 13 – *United States* – [Fort Wayne, Indiana](/wiki/Fort_Wayne%2C_Indiana \"Fort Wayne, Indiana\"): The [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\")'s *Penn Flyer* derailed at Fort Wayne. Almost immediately, the derailed equipment was struck by an oncoming freight train, killing four and injuring 57\\.\n* August 25 – *United States* – A broken rail on a bridge in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\") resulted in two passenger cars falling over the side killing 28 passengers; a majority of them were Civil War veterans.\n* October – *United States* – [Hampstead, New Hampshire](/wiki/Hampstead%2C_New_Hampshire \"Hampstead, New Hampshire\"): two freight trains collided head\\-on, killing engineer Allen Bradley\n* [thumb\\|upright\\|*Petit Journal* issue of 5 December 1911 reporting the 23 November 1911 [Montreuil\\-Bellay](/wiki/Montreuil-Bellay \"Montreuil-Bellay\") railway accident](/wiki/File:L%27accident_de_Montreuil-Bellay_vu_par_le_dessinateur_du_suppl%C3%A9ment_illustr%C3%A9_du_Petit_Journal.jpg \"L'accident de Montreuil-Bellay vu par le dessinateur du supplément illustré du Petit Journal.jpg\") November 23 – *France* – A bridge collapsed under a passenger train at [Montreuil\\-Bellay](/wiki/Montreuil-Bellay \"Montreuil-Bellay\"), killing 22 people.\n* December 13 – *United Kingdom* – A freight train ran away near [Wombwell](/wiki/Wombwell \"Wombwell\"), [Yorkshire](/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire \"West Riding of Yorkshire\") and crashed into wagons being shunted at Darfield Main killing two.\n* December 15 – *United Kingdom* – A freight train derailed near Lartington Quarry, [County Durham](/wiki/County_Durham \"County Durham\") when the driver stopped too severely. During recovery operations, a steam crane overturned.\n",
"1912\n----\n\n* January 11 – *United States* – [Hempstead, New York](/wiki/Hempstead_%28village%29%2C_New_York \"Hempstead (village), New York\") – A milk train runs into the back of a stationary passenger car at [Hempstead (LIRR station)](/wiki/Hempstead_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Hempstead (LIRR station)\") sending it past the end of the line, across [Fulton Avenue](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_24 \"New York State Route 24\") into the O. L. Schwenke Land \\& Investment Company Building. One operator and one conductor were killed.\n* January 16 – *United States* – [Chunky, Mississippi](/wiki/Chunky%2C_Mississippi \"Chunky, Mississippi\") – Alabama \\& Vicksburg Railway passenger train no. 1 crashes in a creek. One person is killed with a few injured. 80 passengers were on board the westbound train.\n* March 18 – *United States* – [San Antonio, Texas](/wiki/San_Antonio%2C_Texas \"San Antonio, Texas\") – A [Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad](/wiki/Galveston%2C_Harrisburg_and_San_Antonio_Railroad \"Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad\") locomotive, Number 704, suffers a [boiler explosion](/wiki/Boiler_explosion \"Boiler explosion\") at the [Southern Pacific](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad \"Southern Pacific Railroad\") [roundhouse](/wiki/Railway_roundhouse \"Railway roundhouse\"), killing 36 to 41 people and injuring another 50 in the deadliest locomotive explosion in United States history. The locomotive had been damaged in an incident at Seguin on December 18, 1911, and was being returned to service following repairs when the explosion occurred.\n* March 23 – *Canada* – At a location named Birch on the Lake Superior Division of the *[Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\")*, eastbound and westbound freight trains collide. The eastbound train passed Birch instead of waiting there for the train meet. According to the article, two train crew members died, another was missing and two others were seriously injured.The Globe\\_March 25 1912\\_P1\n* June 21 – *United Kingdom* – A [Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway \"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway\") passenger train derails on the Charlestown Curve, [Yorkshire](/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire \"North Riding of Yorkshire\") killing four people and seriously injuring eleven.\n* [thumb\\|Corning N.Y. train wreck July 4, 1912](/wiki/File:CorningWreck.jpg \"CorningWreck.jpg\") July 4 – *United States* – **[Corning train wreck](/wiki/Corning_train_wreck \"Corning train wreck\")**: A [Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad](/wiki/Delaware%2C_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad \"Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad\") express train crashes into the rear of a stalled excursion train near Corning on [Independence Day](/wiki/Independence_Day_%28United_States%29 \"Independence Day (United States)\"), killing 39\\.\n* July 5 – *United States* – On the [Ligonier Valley Railroad](/wiki/Ligonier_Valley_Railroad \"Ligonier Valley Railroad\"), a train order was issued for an [excursion train](/wiki/Excursion_train \"Excursion train\") making the trip from [Ligonier, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Ligonier%2C_Pennsylvania \"Ligonier, Pennsylvania\") to a fairground to wait for a coal train going the other way. The excursion train consisted of a single car being pushed from behind. It proceedes against the order and collides with the coal train, crushing the car between the two locomotives. 19 passengers and 3 crewmen were killed\n* August 29 – *United Kingdom* – a light engine collides with a rake of nine carriages at . One passenger is killed and 43 injured.\n* September 17 – *United Kingdom* – **[Ditton Junction rail crash](/wiki/Ditton_Junction_rail_crash \"Ditton Junction rail crash\")**: A driver misreads signals resulting in 15 deaths.\n* November 27 – *United States* – A [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\") express train crashes at [Glen Loch, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Glen_Loch%2C_Pennsylvania \"Glen Loch, Pennsylvania\") killing four and injuring more than two dozen.\n",
"1913\n----\n\n* January 1 – *United States* – **[Guyandotte River bridge accident](/wiki/Guyandotte_River_train_wreck \"Guyandotte River train wreck\")**: A too heavy locomotive crossed onto the [Guyandotte River](/wiki/Guyandotte_River \"Guyandotte River\") bridge, which was being repaired causing the bridge to collapse, killing an engineer and six workmen.\n* January 2 – *United States* – A horse and buggy with a family of four is struck by a Rock Island Railroad train at a grade crossing north of [Belleville, Kansas](/wiki/Belleville%2C_Kansas \"Belleville, Kansas\"). The wife and 2 children were killed and the husband dies of injuries.\n* March 3 – *United Kingdom* – A [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"North Eastern Railway (UK)\") passenger train collided with the rear end of an [electric multiple unit](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\") at station, [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\") due to a signalman's error injuring forty\\-nine people.\n* March 11 – *United Kingdom* – A [South Eastern and Chatham Railway](/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway \"South Eastern and Chatham Railway\") passenger train overran buffers at , [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") due to an error in connecting the train's brakes injuring ten people.\n* April 30 – *British India* – At [Borgaon Manju](/wiki/Borgaon_Manju \"Borgaon Manju\"), a local train from [Bhusawal](/wiki/Bhusawal \"Bhusawal\"), [Bombay Province](/wiki/Bombay_Presidency \"Bombay Presidency\"), to [Nagpur](/wiki/Nagpur \"Nagpur\"), [Central Provinces](/wiki/Central_Provinces \"Central Provinces\"), crashed at into the rear of a stationary goods train. The first six\\-passenger cars were destroyed and at least forty people were killed and many injured.\n* May 11 – *Bulgaria* – At [Drama](/wiki/Yambol_Province \"Yambol Province\"), the rear 25 cars of a military train broke free and rolled back towards [Buk](/wiki/Buk%2C_Bulgaria \"Buk, Bulgaria\"). The runaway cars crashed into a 28\\-car train also full of soldiers, killing 150 people and injuring 200\\.\n* June 25 – *Canada* – A train heavily loaded with immigrants derailed near [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") killing eight and injuring approximately 50\\.\n* July 12 – *United Kingdom* – A [Great Eastern Railway](/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway \"Great Eastern Railway\") express train ran into the rear of a light engine at , [Essex](/wiki/Essex \"Essex\") due to a signalman's error, killing three people and injuring fourteen.\n* July 26 – *Denmark* – **[Bramminge train accident](/wiki/Bramminge_train_accident \"Bramminge train accident\")**: A train derailed near [Bramming](/wiki/Bramming \"Bramming\"), due to heat\\-stressed rails, killing fifteen and injuring about 80\\.\n* August 8 – *United Kingdom* – A [Great Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Western_Railway \"Great Western Railway\") locomotive overran signals at , [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset \"Somerset\") and collided with a passenger train killing two.\n* September 1 – *United States*– [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\"). A train wreck killed 21\\.\n* September 2 – *United Kingdom* – **[Ais Gill rail crash](/wiki/1913_Ais_Gill_rail_accident \"1913 Ais Gill rail accident\")**, [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria \"Cumbria\"), England: A distracted engine crew passed signals at danger, and crashed into a train stalled on gradient killing fourteen and seriously injuring 38\\.\n* September 2 – *United States* – Due to heavy holiday weekend traffic on the [New Haven Railroad](/wiki/New_York%2C_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad \"New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad\"), the westbound *Bar Harbor Express* and *White Mountain Express* were each running in two sections. A local train ahead of all four expresses stopped at [Wallingford, Connecticut](/wiki/Wallingford%2C_Connecticut \"Wallingford, Connecticut\"), delaying the expresses, but the overtired engineer of the third express missed his signal and crashed into the one ahead killing 26\\.\n* September – *France* – A 3\\-car electric train derailed on a viaduct at [Villeneuve\\-Loubet](/wiki/Villeneuve-Loubet \"Villeneuve-Loubet\") and at least one car crashed into the ravine, killing 20 people and injuring 40\\. News reports blame \"the imperfect working of the magnetic brake because of a storm\", though this seems to make no sense.\n* October 19 – *United States* – A [Mobile and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Mobile and Ohio Railroad\") troop train derailed at [Buckatunna, Mississippi](/wiki/Buckatunna%2C_Mississippi \"Buckatunna, Mississippi\"), (near [Mobile, Alabama](/wiki/Mobile%2C_Alabama \"Mobile, Alabama\")) killing at least 20 members of the U. S. Army stationed at [Fort Morgan (Alabama)](/wiki/Fort_Morgan_%28Alabama%29 \"Fort Morgan (Alabama)\"). \n* October 22 – *Canada* – A [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\") work train and an eastbound freight train collided near Wayland, west of *[Chapleau, Ontario](/wiki/Chapleau%2C_Ontario \"Chapleau, Ontario\")* on CP's Lake Superior Division killing five crew members and injuring seven.Brandon Daily Sun, October 23, 1913\\. P1Minnedosa Tribune, November 06, 1913\\. P1\n* October 25 – *United Kingdom* – Two [South Eastern \\& Chatham Railway](/wiki/South_Eastern_%26_Chatham_Railway \"South Eastern & Chatham Railway\") passenger trains collided at [Waterloo Junction](/wiki/Waterloo_Junction \"Waterloo Junction\"), London killing three.\n* *United Kingdom* – a [Great Central Railway](/wiki/Great_Central_Railway \"Great Central Railway\") freight train derailed at Torside, [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\") after the crew of the locomotive was overcome by fumes in the [Woodhead Tunnel](/wiki/Woodhead_Tunnel \"Woodhead Tunnel\").\n* November 4 – *France* – On the [PLM Railway](/wiki/Compagnie_des_chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e \"Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée\"), the driver of a southbound mail train from [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") missed seeing two signals. At [Melun](/wiki/Melun \"Melun\"), the train entered a side track by crossing over the northbound main line, and collided with a northbound express from [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") killing 39, including 15 postal workers.\n* December 6 – *Romania* – One hundred people are killed by a collision at [Costești](/wiki/Coste%C8%99ti \"Costești\").\n",
"1914\n----\n\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Exeter crossing loop collision](/wiki/File:Exeter_006904b.jpg \"Exeter 006904b.jpg\") March 13 – *Australia* – **[Exeter crossing loop collision](/wiki/Exeter_crossing_loop_collision \"Exeter crossing loop collision\")**, [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"). A freight train entering the Exeter station collided head\\-on with a mail train being removed from the track in anticipation of the arrival of the freight train. Fourteen people were killed in the accident.\n* April 2 – *Dutch East Indies* (now Indonesia) – At Tanjong\\-Prioh, a passenger train is derailed by a [buffalo](/wiki/Bubalina \"Bubalina\") on the track; it damages a bridge, which collapses, and the locomotive and first 5 cars go into the river, killing 20 people and injuring 50\\. The European passengers on the train are all in the rear cars and are unhurt.\n* April 14 – *United Kingdom* – A [North British Railway](/wiki/North_British_Railway \"North British Railway\") express passenger train collides with a freight train at [Burntisland](/wiki/Burntisland \"Burntisland\"), [Fife](/wiki/Fife \"Fife\") due to a signalman's error.\n* April 24 – *United States* – A [Missouri, Kansas \\& Texas Railroad](/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad \"Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad\") freight train derails near Chetopa, Kansas.\n* June 17 – *United Kingdom* – An excursion train departs from station, [Berkshire](/wiki/Berkshire \"Berkshire\") against signals. An express passenger train is in a sidelong collision with it, killing one person.\n* June 18 – *United Kingdom* – Baddengorm Burn, [Carr Bridge](/wiki/Carr_Bridge \"Carr Bridge\"), Scotland: Cloudburst washed away the foundations of a bridge, which collapsed as a passenger train crossed it. The train split in two, with one coach falling into the burn, drowning 5 people.\n* June 27 – *United Kingdom* – A [South Eastern and Chatham Railway](/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway \"South Eastern and Chatham Railway\") passenger train departs from station, London against a danger signal and collides with another train. One person is killed.\n* August 5 – *United States* – At [Tipton Ford, Missouri](/wiki/Tipton_Ford%2C_Missouri \"Tipton Ford, Missouri\"), on the [Kansas City Southern Railway](/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway \"Kansas City Southern Railway\"), a train order is issued for a northbound [Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad](/wiki/Missouri_and_North_Arkansas_Railroad \"Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad\") gasoline motor car to stop and wait for a southbound KCS passenger train. The motor car proceeds and collides head\\-on with the train at a combined speed of , and is enveloped in flames from the gasoline. There are 38 passengers and 5 employees killed, many burnt beyond recognition, and 34 passengers and 4 employees are injured.\n* September 18 – *United States* – [Lebanon, Missouri](/wiki/Lebanon%2C_Missouri \"Lebanon, Missouri\"): A train on the [St. Louis–San Francisco Railway](/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway \"St. Louis–San Francisco Railway\") is derailed by a washout, killing 27 people.\n* [thumb\\|upright\\|alt\\=B\\&W photo of a train in a river\\|Tangled ruins of the Mary Bridge over the Marne river after it was blown up by Germans and a Red Cross train crashed into the river in October 1914](/wiki/File:Tangled_ruins_of_Mary_Bridge_over_the_Marne_river_blown_up_by_Germans_and_Red_Cross_train_wreck_1914.jpg \"Tangled ruins of Mary Bridge over the Marne river blown up by Germans and Red Cross train wreck 1914.jpg\") October \\- Many British and French wounded when a Red Cross train crashes into Marne River after Imperial Germans destroy the Mary Bridge.\n* December – *Austria\\-Hungary* – At [Kalush](/wiki/Kalush%2C_Ukraine \"Kalush, Ukraine\") (now in Ukraine), two Austrian troop trains collide, one carrying troops from Prussia and the other carrying wounded officers from the Eastern Front, after a switch is thrown at the last moment. More than 20 cars are smashed, about 400 people killed and 500 injured. Several railwaymen are arrested for treason.\n",
"1915\n----\n\n* January 1 – *United Kingdom* – **[Ilford rail crash](/wiki/Ilford_rail_crash_%281915%29 \"Ilford rail crash (1915)\")**: The 7:06 express from [Clacton](/wiki/Clacton \"Clacton\") to London passed both distant and home signals. The express crashed into the side of a local train that had been crossing the tracks. 10 killed, 500 injured (including those reporting shock).\n* 22 January \\- Mexico \\- **[Guadalajara train disaster](/wiki/Guadalajara_train_disaster \"Guadalajara train disaster\")**, In Guadalajara, [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\"), a passenger train derailed due to a break failure, over 600 people were killed.\n* March 18 – *United Kingdom* – A [Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway \"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway\") express passenger train overruns signals and is in a rear\\-end collision with an empty stock train at , [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire \"Lancashire\"). Four people are killed and 33 are injured.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Quintinshill rail disaster](/wiki/File:QuintinshillILN1.jpg \"QuintinshillILN1.jpg\") May 22 – *United Kingdom* – In the **[Quintinshill rail crash](/wiki/Quintinshill_rail_crash \"Quintinshill rail crash\")** near [Gretna Green](/wiki/Gretna_Green \"Gretna Green\"), Scotland, a troop train collides with a stationary passenger train and another passenger train crashes into the wreckage, which also involves two stationary freight trains. The passenger cars are wooden\\-bodied and a serious fire ensues. The stationary passenger train was forgotten by a careless signalman, who had himself arrived on it, following improper operating practices during a shift change at this busy location. This is the deadliest railway accident in British history, with 226 fatalities and 246 people injured.\n* August 14 – *United Kingdom* – **[Weedon rail crash](/wiki/Weedon_rail_crash_%281915%29 \"Weedon rail crash (1915)\")**: Express train derails after the track on the up main line is forced out of alignment by a detached coupling rod from a passing locomotive heading a down express. 10 passengers killed, 21 injured.\n* October 19 – *France* – At [Saint\\-Cyr\\-de\\-Favières](/wiki/Saint-Cyr-de-Favi%C3%A8res \"Saint-Cyr-de-Favières\"), on the [PLM railway](/wiki/Compagnie_des_chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e \"Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée\"), between [Roanne](/wiki/Roanne \"Roanne\") and [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), several coaches of a derailed train fall into a deep ravine, killing seventeen soldiers.\n* November 22 – *United States* – A train carrying traveling circus from Atlanta, Georgia to Girard, Alabama collided with a passenger train that had ignored a signal to stop at a junction near Columbus, Georgia. There were no fatalities on the passenger train. Reports conflict, but between 15 and 24 people aboard the circus train were killed. Most of the circus animals were killed in the resulting fires.\n* December 15 – *United Kingdom* – A landslide near , [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") buries three people. A [South Eastern and Chatham Railway](/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway \"South Eastern and Chatham Railway\") train is derailed inside Martello Tunnel. The line is closed until 1 August 1919\\.\n* December 17 – *United Kingdom* – **[St Bedes Junction rail crash](/wiki/St_Bedes_Junction_rail_crash \"St Bedes Junction rail crash\")**: A passenger train collided with a banking engine in thick fog and another train crashed into the wreckage; 19 were killed.\n",
"1916\n----\n\n* January 30 – *Germany* – Between [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") and [Duisburg](/wiki/Duisburg \"Duisburg\"), a hospital train full of wounded soldiers collided with an express, and one of the locomotives climbs on top of the other train. Officially only two people are killed, but reports of eyewitnesses arriving in Amsterdam disagree.\n* February 2 – *United Kingdom* – The [Penistone Viaduct in Yorkshire collapsed](/wiki/Penistone_rail_accidents%2320th_century_accidents \"Penistone rail accidents#20th century accidents\") under a [Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway](/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway \"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway\") locomotive due to [subsidence](/wiki/Subsidence \"Subsidence\").\n* [thumb\\|New Haven Railroad accident on February 22, 1916](/wiki/File:Three_New_Haven_Trains_Piled_in_Wreck_on_February_22%2C_1916.jpg \"Three New Haven Trains Piled in Wreck on February 22, 1916.jpg\") February 22 – *United States* – [Milford, Connecticut](/wiki/Milford%2C_Connecticut \"Milford, Connecticut\"): [New Haven Railroad](/wiki/New_Haven_Railroad \"New Haven Railroad\"). Nine people were killed.\n* March 29 – *United States* – [Amherst, Ohio](/wiki/Amherst%2C_Ohio \"Amherst, Ohio\"): An overnight [New York Central Railroad](/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad \"New York Central Railroad\") express eastbound from [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") to [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") was operating in two sections; when the first was stopped by a signal, the second one ran into it at , the wreckage fouled the next track, and the westbound *[20th Century Limited](/wiki/20th_Century_Limited \"20th Century Limited\")*, also at 50 mph, ran into it. 26 people aboard the eastbound trains were killed. It is disputed whether the signal was set against the second section.\n* April 3 – *United Kingdom* – A [London Brighton and South Coast Railway](/wiki/London_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway \"London Brighton and South Coast Railway\") passenger train was derailed between and , [East Sussex](/wiki/East_Sussex \"East Sussex\").\n* June 2 – *United States* – [Dayton Township, Butler County, Iowa](/wiki/Dayton_Township%2C_Butler_County%2C_Iowa \"Dayton Township, Butler County, Iowa\"): [Rock Island Railroad](/wiki/Rock_Island_Railroad \"Rock Island Railroad\") passenger train No. 19 crashed at [Flood Creek](/wiki/Flood_Creek \"Flood Creek\") after a bridge collapsed. The normally shallow creek had sustained significant rain the day of the crash, and the flooded creek had caused the supports on the bridge to break. On the stormy night of June 2, 1916, as train No. 19 passed through [Packard](/wiki/Packard%2C_Iowa \"Packard, Iowa\"), and crossed Flood Creek on the bridge near [Clarksville](/wiki/Clarksville%2C_Iowa \"Clarksville, Iowa\"), the locomotive, tender, and several passenger cars made it across before the bridge collapsed under the rest of the train causing the immediate death of 16, and later the death of another passenger from his injuries. According to lifelong Clarksville resident, Francis Edeker, on the night of the crash, survivors of the crash on one side of the creek sought shelter at Francis's grandparents' house where they were treated for injuries.\n* June 2 – *United States* – [Negaunee](/wiki/Negaunee%2C_Michigan \"Negaunee, Michigan\"), [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"): [Lake Superior and Ishpeming](/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Ishpeming_Railroad \"Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad\") [2\\-8\\-0](/wiki/2-8-0 \"2-8-0\") [No. 14](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Railway_29 \"Grand Canyon Railway 29\") figured in a washout wreck while coming down a 1\\.6% grade, pulling over 40 loaded [hoppers](/wiki/Hopper_car \"Hopper car\") of [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") [ore](/wiki/Iron_ore \"Iron ore\"). The locomotive and several of its hoppers tumbled down on their sides on a steep embankment. The possible cause of this accident was the significant rain that caused a lot of floods in some of the [Midwest](/wiki/Midwestern_United_States \"Midwestern United States\") areas that day, which was also the cause of the No. 19 wreck in Iowa. According to *The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin* No. 98 by Aurele A. Durocher, it took about a month to get the 14 re\\-railed, repaired, and brought back to service. Some of the derailed hoppers were presumably scrapped. It is unclear if the [engineer](/wiki/Train_driver \"Train driver\"), [fireman](/wiki/Fireman_%28steam_engine%29 \"Fireman (steam engine)\"), or leading [brakeman](/wiki/Brakeman \"Brakeman\") were injured or killed. The 14 locomotive was repaired and is currently preserved at the [Grand Canyon Railway](/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Railway \"Grand Canyon Railway\") as No. 29\\.\n* August 12 – *United States* – Brookdale, Pennsylvania: A runaway train collides with an interurban on the [Southern Cambria Railway](/wiki/List_of_interurban_railways_in_North_America%23United_States \"List of interurban railways in North America#United States\"), killing 26 people.\n* September 26 – *Austria\\-Hungary* – between [Medzilaborce](/wiki/Medzilaborce \"Medzilaborce\") and [Łupków](/wiki/%C5%81upk%C3%B3w \"Łupków\"): a train of [tank cars](/wiki/Tank_car \"Tank car\") laden with [gasoline](/wiki/Gasoline \"Gasoline\") collided at speed with a [hospital train](/wiki/Hospital_train \"Hospital train\") carrying sick and wounded soldiers home from the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_I%29 \"Eastern Front (World War I)\"). The two trains caught fire and burned for two days. Officially 140 people were killed. Unofficial estimates suggest that the death toll may have been as much as twice that number.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Summer Street Bridge disaster](/wiki/File:BERy_393_being_raised_from_Fort_Point_Channel%2C_November_8%2C_1916.jpg \"BERy 393 being raised from Fort Point Channel, November 8, 1916.jpg\") November 2 \\- United States \\- **[Summer Street Bridge disaster](/wiki/Summer_Street_Bridge_disaster \"Summer Street Bridge disaster\")**, In [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston%2C_Massachusetts \"Boston, Massachusetts\"), a streetcar train loaded with passengers ran off and derailed at an open drawbridge killing 46 people.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Herceghalom rail crash](/wiki/File:Herceghalmi_vas%C3%BAti_baleset_1916-12-01_roncsok.JPG \"Herceghalmi vasúti baleset 1916-12-01 roncsok.JPG\") December 1 – *Austria\\-Hungary* **[Herceghalom rail crash](/wiki/Herceghalom_rail_crash \"Herceghalom rail crash\")** – At Herczechalen (now [Herceghalom](/wiki/Herceghalom \"Herceghalom\"), Hungary), an express from [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") to [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\"), carrying many soldiers back from the funeral of [Emperor Franz Joseph I](/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria \"Franz Joseph I of Austria\"), collided with a local train, killing 66 people and injuring 150\\. It is suggested that a signal was missed in the dark because of the inferior fuel available in wartime for the oil\\-burning signal lamps.\n* December 19 – *United Kingdom* – At [Kiltimagh](/wiki/Kiltimagh \"Kiltimagh\"), [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), on the [Great Southern and Western Railway](/wiki/Great_Southern_and_Western_Railway \"Great Southern and Western Railway\"), the driver of a train of 21 wagons loaded with [ballast](/wiki/Track_ballast \"Track ballast\") either missed or misread a danger signal and crashed into a train of empty wagons, killing five railwaymen and injuring seven.\n* December 19 – *United Kingdom* – At [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan \"Wigan\"), England, on the [London and North Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway \"London and North Western Railway\"), the 11:15 pm train from [London](/wiki/London \"London\") caught up with the late\\-running 10:00 pm train from London while the latter was reversing into a bay platform. The second train had two locomotives. The first driver apparently missed the signals set against his train, and the second one was unable to see them due to smoke and steam from the first engine. The trains collided, killing a crewman and a postal worker and injuring 11 people, mostly crew and postal workers.\n* December 19 – *United Kingdom* – On the [Caledonian Railway](/wiki/Caledonian_Railway \"Caledonian Railway\"), a northbound postal train collided with a slower\\-moving goods train between [Kirkpatrick](/wiki/Kirkpatrick-Fleming \"Kirkpatrick-Fleming\") and [Kirtlebridge](/wiki/Kirtlebridge \"Kirtlebridge\"), Scotland, despite signals and [detonators](/wiki/Detonator_%28railway%29 \"Detonator (railway)\") that should have stopped the second train at Kirkpatrick. One railwayman was killed and one seriously injured.\n",
"1917\n----\n\n* January 3 – *United Kingdom* – **[Ratho rail crash](/wiki/Ratho_rail_crash \"Ratho rail crash\")**: The unsafe use of hand signals results in 12 deaths.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Ciurea rail disaster](/wiki/File:Catastrofa_de_la_Ciurea_-_1917.jpg \"Catastrofa de la Ciurea - 1917.jpg\") January 13 – *Romania* – **[Ciurea rail disaster](/wiki/Ciurea_rail_disaster \"Ciurea rail disaster\")** at [Ciurea](/wiki/Ciurea \"Ciurea\"): A passenger train overloaded with soldiers and refugees runs away down a bank between [Bârnova](/wiki/B%C3%A2rnova \"Bârnova\") and Ciurea, derailing at Ciurea station after being diverted onto a loop line. Between 600 and 1,000 killed in the derailment and subsequent fire.\n* January 17 – *France* – [Massy – Palaiseau](/wiki/Gare_de_Massy_%E2%80%93_Palaiseau \"Gare de Massy – Palaiseau\"): A British troop train of 40 (presumably unbraked) cars, taking soldiers from [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") back to the front, comes apart into two portions, which then collide back together on a gradient; 10 people are killed and 30 injured.\n* January 19 – *Austria\\-Hungary* – At Sagor (now [Zagorje ob Savi](/wiki/Zagorje_ob_Savi \"Zagorje ob Savi\"), Slovenia), a mail train from [Trieste](/wiki/Trieste \"Trieste\") to [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") is wrecked by a rockslide, part buried and part falling into the [Sava](/wiki/Sava \"Sava\") River. A rescue train is sent but collides with the wreckage. Altogether, 40 people are killed.\n* February 27 – *United States* – [Mount Union, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Mount_Union%2C_Pennsylvania \"Mount Union, Pennsylvania\"): A passenger train is rear\\-ended by a freight causing a [telescope](/wiki/Telescoping_%28rail_cars%29 \"Telescoping (rail cars)\") to occur. Twenty are killed in the accident.\n* [thumb\\|Houten](/wiki/File:Treinramp_Houten_1917_%284%29.jpg \"Treinramp Houten 1917 (4).jpg\") June 17 \\- *Netherlands* \\- **[Houten train accident](/wiki/Houten_train_accident \"Houten train accident\")**: A passenger train is derailed at [Houten](/wiki/Houten \"Houten\"), [Utrecht](/wiki/Utrecht_%28province%29 \"Utrecht (province)\"). [Queen Wilhelmina](/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands \"Wilhelmina of the Netherlands\"), a passenger on the train, survives unharmed.\n* July 2 – *United States* – The [Milwaukee Railroad](/wiki/Milwaukee_Railroad \"Milwaukee Railroad\")'s coast train, the *Olympia*, derailed across the river from [LaCrosse, Wisconsin](/wiki/LaCrosse%2C_Wisconsin \"LaCrosse, Wisconsin\") when the engineer A. B. Brown ignored the closed semaphore signal. The engine and tender and four cars were damaged.\n* July 23 – *British India* – When a passenger train is stopped by track damage, a messenger is sent to bring a repair crew, but then it proves possible to repair the track. The train resumes its journey and collides with the repair train, killing 20 people.\n* August 7 – *Italy* – An express from [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\") to [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") derails in [Arquata Scrivia](/wiki/Arquata_Scrivia \"Arquata Scrivia\") station, killing 34 people and injuring about 100\\.\n* August 13 – *Russia* – A passenger train and a \"luggage train\" collide on the line from [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") to Petrograd (now [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\")), killing 60 people and injuring 150\\.\n* August 19 \\- *United Kingdom* \\- A tram runs away and derails at the foot of Crabble Road, Dover. 11 are killed and 61 injured. The accident is deemed to be a result of driver error and inexperience, compounded by the tram being severely overloaded.\n* September 15 – *United Kingdom* – Ten carriages carrying troops runs away at , [Yorkshire](/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire \"North Riding of Yorkshire\") and crashes near . Three soldiers are killed.\n* September 24 – *United Kingdom* – **[Bere Ferrers rail accident](/wiki/Bere_Ferrers_rail_accident \"Bere Ferrers rail accident\")**: New Zealand troops travelling from [Plymouth](/wiki/Plymouth \"Plymouth\") on the [London and South Western Railway](/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway \"London and South Western Railway\") are told that two from each [compartment](/wiki/Passenger_car_%28rail%29%2319th_century:First_passenger_cars_and_early_development \"First passenger cars and early development\") should get off at the first stop, [Exeter](/wiki/Exeter \"Exeter\"), to get food. The train is stopped by signals at Bere Ferrers. With the rear cars stopped outside the station, men in them assume this is Exeter and jump to ground level, using the same doors they boarded through, which puts them on the other track, where 10 are killed by an express from [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to Plymouth.\n* September 28 – *United States* – [Kellyville, Oklahoma](/wiki/Kellyville%2C_Oklahoma \"Kellyville, Oklahoma\"): Two trains on the [St. Louis–San Francisco Railway](/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway \"St. Louis–San Francisco Railway\") collide due to a violation of train orders; 23 people and many cattle are killed, and 80 people injured.\n* October 20 – *United States* – Clyde, New York – (Newspapers: Syracuse Herald, The Clyde Herald, and The Clyde Times) Mr. Barney Fredendall was struck by the N.Y.C. train and killed instantly. Part of the body was found east of the Glasgow Street crossing. One leg was found at Savannah. The other was not found.\n* November 2 – *Russia* – [Vladikavkaz](/wiki/Vladikavkaz \"Vladikavkaz\"): An express passenger train and a military train collide head\\-on, killing 25 people (mostly soldiers) and severely injuring 70\\.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Saint\\-Michel\\-de\\-Maurienne derailment](/wiki/File:Accident_ferroviaire_de_Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne_%281917%29.jpg \"Accident ferroviaire de Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne (1917).jpg\") December 12 – *France* – **[Saint\\-Michel\\-de\\-Maurienne derailment](/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne_derailment \"Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne derailment\")**, ([Saint\\-Michel\\-de\\-Maurienne](/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne \"Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne\") near [Modane](/wiki/Modane \"Modane\") on the [Culoz–Modane railway](/wiki/Culoz%E2%80%93Modane_railway \"Culoz–Modane railway\")): Carrying French troops from Italy, a grossly overloaded military train derails near the entrance of the station at Saint\\-Michel\\-de\\-Maurienne, after running away down a steep gradient from the entrance of the [Fréjus Tunnel](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus_Rail_Tunnel \"Fréjus Rail Tunnel\"); brake power was insufficient for the weight of the train. Of those killed in the derailment and subsequent fire, 423 soldiers and 2 train employees were identified, but at last 675 and possibly 800 were killed altogether. The military had forced the driver to run the overloaded train. This accident is still the worst ever in France.\n* December 14 – *United States* – Two [Southern Railway](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28US%29 \"Southern Railway (US)\") passenger trains collide at 0815 hrs. near [Clemson College](/wiki/Clemson_College \"Clemson College\"), South Carolina with the fireman and baggageman on one (train no. 46\\) killed, both engines demolished and cars leaving the rails and one overturning down an embankment. Train Nos. 43 and 46 strike each other on a curve, north of [Calhoun, South Carolina](/wiki/Calhoun%2C_South_Carolina \"Calhoun, South Carolina\"). Blame was laid on an operator's failure to give orders to the crew of Train No. 46 at [Seneca, South Carolina](/wiki/Seneca%2C_South_Carolina \"Seneca, South Carolina\").Walhalla, South Carolina, \"The Keowee Courier\", Wednesday 19 December 1917, Volume LXVIII, No. 51, page 4\\.\n* [thumb\\|right\\|Shepherdsville train wreck](/wiki/File:ShepherdsvilleWreck.jpg \"ShepherdsvilleWreck.jpg\") December 20 – *United States* – **[Shepherdsville train wreck](/wiki/Shepherdsville_train_wreck \"Shepherdsville train wreck\")**, a rear\\-end collision in [Shepherdsville, Kentucky](/wiki/Shepherdsville%2C_Kentucky \"Shepherdsville, Kentucky\") kills 49 people.\n* December 29 – *United States* – Two [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\") passenger trains collide a mile (1600 m) east of [North Vernon, Indiana](/wiki/North_Vernon%2C_Indiana \"North Vernon, Indiana\"), killing eight people and injuring 21\\. The trains met in a head\\-on collision, each emerging from a curve with only about of straight track between them.North Vernon Sun, January 9, 2018, \"100 Years Ago\" p. 3B.\n",
"1918\n----\n\n* January 8 – *Germany* – A train carrying troops going on leave collides with another train between [Kaiserslautern](/wiki/Kaiserslautern \"Kaiserslautern\") and [Homburg](/wiki/Homburg_%28Saar%29 \"Homburg (Saar)\"), killing at least 30 and injuring at least 100\\.\n* January 9 – *United Kingdom* – **[Little Salkeld rail accident](/wiki/Little_Salkeld_rail_accident \"Little Salkeld rail accident\")**: A [Midland Railway](/wiki/Midland_Railway \"Midland Railway\") train from [London](/wiki/London \"London\") to [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") is derailed by a landslip in a cutting, killing seven passengers.\n* January 14 – *United States* – A [Houston and Texas Central Railway](/wiki/Houston_and_Texas_Central_Railway \"Houston and Texas Central Railway\") passenger train derails at Hammond, Texas. 17 killed, 10 injured.\n* January 16 – *Germany* – At [Kirn](/wiki/Kirn \"Kirn\"), a flash flood in the river [Nahe](/wiki/Nahe_%28Rhine%29 \"Nahe (Rhine)\") caused by a dam failure washes out an embankment, and several cars of a train go into the water. Only 10 bodies are found in the first few days, but eventually the death toll is reported as 25, with 25 injured.\n* January 16 – *Germany* – At [Bohmte](/wiki/Bohmte \"Bohmte\") on the line between [Bremen](/wiki/Bremen \"Bremen\") and [Osnabrück](/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck \"Osnabrück\"), two trains collide in a snowstorm; 33 are killed and 110 injured, all soldiers.\n* January 18 – *Germany* – At Argeningkem (now Artyomovka, [Kaliningrad Oblast](/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast \"Kaliningrad Oblast\"), Russia) in [East Prussia](/wiki/East_Prussia \"East Prussia\"), south of Tilsit (now [Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast](/wiki/Sovetsk%2C_Kaliningrad_Oblast \"Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast\"), Russia), a train carrying soldiers on leave collides with a passenger train, killing 23 people and injuring 50\\.\n* January 18 – *United Kingdom* – Two [Cambrian Railways](/wiki/Cambrian_Railways \"Cambrian Railways\") freight trains were in a head\\-on collision at Park Hall, [Shropshire](/wiki/Shropshire \"Shropshire\"), killing one railwayman. Both drivers were found to have [tablets](/wiki/Tyer%27s_Electric_Train_Tablet \"Tyer's Electric Train Tablet\") for the same section, but investigation did not reveal how this was even possible. At least one of the signalmen at Oswestry North and Ellesmere Junction signal boxes must have behaved irregularly, and suspicion fell on the design of the circuitry connecting their boxes.\n* February 7 – *Austria\\-Hungary* – A fire on board a crowded train from Stanislav (now [Ivano\\-Frankivsk](/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk \"Ivano-Frankivsk\")) to Lvov (now [Lviv](/wiki/Lviv \"Lviv\")) brings it to a stop at midnight on a bridge between Jezupol and Wodniki (now [Yezupil](/wiki/Yezupil \"Yezupil\") and Vodnyky; all these places are now in Ukraine). Many people are killed, including passengers who jump into the [Dniester](/wiki/Dniester \"Dniester\") River and drown.\n* March 15 – *United States* – Two women passengers are killed and 30–40 others sustain cuts and bruises when WB train No. 19 of the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad \"Pennsylvania Railroad\") is struck by a rock slide in a cut near [Elizabethtown](/wiki/Elizabethtown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania\"), Pennsylvania, with a large boulder overturning two Pullman cars in the middle of the consist.Wire service, \"TWO WOMEN PASSENGERS ARE VICTIMS\", *Santa Cruz Evening News*, Santa Cruz, California, Friday 15 March 1918, Volume XXI, Number 111, page 1\\.\n* April 11 – *France* – Twenty\\-nine men of the 4th Battalion [Kings Liverpool Regiment](/wiki/Kings_Liverpool_Regiment \"Kings Liverpool Regiment\") were killed in a troop train explosion. They were buried in the military cemetery at Chocques in the Pas de Calais.\n* April 15 – *United States* – [Central Islip, New York](/wiki/Central_Islip%2C_New_York \"Central Islip, New York\") (now [Islandia, New York](/wiki/Islandia%2C_New_York \"Islandia, New York\")) – [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\") troop train leaving [Camp Upton](/wiki/Camp_Upton \"Camp Upton\") derails at Foot's Crossing (now the [NY 454](/wiki/NY_454 \"NY 454\") bridge). Originally believed to be a result of enemy sabotage, but later found to be caused by defective rails. 3 soldiers dead and 36 soldiers injured.\n* April 18 – *United Kingdom* – A [London Brighton and South Coast Railway](/wiki/London_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway \"London Brighton and South Coast Railway\") freight train becomes divided with the result that four wagons come to rest in Redhill Tunnel, [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey \"Surrey\"). A signalman's error allows the following train to crash into the wagons. The line is blocked for two days.\n* May 9 – *United States* – A trainman is killed and several passengers injured late this date when the [railway post office](/wiki/Railway_post_office \"Railway post office\") car and one coach of a [St. Louis–San Francisco Railway](/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway \"St. Louis–San Francisco Railway\") passenger train derails near [Heyburn, Oklahoma](/wiki/Heyburn%2C_Oklahoma \"Heyburn, Oklahoma\").Associated Press, \"Trainman is Killed and Passengers Hurt by Wreck\", *The San Bernardino Daily Sun*, San Bernardino, California, Friday 10 May 1918, Volume XLVIII, Number 61, page 2\\.\n* May 10 – *United States* – As a troop train carrying the advance guard of the [321st Infantry](/wiki/81st_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"81st Infantry Division (United States)\") departs [Camp Jackson](/wiki/Fort_Jackson_%28South_Carolina%29 \"Fort Jackson (South Carolina)\"), [Columbia](/wiki/Columbia%2C_South_Carolina \"Columbia, South Carolina\"), South Carolina, for Camp Sevier, near [Greenville](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville, South Carolina\"), a broken wheel under one coach, wooden, causes it to derail at \\~1000 hrs. and drops the car from a high trestle near the camp, and pulls the second coach, steel, with it. Seven soldiers are killed immediately and ten others seriously injured, three of whom are not expected to live.Wire service, \"TROOP TRAIN IS WRECKED AT CAMP JACKSON, S. C. \\- SEVERAL SOLDIERS KILLED AND HURT \\- Seven Are Dead and Several of Injured Are Expected to Die \\- Wheel on One Car Broke and Entire Train Was Dragged Over High Trestle\", *Riverside Daily Press*, Riverside, California, Friday 10 May 1918, Volume XXXIII, Number 112, page 1\\.International News Service, \"SEVEN SOLDIERS DIE, 10 HURT IN TRAIN WRECK\", *Los Angeles Evening Herald*, Los Angeles, California, Friday 10 May 1918, Volume XLIII, Number 163, page 1\\.\n* May 13 – *United States* – The Buffalo Special passenger train derailed at [Schodack](/wiki/Schodack%2C_New_York \"Schodack, New York\") Landing late at night. Four men killed, over 40 people injured.\"BUFFALONIANS INJURED IN WRECK OF EXPRESS OF NEW YORK CENTRAL\", *Buffalo Evening Times*, Buffalo, New York, Tuesday evening, 14 May 1918\n* June 5 – *United States* – Due to a claimed mistake in train orders, a local passenger train collides head\\-on into the engine of a work train in a tunnel on the [Central Vermont Railroad](/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railroad \"Central Vermont Railroad\"), between [Burlington](/wiki/Burlington%2C_Vermont \"Burlington, Vermont\") and [Winooski](/wiki/Winooski%2C_Vermont \"Winooski, Vermont\"), killing five and injuring several others. Seven are removed to hospital but no passengers are killed.Associated Press, \"Five are Killed in Wreck on the Vermont Central\", *The San Bernardino Daily Sun*, San Bernardino, California, Thursday 6 June 1918, Volume XLVIII, Number 84, page 4\\.\n* [thumb\\|Hammond Circus train wreck](/wiki/File:Crowd_at_Hammond_Circus_Train_Wreck.jpg \"Crowd at Hammond Circus Train Wreck.jpg\") June 22 – *United States* – **[Hammond circus train wreck](/wiki/Hammond_circus_train_wreck \"Hammond circus train wreck\")**, near [Hammond, Indiana](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Indiana \"Hammond, Indiana\"): An empty [Michigan Central Railroad](/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad \"Michigan Central Railroad\") troop train collides into the rear end of the stopped Hagenbeck\\-Wallace [circus train](/wiki/Circus_train \"Circus train\"), resulting in 86 deaths and 127 injured. The engineer of the troop train had been taking \"kidney pills\" that had a narcotic effect, and he was asleep at the throttle.\n* June 29(?) – *Romania* – An express passenger train collides with a goods train between [Mircești](/wiki/Mirce%C8%99ti \"Mircești\") and [Roman](/wiki/Roman%2C_Romania \"Roman, Romania\"), killing 45\\.\n* [thumb\\|The [Great train wreck of 1918](/wiki/Great_train_wreck_of_1918 \"Great train wreck of 1918\") near [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\").](/wiki/File:1918trainwreck.jpg \"1918trainwreck.jpg\") July 9 – *United States* – **[Great train wreck of 1918](/wiki/Great_train_wreck_of_1918 \"Great train wreck of 1918\")**, [Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Nashville, Tennessee\"): Two [Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway](/wiki/Nashville%2C_Chattanooga_and_St._Louis_Railway \"Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway\") trains [collide head\\-on](/wiki/Head-on_collision \"Head-on collision\"). 101 killed, 171 injured at Shops Junction\\-West Nashville, Tennessee.\n* July 16 – *France* – A [Paris\\-Orléans railway](/wiki/Compagnie_du_chemin_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Orl%C3%A9ans \"Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans\") train derails at [Theillay](/wiki/Theillay \"Theillay\"), killing 22 people and injuring 76\\.\n* July 31 – *Germany* – Two trains collide between Schneidemühl and Landsberg (now [Piła](/wiki/Pi%C5%82a \"Piła\") and [Górowo Iławeckie](/wiki/G%C3%B3rowo_I%C5%82aweckie \"Górowo Iławeckie\"), both in Poland); 30 people are killed. A crowd of [looters](/wiki/Looting \"Looting\") forms and several are arrested.\n* August 8 – *France* – German ammunition train entering [Harbonnières](/wiki/Harbonni%C3%A8res \"Harbonnières\") station is shelled by advancing British [Mark V tanks](/wiki/Mark_V_tank \"Mark V tank\"). The train explodes; a following troop train on an adjacent track is stopped and captured by British troops.Hart, Peter, \"1918; A Very British Victory\", Weidenfeld \\& Nicolson, London, England, 2008, , page 333\n* August 11 – *United Kingdom* – A fire at the [North Eastern Railway](/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_%28UK%29 \"North Eastern Railway (UK)\") carriage sheds at [Heaton](/wiki/Heaton%2C_Newcastle \"Heaton, Newcastle\"), [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland \"Northumberland\") destroys 34 vehicles. They are all replaced by new vehicles with identical running numbers.\n* August – *Austrian\\-occupied territory in Italy* – Two trains taking soldiers on leave collide at Uggowitz (now [Uggovizza or Ukve](/wiki/Malborghetto_Valbruna \"Malborghetto Valbruna\")) on the line between [Villach](/wiki/Villach \"Villach\") and Pemtaffl; 20 people are killed and 80 injured.\n* September 11 – *Germany* – At Schneidemühl (now [Piła](/wiki/Pi%C5%82a \"Piła\"), Poland), a goods train collides with a children's excursion; 33 children and 2 railwaymen are killed, and 17 people injured.\n* [thumb\\|Weesp, Netherlands.](/wiki/File:Weesp_1918_Train_Disaster.jpg \"Weesp 1918 Train Disaster.jpg\") September 13 – *Netherlands* – **[Weesp train disaster](/wiki/Weesp_train_disaster \"Weesp train disaster\")**, [Weesp](/wiki/Weesp \"Weesp\"), Netherlands. Heavy rainfall caused the embankment leading to the [Merwedekanaal](/wiki/Amsterdam-Rhine_Canal \"Amsterdam-Rhine Canal\") bridge to become unstable. When a passenger train approached the bridge the track slid off the embankment, causing the carriages to crash into each other and the locomotive to hit the bridge. 41 persons were killed and 42 injured. In the aftermath of the disaster, it was decided to establish a dedicated study of [soil mechanics](/wiki/Soil_mechanics \"Soil mechanics\") at the [Delft University of Technology](/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology \"Delft University of Technology\").\n* September 19, 1918 – *France* – On the [PLM railway](/wiki/Compagnie_des_chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e \"Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée\"), three cars break away from the rear of a train; the resulting collision in the [Pacy](/wiki/Pacy-sur-Arman%C3%A7on \"Pacy-sur-Armançon\") Tunnel kills about 30 people and injures about 100\\.\n* September 23 – *Germany* – A train from [Leipzig](/wiki/Leipzig \"Leipzig\") crashes into the back of one from [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"); 30 people are killed and 59 injured, 30 of them seriously.\n* [right\\|thumb\\|Getå Railroad Disaster October 1918\\.](/wiki/File:Loket_vid_j%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4gsolyckan_i_Get%C3%A5_1918.jpg \"Loket vid järnvägsolyckan i Getå 1918.jpg\") October 1 – *Sweden* – **[Getå Railroad Disaster](/wiki/Get%C3%A5_Railroad_Disaster \"Getå Railroad Disaster\")**: A [mixed train](/wiki/Mixed_train \"Mixed train\") from [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 \"Malmö\") to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") is derailed at about when heavy rain causes an embankment to collapse, and the crashed cars burn. At least 42 people are killed and 41 injured.\n* October 2 – *United States* – A burning trestle over Cox creek, north of Arcadia, Kansas caused the wrecking of Frisco Passenger train No. 101 at about 5 PM. Engineer A.F. McCullough and Fireman Charles Mahan remained at their posts trying to stop the train. McCullough and Mahan died but saved all others on board. The engine and coal tender collapsed the weakened bridge burying McCullough and Mahan in their cabs. The passengers escaped from their coaches before the entire train was consumed by fire.The Fort Scott Tribune Oct. 3, 1918; The Sun Pittsburg, Kansas Oct. 3, 1918\n* October 12 – *Spain* – Two passenger trains collide at Selerra after a [switch](/wiki/Railroad_switch \"Railroad switch\") is set wrongly; 67 are killed and 25 seriously injured.\n* [thumb\\|The Malbone wreck train, November 1, 1918](/wiki/File:MalboneStreetWreck1.jpg \"MalboneStreetWreck1.jpg\") November 1 – *United States* – The **[Malbone Street Wreck](/wiki/Malbone_Street_Wreck \"Malbone Street Wreck\")** occurs on the [Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company](/wiki/Brooklyn_Rapid_Transit_Company \"Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company\") (BRT) in New York City when an inexperienced [motorman](/wiki/Motorman_%28locomotive%29 \"Motorman (locomotive)\") (pressed into service due to a [strike](/wiki/Strike_action \"Strike action\") by the [Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers](/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Locomotive_Engineers \"Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers\")) drives one of the system's elevated trains too quickly into a very sharp curve, derailing the train in a tunnel, killing at least 93 and injuring over 100\\.\n* November 6 – *Austria\\-Hungary* – A broken axle derails a troop train between Steinbruch (now [Kőbánya](/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya \"Kőbánya\")) and , both near [Budapest](/wiki/Budapest \"Budapest\"), now in Hungary; 60 are killed and 180 injured.\n* December 7 – *France* – A collision at [Lothiers](/wiki/Tendu%2C_Indre \"Tendu, Indre\"), south of [Châteauroux](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux \"Châteauroux\") on the [Paris\\-Orléans railway](/wiki/Compagnie_du_chemin_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Orl%C3%A9ans \"Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans\"), kills 68 people and injures 151\\.\n* Late 1918 – *Belgium* – Between [Namur](/wiki/Namur \"Namur\") and [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\"), a train passes through a tunnel where Scottish soldiers, riding on the roof, are hit by scaffolding and 17 are killed.\n",
"1919\n----\n\n* January 12 – *United States* – Genesee County, New York. The [New York Central](/wiki/New_York_Central \"New York Central\") *Southwestern Limited* rammed the back of the *Wolverine* at [South Byron](/wiki/South_Byron%2C_New_York \"South Byron, New York\"). A Pullman sleeping car was pushed upward and fell on top of another Pullman sleeper, killing 22 people.\n* January 22 – *France* – At [Mauvages](/wiki/Mauvages \"Mauvages\"), between [Neufchâteau](/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2teau%2C_Vosges \"Neufchâteau, Vosges\") and [Toul](/wiki/Toul \"Toul\") on the [Chemins de fer de l'Est](/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%27Est \"Chemins de fer de l'Est\"), a collision kills 20 and injures 40\\.\n* February 16(?) – *Belgian Congo* – At [Kambove](/wiki/Kambove \"Kambove\"), a freight wagon full of explosives explodes. There are 27 deaths, including everyone on the train.\n* April 17 – *France* – At [Crissé](/wiki/Criss%C3%A9 \"Crissé\") on the [Chemins de fer de l'État](/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%27%C3%89tat \"Chemins de fer de l'État\"), a train carrying French soldiers on leave stops due to engine trouble. Although [detonators](/wiki/Detonator_%28railway%29 \"Detonator (railway)\") are put down to protect it, the following train, taking American soldiers to [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\") to return home, is going too fast downhill and is unable to stop. The collision kills 33 people.\n* May 5 – *United Kingdom* – A [South Eastern and Chatham Railway](/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway \"South Eastern and Chatham Railway\") freight train is in a rear\\-end collision with another at , [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") due to driver error.\n* June 19 – *British India* – At [Firozabad](/wiki/Firozabad \"Firozabad\"), the wrong [tablet](/wiki/Tyer%27s_Electric_Train_Tablet \"Tyer's Electric Train Tablet\") is issued to goods train 127, which proceeds onto the single\\-track section to Makkhanpur instead of waiting for passenger train 7\\. The collision kills all four enginemen and fifteen passengers, and starts a fire that kills many more, perhaps 100 to 300 deaths altogether.\n* June 29 – *British India* – A mail train from [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") collides with a freight train at [Rohtak](/wiki/Rohtak \"Rohtak\"); 35 are killed and 46 injured.\n* August 14 – *United States* – near [Parkersburg, West Virginia](/wiki/Parkersburg%2C_West_Virginia \"Parkersburg, West Virginia\"). A [Baltimore \\& Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad \"Baltimore & Ohio Railroad\") switching engine collided with a streetcar operated by the Parkersburg Interurban Trolley System carrying a number of women and children from [Marietta](/wiki/Marietta%2C_Ohio \"Marietta, Ohio\") and [Reno, Ohio](/wiki/Reno%2C_Ohio \"Reno, Ohio\") on a church picnic. 15 people were killed by scalding when the steam lines ruptured and twenty\\-three more were injured. One witness died from a [stroke](/wiki/Stroke \"Stroke\") after witnessing the tragedy. \n* September 1 – *United States* – Hubbard Woods crossing, Chicago, Illinois. A Chicago \\& Northwestern passenger train strikes Mary Tanner, a pedestrian whose shoe was caught on the rail while crossing the tracks, killing her. The impact also killed her husband William Fitch Tanner and grievously injured John Miller, a railroad flagman, when they refused to give up trying to free her.\n* September 4 – *France* – A train from [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") to [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\") stops between [Castelnau\\-d'Estrétefonds](/wiki/Castelnau-d%27Estr%C3%A9tefonds \"Castelnau-d'Estrétefonds\") and [Saint\\-Jory](/wiki/Saint-Jory \"Saint-Jory\") due to bad coal. It is struck in the rear by the following train from [Bordeaux](/wiki/Bordeaux \"Bordeaux\") to Cette (now [Sète](/wiki/S%C3%A8te \"Sète\")), killing 15 people and injuring 40\\.\n* October 5 – *Mexico* – A train from [Laredo, Texas](/wiki/Laredo%2C_Texas \"Laredo, Texas\"), to [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") derails, killing 60 people.\n* October 16 – *United States* – Marlboro, New Jersey. On the Freehold\\-Atlantic Highlands branch of the [Central of New Jersey Railroad](/wiki/Central_of_New_Jersey_Railroad \"Central of New Jersey Railroad\"). A locomotive and a baggage car leave the track. The train struck a truck at a grade crossing west of the Marlboro NJ station. The train overturned with tracks torn off, the engine lay on its side. The forward cars were torn loose and were turned at right angles. It resulted in one death as the engineer, Michael Mooney, was scalded to death.Matawan Journal 10\\-16\\-1919\n* October 25 – *Germany* – At Kranowitz (now [Krzanowice](/wiki/Krzanowice \"Krzanowice\"), Poland), a passenger and freight train collide and catch fire. There are 25 deaths. The site is near the German border with Austria\\-Hungary (now the Polish border with Czechia) and reportedly most of the victims were alcohol smugglers, who may have fed the flames by trying to dump the evidence.\n* October 29 – *United States* – Near [Acton, California](/wiki/Acton%2C_California \"Acton, California\"), [Southern Pacific](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company \"Southern Pacific Transportation Company\") train number 50, the southbound *San Joaquin Flyer*, derails on a downgrade curve, with the engine and tender going into a ditch followed by the baggage car and seven coaches. Four coaches, the diner, and three Pullmans remain on the rails. Five are killed, including the engineer,Associated Press, “Five Killed And Fifty Injured In S. P. Wreck \\- Engine Jumps Track Near Acton Station \\- Southbound Flyer Goes Into Ditch,” *The San Bernardino Daily Sun*, San Bernardino, California, Thursday 30 October 1919, Bolume XLVI, Number 60, page 1\\. and 143 injured. Excessive speed on the curve is said to be the cause.Wire service, “Board of Inquiry to Convene at Acton Wreck \\- Five Killed and Hundred Forty\\-Three Injured in S. P. Smashup,” *The San Bernardino Daily Sun*, San Bernardino, California, Friday 31 October 1919, Volume XLVI, Number 61, page 1\\. Southern Pacific technical experts inform the coroner's jury that the train derailed as it hit the curve in excess of , and the general superintendent of the S.P. shops further expressed the opinion that the engineer may have been either dead or unconscious at his post before the accident.Associated Press, “Dead Engineer Had Throttle? \\- Investigation of the Acton Wreck Indicates High Speed on Curve,” The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 2 November 1919, Volume XLVI, Number 63, page 1\\.\n* November 1 – *Denmark* – **[Vigerslev train crash](/wiki/Vigerslev_train_crash \"Vigerslev train crash\")**: An express train collided at speed with a stopped train due to a dispatcher error. 40 people were killed and about 60 injured.\n* November 1 – *France* – At Pont\\-sur\\-Yonne on the [PLM railway](/wiki/Compagnie_des_chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%C3%A0_Lyon_et_%C3%A0_la_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e \"Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée\"), the *Simplon Express* is stopped by signals, but a [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\")\\-[Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\") express overruns its signals and crashes into the first train's rear. The number of deaths is variously reported as 18 or 26, the injured as 42 to 60\\.\n* November – Passengers remembering the September 4 and November 1 accidents in France become fearful when their train from [Juvisy](/wiki/Juvisy-sur-Orge \"Juvisy-sur-Orge\") to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") is stopped for some time. Some of them decide to get out—and stand on the other track, where four are killed by another train.\n* December 10 – *Anatolia* – An Ottoman Railway train collides with another train at a junction; 35 are killed or injured.\n* December 20 – *United States* – **[Onawa train wreck](/wiki/Onawa_train_wreck \"Onawa train wreck\")**, [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"). A [Canadian Pacific Railway](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway \"Canadian Pacific Railway\") passenger train running across Maine between Canadian cities collides head\\-on with a freight train, killing 23\\.\n* December 20 – *United States* – [Missouri Valley, Iowa](/wiki/Missouri_Valley%2C_Iowa \"Missouri Valley, Iowa\") – Twenty\\-four are injured, eleven seriously, two of whom are expected to die, when a [Chicago and Northwestern Railway](/wiki/Chicago_and_Northwestern_Railway \"Chicago and Northwestern Railway\") fast mail train from Chicago encounters an open switch and strikes train number 215, from [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota \"Minneapolis, Minnesota\"), standing on a sidetrack, telescoping the rear coach. Medical attention is rushed from [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha%2C_Nebraska \"Omaha, Nebraska\"), and many of the injured taken to hospitals there.United Press, “24 Injured In Wreck Of C. \\& N. W. Train \\- Mail Train From Chicago Telescopes Rear Pullman Coach of Minneapolis Train \\- Two Will Probably Die From Injuries,” *Riverside Daily Press*, Riverside, California, Saturday 20 December 1919, Volume XXXIV, Number 302, page 1\\.\n* December 20 – *United States* – [Redding, California](/wiki/Redding%2C_California \"Redding, California\") – Passengers aboard the second section of [Southern Pacific Railroad](/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad \"Southern Pacific Railroad\") train number 54, the through\\-[Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\") passenger train, avoid injury when the locomotive and the first seven cars derail due to a broken rail. Four baggage cars, one tourist Pullman, the dining car, and a standard Pullman derail, with the Pullmans sliding down an embankment. The standard Pullman was unoccupied. The sole injury is suffered by the baggageman, whose thumb is crushed.United Press, “A Miracle Saved Train Passengers \\- Southern Pacific Train Tumbles Down Embankment Near Redding \\- Only One Hurt \\- Breakfasts Scattered When the Diner Topples Over \\- Broken Rail Causes Wreck,” *Riverside Daily Press*, Riverside, California, Saturday 20 December 1919, Volume XXXIV, Number 302, page 1\\.\n* December 22 – *United States* – Near [Topeka, Kansas](/wiki/Topeka%2C_Kansas \"Topeka, Kansas\"). Engineer David E. Hartigan, Sr., 23 years an engineer for the Rock Island Railroad, was returning to St. Joseph, Missouri from Topeka with a trainload of Christmas shoppers, some even standing in the aisles. Every seat in the eight coaches was occupied. A freight train was accidentally sent on a collision course with the passenger train and they met near Elmont, Kansas. Hartigan stuck to his cab, applying the brake until the collision. He was scalded to death. His sacrifice possibly saved 200 persons from death or injury. Forty people were slightly injured. No one else was killed.Newspaper article/obituary titled \"Engineer Hartigan met hero's death. Sticks at throttle when two trains collide near Topeka, Kansas. Veteran employee of Rock Island Railroad had been with company for 46 years' continuous service – funeral tomorrow morning.\" Also the December 27, 1919 St. Joseph Observer Newspaper ran a story on it.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of London Underground accidents](/wiki/List_of_London_Underground_accidents \"List of London Underground accidents\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Railroad train wrecks 1907–2007](http://www.northeast.railfan.net/wreck.html)\n\n[Rail accidents 1900andndash;1949](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_railway_accidents_and_incidents \"Lists of railway accidents and incidents\")\n[Category:20th\\-century railway accidents](/wiki/Category:20th-century_railway_accidents \"20th-century railway accidents\")\n\n"
]
} |
Khoy Thoun | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | 6aqhu464y2b4a60yy1i307aokpsydu1 | 2023-09-25T07:48:55Z | 1,175,731,799 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Khoy Thoun** (, 1933–1977\\) was a Cambodian politician, intellectual and a member of the Central Committee of the [Khmer Rouge](/wiki/Khmer_Rouge \"Khmer Rouge\"). A former high school teacher, he had joined the revolutionary movement in the 1960s and had risen to the Finance Minister of [Democratic Kampuchea](/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea \"Democratic Kampuchea\") and leader of the Northern Zone before being arrested along with of all his colleagues and associates in 1977, sent to the infamous [S\\-21](/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum \"Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum\") concentration camp. He was replaced by Ta Pok for leadership of the Northern Zone and executed the same year he was arrested. \n\nAccording to a refugee interviewed by [François Ponchaud](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ponchaud \"François Ponchaud\"), the [new people](/wiki/New_People_%28Cambodia%29 \"New People (Cambodia)\") were treated decently before the purge. However, according to another refugee interviewed by [Michael Vickery](/wiki/Michael_Vickery \"Michael Vickery\"), conditions generally deteriorated afterwards. Executions widely increased in scope, formerly being restricted in general to ex\\-soldiers of the [Khmer Republic](/wiki/Khmer_Republic \"Khmer Republic\") and high officials, to target new people, local peasants, and party cadres.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1933 births](/wiki/Category:1933_births \"1933 births\")\n[Category:1977 deaths](/wiki/Category:1977_deaths \"1977 deaths\")\n[Category:Communist Party of Kampuchea politicians](/wiki/Category:Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea_politicians \"Communist Party of Kampuchea politicians\")\n[Category:People who died in the Cambodian genocide](/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Cambodian_genocide \"People who died in the Cambodian genocide\")\n[Category:Finance ministers of Cambodia](/wiki/Category:Finance_ministers_of_Cambodia \"Finance ministers of Cambodia\")\n[Category:Executed communists](/wiki/Category:Executed_communists \"Executed communists\")\n\n"
]
} |
ART-XC | {
"id": [
13451522
],
"name": [
"El Roih"
]
} | d8zp6utk4gkw9okq5k8caa0lfrazx73 | 2024-06-24T18:30:46Z | 1,180,721,200 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"First light",
"Instruments",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Astronomical Roentgen Telescope X\\-ray Concentrator** (**ART\\-XC**) is an [X\\-ray telescope](/wiki/X-ray_telescope \"X-ray telescope\") with a [grazing incidence](/wiki/Grazing_incidence \"Grazing incidence\") mirror that is capable of capturing high energy X\\-ray photons within the 5\\-30 keV energy range. This telescope is one of the two X\\-ray telescopes on the [Spektr\\-RG](/wiki/Spektr-RG \"Spektr-RG\") (SRG) mission. The other telescope that SRG carries is [eROSITA](/wiki/EROSITA \"EROSITA\"). The observatory was launched on 13 July 2019 via a Proton rocket from the Russian launch site Baikonur in Kazakhstan.\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\nART\\-XC was developed by the [Space Research Institute (IKI)](/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute \"Russian Space Research Institute\") and the [All\\-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Experimental Physics (VNIIEF)](/wiki/VNIIEF \"VNIIEF\"). The [NASA](/wiki/NASA \"NASA\") [Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)](/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center \"Marshall Space Flight Center\") has developed and fabricated flight models of the X\\-ray mirror systems. The ART\\-XC telescope consists of 7 identical mirror modules each made with 28 nickel\\-cobalt grazing\\-incidence mirrors. The mirror design is [Wolter](/wiki/Wolter_telescope \"Wolter telescope\")\\-I and is coated with iridium. Each module also has its own cadmium\\-tellurium double\\-sided strip detector. The typical on\\-axis half\\-power diameter of ART\\-XC is 27 to 34 arcsec, while the effective area of each module is 65 cm2 (both were estimated at 8 keV). The field of view for each module is about 36′ in diameter.\n\nART\\-XC will survey the entire sky every six months, and the planned all\\-sky survey will be completed in the first four years of the mission.\n\n",
"First light\n-----------\n\nRoscosmos published the [first light](/wiki/First_light_%28astronomy%29 \"First light (astronomy)\") image of ART\\-XC, which was taken on July 30, 2019\\. The image shows the source [Centaurus X\\-3](/wiki/Centaurus_X-3 \"Centaurus X-3\") imaged with the 7 telescopes, as well as the [light curve](/wiki/Light_curve \"Light curve\") of the [pulsar](/wiki/Pulsar \"Pulsar\") folded at its pulse period of 4\\.8s.\n\n",
"Instruments\n-----------\n\n| \\+Instruments on the Spektr\\-RG observatory |\n| --- |\n| | [eROSITA](/wiki/EROSITA \"EROSITA\")[eROSITA Technical Performance](http://www.mpe.mpg.de/455799/instrument). Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Accessed on 14 June 2019\\. | ART\\-XC |\n| Organisation | [Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics](/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Extraterrestrial_Physics \"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics\") | [IKI](/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute \"Russian Space Research Institute\") / [VNIIEF](/wiki/VNIIEF \"VNIIEF\") |\n| Telescope type | [Wolter](/wiki/Wolter_telescope \"Wolter telescope\") | Wolter |\n| Wavelength | X\\-ray | X\\-ray |\n| Mass | 810 kg | 350 kg |\n| Sensitivity range | 0\\.3 \\- 10 [keV](/wiki/Electronvolt \"Electronvolt\") | 6 \\- 30 [keV](/wiki/Electronvolt \"Electronvolt\") |\n| View angle | 1 degree | 30 arcminutes |\n| Angular resolution | 15 arcseconds | 45 arcseconds |\n| Sensor area | 2,400 cm2/ 1 [keV](/wiki/Electronvolt \"Electronvolt\") | 450 cm2/ 8 [keV](/wiki/Electronvolt \"Electronvolt\") |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:X\\-ray telescopes](/wiki/Category:X-ray_telescopes \"X-ray telescopes\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Kursky, Republic of Adygea | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | qocqqckstj3k0fq1x3joa89qg9czfn3 | 2024-09-25T12:53:52Z | 1,112,356,855 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Kursky** (; ) is a [rural locality](/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia \"Types of inhabited localities in Russia\") (a [khutor](/wiki/Village%23Russia \"Village#Russia\")) in Sergiyevskoye Rural Settlement of [Giaginsky District](/wiki/Giaginsky_District \"Giaginsky District\"), [Adygea](/wiki/Adygea \"Adygea\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"). The population was 127 as of 2018\\. There are 5 streets.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nThe khutor is located on the right bank of the Fars River, 37 km southeast of [Giaginskaya](/wiki/Giaginskaya \"Giaginskaya\") (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sergiyevskoye is the nearest rural locality.[Расстояние от Курского до Гиагинской](http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_kurskij_giaginskaja)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Rural localities in Giaginsky District](/wiki/Category:Rural_localities_in_Giaginsky_District \"Rural localities in Giaginsky District\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant | {
"id": [
47485285
],
"name": [
"Xrimonciam"
]
} | ebfmngw7xbo99uqxp4ls0a1ig1wt7ww | 2024-09-24T05:55:34Z | 1,241,010,977 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Soundtrack",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant*** is an Indian Bengali\\-language [romantic comedy film](/wiki/Romantic_comedy \"Romantic comedy\") directed by Purnendu Roy Chowdhury and produced by Badalraja Sinha. This film was released in 1971 under the banner of Joydeep Pictures. Shyamal Mitra was the music director of the movie.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nNupur, daughter of Digambar Chatterjee flees away from her home in [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") to avoid her marriage. Her father announces a reward of ten thousand for her. Nupur comes to [Kolkata](/wiki/Kolkata \"Kolkata\") and takes shelter in the house of Anjan Mukherjee. Anjan realises her problem and helps her. In the meantime detective duos Bhanu Roy and Jahar Banerjee start searching for Nupur for prize money.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Bhanu Banerjee](/wiki/Bhanu_Banerjee \"Bhanu Banerjee\") as Bhanu Roy\n* [Jahor Roy](/wiki/Jahor_Roy \"Jahor Roy\") as Jahar Banerjee\n* [Subhendu Chatterjee](/wiki/Subhendu_Chatterjee \"Subhendu Chatterjee\") as Anjan\n* [Lily Chakravarty](/wiki/Lily_Chakravarty \"Lily Chakravarty\") as Nupur\n* [Pahari Sanyal](/wiki/Pahari_Sanyal \"Pahari Sanyal\") as Digambar Chatterjee\n* [Nripati Chattopadhyay](/wiki/Nripati_Chattopadhyay \"Nripati Chattopadhyay\")\n* [Shyam Laha](/wiki/Shyam_Laha \"Shyam Laha\")\n* [Bankim Ghosh](/wiki/Bankim_Ghosh \"Bankim Ghosh\")\n* Nilima Chatterjee\n* Haridhan Mukherjee\n* Biren Chatterjee\n* Sailen Gangopadhyay\n* Sital Bandyopadhyay\n",
"Soundtrack\n----------\n\nMusic: Shyamal Mitra \nLyrics: Pranab Roy\n\n* \"Phooler Marshum Chandni\" \\- [Sandhya Mukherjee](/wiki/Sandhya_Mukherjee \"Sandhya Mukherjee\")\n* \"Malatir Kunjabone Bhramarer Gunjarane\" \\- [Sandhya Mukherjee](/wiki/Sandhya_Mukherjee \"Sandhya Mukherjee\")\n* \"Kakhan Ki Hoy\" \\- [Shyamal Mitra](/wiki/Shyamal_Mitra \"Shyamal Mitra\")\n* \"Dure Jadi Chale Jaai\" \\- Sandhya Mukherjee, Shyamal Mitra\n* \"Raater Chokhe Ghumer Kajol\" \\- Leena Ghatak, Shyamal Mitra\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Bengali\\-language Indian films](/wiki/Category:Bengali-language_Indian_films \"Bengali-language Indian films\")\n[Category:1971 films](/wiki/Category:1971_films \"1971 films\")\n[Category:1971 romantic comedy films](/wiki/Category:1971_romantic_comedy_films \"1971 romantic comedy films\")\n[Category:Indian romantic comedy films](/wiki/Category:Indian_romantic_comedy_films \"Indian romantic comedy films\")\n[Category:1970s Bengali\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1970s_Bengali-language_films \"1970s Bengali-language films\")\n[Category:Films set in Delhi](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Delhi \"Films set in Delhi\")\n[Category:Films set in Kolkata](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Kolkata \"Films set in Kolkata\")\n\n"
]
} |
Artyomovsky, Irkutsk Oblast | {
"id": [
46469420
],
"name": [
"OpalYosutebito"
]
} | 62rcn2pniz8etrj52vkxr433hu2b5dr | 2024-01-31T17:56:04Z | 1,059,313,699 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Administrative status",
"Geography",
"See also",
"References",
"Notes",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Artyomovsky** () is an [urban locality](/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia \"Types of inhabited localities in Russia\") ([urban\\-type settlement](/wiki/Urban-type_settlement \"Urban-type settlement\")) in [Bodaybinsky District](/wiki/Bodaybinsky_District \"Bodaybinsky District\") of [Irkutsk Oblast](/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast \"Irkutsk Oblast\"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\"). Population: \n\n",
"Administrative status\n---------------------\n\nAs a municipal division, Artyomovsky is the capital of the **Artyomovsky Urban Settlement** (Артёмовское городское поселение) [municipal unit](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Russia \"Municipalities of Russia\"), which includes the Kropotkin urban locality, as well as the villages of [Aprilsk](/wiki/Aprilsk \"Aprilsk\") and [Marakan](/wiki/Marakan%2C_Irkutsk_Oblast \"Marakan, Irkutsk Oblast\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nThe locality is located in the [Patom Highlands](/wiki/Patom_Highlands \"Patom Highlands\") by the [Bodaybo](/wiki/Bodaybo_%28river%29 \"Bodaybo (river)\"), a tributary of the [Vitim](/wiki/Vitim_%28river%29 \"Vitim (river)\"), northeast of the town of [Bodaybo](/wiki/Bodaybo \"Bodaybo\"). The [Kropotkin Range](/wiki/Kropotkin_Range \"Kropotkin Range\") rises near the settlement.[Google Earth](/wiki/Google_Earth \"Google Earth\")\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Patom Highlands](/wiki/Patom_Highlands \"Patom Highlands\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Notes\n\n### Sources\n\n* *[Registry of the Administrative\\-Territorial Formations of Irkutsk Oblast](https://web.archive.org/web/20140502153853/http://www.irkobl.ru/government/local/atu/)* \n\n[Category:Urban\\-type settlements in Irkutsk Oblast](/wiki/Category:Urban-type_settlements_in_Irkutsk_Oblast \"Urban-type settlements in Irkutsk Oblast\")\n\n",
"### Notes\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n* *[Registry of the Administrative\\-Territorial Formations of Irkutsk Oblast](https://web.archive.org/web/20140502153853/http://www.irkobl.ru/government/local/atu/)* \n\n[Category:Urban\\-type settlements in Irkutsk Oblast](/wiki/Category:Urban-type_settlements_in_Irkutsk_Oblast \"Urban-type settlements in Irkutsk Oblast\")\n\n"
]
} |
Universitatea CSM Oradea | {
"id": [
1808194
],
"name": [
"TAnthony"
]
} | cde7aecpops3qhg4u0wgvjpvqg0tab8 | 2024-01-25T15:57:37Z | 934,722,675 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Current roster",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Universitatea CSM Oradea**, commonly known as **U CSM Oradea**, is a Romanian women's [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\") club based in [Oradea](/wiki/Oradea \"Oradea\"), currently participates in the [Liga Națională](/wiki/Liga_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_%28women%27s_basketball%29 \"Liga Națională (women's basketball)\"), the top\\-tier league in Romania.[Voleiul și baschetul feminin, pe urmele handbalului masculin?](http://www.bihon.ro/voleiul-si-baschetul-feminin-pe-urmele-handbalului-masculin/2078797). bihon.ro \n\nThe club played in the last years in the second\\-tier Liga I. However, in 2018 the league was merged with the top\\-tier Liga Națională.[S\\-a stabilit sistemul de desfășurare al Ligii Naționale de Baschet Feminin, ediția 2018\\-2019](http://totalbaschet.ro/articol/S-a-stabilit-sistemul-de-desf%c4%83%c8%99urare-al-Ligii-Na%c8%9bionale-de-Baschet-Feminin-edi%c8%9bia-2018-2019~62789). totalbaschet.ro \n\nU CSM Oradea is the women's basketball section of both [CSM Oradea](/wiki/CSM_Oradea \"CSM Oradea\") and CSU Oradea, after a partnership signed between CSM, the municipality of [Oradea](/wiki/Oradea \"Oradea\") sports club and CSU, University of Oradea sports club.\n\n",
"Current roster\n--------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [CSU Oradea official website](http://www.csu-oradea.ro/)\n* [CSM Oradea official website](http://www.csmoradea.ro/)\n* [Universitatea CSM Oradea](http://totalbaschet.ro/echipa/CSU-Oradea~1680). at totalbaschet.ro\n\n[Category:Basketball teams in Romania](/wiki/Category:Basketball_teams_in_Romania \"Basketball teams in Romania\")\n[Category:Women's basketball teams in Romania](/wiki/Category:Women%27s_basketball_teams_in_Romania \"Women's basketball teams in Romania\")\n[Category:Basketball teams established in 2004](/wiki/Category:Basketball_teams_established_in_2004 \"Basketball teams established in 2004\")\n[Category:2004 establishments in Romania](/wiki/Category:2004_establishments_in_Romania \"2004 establishments in Romania\")\n\n"
]
} |
2018 Coupe du Congo | {
"id": [
376297
],
"name": [
"Chanheigeorge"
]
} | i4keefqxma9m8y8ur98gkdkckpyggxn | 2018-09-22T10:19:21Z | 860,676,168 | 0 | {
"title": [
"2018 Coupe du Congo"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**2018 Coupe du Congo** may refer to:\n\n* [2018 Coupe du Congo (DR Congo)](/wiki/2018_Coupe_du_Congo_%28DR_Congo%29 \"2018 Coupe du Congo (DR Congo)\"), 2018 knockout cup football competition of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\n* [2018 Coupe du Congo (Republic of Congo)](/wiki/2018_Coupe_du_Congo_%28Republic_of_Congo%29 \"2018 Coupe du Congo (Republic of Congo)\"), 2018 knockout cup football competition of the Republic of the Congo\n\n"
]
} |
1939 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship | {
"id": [
45540247
],
"name": [
"Darling"
]
} | stqrovbhdkz5ctzra98d8vnumciatu8 | 2023-06-30T03:18:37Z | 1,155,834,417 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1939 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship** was the 45th staging of the [Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship](/wiki/Kilkenny_Senior_Hurling_Championship \"Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\") since its establishment by the [Kilkenny County Board](/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA \"Kilkenny GAA\").\n\n[Éire Óg](/wiki/%C3%89ire_%C3%93g_GAA_%28Kilkenny%29 \"Éire Óg GAA (Kilkenny)\") won the championship after a 3–07 to 3–05 defeat of [Carrickshock](/wiki/Carrickshock_GAA \"Carrickshock GAA\") in the final. It was their first ever championship title.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship](/wiki/Category:1939_senior_hurling_county_championships \"1939 senior hurling county championships\")\n[Category:Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship](/wiki/Category:Kilkenny_Senior_Hurling_Championship \"Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\")\n\n"
]
} |
Portrait of a Young Man (Giorgione, Budapest) | {
"id": [
13106180
],
"name": [
"Oursana"
]
} | 1rahnwg42c7qjz97eckxef09yzs5k5k | 2024-06-07T01:16:02Z | 1,217,958,807 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|*Portrait of a Young Man* (c. 1508\\-1510\\) attributed to Giorgione](/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_Giorgione_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_-_Budapest.jpg \"Portrait of a Young Man Giorgione - Museum of Fine Arts - Budapest.jpg\")\n***Portrait of a Young Man*** or ***Portrait of a Youth*** is a c.1508\\-1510 painting, attributed to [Giorgione](/wiki/Giorgione \"Giorgione\") and now in the [Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Budapest%29 \"Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)\") in Budapest. Some have instead attributed it to Giorgione's collaborator [Giovanni Cariani](/wiki/Giovanni_Cariani \"Giovanni Cariani\"). \n\nThe work was produced late in the artist's career, with the parapet and dark background showing the influence of Flemish models. The parapet bears the inscription \"V\" on a shield, possibly a symbol of the Latin word \"virtus\", meaning virtue or courage, and an ancient Roman cameo with a triple female head and a tiny cartouche with a near\\-illegible inscription. Some thus identify the work's subject as the poet Antonio Broccardo.Alessandra Fregolent, *Giorgione*, Electa, Milan, 2001\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:1500s paintings](/wiki/Category:1500s_paintings \"1500s paintings\")\n[Category:Paintings by Giorgione](/wiki/Category:Paintings_by_Giorgione \"Paintings by Giorgione\")\n[Category:Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)](/wiki/Category:Paintings_in_the_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Budapest%29 \"Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)\")\n[Category:16th\\-century portraits](/wiki/Category:16th-century_portraits \"16th-century portraits\")\n[Category:Portraits of men](/wiki/Category:Portraits_of_men \"Portraits of men\")\n[Category:Portraits by Italian artists](/wiki/Category:Portraits_by_Italian_artists \"Portraits by Italian artists\")\n\n"
]
} |
Aspergillus domesticus | {
"id": [
46998060
],
"name": [
"Atubofsilverware"
]
} | eqrrfnkzwdw2g1didg3hetqlgswdd6r | 2024-08-15T00:26:22Z | 1,200,264,227 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Aspergillus domesticus*** is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of fungus in the [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") *[Aspergillus](/wiki/Aspergillus \"Aspergillus\")*. It is from the *Robusti* section. The species was first described in 2017\\. It has been isolated from wallpaper and a museum piece in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"). It has been reported to produce [asperphenamate](/wiki/Asperphenamate \"Asperphenamate\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[domesticus](/wiki/Category:Aspergillus \"Aspergillus\")\n[Category:Fungi described in 2017](/wiki/Category:Fungi_described_in_2017 \"Fungi described in 2017\")\n[Category:Fungus species](/wiki/Category:Fungus_species \"Fungus species\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Disappearance of Derrick Engebretson | {
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
} | 8jnipnln7dojwlnykjhewioln1xwk48 | 2024-02-03T12:32:53Z | 1,195,335,544 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Disappearance",
"Investigation",
"Subsequent events",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Derrick James Engebretson** (July 5, 1990disappeared December 5, 1998\\) is an American child who [disappeared](/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:Post-1970 \"Post-1970\") under mysterious circumstances in the [Winema National Forest](/wiki/Winema_National_Forest \"Winema National Forest\") near [Rocky Point](/wiki/Rocky_Point%2C_Oregon \"Rocky Point, Oregon\"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\"). On the evening of December 5, 1998, Engebretson vanished while searching for a [Christmas tree](/wiki/Christmas_tree \"Christmas tree\") with his father and grandfather, who realized they had lost sight of him in the late afternoon. Footprints and a [snow angel](/wiki/Snow_angel \"Snow angel\") near the road were found, but by the time law enforcement arrived that evening, a [blizzard](/wiki/Blizzard \"Blizzard\") prevented immediate searches.\n\nOver the ensuing weeks, law enforcement and volunteer searchers continued to traverse the area, but no sign of Engebretson was found. Subsequent reports of a mysterious vehicle in the area that day were made. In October 1999, graffiti was discovered in a rural rest area bathroom south of [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), which purportedly referred to Engebretson; the content of the graffiti was never made public. In 2008, it was revealed that Frank James Milligan, a convicted [child rapist](/wiki/Child_rape \"Child rape\"), was considered a potential suspect in Engebretson's disappearance. , Engebretson's whereabouts remain unknown.\n\n",
"Disappearance\n-------------\n\nOn December 5, 1998, eight\\-year\\-old Derrick Engebretson traveled to [Pelican Butte](/wiki/Pelican_Butte \"Pelican Butte\") with his father and grandfather near [Rocky Point](/wiki/Rocky_Point%2C_Oregon \"Rocky Point, Oregon\"), [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\"), roughly from [Klamath Falls](/wiki/Klamath_Falls%2C_Oregon \"Klamath Falls, Oregon\") and immediately south of [Crater Lake](/wiki/Crater_Lake \"Crater Lake\") National Park. The three had planned to look for a [Christmas tree](/wiki/Christmas_tree \"Christmas tree\"). At some point during the excursion, Engebretson wandered away from his father and grandfather. He was reported missing that evening by his father and grandfather, who notified a passing motorist around 4:13 p.m.; the motorist traveled to a nearby resort approximately away, where he placed a phone call to [9\\-1\\-1](/wiki/9-1-1 \"9-1-1\").\n\n",
"Investigation\n-------------\n\nLaw enforcement discovered a \"crude shelter\" made of [fir](/wiki/Fir_tree \"Fir tree\") boughs beneath several fallen logs near the area Engebretson went missing, but search dogs were unable to detect his scent there. Due to the extreme conditions of the area, law enforcement speculated he would have quickly succumbed to the elements. Engebretson's parents stated that their son had \"grown up in the mountains\" and was used to walking distances of in steep terrain. In the hours immediately after Engebretson's disappearance, his family and law enforcement discovered small footprints in the snow, which made a loop from the location where his father had last seen him to a clearing near the road, where a [snow angel](/wiki/Snow_angel \"Snow angel\") presumably left by Engebretson was found. A snowplow had obliterated the tracks that led away from the snow angel, and no additional footprints were found. Several pieces of chopped wood were also discovered nearby; when he disappeared, Engebretson had a small [hatchet](/wiki/Hatchet \"Hatchet\") with him and was dressed in a snowsuit. In the late evening, a [blizzard](/wiki/Blizzard \"Blizzard\") hit the area, hampering search efforts.\n\nInitial searches were completed by foot with search canines, as well as aerial searches using a [Civil Air Patrol](/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol \"Civil Air Patrol\") plane and an [Air Force Reserve](/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command \"Air Force Reserve Command\") helicopter. Several relatives also undertook independent searches. On December 13, 1998, eight days into the investigation, [Klamath County](/wiki/Klamath_County%2C_Oregon \"Klamath County, Oregon\") Police suspended their search. Engebretson's family continued independent search efforts and camped at the site in a donated camper van over the following two weeks, while hundreds of volunteers continued to organize search efforts. On December 18, further search efforts were terminated due to subzero temperatures, which made it unsafe for anyone to travel through the area. In the ensuing months more than 10,000 hours were spent performing ground searches.\n\nEarly in the investigation, a witness claimed to have seen an unidentified man struggling with a young boy in the area later during the day Engebretson disappeared. The witness ignored the event as they had assumed the man was the boy's father. Additional reports were made of an unidentified man driving a two\\-door [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") asking passersby for directions in the forest that day.\n\n",
"Subsequent events\n-----------------\n\nOn September 24, 1999, [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti \"Graffiti\") was discovered in a bathroom at the Sagehen [Rest Area](/wiki/Rest_area \"Rest area\"), approximately south of [Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), that law enforcement identified as being referential to Engebretson's disappearance. Engebretson's parents drove to view the graffiti upon being notified, and his mother, Lori, stated to the press: \"I think it's just a big, sick joke. I thought, if somebody would have had Derrick, if they put this on the wall, they were wanting to be caught. If they were wanting to be caught, why didn't they leave something of Derrick's there?\" The contents of the graffiti were not made public. \n\nIn 2008, it was confirmed that Frank James Milligan, a man serving a sentence for raping a 10\\-year\\-old boy in [Dallas, Oregon](/wiki/Dallas%2C_Oregon \"Dallas, Oregon\"), was considered a potential suspect in Engebretson's disappearance.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of people who disappeared](/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:Post-1970 \"Post-1970\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Article on Engebretson's disappearance](https://www.strangeoutdoors.com/mysterious-stories-blog/2017/12/4/derrick-engebretson) at *Strange Outdoors*\n* [Blog archive](http://derrickengebretson.blogspot.com/) of case files and transcripts\n\n[Category:1990s missing person cases](/wiki/Category:1990s_missing_person_cases \"1990s missing person cases\")\n[Category:1998 in Oregon](/wiki/Category:1998_in_Oregon \"1998 in Oregon\")\n[Category:December 1998 events in the United States](/wiki/Category:December_1998_events_in_the_United_States \"December 1998 events in the United States\")\n[Category:Missing person cases in Oregon](/wiki/Category:Missing_person_cases_in_Oregon \"Missing person cases in Oregon\")\n[Category:Missing American children](/wiki/Category:Missing_American_children \"Missing American children\")\n[Category:Klamath County, Oregon](/wiki/Category:Klamath_County%2C_Oregon \"Klamath County, Oregon\")\n\n"
]
} |
Carr House | {
"id": [
34669967
],
"name": [
"Clovermoss"
]
} | a3sx0ztgslygjtw53v4cbdagsa5xmil | 2024-04-18T14:31:08Z | 1,147,528,167 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Carr House",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Carr House** may refer to:\n\nin the United Kingdom\n* [Carr House, Bretherton](/wiki/Carr_House%2C_Bretherton \"Carr House, Bretherton\"), Lancashire, England\n* [Carr Houses](/wiki/Carr_Houses \"Carr Houses\"), a hamlet in Sefton, Merseyside\n\n in Canada\n* [Emily Carr House](/wiki/Emily_Carr_House \"Emily Carr House\")\n\nin the United States\n* [Raymond Carr House](/wiki/Raymond_Carr_House \"Raymond Carr House\"), Kingman, Arizona, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)\n* [Carr House (Benicia, California)](/wiki/Carr_House_%28Benicia%2C_California%29 \"Carr House (Benicia, California)\"), NRHP\\-listed\n* [Thomas Carr District](/wiki/Thomas_Carr_District \"Thomas Carr District\"), Thomson, Georgia, [NRHP\\-listed in McDuffie County](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_McDuffie_County%2C_Georgia \"National Register of Historic Places listings in McDuffie County, Georgia\")\n* [Carr House (Monmouth, Illinois)](/wiki/Carr_House_%28Monmouth%2C_Illinois%29 \"Carr House (Monmouth, Illinois)\"), NRHP\\-listed\n* [William V. Carr House](/wiki/William_V._Carr_House \"William V. Carr House\"), Davenport, Iowa, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Ben F. Carr Jr. House](/wiki/Ben_F._Carr_Jr._House \"Ben F. Carr Jr. House\"), Fulton, Kentucky, [NRHP\\-listed in Fulton County](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County%2C_Kentucky \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, Kentucky\")\n* [Robert P. Carr House](/wiki/Robert_P._Carr_House \"Robert P. Carr House\"), Bowdoinham, Maine, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Carr\\-Jeeves House](/wiki/Carr-Jeeves_House \"Carr-Jeeves House\"), Winchester, Massachusetts, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Daniel Carr House](/wiki/Daniel_Carr_House \"Daniel Carr House\"), Haverhill, New Hampshire, NRHP\\-listed\n* [John Carr House](/wiki/John_Carr_House \"John Carr House\"), Middlesex, New York, NRHP\\-listed\n* [John Price Carr House](/wiki/John_Price_Carr_House \"John Price Carr House\"), Charlotte, North Carolina, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Patrick\\-Carr\\-Herring House](/wiki/Patrick-Carr-Herring_House \"Patrick-Carr-Herring House\"), Clinton, North Carolina, NRHP\\-listed\n* [John C. and Binford Carr House](/wiki/John_C._and_Binford_Carr_House \"John C. and Binford Carr House\"), Durham, North Carolina, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Titus W. Carr House](/wiki/Titus_W._Carr_House \"Titus W. Carr House\"), Walstonburg, North Carolina, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Andrew Carr Sr. House](/wiki/Andrew_Carr_Sr._House \"Andrew Carr Sr. House\"), Minot, North Dakota, NRHP\\-listed\n* [George Carr Ranch House](/wiki/George_Carr_Ranch_House \"George Carr Ranch House\"), Camargo, Oklahoma, [NRHP\\-listed in Ellis County](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ellis_County%2C_Oklahoma \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Ellis County, Oklahoma\")\n* [Thomas Carr Farmstead Site (Keeler Site RI\\-707\\)](/wiki/Thomas_Carr_Farmstead_Site_%28Keeler_Site_RI-707%29 \"Thomas Carr Farmstead Site (Keeler Site RI-707)\"), Jamestown, Rhode Island, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Dr. George W. Carr House](/wiki/Dr._George_W._Carr_House \"Dr. George W. Carr House\"), Providence, Rhode Island, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Anna Carr Homestead](/wiki/Anna_Carr_Homestead \"Anna Carr Homestead\"), Bison, South Dakota, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Jefferson Davis Carr House](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Carr_House \"Jefferson Davis Carr House\"), Fort Pierre, South Dakota, NRHP\\-listed\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Carr's Hall](/wiki/Carr%27s_Hall \"Carr's Hall\"), Terre Haute, Indiana, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Carr's Hill](/wiki/Carr%27s_Hill \"Carr's Hill\"), Charlottesville, Virginia, NRHP\\-listed\n* [Martin W. Carr School](/wiki/Martin_W._Carr_School \"Martin W. Carr School\"), Somerville, Massachusetts, NRHP\\-listed\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Nathan Ayres House | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | cawh7z8wehcl0orny9vf4a74p6z0x09 | 2023-08-08T01:17:35Z | 1,101,487,106 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Description",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Nathan Ayres House** is a single\\-family home located at 604 North Water Street in [Owosso, Michigan](/wiki/Owosso%2C_Michigan \"Owosso, Michigan\"). It was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1980\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nNathan Ayres was born in 1842 and arrived in Owosso as a young man. He was a brick mason by trade, and was well\\-off enough that in about 1883 he constructed this brick home on North Water Street. Little more is known about Nathan, but his daughter, Effie, (born in 1867\\), was educated in Owosso and taught in the local school system for many years before being promoted to principal at Owosso's Central School.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe Nathan Ayres House is an [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate \"Italianate\") structure with a distinctive five\\-sided bay on the front facade. It has tall one\\-over\\-one double hung sash windows topped with carved stone lintels, a broad front porch, and squared brackets underneath the eaves of a hipped roof.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Shiawassee County, Michigan](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Shiawassee_County%2C_Michigan \"National Register of Historic Places in Shiawassee County, Michigan\")\n[Category:Italianate architecture in Michigan](/wiki/Category:Italianate_architecture_in_Michigan \"Italianate architecture in Michigan\")\n[Category:Houses completed in 1883](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_1883 \"Houses completed in 1883\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Sarah Haffner | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | ndazldm3bru660i2pa0r5r00he3koa2 | 2024-02-07T07:08:41Z | 1,204,049,710 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early years, England",
"Émigré parents",
"New names",
"Childhood",
"Germany",
"1950s West Berlin",
"Family matters",
"Political engagement in the 1960s",
"Career",
"Teaching in Watford and Berlin",
"Freelance artist in Berlin",
"Advocacy for women's shelters",
"Death",
"Work",
"The painter",
"Reflections of a female artist",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Sarah Haffner** (born Margaret Pretzel: 27 February 1940 \\- 11 March 2018\\) was a [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\")\\-[British](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\") [painter](/wiki/Painting \"Painting\"), author, and active feminist. In [West Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin \"West Berlin\") she engaged with the protest issues of the 1960s, on occasion alongside her father, the journalist and writer [Sebastian Haffner](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\"). Through a television documentary and a book she was instrumental in the late 1970s in establishing the city's first women's shelter. The range of her painting included portraits, still lifes, landscapes and cityscapes.\n\n",
"Early years, England\n--------------------\n\n### Émigré parents\n\nMargaret Pretzel was born in [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge \"Cambridge\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). Her Berlin\\-born father, [Raimund Pretzel](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\") (Sebastian Haffner) had qualified as a lawyer, but abandoned the legal profession after [1933](/wiki/Machtergreifung \"Machtergreifung\"), and at the time of his daughter's birth was attempting – ultimately with considerable success – to reinvent himself as a journalist and author. He had fled from Germany with his pregnant fiancée, whom the authorities had identified as Jewish, in 1938\\. The couple had only received permission to remain in Britain for twelve months, but they nevertheless married in the late summer of 1938, basing themselves in Cambridge where [Kurt Hirsch](/wiki/Kurt_Hirsch \"Kurt Hirsch\"), his wife's brother, had recently received his doctorate in mathematics from [the university](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\"). The outbreak of [war](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") in September 1939 seems to have removed the threat that the British would send the little family back to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), but instead Raimund Pretzel was identified as an [enemy alien](/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B \"Defence Regulation 18B\") and in February 1940 locked away in a prison camp in [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"). It was while he was in this camp that he (and the other prisoners) learned of his daughter's birth through a [tannoy](/wiki/Tannoy \"Tannoy\") announcement: \"A little black head girl from Mister Pretzel\". Shortly afterwards he was moved to the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight \"Isle of Wight\").\n\nHer mother already had one son, Peter, the elder of Sarah Haffner's two brothers, born as a result of her earlier marriage, to Harald Schmidt\\-Landry. Erika Schmidt\\-Landry (1899\\-1969\\), had been working as a journalist with a women's magazine till 1938\\.\n\n### New names\n\nDuring the early part of his time as a political refugee in England, before the authorities arrested him, [Raimund Pretzel](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\") completed his book, *Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde*.\"Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde\", London 1940 (German edition: \"Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde\". Deutschland von Innen betrachtet, Berlin 1996\\) It was his first \"serious\" book on history and politics: till now his publications had concerned fashion, music and entertainment. He used a [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym \"Pseudonym\") in order to try and protect relatives who remained in Germany against unwelcome questions from the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo \"Gestapo\"). He chose the name \"Sebastian Haffner\", explaining it as a celebration of two of Germany's great positive contributions to the world. \"Sebastian\" was the middle name of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and \"Haffner\" recalled [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\")'s [35th Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._35_%28Mozart%29 \"Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)\"). He very soon adopted the pseudonym as his regular name: his daughter's family name therefore changed from \"Pretzel\" to \"Haffner\".\n\nShe would adopt the name \"Sarah\" only when she was a teenager, however. \"Sara\" was the name the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") had scornfully imposed on every Jewish woman, regardless of her real name. Adopting \"Sarah\" as her own \"Christian\" name after the Nazi nightmare had ended, seemingly for good, was, for Sarah Haffner an important part of discovering and asserting her own identity.\n\n### Childhood\n\nIn May 1940 her mother was also interned by the British, both parents now identified as [enemy aliens](/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B \"Defence Regulation 18B\"). Her parents were deported to the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") where they were held in separate camps, unable to contact each other. Their daughter was permitted to stay with her mother, however. Shortly before her mother's release, in October 1940, the child won a baby competition, officially designated as the most beautiful baby in the internment camp. The British authorities were beginning to see the irony of locking up large numbers of German political refugees whose only obvious crime had been to escape from Nazi Germany in order to avoid being killed. [Raimund Pretzel](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\") had been among the first to be released. His recently published book *Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde* had resonated with a number of members of the British establishment who had been unable to understand why the author had been locked away. Someone else impressed by the book had been [David Astor](/wiki/David_Astor \"David Astor\") of [The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\") (newspaper). Sebastian Haffner accepted an offer to write regularly for the paper, initially on a freelance basis. The family relocated to [London](/wiki/London \"London\") in 1942, their financial position no longer so precarious as when they had arrived in England in 1938\\.\n\nMost of her childhood was spent growing up with her family in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Sarah Haffner was very close to her father. When she was nine he took her to her first concert. The [Amadeus Quartet](/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet \"Amadeus Quartet\") were playing: four fellow refugees from Nazi race\\-hate, and one of the twentieth century's greatest string quartets. They played [Schubert's](/wiki/Franz_Schubert \"Franz Schubert\") [String Quartet No. 13](/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_%28Schubert%29 \"String Quartet No. 13 (Schubert)\"). The audience cheered and gave the players a standing ovation. Sarah Haffner felt hugely privileged to be present for that occasion, with her father behind her.\n\nHer eldest (half) brother, Peter, was identified as an artistic talent from a relatively early age, and it was he who drew their parents' attention to Sarah's growing artistic talent. In 1953 he recommended that they should use her oil paintings as serious Christmas presents.\n\n",
"### Émigré parents\n\nMargaret Pretzel was born in [Cambridge](/wiki/Cambridge \"Cambridge\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). Her Berlin\\-born father, [Raimund Pretzel](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\") (Sebastian Haffner) had qualified as a lawyer, but abandoned the legal profession after [1933](/wiki/Machtergreifung \"Machtergreifung\"), and at the time of his daughter's birth was attempting – ultimately with considerable success – to reinvent himself as a journalist and author. He had fled from Germany with his pregnant fiancée, whom the authorities had identified as Jewish, in 1938\\. The couple had only received permission to remain in Britain for twelve months, but they nevertheless married in the late summer of 1938, basing themselves in Cambridge where [Kurt Hirsch](/wiki/Kurt_Hirsch \"Kurt Hirsch\"), his wife's brother, had recently received his doctorate in mathematics from [the university](/wiki/Cambridge_University \"Cambridge University\"). The outbreak of [war](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") in September 1939 seems to have removed the threat that the British would send the little family back to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), but instead Raimund Pretzel was identified as an [enemy alien](/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B \"Defence Regulation 18B\") and in February 1940 locked away in a prison camp in [Devon](/wiki/Devon \"Devon\"). It was while he was in this camp that he (and the other prisoners) learned of his daughter's birth through a [tannoy](/wiki/Tannoy \"Tannoy\") announcement: \"A little black head girl from Mister Pretzel\". Shortly afterwards he was moved to the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight \"Isle of Wight\").\n\nHer mother already had one son, Peter, the elder of Sarah Haffner's two brothers, born as a result of her earlier marriage, to Harald Schmidt\\-Landry. Erika Schmidt\\-Landry (1899\\-1969\\), had been working as a journalist with a women's magazine till 1938\\.\n\n",
"### New names\n\nDuring the early part of his time as a political refugee in England, before the authorities arrested him, [Raimund Pretzel](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\") completed his book, *Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde*.\"Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde\", London 1940 (German edition: \"Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde\". Deutschland von Innen betrachtet, Berlin 1996\\) It was his first \"serious\" book on history and politics: till now his publications had concerned fashion, music and entertainment. He used a [pseudonym](/wiki/Pseudonym \"Pseudonym\") in order to try and protect relatives who remained in Germany against unwelcome questions from the [Gestapo](/wiki/Gestapo \"Gestapo\"). He chose the name \"Sebastian Haffner\", explaining it as a celebration of two of Germany's great positive contributions to the world. \"Sebastian\" was the middle name of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach \"Johann Sebastian Bach\") and \"Haffner\" recalled [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\")'s [35th Symphony](/wiki/Symphony_No._35_%28Mozart%29 \"Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)\"). He very soon adopted the pseudonym as his regular name: his daughter's family name therefore changed from \"Pretzel\" to \"Haffner\".\n\nShe would adopt the name \"Sarah\" only when she was a teenager, however. \"Sara\" was the name the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") had scornfully imposed on every Jewish woman, regardless of her real name. Adopting \"Sarah\" as her own \"Christian\" name after the Nazi nightmare had ended, seemingly for good, was, for Sarah Haffner an important part of discovering and asserting her own identity.\n\n",
"### Childhood\n\nIn May 1940 her mother was also interned by the British, both parents now identified as [enemy aliens](/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B \"Defence Regulation 18B\"). Her parents were deported to the [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") where they were held in separate camps, unable to contact each other. Their daughter was permitted to stay with her mother, however. Shortly before her mother's release, in October 1940, the child won a baby competition, officially designated as the most beautiful baby in the internment camp. The British authorities were beginning to see the irony of locking up large numbers of German political refugees whose only obvious crime had been to escape from Nazi Germany in order to avoid being killed. [Raimund Pretzel](/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner \"Sebastian Haffner\") had been among the first to be released. His recently published book *Germany. Jekyll \\& Hyde* had resonated with a number of members of the British establishment who had been unable to understand why the author had been locked away. Someone else impressed by the book had been [David Astor](/wiki/David_Astor \"David Astor\") of [The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\") (newspaper). Sebastian Haffner accepted an offer to write regularly for the paper, initially on a freelance basis. The family relocated to [London](/wiki/London \"London\") in 1942, their financial position no longer so precarious as when they had arrived in England in 1938\\.\n\nMost of her childhood was spent growing up with her family in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). Sarah Haffner was very close to her father. When she was nine he took her to her first concert. The [Amadeus Quartet](/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet \"Amadeus Quartet\") were playing: four fellow refugees from Nazi race\\-hate, and one of the twentieth century's greatest string quartets. They played [Schubert's](/wiki/Franz_Schubert \"Franz Schubert\") [String Quartet No. 13](/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_%28Schubert%29 \"String Quartet No. 13 (Schubert)\"). The audience cheered and gave the players a standing ovation. Sarah Haffner felt hugely privileged to be present for that occasion, with her father behind her.\n\nHer eldest (half) brother, Peter, was identified as an artistic talent from a relatively early age, and it was he who drew their parents' attention to Sarah's growing artistic talent. In 1953 he recommended that they should use her oil paintings as serious Christmas presents.\n\n",
"Germany\n-------\n\n### 1950s West Berlin\n\nAs a result of editorial differences with [David Astor](/wiki/David_Astor \"David Astor\") at [The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\"), in 1954 Sebastian Haffner resigned as the paper's foreign editor, and accepted a financially generous offer to be its Berlin correspondent. For Sarah (and for her mother, Erika) it was an unhappy move. She had left a \"world city\" (and her half brother, Erika's son Peter, already an established artist) for Berlin and West Germany which she found \"incredibly\" provincial (\"unglaublich kleinkariert\", \"piefig\"). Her favourite author was to remain [Christopher Isherwood](/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood \"Christopher Isherwood\"), whose Berlin stories of the last hedonistic Weimar years recalled a city very different from the walled\\-in \"Western Sector\" in which she now found herself.\n\nFor the rest of their lives Sarah and her father would operate an Anglo\\-German existence, balancing the two cultures in their domestic and professional lives. Sarah's intention to make her way in life as a painter ran into parental opposition. Her father insisted that she would never be able to support herself as an artist. She should complete her school career in Germany and she might then train for work as a graphic artist, a branch in which she might find reliable employment in commerce or advertising. Or she might become a specialist restorer of \"old masters\". The arguments lasted for months. When she was sixteen she diverted into vocational training for a lifetime career as a serious artist.\n\nHaffner attended the \"Meisterschule für das Kunsthandwerk\" handcraft academy in West Berlin for a year.\n\nAged seventeen, on the recommendation of teachers at the handicraft academy, she moved on to the [Berlin University of the Arts (*\"Hochschule der Künste\"* / HdK)](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Berlin University of the Arts\"). After mastering the basics she was accepted into the specialist painting class taught by [Ernst Schumacher](/wiki/Ernst_Schumacher_%28Maler%29 \"Ernst Schumacher (Maler)\").\n\n### Family matters\n\nWhen she was nineteen she became pregnant. \"Stupidly, I became pregnant when I was 19 (laughs) / *Dummerweise bin ich mit 19 schwanger geworden (lacht)*\". She was married to the artist [Andreas Brandt](/wiki/Andreas_Brandt_%28Maler%29 \"Andreas Brandt (Maler)\") between 1960 and 1962\\. David Brandt would grow up to become a successful photographer, based in Dresden, but his birth in 1960 caused his mother to break off her studies at the HdK, from which she would graduate only in 1973\\. She was, in the meantime, able to support herself as a freelance artist.\n\n### Political engagement in the 1960s\n\nIn August 1961, as he called for harder western protest against the building of the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\"), Sebastian Haffner parted ways with *The Observer.* In November 1962, he also broke with the conservative *Die Welt*. In defiance of publisher [Axel Springer](/wiki/Axel_Springer \"Axel Springer\"), he had intervened against the government in the [*Spiegel* affair](/wiki/Spiegel_affair \"Spiegel affair\"). Sarah herself, was becoming politically active, engaging with a new protest generation (swollen in West Berlin by young people evading military conscription from the [Federal Republic](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\")) and was later to believe that she may have helped draw her father, uncharacteristically, to the left.\n\nAlong with a host of writers and intellectuals (including [Ingeborg Drewitz](/wiki/Ingeborg_Drewitz \"Ingeborg Drewitz\"), [Hans Magnus Enzensberger](/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger \"Hans Magnus Enzensberger\"), and [Günter Grass](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass \"Günter Grass\")), in June 1967, Sarah was a signatory to an open letter accusing the Springer Press of \"incitement\" in the police shooting of the student protester [Benno Ohnesorg](/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg \"Benno Ohnesorg\").\"Zum Tod des Studenten Benno Ohnesorg\" in *Vaterland, Muttersprache: Deutsche Schriftsteller und ihr Staat von 1945 bis heute*, eds. Klaus Wagenbach, Winfried Stephan and Michael Krüger. Klaus Wagenbach Berlin, 1980, . p. 247 The Springer titles *[Bild](/wiki/Bild \"Bild\")* and *Berliner Morgenpost* had been characterising left\\-wing students, called by [Ulrike Meinhof](/wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof \"Ulrike Meinhof\") in the journal *konkret* to protest a visit by the [Shah of Iran](/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi \"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi\"), as a subversive threat. Writing himself in *konkret,* Sebastian Haffner described the incident as a \"pogrom\" with which \"fascism in West Berlin had thrown off its mask\".“Mit den Studentenpogrom von 2\\. Juni 1967 hat der Faschismus in Westberlin seine maske bereits abgeworfen”. Sebastian Haffner, *Konkret*, July 1967\n\nIn February 1968, Sarah Haffner participated in the International Vietnam Conference called by the SDS (the Socialist German Student union). With [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\") luminaries [Noam Chomsky](/wiki/Noam_Chomsky \"Noam Chomsky\"), [Ernest Mandel](/wiki/Ernest_Mandel \"Ernest Mandel\"), [Herbert Marcuse](/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse \"Herbert Marcuse\") and [Jean Paul Sartre](/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartre \"Jean Paul Sartre\"), and with Ulrike Meinhof, Sarah signed the final declaration, defining Vietnam as \"the [Spain](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") of our generation\".\"Erklärung zur Internationalen Vietnamkonferenz Westberlin am 17\\./18\\. February 1968\" in *Vaterland, Muttersprache: Deutsche Schriftsteller und ihr Staat von 1945 bis heute*, eds. Klaus Wagenbach, Winfried Stephan and Michael Krüger. Klaus Wagenbach Berlin, 1980, . p. 260 Two months later SDS leader [Rudi Dutschke](/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke \"Rudi Dutschke\"), who had been vilified in *Bild*, was shot on the streets of West Berlin.\n\nMeinhof now began considering a next step in a struggle with \"fascism\" and, given their public association, the result was particularly painful for the Haffners. On 19 May 1972, the [Red Army Faction](/wiki/Red_Army_Faction \"Red Army Faction\") (the \"Baader Meinhof Gang\") bombed Springer's Hamburg headquarters injuring 36 people. Five days later they claimed what was to be the first of 34 victims murdered over 28 years, two American soldiers killed in an explosion at a military base in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\").\n\n",
"### 1950s West Berlin\n\nAs a result of editorial differences with [David Astor](/wiki/David_Astor \"David Astor\") at [The Observer](/wiki/The_Observer \"The Observer\"), in 1954 Sebastian Haffner resigned as the paper's foreign editor, and accepted a financially generous offer to be its Berlin correspondent. For Sarah (and for her mother, Erika) it was an unhappy move. She had left a \"world city\" (and her half brother, Erika's son Peter, already an established artist) for Berlin and West Germany which she found \"incredibly\" provincial (\"unglaublich kleinkariert\", \"piefig\"). Her favourite author was to remain [Christopher Isherwood](/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood \"Christopher Isherwood\"), whose Berlin stories of the last hedonistic Weimar years recalled a city very different from the walled\\-in \"Western Sector\" in which she now found herself.\n\nFor the rest of their lives Sarah and her father would operate an Anglo\\-German existence, balancing the two cultures in their domestic and professional lives. Sarah's intention to make her way in life as a painter ran into parental opposition. Her father insisted that she would never be able to support herself as an artist. She should complete her school career in Germany and she might then train for work as a graphic artist, a branch in which she might find reliable employment in commerce or advertising. Or she might become a specialist restorer of \"old masters\". The arguments lasted for months. When she was sixteen she diverted into vocational training for a lifetime career as a serious artist.\n\nHaffner attended the \"Meisterschule für das Kunsthandwerk\" handcraft academy in West Berlin for a year.\n\nAged seventeen, on the recommendation of teachers at the handicraft academy, she moved on to the [Berlin University of the Arts (*\"Hochschule der Künste\"* / HdK)](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Berlin University of the Arts\"). After mastering the basics she was accepted into the specialist painting class taught by [Ernst Schumacher](/wiki/Ernst_Schumacher_%28Maler%29 \"Ernst Schumacher (Maler)\").\n\n",
"### Family matters\n\nWhen she was nineteen she became pregnant. \"Stupidly, I became pregnant when I was 19 (laughs) / *Dummerweise bin ich mit 19 schwanger geworden (lacht)*\". She was married to the artist [Andreas Brandt](/wiki/Andreas_Brandt_%28Maler%29 \"Andreas Brandt (Maler)\") between 1960 and 1962\\. David Brandt would grow up to become a successful photographer, based in Dresden, but his birth in 1960 caused his mother to break off her studies at the HdK, from which she would graduate only in 1973\\. She was, in the meantime, able to support herself as a freelance artist.\n\n",
"### Political engagement in the 1960s\n\nIn August 1961, as he called for harder western protest against the building of the [Berlin Wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\"), Sebastian Haffner parted ways with *The Observer.* In November 1962, he also broke with the conservative *Die Welt*. In defiance of publisher [Axel Springer](/wiki/Axel_Springer \"Axel Springer\"), he had intervened against the government in the [*Spiegel* affair](/wiki/Spiegel_affair \"Spiegel affair\"). Sarah herself, was becoming politically active, engaging with a new protest generation (swollen in West Berlin by young people evading military conscription from the [Federal Republic](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\")) and was later to believe that she may have helped draw her father, uncharacteristically, to the left.\n\nAlong with a host of writers and intellectuals (including [Ingeborg Drewitz](/wiki/Ingeborg_Drewitz \"Ingeborg Drewitz\"), [Hans Magnus Enzensberger](/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger \"Hans Magnus Enzensberger\"), and [Günter Grass](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass \"Günter Grass\")), in June 1967, Sarah was a signatory to an open letter accusing the Springer Press of \"incitement\" in the police shooting of the student protester [Benno Ohnesorg](/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg \"Benno Ohnesorg\").\"Zum Tod des Studenten Benno Ohnesorg\" in *Vaterland, Muttersprache: Deutsche Schriftsteller und ihr Staat von 1945 bis heute*, eds. Klaus Wagenbach, Winfried Stephan and Michael Krüger. Klaus Wagenbach Berlin, 1980, . p. 247 The Springer titles *[Bild](/wiki/Bild \"Bild\")* and *Berliner Morgenpost* had been characterising left\\-wing students, called by [Ulrike Meinhof](/wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof \"Ulrike Meinhof\") in the journal *konkret* to protest a visit by the [Shah of Iran](/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi \"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi\"), as a subversive threat. Writing himself in *konkret,* Sebastian Haffner described the incident as a \"pogrom\" with which \"fascism in West Berlin had thrown off its mask\".“Mit den Studentenpogrom von 2\\. Juni 1967 hat der Faschismus in Westberlin seine maske bereits abgeworfen”. Sebastian Haffner, *Konkret*, July 1967\n\nIn February 1968, Sarah Haffner participated in the International Vietnam Conference called by the SDS (the Socialist German Student union). With [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\") luminaries [Noam Chomsky](/wiki/Noam_Chomsky \"Noam Chomsky\"), [Ernest Mandel](/wiki/Ernest_Mandel \"Ernest Mandel\"), [Herbert Marcuse](/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse \"Herbert Marcuse\") and [Jean Paul Sartre](/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartre \"Jean Paul Sartre\"), and with Ulrike Meinhof, Sarah signed the final declaration, defining Vietnam as \"the [Spain](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") of our generation\".\"Erklärung zur Internationalen Vietnamkonferenz Westberlin am 17\\./18\\. February 1968\" in *Vaterland, Muttersprache: Deutsche Schriftsteller und ihr Staat von 1945 bis heute*, eds. Klaus Wagenbach, Winfried Stephan and Michael Krüger. Klaus Wagenbach Berlin, 1980, . p. 260 Two months later SDS leader [Rudi Dutschke](/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke \"Rudi Dutschke\"), who had been vilified in *Bild*, was shot on the streets of West Berlin.\n\nMeinhof now began considering a next step in a struggle with \"fascism\" and, given their public association, the result was particularly painful for the Haffners. On 19 May 1972, the [Red Army Faction](/wiki/Red_Army_Faction \"Red Army Faction\") (the \"Baader Meinhof Gang\") bombed Springer's Hamburg headquarters injuring 36 people. Five days later they claimed what was to be the first of 34 victims murdered over 28 years, two American soldiers killed in an explosion at a military base in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\n### Teaching in Watford and Berlin\n\nAlongside her work as an artists and author, Sarah Haffner was involved as a teacher at various academies between 1969 and 1986\\. In 1969 she returned to England intending, as she later explained, to enhance her earnings and to get away from the increasingly fevered atmosphere among students and academics as the [Paris events of May 1968](/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France \"May 1968 events in France\") resonated with student radicals in the German cities. Her brother, Peter, had been teaching at the Watford School of Art since 1960\\. In England it was possible to become an art teacher without the inflexibly regulated file of qualifications and certificates that would have been needed in Germany. She obtained a three term contract at the same institution as her half\\-brother, which provided a livelihood in the [London](/wiki/London \"London\") area for the next fifteen months. However, she found herself ill\\-suited to the \"small\\-talk dinner party culture\" which seemed to be part of the artistic milieu of the time and place. She also noted that whereas in Germany the tradition had endured since the nineteenth century whereby \"every architect, dentist or psychologist\" would invest in one or two pieces of original art \\- or at least a print \\- for the waiting room, no equivalent custom existed in England. There would be no easy path to riches as a free\\-lance artist in England. After fifteen months she returned to [Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin \"West Berlin\") with her son.\n\nHer teaching experience in England now helped her obtain a job at the \"1\\. Staatlichen Fachschule für Erzieher\" (teacher training academy) where for ten years, till 1981, she taught \"Children's Play and Work\" (*\"Kinderspiel und Arbeit\"*). Between 1980 and 1986 she taught at the [Berlin University of the Arts (*\"Hochschule der Künste\"* / HdK)](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Berlin University of the Arts\").\n\n### Freelance artist in Berlin\n\nDespite her father's earlier misgivings, Sarah Haffner built a successful career as a freelance artist in Berlin. She took to specialising in large oil paintings, but there were also smaller more spontaneous works. As art became her principal source of income she reached the point of selling between eight and ten abstract landscape paintings each year. Initially she obtained a price of around 1,500 [Marks](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\") per painting, but over the years she became better known and the price per painting rose to an average of around 4,000 Marks. Selling one or two of her larger paintings in a year meant she could, as she told an interviewer ruefully, \"live well\". She avoided working with galleries who might take commissions as high as 40% or 50%, but managed to have her work featured in perhaps four or five exhibitions each year. Positive reviews and recognition followed little by little.\n\nIn commercial terms there were nevertheless also bad years. Unlike many left\\-wing artists with whom, as an instinctively anti\\-authoritarian woman, she mixed, Sarah Haffner welcomed [the fall](/wiki/Die_Wende \"Die Wende\") of the [wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\") and [reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\"). Nevertheless, the reunification, formalised in October 1990, introduced an additional two thousand professional painters to the Berlin art market. There was, at that stage, no corresponding increase in potential buyers for contemporary art. The market was further depressed by uncertainty about the future, as westerners faced [supplementary taxation](/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A4tszuschlag \"Solidaritätszuschlag\") to finance the economic regeneration of the [*\"neuen Bundesländer\"* (former East Germany)](/wiki/New_states_of_Germany \"New states of Germany\"). In 1992 income from her art plunged to a net figure of 7,000 Marks. For Haffner, however, there was a spectacular rebound in 1993\\. Following a Berlin exhibition that included her work, the [Berliner Zeitung](/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung \"Berliner Zeitung\") published a particularly positive review. A Swiss collector read the review while on a flight, and purchased nine pictures. A succession of further sales followed. In 1993 Sarah Haffner's earned a\nnet income of 170,000 from her art \"with which I could live for several years\".\n\n### Advocacy for women's shelters\n\nIn 1975 Sarah Haffner worked on a television documentary on violence against women, highlighting the existence in England of [shelters](/wiki/Women%27s_shelter \"Women's shelter\") for women escaping domestic violence. She had been prompted to produce the documentary by her own futile attempts, involving the police and other public officials, to help a neighbour in Berlin who had become a victim of domestic violence. She followed up the documentary with a book, \"Gewalt in der Ehe und was Frauen dagegen tun\", on the same theme. The documentary led to the funding of a [shelter](/wiki/Women%27s_shelter \"Women's shelter\") for women in Berlin. It was the first shelter of its kind anywhere in West Berlin or West Germany. Haffner herself worked for six months at the shelter on an unpaid basis.\n\n",
"### Teaching in Watford and Berlin\n\nAlongside her work as an artists and author, Sarah Haffner was involved as a teacher at various academies between 1969 and 1986\\. In 1969 she returned to England intending, as she later explained, to enhance her earnings and to get away from the increasingly fevered atmosphere among students and academics as the [Paris events of May 1968](/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France \"May 1968 events in France\") resonated with student radicals in the German cities. Her brother, Peter, had been teaching at the Watford School of Art since 1960\\. In England it was possible to become an art teacher without the inflexibly regulated file of qualifications and certificates that would have been needed in Germany. She obtained a three term contract at the same institution as her half\\-brother, which provided a livelihood in the [London](/wiki/London \"London\") area for the next fifteen months. However, she found herself ill\\-suited to the \"small\\-talk dinner party culture\" which seemed to be part of the artistic milieu of the time and place. She also noted that whereas in Germany the tradition had endured since the nineteenth century whereby \"every architect, dentist or psychologist\" would invest in one or two pieces of original art \\- or at least a print \\- for the waiting room, no equivalent custom existed in England. There would be no easy path to riches as a free\\-lance artist in England. After fifteen months she returned to [Berlin](/wiki/West_Berlin \"West Berlin\") with her son.\n\nHer teaching experience in England now helped her obtain a job at the \"1\\. Staatlichen Fachschule für Erzieher\" (teacher training academy) where for ten years, till 1981, she taught \"Children's Play and Work\" (*\"Kinderspiel und Arbeit\"*). Between 1980 and 1986 she taught at the [Berlin University of the Arts (*\"Hochschule der Künste\"* / HdK)](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Berlin University of the Arts\").\n\n",
"### Freelance artist in Berlin\n\nDespite her father's earlier misgivings, Sarah Haffner built a successful career as a freelance artist in Berlin. She took to specialising in large oil paintings, but there were also smaller more spontaneous works. As art became her principal source of income she reached the point of selling between eight and ten abstract landscape paintings each year. Initially she obtained a price of around 1,500 [Marks](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\") per painting, but over the years she became better known and the price per painting rose to an average of around 4,000 Marks. Selling one or two of her larger paintings in a year meant she could, as she told an interviewer ruefully, \"live well\". She avoided working with galleries who might take commissions as high as 40% or 50%, but managed to have her work featured in perhaps four or five exhibitions each year. Positive reviews and recognition followed little by little.\n\nIn commercial terms there were nevertheless also bad years. Unlike many left\\-wing artists with whom, as an instinctively anti\\-authoritarian woman, she mixed, Sarah Haffner welcomed [the fall](/wiki/Die_Wende \"Die Wende\") of the [wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\") and [reunification](/wiki/German_reunification \"German reunification\"). Nevertheless, the reunification, formalised in October 1990, introduced an additional two thousand professional painters to the Berlin art market. There was, at that stage, no corresponding increase in potential buyers for contemporary art. The market was further depressed by uncertainty about the future, as westerners faced [supplementary taxation](/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A4tszuschlag \"Solidaritätszuschlag\") to finance the economic regeneration of the [*\"neuen Bundesländer\"* (former East Germany)](/wiki/New_states_of_Germany \"New states of Germany\"). In 1992 income from her art plunged to a net figure of 7,000 Marks. For Haffner, however, there was a spectacular rebound in 1993\\. Following a Berlin exhibition that included her work, the [Berliner Zeitung](/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung \"Berliner Zeitung\") published a particularly positive review. A Swiss collector read the review while on a flight, and purchased nine pictures. A succession of further sales followed. In 1993 Sarah Haffner's earned a\nnet income of 170,000 from her art \"with which I could live for several years\".\n\n",
"### Advocacy for women's shelters\n\nIn 1975 Sarah Haffner worked on a television documentary on violence against women, highlighting the existence in England of [shelters](/wiki/Women%27s_shelter \"Women's shelter\") for women escaping domestic violence. She had been prompted to produce the documentary by her own futile attempts, involving the police and other public officials, to help a neighbour in Berlin who had become a victim of domestic violence. She followed up the documentary with a book, \"Gewalt in der Ehe und was Frauen dagegen tun\", on the same theme. The documentary led to the funding of a [shelter](/wiki/Women%27s_shelter \"Women's shelter\") for women in Berlin. It was the first shelter of its kind anywhere in West Berlin or West Germany. Haffner herself worked for six months at the shelter on an unpaid basis.\n\n",
"Death\n-----\n\nUntil well into the second decade of the twenty\\-first century Sarah Haffner lived and worked in the [Charlottenburg](/wiki/Charlottenburg \"Charlottenburg\") quarter of Berlin, close (on its western side) to the infamous [wall](/wiki/Berlin_Wall \"Berlin Wall\"). She became aware that she was incurably ill several months before she died, and continued, as before, to insist that she had no wish whatever to be \"kept alive at any price\". She moved away from Berlin and spent her final months living close to her son, David Brandt, a professional photographer based in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\"). She was 78 when she died there.\n\n",
"Work\n----\n\n### The painter\n\nSarah Haffner's artistic spectrum includes portraits, still lifes, landscapes and cityscapes. After 1985 her figurative style evolved from an additive object\\-oriented focus towards an increasingly abstract presentational approach. Her tectonically structured and strongly formed shapes, and the reduced imagery leave the forms shown as coloured surfaces. In apparent contrast to the rigidity of the forms is the intensity of the colours she uses. Her colour selection is expressive and spatial rather than naturalistic. She is in particular drawn to shades of blue and green. Frequently the colour selection intensifies a mood of isolation and melancholy that emanates from the tranquil scenes and views.\n\nHaffner used her figurative painting style to evoke mood and atmosphere. Images which at first glance appear intensely personal often turn out to reflect far more general experience, which Sarah Haffner uses to disclose social realities, but without venturing into overt agitation.\n\nAfter 2004 she took to working with a \"Tempera and Pastell\" mixing technique that she had developed for herself.\n\n",
"### The painter\n\nSarah Haffner's artistic spectrum includes portraits, still lifes, landscapes and cityscapes. After 1985 her figurative style evolved from an additive object\\-oriented focus towards an increasingly abstract presentational approach. Her tectonically structured and strongly formed shapes, and the reduced imagery leave the forms shown as coloured surfaces. In apparent contrast to the rigidity of the forms is the intensity of the colours she uses. Her colour selection is expressive and spatial rather than naturalistic. She is in particular drawn to shades of blue and green. Frequently the colour selection intensifies a mood of isolation and melancholy that emanates from the tranquil scenes and views.\n\nHaffner used her figurative painting style to evoke mood and atmosphere. Images which at first glance appear intensely personal often turn out to reflect far more general experience, which Sarah Haffner uses to disclose social realities, but without venturing into overt agitation.\n\nAfter 2004 she took to working with a \"Tempera and Pastell\" mixing technique that she had developed for herself.\n\n",
"Reflections of a female artist\n------------------------------\n\nThrough her writings and in interviews Sarah Haffner developed a reputation as a committed feminist. Several of the themes to which she would return are encapsulated in a lengthy interview she gave to the academic, [Prof. Dr. Cäcilia Rentmeister](/wiki/C%C3%A4cilia_Rentmeister \"Cäcilia Rentmeister\") in 1977\\. The interview also provides insights into Haffner's own life and career.\n\n\"When I was seventeen I enrolled at the [Arts Academy (HdK)](/wiki/Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Berlin University of the Arts\") where I felt appallingly uncomfortable, and although I could not have put it in to words back then, I was subconsciously aware that I was viewed in the first instance not as an artist but as a woman, and that it was as a woman that I generated interest. That created a pressure that meant that when I went to class in trousers, I knew that I would paint. But if I went in wearing a dress I knew I would hang around in the faculty waiting for people to talk to me ... I knew precisely that within me there were two separate mindsets \\- a form of inner schism, if you will \\- I was extremely ambitious, but for me it was also quite clear that you can only achieve if you constantly work at it. But it was not just me: all the girls at the academy knew that somehow they were not valued at their full worth. I certainly suffered from that: I valued myself fully, demanded much of myself, and somehow I was disappointed that my own self\\-assessment diverged so far from the reactions of others.\"\nSarah Haffner was no stranger to the tensions between motherhood and career ambitions. Her own situation was further complicated by marriage.\n\n\"My husband only painted stripes ... Nevertheless, as a painter he was always the more important of us ... I have always seen relationships as disrupters of independence, and could under those circumstances paint only very badly ... I was in an \"artists' marriage\", it was awful. Because in the end the relationship between us became somehow competitive ... and when my son was born, my husband had just been given his own studio at the academy, and I said, 'now It's my turn to paint again, and he must care for the child'. But for him it was perfectly clear that I would now simply be a homemaker ... Bringing motherhood and painting together, that was an eternal ... hiccup.\"\nSarah Haffner would interrogate gender stereotypes, whether they were applied by women or by men. She was indignant when the selectors of the female artists to be featured in the \"Künstlerinnen International 1877 \\- 1977\" exhibition, held in Berlin in 1977, decided not to allow the artists [Maina\\-Miriam Munsky](/wiki/Maina-Miriam_Munsky \"Maina-Miriam Munsky\") and [Natascha Ungeheuer](/wiki/Natascha_Ungeheuer \"Natascha Ungeheuer\") to participate. Haffner withdrew her own work from the exhibition in protest and published a statement:\n\n\"For hundreds of years paintings produced by women have been kept as secrets, hushed up, or attributed to men ... Now, for the first time, there is to be a major exhibition of women's art in West Berlin. Women's paintings, you would think, are the paintings produced by women. [Maina\\-Miriam Munsky](/wiki/Maina-Miriam_Munsky \"Maina-Miriam Munsky\") and [Natascha Ungeheuer](/wiki/Natascha_Ungeheuer \"Natascha Ungeheuer\") were not invited to take part in the exhibition. Their paintings are alleged to be sexist or unwomanly. Determination of what is womanly and what is unwomanly is undertaken by a self\\-declared elite coterie of women who at no point bothered even to introduce themselves to the exhibition participants or openly to set forth their selection criteria, far less to familiarise themselves with feminist priorities which participants represent... The women's movement must be open to all women or it will break down. But it is far too important to be allowed to break down. I will not take part in this exhibition: that is my protest.\"\nSarah Haffner celebrated her eighteenth birthday in February 1968\\. She lived through the [\"1968 events\"](/wiki/Protests_of_1968 \"Protests of 1968\") and the manifestations of [Second\\-wave feminism](/wiki/Second-wave_feminism \"Second-wave feminism\") both as a youthful and very determined art student and as a slightly bemused young mother. In one of a series of radio interviews conducted (and subsequently published in 2002\\) by Ute Kätzel, Sarah Haffner recalled her experiences of those events. From early in 1968 Haffner took to participating in meetings of the [West Berlin \"Action Council on Women's Liberation\"](/wiki/Aktionsrat_zur_Befreiung_der_Frauen \"Aktionsrat zur Befreiung der Frauen\").\n\n\"I remember twelve or fifteen women, telling everything about themselves ... I had always thought there was something not quite right with me, but now I saw that we all had been through the same experiences ... I never felt more alive ... I identified completely with the Action Council ... this process of self\\-awareness building that we went through, which became a realisation among the women concerning their own oppression. I even think that women were the revolutionary part of this somewhat wider revolutionary movement, precisely because they questioned their own situations.\" \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1940 births](/wiki/Category:1940_births \"1940 births\")\n[Category:2018 deaths](/wiki/Category:2018_deaths \"2018 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century German painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_painters \"20th-century German painters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century German painters](/wiki/Category:21st-century_German_painters \"21st-century German painters\")\n[Category:20th\\-century German women artists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_women_artists \"20th-century German women artists\")\n[Category:21st\\-century German women artists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_German_women_artists \"21st-century German women artists\")\n[Category:Painters from Berlin](/wiki/Category:Painters_from_Berlin \"Painters from Berlin\")\n[Category:Artists from Cambridge](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Cambridge \"Artists from Cambridge\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the Berlin University of the Arts](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Berlin_University_of_the_Arts \"Academic staff of the Berlin University of the Arts\")\n[Category:German non\\-fiction writers](/wiki/Category:German_non-fiction_writers \"German non-fiction writers\")\n[Category:German women's rights activists](/wiki/Category:German_women%27s_rights_activists \"German women's rights activists\")\n[Category:German women writers](/wiki/Category:German_women_writers \"German women writers\")\n[Category:German women painters](/wiki/Category:German_women_painters \"German women painters\")\n[Category:Realist painters](/wiki/Category:Realist_painters \"Realist painters\")\n[Category:Writers from Berlin](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Berlin \"Writers from Berlin\")\n[Category:20th\\-century women painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_women_painters \"20th-century women painters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century women painters](/wiki/Category:21st-century_women_painters \"21st-century women painters\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ariel Chávez | {
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4761363
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"name": [
"Struway2"
]
} | akvn5ls5xy9shn63a1vb8s67pzumu1g | 2024-03-09T13:06:05Z | 1,164,531,723 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Career statistics",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ariel Hernán Cháves** (born 20 February 1992\\) is an Argentine professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a [left winger](/wiki/Winger_%28association_football%29 \"Winger (association football)\") for [Alvarado](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Alvarado \"Club Atlético Alvarado\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nChávez's senior career began in 2013 with [Almagro](/wiki/Club_Almagro \"Club Almagro\") of [Primera B Metropolitana](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\"). He participated in fifty\\-four fixtures and scored three goals across his first three seasons, including one in twenty\\-five fixtures during [2015](/wiki/2015_Primera_B_Metropolitana \"2015 Primera B Metropolitana\") as Almagro won promotion to [Primera B Nacional](/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional \"Primera B Nacional\"). Chávez scored his first goal at [tier two](/wiki/Argentine_football_league_system \"Argentine football league system\") level on 11 July 2017 during a 2–0 victory over [Brown](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Brown \"Club Atlético Brown\"). He departed them a year later, leaving after seven goals in one hundred and twenty\\-seven matches in all competitions. Chávez joined [Argentine Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Argentine Primera División\") side [Colón](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Col%C3%B3n \"Club Atlético Colón\") in August 2018\\. His only appearance for the club came versus [Independiente](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Independiente \"Club Atlético Independiente\") on 15 September, which they lost 3–0\\.\n\nIn January 2019, Chávez completed a move to [Ecuadorian Serie A](/wiki/Ecuadorian_Serie_A \"Ecuadorian Serie A\") team [Guayaquil City](/wiki/Guayaquil_City_F.C. \"Guayaquil City F.C.\"). He left the club at the end of 2020\\. In March 2021, Chávez returned to his homeland and joined [San Martín de Tucumán](/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Tucum%C3%A1n \"San Martín de Tucumán\").[San Martín (T) sumó dos refuerzos y se retira del mercado de pases](https://www.tycsports.com/primera-nacional/san-martin-t-sumo-dos-refuerzos-y-se-retira-del-mercado-de-pases-id326542.html), tycsports.com, 10 March 2021 Ahead of the 2022 season, Chávez moved to fellow league club [Alvarado](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Alvarado \"Club Atlético Alvarado\").[ARIEL CHAVES ES EL SEXTO REFUERZO DE ALVARADO](https://www.clubalvarado.com.ar/ariel-chaves-es-el-sexto-refuerzo-de-alvarado/), clubalvarado.com.ar, 17 January 2022\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n.\n\n| \\+ Club statistics |\n| --- |\n|Club\n\nSeason\n\nLeague\n\nCup\n\nLeague Cup\n\nContinental\n\nOther\n\nTotal\n\n| Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |\n|[Almagro](/wiki/Club_Almagro \"Club Almagro\")\n\n [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Primera_B_Metropolitana \"2013–14 Primera B Metropolitana\") |\n[Primera B Metropolitana](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\")\n\n 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 |— 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 |\n| [2014](/wiki/2014_Primera_B_Metropolitana \"2014 Primera B Metropolitana\") | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 |— 0 | 0 | 17 | 1 |\n| [2015](/wiki/2015_Primera_B_Metropolitana \"2015 Primera B Metropolitana\") | 21 | 1 | 1 | 0 |— 3Appearance(s) in the [Primera B Metropolitana](/wiki/Primera_B_Metropolitana \"Primera B Metropolitana\") play\\-offs | 0 | 25 | 1 |\n| [2016](/wiki/2016_Primera_B_Nacional \"2016 Primera B Nacional\") |[Primera B Nacional](/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional \"Primera B Nacional\")\n\n 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 |— 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |\n| [2016–17](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Primera_B_Nacional \"2016–17 Primera B Nacional\") | 32 | 1 | 3 | 0 |— 0 | 0 | 35 | 1 |\n| [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Primera_B_Nacional \"2017–18 Primera B Nacional\") | 21 | 3 | 0 | 0 |— 2Appearance(s) in the [Primera B Nacional](/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional \"Primera B Nacional\") play\\-offs | 0 | 23 | 3 |\n|Total\n\n 117 | 7 | 5 | 0 |— 5 | 0 | 127 | 7 |\n|[Colón](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Col%C3%B3n \"Club Atlético Colón\")\n\n [2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"2018–19 Argentine Primera División\") |\n[Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Argentine Primera División\")\n\n 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |\n|[Guayaquil City](/wiki/Guayaquil_City_F.C. \"Guayaquil City F.C.\")\n\n [2019](/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Ecuatoriano_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Serie_A \"2019 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A\") |\n[Serie A](/wiki/Ecuadorian_Serie_A \"Ecuadorian Serie A\")\n\n 0 | 0 |—— 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |\n|Career total\n\n 118 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 123 | 7 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1992 births](/wiki/Category:1992_births \"1992 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Argentine men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentine_men%27s_footballers \"Argentine men's footballers\")\n[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentine_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"Argentine expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Buenos_Aires \"Footballers from Buenos Aires\")\n[Category:Men's association football midfielders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_midfielders \"Men's association football midfielders\")\n[Category:Primera B Metropolitana players](/wiki/Category:Primera_B_Metropolitana_players \"Primera B Metropolitana players\")\n[Category:Primera Nacional players](/wiki/Category:Primera_Nacional_players \"Primera Nacional players\")\n[Category:Argentine Primera División players](/wiki/Category:Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_players \"Argentine Primera División players\")\n[Category:Club Almagro players](/wiki/Category:Club_Almagro_players \"Club Almagro players\")\n[Category:Club Atlético Colón footballers](/wiki/Category:Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Col%C3%B3n_footballers \"Club Atlético Colón footballers\")\n[Category:Guayaquil City F.C. footballers](/wiki/Category:Guayaquil_City_F.C._footballers \"Guayaquil City F.C. footballers\")\n[Category:San Martín de Tucumán footballers](/wiki/Category:San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Tucum%C3%A1n_footballers \"San Martín de Tucumán footballers\")\n[Category:Club Atlético Alvarado players](/wiki/Category:Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Alvarado_players \"Club Atlético Alvarado players\")\n[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador](/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Ecuador \"Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador\")\n[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador](/wiki/Category:Argentine_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Ecuador \"Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador\")\n\n"
]
} |
Maharanipeta mandal | {
"id": [
5420501
],
"name": [
"Arjunaraoc"
]
} | 9z3ot5xveex6c94sqd6wdnzr5qea9z0 | 2024-03-24T09:06:10Z | 1,178,050,999 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Maharanipeta mandal** is one of the 11 mandals in [Visakhapatnam district](/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district \"Visakhapatnam district\") of [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\") in [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). It is administered under [Visakhapatnam revenue division](/wiki/Visakhapatnam_revenue_division \"Visakhapatnam revenue division\") and its headquarters is located at [Maharanipeta](/wiki/Maharanipeta \"Maharanipeta\"). The mandal lies on the coast of [Bay of Bengal](/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal \"Bay of Bengal\") and is bounded by [Visakhapatnam Rural](/wiki/Visakhapatnam_%28rural%29_mandal \"Visakhapatnam (rural) mandal\") to the north and [Visakhapatnam Urban\\-1](/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Urban-1 \"Visakhapatnam Urban-1\") to the west.\n\nThere are no villages in this mandal as it is located within the jurisdiction of [Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation](/wiki/Greater_Visakhapatnam_Municipal_Corporation \"Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation\"), which is responsible for the civic amenities of [Maharanipeta](/wiki/Maharanipeta \"Maharanipeta\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Mandals in Visakhapatnam district](/wiki/Category:Mandals_in_Visakhapatnam_district \"Mandals in Visakhapatnam district\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Dunstable Center Historic District | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | 8ug8pw18x1pycc91bc8caim1kfotcw4 | 2024-06-22T16:53:45Z | 1,168,963,986 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description and history",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Dunstable Center Historic District** encompasses the town center of [Dunstable, Massachusetts](/wiki/Dunstable%2C_Massachusetts \"Dunstable, Massachusetts\"). Centered at the junction Main, High, and Pleasant Streets, this area has served as the town center since 1791, when its church was moved here. The district, now home to a broad array of residential and civic architecture, was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 2002\\.\n\n",
"Description and history\n-----------------------\n\nThe town of Dunstable was incorporated in 1673, and originally covered a large area, from [Milford, New Hampshire](/wiki/Milford%2C_New_Hampshire \"Milford, New Hampshire\") to [Tyngsborough, Massachusetts](/wiki/Tyngsborough%2C_Massachusetts \"Tyngsborough, Massachusetts\"). Early growth was slow, and the community remained predominantly agricultural into the mid\\-20th century. The town's boundaries were altered by splitting off neighboring towns (most recently [Tyngsborough, Massachusetts](/wiki/Tyngsborough%2C_Massachusetts \"Tyngsborough, Massachusetts\") in 1809\\) and the setting of the border between Massachusetts and [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\") in 1740\\. In 1753, the town's citizenry voted to build a new church on Meeting House Hill, about east of the current town center. That building was moved in 1791, prompted by a population shift in the rural community into western portions, and a schoolhouse was also built on the same parcel. Neither of these buildings survive, but the present Evangelical Church, a neo\\-Classical building dating to 1913, was built on the site, and an 1825 schoolhouse, converted for public works use, stands nearby.\n\nThe district is centered at the four\\-way junction of Main, High, and Pleasant Streets, and is about in size. In addition to the church, civic buildings include Roby Memorial Hall, built in 1908 and serving as town hall, and the Classical Revival Union School, built in 1895\\. Three 18th\\-century houses survive from the center's early days, as does the 1754 cemetery, laid out to replace one located on Meeting House Hill.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Middlesex_County%2C_Massachusetts \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Dunstable, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Dunstable%2C_Massachusetts \"Dunstable, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Middlesex_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Middlesex_County%2C_Massachusetts \"National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Massachusetts \"Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts\")\n\n"
]
} |
Joseph A. Ball (mathematician) | {
"id": [
29463730
],
"name": [
"PrimeBOT"
]
} | sst394dkfw54p4z6ch79mz9pcbq7jnm | 2023-02-16T20:30:58Z | 1,008,459,947 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Joseph Anthony Ball** (born 4 June 1947\\) is an American [mathematician](/wiki/Mathematician \"Mathematician\") who is currently a professor emeritus at the [Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University](/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University \"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University\"), often referred to as [Virginia Tech](/wiki/Virginia_Tech \"Virginia Tech\"). He is a 2019 fellow of the [American Mathematical Society](/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society \"American Mathematical Society\") for contributions to [operator theory](/wiki/Operator_theory \"Operator theory\"), [analytic functions](/wiki/Analytic_functions \"Analytic functions\"), and service to the profession.[List of AMS Fellows](http://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list#b/)\n\nHe was awarded Bachelor of Science from [Georgetown University](/wiki/Georgetown_University \"Georgetown University\") in 1969\\. He obtained his Master of Science in 1970 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1973 both from the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\"), [Charlottesville](/wiki/Charlottesville \"Charlottesville\"). The title of his doctoral dissertation is \"Unitary Perturbations of\nContractions\", supervised by Marvin Rosenblum. According to current [Mathematics Genealogy Project](/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project \"Mathematics Genealogy Project\") database, Ball has 12 students and 18 descendants.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1947 births](/wiki/Category:1947_births \"1947 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_mathematicians \"20th-century American mathematicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American mathematicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_mathematicians \"21st-century American mathematicians\")\n[Category:Virginia Tech faculty](/wiki/Category:Virginia_Tech_faculty \"Virginia Tech faculty\")\n[Category:Georgetown University alumni](/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_alumni \"Georgetown University alumni\")\n[Category:University of Virginia alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Virginia_alumni \"University of Virginia alumni\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Deoghar Junction railway station | {
"id": [
46058995
],
"name": [
"The Sharpest Lives"
]
} | hik71axdq0e802tzo4xqnbkh8v1p3cn | 2024-07-30T04:12:18Z | 1,216,829,284 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Further extension",
"Facilities",
"Platforms",
"Station layout",
"Major trains",
"Gallery",
"Track layout",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Deoghar Junction Railway Station** (station code **DGHR**) is the main railway station serving the city of [Deoghar](/wiki/Deoghar \"Deoghar\") in [Deoghar district](/wiki/Deoghar_district \"Deoghar district\"), [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand \"Jharkhand\").\n\n",
"Further extension\n-----------------\n\nThe railways have proposed a Jasidih–bypass line after construction of which trains from and can run up to and without loco reversal at , also saving considerable time for the passengers. Deoghar is being developed as a major halt station to decongest and avoid a delay of more than 30 minutes for an engine change at .\n\nThe \\-long Jasidih–Hansdiha–Pirpainti line is under construction. As of March 2021, work is under progress on Mohanpur–Hansdiha and Godda–Pirpainti sections. Hansdiha–Godda section has been completed and a proposal for [Humsafar Express](/wiki/Humsafar_Express \"Humsafar Express\") from Godda to New Delhi is under consideration. This line is considered important to connect the [Godda district](/wiki/Godda_district \"Godda district\") in the [Santhal Pargana division](/wiki/Santhal_Pargana_division \"Santhal Pargana division\") of [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand \"Jharkhand\") with the rest of India. The Godda–Pakur line is also planned [https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda\\-new\\-train\\-start\\-for\\-godda\\-on\\-poreyahat\\-hansdiha\\-railway\\-root\\-of\\-indian\\-railways\\-19588779\\.html](https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-new-train-start-for-godda-on-poreyahat-hansdiha-railway-root-of-indian-railways-19588779.html)\n\n",
"Facilities\n----------\n\nThe major facilities available at Deoghar station are waiting rooms, computerised reservation facility, reservation counter and vehicle parking.\n\n### Platforms\n\nThere are a total of 3 platforms and 5 tracks. The platforms are connected by [foot overbridge](/wiki/Foot_overbridge \"Foot overbridge\"). These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches express train. The platforms are equipped with modern facility like display board of arrival and departure of trains.\n\n### Station layout\n\n|**G**\n\nStreet level\n\nExit/Entrance \\& ticket counter\n\n|**P1**\n\n[FOB](/wiki/Foot_overbridge \"Foot overbridge\"), [Side platform](/wiki/Side_platform \"Side platform\"), No\\-1 doors will open on the left/right\n\n|**Track 1**\n\n| **Track 2** | |\n|[FOB](/wiki/Foot_overbridge \"Foot overbridge\"), [Island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\"), No\\- 2 doors will open on the left/right\n\n|[Island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\"), No\\- 3 doors will open on the left/right\n\n|**Track 3**\n\n|\n",
"### Platforms\n\nThere are a total of 3 platforms and 5 tracks. The platforms are connected by [foot overbridge](/wiki/Foot_overbridge \"Foot overbridge\"). These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches express train. The platforms are equipped with modern facility like display board of arrival and departure of trains.\n\n",
"### Station layout\n\n|**G**\n\nStreet level\n\nExit/Entrance \\& ticket counter\n\n|**P1**\n\n[FOB](/wiki/Foot_overbridge \"Foot overbridge\"), [Side platform](/wiki/Side_platform \"Side platform\"), No\\-1 doors will open on the left/right\n\n|**Track 1**\n\n| **Track 2** | |\n|[FOB](/wiki/Foot_overbridge \"Foot overbridge\"), [Island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\"), No\\- 2 doors will open on the left/right\n\n|[Island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\"), No\\- 3 doors will open on the left/right\n\n|**Track 3**\n\n|\n",
"Major trains\n------------\n\nMultiple passenger trains connect Deoghar Junction to , , and . Other important trains that run via Deoghar are :\n\n* [Dumka–Ranchi Intercity Express](/wiki/Deoghar%E2%80%93Ranchi_Intercity_Express \"Deoghar–Ranchi Intercity Express\")\n* [Dibrugarh \\- Deogarh Express](/wiki/Dibrugarh_-_Deogarh_Express \"Dibrugarh - Deogarh Express\")\n* [Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express](/wiki/Ranchi%E2%80%93Godda_Intercity_Express \"Ranchi–Godda Intercity Express\")\n* [Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express](/wiki/Deoghar%E2%80%93Agartala_Weekly_Express \"Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express\")\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:Deoghar railway station platform.jpg\\|Deoghar railway station platform\nFile:Deoghar railway station platform view.jpg\\|Deoghar railway station platform view\n\n### Track layout\n\n",
"### Track layout\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* + - * + - \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Deoghar Junction Map](https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/deoghar-junction-dghr/9604#st)\n[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_India_opened_in_2011 \"Railway stations in India opened in 2011\")\n[Category:Railway stations in Deoghar district](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Deoghar_district \"Railway stations in Deoghar district\")\n[Category:Asansol railway division](/wiki/Category:Asansol_railway_division \"Asansol railway division\")\n[Category:Transport in Deoghar](/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Deoghar \"Transport in Deoghar\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Hebrew Academy (Montreal) | {
"id": [
7178757
],
"name": [
"Ploni"
]
} | n1r0rq58ygwft1hhbz1z93c2x7eo2yo | 2023-10-26T03:06:00Z | 1,140,336,905 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Academics",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hebrew Academy** (, ) is a [Modern Orthodox](/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism \"Modern Orthodox Judaism\") [Jewish day school](/wiki/Jewish_day_school \"Jewish day school\") in [Côte Saint\\-Luc, Quebec](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc%2C_Quebec \"Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec\"), Canada. The school aims to provide an intensive program of [Jewish studies](/wiki/Jewish_studies \"Jewish studies\") integrated with a strong [secular education](/wiki/Secular_education \"Secular education\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nHebrew Academy was founded in 1967 with the merger of the [Adath Israel School](/wiki/Adath_Israel_%28Montreal%29 \"Adath Israel (Montreal)\") and the Young Israel Elementary School. The Adath Israel School, situated on Ducharme Street in [Outremont](/wiki/Outremont \"Outremont\"), was founded in 1941, while the Young Israel School on Hillsdale Road in [Côte\\-des\\-Neiges](/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges \"Côte-des-Neiges\") was founded in 1951 as part of the [Young Israel](/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel \"National Council of Young Israel\") movement. Prior to the merger, the Young Israel School had limited facilities and was in need of a [high school](/wiki/High_school \"High school\") for its pupils, while the Adath Israel School faced declining enrolment.\n\nHebrew Academy moved to a rented space on Mackle Road in [Côte Saint\\-Luc](/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc \"Côte Saint-Luc\") in 1979, and established a *[garderie](/wiki/Pre-kindergarten \"Pre-kindergarten\")* in 1984\\. The school purchased the [YM\\-YWHA](/wiki/YM-YWHA \"YM-YWHA\")'s building on Kellert Road in 1990, where renovations were completed in 1992\\.\n\n",
"Academics\n---------\n\nIn 2006, Hebrew Academy was recognized as a Community Learning Centre by the federal government. Hebrew Academy was ranked 26th in the province in the 2018 [Fraser Institute](/wiki/Fraser_Institute \"Fraser Institute\") Quebec secondary school rankings.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1967 establishments in Quebec](/wiki/Category:1967_establishments_in_Quebec \"1967 establishments in Quebec\")\n[Category:Côte Saint\\-Luc](/wiki/Category:C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc \"Côte Saint-Luc\")\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1967](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1967 \"Educational institutions established in 1967\")\n[Category:Elementary schools in Montreal](/wiki/Category:Elementary_schools_in_Montreal \"Elementary schools in Montreal\")\n[Category:High schools in Montreal](/wiki/Category:High_schools_in_Montreal \"High schools in Montreal\")\n[Category:Jewish day schools](/wiki/Category:Jewish_day_schools \"Jewish day schools\")\n[Category:Jewish schools in Canada](/wiki/Category:Jewish_schools_in_Canada \"Jewish schools in Canada\")\n[Category:Jews and Judaism in Montreal](/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Montreal \"Jews and Judaism in Montreal\")\n[Category:Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools](/wiki/Category:Modern_Orthodox_Jewish_day_schools \"Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools\")\n[Category:Private schools in Quebec](/wiki/Category:Private_schools_in_Quebec \"Private schools in Quebec\")\n\n"
]
} |
Portrait of Mary Hill, Lady Killigrew | {
"id": [
43475265
],
"name": [
"Queen of Hearts"
]
} | cw9v23tk534kkvt129xfcka2uukj9yx | 2023-06-21T05:13:15Z | 1,157,703,746 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Subject",
"The painting",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Portrait of Mary Hill, Lady Killgrew*** is a 1638 [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") portrait by the [Flemish](/wiki/Flemish_people \"Flemish people\") artist [Anthony van Dyck](/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck \"Anthony van Dyck\"). The portrait is twinned with another of the Lady's husband, [William Killigrew](/wiki/William_Killigrew_%281606%E2%80%931695%29 \"William Killigrew (1606–1695)\").\n\n",
"Subject\n-------\n\nMary Hill, from [Honiley](/wiki/Honiley \"Honiley\"), [Warwickshire](/wiki/Warwickshire \"Warwickshire\") was the wife of Sir William Killigrew, a courtier to King [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") and later a noted playwright. The dates of her birth and death are unknown. The couple was known to have had seven children. At the time of the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\") (1642\\-1651\\), the couple was reduced to poverty and forced to flee the country, living separately for several years. They were reunited at the time of [The Restoration](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration \"Stuart Restoration\") in 1660, at which time Sir William regained his position at Court and Lady Mary became dresser to the dowager Queen [Henrietta\\-Maria](/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France \"Henrietta Maria of France\").\n\n",
"The painting\n------------\n\nThe portrait is dated 1638, a time when Sir William Killigrew was involved with partners in an attempt to drain the [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire \"Lincolnshire\") fens, an immensely expensive undertaking which caused the family great economic distress, but which did not prevent their commissioning a set of husband and wife portraits. The Tate Gallery in London acquired van Dyck's *[Portrait of Sir William Killigrew](/wiki/Portrait_of_Sir_William_Killigrew \"Portrait of Sir William Killigrew\")*, also dated 1638, in the year 2002\\. The portrait of his wife was acquired from a different source in 2003\\. This acquisition brought together the pair of portraits for the first time in over 150 years.\n\nThe portrait depicts the Lady Killigrew facing the viewer, and standing on a stone parapet. The subject is wearing a russet colored gown, cut low, with the edges of a white shift underneath. With regards to symbolism, van Dyck was known to have introduced a number of contemporary elements into English portrait\\-painting. The roses which the subject is touching allude to a happy marriage, and the bare rocks on the background symbolize constancy.\n\nAnother portrait of Mary Hill, Lady Killigrew, \"after Sir Anthony Van Dyck\" is located in the collection of [Belton House](/wiki/Belton_House \"Belton House\"), [Lincolnshire](/wiki/Lincolnshire \"Lincolnshire\") (now part of the [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust \"National Trust\")).[National Trust website](http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/436019)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of paintings by Anthony van Dyck](/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Anthony_van_Dyck \"List of paintings by Anthony van Dyck\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Hill, Mary](/wiki/Category:Portraits_by_Anthony_van_Dyck \"Portraits by Anthony van Dyck\")\n[Category:Portraits of women](/wiki/Category:Portraits_of_women \"Portraits of women\")\n[Category:1638 paintings](/wiki/Category:1638_paintings \"1638 paintings\")\n[Category:Collection of the Tate galleries](/wiki/Category:Collection_of_the_Tate_galleries \"Collection of the Tate galleries\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Voladoras | {
"id": [
18054835
],
"name": [
"The Eloquent Peasant"
]
} | 566c9yyamov16gdi5x57ifgvc94h0ln | 2024-01-01T07:19:26Z | 1,182,742,282 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Río Culebrinas flooding",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Voladoras** is a [barrio](/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico \"Barrios of Puerto Rico\") in the municipality of [Moca, Puerto Rico](/wiki/Moca%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Moca, Puerto Rico\"). Its population in 2010 was 4,710\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nVoladoras was in Spain's [gazetteers](/wiki/Gazetteer \"Gazetteer\") until Puerto Rico was ceded by [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") in the aftermath of the [Spanish–American War](/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War \"Spanish–American War\") under the terms of the [Treaty of Paris of 1898](/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898 \"Treaty of Paris of 1898\") and became an [unincorporated territory of the United States](/wiki/Insular_area \"Insular area\"). In 1899, the [United States Department of War](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War \"United States Department of War\") conducted a [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Voladoras barrio was 1,267\\.\n\n",
"Río Culebrinas flooding\n-----------------------\n\nIn late May 2019, barrio Voladoras and multiple areas in various municipalities suffered flooding, felled trees, landslides and closed highways when [Río Culebrinas](/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Culebrinas \"Río Culebrinas\") flooded.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of communities in Puerto Rico](/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Puerto_Rico \"List of communities in Puerto Rico\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Barrios of Moca, Puerto Rico](/wiki/Category:Barrios_of_Moca%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Barrios of Moca, Puerto Rico\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Morris Robinson | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | edvsbarram17jc36px9nahk3dgbp968 | 2024-07-28T00:28:51Z | 1,228,946,766 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Musical career",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Morris DeRhon Robinson** (born March 18, 1969\\) is an American [bass](/wiki/Bass_%28voice_type%29 \"Bass (voice type)\") opera singer and former All\\-American college football player who has performed with the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\"), at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"), at [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala \"La Scala\") in Milan, Italy, at the [Sydney Opera House](/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House \"Sydney Opera House\") and in numerous other opera houses throughout the United States and internationally. He has also served as an artistic advisor to the [Cincinnati Opera](/wiki/Cincinnati_Opera \"Cincinnati Opera\"), [artist\\-in\\-residence](/wiki/Artist-in-residence \"Artist-in-residence\") for the [Atlanta Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Atlanta_Symphony_Orchestra \"Atlanta Symphony Orchestra\") and Resident Artist at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"). He was the first African\\-American artist to sign with a major classical record label.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nA native of [Atlanta](/wiki/Atlanta \"Atlanta\"), Georgia, he is the son of a Baptist minister; his interest in music started at an early age. He was a member of the [Atlanta Boy Choir](/wiki/Atlanta_Boy_Choir \"Atlanta Boy Choir\") and attended the Northside School for the Performing Arts (now [North Atlanta High School](/wiki/North_Atlanta_High_School \"North Atlanta High School\")) where he excelled in both sports and music. In addition to playing on the football team, he was a member of the all\\-city band and all\\-state chorus as well as the first student in school history allowed to participate in both Chorus and Band. His desire to play college football resulted in accepting a scholarship to play for [The Citadel](/wiki/The_Citadel%2C_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina \"The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina\") in [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\") where he was a three\\-time 1\\-AA All American offensive lineman, graduating in 1991 with a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") in English. He became famous as \"The Singing Knob\" for his impromptu serenades for fellow cadets and for his performance of \"[O Holy Night](/wiki/O_Holy_Night \"O Holy Night\")\" at the annual Christmas candlelight concert. He also co\\-founded and sang in the school's gospel chorus. His talent was featured in *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated \"Sports Illustrated\")* and on [CBS Sports](/wiki/CBS_Sports \"CBS Sports\") *College Football Today*. In 1991 he was invited to sing the national anthem at the [NBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/1991_NBA_All-Star_Game \"1991 NBA All-Star Game\") in Charlotte, North Carolina. After graduation he accepted a position with the [3M](/wiki/3M \"3M\") company as a regional sales representative in the Washington D.C. area. En route to a sales conference in California he met his future wife Denise Wright, an airline flight attendant. He is a member of the Beta Mu chapter of [Omega Psi Phi](/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi \"Omega Psi Phi\") fraternity.\n\n",
"Musical career\n--------------\n\nWhile living in the Washington D.C. area, Robinson had occasionally sung at social events, in 1997 his wife Denise arranged a successful tryout with the [Choral Arts Society of Washington](/wiki/Choral_Arts_Society_of_Washington \"Choral Arts Society of Washington\"). After moving to New Hampshire to accept a new job he enrolled in a continuing education course at the [New England Conservatory of Music](/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music \"New England Conservatory of Music\") and performed in weekend productions. His singing attracted the attention of Associate Professor Sharon Daniels at the [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\") Opera Institute, who encouraged him to apply; he entered the program in 1999\\. That same year he made his operatic debut with the [Boston Lyric Opera](/wiki/Boston_Lyric_Opera \"Boston Lyric Opera\") as the King of Egypt in *[Aida](/wiki/Aida \"Aida\")*; subsequent engagements included *[The Marriage of Figaro](/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro \"The Marriage of Figaro\")*, *[Madama Butterfly](/wiki/Madama_Butterfly \"Madama Butterfly\")*, *[Don Giovanni](/wiki/Don_Giovanni \"Don Giovanni\")*, *[Il trovatore](/wiki/Il_trovatore \"Il trovatore\")* and *[Salome](/wiki/Salome_%28opera%29 \"Salome (opera)\")*. In 2001 he placed third in a New England region voice audition which led to his being invited to do a stage audition for Maestro [James Levine](/wiki/James_Levine \"James Levine\"), this resulted in his being one of only nine singers in the world accepted into the Lindemann Young Artist Development Program, sponsored by the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\"). His debut at The Met in 2002 was in a production of *[Fidelio](/wiki/Fidelio \"Fidelio\")*, later productions have included *[The Magic Flute](/wiki/The_Magic_Flute \"The Magic Flute\")*, *[Nabucco](/wiki/Nabucco \"Nabucco\")*, *[Les Troyens](/wiki/Les_Troyens \"Les Troyens\")* and *[Tannhäuser](/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_%28opera%29 \"Tannhäuser (opera)\")*.[Profile](https://www.laopera.org/mobile/satyagraha/?depth=1&srcid=3259), Los Angeles Opera Numerous appearances with the [Los Angeles Opera](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera \"Los Angeles Opera\") have included roles in *[Don Carlo](/wiki/Don_Carlo \"Don Carlo\")*, *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\")* and *[Die Entführung aus dem Serail](/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail \"Die Entführung aus dem Serail\")* (*The Abduction from the Seraglio*). He has also performed with opera companies in St. Louis, Philadelphia, Seattle, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Dallas and Sydney, Australia.\n\nRecently Robinson has broadened his career by performing in musicals. In 2012 he won the role of Joe in *[Show Boat](/wiki/Show_Boat \"Show Boat\")* with the [San Francisco Opera](/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera \"San Francisco Opera\"), he reprised the role with the [Houston Grand Opera](/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera \"Houston Grand Opera\"), [Lyric Opera of Chicago](/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago \"Lyric Opera of Chicago\"), [Dallas Opera](/wiki/Dallas_Opera \"Dallas Opera\") and the [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera \"Washington National Opera\") at the [John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts \"John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts\").[\"Washington National Opera's *Show Boat* is a major departure for two hometown singers\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/washington-national-operas-show-boat-is-a-major-departure-for-two-hometown-singers/2013/05/02/9e26660e-b1b8-11e2-bbf2-a6f9e9d79e19_story.html) by Katherine Boyle, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, May 3, 2013 While in San Francisco he was also a last minute addition for the role of the Bonze in *Madama Butterfly*. In the fall of 2016 he made his debut at [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala \"La Scala\") in Milan, Italy with the lead role in *[Porgy and Bess](/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess \"Porgy and Bess\")*; with additional performances in 2019 at Cincinnati and the [Vienna Volksoper](/wiki/Vienna_Volksoper \"Vienna Volksoper\").\n\nHe has also performed regularly with the [National Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra \"National Symphony Orchestra\") and the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\") as well as with the symphony orchestras in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Nashville, Fort Worth, Montreal, Los Angeles, San Francisco and São Paulo, Brazil. He has also appeared with the [Los Angeles Philharmonic](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic \"Los Angeles Philharmonic\") at the [Hollywood Bowl](/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl \"Hollywood Bowl\") and performed Verdi's *Requiem* with the [City of London Sinfonia](/wiki/City_of_London_Sinfonia \"City of London Sinfonia\") at [Royal Albert Hall](/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall \"Royal Albert Hall\"). He was the second person named as artist\\-in\\-residence for the [Atlanta Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Atlanta_Symphony_Orchestra \"Atlanta Symphony Orchestra\") and in 2017 was named an artistic advisor for the [Cincinnati Opera](/wiki/Cincinnati_Opera \"Cincinnati Opera\"). Additional appearances have included music festivals in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\") and [Aspen, Colorado](/wiki/Aspen%2C_Colorado \"Aspen, Colorado\") as well as at the [Tanglewood Music Center](/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Center \"Tanglewood Music Center\") and [Ravinia Festival](/wiki/Ravinia_Festival \"Ravinia Festival\"). He was the first black artist to sign a recording deal with a major classical label; his first album *Going Home* was released in 2007 by [Decca Records](/wiki/Decca_Records \"Decca Records\"). He has appeared on the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") *Today Show* and been featured in interviews on [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\"), the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") and [CSN International](/wiki/CSN_International \"CSN International\"); he has been profiled in numerous major publications including *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*, *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*, the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\"), the [New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")* and *[The Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\")*.\nIn 2017 he was The Citadel's commencement speaker and recipient of an Honorary Doctorate; in 2019 he was named Resident Artist at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\").\n\nHe played in the 2022 movie 'The Magic Flute' with F. Murray Abraham and Jack Wolfe.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1969 births](/wiki/Category:1969_births \"1969 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Singers from Atlanta](/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Atlanta \"Singers from Atlanta\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male opera singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_opera_singers \"20th-century American male opera singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American male singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_male_singers \"21st-century African-American male singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_singers \"21st-century American male singers\")\n[Category:African\\-American male opera singers](/wiki/Category:African-American_male_opera_singers \"African-American male opera singers\")\n[Category:American operatic basses](/wiki/Category:American_operatic_basses \"American operatic basses\")\n[Category:The Citadel Bulldogs football players](/wiki/Category:The_Citadel_Bulldogs_football_players \"The Citadel Bulldogs football players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Coralliophila caroleae | {
"id": [
14423536
],
"name": [
"Plantdrew"
]
} | ei4kkqp3sg81csvn5sgv38jwg1oarid | 2024-06-05T03:35:38Z | 1,009,789,831 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Coralliophila caroleae*** is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [sea snail](/wiki/Sea_snail \"Sea snail\"), a [marine](/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29 \"Marine (ocean)\") [gastropod](/wiki/Gastropod \"Gastropod\") [mollusk](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\"), in the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") [Muricidae](/wiki/Muricidae \"Muricidae\"), the murex snails or rock snails.MolluscaBase (2018\\). *Coralliophila caroleae* D'Attilio \\& Myers, 1984\\. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p\\=taxdetails\\&id\\=549957](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=549957) on 2019\\-01\\-06Kilburn R.N., Marais J.P. \\& Marais A.P. (2010\\) Coralliophilinae. Pp. 272\\-292, in: Marais A.P. \\& Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identification guide to the seashells of South Africa. Volume 1\\. Groenkloof: Centre for Molluscan Studies. 376 pp.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[caroleae](/wiki/Category:Coralliophila \"Coralliophila\")\n[Category:Gastropods described in 1984](/wiki/Category:Gastropods_described_in_1984 \"Gastropods described in 1984\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Nas Portas do Cu | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | k0uq06an5m8r9t1d1rv1pti2w7h43y7 | 2021-01-20T00:49:52Z | 996,653,330 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Critical reception",
"Track listing",
"Personnel",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Nas Portas do Cu*** ([Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language \"Portuguese language\") for \"*At the Doors of the Ass*\") is the fourteenth studio album by the Brazilian musician [Rogério Skylab](/wiki/Rog%C3%A9rio_Skylab \"Rogério Skylab\"), and the second installment of a trilogy, the \"*Trilogia do Cu*\" (\"*Trilogy of the Ass*\"). It was released on January 1, 2019, and is available for free download on the musician's official website[Rogério Skylab \\- Nas Portas do Cu](http://www.rogerioskylab.com.br/albuns/nas-portas-cu/) and for streaming.\n\nThe album and the trilogy it is part of as a whole were originally announced by Skylab on his official [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page on March 7, 2018\\. On a later post, from December 3, he stated that production of *Nas Portas do Cu* was \"nearing completion\" and that it would be released on January 1 of the following year. [Lívio Tragtenberg](/wiki/L%C3%ADvio_Tragtenberg \"Lívio Tragtenberg\"), who collaborated with Skylab on the *Skylab \\& Tragtenberg* trilogy of albums, contributed with *Nas Portas do Cu* by pre\\-[mixing](/wiki/Audio_mixing_%28recorded_music%29 \"Audio mixing (recorded music)\") the album and providing the [samples](/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29 \"Sampling (music)\").\n\nThe track \"Catatau\" is a reference to the eponymous experimental novel by [Paulo Leminski](/wiki/Paulo_Leminski \"Paulo Leminski\"), originally published in 1975\\.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nWriting for webzine *Esquinas*, owned by the [Cásper Líbero Foundation](/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_C%C3%A1sper_L%C3%ADbero \"Fundação Cásper Líbero\"), Henrique Artuni spoke very favorably of *Nas Portas do Cu*, calling it an album \"whose greatness can be compared to *[Skylab VII](/wiki/Skylab_VII \"Skylab VII\")*, *[Skylab X](/wiki/Skylab_X \"Skylab X\")* and *[Skygirls](/wiki/Skygirls_%28album%29 \"Skygirls (album)\")*\". He also praised Skylab as a \"chameleonic artist\", and noted how he and his music visibly \"matured\" over time.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"Personnel\n---------\n\n* [Rogério Skylab](/wiki/Rog%C3%A9rio_Skylab \"Rogério Skylab\") – vocals, production\n* Thiago Martins – electric guitar, classical guitar\n* Yves Aworet – bass guitar\n* Alex Curi – drums\n* [Lívio Tragtenberg](/wiki/L%C3%ADvio_Tragtenberg \"Lívio Tragtenberg\") – pre\\-mixing, sampling\n* Vânius Marques – mixing, mastering\n* Solange Venturi – cover art\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2019 albums](/wiki/Category:2019_albums \"2019 albums\")\n[Category:Rogério Skylab albums](/wiki/Category:Rog%C3%A9rio_Skylab_albums \"Rogério Skylab albums\")\n[Category:Self\\-released albums](/wiki/Category:Self-released_albums \"Self-released albums\")\n[Category:Sequel albums](/wiki/Category:Sequel_albums \"Sequel albums\")\n[Category:Obscenity controversies in music](/wiki/Category:Obscenity_controversies_in_music \"Obscenity controversies in music\")\n[Category:Albums free for download by copyright owner](/wiki/Category:Albums_free_for_download_by_copyright_owner \"Albums free for download by copyright owner\")\n\n"
]
} |
Affordable housing by country | {
"id": [
10951369
],
"name": [
"Onel5969"
]
} | oh5u2xr8wvubhuvdo0rda9w755wlov2 | 2024-10-17T21:08:46Z | 1,248,371,810 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Australia",
"Western Australia",
"Department of Housing Affordable Homes Scheme",
"Shared Home Ownership",
"Affordable House Sales",
"Austria",
"Canada",
"Ontario",
"British Columbia",
"China",
"Denmark",
"Germany",
"India",
"Indonesia",
"Iran",
"Ireland",
"Mali",
"Philippines",
"South Korea",
"Turkey",
"United Kingdom",
"A tradition of social housing in the United Kingdom",
"Council houses",
"United States",
"Federal Subsidies and Other Forms of Government Housing Assistance",
"Inclusionary Housing Development Regulations",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
5,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
" \n[thumb\\|Affordable housing in [San Jose, California](/wiki/San_Jose%2C_California \"San Jose, California\")](/wiki/File:Donner_Lofts_Affordable_Housing%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%2845376171252%29.jpg \"Donner Lofts Affordable Housing, San Jose, California (45376171252).jpg\")**Affordable housing** is housing that is deemed affordable to those with a [median household income](/wiki/Median_household_income \"Median household income\") as rated by the [national government](/wiki/Government \"Government\") or a [local government](/wiki/Local_government \"Local government\") by a recognized [housing affordability index](/wiki/Housing_affordability_index \"Housing affordability index\"). A general rule is no more than 30% of gross monthly income should be spent on housing, to be considered affordable as the challenges of promoting affordable housing varies by location.\n\n",
"Australia\n---------\n\nAustralians in receipt of many social security benefits from [Centrelink](/wiki/Centrelink \"Centrelink\"), who rent housing from a private landlord are eligible for [rent assistance](/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia%23Rent_Assistance \"Social security in Australia#Rent Assistance\"), a [subsidy](/wiki/Subsidy \"Subsidy\") paid directly to the tenant in addition to the basic Centrelink benefit, such as the [Age Pension](/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia \"Social security in Australia\") or the [Disability Pension](/wiki/Disability_pension \"Disability pension\"). The amount of rent assistance paid depends on the amount of rent payable, whether the tenant has dependents and how many dependents there are. Tenants who live in [public housing in Australia](/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia \"Public housing in Australia\") are not eligible for rent assistance.\n\nAustralians buying a home for the first time are eligible for a [first homeowner grant](/wiki/First_home_owner_grant \"First home owner grant\"). These grants were introduced on 1 July 2000, and are jointly funded by the [Commonwealth government](/wiki/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\") and the [state and territory governments](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia \"States and territories of Australia\"). First home buyers are currently eligible for a grant of [A$](/wiki/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")7000 to alleviate the costs of entering the housing market.\n\nThe Commonwealth government in 2008 introduced [first home saver accounts](/wiki/First_home_saver_account \"First home saver account\"), whereby those saving for a new home are eligible for government contributions to their savings account, subject to conditions.\n\n### Western Australia\n\n#### Department of Housing Affordable Homes Scheme\n\nThe long\\-term goal of the department is to deliver at least 20,000 more affordable homes by 2020 for low to moderate income earners, through the Opening Doors Scheme. Opening Doors offers two ways for Western Australians to own their own homes.\n\n##### Shared Home Ownership\n\nThe Shared Home Ownership is the only scheme of its kind in Australia. This scheme is similar to one which was set by the Housing Authority in Malta (Europe). Western Australians can purchase their own home with help from the Department of Housing with a SharedStart loan through Keystart, the Government's lending provider. \n\nWith shared ownership, the initial cost of buying a home is reduced, as the department retains up to 30% of the property. The department's share depends on your borrowing capacity, household size, and the location and type of property. In the future, the buyer may have the option to purchase the full amount or sell the home back to the department. With a ShareStart loan, you can purchase newly built homes and off\\-the–plan properties offered by the Department of Housing.\n\n##### Affordable House Sales\n\nThe Department of Housing (the Housing Authority), through the Housing Authority, now offers Affordable House Sales to the general public. Properties are available to anyone interested in purchasing a home. The department works closely with industry to ensure that properties being developed for sale are affordable for those on low\\-to\\-moderate incomes.\n\n",
"### Western Australia\n\n#### Department of Housing Affordable Homes Scheme\n\nThe long\\-term goal of the department is to deliver at least 20,000 more affordable homes by 2020 for low to moderate income earners, through the Opening Doors Scheme. Opening Doors offers two ways for Western Australians to own their own homes.\n\n##### Shared Home Ownership\n\nThe Shared Home Ownership is the only scheme of its kind in Australia. This scheme is similar to one which was set by the Housing Authority in Malta (Europe). Western Australians can purchase their own home with help from the Department of Housing with a SharedStart loan through Keystart, the Government's lending provider. \n\nWith shared ownership, the initial cost of buying a home is reduced, as the department retains up to 30% of the property. The department's share depends on your borrowing capacity, household size, and the location and type of property. In the future, the buyer may have the option to purchase the full amount or sell the home back to the department. With a ShareStart loan, you can purchase newly built homes and off\\-the–plan properties offered by the Department of Housing.\n\n##### Affordable House Sales\n\nThe Department of Housing (the Housing Authority), through the Housing Authority, now offers Affordable House Sales to the general public. Properties are available to anyone interested in purchasing a home. The department works closely with industry to ensure that properties being developed for sale are affordable for those on low\\-to\\-moderate incomes.\n\n",
"#### Department of Housing Affordable Homes Scheme\n\nThe long\\-term goal of the department is to deliver at least 20,000 more affordable homes by 2020 for low to moderate income earners, through the Opening Doors Scheme. Opening Doors offers two ways for Western Australians to own their own homes.\n\n##### Shared Home Ownership\n\nThe Shared Home Ownership is the only scheme of its kind in Australia. This scheme is similar to one which was set by the Housing Authority in Malta (Europe). Western Australians can purchase their own home with help from the Department of Housing with a SharedStart loan through Keystart, the Government's lending provider. \n\nWith shared ownership, the initial cost of buying a home is reduced, as the department retains up to 30% of the property. The department's share depends on your borrowing capacity, household size, and the location and type of property. In the future, the buyer may have the option to purchase the full amount or sell the home back to the department. With a ShareStart loan, you can purchase newly built homes and off\\-the–plan properties offered by the Department of Housing.\n\n##### Affordable House Sales\n\nThe Department of Housing (the Housing Authority), through the Housing Authority, now offers Affordable House Sales to the general public. Properties are available to anyone interested in purchasing a home. The department works closely with industry to ensure that properties being developed for sale are affordable for those on low\\-to\\-moderate incomes.\n\n",
"##### Shared Home Ownership\n\nThe Shared Home Ownership is the only scheme of its kind in Australia. This scheme is similar to one which was set by the Housing Authority in Malta (Europe). Western Australians can purchase their own home with help from the Department of Housing with a SharedStart loan through Keystart, the Government's lending provider. \n\nWith shared ownership, the initial cost of buying a home is reduced, as the department retains up to 30% of the property. The department's share depends on your borrowing capacity, household size, and the location and type of property. In the future, the buyer may have the option to purchase the full amount or sell the home back to the department. With a ShareStart loan, you can purchase newly built homes and off\\-the–plan properties offered by the Department of Housing.\n\n",
"##### Affordable House Sales\n\nThe Department of Housing (the Housing Authority), through the Housing Authority, now offers Affordable House Sales to the general public. Properties are available to anyone interested in purchasing a home. The department works closely with industry to ensure that properties being developed for sale are affordable for those on low\\-to\\-moderate incomes.\n\n",
"Austria\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|The George\\-Washington\\-Hof is protected public housing in Vienna.](/wiki/File:George_Washingthon_Hof_von_oben.jpg \"George Washingthon Hof von oben.jpg\")\n\nIn Vienna, Austria, social housing may be completely government built and run or include a mixture of public land and private\\-sector construction and management. Combined, the two types of housing represent about 46 percent of the city's housing stock (26% government owned and managed and 20% a public/private partnership) and house people with a wide variety of incomes. These social housing units are often linked to businesses, services, and transit amenities. Justin Kadi, a researcher at the University of Technology in Vienna, states that the social housing units also drives down rents in the private market because the city is the biggest landlord. The city continually adds units to the already large existing housing stock to ensure housing availability.\n\n",
"Canada\n------\n\nIn Canada affordability is one of three factors, along with adequacy and suitability, used to determine core housing needs. Canada ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for housing affordability.\n\n### Ontario\n\nIn 2002, the [Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)](/wiki/Social_Housing_Services_Corporation_%28SHSC%29 \"Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)\") was created by the Province of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") to provide group services for social housing providers (public, non\\-profit and co\\-op housing) following the downloading of responsibility for over 270,000 social housing units to local municipalities. It is a non\\-profit corporation governed by a board of municipal, non\\-profit and co\\-op housing representatives. Its mandate is to provide Ontario housing providers and service managers with [bulk purchasing](/wiki/Bulk_purchasing \"Bulk purchasing\"), insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations.\n\nWith an annual budget of $4\\.5 million, SHSC and its two subsidiaries, SOHO and SHSC Financial Inc. offers a dedicated insurance program for social housing providers, bulk gas purchasing and an innovative energy efficiency retrofit program that coordinates energy audits, expertise, funding, bulk purchasing of energy\\-efficient goods, training and education, and data evaluation. SHSC manages and provides investment advice to housing providers on capital reserves valued at more than $390 million. Working closely with other housing sector organizations and non\\-governmental organizations, SHSC also supports and develops independent housing\\-related research, including a new Housing Internship program for graduate\\-level researchers.\n\n### British Columbia\n\nThere has been a move toward the integration of affordable social housing with market housing and other uses, such as the 2006–10 redevelopment of the [Woodward's building](/wiki/Woodward%27s_building \"Woodward's building\") site in Vancouver.\n\n[Legislation](/wiki/Legislation \"Legislation\") to help make [home ownership](/wiki/Home_ownership \"Home ownership\") accessible to [middle\\-class](/wiki/Middle-class \"Middle-class\") families, and other measures aimed to make sure that British Columbians can continue to live, work and raise families in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") such as increasing [rental property](/wiki/Rental_property \"Rental property\") supply was passed and will take effect on August 2, 2016\\.\n\n",
"### Ontario\n\nIn 2002, the [Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)](/wiki/Social_Housing_Services_Corporation_%28SHSC%29 \"Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)\") was created by the Province of [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") to provide group services for social housing providers (public, non\\-profit and co\\-op housing) following the downloading of responsibility for over 270,000 social housing units to local municipalities. It is a non\\-profit corporation governed by a board of municipal, non\\-profit and co\\-op housing representatives. Its mandate is to provide Ontario housing providers and service managers with [bulk purchasing](/wiki/Bulk_purchasing \"Bulk purchasing\"), insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations.\n\nWith an annual budget of $4\\.5 million, SHSC and its two subsidiaries, SOHO and SHSC Financial Inc. offers a dedicated insurance program for social housing providers, bulk gas purchasing and an innovative energy efficiency retrofit program that coordinates energy audits, expertise, funding, bulk purchasing of energy\\-efficient goods, training and education, and data evaluation. SHSC manages and provides investment advice to housing providers on capital reserves valued at more than $390 million. Working closely with other housing sector organizations and non\\-governmental organizations, SHSC also supports and develops independent housing\\-related research, including a new Housing Internship program for graduate\\-level researchers.\n\n",
"### British Columbia\n\nThere has been a move toward the integration of affordable social housing with market housing and other uses, such as the 2006–10 redevelopment of the [Woodward's building](/wiki/Woodward%27s_building \"Woodward's building\") site in Vancouver.\n\n[Legislation](/wiki/Legislation \"Legislation\") to help make [home ownership](/wiki/Home_ownership \"Home ownership\") accessible to [middle\\-class](/wiki/Middle-class \"Middle-class\") families, and other measures aimed to make sure that British Columbians can continue to live, work and raise families in [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") such as increasing [rental property](/wiki/Rental_property \"Rental property\") supply was passed and will take effect on August 2, 2016\\.\n\n",
"China\n-----\n\nChina is also experiencing a gap between housing prices and affordability as it moves away from an in\\-kind welfare benefits system to a market\\-oriented allocation system (Hui *et al.* 2007\\). Most urban housing prior to 1978 in the planned\\-economy era consisted of nearly free dwellings produced and allocated by the unsustainable single\\-channel state\\-funded system. The goal of China's housing reform started in 1978 was to gradually transform housing from a \"[free good](/wiki/Free_good \"Free good\")\" to a \"subsidized good\" and eventually to a \"commodity\", the price of which reflects true production costs and a market profit margin. In 1998 China accelerated its urban housing reform further moving away from an in\\-kind welfare benefits system to a market\\-oriented allocation system, with the state reducing its role in housing provision. The reform is followed by increasing home ownership, housing consumption, real estate investment, as well as skyrocketing housing price.\n\nHigh housing price is a major issue in a number of big cities in China. Starting in 2005, the high housing appreciation rate became a serious affordability problem for middle and low\\-income families: in 2004 the housing appreciation rate of 17\\.8%, almost twice the income growth rate of 10% [(NBSC 2011\\)](http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2011/indexch.htm). Municipal governments have responded to the calling for increased housing supply to middle and low\\-income families through a number of policies and housing programs, among which are the Affordable Housing Program and the Housing Provident Fund Program.\n\nThe Affordable Housing Program (commonly known as the \"Economical and Comfortable Housing Program, or 经济适用房) is designed to provide affordable housing to middle\\- to low\\-income households to encourage home ownership. In 1998 the Department of Construction and Ministry of Finance jointly promulgated \"The Method of Urban Affordable Housing Construction Managing,\" marked the start of the program. Aimed at middle\\- to low\\-income households (annual income less than 30,000 to 70,000 RMB according to the size of the household and the specific area), this public housing program provides housing (usually 60–110 square meters) at affordable price (usually 50–70% market price).\n\nWithin the policies and mandates set by the central government, local governments are responsible for the operation of the program. Local governments usually appropriate state\\-owned land to real estate developers, who are responsible for the finance and construction of affordable housing. The profit for real estate developers is controlled to be less than 3%, so as to keep the price of housing at the affordable level. Individuals need to apply for the affordable housing through household and income investigation.\n\nThe program is controversial in recent years because of insufficient construction, poor administration, and widespread corruption. Local government has limited incentive to provide affordable housing, as it means lower revenue from land\\-transferring fees and lower local GDP. As a result, the funding of the program has been decreasing ever since its inception, and the affordable housing construction rate dropped from 15\\.6% (1997\\) to 5\\.2% (2008\\). Because of the limited supply of affordable housing and excessive housing demand from the middle\\- to low\\-income populations, affordable housing are usually sold at high market price. In many cities, ineligible high\\-income households own affordable housing units whereas many qualified families are denied access.\n\nHousing Provident Fund (HPF) Program is another policy effort to provide affordable housing. China introduced the Housing Provident Fund (HPF) program nationwide in 1995\\. It is similar to housing fund programs in other countries such as Thailand and Singapore. HPF provides a mechanism allowing potential purchasers who have an income to save for and eventually purchase a unit dwelling (which may be a formerly public housing unit). The HPF includes a subsidized savings program linked to a retirement account, subsidized mortgage rates and price discounts for housing purchases.\n\n",
"Denmark\n-------\n\nIn Denmark, affordable housing constitutes around 20% of the housing stock, with approximately 560,000 affordable housing homes accommodating nearly 1 million people out of a total population of 5\\.8 million. The [Danish government](/wiki/Danish_government \"Danish government\") has taken steps to support the development and renovation of [affordable housing](/wiki/Affordable_housing \"Affordable housing\") to address climate impacts and promote a circular economy. In 2020, the government allocated EUR 5\\.5 billion for 'Green renovations' and the construction of new affordable housing, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050\\.\n\nHowever, a recent EU report highlights the critical housing situation in Denmark, particularly affecting [low\\-income families](/wiki/Low-income_families \"Low-income families\") in urban areas like [Copenhagen](/wiki/Copenhagen \"Copenhagen\"). The report emphasizes the need for action to address the challenges related to affordable housing, which includes high prices for owner\\-occupied housing, a heavily regulated rental market, and extended waiting times for social housing in major cities. The [EU](/wiki/EU \"EU\") Commission's working paper urges Denmark to take measures to make the housing market more resilient and alleviate the difficulties faced by households in accessing affordable housing.\n\n",
"Germany\n-------\n\nAffordable housing in Germany, also known as social housing, refers to housing that is subsidized by the government to provide affordable rent to low\\-income households. Social housing is typically owned by the government or by non\\-profit organizations and is intended to provide decent, affordable housing for those who cannot afford market\\-rate housing. In Germany, social housing has a long history and is considered an important part of the country's social welfare system. After World War II, the government embarked on a massive social housing program to address the shortage of affordable housing. This program resulted in the construction of millions of units of social housing across the country.\n\nLarge rental areas refer to neighborhoods or districts in cities where the majority of the housing is owned by a single landlord or company and rented out to tenants. These areas are often characterized by uniformity in the design and construction of buildings, as well as a lack of diversity in the types of residents who live there. Germany has a long history of large rental areas, which can be traced back to the early 20th century. During this time, rapid urbanization and industrialization led to a housing shortage, particularly in urban areas. In response, large companies began to build housing complexes to meet the demand for affordable housing. One of the most famous examples of large rental areas in Germany is the \"Gartenstadt\" movement, which began in the early 1900s. The Gartenstadt Karlsruhe, or \"the garden city,\" was a planned community that aimed to provide affordable housing for working\\-class families while also promoting a healthy, green lifestyle. The first Gartenstadt was built in Berlin in 1907, and soon similar communities were constructed in cities throughout Germany.\n\nDuring the 1920s and 1930s, large rental areas continued to be built in Germany, often with the support of the government. However, this changed after World War II, when the government began to encourage individual home\\-ownership as a means of rebuilding the country. As a result, large rental areas fell out of favor, however they continue to provide affordable housing for many people.\n\nSocial housing in Germany is an important source of affordable housing, particularly in urban areas where rents are high. Eligibility for social housing is based on income and other factors, such as family size and disability status. In general, households that earn less than a certain amount are eligible for social housing, and rents are set at a percentage of the household's income. In recent years, there has been growing concern about the shortage of affordable housing in Germany, particularly in major cities like Berlin and Munich. The government has responded by increasing funding for social housing and introducing new programs to support the construction of affordable housing. However, demand for social housing continues to outstrip supply, and many low\\-income households still struggle to find affordable housing in Germany.\n\n",
"India\n-----\n\nIn India, it is estimated that in 2009–10, approximately 32% of the population was living below the poverty lineWorld Bank. [India Country Overview September 2011](http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html). 32% is the 2009–10 estimate, down from 37% in 2004–05\\. and there is a huge demand for affordable housing. The deficit in Urban housing is estimated at 18 million units most of which are amongst the economically weaker sections of society. Some developers are developing [low cost](/wiki/Low_cost \"Low cost\") and affordable housing for this population. The Government of India has taken up various initiatives for developing properties in low cost and affordable segments. They have also looked at PPP model for the development of these properties.\n\nThe [Government of Haryana](/wiki/Government_of_Haryana \"Government of Haryana\") launched its affordable housing policy in 2013\\. This policy is intended to encourage the planning and completion of \"Group Housing Projects\" wherein apartments of pre\\-defined size are made available at pre\\-defined rates within a time\\-frame as prescribed under the present policy to ensure an increased supply of Affordable Housing in the urban areas of Haryana.\n\n",
"Indonesia\n---------\n\nGovernment\\-subsidized affordable homes in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") are called Rumah Subsidi and affordable apartments are called Rusunawa. The Indonesian Ministry of Housing announced its commitment to increasing the accessibility of long\\-term housing and refining the housing finance system, as well as incorporating more local government and stakeholder involvement in housing and settlement development. This policy focus is also shown in the government's implementation of several low\\-income housing assistance schemes, including the 2003 National Movement for One Million Houses. The movement aimed to improve coordination and collaboration between local stakeholders in housing development and \"improvements to the living environment,\" while also working to develop a housing market empowerment strategy that standardizes housing construction guidelines and public sector housing governance.Mahamud, Nurbaity Aqmar. \"Housing Policy for the poor in Malaysia and Indonesia\". *University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)* \\- via Centre of Excellence for Facilities Management (CEFM)\n\n",
"Iran\n----\n\n[National Housing](/wiki/National_Housing \"National Housing\") is the current available program.\n\n",
"Ireland\n-------\n\nAffordable housing () schemes existed until 2011\\. First\\-time purchasers were offered the chance to buy newly constructed homes and apartments at prices significantly less than their [market value](/wiki/Market_value \"Market value\"). The schemes were replaced by three new schemes:\n* Rebuilding Ireland Home Loan (*Iasacht Tithíochta Atógáil Éireann*): provides [mortgages](/wiki/Mortgage \"Mortgage\") with reduced interest rates (2%–2\\.25%) to first\\-time buyers\n* Affordable Purchase Scheme: local authorities provide state\\-owned land at reduced or no cost to developers to facilitate the building of affordable homes\n* Affordable Rental Scheme: uses a \"cost rental\" model to supply low\\-rent accommodation while still ensuring a small profit for landlords\n\n",
"Mali\n----\n\nDevelopment Workshop, a Canadian and French NGO, has brought a real alternative to the inhabitants to accede to affordable housing that fights the environmental degradation and offers training and employment for many people who were under\\-employed or unemployed. The project has received many awards, such as the UN\\-Habitat\\-United Nations Human Settlements Programme award. One of the key aspects of the project is the introduction of a woodless construction and new techniques to build public buildings, offices, and simple shelters among other examples. This process increases the demand for skilled builders, and as a consequence training courses became necessary. The economic cost of the building decreases, and as a result over 1,000 woodless buildings had been built.\n\n",
"Philippines\n-----------\n\nThe first affordable housing projects in the Philippines was introduced by then\\-president [Ferdinand Marcos](/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos \"Ferdinand Marcos\") in the 1970s. The Ministry of Human Settlements (now the [Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development](/wiki/Department_of_Human_Settlements_and_Urban_Development \"Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development\")) established the *Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services* or *BLISS*. These projects consisted of low\\-rise apartment buildings with 16 to 32 units each building. Since then, other affordable housing projects were also developed by the [National Housing Authority (Philippines)](/wiki/National_Housing_Authority_%28Philippines%29 \"National Housing Authority (Philippines)\").\n\nThe government\\-owned [Bases Conversion and Development Authority](/wiki/Bases_Conversion_and_Development_Authority \"Bases Conversion and Development Authority\") (BCDA) is currently developing [New Clark City](/wiki/New_Clark_City \"New Clark City\"), a new metropolis designed to be \"[smart](/wiki/Smart_city \"Smart city\"), green and [disaster\\-resilient](/wiki/Emergency_management%23Recovery \"Emergency management#Recovery\")\". New Clark City is envisioned to hold over 1\\.2M people and the BCDA will be building an affordable housing units for its workers.\n\n",
"South Korea\n-----------\n\nIn South Korea the public [Korea Land \\& Housing Corporation](/wiki/Korea_Land_%26_Housing_Corporation \"Korea Land & Housing Corporation\") has provided homes to 2\\.9 million households which is 15% of the national total of 19\\.56 million households. This includes 2\\.7 million newly\\-built public housing units and 1\\.03 million rental homes of which 260,000 were purchased or rented by the Land and Housing Corporation.\n\n",
"Turkey\n------\n\nHousing Agency of Turkey (TOKİ) is responsible for construction of houses for lower income. Low income segment houses have longer payments, and generally equal to a month's rent. Owners are chosen by draw. Applications are limited to people without homes in the same state and limited by monthly income (5,500 TRY as of September 2020\\). TOKİ also constructs houses without application limits, however these have similar prices with market.\n\n",
"United Kingdom\n--------------\n\nThe British housing market in the late 1980s and early 1990s experienced an almost unprecedented set of changes and pressures. A combination of circumstances produced the crisis, including changes in demography, income distribution, housing supply and tenure, but financial deregulation was particularly important. Housing affordability became a significant policy issue when the impact on the normal functioning of the owner occupied market became severe and when [macroeconomic](/wiki/Macroeconomics \"Macroeconomics\") feedback effects were perceived as serious. A number of specific policy changes resulted from this crisis, some of which may endure. Many of these revolve around the ability or otherwise of people to afford housing, whether as would\\-be buyers priced out of the boom, recent buyers losing their home through mortgage default or trapped by '[negative equity](/wiki/Negative_equity \"Negative equity\")', or tenants affected by deregulation and much higher rent levels.\n\nA 2013 investigation by [The Bureau of Investigative Journalism](/wiki/The_Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism \"The Bureau of Investigative Journalism\") found that the UK spent £1\\.88bn – enough to build 72,000 homes in London – on renting temporary accommodation in 12 of Britain's biggest cities over the preceding four years.Mathiason, Nick; Hollingsworth, Victoria; Fitzgibbon, Will. '[Scale of UK housing crisis revealed](http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2013/05/19/uk-housing-crisis-costing-taxpayer-2bn/)', The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 19 May 2013\\.\n\nResearch by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that London delivered 21,500 affordable in the three years up to 2015/16\\. This was 24% of all homes delivered during that period.\n\n### A tradition of social housing in the United Kingdom\n\nThe United Kingdom has a long tradition of promoting affordable [social rented housing](/wiki/Social_housing \"Social housing\"). This may be owned by [local councils](/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Local government in the United Kingdom\") or [housing associations](/wiki/Housing_association \"Housing association\").\nThere are also a range of affordable home ownership options, including [shared ownership](/wiki/Shared_ownership \"Shared ownership\") (where a tenant rents part share in the property from a social landlord, and owns the remainder). The government has also attempted to promote the supply of affordable housing principally by using the [land\\-use planning system](/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Town and country planning in the United Kingdom\") to require that housing developers provide a proportion of either social or affordable housing within new developments.Planning Policy Statement No. 3: Housing, Department of Communities and Local Government 2006 This approach is known in other countries with formal zoning systems as [inclusionary zoning](/wiki/Inclusionary_zoning \"Inclusionary zoning\"), whilst the current mechanism in the UK is through the use of a [S.106 Agreement](/wiki/S.106_Agreement \"S.106 Agreement\"). In Scotland the equivalent is a [Section 75 planning agreement](/wiki/Section_75_planning_agreement \"Section 75 planning agreement\"). (Section 75 of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997\\)\n\n### Council houses\n\nA high proportion of homes in the UK were previously [council\\-owned](/wiki/Council_house \"Council house\"), but the numbers have been reduced since the early 1980s due to initiatives of the [Thatcher government](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") that restricted council housing construction and provided financial and policy support to other forms of social housing. In 1980, the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") government of [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") introduced the [Right to Buy](/wiki/Right_to_buy_scheme \"Right to buy scheme\") scheme, offering council tenants the opportunity to purchase their housing at a discount of up to 60% (70% on leasehold homes such as flats). Alongside Right to Buy, council\\-owned stock was further diminished as properties were transferred to housing associations. Council Tenants in some instances have chosen to transfer management of the properties to [arms\\-length non\\-profit organisations](/wiki/Arms_Length_Management_Organisation \"Arms Length Management Organisation\"). The tenants still remained Council tenants, and the housing stock still remained the property of the council. This change in management was encouraged by extra funding from central government to invest in the housing stock under the [Decent Homes Programme](/wiki/Decent_Homes_Programme \"Decent Homes Programme\"). The program required council housing to be brought up to a set standard was combined with restrictions on the amounts that councils could borrow and led to an increase in such arms length management organisations being set up. In some areas, significant numbers of council houses were demolished as part of [urban regeneration](/wiki/Urban_regeneration \"Urban regeneration\") programmes, due to the poor quality of stock, low levels of demand and social problems.\n\nIn rural areas where local wages are low and house prices are higher (especially in regions with holiday homes), there are special problems. Planning restrictions severely limit rural development, but if there is evidence of need then exception sites can be used for people with a local connection. This evidence is normally provided by a housing Needs survey carried out by a Rural Housing Enabler working for the local Rural Community Council.\n\nHousing associations are not\\-for\\-profit organisations with a history that goes back before the start of the 20th century. The number of homes under their ownership grew significantly from the 1980s as successive governments sought to make them the principal form of social housing, in preference to local authorities. Many of the homes previously under the ownership of local authorities have been transferred to newly established housing associations, including some of the largest in the country. Despite being not\\-for\\-profit organisations, housing association rents are typically higher than for council housing. Renting a home through a housing association can in some circumstances prove costlier than purchasing a similar property through a mortgage.\n\nAll major [housing associations](/wiki/Housing_association \"Housing association\") are registered with the [Homes and Communities Agency](/wiki/Homes_and_Communities_Agency \"Homes and Communities Agency\") who are responsible for the regulation of social housing from 1 April 2012\\.\nHousing associations that are registered were known as Registered Social Landlords from 1996, but in the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 the official term became Registered Providers. The latter also covers [council housing](/wiki/Council_house \"Council house\"), and developers and other bodies that may receive grants for development.[Affordable Housing – a new dawn?](http://residential.joneslanglasalle.co.uk/en-GB/knowledge-centre/publications/affordable-housing-2011.aspx), [Jones Lang LaSalle](/wiki/Jones_Lang_LaSalle \"Jones Lang LaSalle\"), 2011\\. Retrieved 29 September 2011\\.\nThe [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\") sets the policy for housing in England.\n\nIn Scotland policy is set by the [Scottish Parliament](/wiki/Scottish_Parliament \"Scottish Parliament\"); inspecting and regulating activities falls to the [Scottish Housing Regulator](/wiki/Scottish_Housing_Regulator \"Scottish Housing Regulator\").\nSocial housing in Northern Ireland is regulated by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive, which was established to take on ownership of former council stock and prevent sectarian allocation of housing to people from one religion.\n\nA 2017 report by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that 24% of new homes built in London were social, affordable or shared ownership accommodation in the three years up to 2015/16\\.\n\n",
"### A tradition of social housing in the United Kingdom\n\nThe United Kingdom has a long tradition of promoting affordable [social rented housing](/wiki/Social_housing \"Social housing\"). This may be owned by [local councils](/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Local government in the United Kingdom\") or [housing associations](/wiki/Housing_association \"Housing association\").\nThere are also a range of affordable home ownership options, including [shared ownership](/wiki/Shared_ownership \"Shared ownership\") (where a tenant rents part share in the property from a social landlord, and owns the remainder). The government has also attempted to promote the supply of affordable housing principally by using the [land\\-use planning system](/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Town and country planning in the United Kingdom\") to require that housing developers provide a proportion of either social or affordable housing within new developments.Planning Policy Statement No. 3: Housing, Department of Communities and Local Government 2006 This approach is known in other countries with formal zoning systems as [inclusionary zoning](/wiki/Inclusionary_zoning \"Inclusionary zoning\"), whilst the current mechanism in the UK is through the use of a [S.106 Agreement](/wiki/S.106_Agreement \"S.106 Agreement\"). In Scotland the equivalent is a [Section 75 planning agreement](/wiki/Section_75_planning_agreement \"Section 75 planning agreement\"). (Section 75 of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997\\)\n\n",
"### Council houses\n\nA high proportion of homes in the UK were previously [council\\-owned](/wiki/Council_house \"Council house\"), but the numbers have been reduced since the early 1980s due to initiatives of the [Thatcher government](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") that restricted council housing construction and provided financial and policy support to other forms of social housing. In 1980, the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") government of [Margaret Thatcher](/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher \"Margaret Thatcher\") introduced the [Right to Buy](/wiki/Right_to_buy_scheme \"Right to buy scheme\") scheme, offering council tenants the opportunity to purchase their housing at a discount of up to 60% (70% on leasehold homes such as flats). Alongside Right to Buy, council\\-owned stock was further diminished as properties were transferred to housing associations. Council Tenants in some instances have chosen to transfer management of the properties to [arms\\-length non\\-profit organisations](/wiki/Arms_Length_Management_Organisation \"Arms Length Management Organisation\"). The tenants still remained Council tenants, and the housing stock still remained the property of the council. This change in management was encouraged by extra funding from central government to invest in the housing stock under the [Decent Homes Programme](/wiki/Decent_Homes_Programme \"Decent Homes Programme\"). The program required council housing to be brought up to a set standard was combined with restrictions on the amounts that councils could borrow and led to an increase in such arms length management organisations being set up. In some areas, significant numbers of council houses were demolished as part of [urban regeneration](/wiki/Urban_regeneration \"Urban regeneration\") programmes, due to the poor quality of stock, low levels of demand and social problems.\n\nIn rural areas where local wages are low and house prices are higher (especially in regions with holiday homes), there are special problems. Planning restrictions severely limit rural development, but if there is evidence of need then exception sites can be used for people with a local connection. This evidence is normally provided by a housing Needs survey carried out by a Rural Housing Enabler working for the local Rural Community Council.\n\nHousing associations are not\\-for\\-profit organisations with a history that goes back before the start of the 20th century. The number of homes under their ownership grew significantly from the 1980s as successive governments sought to make them the principal form of social housing, in preference to local authorities. Many of the homes previously under the ownership of local authorities have been transferred to newly established housing associations, including some of the largest in the country. Despite being not\\-for\\-profit organisations, housing association rents are typically higher than for council housing. Renting a home through a housing association can in some circumstances prove costlier than purchasing a similar property through a mortgage.\n\nAll major [housing associations](/wiki/Housing_association \"Housing association\") are registered with the [Homes and Communities Agency](/wiki/Homes_and_Communities_Agency \"Homes and Communities Agency\") who are responsible for the regulation of social housing from 1 April 2012\\.\nHousing associations that are registered were known as Registered Social Landlords from 1996, but in the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 the official term became Registered Providers. The latter also covers [council housing](/wiki/Council_house \"Council house\"), and developers and other bodies that may receive grants for development.[Affordable Housing – a new dawn?](http://residential.joneslanglasalle.co.uk/en-GB/knowledge-centre/publications/affordable-housing-2011.aspx), [Jones Lang LaSalle](/wiki/Jones_Lang_LaSalle \"Jones Lang LaSalle\"), 2011\\. Retrieved 29 September 2011\\.\nThe [Department for Communities and Local Government](/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government \"Department for Communities and Local Government\") sets the policy for housing in England.\n\nIn Scotland policy is set by the [Scottish Parliament](/wiki/Scottish_Parliament \"Scottish Parliament\"); inspecting and regulating activities falls to the [Scottish Housing Regulator](/wiki/Scottish_Housing_Regulator \"Scottish Housing Regulator\").\nSocial housing in Northern Ireland is regulated by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive, which was established to take on ownership of former council stock and prevent sectarian allocation of housing to people from one religion.\n\nA 2017 report by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that 24% of new homes built in London were social, affordable or shared ownership accommodation in the three years up to 2015/16\\.\n\n",
"United States\n-------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Median gross rent by state from 2015 to 2019 [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") estimates published by the [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"). States with median gross rents higher than the United States as a whole are in dark green.](/wiki/File:2015%E2%80%932019_ACS_Median_gross_rents.png \"2015–2019 ACS Median gross rents.png\")In the U.S., households are commonly defined in terms of the amount of [realized](/wiki/Realization_%28finance%29 \"Realization (finance)\") income they earn relative to the [Area Median Income](/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States \"Household income in the United States\") or AMI. Localized AMI figures are calculated annually based on a survey of comparably sized households within geographic ranges known as [metropolitan statistical areas](/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_areas \"Metropolitan statistical areas\"), as defined by the US Office of Management and Budget. For U.S. housing subsidies, households are categorized by federal law as follows:\n\n* Moderate income households earn between 80% and 120% of AMI.\n* [Low income households](/wiki/Low_income_households \"Low income households\") earn between 50% and 80% of AMI.\n* Very low income households earn no more than 50% of AMI.\n\nSome states and cities in the United States operate a variety of affordable housing programs, including supportive housing programs, transitional housing programs and rent subsidies as part of public assistance programs. Local and state governments can adapt these income limits when administering local affordable housing programs; however, U.S. federal programs must adhere to the definitions above. For the Section 8 voucher program, the maximum household contribution to rent can be as high as 40% gross income.\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Distribution of U.S. Median Home Values, 2005](/wiki/File:Median_home_value2005.png \"Median home value2005.png\")\nComprehensive data for the most affordable and least affordable places in the U.S. is published each year by an affordable housing non\\-profit organization, the [National Low Income Housing Coalition](/wiki/National_Low_Income_Housing_Coalition \"National Low Income Housing Coalition\"). The NLIHC promotes a guideline of 30% of household income as the upper limit of affordability. According to a 2012 National Low Income Housing Coalition report, in every community across the United States \"rents are unaffordable to full\\-time working people.\"\n\nHowever, by using an indicator, such as the Median Multiple indicator\n which rates affordability of housing by dividing the median house price by gross \\[before tax] annual median household income), without considering the extreme disparities between the incomes of [high\\-net\\-worth individual](/wiki/High-net-worth_individual \"High-net-worth individual\") (HNWI) and those in the lower quintiles, a distorted picture of real affordability is created. Using this indicator—which rates housing affordability on a scale of 0 to 5, with categories 3 and under affordable—in 2012, the United States overall market was considered 3 (affordable).\n\nSince 1996, while incomes in the upper quintile increased, incomes in the lower quintile households decreased creating negative outcomes in housing affordability.\n\nBefore the [real estate bubble](/wiki/Real_estate_bubble \"Real estate bubble\") of 2007, the median household paid $658 per month in total housing costs (Census 2002\\).Table 1A\\-7: Financial Characteristics All Housing Units A total of 20% of households were deemed to be living in unaffordable housing: Nine percent of all households are renters in unaffordable housing,Calculated as percentage of renter households multiplied by percentage of renter households that are burdened by housing costs in excess of 30% and eleven percent of all households are homeowners with high housing costs.Calculated as percentage of owner\\-occupied households multiplied by percentage with a mortgage multiplied by percentage of those with a mortgage who are burdened by housing costs in excess of 30%.\n\nIn the [2000 U.S. Census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), the median homeowner with a mortgage (70% of homeowners and 48% of census respondents) spent $1,088 each month, or 21\\.7% of household income, on housing costs. The median homeowner without a mortgage (30% of all homeowners (80% of elderly homeowners) and 20% of respondents) spent $295 per month, or 10\\.5% of household income, on housing costs. Renters in 2001 (32% of respondents) spent $633 each month, or 29% of household income, on housing costs.\n\n### Federal Subsidies and Other Forms of Government Housing Assistance\n\nThe federal government in the U.S. provides subsidies to make housing more affordable. Financial assistance is provided for homeowners through the [mortgage interest](/wiki/Mortgage_interest \"Mortgage interest\") [tax deduction](/wiki/Tax_deduction \"Tax deduction\") and for lower income households through housing subsidy programs. In the 1970s the federal government spent similar amounts on tax reductions for homeowners as it did on subsidies for low\\-income housing. However, by 2005, tax reductions had risen to $120 billion per year, representing nearly 80 percent of all federal housing assistance. The Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform for [President Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") proposed reducing the [home mortgage interest deduction](/wiki/Home_mortgage_interest_deduction \"Home mortgage interest deduction\") in a 2005 report.\n\nHousing assistance from the federal government for lower income households can be divided into three parts:\n\n* \"Tenant based\" subsidies given to an individual household, known as the [Section 8](/wiki/Section_8_%28housing%29 \"Section 8 (housing)\") program\n* \"Project based\" subsidies given to the owner of housing units that must be rented to lower income households at affordable rates, and\n* [Public Housing](/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_States \"Public housing in the United States\"), which is usually owned and operated by the government. (Some public housing projects are managed by subcontracted private agencies.)\n\n\"Project based\" subsidies are also known by their section of the U.S. Housing Act or the [Housing Act of 1949](/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949 \"Housing Act of 1949\"), and include Section 8, Section 236, Section 221(d)(3\\), Section 202 for elderly households, Section 515 for rural renters, Section 514/516 for farmworkers and Section 811 for people with disabilities. There are also housing subsidies through the Section 8 program that are project based. The [United States Department of Housing and Urban Development](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development \"United States Department of Housing and Urban Development\") (HUD) and USDA [Rural Development](/wiki/Rural_Development \"Rural Development\") administer these programs. HUD and USDA Rural Development programs have ceased to produce large numbers of units since the 1980s. Since 1986, the [Low\\-Income Housing Tax Credit](/wiki/Low-Income_Housing_Tax_Credit \"Low-Income Housing Tax Credit\") program has been the primary federal program to produce affordable units; however, the housing produced in this program is less affordable than the former HUD programs.\n\n### Inclusionary Housing Development Regulations\n\nAnother program is [Inclusionary Housing](/wiki/Inclusionary_housing \"Inclusionary housing\")—an ordinance that requires housing developers to reserve a percentage between 10 and 30% of housing units from new or rehabilitated projects to be rented or sold at a below market rate for low and moderate\\-income households.\n\nOne of the most unusual US public housing initiatives was the development of subsidized middle\\-class housing during the late [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") (1940–42\\) under the auspices of the [Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division](/wiki/Mutual_Ownership_Defense_Housing_Division \"Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division\") of the [Federal Works Agency](/wiki/Federal_Works_Agency \"Federal Works Agency\") under the direction of [Colonel Lawrence Westbrook](/wiki/Colonel_Lawrence_Westbrook \"Colonel Lawrence Westbrook\"). These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in the history of the US public housing effort.\n\nGovernmental and quasi\\-governmental agencies that contribute to the work of ensuring the existence of a steady supply of affordable housing in the United States are the U.S. [Department of Housing and Urban Development](/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development \"Department of Housing and Urban Development\") (HUD), USDA [Rural Development](/wiki/Rural_Development \"Rural Development\"), the [Federal Home Loan Bank](/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank \"Federal Home Loan Bank\"), [Fannie Mae](/wiki/Fannie_Mae \"Fannie Mae\"), and [Freddie Mac](/wiki/Freddie_Mac \"Freddie Mac\"). [Housing Partnership Network](https://web.archive.org/web/20160114051651/http://housingpartnership.net/about-us/) is an umbrella organization of 100\\+ housing and community development nonprofits. Important private sector institutions worth consulting are the [National Association of Home Builders](/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders \"National Association of Home Builders\"), the National Affordable Housing Management Association (NAHMA), the Council for Affordable and Rural Housing (CARH) and the [National Association of Realtors](/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors \"National Association of Realtors\"). Valuable research institutions with staff dedicated to the analysis of \"affordable housing\" includes: The [Center for Housing Policy](/wiki/Center_for_Housing_Policy \"Center for Housing Policy\"), [Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\"), the [Urban Institute](/wiki/Urban_Institute \"Urban Institute\") and the [Joint Center for Housing Studies](/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies \"Joint Center for Housing Studies\") at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") and the [Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy](/wiki/Furman_Center_for_Real_Estate_and_Urban_Policy \"Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy\") at [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\"), and the [Center on Budget and Policy Priorities](/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities \"Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\"). Several of these institutions (the Fannie Mae Foundation, Urban Institute, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, Enterprise Community Partners, LISC, the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, and others)[Partners](http://www.knowledgeplex.org/partners.html) partnered to create [KnowledgePlex](https://web.archive.org/web/20130911084146/http://www.knowledgeplex.org/), an online information resource devoted to affordable housing and community development issues.\n\n",
"### Federal Subsidies and Other Forms of Government Housing Assistance\n\nThe federal government in the U.S. provides subsidies to make housing more affordable. Financial assistance is provided for homeowners through the [mortgage interest](/wiki/Mortgage_interest \"Mortgage interest\") [tax deduction](/wiki/Tax_deduction \"Tax deduction\") and for lower income households through housing subsidy programs. In the 1970s the federal government spent similar amounts on tax reductions for homeowners as it did on subsidies for low\\-income housing. However, by 2005, tax reductions had risen to $120 billion per year, representing nearly 80 percent of all federal housing assistance. The Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform for [President Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") proposed reducing the [home mortgage interest deduction](/wiki/Home_mortgage_interest_deduction \"Home mortgage interest deduction\") in a 2005 report.\n\nHousing assistance from the federal government for lower income households can be divided into three parts:\n\n* \"Tenant based\" subsidies given to an individual household, known as the [Section 8](/wiki/Section_8_%28housing%29 \"Section 8 (housing)\") program\n* \"Project based\" subsidies given to the owner of housing units that must be rented to lower income households at affordable rates, and\n* [Public Housing](/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_States \"Public housing in the United States\"), which is usually owned and operated by the government. (Some public housing projects are managed by subcontracted private agencies.)\n\n\"Project based\" subsidies are also known by their section of the U.S. Housing Act or the [Housing Act of 1949](/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949 \"Housing Act of 1949\"), and include Section 8, Section 236, Section 221(d)(3\\), Section 202 for elderly households, Section 515 for rural renters, Section 514/516 for farmworkers and Section 811 for people with disabilities. There are also housing subsidies through the Section 8 program that are project based. The [United States Department of Housing and Urban Development](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development \"United States Department of Housing and Urban Development\") (HUD) and USDA [Rural Development](/wiki/Rural_Development \"Rural Development\") administer these programs. HUD and USDA Rural Development programs have ceased to produce large numbers of units since the 1980s. Since 1986, the [Low\\-Income Housing Tax Credit](/wiki/Low-Income_Housing_Tax_Credit \"Low-Income Housing Tax Credit\") program has been the primary federal program to produce affordable units; however, the housing produced in this program is less affordable than the former HUD programs.\n\n",
"### Inclusionary Housing Development Regulations\n\nAnother program is [Inclusionary Housing](/wiki/Inclusionary_housing \"Inclusionary housing\")—an ordinance that requires housing developers to reserve a percentage between 10 and 30% of housing units from new or rehabilitated projects to be rented or sold at a below market rate for low and moderate\\-income households.\n\nOne of the most unusual US public housing initiatives was the development of subsidized middle\\-class housing during the late [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") (1940–42\\) under the auspices of the [Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division](/wiki/Mutual_Ownership_Defense_Housing_Division \"Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division\") of the [Federal Works Agency](/wiki/Federal_Works_Agency \"Federal Works Agency\") under the direction of [Colonel Lawrence Westbrook](/wiki/Colonel_Lawrence_Westbrook \"Colonel Lawrence Westbrook\"). These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in the history of the US public housing effort.\n\nGovernmental and quasi\\-governmental agencies that contribute to the work of ensuring the existence of a steady supply of affordable housing in the United States are the U.S. [Department of Housing and Urban Development](/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development \"Department of Housing and Urban Development\") (HUD), USDA [Rural Development](/wiki/Rural_Development \"Rural Development\"), the [Federal Home Loan Bank](/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank \"Federal Home Loan Bank\"), [Fannie Mae](/wiki/Fannie_Mae \"Fannie Mae\"), and [Freddie Mac](/wiki/Freddie_Mac \"Freddie Mac\"). [Housing Partnership Network](https://web.archive.org/web/20160114051651/http://housingpartnership.net/about-us/) is an umbrella organization of 100\\+ housing and community development nonprofits. Important private sector institutions worth consulting are the [National Association of Home Builders](/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders \"National Association of Home Builders\"), the National Affordable Housing Management Association (NAHMA), the Council for Affordable and Rural Housing (CARH) and the [National Association of Realtors](/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors \"National Association of Realtors\"). Valuable research institutions with staff dedicated to the analysis of \"affordable housing\" includes: The [Center for Housing Policy](/wiki/Center_for_Housing_Policy \"Center for Housing Policy\"), [Brookings Institution](/wiki/Brookings_Institution \"Brookings Institution\"), the [Urban Institute](/wiki/Urban_Institute \"Urban Institute\") and the [Joint Center for Housing Studies](/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies \"Joint Center for Housing Studies\") at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") and the [Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy](/wiki/Furman_Center_for_Real_Estate_and_Urban_Policy \"Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy\") at [New York University](/wiki/New_York_University \"New York University\"), and the [Center on Budget and Policy Priorities](/wiki/Center_on_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities \"Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\"). Several of these institutions (the Fannie Mae Foundation, Urban Institute, Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, Enterprise Community Partners, LISC, the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, and others)[Partners](http://www.knowledgeplex.org/partners.html) partnered to create [KnowledgePlex](https://web.archive.org/web/20130911084146/http://www.knowledgeplex.org/), an online information resource devoted to affordable housing and community development issues.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Affordable housing](/wiki/Category:Affordable_housing \"Affordable housing\")\n\n"
]
} |
Sangili (2019 film) | {
"id": [
44834810
],
"name": [
"NireshaJAththa"
]
} | rfk9wvhrb8nkf9woov51zr5v57gs6st | 2024-01-02T15:28:23Z | 1,176,792,866 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Songs",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Sangile*** () is a 2019 [Sri Lankan](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") drama film directed by Lalith Pannipitiya and co\\-produced by G. Dharmarathna and K.G. Shirani Dias for JMV Films. It stars [Dulani Anuradha](/wiki/Dulani_Anuradha \"Dulani Anuradha\") and [Saranga Disasekara](/wiki/Saranga_Disasekara \"Saranga Disasekara\") in lead roles along with [Sanath Gunathilake](/wiki/Sanath_Gunathilake \"Sanath Gunathilake\") and [Veena Jayakody](/wiki/Veena_Jayakody \"Veena Jayakody\"). Music composed by Saman Panapitiya. It is the 1320th Sri Lankan film in the [Sinhalese cinema](/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka \"Cinema of Sri Lanka\").\n\nThe film has been shot around the Kalundewa village in Matale district in 2009\\. The production cost is 8 million SLR. \n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nSangele (Dulani) is a girl who lives alone in a village of people . People in the city are trying to get close to her some even making sexual advances. Punchi Malli (Sanath) is very attracted to Sangile, even though he is married. Meanwhile, a hard working young Sunimal (Saranga) falls in love with Sangile. Punchi Malli was falsely accused in due to a rumor and sent to jail. During this time, Punchi Malli raped Sangile and Punchi Malli's wife (Veena) get to know about the hidden truth. She tried to blame Sangile for dirty works, however Punchi Malli punished her. Sangile gets pregnant and story continues.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Dulani Anuradha](/wiki/Dulani_Anuradha \"Dulani Anuradha\") as Sangile\n* [Saranga Disasekara](/wiki/Saranga_Disasekara \"Saranga Disasekara\") as Sunimal\n* [Sanath Gunathilake](/wiki/Sanath_Gunathilake \"Sanath Gunathilake\") as Punchi Malli\n* [Veena Jayakody](/wiki/Veena_Jayakody \"Veena Jayakody\") as Punchi malli's wife\n* [Rebeka Nirmali](/wiki/Rebeka_Nirmali \"Rebeka Nirmali\") as Sangile's mother\n* [Wimal Kumara de Costa](/wiki/Wimal_Kumara_de_Costa \"Wimal Kumara de Costa\") as Wimale\n* [Nalin Pradeep Udawela](/wiki/Nalin_Pradeep_Udawela \"Nalin Pradeep Udawela\") as Monk\n* [Vasanthi Chathurani](/wiki/Vasanthi_Chathurani \"Vasanthi Chathurani\") as Lady monk\n* Kumuduni Adikari as Matchmaker\n* Neil Alles\n* Mohan Hettiarachchi\n* [Lionel Wickrama](/wiki/Lionel_Wickrama \"Lionel Wickrama\") as Village officer\n* Anusha Sonali as Sun's ex\\-wife\n",
"Songs\n-----\n\nThe film consists with two songs.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Sangili*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwFxvhD_zyM) on [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\")\n\n[Category:2019 films](/wiki/Category:2019_films \"2019 films\")\n[Category:2010s Sinhala\\-language films](/wiki/Category:2010s_Sinhala-language_films \"2010s Sinhala-language films\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Pingwang | {
"id": [
27335766
],
"name": [
"Leschnei"
]
} | ctpg54dibsek8zlvzkhwbq6pgor6mr0 | 2019-01-25T14:06:52Z | 880,121,790 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Pingwang",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Pingwang** may refer to the following places in China:\n\n* [Pingwang, Jiangsu](/wiki/Pingwang%2C_Jiangsu \"Pingwang, Jiangsu\") (平望), a town in [Suzhou](/wiki/Suzhou \"Suzhou\"), Jiangsu\n* [Pingwang Township, Hebei](/wiki/Pingwang_Township%2C_Hebei \"Pingwang Township, Hebei\") (平王乡), a township in [Rongcheng County](/wiki/Rongcheng_County \"Rongcheng County\"), Hebei\n* [Pingwang Township, Shanxi](/wiki/Pingwang_Township%2C_Shanxi \"Pingwang Township, Shanxi\") (平旺乡), a township in [Datong](/wiki/Datong \"Datong\"), Shanxi\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [King Ping (disambiguation)](/wiki/King_Ping_%28disambiguation%29 \"King Ping (disambiguation)\"), also known as Pingwang\n* [Ping Wang (disambiguation)](/wiki/Ping_Wang_%28disambiguation%29 \"Ping Wang (disambiguation)\")\n\n"
]
} |
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