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Russell Paddock | {
"id": [
57939
],
"name": [
"Beland"
]
} | mwfle1eal81nwoo2jeay5zs4xaho1z5 | 2024-07-06T19:51:52Z | 1,188,828,316 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Russell Paddock** (born 2 August 1966\\) is a Canadian [volleyball](/wiki/Volleyball \"Volleyball\") player. He competed in the [men's tournament](/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament \"Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\") at the [1992 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics \"1992 Summer Olympics\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1966 births](/wiki/Category:1966_births \"1966 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Canadian men's volleyball players](/wiki/Category:Canadian_men%27s_volleyball_players \"Canadian men's volleyball players\")\n[Category:Olympic volleyball players for Canada](/wiki/Category:Olympic_volleyball_players_for_Canada \"Olympic volleyball players for Canada\")\n[Category:Volleyball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Volleyball_players_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics \"Volleyball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Manitoba](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Manitoba \"Sportspeople from Manitoba\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ling Ma | {
"id": [
7131173
],
"name": [
"Alanscottwalker"
]
} | 9dhzy1txwf9uadn51die4cs0blqrphh | 2024-10-02T17:11:52Z | 1,249,001,066 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Works",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ling Ma** is a Chinese American novelist and professor at the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\"). Her first book, *[Severance](/wiki/Severance_%28novel%29 \"Severance (novel)\")*, won a 2018 [Kirkus Prize](/wiki/Kirkus_Prize \"Kirkus Prize\") and was listed as a *New York Times* Notable Book of 2018 and shortlisted for the [2019 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award](/wiki/Hemingway_Foundation/PEN_Award \"Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award\"). Her second book, *Bliss Montage*, won the [National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction](/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Fiction \"National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction\") and [The Story Prize](/wiki/The_Story_Prize \"The Story Prize\"). She is a 2024 [MacArthur Fellow](/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow \"MacArthur Fellow\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nMa was born in [Sanming, Fujian](/wiki/Sanming%2C_Fujian \"Sanming, Fujian\"), China, initially an only child because of China's \"[one\\-child policy](/wiki/One-child_policy \"One-child policy\").\" She grew up in Utah, Nebraska, and Kansas. She has an AB from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\") and received an MFA from [Cornell University](/wiki/Cornell_University \"Cornell University\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nMa's debut novel, *Severance,* is described as \"a biting indictment of [late\\-stage capitalism](/wiki/Late-stage_capitalism \"Late-stage capitalism\") and a chilling vision of what comes after, but that doesn’t mean it’s a Marxist screed or a dry Hobbesian thought experiment.\" *Severance* is a novel that is partially post\\-apocalyptic horror, and partially office satire. It follows the novel's narrator in the aftermath of the outbreak of a deadly fever that has killed almost everyone in the US. An earlier chapter from the book won a 2015 Disquiet Literary Prize, the Graywolf Prize.\n\nMa began the novel while working as a fact checker for *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")*, a job she held from 2009 to 2012\\. It began as a short story, written in her office during her last few months there; after her layoff, it became a novel which she wrote while living on severance pay. She took four years to write it, and finished the novel at Cornell as part of the work in her MFA program. Ma said she \"felt pressured to write a traditional [immigration novel](/wiki/Immigration_novel \"Immigration novel\")\" while in the MFA program at Cornell, but instead decided to write about otherness and alienation via the trope of zombie apocalypse.\n\nMa has also published short stories in *[Granta](/wiki/Granta \"Granta\")*, *[Playboy](/wiki/Playboy \"Playboy\")*, and the *[Chicago Reader](/wiki/Chicago_Reader \"Chicago Reader\")*.Day, Madeline (2018\\-08\\-22\\). \"[Apocalyptic Office Novel: An Interview with Ling Ma](https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/08/22/apocalyptic-office-novel-an-interview-with-ling-ma/) \". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2019\\-01\\-23\\. Ma's short story \"Peking Duck\" appears in the 2022 *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* Fiction Issue. Her first collection of short stories, *Bliss Montage*, was published in September 2022\\. The collection won the National Book Critics Circle Award in Fiction.\n\nShe is the recipient of a 2023 [Windham Campbell Prize](/wiki/Windham%E2%80%93Campbell_Literature_Prizes \"Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes\") for fiction.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Personal website](https://lingma.tumblr.com/)\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American novelists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_novelists \"21st-century American novelists\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American short story writers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_short_story_writers \"21st-century American short story writers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women writers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_writers \"21st-century American women writers\")\n[Category:1983 births](/wiki/Category:1983_births \"1983 births\")\n[Category:American women academics](/wiki/Category:American_women_academics \"American women academics\")\n[Category:American women novelists](/wiki/Category:American_women_novelists \"American women novelists\")\n[Category:American women short story writers](/wiki/Category:American_women_short_story_writers \"American women short story writers\")\n[Category:American writers of Chinese descent](/wiki/Category:American_writers_of_Chinese_descent \"American writers of Chinese descent\")\n[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:Chinese_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"Chinese emigrants to the United States\")\n[Category:Cornell University alumni](/wiki/Category:Cornell_University_alumni \"Cornell University alumni\")\n[Category:Kirkus Prize winners](/wiki/Category:Kirkus_Prize_winners \"Kirkus Prize winners\")\n[Category:MacArthur Fellows](/wiki/Category:MacArthur_Fellows \"MacArthur Fellows\")\n[Category:People from Sanming](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sanming \"People from Sanming\")\n[Category:University of Chicago alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_alumni \"University of Chicago alumni\")\n[Category:University of Chicago faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_faculty \"University of Chicago faculty\")\n[Category:Writers from Fujian](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Fujian \"Writers from Fujian\")\n\n"
]
} |
Chris Kimball | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | prv2p2v9fwxhr6irvnk0r4r5io355nb | 2024-08-15T00:23:22Z | 1,234,406,462 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Chris Kimball** (born August 31, 1955\\) is a former president and chief executive officer at [California Lutheran University](/wiki/California_Lutheran_University \"California Lutheran University\") from April 2008 to August 2020\\. Before his tenure at CLU, he served as Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs at CLU from 2006 to 2008\\. Previously, he had served as Dean of the Faculty and Provost at [Augsburg College](/wiki/Augsburg_College \"Augsburg College\") in [Minneapolis](/wiki/Minneapolis \"Minneapolis\"), Minnesota. An alumnus of [McGill University](/wiki/McGill_University \"McGill University\") in Canada, Kimball received his doctorate from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago \"University of Chicago\"). Kimball constructed and taught a baseball class at [Augsburg College](/wiki/Augsburg_College \"Augsburg College\"), and has also taught the course \"U.S. History Through Baseball\" while President of Cal Lutheran.\n\nKimball, who also has been a history professor at [University of Nebraska, Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%2C_Lincoln \"University of Nebraska, Lincoln\"), in 1989–1991, is also an author and a public speaker on academic affairs. His scholarly work concentrates on American history, specializing in sports history and social history. He was the chief architect of a new strategic plan at CLU, approved by the board in February 2008\\. The plan focused on attracting and retaining high\\-quality faculty, student body, and staff, and also investing in facilities and programs such as the $8\\.5 million Swenson Center for Academic Excellence. Kimball and his family are members of [Holy Trinity Lutheran Church](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Lutheran_Church_%28Thousand_Oaks%29 \"Holy Trinity Lutheran Church (Thousand Oaks)\") in [Thousand Oaks](/wiki/Thousand_Oaks%2C_California \"Thousand Oaks, California\").\n\nOn October 15, 2019, in an email to university faculty, staff, and students, Kimball announced his intention to not extend his contract beyond the end of the 2019–20 school year. Kimball stated that his decision to leave the university presidency was out of a desire to ″return to teaching, as I had always planned, and to spend time on writing projects, some long overdue.″\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:California Lutheran University faculty](/wiki/Category:California_Lutheran_University_faculty \"California Lutheran University faculty\")\n[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in the United States](/wiki/Category:Heads_of_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_States \"Heads of universities and colleges in the United States\")\n[Category:Augsburg College faculty](/wiki/Category:Augsburg_College_faculty \"Augsburg College faculty\")\n[Category:McGill University alumni](/wiki/Category:McGill_University_alumni \"McGill University alumni\")\n[Category:University of Chicago alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_alumni \"University of Chicago alumni\")\n[Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln_faculty \"University of Nebraska–Lincoln faculty\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1955 births](/wiki/Category:1955_births \"1955 births\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of municipal presidents of Acapulco | {
"id": [
3138265
],
"name": [
"WOSlinker"
]
} | 49bk1yu3cmsjyk83pwgma6fjikneibt | 2024-08-11T08:25:45Z | 1,239,329,532 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe following is a list of [municipal presidents](/wiki/Municipal_president \"Municipal president\") of [Acapulco de Juárez](/wiki/Acapulco_%28municipality%29 \"Acapulco (municipality)\") municipality in the state of [Guerrero](/wiki/Guerrero \"Guerrero\"), Mexico.\n\n| Municipal president |Term\n\nPolitical party\n\nNotes\n\n| Ricardo Morlett Sutter | 01\\-01\\-1963–31\\-12\\-1965 | [PRI](/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party \"Institutional Revolutionary Party\") [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Martín Heredia Merckley | 01\\-01\\-1966–31\\-12\\-1968 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| [Israel Nogueda Otero](/wiki/Israel_Nogueda_Otero \"Israel Nogueda Otero\") | 01\\-01\\-1969–1971 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Antonio Trani Zapata | 1971–1972 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| Israel Hernández Ramos | 1972–1974 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Ismael Andraca Navarrete | 1975 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| Virgilio Gómez Moharro | 1975–31\\-12\\-1977 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| Febronio Díaz Figueoa | 01\\-01\\-1978–31\\-12\\-1980 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Amín Zarur Ménez | 01\\-01\\-1981–31\\-12\\-1983 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Alfonso Argudín Alcaraz | 01\\-01\\-1984–31\\-12\\-1986 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Israel Soberanis Nogueda | 01\\-01\\-1987–1989 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Virgilio Gómez Moharro | 1989–31\\-12\\-1989 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| [René Juárez Cisneros](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Ju%C3%A1rez_Cisneros \"René Juárez Cisneros\") | 01\\-01\\-1990–1992 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Antonio Piza Soberanis | 1992–1993 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Rogelio de la O Almazán | 1993–1996 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| Juan Salgado Tenorio | 1996 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| [Manuel Añorve Baños](/wiki/Manuel_A%C3%B1orve_Ba%C3%B1os \"Manuel Añorve Baños\") | 01\\-01\\-1997–1998 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| César Varela Blanco | 1998 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| Manuel Añorve Baños | 1998–1999 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Resumed |\n| Ana María Castilleja Mendieta | 1999–31\\-03\\-1999 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| [Zeferino Torreblanca](/wiki/Zeferino_Torreblanca \"Zeferino Torreblanca\") | 01\\-04\\-1999–31\\-03\\-2002 | [PRD](/wiki/Party_of_the_Democratic_Revolution \"Party of the Democratic Revolution\") [22px](/wiki/File:PRD_logo_without_border_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| | 01\\-04\\-2002–31\\-12\\-2005 | PRD [22px](/wiki/File:PRD_logo_without_border_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| | 01\\-01\\-2006–2008 | PRD [22px](/wiki/File:PRD_logo_without_border_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg\") | Applied for a leave |\n| César Zambrano Pérez | 2008–31\\-12\\-2008 | PRD [22px](/wiki/File:PRD_logo_without_border_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| Manuel Añorve Baños | 01\\-01\\-2009–08\\-02\\-2010 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Applied for a temporary leave |\n| Alejandro Porcayo Rivera | 2010 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| | 2010–10\\-02\\-2011 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| Manuel Añorve Baños | 10\\-02\\-2011–24\\-03\\-2012 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Resumed. Applied for a second leave |\n| [Verónica Escobar Romo](/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_Escobar_Romo \"Verónica Escobar Romo\") | 24\\-03\\-2012–30\\-09\\-2012 | PRI [21px\\|link\\=Institutional Revolutionary Party](/wiki/File:PRI_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRI Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| [Luis Walton Aburto](/wiki/Luis_Walton \"Luis Walton\") | 01\\-10\\-2012–26\\-01\\-2015 | [MC](/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_%28Mexico%29 \"Citizens' Movement (Mexico)\") [22px](/wiki/File:MC_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"MC Party (Mexico).svg\") | Applied for a leave |\n| Luis Uruñuela Fey | 26\\-01\\-2015–30\\-09\\-2015 | MC [22px](/wiki/File:MC_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg \"MC Party (Mexico).svg\") | Acting municipal president |\n| [Evodio Velázquez Aguirre](/wiki/Evodio_Vel%C3%A1zquez_Aguirre \"Evodio Velázquez Aguirre\") | 01\\-10\\-2015–30\\-09\\-2018 | PRD [22px](/wiki/File:PRD_logo_without_border_%28Mexico%29.svg \"PRD logo without border (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| | 01\\-10\\-2018–30\\-09\\-2021 | [Morena](/wiki/Morena_%28political_party%29 \"Morena (political party)\") [20px\\|link\\=Morena (political party)](/wiki/File:Morena_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg \"Morena logo (Mexico).svg\") | |\n| | 01\\-10\\-2021– | Morena [20px\\|link\\=Morena (political party)](/wiki/File:Morena_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg \"Morena logo (Mexico).svg\") | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Municipal_presidents_of_Acapulco \"Municipal presidents of Acapulco\")\n[Acapulco de Juárez](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_municipal_presidents_in_Mexico \"Lists of municipal presidents in Mexico\")\n[Category:Politicians from Guerrero](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Guerrero \"Politicians from Guerrero\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jezabel (TV series) | {
"id": [
48622761
],
"name": [
"Douglas1998A"
]
} | mpmsv8yr0tidjyxwcbvgzpvy6a8oauc | 2024-10-21T14:29:04Z | 1,227,052,031 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Main",
"Guest stars",
"Ratings",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + \n\n***Jezabel*** (English: *Jezebel*) is a Brazilian television series produced by [RecordTV](/wiki/RecordTV \"RecordTV\") in partnership with the production company Formata Produções that premiered on 23 April 2019 and ended 12 August 2019\\. It is based on the story of biblical character [Jezebel](/wiki/Jezebel \"Jezebel\"). The series stars [Lidi Lisboa](/wiki/Lidi_Lisboa \"Lidi Lisboa\") as the titular character.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nAfter an agreement between two kingdoms, a disguised [Jezabel](/wiki/Jezebel \"Jezebel\") marries Prince [Acabe](/wiki/Ahab \"Ahab\") and becomes the most dangerous queen of Israel. Taking advantage of the weak and submissive profile of her husband, she starts to rule the kingdom with violence and manipulates everyone around her, calling herself a great priestess and divine spokesman, in addition to resorting to violence and public sacrifices to show her power.\n\nShe has allies including her lover Hannibal and her best friend, [Thanit](/wiki/Tanit \"Tanit\"), a vain and ambitious woman, who influences Jezebel with more barbaric plans. The queen's greatest enemy is the prophet [Elias](/wiki/Elijah \"Elijah\"), who attempts to unmask her and remove the queen from power with the help of various allies. This causes Jezabel to hire the nymphet Dido to seduce [Eliseu](/wiki/Elisha \"Elisha\"), disciple of Elias, to discover his plans. Also in the fight against the queen is Obadias, administrator of the palace who works as a spy and tries to hide the prophets.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n### Main\n\n* [Lidi Lisboa](/wiki/Lidi_Lisboa \"Lidi Lisboa\") as [Jezabel, Rainha de Israel](/wiki/Jezebel \"Jezebel\")\n* [André Bankoff](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bankoff \"André Bankoff\") as [Acabe, King of Israel](/wiki/Ahab \"Ahab\")\n* [Mônica Carvalho](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_Carvalho \"Mônica Carvalho\") as [Thanit](/wiki/Tanit \"Tanit\")\n* Iano Salomão as [Elias](/wiki/Elijah \"Elijah\")\n* Juan Alba as Obadias Rakesh\n* [Ronny Kriwat](/wiki/Ronny_Kriwat \"Ronny Kriwat\") as [Eliseu Yak](/wiki/Elisha \"Elisha\")\n* Juliana Xavier as Dido\n* [Juliana Knust](/wiki/Juliana_Knust \"Juliana Knust\") as Queila\n* Timóteo Heiderick as Barzilai\n* Rafael Sardão as Hannibal\n* [Sthefany Brito](/wiki/Sthefany_Brito \"Sthefany Brito\") as Raquel Palhoça\n* Guilherme Dellorto as Micaías\n* Alexandre Slaviero as Baltazar\n* Bernardo Velasco as Matheus\n* Leonardo Miggiorin as Isaac\n* [Adriana Birolli](/wiki/Adriana_Birolli \"Adriana Birolli\") as Aisha\n* Hylka Maria as Getúlia\n* [Flávio Galvão](/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Galv%C3%A3o \"Flávio Galvão\") as [Nabote Vina](/wiki/Naboth \"Naboth\")\n* Eduardo Lago as Phineas Yak\n* Narjara Turetta as Dalila Yak\n* Juliana Boller as Hannah Yak\n* Victor Sparapane as Tadeu Vina\n* Daniel Blanco as Abner Vina\n* Henri Pagnocelli as Emanuel Palhoça\n* Andréa Avancini as Yarin Palhoça\n* [Brendha Haddad](/wiki/Brendha_Haddad \"Brendha Haddad\") as Anaid\n* [Juliana Schalch](/wiki/Juliana_Schalch \"Juliana Schalch\") as Temina\n* Daniel Erthal as Thiago\n* Dudu Pelizzari as Kaleb\n* Léo Cidade as Levi\n* Bárbara Maia as Leah\n* Ricardo Pavão as Pigmaleão\n* Fernando Sampaio as Uriel\n* Igor Cosso as Miguel\n* Laís Pinho as Samira Rakesh\n* Camila Mayrink as Joana Rakesh\n* Fernanda Nizzato as Adama\n* Pedro Lamin as Sidônio\n* Aline Prado as Batnoam\n* Alex Brasil as Jarbas\n* André Bicudo as Yakir\n* João Pedro Novaes as Adad\n* Gabriel Felipe as Ezri\n* Fábio Scalon as Ib\n* Luckas Moura as Noam\n* Willian Mello as Samuel\n\n### Guest stars\n\n* [Samara Felippo](/wiki/Samara_Felippo \"Samara Felippo\") as Tany\n* Talita Castro as Rebeca\n* Beth Zalcman as Elza Vina\n* Gutto Ordoz as Benyamin\n* Andrey Lopes as Dov\n* Armando Amaral as Gilad\n* Cassio do Nascimento as Cadmo\n* Edu Porto as Jaali\n* Luciano Quirino as Etbaal\n* Mario Hermeto as Joel\n* Patrick D'Orlando as Tobias\n",
"### Main\n\n* [Lidi Lisboa](/wiki/Lidi_Lisboa \"Lidi Lisboa\") as [Jezabel, Rainha de Israel](/wiki/Jezebel \"Jezebel\")\n* [André Bankoff](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bankoff \"André Bankoff\") as [Acabe, King of Israel](/wiki/Ahab \"Ahab\")\n* [Mônica Carvalho](/wiki/M%C3%B4nica_Carvalho \"Mônica Carvalho\") as [Thanit](/wiki/Tanit \"Tanit\")\n* Iano Salomão as [Elias](/wiki/Elijah \"Elijah\")\n* Juan Alba as Obadias Rakesh\n* [Ronny Kriwat](/wiki/Ronny_Kriwat \"Ronny Kriwat\") as [Eliseu Yak](/wiki/Elisha \"Elisha\")\n* Juliana Xavier as Dido\n* [Juliana Knust](/wiki/Juliana_Knust \"Juliana Knust\") as Queila\n* Timóteo Heiderick as Barzilai\n* Rafael Sardão as Hannibal\n* [Sthefany Brito](/wiki/Sthefany_Brito \"Sthefany Brito\") as Raquel Palhoça\n* Guilherme Dellorto as Micaías\n* Alexandre Slaviero as Baltazar\n* Bernardo Velasco as Matheus\n* Leonardo Miggiorin as Isaac\n* [Adriana Birolli](/wiki/Adriana_Birolli \"Adriana Birolli\") as Aisha\n* Hylka Maria as Getúlia\n* [Flávio Galvão](/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Galv%C3%A3o \"Flávio Galvão\") as [Nabote Vina](/wiki/Naboth \"Naboth\")\n* Eduardo Lago as Phineas Yak\n* Narjara Turetta as Dalila Yak\n* Juliana Boller as Hannah Yak\n* Victor Sparapane as Tadeu Vina\n* Daniel Blanco as Abner Vina\n* Henri Pagnocelli as Emanuel Palhoça\n* Andréa Avancini as Yarin Palhoça\n* [Brendha Haddad](/wiki/Brendha_Haddad \"Brendha Haddad\") as Anaid\n* [Juliana Schalch](/wiki/Juliana_Schalch \"Juliana Schalch\") as Temina\n* Daniel Erthal as Thiago\n* Dudu Pelizzari as Kaleb\n* Léo Cidade as Levi\n* Bárbara Maia as Leah\n* Ricardo Pavão as Pigmaleão\n* Fernando Sampaio as Uriel\n* Igor Cosso as Miguel\n* Laís Pinho as Samira Rakesh\n* Camila Mayrink as Joana Rakesh\n* Fernanda Nizzato as Adama\n* Pedro Lamin as Sidônio\n* Aline Prado as Batnoam\n* Alex Brasil as Jarbas\n* André Bicudo as Yakir\n* João Pedro Novaes as Adad\n* Gabriel Felipe as Ezri\n* Fábio Scalon as Ib\n* Luckas Moura as Noam\n* Willian Mello as Samuel\n",
"### Guest stars\n\n* [Samara Felippo](/wiki/Samara_Felippo \"Samara Felippo\") as Tany\n* Talita Castro as Rebeca\n* Beth Zalcman as Elza Vina\n* Gutto Ordoz as Benyamin\n* Andrey Lopes as Dov\n* Armando Amaral as Gilad\n* Cassio do Nascimento as Cadmo\n* Edu Porto as Jaali\n* Luciano Quirino as Etbaal\n* Mario Hermeto as Joel\n* Patrick D'Orlando as Tobias\n",
"Ratings\n-------\n\n| Season | Timeslot ([BRT](/wiki/Time_in_Brazil%23Time_zones%23Bras%C3%ADlia_time%2C_BRT_%28UTC-03%29 \"Time in Brazil#Time zones#Brasília time, BRT (UTC-03)\")/[AMT](/wiki/Time_in_Brazil%23Time_zones%23Bras%C3%ADlia_time_%E2%88%921_%28UTC-04%29 \"Time in Brazil#Time zones#Brasília time −1 (UTC-04)\")) | Episodes | First aired | | Last aired | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Date | Viewers(in points) | Date | Viewers(in points) |\n| 1 | MonFri 8:45pm | 80 | | 10 | | 9 |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2019 telenovelas](/wiki/Category:2019_telenovelas \"2019 telenovelas\")\n[Category:RecordTV telenovelas](/wiki/Category:RecordTV_telenovelas \"RecordTV telenovelas\")\n[Category:2019 Brazilian television series debuts](/wiki/Category:2019_Brazilian_television_series_debuts \"2019 Brazilian television series debuts\")\n[Category:2019 Brazilian television series endings](/wiki/Category:2019_Brazilian_television_series_endings \"2019 Brazilian television series endings\")\n[Category:Portuguese\\-language telenovelas](/wiki/Category:Portuguese-language_telenovelas \"Portuguese-language telenovelas\")\n[Category:Television series based on the Bible](/wiki/Category:Television_series_based_on_the_Bible \"Television series based on the Bible\")\n[Category:Omrides](/wiki/Category:Omrides \"Omrides\")\n[Category:Jezebel](/wiki/Category:Jezebel \"Jezebel\")\n[Category:Works about queens](/wiki/Category:Works_about_queens \"Works about queens\")\n[Category:Cultural depictions of Elijah](/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Elijah \"Cultural depictions of Elijah\")\n[Category:Elisha](/wiki/Category:Elisha \"Elisha\")\n[Category:Religious telenovelas](/wiki/Category:Religious_telenovelas \"Religious telenovelas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Edgar Lipworth | {
"id": [
39698408
],
"name": [
"BostonMensa"
]
} | bbghedmgtbmrmix5v5s7dskygk4fl5g | 2023-03-04T18:06:41Z | 1,136,277,216 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Edgar Lipworth** (1923 – 14 July 1977\\) was an American physicist, specializing \"in research in molecular and atomic beams, nuclear physics, lasers and the symmetry of physical laws under time reversal.\"\n\nBorn and educated in England, Edgar Lipworth worked from 1944 to 1946 as a civilian research assistant on radar for the [Air Ministry](/wiki/Air_Ministry \"Air Ministry\"). After graduating with a BA from the [University of Manchester](/wiki/University_of_Manchester \"University of Manchester\") in 1947, he became a graduate student in physics at [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\")'s [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"). There he obtained his PhD with advisor [Willis Lamb](/wiki/Willis_Lamb \"Willis Lamb\") with a dissertation on measurement of the [Lamb shift](/wiki/Lamb_shift \"Lamb shift\") in singly ionized helium. From 1953 to 1954 Lipworth held a fellowship with [RCA](/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America \"Radio Corporation of America\"). He also was a consultant at the [Brookhaven National Laboratory](/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory \"Brookhaven National Laboratory\") and received research grants from the [National Science Foundation](/wiki/National_Science_Foundation \"National Science Foundation\").\n\nLipworth was elected a Fellow of the [American Physical Society](/wiki/American_Physical_Society \"American Physical Society\") and served as the chair of its Division of Electron and Atomic Physics in 1966–1967\\. He spent the academic year 1974–1975 at the [Hebrew University of Jerusalem](/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem \"Hebrew University of Jerusalem\") as a [Guggenheim Fellow](/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow \"Guggenheim Fellow\").\n\nHe married Anna Rashbaum when he was a graduate student at Columbia University. He died at age 53 in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), when he was on a leave of absence for the academic year 1976–1977\\. He was survived by his widow, a son, and a daughter.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:20th\\-century American physicists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists \"20th-century American physicists\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Manchester \"Alumni of the University of Manchester\")\n[Category:Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni](/wiki/Category:Columbia_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences_alumni \"Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni\")\n[Category:Brandeis University faculty](/wiki/Category:Brandeis_University_faculty \"Brandeis University faculty\")\n[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society \"Fellows of the American Physical Society\")\n[Category:1923 births](/wiki/Category:1923_births \"1923 births\")\n[Category:1977 deaths](/wiki/Category:1977_deaths \"1977 deaths\")\n[Category:British emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:British_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"British emigrants to the United States\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Hussain Ali Khan Barha | {
"id": [
45900177
],
"name": [
"Prakashs27"
]
} | ddlh74bza903worp7r4hium245vu6pk | 2024-07-25T17:57:17Z | 1,228,565,064 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and family",
"Biography",
"Death",
"Titles",
"Depictions",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Nawab Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha** (1666 – 8 October 1720\\), officially Itisham\\-ul\\-Mulk, was a [kingmaker](/wiki/Kingmaker \"Kingmaker\") of the later Mughal Period. Best known for ordering the death of the [Emperor Farrukhsiyar](/wiki/Farrukhsiyar \"Farrukhsiyar\") largely in attempt to halt the numerous assaination attempts that the latter had ordered against him and his brother [Abdullah Khan Barha](/wiki/Syed_Hassan_Ali_Khan_Barha \"Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha\"). Hussain Ali Khan rose as a kingmaker in early 18th century India, when he was concurrently the [governor](/wiki/Subahdar \"Subahdar\") of [Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer_Subah \"Ajmer Subah\") and [Aurangabad](/wiki/Aurangabad \"Aurangabad\") in the [Deccan](/wiki/Deccan_Plateau \"Deccan Plateau\").\n\nBoth Hussain Ali Khan and his brother, [Abdullah Khan II](/wiki/Syed_Hassan_Ali_Khan_Barha \"Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha\"), had a hand in the installation or deposition (or both installation and deposition) of several emperors to the throne at Delhi, including: [Bahadur Shah I](/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I \"Bahadur Shah I\"), [Jahandar Shah](/wiki/Jahandar_Shah \"Jahandar Shah\"), [Farrukhsiyar](/wiki/Farrukhsiyar \"Farrukhsiyar\"), [Rafi ud Darajat](/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat \"Rafi ud-Darajat\"), [Shah Jahan II](/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II \"Shah Jahan II\"), [Ibrahim](/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_%28Mughal_emperor%29 \"Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)\") and [Muhammad Shah](/wiki/Muhammad_Shah \"Muhammad Shah\"). and eventually became de facto rulers of the sub\\-continent by the early 18th century, at a time when India's economy was the largest in the world.\n\n",
"Early life and family\n---------------------\n\nBarha was the second son of the Nawab of [Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\"), [Mian Abdullah Khan I](/wiki/Syed_Mian \"Syed Mian\"). [Barha dynasty](/wiki/Barha_dynasty \"Barha dynasty\"), to which Hussain Ali Khan belonged, was of peasant origins, and his ancestors had moved at an uncertain date from their homeland in [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab \"Punjab\") to a barren region in [Muzaffarnagar district](/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_district \"Muzaffarnagar district\") of [Uttar Pradesh](/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh \"Uttar Pradesh\"). Although Barhas claimed to be descendants of [Muhammad](/wiki/Muhammad \"Muhammad\"), or [Sayyids](/wiki/Sayyids \"Sayyids\"), this claim was always dubious. Emperor [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir \"Jahangir\"), although noting that people questioned their lineage, considered their bravery as a proof of their claims. They took much pride in their Indian ancestry, and according to the American historian [Richard M. Eaton](/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton \"Richard M. Eaton\"), were \"as native to India as were [Jats](/wiki/Jats \"Jats\"), [Rajputs](/wiki/Rajputs \"Rajputs\") or [Marathas](/wiki/Maratha_Empire \"Maratha Empire\").\" By the time of Emperor [Aurangzeb](/wiki/Aurangzeb \"Aurangzeb\"), the dynasty was firmly regarded as \"Old Nobility\" and held realms of [Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\") and [Dakhin](/wiki/Deccan_Plateau \"Deccan Plateau\"). The [Sadaat\\-e\\-Bara](/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara \"Sadaat-e-Bara\") tribe, due to their reputation, acquired a hereditary right to lead the vanguard of imperial Mughal armies in every battle. The Mughal emperor [Jahangir](/wiki/Jahangir \"Jahangir\") remarked that the Sadaat\\-e\\-Bara were \"averters of calamity from this dominion\".\n[thumb\\|A cavalryman of the Saadat\\-e Barah\\|left](/wiki/File:Sayyid_from_Saadat-e_Barah.jpg \"Sayyid from Saadat-e Barah.jpg\")\nHe started his early career as a Faujdar under Aurangzeb's reign and eventually gained higher positions after backing [Bahadur Shah I](/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I \"Bahadur Shah I\") in the succession war ensuing Aurangzeb's death.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nHussain Ali Khan served as the [Commander\\-in\\-chief](/wiki/Ispahsalar \"Ispahsalar\") and [Mir Bakhshi](/wiki/Mir_Bakhshi \"Mir Bakhshi\") of the [Mughal Empire](/wiki/Mughal_Empire \"Mughal Empire\")., the Sipahsalar, and the [Amir al\\-umara](/wiki/Amir_al-umara \"Amir al-umara\") (Chief of all nobles), and personally oversaw the end of [Ajit Singh's](/wiki/Ajit_Singh_of_Marwar \"Ajit Singh of Marwar\") rebellion. He was appointed the Viceroy of the six provinces of the Deccan, after which he broke the peace agreements with the Marathas and engaged in open warfare with all the Maratha chieftains without discrimination. Intoxicated with power, with passing through the territory of Jai Singh, he pillaged the wayside villages of Jaipur and its innocent peasantry, and refused to accept presents from a high\\-ranking officer. He was inclined to use of exaggerated and insolent language, and flatterers in the camp of Hussain Ali Khan used to recite the verses, even in the Emperor's presence\n\n> \"The whole world and all creation seeks the shelter of your umbrella, \n> Kings of the world earn crowns through your emprize.\"\n\nHe is noted by [William Irvine](/wiki/William_Irvine_%28historian%29 \"William Irvine (historian)\") to have been \"Really friendly to the poor and non\\-oppressive in disposition.\" During his time as the administrator of [Aurangabad](/wiki/Aurangabad \"Aurangabad\"), Barha began a reservoir, a bridge and other works for the public.\n\n",
"Death\n-----\n\nHe was eventually assassinated by Turkish nobles also known as the Turani faction. On the pretext of presenting a petition concerning his malnourished troops, Haider Beg [Dughlat](/wiki/Dughlat \"Dughlat\") fatally stabbed Hussain Ali Khan as his attention was diverted to reading the petition. Haider Beg Dughlat was immediately killed by Hussain Ali Khan's fourteen year old nephew Sayyid Nurallah Khan (Sayyid Nur Ali) who was himself immediately killed by Mughal troops. According to the historian Khizr Khan, Hussain Ali Khan was buried in his fathers tomb at [Ajmer](/wiki/Ajmer \"Ajmer\").\n\n",
"Titles\n------\n\nUpon helping the Emperor Farrukhsiyar to the throne of Delhi, Hussain Ali Khan Barha was awarded with the position of [Mir Bakhshi](/wiki/Mir_Bakhshi \"Mir Bakhshi\") and granted the following titles and appellations: Umdat\\-ul\\-mulk, Amir\\-ul\\-Umara, Bahadur, Feroze Jung, Sipah Sardar.\n\n",
"Depictions\n----------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Sources\n\n[Category:1666 births](/wiki/Category:1666_births \"1666 births\")\n[Category:1720 deaths](/wiki/Category:1720_deaths \"1720 deaths\")\n[Category:Mughal Subahdars](/wiki/Category:Mughal_Subahdars \"Mughal Subahdars\")\n[Category:18th\\-century Mughal Empire people](/wiki/Category:18th-century_Mughal_Empire_people \"18th-century Mughal Empire people\")\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n[Category:1666 births](/wiki/Category:1666_births \"1666 births\")\n[Category:1720 deaths](/wiki/Category:1720_deaths \"1720 deaths\")\n[Category:Mughal Subahdars](/wiki/Category:Mughal_Subahdars \"Mughal Subahdars\")\n[Category:18th\\-century Mughal Empire people](/wiki/Category:18th-century_Mughal_Empire_people \"18th-century Mughal Empire people\")\n\n"
]
} |
Strange Idols | {
"id": [
36112485
],
"name": [
"Sc2353"
]
} | gep8o20b370a7aol7vryd6ygebzffef | 2023-08-01T03:10:38Z | 1,105,797,822 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Preservation",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Strange Idols*** is a 1922 American [drama film](/wiki/Drama_%28film_and_television%29 \"Drama (film and television)\") directed by [Bernard Durning](/wiki/Bernard_Durning \"Bernard Durning\") and written by [Jules Furthman](/wiki/Jules_Furthman \"Jules Furthman\"). The film stars [Dustin Farnum](/wiki/Dustin_Farnum \"Dustin Farnum\"), [Doris Pawn](/wiki/Doris_Pawn \"Doris Pawn\"), [Philo McCullough](/wiki/Philo_McCullough \"Philo McCullough\"), and [Richard Tucker](/wiki/Richard_Tucker_%28actor%29 \"Richard Tucker (actor)\"). The film was released on May 28, 1922, by [Fox Film Corporation](/wiki/Fox_Film \"Fox Film\").\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nAs described in a [film magazine](/wiki/Film_magazine \"Film magazine\"), Canadian lumberman Angus MacDonald (Farnum) falls in [love at first sight](/wiki/Love_at_first_sight \"Love at first sight\") with New York cabaret dancer Ruth Mayo (Pawn) and marries her. Following his hasty marriage, he takes his bride back to the Canadian woods where his financial interests are centered. Ruth, however, longs for New York City and, to keep the peace, they move back to the City where a child is born to them. A strike at the [lumber camp](/wiki/Lumber_camp \"Lumber camp\") takes Angus back to Canada, and during his absence Doris takes the child for a tour of Europe with her old dance partner Ted Raymond (McCullough). Six years later Angus discovers his daughter is the big attraction in the same Broadway cabaret where he met her mother. He rescues her from the midnight show and they go to a hotel where Doris meets them, and there is a reconciliation.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Dustin Farnum](/wiki/Dustin_Farnum \"Dustin Farnum\") as Angus MacDonald\n* [Doris Pawn](/wiki/Doris_Pawn \"Doris Pawn\") as Ruth Mayo\n* [Philo McCullough](/wiki/Philo_McCullough \"Philo McCullough\") as Ted Raymond\n* [Richard Tucker](/wiki/Richard_Tucker_%28actor%29 \"Richard Tucker (actor)\") as Malcolm Sinclair\n* [Vonda Phelps](/wiki/Vonda_Phelps \"Vonda Phelps\") as Daughter at 7 Years Old\n\n",
"Preservation\n------------\n\nWith no prints of *Strange Idols* located in any film archives,[American Silent Feature Film Survival Database: *Strange Idols*](http://lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.9567/default.html) it is a [lost film](/wiki/Lost_film \"Lost film\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of lost films](/wiki/List_of_lost_films \"List of lost films\")\n* [1937 Fox vault fire](/wiki/1937_Fox_vault_fire \"1937 Fox vault fire\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1922 films](/wiki/Category:1922_films \"1922 films\")\n[Category:1920s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1920s_English-language_films \"1920s English-language films\")\n[Category:Silent American drama films](/wiki/Category:Silent_American_drama_films \"Silent American drama films\")\n[Category:1922 drama films](/wiki/Category:1922_drama_films \"1922 drama films\")\n[Category:Fox Film films](/wiki/Category:Fox_Film_films \"Fox Film films\")\n[Category:Films directed by Bernard Durning](/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Bernard_Durning \"Films directed by Bernard Durning\")\n[Category:American silent feature films](/wiki/Category:American_silent_feature_films \"American silent feature films\")\n[Category:American black\\-and\\-white films](/wiki/Category:American_black-and-white_films \"American black-and-white films\")\n[Category:Lost American drama films](/wiki/Category:Lost_American_drama_films \"Lost American drama films\")\n[Category:1922 lost films](/wiki/Category:1922_lost_films \"1922 lost films\")\n[Category:English\\-language drama films](/wiki/Category:English-language_drama_films \"English-language drama films\")\n[Category:1920s American films](/wiki/Category:1920s_American_films \"1920s American films\")\n\n"
]
} |
A. Leo Levin | {
"id": [
43788164
],
"name": [
"NatFee"
]
} | h6uiyedsdbqms4i7t2dqydkuaiiidpw | 2024-05-09T01:55:30Z | 1,222,603,754 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**A. Leo Levin** (January 9, 1919 – November 24, 2015\\) was an American legal scholar who was the Leon Meltzer Professor of Law at the [University of Pennsylvania Law School](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School \"University of Pennsylvania Law School\").\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nLevin was born in New York City to Issaachar and Minerva Hilda (Shapiro) Levin, and grew up in [Trenton, New Jersey](/wiki/Trenton%2C_New_Jersey \"Trenton, New Jersey\"). His father was an [Orthodox](/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism \"Orthodox Judaism\") [rabbi](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\") and [Mizrachi](/wiki/Mizrachi_%28political_party%29 \"Mizrachi (political party)\") leader. He was Jewish. He and his wife Doris (née Feder) had two sons, Allan and Jay.[\"A Community Remembers,\"](http://digital.jewishexponent.com/issues/ACR-October-2018/offline/download.pdf) *Jewish Exponent*.\n\nLevin earned a B.A. from [Yeshiva College](/wiki/Yeshiva_University \"Yeshiva University\") in 1939, where he was the editor\\-in\\-chief of *The Commentator* and president of the Yeshiva College Student Council. He subsequently received his J.D. from the [University of Pennsylvania Law School](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School \"University of Pennsylvania Law School\") in 1942, where he was an editor of the *[University of Pennsylvania Law Review](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review \"University of Pennsylvania Law Review\")*.[The Daily Pennsylvanian. A. Leo Levin New Vice Provost \\- Pdf](https://docplayer.net/amp/31482312-The-daily-pennsylvani-an-a-leo-levin-new-vice-provost.html)\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nDuring World War II he was a [first lieutenant](/wiki/First_lieutenant \"First lieutenant\") in the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\") from 1942 to 1946 in Europe. He taught at the [University of Iowa College of Law](/wiki/University_of_Iowa_College_of_Law \"University of Iowa College of Law\") as an assistant professor from 1947 to 1949\\.[A. Leo Levin: A Fond Tribute to the Master of the Classroom 148 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1999\\-2000](https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pnlr148&div=50&id=&page=&t=1558200532) Decades later, in the 1990s, he returned there to teach.\n\nHe was the Leon Meltzer Professor of Law at the [University of Pennsylvania Law School](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School \"University of Pennsylvania Law School\"); he first joined the faculty in 1949, and became a full professor in 1953\\.[\"STATEMENT OF A. LEO LEVIN ON THE NOMINATION OF HONORABLE ANTHONY KENNEDY TO BE ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES,\"](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CHRG-KENNEDY/pdf/GPO-CHRG-KENNEDY-5-45-1.pdf) SENATE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE, HONORABLE JOSEPH BIDEN Chairman, December 16, 1987\\.[Obituaries – The Pennsylvania Gazette](http://thepenngazette.com/obituaries-20/)\n\nLevin was the Director of the [Federal Judicial Center](/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center \"Federal Judicial Center\") from 1977 to 1987\\. He served as president of the [Jewish Publication Society](/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society \"Jewish Publication Society\"), the *[Jewish Exponent](/wiki/Jewish_Exponent \"Jewish Exponent\")*, Lower Merion Synagogue in [Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Bala_Cynwyd%2C_Pennsylvania \"Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania\"), and the [Order of the Coif](/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif \"Order of the Coif\").[\"A. Leo Levin\"](https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/a-leo-levin-obituary?pid=176688453) He was also vice provost of the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\"), and a vice president of the [Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America](/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Jewish_Congregations_of_America \"Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America\"). He was a founding director of the [National Institute for Trial Advocacy](/wiki/National_Institute_for_Trial_Advocacy \"National Institute for Trial Advocacy\"), a member of the Standing Committee on Practice and Procedure, [Judicial Conference of the United States](/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States \"Judicial Conference of the United States\") (1977–78\\), a member of the [National Institute of Corrections](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Corrections \"National Institute of Corrections\"), a Fellow of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\"), an honorary trustee of [Bar\\-Ilan University](/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University \"Bar-Ilan University\"), a member of the board of directors of the [American Judicature Society](/wiki/American_Judicature_Society \"American Judicature Society\"), and served on the planning committee of the Claims Commission, which made recommendations regarding allocation of reparation monies to be paid to [Holocaust survivors](/wiki/Holocaust_survivor \"Holocaust survivor\").\n\nAmong Levin's writings are A. Leo Levin, Philip Shuchman, \\& Charles M. Yablon, *Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials*, 2d ed. (Foundation Press 2000\\), Russell R. Wheeler \\& A. Leo Levin, *Judicial Discipline and Removal in the United States* (Federal Judicial Center 1979\\), A. Leo Levin, Russell R. Wheeling \\& R. Pound, *The Pound Conference: Perspectives on Justice in the Future* (West 1979\\), A. Leo Levin, *Problems and Materials on Trial Advocacy* (Foundation Press 1968\\), and A. Leo Levin \\& M. Kramer, *New Provisions in the Ketubah: A Legal Opinion* (Yeshiva University 1955\\).\n\nLevin died at 96 years of age. The annual A. Leo Levin Award for Excellence in an Introductory Course was established in 2002 at the University of Pennsylvania Law School in his honor.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1919 births](/wiki/Category:1919_births \"1919 births\")\n[Category:American lawyers](/wiki/Category:American_lawyers \"American lawyers\")\n[Category:University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School_alumni \"University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni\")\n[Category:University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School_faculty \"University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty\")\n[Category:Yeshiva University alumni](/wiki/Category:Yeshiva_University_alumni \"Yeshiva University alumni\")\n[Category:University of Iowa College of Law faculty](/wiki/Category:University_of_Iowa_College_of_Law_faculty \"University of Iowa College of Law faculty\")\n[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\")\n[Category:United States Air Force officers](/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_officers \"United States Air Force officers\")\n[Category:Jewish American academics](/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_academics \"Jewish American academics\")\n[Category:2015 deaths](/wiki/Category:2015_deaths \"2015 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Trenton, New Jersey](/wiki/Category:People_from_Trenton%2C_New_Jersey \"People from Trenton, New Jersey\")\n[Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Air_Forces_personnel_of_World_War_II \"United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II\")\n[Category:American Orthodox Jews](/wiki/Category:American_Orthodox_Jews \"American Orthodox Jews\")\n[Category:Lawyers from New York City](/wiki/Category:Lawyers_from_New_York_City \"Lawyers from New York City\")\n[Category:New Jersey lawyers](/wiki/Category:New_Jersey_lawyers \"New Jersey lawyers\")\n[Category:Academics from New Jersey](/wiki/Category:Academics_from_New_Jersey \"Academics from New Jersey\")\n[Category:Academics from New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Academics_from_New_York_%28state%29 \"Academics from New York (state)\")\n[Category:Scholars of civil procedure law](/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_civil_procedure_law \"Scholars of civil procedure law\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American lawyers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_lawyers \"20th-century American lawyers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American Jews](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_Jews \"21st-century American Jews\")\n[Category:Military personnel from New Jersey](/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_New_Jersey \"Military personnel from New Jersey\")\n\n"
]
} |
Manuel Larrea | {
"id": [
48065156
],
"name": [
"Quote Veteran"
]
} | 2o4rgdegqxp5cd0t65k1i65p0hv3ahe | 2024-07-03T21:44:47Z | 1,177,881,323 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gustavo Manuel Larrea Llorca** (born 9 February 1980\\) is an [Uruguayan](/wiki/Uruguay \"Uruguay\") [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\") player who holds the title of [FIDE Master (FM)](/wiki/FIDE_titles \"FIDE titles\") (2006\\). He is a three\\-time [Uruguayan Chess Championship](/wiki/Uruguayan_Chess_Championship \"Uruguayan Chess Championship\") winner (2010, 2013, 2015\\) and a [Chess Olympiad](/wiki/Chess_Olympiad \"Chess Olympiad\") individual gold medal winner ([2006](/wiki/37th_Chess_Olympiad \"37th Chess Olympiad\")).\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nManuel Larrea won the Uruguayan Chess Championship three times (2010, 2013, 2015), once winning a silver medal (2014).\n\nManuel Larrea played for Uruguay in the [Chess Olympiads](/wiki/Chess_Olympiad \"Chess Olympiad\"):\n* In 2002, at the fourth board in the [35th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/35th_Chess_Olympiad \"35th Chess Olympiad\") in [Bled](/wiki/Bled \"Bled\") (\\+3, \\=3, \\-5\\),\n* In 2004, at the second reserve board in the [36th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/36th_Chess_Olympiad \"36th Chess Olympiad\") in [Calvià](/wiki/Calvi%C3%A0 \"Calvià\") (\\+1, \\=2, \\-3\\),\n* In 2006, at the third board in the [37th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/37th_Chess_Olympiad \"37th Chess Olympiad\") in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") (\\+7, \\=0, \\-1\\), winning an individual gold medal,\n* In 2008, at the second board in the [38th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/38th_Chess_Olympiad \"38th Chess Olympiad\") in [Dresden](/wiki/Dresden \"Dresden\") (\\+2, \\=2, \\-5\\),\n* In 2010, at the second board in the [39th Chess Olympiad](/wiki/39th_Chess_Olympiad \"39th Chess Olympiad\") in [Khanty\\-Mansiysk](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") (\\+2, \\=4, \\-4\\),\n* In 2014, at the first board in the [41st Chess Olympiad](/wiki/41st_Chess_Olympiad \"41st Chess Olympiad\") in [Tromsø](/wiki/Troms%C3%B8 \"Tromsø\") (\\+2, \\=1, \\-6\\),\n* In 2016, at the fourth board in the [42nd Chess Olympiad](/wiki/42nd_Chess_Olympiad \"42nd Chess Olympiad\") in [Baku](/wiki/Baku \"Baku\") (\\+3, \\=0, \\-5\\).\n\nHe also played for Uruguay in the World Junior Team Chess Championship (1998\\) and the Panamerican Team Chess Championship (2013\\).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Manuel Larrea](https://www.365chess.com/players/Manuel_Larrea) chess games at 365chess.com\n\n[Category:1980 births](/wiki/Category:1980_births \"1980 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Uruguayan chess players](/wiki/Category:Uruguayan_chess_players \"Uruguayan chess players\")\n[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors](/wiki/Category:Chess_Olympiad_competitors \"Chess Olympiad competitors\")\n[Category:Chess FIDE Masters](/wiki/Category:Chess_FIDE_Masters \"Chess FIDE Masters\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Patrice de La Tour du Pin | {
"id": [
7611264
],
"name": [
"AnomieBOT"
]
} | ew30b0rsh3cea02jcsy33f48yczskt1 | 2023-01-25T01:59:43Z | 1,135,488,974 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Works",
"External links",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Patrice de La Tour du Pin** (16 March 1911, Paris – 28 October 1975, ibid) was a French writer and poet.[Patrice de La Tour du Pin Notice](http://www.bookrags.com/biography/patrice-de-la-tour-du-pin-dlb/#gsc.tab=0)[Patrice de La Tour du Pin](https://www.babelio.com/auteur/-Patrice-de-La-Tour-du-Pin/85681) on Babelio He was the winner of the [Grand prix catholique de littérature](/wiki/Grand_prix_catholique_de_litt%C3%A9rature \"Grand prix catholique de littérature\") in 1971 for *Une Lutte pour la vie*.[Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/patrice-de-la-tour-du-pin-1501.php) on *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")*.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* \"D'un aventurier\". Poème, dans la revue *Mirages*, Tunis. 1934\\.\n* *L'Enfer*. Tunis, *Cahiers de Barbarie*, n° 7, 1ère série, 1935, 80p. Reprint with lithographs by [Elie Grekoff](/wiki/Elie_Grekoff \"Elie Grekoff\"), Paris, Éditions de Cluny, 1949\n* *Le Lucernaire*. Tunis, *Cahiers de Barbarie*, n° 13, 2ème série, 1936, 82 pp.\n* *Les Anges*. Tunis, éd. Monomotapa, 1939\\.\n* *Psaumes*, Paris, [Éditions Gallimard](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard \"Éditions Gallimard\"), 1938, \n* *La Quête de joie*, Gallimard, 1939 \\- [Prix Mallarmé](/wiki/Prix_Mallarm%C3%A9 \"Prix Mallarmé\") (which the author declined)\n* *Une somme de poésie*, Gallimard, 1946, .\n* *La Contemplation errante*, Gallimard, 1948, \n* *Le Second Jeu (Une somme de poésie, II)*, Gallimard, 1959, \n* *Petit théâtre crépusculaire (Une somme de poésie, III)*, Gallimard, 1963, \n* *Petite somme de poésie*, Gallimard, 1967, \n* *Une lutte pour la vie*, Gallimard, 1970, , [Grand prix catholique de littérature](/wiki/Grand_prix_catholique_de_litt%C3%A9rature \"Grand prix catholique de littérature\") 1971\n* *Psaumes de tous mes temps*, Gallimard, 1974, \n* *Une somme de poésie*, Gallimard, 1981:\n\t+ Tome I : *Le Jeu de l'homme en lui\\-même*, \n\t+ Tome II : *Le Jeu de l'homme devant les autres*, 1982, \n\t+ Tome III : *Le Jeu de l'homme devant Dieu*, 1983, \n\n### External links\n\n* [Société des Amis de Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://www.latourdupin.org)\n* [Article qui retrace le parcours de Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://www.agoravox.fr/culture-loisirs/culture/article/patrice-de-la-tour-du-pin-ou-la-104363)\n* [Patrice de La Tour du Pin](https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Livres-Idees/Livres/Patrice-de-La-Tour-du-Pin-_NG_-2011-03-30-585859) on *[La Croix](/wiki/La_Croix_%28newspaper%29 \"La Croix (newspaper)\")*\n* [Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://www.gallimard.fr/Contributeurs/Patrice-de-La-Tour-du-Pin) on [Éditions Gallimard](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard \"Éditions Gallimard\")\n",
"### External links\n\n* [Société des Amis de Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://www.latourdupin.org)\n* [Article qui retrace le parcours de Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://www.agoravox.fr/culture-loisirs/culture/article/patrice-de-la-tour-du-pin-ou-la-104363)\n* [Patrice de La Tour du Pin](https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Livres-Idees/Livres/Patrice-de-La-Tour-du-Pin-_NG_-2011-03-30-585859) on *[La Croix](/wiki/La_Croix_%28newspaper%29 \"La Croix (newspaper)\")*\n* [Patrice de La Tour du Pin](http://www.gallimard.fr/Contributeurs/Patrice-de-La-Tour-du-Pin) on [Éditions Gallimard](/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard \"Éditions Gallimard\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1911 births](/wiki/Category:1911_births \"1911 births\")\n[Category:Writers from Paris](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Paris \"Writers from Paris\")\n[Category:1975 deaths](/wiki/Category:1975_deaths \"1975 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_writers \"20th-century French writers\")\n[Category:French Roman Catholic writers](/wiki/Category:French_Roman_Catholic_writers \"French Roman Catholic writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French poets](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_poets \"20th-century French poets\")\n[Category:Liturgists](/wiki/Category:Liturgists \"Liturgists\")\n[Category:Lycée Janson\\-de\\-Sailly alumni](/wiki/Category:Lyc%C3%A9e_Janson-de-Sailly_alumni \"Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni\")\n[Category:Sciences Po alumni](/wiki/Category:Sciences_Po_alumni \"Sciences Po alumni\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Vila Cordeiro (São Paulo Metro) | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2804:14D:3282:5D7B:49BB:4C53:40DF:560B"
]
} | pjdfd4hvp8d4zuva79ymid69yt1gmw7 | 2024-07-21T18:00:59Z | 1,216,898,313 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Toponymy",
"Station layout",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Vila Cordeiro** will be a monorail station of [Line 17\\-Gold](/wiki/Line_17_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)\") of [ViaMobilidade](/wiki/ViaMobilidade \"ViaMobilidade\"), which is currently under construction, and will connect [Line 9\\-Emerald](/wiki/Line_9_%28CPTM%29 \"Line 9 (CPTM)\") to [Congonhas Airport](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Congonhas_Airport \"São Paulo–Congonhas Airport\").\n\nVila Cordeiro station will be placed in the crossing of Avenida Jornalista Roberto Marinho with Rua Godói Colaço.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nInitially, in the São Paulo Metro expansion plans, [Line 17\\-Gold](/wiki/Line_17_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)\") should be open until 2014, connecting with [São Paulo–Morumbi](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Morumbi_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"São Paulo–Morumbi (São Paulo Metro)\") station of [Line 4\\-Yellow](/wiki/Line_4_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Line 4 (São Paulo Metro)\"), at the time that [Morumbi Stadium](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Morumbi \"Estádio do Morumbi\") was considered one of the hosts for [2014 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup \"2014 FIFA World Cup\").\n\nAfter that, the promise of opening of the line was delayed to 2016, end of 2017, 2018, December 2020, mid of 2021, and, currently, to 2nd semester of 2022\\.\n\n",
"Toponymy\n--------\n\nThe station received the name of Vila Cordeiro after the local neighbourhood, the name of which comes from Cordeiro Stream.\n\n",
"Station layout\n--------------\n\n|**P \nPlatform level**\n\n|**Westbound**\n\n← [16px\\|link\\=Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)](/wiki/File:L17_C.png \"L17 C.png\") toward [Morumbi](/wiki/Morumbi_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Morumbi (São Paulo Metro)\")\n\n|[Island platform](/wiki/Island_platform \"Island platform\"), doors open on the left\n\n|**Eastbound**\n\n[16px\\|link\\=Line 17 (São Paulo Metro)](/wiki/File:L17_C.png \"L17 C.png\") toward [Aeroporto de Congonhas](/wiki/Aeroporto_de_Congonhas_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Aeroporto de Congonhas (São Paulo Metro)\")/[Washington Luis](/wiki/Washington_Luiz_%28S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro%29 \"Washington Luiz (São Paulo Metro)\") →\n\n|**M**\n\nMezzanine\n\nFare control, ticket office, customer service, Bilhete Único/TOP recharge machines\n\n|**G**\n\nStreet level\n\nExit/entrance\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:São Paulo Metro stations](/wiki/Category:S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro_stations \"São Paulo Metro stations\")\n[Category:Proposed railway stations in Brazil](/wiki/Category:Proposed_railway_stations_in_Brazil \"Proposed railway stations in Brazil\")\n[Category:Railway stations scheduled to open in 2026](/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_scheduled_to_open_in_2026 \"Railway stations scheduled to open in 2026\")\n\n"
]
} |
Gira (bicycle rental) | {
"id": [
27199084
],
"name": [
"Entranced98"
]
} | hghr7ax6nijzi71v2eowty8vgg8d0i9 | 2024-07-23T18:01:05Z | 1,044,557,779 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|A Gira docking station.](/wiki/File:Lisbon_%2845923876392%29.jpg \"Lisbon (45923876392).jpg\")\n**Gira** is a bike rental scheme in [Lisbon](/wiki/Lisbon \"Lisbon\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), which rents bikes to residents and tourists. Bikes with pedal\\-assist motors ([e\\-bikes](/wiki/Electric_bicycle \"Electric bicycle\")) are available in the scheme, which costs €2 a day for tourists and €15 a month or €25 a year for residents. Bikes must be docked at stations around the city, and are free for the first 45 minutes and €2 for each 45 minutes after that. The city hopes that there will be stations in all parishes of the city by 2020 when Lisbon is the European Green Capital.\n\nThe bikes can be unlocked with an app, although in 2018 there were reports that the app frequently crashed. It has also been reported that there are not enough e\\-bikes available. As of December 2020, there are 600 conventional and e\\-bikes in operation, with a further 700 e\\-bikes to be added in the first quarter of 2021\\. The number of docking stations will also rise from 84 to 164 by summer 2021\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Community bicycle programs](/wiki/Category:Community_bicycle_programs \"Community bicycle programs\")\n[Category:Cycling in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Cycling_in_Portugal \"Cycling in Portugal\")\n[Category:Transport in Lisbon](/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Lisbon \"Transport in Lisbon\")\n[Category:Tourism in Lisbon](/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Lisbon \"Tourism in Lisbon\")\n[Category:Bicycle sharing in Portugal](/wiki/Category:Bicycle_sharing_in_Portugal \"Bicycle sharing in Portugal\")\n\n"
]
} |
Paul A. Worlock | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | n4ic05sp2nb51r2vj8hmak73vzpb978 | 2024-08-24T11:13:09Z | 1,127,515,759 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Paul A. Worlock** (September 21, 1931 – April 9, 2017\\) was an American politician who served in the [New York State Assembly](/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly \"New York State Assembly\") from [Oneida](/wiki/Oneida_County%2C_New_York \"Oneida County, New York\")'s 1st district from 1961 to 1965\\.\n\nHe died on April 9, 2017, in [Rome, New York](/wiki/Rome%2C_New_York \"Rome, New York\") at age 85\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1931 births](/wiki/Category:1931_births \"1931 births\")\n[Category:2017 deaths](/wiki/Category:2017_deaths \"2017 deaths\")\n[Category:Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly](/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly \"Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Stonewall (opera) | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | r30nkct1h5ux50zx6qmagdt4x0jeeql | 2024-09-23T01:17:29Z | 1,246,061,786 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"NYCO Pride Initiatives",
"Origins",
"Characters",
"Music",
"Plot",
"See also",
"Notes and references",
"Notes",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.4\\|Scene from a 2022 production in Mexico City](/wiki/File:MX_APD_ENSAYO_%C3%93PERA_STONEWELL_-_52115378236.jpg \"MX APD ENSAYO ÓPERA STONEWELL - 52115378236.jpg\")\n***Stonewall*** is an American [opera](/wiki/Opera \"Opera\") about the 1969 [Stonewall riots](/wiki/Stonewall_riots \"Stonewall riots\"), the spark of the modern [LGBTQ rights movement](/wiki/LGBT_movement \"LGBT movement\"), which received its world premiere June 2019 in conjunction with [Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019](/wiki/Stonewall_50_%E2%80%93_WorldPride_NYC_2019 \"Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019\"), projected to be the world's largest [LGBTQ](/wiki/LGBTQ \"LGBTQ\") event. *Stonewall* was commissioned by [New York City Opera](/wiki/New_York_City_Opera \"New York City Opera\") (NYCO), and features music by [Iain Bell](/wiki/Iain_Bell \"Iain Bell\"), [libretto](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") by [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize \"Pulitzer Prize\")\\-winning [Mark Campbell](/wiki/Mark_Campbell_%28librettist%29 \"Mark Campbell (librettist)\"), and direction by [Leonard Foglia](/wiki/Leonard_Foglia \"Leonard Foglia\"). The production is a 2019 Pride Initiative of the NYCO, an annual production of an LGBT\\-focused work each June in commemoration of [Gay Pride](/wiki/Gay_pride \"Gay pride\") Month. The opera premiered in June 2019 at the [Rose Theater](/wiki/Frederick_P._Rose \"Frederick P. Rose\") at [Jazz at Lincoln Center](/wiki/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center \"Jazz at Lincoln Center\"). The opera was produced to honor both the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, and the 75th anniversary of the NYCO. *Stonewall* is the first opera to feature a [transgender](/wiki/Transgender \"Transgender\") character written for an [openly](/wiki/Coming_out \"Coming out\") transgender singer, [mezzo\\-soprano](/wiki/Mezzo-soprano \"Mezzo-soprano\") [Liz Bouk](/wiki/Liz_Bouk \"Liz Bouk\").\n\n",
"NYCO Pride Initiatives\n----------------------\n\nPrevious NYCO Pride Initiative productions have been 2018's American composer [Charles Wuorinen](/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen \"Charles Wuorinen\")'s *[Brokeback Mountain](/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain_%28opera%29 \"Brokeback Mountain (opera)\")* based on [Annie Proulx](/wiki/Annie_Proulx \"Annie Proulx\")'s 1997 short story \"[Brokeback Mountain](/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain_%28short_story%29 \"Brokeback Mountain (short story)\")\", and 2017's [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarians \"Hungarians\") composer [Péter Eötvös](/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s \"Péter Eötvös\")'s *Angels in America*, an adaptation of [Tony Kushner](/wiki/Tony_Kushner \"Tony Kushner\")'s [play](/wiki/Angels_in_America \"Angels in America\"). Although NYCO has been active since 1943, it was revived in 2016 after a 2013 bankruptcy after which the Pride Initiative started. *Stonewall* is the first commissioned work of the revived NYCO. NYCO has faced fundraising challenges because of the bankruptcy but is hoping *Stonewall* will help revive finances.\n\n",
"Origins\n-------\n\nThe Stonewall Riots a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by the [LGBT community](/wiki/LGBT_community \"LGBT community\") against yet another [police raid](/wiki/Police_raid \"Police raid\") that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the [Stonewall Inn](/wiki/Stonewall_Inn \"Stonewall Inn\") in [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\"), is widely considered to constitute the most important event leading to the [gay liberation movement](/wiki/Gay_liberation \"Gay liberation\") and [the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.](/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States \"LGBT rights in the United States\")\n\n[Gay Americans in the 1950s and 1960s](/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States \"History of gay men in the United States\") faced an [anti\\-gay](/wiki/Anti-gay \"Anti-gay\") legal system. The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social/political movements were active, including the [civil rights movement](/wiki/Civil_rights_movement \"Civil rights movement\"), the [counterculture of the 1960s](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s \"Counterculture of the 1960s\"), and the [anti–Vietnam War movement](/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War \"Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War\"). These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots.\n\nThe NYCO relaunched from bankruptcy in January 2016 and had to cut the schedule from sixteen performances of four operas in 2017–18 to just *Stonewall* this season, plus several works in smaller venues. *Stonewall* was commissioned by the NYCO and its General Director [Michael Capasso](/wiki/Michael_Capasso \"Michael Capasso\") who matched up [composer](/wiki/Composer \"Composer\") [Iain Bell](/wiki/Iain_Bell \"Iain Bell\"), and [librettist](/wiki/Libretto \"Libretto\") Mark Campbell. They only had nine months to complete the project as although it had been shortlisted, the coincidence of the two event anniversaries coinciding had not been realized. When asked what they hoped audiences would remember from the experience they agreed, when diverse people band together they can end [oppression](/wiki/Oppression \"Oppression\").\n\nCampbell was honored to do the work, even if at a very fast pace – a few weeks for the first draft, being [gay](/wiki/Gay \"Gay\") and having been to the [Stonewall Inn](/wiki/Stonewall_Inn \"Stonewall Inn\") regularly. Bell worked on the score after finishing *Jack the Ripper: The Women of Whitechapel*, he describes *Stonewall* as being a joy with such a diverse cast of characters to score.\n\n",
"Characters\n----------\n\nCampbell based the characters on “the diverse people I’ve had the privilege to know and love as a gay man who has lived in downtown New York for several decades”, from his imagination rather than composites. He attempted to demonstrate how they were harassed in their daily lives and ultimately united “with humor, rage, and finally hope to rise up against the police”.\n\nThe characters and singers who portrayed them include:\n\n* Maggie (portrayed by Lisa Chavez), a [butch](/wiki/Butch_and_femme \"Butch and femme\") [lesbian](/wiki/Lesbian \"Lesbian\") dealing with [police brutality](/wiki/Police_brutality \"Police brutality\"),\n* Carlos (Brian James Myer), a gay [Dominican\\-American](/wiki/Dominican_Americans \"Dominican Americans\") English teacher who loses his job,\n* Renata (Jordan Weatherston Pitts), aka Maynard, an [African\\-American](/wiki/African_Americans \"African Americans\") [drag queen](/wiki/Drag_queen \"Drag queen\"),\n* Valerie (Rocky Eugenio Sellers), Renata's sister, another transvestite,\n* Larry (Marc Heller), an [NYPD](/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department \"New York City Police Department\") deputy inspector,\n* Sarah ([Lucas Bouk](/wiki/Lucas_Bouk \"Lucas Bouk\")), a [trans woman](/wiki/Trans_woman \"Trans woman\") [hippie](/wiki/Hippie \"Hippie\") celebrating the first anniversary of her [transitioning](/wiki/Transitioning_%28transgender%29 \"Transitioning (transgender)\"),\n* Edward (Justin Ryan), a [closeted](/wiki/Closeted \"Closeted\") financial adviser,\n* Andy (Andrew Bidlack), a white teen kicked out of his home, who [lives on the streets](/wiki/Homelessness_among_LGBT_youth_in_the_United_States \"Homelessness among LGBT youth in the United States\"),\n* Leah (Jessica Fishenfeld), a [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood \"Jewish peoplehood\") lesbian,\n* Sal, a [Mafia](/wiki/American_Mafia \"American Mafia\") – controlled club manager – Michael Corvino\n* Troy, a straight [gogo](/wiki/Go-go_dancing \"Go-go dancing\") boy who is a [gay\\-for\\-pay](/wiki/Gay-for-pay \"Gay-for-pay\") [hustler](/wiki/Male_prostitution \"Male prostitution\") and uses drugs – Joseph Beutel\n* Police officers:\n\t+ Cahn: Peter Kendall Clark\n\t+ Giordano: John Allen Nelson\n\t+ Andrews: Andrew Wannigman\n\t+ Romano: Michael Kuhn\n\t+ Economides: Julia Snowden\n\t+ Williams: Kristin Renee Young\n\t+ Hennessey: Michael Boley\n\nAdditional cast members included Michael Corvino, and [Jessica Fishenfeld](/wiki/Jessica_Fishenfeld \"Jessica Fishenfeld\"); [Carolyn Kuan](/wiki/Carolyn_Kuan \"Carolyn Kuan\") conducted. Richard Stafford was the [choreographer](/wiki/Choreography \"Choreography\").\n\n",
"Music\n-----\n\n[Iain Bell](/wiki/Iain_Bell \"Iain Bell\") said about writing the music, “it was a joy to be able to wink to various elements of 1960s music\\-making throughout, so riffs are explored and [harmonic progressions](/wiki/Chord_progression \"Chord progression\") are occasionally more reminiscent of those of popular music of the time”. He wrote two [jukebox](/wiki/Jukebox \"Jukebox\") songs, recorded with iconic girl group legend [Darlene Love](/wiki/Darlene_Love \"Darlene Love\"), with lyrics by Campbell opening Part II. “A jukebox features \"Today's The Day,\" about a wedding, and \"Better Days Ahead,\" a sad song in the style of [Shirley Bassey](/wiki/Shirley_Bassey \"Shirley Bassey\").”\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nOver 75 minutes the story takes place in three parts, all in New York City; first part in many locations, then at the Stonewall Inn, both inside and out, and then ultimately on [Christopher Street](/wiki/Christopher_Street \"Christopher Street\") before dawn.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Conversion therapy](/wiki/Conversion_therapy \"Conversion therapy\")\n* [Intersectionality](/wiki/Intersectionality \"Intersectionality\")\n* [LGBT culture](/wiki/LGBT_culture \"LGBT culture\")\n",
"Notes and references\n--------------------\n\n### Notes\n\n### References\n\n### Sources\n\n",
"### Notes\n\n",
"### References\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [\"*Stonewall*\"](https://nycopera.com/shows/stonewall/), New York City Opera\n\n[Category:2019 operas](/wiki/Category:2019_operas \"2019 operas\")\n[Category:LGBTQ\\-related operas](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ-related_operas \"LGBTQ-related operas\")\n[Category:Operas](/wiki/Category:Operas \"Operas\")\n[Category:Operas about politicians](/wiki/Category:Operas_about_politicians \"Operas about politicians\")\n[Category:Operas set in the 20th century](/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_the_20th_century \"Operas set in the 20th century\")\n[Category:Operas set in the United States](/wiki/Category:Operas_set_in_the_United_States \"Operas set in the United States\")\n[Category:Political operas](/wiki/Category:Political_operas \"Political operas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Takahiro Ueda | {
"id": [
37195583
],
"name": [
"Old Man Consequences"
]
} | i4l0ma7rat4244ymyws5owgckr3m1n2 | 2024-09-13T10:59:39Z | 1,245,464,794 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n is a Japanese novelist. He won the 2019 [Akutagawa Prize](/wiki/Akutagawa_Prize \"Akutagawa Prize\") for his science\\-fiction novel *Nimuroddo* (*Nimrod*), which \"depicts relations between the advancement of science and humanism with a focus on cryptocurrency\". He also won the 2015 [Mishima Prize](/wiki/Mishima_Prize \"Mishima Prize\") for *My One True Love*.\n\nIn 2016, he was named by [Granta magazine](/wiki/Granta_magazine \"Granta magazine\") as one of the best young Japanese novelists.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Japanese novelists](/wiki/Category:Japanese_novelists \"Japanese novelists\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Wyndham Evanson | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | 5n8akehywu83qoft4n1rommyyy3xdj2 | 2023-10-02T02:27:25Z | 1,053,435,475 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Wyndham Alleyn Daubeny Evanson** (1851 in Llansoy, Monmouthshire – 30 October 1934\\) was an [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\") international [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") footballer. He was the brother of [Arthur Evanson](/wiki/Arthur_Evanson \"Arthur Evanson\"), another [England Rugby International](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\").\n\n",
"Life\n----\n\nEvanson was educated at [St John's School, Leatherhead](/wiki/St_John%27s_School%2C_Leatherhead \"St John's School, Leatherhead\") and made his England debut in 1875 against [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team \"Scotland national rugby union team\").The Quest Goes On, Being a Short History of the First Hundred Years of St John's School, Leatherhead, 1851–1951, by E.M.P. Williams, Leatherhead, 1951, p.50 In total he played 5 times for England.\n\nEvanson was also a fast runner and combined this with rowing, his crew winning the [Grand Challenge Cup](/wiki/Grand_Challenge_Cup \"Grand Challenge Cup\") at Henley in 1881\\.The Quest Goes On, Being a Short History of the First Hundred Years of St John's School, Leatherhead, 1851–1951, by E.M.P. Williams, Leatherhead, 1951, p.11 He was still a scratch golfer aged 61\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1851 births](/wiki/Category:1851_births \"1851 births\")\n[Category:1934 deaths](/wiki/Category:1934_deaths \"1934 deaths\")\n[Category:England international rugby union players](/wiki/Category:England_international_rugby_union_players \"England international rugby union players\")\n[Category:People educated at St John's School, Leatherhead](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_St_John%27s_School%2C_Leatherhead \"People educated at St John's School, Leatherhead\")\n[Category:Rugby union players from Monmouthshire](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_players_from_Monmouthshire \"Rugby union players from Monmouthshire\")\n[Category:Welsh rugby union players](/wiki/Category:Welsh_rugby_union_players \"Welsh rugby union players\")\n[Category:Rugby union halfbacks](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_halfbacks \"Rugby union halfbacks\")\n\n"
]
} |
Dezső Bordán | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | rzpgpp1bwl9bfm81fk9ch0h43e13e0o | 2023-05-24T08:37:41Z | 958,107,490 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Dezső Bordán** (born 26 June 1943\\) is a Hungarian [gymnast](/wiki/Gymnastics \"Gymnastics\"). He competed in [eight events](/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics \"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics\") at the [1968 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics \"1968 Summer Olympics\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1943 births](/wiki/Category:1943_births \"1943 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Hungarian male artistic gymnasts](/wiki/Category:Hungarian_male_artistic_gymnasts \"Hungarian male artistic gymnasts\")\n[Category:Olympic gymnasts for Hungary](/wiki/Category:Olympic_gymnasts_for_Hungary \"Olympic gymnasts for Hungary\")\n[Category:Gymnasts at the 1968 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Gymnasts_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics \"Gymnasts at the 1968 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Eger](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Eger \"Sportspeople from Eger\")\n\n"
]
} |
395th Rifle Division | {
"id": [
4071608
],
"name": [
"WereSpielChequers"
]
} | 3fkanlc9l0t7jc1xm3u4e7qk37ltr0i | 2023-10-01T17:25:06Z | 1,172,386,590 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Voroshilovgrad Militia Division",
"Formation",
"Battle of Rostov",
"Battle of the Caucasus",
"Into Ukraine",
"Into Germany",
"Berlin Strategic Offensive",
"Postwar",
"References",
"Citations",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **395th Rifle Division** was converted from a militia division to a regular infantry division of the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\") in October 1941\\. From 1941\\-45, it fought against the German invasion, [Operation Barbarossa](/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa \"Operation Barbarossa\"). As a militia unit it was under command of the [Kharkov Military District](/wiki/Kharkov_Military_District \"Kharkov Military District\") and designated as the [Voroshilovgrad](/wiki/Luhansk \"Luhansk\") Militia Division, although it was unofficially known as the 395th before it was converted. It took part in the fighting near [Rostov\\-on\\-Don](/wiki/Rostov-on-Don \"Rostov-on-Don\") during the winter of 1941–42 in the [18th Army](/wiki/18th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"18th Army (Soviet Union)\"), and retreated with that Army into the northern Caucasus mountains in the face of the German summer offensive, fighting under the command of the 18th and [12th Armies](/wiki/12th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"12th Army (Soviet Union)\"), then in the [56th Army](/wiki/56th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"56th Army (Soviet Union)\") in October. As the Axis forces retreated from the Caucasus in early 1943 it was sent to the [46th](/wiki/46th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"46th Army (Soviet Union)\") and later to the [37th Army](/wiki/37th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"37th Army (Soviet Union)\") of [North Caucasus Front](/wiki/North_Caucasus_Front \"North Caucasus Front\"). During the battles that cleared the German forces from the [Taman peninsula](/wiki/Taman_peninsula \"Taman peninsula\") from August to October the 395th was back in 56th Army and was awarded a battle honor for its part in the campaign. By the end of 1943 it had returned to 18th Army, now under [1st Ukrainian Front](/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front \"1st Ukrainian Front\") near Kyiv. In January 1944 the division was decorated with both the [Order of the Red Banner](/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner \"Order of the Red Banner\") and the [Order of Suvorov](/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov \"Order of Suvorov\"). With its Front it advanced through western Ukraine, Poland and eastern Germany, finally taking part in the Lower Silesian, Berlin, and Prague offensives in early 1945 as part of [13th Army](/wiki/13th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"13th Army (Soviet Union)\").\n\n",
"Voroshilovgrad Militia Division\n-------------------------------\n\nThis unit formed in July 1941 in the Voroshilovgrad oblast from volunteer workers' battalions. The city and its surrounding areas mobilized 148,000 men into the militia in July \\- August, forming three divisions, 30 regiments and 59 separate battalions. Most of this manpower went into the Red Army as individual replacements but by the end of August one division was transferred to Kharkov Military District control, where it was unofficially redesignated as the 395th Rifle Division as early as 1 September.Charles C. Sharp, *\"Red Volunteers\", Soviet Militia Units, Rifle and Ski Brigades 1941 \\- 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. XI*, Nafziger, 1996, pp. 119\\-20\n\n",
"Formation\n---------\n\nThe 395th was officially converted from the Voroshilovgrad Division on 6 October in the Kharkov District.Walter S. Dunn, Jr., *Stalin's Keys to Victory*, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2006, p. 78 Its order of battle, based on the first wartime *shtat* ([table of organization and equipment](/wiki/Table_of_organization_and_equipment \"Table of organization and equipment\")) for rifle divisions, was as follows:\n* 714th Rifle Regiment\n* 723rd Rifle Regiment\n* 726th Rifle Regiment\n* 968th Artillery Regiment\n* 692nd Antiaircraft BattalionSharp, *\"Red Tide\", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From June to December 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. IX*, Nafziger, 1996, p. 109\\. *Perechen* No. 5 lists the 451st Antiaircraft Battery preceding the 692nd Battalion.\n* 29th Antitank Battalion (from 15 January 1942\\)\n* 576th Mortar Battalion (until 5 November 1942\\)\n* 467th Reconnaissance Company\n* 686th Sapper Battalion\n* 856th Signal Battalion (later 1441st Signal Company)\n* 490th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n* 483rd Chemical Protection (Anti\\-gas) Company\n* 306th Motor Transport Company\n* 259th Field Bakery\n* 829th Divisional Veterinary Hospital\n* 1416th Field Postal Station\n* 763rd Field Office of the State Bank\nThe division's first official commander, Col. [Anatoly Petrakovsky](/wiki/Anatoly_Petrakovsky \"Anatoly Petrakovsky\"), was not appointed until 1 April 1942\\. By 11 October 1941, the second formation of the 18th Army had been destroyed in the [Battle of the Sea of Azov](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov \"Battle of the Sea of Azov\"). The 395th became part of its third formation, moving into [Southern Front](/wiki/Southern_Front_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"Southern Front (Soviet Union)\") by 18 October.Sharp, *\"Red Tide\"*, p. 109\n\n### Battle of Rostov\n\nIn the subsequent Battle of Rostov both the Soviet and German forces moved simultaneously on 17 November. The right\\-flank divisions of 18th Army covered against a German drive on Voroshilovgrad while those on the left flank, including the 395th, failed to gain any success; the remainder of the battle would primarily involve the [9th](/wiki/9th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"9th Army (Soviet Union)\"), 37th and 56th Armies on the Soviet side.John Erickson, *The Road to Stalingrad*, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, UK, 1983, pp. 264\\-66 Following the German retreat to the [Mius River](/wiki/Mius-Front \"Mius-Front\") the division moved up to that line with its Army and remained there through the winter and spring.\n\n",
"### Battle of Rostov\n\nIn the subsequent Battle of Rostov both the Soviet and German forces moved simultaneously on 17 November. The right\\-flank divisions of 18th Army covered against a German drive on Voroshilovgrad while those on the left flank, including the 395th, failed to gain any success; the remainder of the battle would primarily involve the [9th](/wiki/9th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"9th Army (Soviet Union)\"), 37th and 56th Armies on the Soviet side.John Erickson, *The Road to Stalingrad*, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, UK, 1983, pp. 264\\-66 Following the German retreat to the [Mius River](/wiki/Mius-Front \"Mius-Front\") the division moved up to that line with its Army and remained there through the winter and spring.\n\n",
"Battle of the Caucasus\n----------------------\n\nWhen the German summer offensive began in late June, the division was still in 18th Army of Southern Front. The attack on the southern sector began on 7 July, and the 395th was in the northern half of its Front's sector, in the first echelon along the east bank of the Mius, alongside the [383rd](/wiki/383rd_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"383rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\") and [353rd Rifle Divisions](/wiki/353rd_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"353rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\"), with only one division and the 64th Tank Brigade in reserve. The weight of the attack by German [Army Group A](/wiki/Army_Group_A \"Army Group A\") soon forced Southern Front into a precarious retreat. On 21 July Colonel Petrakovskii was promoted to the rank of major general. The next day the [LVII Panzer Corps](/wiki/LVII_Panzer_Corps \"LVII Panzer Corps\") encircled Rostov's outer defenses. By this time 18th Army had withdrawn most of its forces out of the city and across the [Don River](/wiki/Don_River_%28Russia%29 \"Don River (Russia)\"), leaving just two regiments of the 395th in Rostov despite orders from the Front to defend it beside the 56th Army. The panzer troops were poorly equipped to secure the heavily fortified city, which did not fall until 27 July, by which time most of the personnel of the two regiments had managed to escape southwards.David M. Glantz, *To the Gates of Stalingrad*, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, pp. 112, 177, 202\\-03, 539\n\nWhile the battle for Rostov raged, Army Group A began advancing into the Caucasus region on 25 July. At this time 18th Army was defending a 50 km sector from the [Kagalnik](/wiki/Kagalnik_River \"Kagalnik River\") at the mouth of the Don eastward to Kiziterinka, 20 km southeast of Rostov. By 1 August the division and its Army had come under the command of the North Caucasus Front.Glantz, *To the Gates of Stalingrad*, pp. 401, 414 Later that month it was briefly reassigned to 12th Army, but when that Army was disbanded it returned to the control of 18th Army, which was now part of the Black Sea Group of Forces under [Transcaucasus Front](/wiki/Transcaucasus_Front \"Transcaucasus Front\").[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1942.pdf), pp. 173, 196 On 4 September General Petrakovskii handed his command over to Col. Sabir Umar\\-Ogly Rakhimov, who had previously been the deputy commander of the 353rd Division.\n\nThe German [17th Army](/wiki/17th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"17th Army (Wehrmacht)\") launched its Operation *Attika* on 23 September with the objective of reaching [Tuapse](/wiki/Tuapse \"Tuapse\") on the Black Sea coast and encircling most of 18th Army in the process. At this time the 395th was on the far left (north) flank of its Army in the area of Fanagoriiskoe, protected by defenses that had been built in depth over the preceding weeks. The LVII Panzer Corps assaulted the division's forward defenses with its [198th Infantry Division](/wiki/198th_Infantry_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\"), supported by tanks of the [Slovak Motorized Division](/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group \"Slovak Expeditionary Army Group\"), on 23 and 24 September, but made only limited gains. The attack was expanded on the 25th, committing more of the Slovak Division and also hitting the positions of the [30th Rifle Division](/wiki/30th_Rifle_Division \"30th Rifle Division\"), but the result was similar. Despite these defensive successes, on 2 October *Stavka* ordered two regiments of the [408th Rifle Division](/wiki/408th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"408th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\") into the sector as reinforcements.Glantz, *Armageddon in Stalingrad*, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2009, pp. 561, 564\\-65, 568\n\nAfter regrouping and rest, the German 17th Army resumed its offensive on 14 October. The [125th Infantry Division](/wiki/125th_Infantry_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"125th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\") had been shifted to the 198th's sector and advanced southwest from the region east of Fanagoriiskoe. According to German sources this assault \"completely wiped out\" the 714th and 726th Regiments. On the 17th the 198th Infantry penetrated southward about 8 km; on the same day the new commander of the Black Sea Group, Maj. Gen. I. E. Petrov, visited the retreating troops of 18th Army and after learning of defective communications and tactics relieved Maj. Gen. F. V. Kamkov of his command. The German advance resumed on 19 October and the 395th lost Mount Kochkanova to the 198th Infantry. By this time the division, along with the [32nd Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/32nd_Guards_Rifle_Division \"32nd Guards Rifle Division\"), was in danger of being encircled and was ordered to withdraw the next day. As of 1 November it had been reassigned to the 56th Army.Glantz, *Armageddon in Stalingrad*, pp. 569\\-72, 606\n\n",
"Into Ukraine\n------------\n\nDuring December the 395th was largely rebuilt with assets of the [11th NKVD Rifle Division](/wiki/11th_NKVD_Rifle_Division \"11th NKVD Rifle Division\"),Glantz, *Operation Don's Main Attack*, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2018, p. 26 which was removed from Red Army control in the same month.Sharp, *\"Red Death\", Soviet Mountain, Naval, NKVD, and Allied Divisions and Brigades 1941 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. VII*, Nafziger, 1995, p. 79 As the Axis forces retreated from the Caucasus in January 1943 the division was sent to the 46th Army and then in March to the 37th Army, now in North Caucasus Front. On 19 March Colonel Rakhimov was promoted to the rank of major general and on 9 April he handed his command to Maj. Gen. Adam Petrovich Turchinskii. During the final battles against the German forces in the Taman peninsula from August to October the division was under command of the [22nd Rifle Corps](/wiki/22nd_Rifle_Corps \"22nd Rifle Corps\") of the 56th Army and in September was awarded the battle honor \"Taman\" for its efforts.Sharp, *\"Red Tide\"*, p. 109 On 18 October General Turchinskii was moved to command of the 2nd Guards Rifle Division, and was replaced by Col. Aleksandr Vasilevich Vorozhishchev.\n\nBy the start of November the 395th, still in 22nd Corps, had returned to 18th Army, which was moved north to the Kiev area to join the 1st Ukrainian Front.[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1943.pdf), pp. 283, 306 The division would remain under this Front for the duration of the war. Beginning on 5 December the German [XXXXVIII Panzer Corps](/wiki/XXXXVIII_Panzer_Corps \"XXXXVIII Panzer Corps\") launched a counteroffensive against the Front's forces advancing west of Kiev, retaking [Zhitomir](/wiki/Zhitomir \"Zhitomir\") and threatening to encircle the [60th Army](/wiki/60th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"60th Army (Soviet Union)\"). The 18th and [1st Tank Armies](/wiki/1st_Tank_Army \"1st Tank Army\") moved to the area as fast as conditions allowed and forced the panzers over to the defensive on 21 December before going over to the attack themselves three days later.Earl F. Ziemke, *Stalingrad to Berlin*, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, DC, 1968, pp. 189, 218\\-19 The division distinguished itself in this fighting; on 1 January 1944 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and on 6 January it was further awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree.\n\nIn preparation for the Proskurov\\-Chernovtsy Operation in early March, 1st Ukrainian Front carried out a significant regrouping during which the 395th was reassigned to the [107th Rifle Corps](/wiki/107th_Rifle_Corps \"107th Rifle Corps\") of [1st Guards Army](/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)\"). In April it was moved again, now to the [18th Guards Rifle Corps](/wiki/18th_Guards_Rifle_Corps \"18th Guards Rifle Corps\") of [38th Army](/wiki/38th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"38th Army (Soviet Union)\"). On 3 June Colonel Vorozhishchev was promoted to major general. In August the division was withdrawn to the Front reserves in [74th Rifle Corps](/wiki/74th_Rifle_Corps \"74th Rifle Corps\").[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1944.pdf), pp. 103, 134, 259 General Vorozhishchev handed his command to Col. Ivan Afanasevich Fomin on 2 September. On 5 September the 395th was assigned, with 74th Corps, to 13th Army, and it spent the rest of the war in that Army.Sharp, *\"Red Tide\"*, p. 109\n\n",
"Into Germany\n------------\n\nColonel Fomin was replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Pavel Fedoseevich Ilinykh on 2 October, who was in turn replaced by Col. Fyodor Aleksandrovich Afanasev on the first day of the new year. At this time the 395th was a separate division in 13th Army.[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf), p. 19\\. This source lists the [355th Rifle Division](/wiki/355th_Rifle_Division \"355th Rifle Division\"), but at this time the 355th was in the [2nd Red Banner Army](/wiki/2nd_Red_Banner_Army \"2nd Red Banner Army\") of the [Far Eastern Front](/wiki/Far_Eastern_Front \"Far Eastern Front\"). By the beginning of February the division had been subordinated to the [24th Rifle Corps](/wiki/24th_Rifle_Corps \"24th Rifle Corps\"),[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf), p. 53 where it would remain for the duration. By the end of the advance though Poland 13th Army had reached the [Oder River](/wiki/Oder_River \"Oder River\") along the entire front from Keben to [Malcz](/wiki/Malczyce \"Malczyce\"), forced the river with the assistance of [4th Tank Army](/wiki/4th_Tank_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"4th Tank Army (Soviet Union)\") and captured a bridgehead west of Keben and [Steinau](/wiki/%C5%9Acinawa \"Ścinawa\") up to 16 km deep and 30 km wide, as well as a smaller one on the left flank. As of 28 January the 24th Corps was in the Army's second echelon on the east bank of the Oder northeast of Wolau.Soviet General Staff, *Prelude to Berlin*, ed. and trans. R. W. Harrison, Helion \\& Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2016, pp. 343\\-44\n\n1st Ukrainian Front carried out a substantial regrouping from 29 January to 7 February during which the total frontage held by 13th Army was reduced from 86 km to just 18 km. 24th Corps, consisting of the 395th, [350th](/wiki/350th_Rifle_Division \"350th Rifle Division\") and [147th Rifle Divisions](/wiki/147th_Rifle_Division_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"147th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\"), was in the first echelon with the [102nd Rifle Corps](/wiki/102nd_Rifle_Corps \"102nd Rifle Corps\"). All six divisions of the two corps were in first echelon with two rifle regiments up and one in reserve, and their sectors averaged 3 km in width. The offensive began at 0930 hours on 8 February, following a 50\\-minute artillery preparation. 102nd Corps quickly crushed the first German position and advanced up to 8 km by day's end. 24th Corps, on the other hand, faced two heavily fortified villages on its right flank and a large woods stretching well to the west. The attacks on the villages were stymied, even with the backing of the 61st Tank Brigade. However the Corps' left flank division took advantage of the success of [52nd Army's](/wiki/52nd_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"52nd Army (Soviet Union)\") attack to its left, advanced 4 km and reached Oberau. Jointly these advances put the two Armies in good position to outflank and possibly encircle the [Hermann Göring Panzer Division](/wiki/1st_Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring \"1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring\"), which was defending the large woods.Soviet General Staff, *Prelude to Berlin*, pp. 382\\-83, 402\\-04\n\nOn 9 February the 24th Corps advanced up to 15 km, reaching Kotzenau with part of its forces while the remainder deployed facing north, blocking passage to the south by the now\\-surrounded German panzer troops. The next day the main body of 13th Army advanced in the wake of 4th Tank Army, with the objective of forcing the [Bober River](/wiki/B%C3%B3br \"Bóbr\"). On the 11th the Front's shock group faced stiffening German resistance while 24th Corps spent the entire day fighting with rearguards which were covering the main forces' retreat to the Bober. By the end of the day the main shock group had advanced up to 60 km and had expanded the width of the breakthrough to 160 km, reaching the Bober along a number of sectors. The Corps spent most of 12 and 13 February battling for the town of [Sprottau](/wiki/Szprotawa \"Szprotawa\") before reaching the Bober in the [Sagan](/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84 \"Żagań\") area, encountering powerful resistance from German infantry and armor in the eastern part of the town while also forcing a crossing of the river to its north.Soviet General Staff, *Prelude to Berlin*, pp. 406, 410\\-13, 416 For their roles in this fighting, on 5 April the 726th Rifle Regiment would be awarded the [Order of Aleksandr Nevski](/wiki/Order_of_Aleksandr_Nevsky \"Order of Aleksandr Nevsky\"), and the 714th and 732rd Regiments would each receive the [Order of the Red Star](/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Star \"Order of the Red Star\").\n\nInfantry and up to 20 tanks of the [*Großdeutschland* Panzer Corps](/wiki/Panzerkorps_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland \"Panzerkorps Großdeutschland\") attacked the bridgehead north of Sagan on 14 February. This was countered with the assistance of the 63rd Tank Brigade of [10th Tank Corps](/wiki/10th_Tank_Corps \"10th Tank Corps\") and the German force went over to the defensive. Over the next two days the 24th Corps fought to secure Sagan, finally forcing a crossing of the Bober in the center of the town on the 16th, and then cleared its western sector. This success threatened to outflank *Großdeutschland* and allowed [27th Rifle Corps](/wiki/27th_Rifle_Corps \"27th Rifle Corps\") to expand the main bridgehead. By 19 February the final attempts of the German forces to hold along the Bober crumbled, and what remained of them began retreating to the [Neisse River](/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse \"Lusatian Neisse\"). By 24 February the 13th Army had closed up to the line of that river, and soon went over to the defensive.Soviet General Staff, *Prelude to Berlin*, pp. 417, 438\\-39\n\n### Berlin Strategic Offensive\n\nAs of 1 April the 395th and 350th Divisions made up 24th Corps,[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf), p. 123 but before the Berlin Operation began the 350th was detached to direct Front command and the [121st Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/121st_Guards_Rifle_Division \"121st Guards Rifle Division\") took its place. On 13 April, in a final change in command, Col. Aleksei Nikolaievich Korusevich took over the division from Colonel Afanasev. At this time the strength of 13th Army's rifle divisions varied from 4,700 to 5,700 men each. The Army was deployed on the east bank of the Neisse on a 10 km front from Klein Bademeusel to just outside Gross Saerchen, with the 27th and 102nd Corps in first echelon and the 24th in second. The offensive on 1st Ukrainian Front's sector began at dawn on 16 April with attacks across the Neisse and from a bridgehead that had been forced across the river south of [Forst](/wiki/Forst_%28Lausitz%29 \"Forst (Lausitz)\") in February and made immediate progress. By about 20 April the 121st Guards was shifted to 27th Corps and the 395th was pulled back to the Army's second echelon. On the 23rd it concentrated in [Luckau](/wiki/Luckau \"Luckau\"), with its new Corps\\-mate, the [117th Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/117th_Guards_Rifle_Division \"117th Guards Rifle Division\") in the [Finsterwalde](/wiki/Finsterwalde \"Finsterwalde\") area.Soviet General Staff, *The Berlin Operation 1945*, ed. \\& trans. R. W. Harrison, Helion \\& Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2016, Kindle ed., ch. 11, 16\n\nBy the morning of 26 April the division had occupied the line [Golssen](/wiki/Gol%C3%9Fen \"Golßen\") to [Baruth](/wiki/Baruth/Mark \"Baruth/Mark\") with its front facing east, as the encircled German [9th Army](/wiki/9th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"9th Army (Wehrmacht)\") attempted to break out to the west; the 117th Guards had organized a circular defense at [Luckenwalde](/wiki/Luckenwalde \"Luckenwalde\") while the [280th Rifle Division](/wiki/280th_Rifle_Division \"280th Rifle Division\"), which had now joined 24th Corps, remained in reserve. Overnight on 25/26 April the encircled forces formed a powerful group in the area of [Halbe](/wiki/Halbe%2C_Brandenburg \"Halbe, Brandenburg\"), including more than 50 tanks, and attacked west at 0800 hours at the boundary of the [3rd Guards](/wiki/3rd_Guards_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"3rd Guards Army (Soviet Union)\") and [28th Armies](/wiki/28th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"28th Army (Soviet Union)\"). The force broke through and reached the northern outskirts of Baruth but the 395th beat off all attempts to take the town. The German group took up positions in the woods north of Baruth and put up fierce resistance on 27 April, including hand\\-to\\-hand fighting and persistent breakout attempts but over the course of the day the joint actions of the division and a corps of the 28th Army were able to eliminate all but a few remnants. In total, 6,200 prisoners, 47 tanks, 25 armored personnel carriers, 180 guns and mortars and 1,133 motor vehicles were captured. The division remained on the same line the next day as the 9th Army pocket shrank to 10 km north to south and 14 km east to west.Soviet General Staff, *The Berlin Operation 1945*, Kindle ed., ch. 19\n\nOn 30 April, facing further attempts of the 9th Army to escape to the west, the command of 13th Army pulled the division from the line it had held and redeployed it along the front from Munchendorf to [Neuhof](/wiki/Neuhof_bei_Zossen_station \"Neuhof bei Zossen station\"), with the objective of attacking into [Sperenberg](/wiki/Sperenberg_Airfield \"Sperenberg Airfield\") to cut off German forces which had broken through to this area. The 117th Guards received similar orders. Despite heavy losses the German force attacked furiously along the line from Sperenberg to [Kummersdorf](/wiki/Kummersdorf \"Kummersdorf\") in an effort to reach their [12th Army](/wiki/12th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"12th Army (Wehrmacht)\") attacking from the west. Units of the 117th Guards and the 71st Mechanized Brigade were dislodged and the force advanced another 10 km to the Woltersdorf area before being halted by the remainder of the 117th, while the 395th's attack towards Spremberg was halted by stubborn resistance. Overnight the leading elements of the encircled group reached to within 3 – 4 km of 12th Army, but during 1 May most of the remnants were rounded up. On the same day the 1st Ukrainian Front received orders to prepare for a new advance on Prague, and the division ended the war advancing on that city.Soviet General Staff, *The Berlin Operation 1945*, Kindle ed., ch. 19\n\n",
"### Berlin Strategic Offensive\n\nAs of 1 April the 395th and 350th Divisions made up 24th Corps,[Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945](http://www.soldat.ru/files/f/boevojsostavsa1945.pdf), p. 123 but before the Berlin Operation began the 350th was detached to direct Front command and the [121st Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/121st_Guards_Rifle_Division \"121st Guards Rifle Division\") took its place. On 13 April, in a final change in command, Col. Aleksei Nikolaievich Korusevich took over the division from Colonel Afanasev. At this time the strength of 13th Army's rifle divisions varied from 4,700 to 5,700 men each. The Army was deployed on the east bank of the Neisse on a 10 km front from Klein Bademeusel to just outside Gross Saerchen, with the 27th and 102nd Corps in first echelon and the 24th in second. The offensive on 1st Ukrainian Front's sector began at dawn on 16 April with attacks across the Neisse and from a bridgehead that had been forced across the river south of [Forst](/wiki/Forst_%28Lausitz%29 \"Forst (Lausitz)\") in February and made immediate progress. By about 20 April the 121st Guards was shifted to 27th Corps and the 395th was pulled back to the Army's second echelon. On the 23rd it concentrated in [Luckau](/wiki/Luckau \"Luckau\"), with its new Corps\\-mate, the [117th Guards Rifle Division](/wiki/117th_Guards_Rifle_Division \"117th Guards Rifle Division\") in the [Finsterwalde](/wiki/Finsterwalde \"Finsterwalde\") area.Soviet General Staff, *The Berlin Operation 1945*, ed. \\& trans. R. W. Harrison, Helion \\& Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2016, Kindle ed., ch. 11, 16\n\nBy the morning of 26 April the division had occupied the line [Golssen](/wiki/Gol%C3%9Fen \"Golßen\") to [Baruth](/wiki/Baruth/Mark \"Baruth/Mark\") with its front facing east, as the encircled German [9th Army](/wiki/9th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"9th Army (Wehrmacht)\") attempted to break out to the west; the 117th Guards had organized a circular defense at [Luckenwalde](/wiki/Luckenwalde \"Luckenwalde\") while the [280th Rifle Division](/wiki/280th_Rifle_Division \"280th Rifle Division\"), which had now joined 24th Corps, remained in reserve. Overnight on 25/26 April the encircled forces formed a powerful group in the area of [Halbe](/wiki/Halbe%2C_Brandenburg \"Halbe, Brandenburg\"), including more than 50 tanks, and attacked west at 0800 hours at the boundary of the [3rd Guards](/wiki/3rd_Guards_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"3rd Guards Army (Soviet Union)\") and [28th Armies](/wiki/28th_Army_%28Soviet_Union%29 \"28th Army (Soviet Union)\"). The force broke through and reached the northern outskirts of Baruth but the 395th beat off all attempts to take the town. The German group took up positions in the woods north of Baruth and put up fierce resistance on 27 April, including hand\\-to\\-hand fighting and persistent breakout attempts but over the course of the day the joint actions of the division and a corps of the 28th Army were able to eliminate all but a few remnants. In total, 6,200 prisoners, 47 tanks, 25 armored personnel carriers, 180 guns and mortars and 1,133 motor vehicles were captured. The division remained on the same line the next day as the 9th Army pocket shrank to 10 km north to south and 14 km east to west.Soviet General Staff, *The Berlin Operation 1945*, Kindle ed., ch. 19\n\nOn 30 April, facing further attempts of the 9th Army to escape to the west, the command of 13th Army pulled the division from the line it had held and redeployed it along the front from Munchendorf to [Neuhof](/wiki/Neuhof_bei_Zossen_station \"Neuhof bei Zossen station\"), with the objective of attacking into [Sperenberg](/wiki/Sperenberg_Airfield \"Sperenberg Airfield\") to cut off German forces which had broken through to this area. The 117th Guards received similar orders. Despite heavy losses the German force attacked furiously along the line from Sperenberg to [Kummersdorf](/wiki/Kummersdorf \"Kummersdorf\") in an effort to reach their [12th Army](/wiki/12th_Army_%28Wehrmacht%29 \"12th Army (Wehrmacht)\") attacking from the west. Units of the 117th Guards and the 71st Mechanized Brigade were dislodged and the force advanced another 10 km to the Woltersdorf area before being halted by the remainder of the 117th, while the 395th's attack towards Spremberg was halted by stubborn resistance. Overnight the leading elements of the encircled group reached to within 3 – 4 km of 12th Army, but during 1 May most of the remnants were rounded up. On the same day the 1st Ukrainian Front received orders to prepare for a new advance on Prague, and the division ended the war advancing on that city.Soviet General Staff, *The Berlin Operation 1945*, Kindle ed., ch. 19\n\n",
"Postwar\n-------\n\nThe officers and personnel of the division ended the war with the full title *395th Rifle, Taman, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division*. \\[Russian: 395\\-я стрелковая Таманьская Краснознамённая ордена Суворова дивизия.] According to *STAVKA* Order No. 11096 of 29 May 1945, part 3, 13th Army was to be moved to the area of [Bautzen](/wiki/Bautzen \"Bautzen\") by 10 June.[Stavka Order No. 11096](http://militera.lib.ru/docs/da/berlin_45/16.html) With its corps and army, the division was relocated to [Volodymyr\\-Volynskyi](/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi \"Volodymyr-Volynskyi\") in the [Carpathian Military District](/wiki/Carpathian_Military_District \"Carpathian Military District\"), where it was disbanded with the rest of the 24th Rifle Corps in 1946\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Citations\n\n### Bibliography\n\n* p. 160\n* pp. 290–91\n",
"### Citations\n\n",
"### Bibliography\n\n* p. 160\n* pp. 290–91\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Anatolii Yosifovich Petrakovskii](http://www.generals.dk/general/Petrakovskii/Anatolii_Iosifovich/Soviet_Union.html)\n* [Sabir Umar\\-Ogly Rakhimov](http://www.generals.dk/general/Rakhimov/Sabir_Umar-Ogly/Soviet_Union.html)\n* [Adam Petrovich Turchinskii](http://www.generals.dk/general/Turchinskii/Adam_Petrovich/Soviet_Union.html)\n* [Aleksandr Vasilevich Vorozhishchev](http://www.generals.dk/general/Vorozhishchev/Aleksandr_Vasilevich/Soviet_Union.html)\n* [Pavel Fedoseevich Ilinykh](http://www.generals.dk/general/Ilinykh/Pavel_Fedosevich/Soviet_Union.html)\n* [HSU Sabir Umar\\-Ogly Rakhimov. In Russian; English translation available.](http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=7790)\n* [HSU Adam Petrovich Turchinskii. In Russian; English translation available.](http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=8544)\n\n[395](/wiki/Category:Infantry_divisions_of_the_Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II \"Infantry divisions of the Soviet Union in World War II\")\n[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941](/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_established_in_1941 \"Military units and formations established in 1941\")\n[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946](/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_disestablished_in_1946 \"Military units and formations disestablished in 1946\")\n[Category:Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner](/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_awarded_the_Order_of_the_Red_Banner \"Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner\")\n[Category:1941 establishments in the Soviet Union](/wiki/Category:1941_establishments_in_the_Soviet_Union \"1941 establishments in the Soviet Union\")\n[Category:1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union](/wiki/Category:1946_disestablishments_in_the_Soviet_Union \"1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry | {
"id": [
525927
],
"name": [
"Chris the speller"
]
} | tl6afhloopguxwlguv0t9d47d60mrd9 | 2024-09-03T20:52:12Z | 1,242,130,790 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe [Order of Prince Henry](/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry \"Order of Prince Henry\") () is a Portuguese [order of knighthood](/wiki/Order_of_knighthood \"Order of knighthood\") created on 2 June 1960, to commemorate the [quincentenary](/wiki/Quincentenary \"Quincentenary\") of the death of the Portuguese prince [Henry the Navigator](/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator \"Henry the Navigator\"), one of the main initiators of the [Age of Discovery](/wiki/Age_of_Discovery \"Age of Discovery\"). Minor reforms of the constitution of the Order occurred in 1962 and 1980\\.[Ordem do Infante D. Henrique \\| Ordens Nacionais \\| Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas](http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=128) It is a five\\-tier order, whose titles are awarded for relevant services to Portugal and for services in the expansion of the [Portuguese culture](/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal \"Culture of Portugal\"), its [history](/wiki/History_of_Portugal \"History of Portugal\") and its values (with a particular focus on its maritime history). The number of members in each grade is restricted by its constitution, and titles are attributed by special decree by the Grand Master of the Order, *ex officio* the [President of Portugal](/wiki/President_of_Portugal \"President of Portugal\").\n\nThe following is a complete list of Portuguese citizens and institutions awarded the Grand Cross of the Order, the second\\-highest grade and the highest available to people other than heads of state. Foreign people are also eligible for the honour.\n\n*Source for the list*: [\"Entidades Nacionais Agraciadas com Ordens Portuguesas\"](http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=153&list=1), *Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas* (Office of the President of Portugal). Retrieved 18 February 2019\\.\n\n",
"List\n----\n\n* 14 November 1960: Al\\-Karim [Aga Khan IV](/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV \"Aga Khan IV\"), United Kingdom\n* 24 November 1960: [Louis Joxe](/wiki/Louis_Joxe \"Louis Joxe\"), former Minister of Justice, France\n* 5 December 1960: [José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Finat_y_Escriv%C3%A1_de_Roman%C3%AD \"José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní\"), former mayor of Madrid, Spain\n* 20 December 1960: [Edward Chilton](/wiki/Edward_Chilton \"Edward Chilton\"), Air Marshal, United Kingdom\n* 20 December 1960: Harvey F. Alness, Major, United States\n* 20 December 1960: [Austregésilo de Athayde](/wiki/w:Pt:Austreg%C3%A9silo_de_Athayde \"Pt:Austregésilo de Athayde\"), Brazilian journalist\n* 20 December 1960: [Naval School](/wiki/Naval_School_%28Brazil%29 \"Naval School (Brazil)\"), Brazil\n* 20 January 1961: General [Luang Suranarong](/wiki/w:Th:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C_%28%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%29 \"Th:หลวงสุรณรงค์ (ธงไชย โชติกเสถียร)\"), former Privy Councilor, Thailand\n* 20 January 1961: Commodore [Jit Sungkhadul](/wiki/w:Th:%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C \"Th:จิตต์ สังขดุลย์\"), Royal Navy, Thailand\n* 20 January 1961: General Ammuay Chaya Rochana, Thailand\n* 25 February 1961: Hua\\-Cheng Wang, China\n* 28 February 1961: [Sarah Kubitschek](/wiki/Sarah_Kubitschek \"Sarah Kubitschek\"), former first lady of Brazil\n* 28 February 1961: [Negrão de Lima](/wiki/w:Pt:Negr%C3%A3o_de_Lima \"Pt:Negrão de Lima\"), former governor of Guanabara, Brazil\n* 28 February 1961: [Nélson de Melo](/wiki/w:Pt:N%C3%A9lson_de_Melo \"Pt:Nélson de Melo\"), former Minister of War, Brazil\n* 28 February 1961: [Hugo Gouthier de Oliveira Gondim](/wiki/w:Pt:Hugo_Gouthier_de_Oliveira_Gondim \"Pt:Hugo Gouthier de Oliveira Gondim\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 28 February 1961: [Vitorino de Brito Freire](/wiki/w:Pt:Vitorino_de_Brito_Freire \"Pt:Vitorino de Brito Freire\"), former deputy, Brazil\n* 28 February 1961: Jorge da Silva Leite, Admiral, Brazil\n* 28 February 1961: Júlio F. Guillén, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 9 March 1961: [Julio Guillén Tato](/wiki/w:Es:Julio_Guill%C3%A9n_Tato \"Es:Julio Guillén Tato\"), former Member, Royal Spanish Academy\n* 9 March 1961: Manuel F. Gran Gilledo, former diplomat, Cuba\n* 9 March 1961: Ugo Ferruta, former diplomat, Italy\n* 9 March 1961: [Charles Burke Elbrick](/wiki/Charles_Burke_Elbrick \"Charles Burke Elbrick\"), former ambassador of United States\n* 9 March 1961: G. Anderson, Vice\\-Admiral, United States\n* 9 March 1961: Júlio Casas Araujo, former ambassador of Uruguay\n* 9 March 1961: Alexis de Aminoff, former ambassador of Sweden\n* 9 March 1961: Justino Sanson Balladares, former ambassador of Nicaragua\n* 9 March 1961: Emilio Saavedra Balmaceda, former diplomat, Chile\n* 9 March 1961: Louis Barthélemy, former Captain, Navy, France\n* 9 March 1961: [Angelo Corrias](/wiki/w:It:Angelo_Corrias \"It:Angelo Corrias\"), former ambassador of Italy\n* 9 March 1961: Ciriano Cuenca, Rear Admiral, Argentina\n* 9 March 1961: Alfonso Colomina Boti, Naval Captain, Spain\n* 9 March 1961: Júlio E. Braceno, former ambassador of Panama\n* 9 March 1961: Pascual Cervera y Cervera, former Vice Admiral, Spain\n* 9 March 1961: Yuso Isono, former ambassador of Japan\n* 9 March 1961: Sérgio Fernandes Lorrain, former ambassador of Chile\n* 9 March 1961: Hugo Hergel, former ambassador of Denmark\n* 9 March 1961: Bernard de Menthon, former ambassador of France\n* 9 March 1961: José António Bermudez Milla, former ambassador of Honduras\n* 9 March 1961: [Sir Charles Madden, 2nd Baronet](/wiki/Sir_Charles_Madden%2C_2nd_Baronet \"Sir Charles Madden, 2nd Baronet\"), former Commander\\-in\\-Chief, Home Fleet Navy, United Kingdom\n* 9 March 1961: Ernesto Pablo Mairal, former ambassador of Argentina\n* 9 March 1961: [José Ibáñez Martín](/wiki/w:Es:Jos%C3%A9_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Mart%C3%ADn \"Es:José Ibáñez Martín\"), former Minister of National Education, Spain\n* 9 March 1961: [Gerhard Wagner](/wiki/Gerhard_Wagner_%28admiral%29 \"Gerhard Wagner (admiral)\"), Rear Admiral, Germany\n* 9 March 1961: Tarik\\-Emin Yenisey, former ambassador of Turkey\n* 9 March 1961: [Leobardo Reynoso](/wiki/w:Es:Leobardo_Reynoso \"Es:Leobardo Reynoso\"), former ambassador of Mexico\n* 9 March 1961: Tom Elink Schuurman, former ambassador of Netherlands\n* 9 March 1961: [Herbert Schaffarczyk](/wiki/w:De:Herbert_Schaffarczyk \"De:Herbert Schaffarczyk\"), former diplomat, Germany\n* 9 March 1961: Hector Escobar Serrano, former ambassador of Argentina\n* 11 April 1961: [Ramón Sedó Gómez](/wiki/w:Es:Ram%C3%B3n_Sed%C3%B3_G%C3%B3mez \"Es:Ramón Sedó Gómez\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 22 April 1961: [Charles Lucet](/wiki/Charles_Lucet \"Charles Lucet\"), former diplomat, France\n* 16 May 1961: Victor Von Zahn Stranik, former ambassador of Germany\n* 14 February 1962: [Carlos Arias Navarro](/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro \"Carlos Arias Navarro\"), former prime minister of Spain\n* 14 February 1962: [Adolfo Martín\\-Gamero](/wiki/Adolfo_Mart%C3%ADn-Gamero \"Adolfo Martín-Gamero\"), former Minister, Spain\n* 14 February 1962: Santiago Ruiz Tabanera, former diplomat, Spain\n* 14 February 1962: Fernando Fuentes de Villavicencio, General, Spain\n* 14 February 1962: Javier Laviña Berenguer, Colonel, Spain\n* 14 February 1962: [Mariano Ossorio Arévalo](/wiki/w:Es:Mariano_Ossorio_Ar%C3%A9valo \"Es:Mariano Ossorio Arévalo\"), Marques of Valdavia, Spain\n* 14 February 1962: Luiz Alvarez de Estrada y Luque, Baron, Spain\n* 14 February 1962: [José Navarro, Count of Casa Loja](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Navarro%2C_Count_of_Casa_Loja \"José Navarro, Count of Casa Loja\"), Spanish Olympian\n* 17 May 1962: Cardinal [Arcadio Larraona Saralegui](/wiki/Arcadio_Larraona_Saralegui \"Arcadio Larraona Saralegui\"), Prefect Emeritus, Congregation of Rites\n* 15 June 1962: Vicente Puyal Gil, former politician, Spain\n* 19 July 1962: [Ademar de Barros](/wiki/Ademar_de_Barros \"Ademar de Barros\"), former governor of São Paulo, Brazil\n* 5 September 1962: Rafael Morales Hernández, former diplomat, Spain\n* 8 September 1962: [José Antonio Elola\\-Olaso](/wiki/w:Es:Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Elola-Olaso \"Es:José Antonio Elola-Olaso\"), former politician, Spain\n* 15 September 1962: [José Díaz de Villegas y Bustamante](/wiki/w:Es:Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_de_Villegas_y_Bustamante \"Es:José Díaz de Villegas y Bustamante\"), Spanish soldier and writer\n* 30 October 1962: Clemente Araoz, former diplomat, Peru\n* 13 November 1962: Javier Ramirez Cardona, former diplomat, Colombia\n* 14 December 1962: José Miguel Ruiz y Morales, Spanish doctor\n* 25 January 1963: Antero de Ussía y Murúa, former diplomat, Spain\n* 26 April 1963: [Carlos Jiménez Díaz](/wiki/Carlos_Jim%C3%A9nez_D%C3%ADaz \"Carlos Jiménez Díaz\"), Spanish physician\n* 3 June 1963: Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, Bishop of Colombo\n* 26 June 1963: Rafael Rubio Freire Duarte, former diplomat, Spain\n* 10 December 1963: [Gerald Wellesley, Prince of Waterloo](/wiki/Gerald_Wellesley%2C_7th_Duke_of_Wellington \"Gerald Wellesley, 7th Duke of Wellington\"), Belgium\n* 9 January 1964: [Alberto Prebisch](/wiki/Alberto_Prebisch \"Alberto Prebisch\"), former mayor of Buenos Aires, Argentina\n* 2 March 1964: [Juracy Magalhães](/wiki/Juracy_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Juracy Magalhães\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 16 March 1964: [José Solís Ruiz](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_Ruiz \"José Solís Ruiz\"), former Minister, Spain\n* 16 March 1964: [Manuel Fraga](/wiki/Manuel_Fraga \"Manuel Fraga\"), former minister of interior, Spain\n* 27 April 1964: Joseph Harfouche, former ambassador of Lebanon\n* 11 May 1964: Luis Gonzalez Barros, former ambassador of Colombia\n* 4 July 1964: Edmond de Beauverger, former ambassador of France\n* 29 July 1964: Leopoldo Boado y Endeiza, former Admiral, Spain\n* 28 September 1964: [Manuel Aznar Zubigaray](/wiki/Manuel_Aznar_Zubigaray \"Manuel Aznar Zubigaray\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 28 September 1964: Rafael Fernandez de Bobadilla, former Admiral, Spain\n* 28 September 1964: Faustino Ruiz Gonzãlez, former Admiral, Spain\n* 6 October 1964: [Manuel Valdés Larrañaga](/wiki/w:Es:Manuel_Vald%C3%A9s_Larra%C3%B1aga \"Es:Manuel Valdés Larrañaga\"), former Procurator of Courts, Spain\n* 4 November 1964: Remigio Grillo, former ambassador of Italy\n* 6 November 1964: António Villacieros y Benito, former diplomat, Spain\n* 12 December 1964: Félix Iturriaga y Codes, former diplomat, Spain\n* 12 December 1964: [Gonzalo Fernández Puyó](/wiki/w:Es:Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Puy%C3%B3 \"Es:Gonzalo Fernández Puyó\"), former diplomat, Peru\n* 30 February 1965: [Olivier Wormser](/wiki/w:Fr:Olivier_Wormser \"Fr:Olivier Wormser\"), former diplomat, France\n* 3 February 1965: [Aurélio de Lira Tavares](/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_de_Lira_Tavares \"Aurélio de Lira Tavares\"), former Member of Military Junta, Brazil\n* 9 February 1965: Pedro Chaná Cariola, former ambassador, Chile\n* 5 June 1965: [Raimundo de Moura Britto](/wiki/w:Pt:Raimundo_de_Moura_Britto \"Pt:Raimundo de Moura Britto\"), former Minister of Health, Brazil\n* 5 June 1965: Cardinal [Fernando Cento](/wiki/Fernando_Cento \"Fernando Cento\"), former Major Penitentiary of Apostolic Penitentiary\n* 9 June 1965: [Pedro Nieto Antúnez](/wiki/w:Es:Pedro_Nieto_Ant%C3%BAnez \"Es:Pedro Nieto Antúnez\"), former Minister of Navy, Italy\n* 21 July 1965: [Emilio Battista](/wiki/w:It:Emilio_Battista \"It:Emilio Battista\"), former senator, Italy\n* 13 August 1965: [Hans\\-Christoph Seebohm](/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm \"Hans-Christoph Seebohm\"), former Vice\\-Chancellor, West Germany\n* 7 September 1965: [Bernardo Mattarella](/wiki/Bernardo_Mattarella \"Bernardo Mattarella\"), former Minister of Foreign trade, Italy\n* 7 September 1965: [Rafael Couchoud Sebastiá](/wiki/w:Es:Rafael_Couchoud_Sebasti%C3%A1 \"Es:Rafael Couchoud Sebastiá\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 7 September 1965: José Garcia Usano, former diplomat, Spain\n* 7 September 1965: Luis Peralta Espana, former diplomat, Spain\n* 7 September 1965: Faustino Armijo y Gallardo, former diplomat, Spain\n* 7 September 1965: [Juan Schwartz Díaz\\-Flores](/wiki/w:Es:Juan_Schwartz_D%C3%ADaz-Flores \"Es:Juan Schwartz Díaz-Flores\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 13 October 1965: Cardinal [Angelo Dell'Acqua](/wiki/Angelo_Dell%27Acqua \"Angelo Dell'Acqua\"), former Vicar General of Rome\n* 13 November 1965: Octacílio Terra Ururahy, former General, Brazil\n* 17 January 1966: [Juarez Távora](/wiki/Juarez_T%C3%A1vora_%28general%29 \"Juarez Távora (general)\"), former Minister of Transport, Brazil\n* 8 March 1966: [Sergio Corrêa da Costa](/wiki/w:Pt:Sergio_Corr%C3%AAa_da_Costa \"Pt:Sergio Corrêa da Costa\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 8 March 1966: Miguel Ángel Pardo Marchena, former diplomat, Dominican Republic\n* 21 March 1966: [Karl Gumbel](/wiki/w:De:Karl_Gumbel \"De:Karl Gumbel\"), former State Secretary, Germany\n* 21 March 1966: [Miguel María de Lojendio Irure](/wiki/w:Es:Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Lojendio_Irure \"Es:Miguel María de Lojendio Irure\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 21 March 1966: Esteban Rodriguez Landaeta, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 25 June 1966: [Aguinaldo Boulitreau Fragoso](/wiki/w:De:Aguinaldo_Boulitreau_Fragoso \"De:Aguinaldo Boulitreau Fragoso\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 1 July 1966: [Dante Graziosi](/wiki/w:It:Dante_Graziosi \"It:Dante Graziosi\"), former diplomat, Italy\n* 6 July 1966: [Georges Cabanier](/wiki/Georges_Cabanier \"Georges Cabanier\"), former Grand Chancellor, Legion of Honour, France\n* 26 July 1966: [Federico Silva Muñoz](/wiki/Federico_Silva_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Federico Silva Muñoz\"), former Minister of Public Works, Spain\n* 9 September 1966: [Marcel\\-Henri Jaspar](/wiki/Marcel-Henri_Jaspar \"Marcel-Henri Jaspar\"), former ambassador of Belgium\n* 13 October 1966: Paulo Leão de Moura, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 21 October 1966: Cardinal [Antonio Samorè](/wiki/Antonio_Samor%C3%A8 \"Antonio Samorè\"), former Librarian, Holy Roman Church\n* 10 November 1966: Cardinal [Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano](/wiki/Giovanni_Nasalli_Rocca_di_Corneliano \"Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano\"), Archbishop of Bologna\n* 6 December 1966: [Ivan Matteo Lombardo](/wiki/Ivan_Matteo_Lombardo \"Ivan Matteo Lombardo\"), former Minister of Foreign trade, Italy\n* 6 December 1966: Cardinal [Fernando Quiroga Palacios](/wiki/Fernando_Quiroga_Palacios \"Fernando Quiroga Palacios\"), Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela\n* 20 December 1966: Jorge de Paço Mattoso Maia, First Lieutenant, Brazil\n* 21 December 1966: [Giovanni Panico](/wiki/Giovanni_Panico \"Giovanni Panico\"), former Nuncio, Vatican City\n* 28 January 1967: [Erik Dons](/wiki/Erik_Dons \"Erik Dons\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 16 February 1967: Cesáreo Juste Cadierno, former diplomat, Spain\n* 16 February 1967: [Juan José Pradera Ortega](/wiki/w:Es:Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Pradera_Ortega \"Es:Juan José Pradera Ortega\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 16 February 1967: [Fernando Olivié González\\-Pumariega](/wiki/Fernando_Olivi%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Pumariega \"Fernando Olivié González-Pumariega\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 28 February 1967: [Adalberto Pereira dos Santos](/wiki/Adalberto_Pereira_dos_Santos \"Adalberto Pereira dos Santos\"), former Vice President of Brazil\n* 28 February 1967: [Alberto Reynaldo Pastor](/wiki/w:Es:Reynaldo_Pastor \"Es:Reynaldo Pastor\"), former politician, Argentina\n* 28 February 1967: Décio Palmeiro de Escobar, General, Brazil\n* 4 April 1967: [Arnaldo Forlani](/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani \"Arnaldo Forlani\"), former prime minister of Italy\n* 4 April 1967: [Antigono Donati](/wiki/w:It:Antigono_Donati \"It:Antigono Donati\"), former deputy, Italy\n* 9 May 1967: Ernesto Giuriatti, Admiral, Italy\n* 24 June 1967: António Mauro, Monsignor, Vatican City\n* 4 July 1967: [Francisco D'Álamo Lousada](/wiki/w:Pt:Francisco_D%27%C3%81lamo_Lousada \"Pt:Francisco D'Álamo Lousada\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 24 July 1967: [Vasconcelos Torres](/wiki/w:Pt:Vasconcelos_Torres \"Pt:Vasconcelos Torres\"), former senator, Brazil\n* 29 July 1967: [Maximilian von Fürstenberg](/wiki/Maximilian_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg \"Maximilian von Fürstenberg\"), former Prefect, Congregation for Oriental Churches\n* 12 August 1967: [Mário Andreazza](/wiki/w:Pt:M%C3%A1rio_Andreazza \"Pt:Mário Andreazza\"), former Minister of Transport, Brazil\n* 31 August 1967: Kinya Niizeki, former diplomat, Japan\n* 23 October 1967: Marquês Raimondo Giustiniani, former ambassador of Italy\n* 23 October 1967: Juan Carlos Risso Sieura, former ambassador of Uruguay\n* 26 January 1968: [Tomás García Rebull](/wiki/w:Es:Tom%C3%A1s_Garc%C3%ADa_Rebull \"Es:Tomás García Rebull\"), former Procurator of Courts, Spain\n* 26 January 1968: Vicente Urcuyo Rodriguez, former ambassador of Nicaragua\n* 2 February 1968: Yasusuke Katsumo, former ambassador of Japan\n* 2 February 1968: [Haroldo Valladão](/wiki/w:Pt:Haroldo_Vallad%C3%A3o \"Pt:Haroldo Valladão\"), former attorney general, Brazil\n* 2 February 1968: [Abreu Sodré](/wiki/w:Pt:Abreu_Sodr%C3%A9 \"Pt:Abreu Sodré\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 18 March 1968: Robero Incer Barquero, former president, Central Bank of Nicaragua\n* 9 April 1968: Ignácio Silva Sucre, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 1 May 1968: Ottone Grisogono, former diplomat, Italy\n* 1 May 1968: Gaston De Schepper, former diplomat, Belgium\n* 6 June 1968: [Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz](/wiki/Infanta_Pilar%2C_Duchess_of_Badajoz \"Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz\"), Spain\n* 6 June 1968: [Ivo Arzua Pereira](/wiki/w:Pt:Ivo_Arzua_Pereira \"Pt:Ivo Arzua Pereira\"), former mayor of Curitiba, Brazil\n* 6 June 1968: J. A. Ranitz, former ambassador of Netherlands\n* 30 June 1968: Cristian Tattenbach, former president of National Assembly, Costa Rica\n* 11 July 1968: [Bruno Heck](/wiki/Bruno_Heck \"Bruno Heck\"), former minister of family affairs, Germany\n* 22 July 1968: Edwin Swain Miller, Rear Admiral, United States\n* 26 July 1968: [Julien Cain](/wiki/Julien_Cain \"Julien Cain\"), former diplomat, France\n* 19 August 1968: G.E. do Nascimentoe Silva, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 19 August 1968: Carlos Sylvestre de Ouru Preto, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 1 February 1969: [Hervé Alphand](/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Alphand \"Hervé Alphand\"), former diplomat, France\n* 31 March 1969: [Ernst Wirmer](/wiki/w:De:Ernst_Wirmer \"De:Ernst Wirmer\"), former diplomat, Germany\n* 31 March 1969: [Herbert Müller\\-Roschach](/wiki/w:De:Herbert_M%C3%BCller-Roschach \"De:Herbert Müller-Roschach\"), former diplomat, Germany\n* 31 March 1969: Vasco Tristão Letião da Cunha, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 1 May 1969: [Rudolph Hiemstra](/wiki/Rudolph_Hiemstra \"Rudolph Hiemstra\"), former Commandant General, Defence Forces, South Africa\n* 1 May 1969: [Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín](/wiki/Luis_Edgardo_Mercado_Jarr%C3%ADn \"Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín\"), former prime minister of Peru\n* 23 May 1969: Humberto Arguello Tefel, former diplomat, Nicaragua\n* 23 May 1969: Leandro Marín Abaunza, former diplomat, Nicaragua\n* 23 May 1969: Efraim Castilho Borges, former ambassador of Nicaragua\n* 28 May 1969: [Fernando Berckemeyer](/wiki/w:Es:Fernando_Berckemeyer_%28diplom%C3%A1tico%29 \"Es:Fernando Berckemeyer (diplomático)\"), former ambassador of Peru\n* 20 August 1969: Estela Ramualdez Sulit, former ambassador of Philippines\n* 22 September 1969: [Ángel Sagaz Zubelzu](/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sagaz_Zubelzu \"Ángel Sagaz Zubelzu\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 14 February 1970: Joseph Sigal, former Consul, United States\n* 2 March 1970: [Diego Uribe Vargas](/wiki/Diego_Uribe_Vargas \"Diego Uribe Vargas\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Colombia\n* 3 April 1970: Guilherme Sevilla Sacasa, former ambassador of Nicaragua\n* 21 May 1970: Enrique Lleras Restrepo, former ambassador of Colombia\n* 21 May 1970: Gerard Eliza van Ittersum, former ambassador of Germany\n* 10 July 1970: [Francisco de Paula da Rocha Lagoa](/wiki/w:Pt:Francisco_de_Paula_da_Rocha_Lagoa \"Pt:Francisco de Paula da Rocha Lagoa\"), former Minister of Health, Brazil\n* 10 July 1970: [Raimundo Padilha](/wiki/w:Pt:Raimundo_Padilha \"Pt:Raimundo Padilha\"), former governor of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n* 10 July 1970: [Gilberto Marinho](/wiki/w:Pt:Gilberto_Marinho \"Pt:Gilberto Marinho\"), former senator, Brazil\n* 10 July 1970: Adolpho Justo Bezerra de Menezes, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 10 July 1970: [Jean Dupong](/wiki/Jean_Dupong \"Jean Dupong\"), former president of Council of State, Luxembourg\n* 10 July 1970: [José Costa Cavalcanti](/wiki/w:Pt:Jos%C3%A9_Costa_Cavalcanti \"Pt:José Costa Cavalcanti\"), former politician, Spain\n* 10 July 1970: [Gregorio López\\-Bravo](/wiki/Gregorio_L%C3%B3pez-Bravo \"Gregorio López-Bravo\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Spain\n* 10 July 1970: María del Carmen Cotoner y Cotoner, Duke of Amalfi, Spain\n* 10 July 1970: Gabriel Fernandez de Valderrama Moreno, former diplomat, Spain\n* 10 August 1970: [Mário Gibson Barbosa](/wiki/w:Pt:M%C3%A1rio_Gibson_Barbosa \"Pt:Mário Gibson Barbosa\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 16 September 1970: [Édouard Bonnefous](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Bonnefous \"Édouard Bonnefous\"), former Minister of Commerce, France\n\n* 26 February 1971: [Pedro Calmon](/wiki/Pedro_Calmon \"Pedro Calmon\"), former Minister of Education, Brazil\n* 2 March 1971: [Jarbas Passarinho](/wiki/Jarbas_Passarinho \"Jarbas Passarinho\"), former Minister of Education, Brazil\n* 2 March 1971: [Israel Pinheiro](/wiki/Israel_Pinheiro \"Israel Pinheiro\"), former governor of Minas Gerais, Brazil\n* 2 March 1971: [Alacid Nunes](/wiki/Alacid_Nunes \"Alacid Nunes\"), former governor of Pará, Brazil\n* 6 March 1971: Morinosuke Kajima, former senator, Japan\n* 31 May 1971: Petko Iliev, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 20 August 1971: Sadi J. Kavur, former ambassador of Turkey\n* 9 September 1971: [Gonzalo Facio Segreda](/wiki/Gonzalo_Facio_Segreda \"Gonzalo Facio Segreda\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Costa Rica\n* 19 January 1972: Nicolas Perazzo, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 15 March 1972: [Henry Hopkinson, 1st Baron Colyton](/wiki/Henry_Hopkinson%2C_1st_Baron_Colyton \"Henry Hopkinson, 1st Baron Colyton\"), former diplomat, United Kingdom\n* 11 April 1972: Ernesto Torres Diaz, former ambassador of Colombia\n* 11 April 1972: Phairot Jayanam, former ambassador of Thailand\n* 11 April 1972: [Lucio Pabón](/wiki/w:Es:Lucio_Pab%C3%B3n \"Es:Lucio Pabón\"), former Minister of National Defence, Colombia\n* 21 May 1972: [Humberto Sousa Medeiros](/wiki/w:Pt:Humberto_Sousa_Medeiros \"Pt:Humberto Sousa Medeiros\"), former Archbishop of Boston, United Kingdom\n* 25 July 1972: [Petrônio Portella](/wiki/w:Pt:Petr%C3%B4nio_Portella \"Pt:Petrônio Portella\"), former president of Senate, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: [Ernesto Pereira Lopes](/wiki/w:Pt:Ernesto_Pereira_Lopes \"Pt:Ernesto Pereira Lopes\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: [Aliomar Baleeiro](/wiki/w:Pt:Aliomar_Baleeiro \"Pt:Aliomar Baleeiro\"), former president of Federal Supreme Court, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: [Erasmo Martins Pedro](/wiki/w:Pt:Erasmo_Martins_Pedro \"Pt:Erasmo Martins Pedro\"), former Federal Deputy, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: [Menandro Minahim](/wiki/w:Pt:Menandro_Minahim \"Pt:Menandro Minahim\"), former deputy governor of Bahia, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: Egberto da Silva Mafra, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: [Jorge D’Escragnolle Taunay](/wiki/Jorge_D%E2%80%99Escragnolle_Taunay \"Jorge D’Escragnolle Taunay\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 25 July 1972: Alarico da Silveira Junior, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 31 July 1972: António José Rodrigues Filho, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 28 August 1972: Duca Gerrit Eduard Middelburg, former ambassador of Netherlands\n* 7 November 1972: [Caio Flávio Prates da Silveira](/wiki/w:Pt:Caio_Fl%C3%A1vio_Prates_da_Silveira \"Pt:Caio Flávio Prates da Silveira\"), former Chief of Staff, Federal District, Brazil\n* 7 November 1972: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 19 December 1972: Alejandro Gallinal Heber, former ambassador of Uruguay\n* 19 December 1972: Wladimir Murtinho, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 8 March 1973: [Orlando Geisel](/wiki/w:Pt:Orlando_Geisel \"Pt:Orlando Geisel\"), former minister of army, Brazil\n* 28 March 1973: Jose Luis Cardona Cooper, former ambassador of Costa Rica\n* 28 March 1973: José António Giminez Arnan, former ambassador of Spain\n* 28 March 1973: Roman Ortega, former ambassador of Costa Rica\n* 11 April 1973: Carlos Borda Mendonza, former ambassador of Colombia\n* 25 April 1973: Pierre Emile Debillote, former diplomat, France\n* 26 July 1973: André Teixeira de Mesquita, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 26 July 1973: [Carlos Alberto da Fontoura](/wiki/w:Pt:Carlos_Alberto_da_Fontoura \"Pt:Carlos Alberto da Fontoura\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 26 September 1973: [Hugo Biermann](/wiki/Hugo_Biermann \"Hugo Biermann\"), former Chief of Defence Staff, South Africa\n* 26 September 1973: [Werndly van der Riet](/wiki/Werndly_van_der_Riet \"Werndly van der Riet\"), former Chief of Defence Staff, South Africa\n* 16 November 1973: Emilio Calderon Puig, former ambassador of Mexico\n* 2 December 1973: Hildegard Muller, former diplomat, South Africa\n* 14 January 1974: [Alfonso de la Serna](/wiki/w:Es:Alfonso_de_la_Serna \"Es:Alfonso de la Serna\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 14 January 1974: [Manuel Alabart](/wiki/w:Es:Manuel_Alabart \"Es:Manuel Alabart\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 12 February 1974: [Jaime Alba Delibes](/wiki/w:Es:Jaime_Alba_Delibes \"Es:Jaime Alba Delibes\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 15 April 1974: Eduardo de Guzmán, former diplomat, Spain\n* 23 April 1974: Pablo M. del Pino, former Consul, Argentina\n* 23 April 1974: [Licinio de la Fuente](/wiki/Licinio_de_la_Fuente \"Licinio de la Fuente\"), former Minister of Labour, Spain\n* 11 July 1974: [Antonio Martín Araujo](/wiki/w:Es:Antonio_Mart%C3%ADn_Araujo \"Es:Antonio Martín Araujo\"), former Minister, Venezuela\n* 12 February 1975: Shusaku Wada, former ambassador of Japan\n* 28 February 1975: [Abdou Diouf](/wiki/Abdou_Diouf \"Abdou Diouf\"), former president of Senegal (then Prime Minister)\n* 28 February 1975: [Assane Seck](/wiki/Assane_Seck \"Assane Seck\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Senegal\n* 28 February 1975: [Oumane Camara](/wiki/w:Fr:Oumane_Camara_%28magistrat%29 \"Fr:Oumane Camara (magistrat)\"), former Minister of Information, Senegal\n* 28 February 1975: Henri Arphang Senghor, former ambassador of Senegal\n* 17 April 1975: [Ehrenfried von Holleben](/wiki/w:De:Ehrenfried_von_Holleben \"De:Ehrenfried von Holleben\"), former ambassador of Germany\n* 17 April 1975: Ramon Martin Herrero, former ambassador of Spain\n* 16 May 1975: Fredrik Almqvist, former diplomat, Sweden\n* 16 May 1975: [Gunnar Dryselius](/wiki/w:Sv:Gunnar_Dryselius \"Sv:Gunnar Dryselius\"), former ambassador of Sweden\n* 28 May 1975: [Kenneth Kaunda](/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda \"Kenneth Kaunda\"), former president of Zambia\n* 21 October 1975: [Maurice Couve de Murville](/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville \"Maurice Couve de Murville\"), former prime minister of France\n* 21 October 1975: [Yvon Bourges](/wiki/Yvon_Bourges \"Yvon Bourges\"), former minister of defence, France\n* 21 October 1975: [Jean Sauvagnargues](/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues \"Jean Sauvagnargues\"), former minister of foreign affairs, France\n* 21 October 1975: [Michel Poniatowski](/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski \"Michel Poniatowski\"), former minister of interior, France\n* 21 October 1975: [Norbert Ségard](/wiki/w:Fr:Norbert_S%C3%A9gard \"Fr:Norbert Ségard\"), former minister of foreign trade, France\n* 21 October 1975: [Paul Dijoud](/wiki/Paul_Dijoud \"Paul Dijoud\"), former diplomat, France (later Minister of State, France)\n* 21 October 1975: [Manea Mănescu](/wiki/Manea_M%C4%83nescu \"Manea Mănescu\"), former prime minister of Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Ștefan Voitec](/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Voitec \"Ștefan Voitec\"), former president of Great National Assembly, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Vasile Vâlcu](/wiki/w:Ro:Vasile_V%C3%A2lcu \"Ro:Vasile Vâlcu\"), former vice president of State Council, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Gheorghe Oprea](/wiki/w:Ro:Gheorghe_Oprea_%28om_politic%29 \"Ro:Gheorghe Oprea (om politic)\"), former deputy prime minister, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [George Macovescu](/wiki/George_Macovescu \"George Macovescu\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Ștefan Andrei](/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Andrei \"Ștefan Andrei\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Emil Bobu](/wiki/Emil_Bobu \"Emil Bobu\"), former minister of interior, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Gheorghe Cioară](/wiki/w:Ro:Gheorghe_Cioar%C4%83 \"Ro:Gheorghe Cioară\"), former Minister of Electricity, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Angelo Miculescu](/wiki/w:Ro:Angelo_Miculescu \"Ro:Angelo Miculescu\"), former minister of agriculture, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Constantin Stătescu](/wiki/w:Ro:Constantin_St%C4%83tescu \"Ro:Constantin Stătescu\"), former Minister of Justice\n* 21 October 1975: [Ion Cosma](/wiki/ro:Ion_Cosma \"Ion Cosma\"), former Minister of Tourism, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Ion Ioniță](/wiki/w:Ro:Ion_Ioni%C8%9B%C4%83 \"Ro:Ion Ioniță\"), former minister of armed forces, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Ioan Ursu](/wiki/w:Ro:Ioan_Ursu_%28fizician%29 \"Ro:Ioan Ursu (fizician)\"), former Minister, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Nicolae M. Nicolae](/wiki/w:Ro:Nicolae_M._Nicolae \"Ro:Nicolae M. Nicolae\"), former diplomat, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: Ion Patan, former diplomat, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: Marin Iliescu, former ambassador of Romania\n* 21 October 1975: Aurel Duma, former diplomat, Romania\n* 21 October 1975: [Teodor Coman](/wiki/w:Ro:Teodor_Coman \"Ro:Teodor Coman\"), former diplomat, Romania\n* 22 October 1975: Ioan Avram, former diplomat, Romania\n* 1 July 1976: Masuo Yanagi, former chairman, Mitsui Bank, Japan\n* 10 July 1976: [Wojciech Jaruzelski](/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"), former president of Poland\n* 10 July 1976: [Edward Babiuch](/wiki/Edward_Babiuch \"Edward Babiuch\"), former prime minister of Poland\n* 10 July 1976: [Józef Tejchma](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tejchma \"Józef Tejchma\"), former deputy prime minister, Poland\n* 10 July 1976: [Józef Kępa](/wiki/w:Pl:J%C3%B3zef_K%C4%99pa \"Pl:Józef Kępa\"), former deputy prime minister, Poland\n* 10 July 1976: [Mieczysław Jagielski](/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Jagielski \"Mieczysław Jagielski\"), former deputy prime minister, Poland\n* 10 July 1976: [Stefan Olszowski](/wiki/Stefan_Olszowski \"Stefan Olszowski\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Poland\n* 10 July 1976: [Ryszard Frelek](/wiki/w:Pl:Ryszard_Frelek \"Pl:Ryszard Frelek\"), former Member of Sejm, Poland\n* 28 July 1976: [Nikola Ljubičić](/wiki/Nikola_Ljubi%C4%8Di%C4%87 \"Nikola Ljubičić\"), former president of Serbia, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Dragoslav Marković](/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87 \"Dragoslav Marković\"), former president of Serbia, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Raif Dizdarević](/wiki/Raif_Dizdarevi%C4%87 \"Raif Dizdarević\"), former president of Presidency, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Džemal Bijedić](/wiki/D%C5%BEemal_Bijedi%C4%87 \"Džemal Bijedić\"), former president of Federal Executive Council, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Kiro Gligorov](/wiki/Kiro_Gligorov \"Kiro Gligorov\"), former president of Federal Assembly, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Živan Vasiljević](/wiki/w:Sr:%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B \"Sr:Живан Васиљевић\"), former president of People's Assembly, Serbia, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Vladimir Bakarić](/wiki/Vladimir_Bakari%C4%87 \"Vladimir Bakarić\"), former Member of Presidency, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Miloš Minić](/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Mini%C4%87 \"Miloš Minić\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: Emil Ludviger, former Member of Executive Council, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Jakov Blažević](/wiki/Jakov_Bla%C5%BEevi%C4%87 \"Jakov Blažević\"), former president of Executive Council, Croatia, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Živorad Kovačević](/wiki/%C5%BDivorad_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87 \"Živorad Kovačević\"), former diplomat, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: Petar Zečević, former diplomat, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Mirko Milutinović](/wiki/w:Sr:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B \"Sr:Мирко Милутиновић\"),former diplomat, Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: Milan Stojakovic, former ambassador of Yugoslavia\n* 28 July 1976: [Peko Dapčević](/wiki/Peko_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87 \"Peko Dapčević\"), former Chief of Staff, Yugoslavia\n* 11 August 1976: Trpe Jakovlevski, former diplomat, Yugoslavia\n* 22 September 1976: [Adolf Bredo Stabell](/wiki/Adolf_Bredo_Stabell_%28diplomat%29 \"Adolf Bredo Stabell (diplomat)\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 6 December 1976: Bernard Durand, former Counsellor, France\n* 17 March 1977: Joaquim Bernal, former ambassador of Mexico\n* 20 May 1977: Nobuo Okuchi, former ambassador of Japan\n* 20 May 1977: Roberto Assumpção, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 20 May 1977: [Eric Butzke](/wiki/w:De:Eric_Butzke \"De:Eric Butzke\"), former ambassador of East Germany\n* 5 July 1977: Nenko Draganov Tchendov, former ambassador of Bulgaria\n* 7 July 1977: [Gumersindo Rodríguez](/wiki/w:Es:Gumersindo_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"Es:Gumersindo Rodríguez\"), former Minister of Power, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Reinaldo Figueredo Planchart, former Minister, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Guido Grooscors, former minister of interior, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Jorge Gomez Mantellini, former governor of Caracas, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: German Nava Carrillo, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Román Valencia, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Jesus A. Ponce, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Gonzalo Plata, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Francisco Armando Guedez, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 7 July 1977: Ney Pulgar, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 1 September 1977: Francisco Astray Rodriguez, former ambassador of Cuba\n* 20 December 1977: [Ramiro Saraiva Guerreiro](/wiki/w:Pt:Ramiro_Saraiva_Guerreiro \"Pt:Ramiro Saraiva Guerreiro\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Célio Borja](/wiki/w:Pt:C%C3%A9lio_Borja \"Pt:Célio Borja\"), former Minister of Justice, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [João Paulo dos Reis Veloso](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_dos_Reis_Veloso \"João Paulo dos Reis Veloso\"), former Minister of Planning, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Azeredo da Silveira](/wiki/w:Pt:Azeredo_da_Silveira \"Pt:Azeredo da Silveira\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Robert Santos](/wiki/w:Pt:Robert_Santos_%28politician%29 \"Pt:Robert Santos (politician)\"), former Minister of Health, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Djaci Falcão](/wiki/w:Pt:Djaci_Falc%C3%A3o \"Pt:Djaci Falcão\"), former Judge of Federal Supreme Court, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Floriano Peixoto Faria Lima](/wiki/w:Pt:Floriano_Peixoto_Faria_Lima \"Pt:Floriano Peixoto Faria Lima\"), former governor of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Paulo Egydio Martins](/wiki/w:Pt:Paulo_Egydio_Martins \"Pt:Paulo Egydio Martins\"), former governor of São Paulo, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Elmo Serejo Farias](/wiki/w:Pt:Elmo_Serejo_Farias \"Pt:Elmo Serejo Farias\"), former governor of Federal District, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Dário Moreira de Castro Alves](/wiki/w:Pt:D%C3%A1rio_Moreira_de_Castro_Alves \"Pt:Dário Moreira de Castro Alves\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Ítalo Zappa](/wiki/w:Pt:%C3%8Dtalo_Zappa \"Pt:Ítalo Zappa\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: Armindo Branco Mendes Cadaxa, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: João Paulo da Silva Paranhos do Rio Branco, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Francisco de Assis Grieco](/wiki/w:De:Francisco_de_Assis_Grieco \"De:Francisco de Assis Grieco\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: [Luiz Augusto Pereira Souto Maior](/wiki/w:De:Luiz_Augusto_Pereira_Souto_Maior \"De:Luiz Augusto Pereira Souto Maior\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 20 December 1977: Paulo Cabral de Mello, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 3 March 1978: Amir Shilaty, former ambassador of Iran\n* 20 April 1978: [Andrés Reguera](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Reguera \"Andrés Reguera\"), former Minister of Information, Spain\n* 20 April 1978: [Carlos Gámir Prieto](/wiki/w:De:Carlos_G%C3%A1mir_Prieto \"De:Carlos Gámir Prieto\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 20 April 1978: Miguel Solano Aza, former diplomat, Spain\n* 20 April 1978: Antonio Elías Martinena, former diplomat, Spain\n* 20 April 1978: Pablo de Churruca y de la Plaza, Marqués de San Felices, Spain\n* 5 May 1978: [Janko Smole](/wiki/Janko_Smole \"Janko Smole\"), former Minister of Finance, Yugoslavia\n* 5 May 1978: Anton Lah, former diplomat, Yugoslavia\n* 19 May 1978: [Hans\\-Jürgen Wischnewski](/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski \"Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski\"), former Minister of Economic Cooperation, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Manfred Schüler](/wiki/Manfred_Sch%C3%BCler \"Manfred Schüler\"), former Head of Chancellery, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Josef Ertl](/wiki/Josef_Ertl \"Josef Ertl\"), former minister of agriculture, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Henning Schwarz](/wiki/Henning_Schwarz \"Henning Schwarz\"), former Minister\\-President of Schleswig\\-Holstein, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Günter Flessner](/wiki/w:De:G%C3%BCnter_Flessner \"De:Günter Flessner\"), former minister of agriculture, Schleswig\\-Holstein, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Günther van Well](/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_van_Well \"Günther van Well\"), former Secretary of State, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Peter Hermes](/wiki/Peter_Hermes \"Peter Hermes\"), former diplomat, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: Frank Paul, former diplomat, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Fritz Caspari](/wiki/w:De:Fritz_Caspari_%28diplomat%29 \"De:Fritz Caspari (diplomat)\"), former diplomat, Germany\n* 19 May 1978: [Klaus Bölling](/wiki/w:De:Klaus_B%C3%B6lling \"De:Klaus Bölling\"), former Government Spokesperson, Germany\n* 30 August 1978: Fernando Rodríguez\\-Porrero y de Chávarri, former ambassador of Spain\n* 30 August 1978: [Ingvald Smith\\-Kielland](/wiki/Ingvald_Smith-Kielland \"Ingvald Smith-Kielland\"), former Court Marshal, Norway\n* 30 August 1978: [Georg Kristiansen](/wiki/Georg_Kristiansen \"Georg Kristiansen\"), former diplomat, Norway\n* 30 August 1978: [Leif Edwardsen](/wiki/Leif_Edwardsen \"Leif Edwardsen\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 30 August 1978: [Tore Bøgh](/wiki/Tore_B%C3%B8gh \"Tore Bøgh\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 30 August 1978: [Paul Owren](/wiki/w:No:Paul_Owren \"No:Paul Owren\"), former Royal Physician, Norway\n* 7 September 1978: [Árpád Szenes](/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szenes \"Árpád Szenes\"), Hungarian painter\n* 28 December 1978: [João Figueiredo](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo \"João Figueiredo\"), former president of Brazil\n* 28 December 1978: [Luís Gonzaga do Nascimento e Silva](/wiki/w:Pt:Lu%C3%ADs_Gonzaga_do_Nascimento_e_Silva \"Pt:Luís Gonzaga do Nascimento e Silva\"), former Minister of Labour, Brazil\n* 28 December 1978: [Golbery do Couto e Silva](/wiki/Golbery_do_Couto_e_Silva \"Golbery do Couto e Silva\"), former Chief of Staff of Presidency, Brazil\n* 28 December 1978: [Joelmir Campos de Araripe Macedo](/wiki/w:Pt:Joelmir_Campos_de_Araripe_Macedo \"Pt:Joelmir Campos de Araripe Macedo\"), former minister of air force, Brazil\n* 28 December 1978: [Geraldo Azevedo Henning](/wiki/w:Pt:Geraldo_Azevedo_Henning \"Pt:Geraldo Azevedo Henning\"), former Minister of Navy, Brazil\n* 28 December 1978: Eduardo Moreira Hosannah, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 5 January 1979: [Hernando Currea Cubides](/wiki/w:Es:Hernando_Currea_Cubides \"Es:Hernando Currea Cubides\"), former minister of defence, Colombia\n* 18 April 1979: [Américo Ghioldi](/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Ghioldi \"Américo Ghioldi\"), former ambassador of Argentina\n* 18 May 1979: [John Wilson, 2nd Baron Moran](/wiki/John_Wilson%2C_2nd_Baron_Moran \"John Wilson, 2nd Baron Moran\"), former ambassador of United Kingdom\n* 31 May 1979: [Frigyes Puja](/wiki/Frigyes_Puja \"Frigyes Puja\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Hungary\n* 31 May 1979: Ferenc Simon, former diplomat, Hungary\n* 31 May 1979: [János Nagy](/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Nagy_%28diplomat%29 \"János Nagy (diplomat)\"), former diplomat, Hungary\n* 31 May 1979: József Birë, former diplomat, Hungary\n* 31 May 1979: Ferenc Csaba, former diplomat, Hungary\n* 31 May 1979: [Lyudmila Zhivkova](/wiki/Lyudmila_Zhivkova \"Lyudmila Zhivkova\"), former politician, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: [Petar Mladenov](/wiki/Petar_Mladenov \"Petar Mladenov\"), former president of Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: [Grisha Filipov](/wiki/Grisha_Filipov \"Grisha Filipov\"), former prime minister of Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: [Andrey Lukanov](/wiki/Andrey_Lukanov \"Andrey Lukanov\"), former prime minister of Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: [Peko Takov](/wiki/w:Bg:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 \"Bg:Пеко Таков\"), former deputy chairman, State Council, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Nikolay Manolov, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Groudi Jelev, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Grigor Stoytchkov, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Ilia Kachev, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Ognyan Donev, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Boris Tsvetkov, former diplomat, Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: Dimitar Traykov, former ambassador of Bulgaria\n* 31 May 1979: [Christo Christov](/wiki/Christo_Christov \"Christo Christov\"), Bulgarian film personality\n* 30 June 1979: Jorge Del Campo Vidal, former ambassador of Peru\n* 13 July 1979: [Géraud Michel de Pierredon](/wiki/G%C3%A9raud_Michel_de_Pierredon \"Géraud Michel de Pierredon\"), former diplomat, France\n* 28 July 1979: Luis Rodríguez, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 14 August 1979: [Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton](/wiki/Fortune_FitzRoy%2C_Duchess_of_Grafton \"Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton\"), former Mistress of Robes, United Kingdom\n* 14 August 1979: [Philip Moore, Baron Moore of Wolvercote](/wiki/Philip_Moore%2C_Baron_Moore_of_Wolvercote \"Philip Moore, Baron Moore of Wolvercote\"), former Private Secretary to Queen, United Kingdom\n* 1 September 1979: Kevin Rush, former ambassador of Ireland\n* 3 September 1979: [Wojciech Chabasiński](/wiki/w:Pl:Wojciech_Chabasi%C5%84ski \"Pl:Wojciech Chabasiński\"), former ambassador of Poland\n* 14 September 1979: Charles Delgado, former ambassador of Senegal\n* 13 October 1979: Pierluigi Alverá, former ambassador of Italy\n* 15 October 1979: [Angelo Felici](/wiki/Angelo_Felici \"Angelo Felici\"), President Emeritus, Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei\n* 9 January 1980: [Hassan Ali](/wiki/Hassan_Ali_Mehran \"Hassan Ali Mehran\"), former Minister of Economy, Iran\n* 30 June 1980: J. L. R. Huydecoper van Nigtevecht, former ambassador of Netherlands\n* 30 June 1980: Joseph Missanda, former ambassador of Gabon\n* 5 August 1980: Tómas Þorvaldsson, Icelandic magnate\n* 5 August 1980: Þórhallur Ásgeirsson, former ambassador of Iceland\n* 19 November 1980: [Gianni De Michelis](/wiki/Gianni_De_Michelis \"Gianni De Michelis\"), former deputy prime minister, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: [Giuseppe Zamberletti](/wiki/Giuseppe_Zamberletti \"Giuseppe Zamberletti\"), former Minister of Civil Protection, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: [Piergiorgio Bressani](/wiki/Piergiorgio_Bressani \"Piergiorgio Bressani\"), former Secretary, Council of Ministers, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: [Francesco Malfatti di Montetretto](/wiki/w:It:Francesco_Malfatti_di_Montetretto \"It:Francesco Malfatti di Montetretto\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: [Cesidio Guazzaroni](/wiki/Cesidio_Guazzaroni \"Cesidio Guazzaroni\"), former European Commissioner\n* 19 November 1980: Walter Gardini, former diplomat, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: [Maurizio Bucci](/wiki/Maurizio_Bucci \"Maurizio Bucci\"), former diplomat, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: Carlo Calenda, former diplomat, Italy\n* 19 November 1980: Mário Magliano, former ambassador of Italy\n* 26 November 1980: Moriki Tani, former ambassador of Japan\n* 26 November 1980: Michel Mouzas, former ambassador of Greece\n* 5 December 1980: [Johan Jørgen Holst](/wiki/Johan_J%C3%B8rgen_Holst \"Johan Jørgen Holst\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Knut Frydenlund](/wiki/Knut_Frydenlund \"Knut Frydenlund\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Odd Grønvold](/wiki/Odd_Gr%C3%B8nvold \"Odd Grønvold\"), former Grand Chamberlain, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Magne Hagen](/wiki/Magne_Hagen \"Magne Hagen\"), former private secretary to king, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Eivinn Berg](/wiki/Eivinn_Berg \"Eivinn Berg\"), former state secretary, Foreign Ministry, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Sverre B. Hamre](/wiki/Sverre_B._Hamre \"Sverre B. Hamre\"), former chief of defence, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Kjell Bjørge\\-Hansen](/wiki/w:No:Kjell_Bj%C3%B8rge-Hansen \"No:Kjell Bjørge-Hansen\"), former chief of armed forces, Norway\n* 5 December 1980: [Kjell Rasmussen](/wiki/Kjell_Rasmussen \"Kjell Rasmussen\"), former diplomat, Norway\n* 23 December 1980: Jesco von Puttkamer, former ambassador of Germany\n* 19 January 1981: [Louis A. Lerner](/wiki/Louis_A._Lerner \"Louis A. Lerner\"), former diplomat, United States\n* 19 January 1981: Dimitar Traykov, former ambassador of Bulgaria\n* 23 January 1981: [Virginio Rognoni](/wiki/Virginio_Rognoni \"Virginio Rognoni\"), former minister of defence, Italy\n* 23 January 1981: [Antonio Maccanico](/wiki/Antonio_Maccanico \"Antonio Maccanico\"), former minister of regional affairs, Italy\n* 23 January 1981: [Lelio Lagorio](/wiki/Lelio_Lagorio \"Lelio Lagorio\"), former minister of defence, Italy\n* 23 January 1981: Arnaldo Esquillante, former diplomat, Italy\n* 28 January 1981: Chung Tai Kim, former ambassador of South Korea\n* 7 August 1981: Ahmed Abdul Mabi Macki, former minister of national economy, Oman\n* 7 August 1981: Karel Coeckx, former ambassador of Belgium\n* 7 August 1981: [Corsino Fortes](/wiki/w:Pt:Corsino_Fortes \"Pt:Corsino Fortes\"), former ambassador of Cape Verde\n* 7 August 1981: Mariano Tirado, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 7 August 1981: Robert Six, former ambassador of Belgium\n* 22 September 1981: [Dulce Figueiredo](/wiki/Dulce_Figueiredo \"Dulce Figueiredo\"), former first lady of Brazil\n* 22 September 1981: Jorge Carlos Ribeiro, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 22 September 1981: João Carlos Pessoa Fragoso, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 22 September 1981: Orlando Soares Carbonar, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 22 September 1981: Ivan Velloso da Silveira Batalha, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 22 September 1981: Adolpho Corrêa de Sá e Benevides, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 19 October 1981: [Raniero Vanni d'Archirafi](/wiki/Raniero_Vanni_d%27Archirafi \"Raniero Vanni d'Archirafi\"), former diplomat, Italy\n* 22 October 1981: Dimitris Heraclides, former ambassador of Greece\n* 26 October 1981: Benkaram Mohammed Darweefsh, former ambassador of Greece\n* 28 October 1981: [Petros Molyviatis](/wiki/Petros_Molyviatis \"Petros Molyviatis\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Greece\n* 28 October 1981: Adamantios Vacalopoulos, former diplomat, Greece\n* 28 October 1981: Alexandre Raphael, former diplomat, Greece\n* 28 October 1981: Emmanuel Spyridakis, former ambassador of Greece\n* 28 October 1981: Aristotelis Frydas, former diplomat, Greece\n* 11 November 1981: [Délio Jardim de Mattos](/wiki/w:Pt:D%C3%A9lio_Jardim_de_Mattos \"Pt:Délio Jardim de Mattos\"), former minister of aeronautics, Brazil\n* 25 November 1981: [Juan José Rosón](/wiki/w:Es:Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ros%C3%B3n \"Es:Juan José Rosón\"), former minister of interior, Spain\n* 27 April 1982: [Gaston Thorn](/wiki/Gaston_Thorn \"Gaston Thorn\"), former prime minister of Luxembourg\n* 26 June 1982: Jean\\-François de Liedekerke, former ambassador of Belgium\n* 26 June 1982: [Alfred Cahen](/wiki/w:Fr:Alfred_Cahen \"Fr:Alfred Cahen\"), former diplomat, Belgium\n* 16 August 1982: [Hocine Djoudi](/wiki/w:Fr:Hocine_Djoudi \"Fr:Hocine Djoudi\"), former ambassador of Algeria\n* 7 September 1982: [Paulo Maluf](/wiki/Paulo_Maluf \"Paulo Maluf\"), former governor of São Paulo, Brazil\n* 15 November 1982: Ahmed Maher El Sayed, former ambassador of Egypt\n* 10 December 1982: [Jean\\-Luc Dehaene](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene \"Jean-Luc Dehaene\"), former prime minister of Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: [Philippe Maystadt](/wiki/Philippe_Maystadt \"Philippe Maystadt\"), former deputy prime minister, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: [Alfred Vreven](/wiki/Alfred_Vreven \"Alfred Vreven\"), former minister of defence, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: Albert Debeche, former Chief of Defence, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: [Luc Putman](/wiki/w:De:Luc_Putman \"De:Luc Putman\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: José Charlier, former diplomat, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: Joseph Trouveroy, former diplomat, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: Willy Tielemans, former diplomat, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: Prosper Thuysbaert, former diplomat, Belgium\n* 10 December 1982: [Gilbert Declercq](/wiki/Gilbert_Declercq \"Gilbert Declercq\"), Belgian artist\n* 5 May 1983: [Kálmán Ábrahám](/wiki/w:Hu:K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_%C3%81brah%C3%A1m \"Hu:Kálmán Ábrahám\"), former Minister of Urban Development, Hungary\n* 5 May 1983: [Károly Szarka](/wiki/w:Hu:K%C3%A1roly_Szarka_%28diplomat%29 \"Hu:Károly Szarka (diplomat)\"), former deputy foreign minister, Hungary\n* 5 May 1983: Tibor Melega, former deputy trade minister, Hungary\n* 5 May 1983: Zsolt Bajnok, former diplomat, Hungary\n* 5 May 1983: László Rosta, former diplomat, Hungary\n* 5 May 1983: Ede Gazdik, former ambassador of Hungary\n* 5 May 1983: Ferenc Farago, former diplomat, Hungary\n* 16 May 1983: Bailio Fra'Hubert Pallavicini, Italian noble\n* 18 May 1983: [Maximiano Eduardo da Silva Fonseca](/wiki/w:Pt:Maximiano_Eduardo_da_Silva_Fonseca \"Pt:Maximiano Eduardo da Silva Fonseca\"), former Minister of Navy, Brazil\n* 30 July 1983: Yutaka Tamura, former ambassador of Japan\n* 16 August 1983: [Jean\\-Marie Piret](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Piret \"Jean-Marie Piret\"), former Principal Private Secretary to King, Belgium\n* 16 August 1983: Guiseppe Arturo Nigra, former ambassador of Italy\n* 16 August 1983: Giacomo Profili, former ambassador of Italy\n* 19 August 1983: [Boutros Boutros\\-Ghali](/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali \"Boutros Boutros-Ghali\"), former secretary\\-general, United Nations\n* 19 August 1983: Saied Abdel Kader Hamza, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 19 August 1983: Gamal Mansour, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 19 August 1983: Mohamed El\\-Sayed El, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 19 August 1983: Mahmond Amin Fathi, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 19 August 1983: Mokhless Gobba, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 19 August 1983: Mohamed Abdel Hamid Raduan, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 19 August 1983: Yehia Refaat, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 22 August 1983: [Karolos Papoulias](/wiki/Karolos_Papoulias \"Karolos Papoulias\"), former president of Greece (then Minister)\n* 22 August 1983: [Menios Koutsogiorgas](/wiki/Menios_Koutsogiorgas \"Menios Koutsogiorgas\"), former minister of interior, Greece\n* 22 August 1983: Pausanias Zakolikos, former deputy minister of national defence, Greece\n* 22 August 1983: [Yannis Kapsis](/wiki/Yannis_Kapsis \"Yannis Kapsis\"), former deputy minister of foreign affairs, Greece\n* 22 August 1983: [Grigoris Varfis](/wiki/Grigoris_Varfis \"Grigoris Varfis\"), former president of Council, European Union\n* 22 August 1983: Georges Sekeris, former ambassador of Greece\n* 22 August 1983: [Nicholas Katapodis](/wiki/w:De:Nicholas_Katapodis \"De:Nicholas Katapodis\"), former diplomat, Greece\n* 22 August 1983: Dimitrios Maroudas, former diplomat, Greece\n* 22 August 1983: Dimitris Papaioannon, former diplomat, Greece\n* 2 September 1983: [Andrzej Maria Deskur](/wiki/Andrzej_Maria_Deskur \"Andrzej Maria Deskur\"), former president, Pontifical Academy of Immaculate Conception\n* 2 September 1983: [Paul Marcinkus](/wiki/Paul_Marcinkus \"Paul Marcinkus\"), Pro\\-President Emeritus, Pontifical Commission\n* 2 September 1983: [Lucas Moreira Neves](/wiki/Lucas_Moreira_Neves \"Lucas Moreira Neves\"), former Prefect, Congregation for Bishops\n* 5 November 1983: [Richard L. Lawson](/wiki/Richard_L._Lawson \"Richard L. Lawson\"), former deputy chief, U.S. Europe Command\n* 6 January 1984: [Julián Campo](/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Campo \"Julián Campo\"), former minister of public works, Spain\n* 6 January 1984: [Carlos Romero](/wiki/Carlos_Romero_%28Spanish_politician%29 \"Carlos Romero (Spanish politician)\"), former minister of agriculture, Food, Spain\n* 6 January 1984: [Miguel Boyer](/wiki/Miguel_Boyer \"Miguel Boyer\"), former Minister of Economy, Commerce, Spain\n* 6 January 1984: Ramón Fernandez de Soignie, former ambassador of Spain\n* 6 January 1984: [Luis de Velasco Rami](/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco_Rami \"Luis de Velasco Rami\"), former Secretary of State, Commerce, Spain\n* 6 January 1984: [Eduardo Sotillos](/wiki/Eduardo_Sotillos \"Eduardo Sotillos\"), former Government Spokesperson, Spain\n* 6 January 1984: [Manuel Marín](/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn \"Manuel Marín\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Spain\n* 17 January 1984: [Pentti Talvitie](/wiki/Pentti_Talvitie \"Pentti Talvitie\"), former ambassador of Finland\n* 17 January 1984: [Tómas A. Tómasson](/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_A._T%C3%B3masson \"Tómas A. Tómasson\"), Member of Althing, Iceland\n* 17 January 1984: [Ingvi Sigurður Ingvarsson](/wiki/Ingvi_Sigur%C3%B0ur_Ingvarsson \"Ingvi Sigurður Ingvarsson\"), former diplomat, Iceland\n* 17 January 1984: [Einar Benediktsson](/wiki/Einar_Benediktsson \"Einar Benediktsson\"), Icelandic poet *(posthumous)*\n* 19 January 1984: Pedro Pablo Aguilar, former politician, Venezuela\n* 18 April 1984: [Herma Kirchschläger](/wiki/Herma_Kirchschl%C3%A4ger \"Herma Kirchschläger\"), former first lady of Austria\n* 18 April 1984: [Leopold Gratz](/wiki/Leopold_Gratz \"Leopold Gratz\"), former president of National Council, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: [Rudolf Thalhammer](/wiki/w:De:Rudolph_Thalhammer \"De:Rudolph Thalhammer\"), former Third President of National Council, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: [Peter Jankowitsch](/wiki/Peter_Jankowitsch \"Peter Jankowitsch\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: [Wilfried Haslauer](/wiki/Wilfried_Haslauer \"Wilfried Haslauer\"), former governor of Salzburg, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: [Gerald Hinteregger](/wiki/w:De:Gerald_Hinteregger \"De:Gerald Hinteregger\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: Wolfgang Loibl, former Head of Presidential Chancellery, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: [Eric Hochleitner](/wiki/w:De:Eric_Hochleitner \"De:Eric Hochleitner\"), former ambassador of Austria\n* 18 April 1984: Hans Nigisch, former diplomat, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: Kurt Zeleny, former diplomat, Austria\n* 18 April 1984: Robert Danzinger, former Director\\-General of Public Safety, Austria\n* 14 May 1984: [Joaquim Chissano](/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano \"Joaquim Chissano\"), former president of Mozambique\n* 4 July 1984: [Joseph Luns](/wiki/Joseph_Luns \"Joseph Luns\"), former secretary\\-general, NATO\n* 4 July 1984: Sinclair L. Melner, former deputy chair, NATO Military Committee\n* 4 July 1984: [Alfredo Karam](/wiki/w:Pt:alfredo_karam \"Pt:alfredo karam\"), former Minister of Navy, Brazil\n* 4 July 1984: Lee Chong Chin, former ambassador of North Korea\n* 4 July 1984: Geoffrey Vincent Brady, former ambassador of Australia\n* 30 July 1984: André Corsino Tolentino, former ambassador of Cape Verde\n* 3 August 1984: [Carmela Aguilar Ayanz](/wiki/w:Es:Carmela_Aguilar_Ayanz \"Es:Carmela Aguilar Ayanz\"), former ambassador of Peru\n* 13 August 1984: Napoleon Gimenez, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 29 August 1984: [Emiel van Lennep](/wiki/Emiel_van_Lennep \"Emiel van Lennep\"), former secretary\\-general, OECD\n* 22 September 1984: [Narcís Serra](/wiki/Narc%C3%ADs_Serra \"Narcís Serra\"), former deputy prime minister, Spain\n* 25 September 1984: Peter Udoh, former ambassador of Nigeria\n* 16 November 1984: [Lars\\-Erik Thunholm](/wiki/Lars-Erik_Thunholm \"Lars-Erik Thunholm\"), former CEO, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken\n* 16 November 1984: [Hans Sølvhøj](/wiki/w:Da:Hans_S%C3%B8lvh%C3%B8j \"Da:Hans Sølvhøj\"), former Court Marshal, Denmark\n* 16 November 1984: [Uffe Ellemann\\-Jensen](/wiki/Uffe_Ellemann-Jensen \"Uffe Ellemann-Jensen\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Denmark\n* 16 November 1984: Per Fergo, former ambassador of Denmark\n* 24 November 1984: [Ferdinand Lacina](/wiki/Ferdinand_Lacina \"Ferdinand Lacina\"), former Minister of Finance, Austria\n* 24 November 1984: [Antoinette Sassou Nguesso](/wiki/Antoinette_Sassou_Nguesso \"Antoinette Sassou Nguesso\"), First Lady of Republic of the Congo\n* 12 December 1984: [Hans\\-Dietrich Genscher](/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher \"Hans-Dietrich Genscher\"), former Vice\\-Chancellor of Germany\n* 12 December 1984: [Léon Kengo wa Dondo](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Kengo_wa_Dondo \"Léon Kengo wa Dondo\"), former prime minister of Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: [Mpinga Kasenda](/wiki/Mpinga_Kasenda \"Mpinga Kasenda\"), former prime minister of Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Nyiwa Mobutu, former Minister, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Nzondomyo Adokpe Lingo, former president of National Assembly, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Umba\\-di Lutete, former minister of foreign affairs, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: [Victor Nendaka Bika](/wiki/Victor_Nendaka_Bika \"Victor Nendaka Bika\"), former Minister of Finance, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Seti Yale, former Advisor to President, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: [Mosambaye Singa Boyenge](/wiki/Mosambaye_Singa_Boyenge \"Mosambaye Singa Boyenge\"), former Chief of Armed Forces, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Bangala Oto\\-Wa\\-Ngama, former governor of Kinshasa\n* 12 December 1984: Bonsange, former diplomat, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Lengema Dulia, former diplomat, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Bomele Molinco Ikaki, former diplomat, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Lema Mvunda, former diplomat, Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Bulambo, former ambassador of Zaire\n* 12 December 1984: Pay\\-Paywa Saykasige, former ambassador of Zaire\n* 29 January 1985: Marcel Houllez, former ambassador of Belgium\n* 29 January 1985: [Christian Calmes](/wiki/Christian_Calmes \"Christian Calmes\"), former Grand Marshal, Luxembourg\n* 29 January 1985: [Jacques Poos](/wiki/Jacques_Poos \"Jacques Poos\"), former deputy prime minister, Luxembourg\n* 29 January 1985: Léopold Quarles van Ufford, former ambassador of Luxembourg\n* 13 March 1985: Enrique Quintana, former ambassador of Argentina\n* 13 March 1985: [Silvino Manuel da Luz](/wiki/Silvino_Manuel_da_Luz \"Silvino Manuel da Luz\"), former Minister of Foreign Minister, Cape Verde\n* 26 April 1985: Cardinal [Agostino Casaroli](/wiki/Agostino_Casaroli \"Agostino Casaroli\"), former Secretary of State, Holy See\n* 26 April 1985: [Siddhi Savetsila](/wiki/Siddhi_Savetsila \"Siddhi Savetsila\"), former deputy prime minister, Thailand\n* 9 July 1985: Toshikuni Yahiro, former chairman, Mitsui \\& Co.\n* 19 August 1985: Hassan Solaiman Abu Basha, former diplomat, Egypt\n* 5 September 1985: Kim Ki\\-Soo, former ambassador of South Korea\n* 5 September 1985: Willt Patocchi, former ambassador of Uruguay\n* 5 September 1985: [Werner Schattmann](/wiki/w:De:Werner_Schattmann \"De:Werner Schattmann\"), former ambassador of Germany\n* 5 September 1985: Carlos Luis Pedroso, former ambassador of Spain\n* 5 September 1985: Manuel Fonseca Veloso, former ambassador of São Tomé and Príncipe\n* 12 November 1985: [Robert Urbain](/wiki/Robert_Urbain \"Robert Urbain\"), Minister of State, Belgium\n* 12 November 1985: [Walter Moreira Salles](/wiki/Walter_Moreira_Salles \"Walter Moreira Salles\"), former Minister of Finance, Brazil\n* 31 January 1986: [Arturo Uslar Pietri](/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri \"Arturo Uslar Pietri\"), former Minister of Finance, Venezuela\n* 25 February 1986: [Lorenzo Natali](/wiki/Lorenzo_Natali \"Lorenzo Natali\"), former European Commissioner for International Cooperation\n* 18 July 1986: [Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor](/wiki/Bernardo_Sep%C3%BAlveda_Amor \"Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor\"), former Vice President, International Court of Justice\n* 14 July 1986: [Luís Viana Filho](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Viana_Filho \"Luís Viana Filho\"), former president of Federal Senate, Brazil\n* 14 July 1986: [Rubens Ricupero](/wiki/Rubens_Ricupero \"Rubens Ricupero\"), former secretary\\-general, UNCTAD\n* 14 July 1986: Paulo Cardoso de Oliveira Pires do Rio, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 14 July 1986: Carlos Eduardo Fonseca Alves, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 14 July 1986: Joshua Montello, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 14 July 1986: João Tabajara de Oliveira, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 14 July 1986: [Paulo Tarso Flecha de Lima](/wiki/Paulo_Tarso_Flecha_de_Lima \"Paulo Tarso Flecha de Lima\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 12 December 1986: Bokota w' Ekila, Zaire\n* 13 January 1987: Nils\\-Eric Svensson, Swedish sports administrator\n* 13 January 1987: [Alice Trolle\\-Wachtmeister](/wiki/Alice_Trolle-Wachtmeister \"Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister\"), former Chief Court Mistress, Sweden\n* 13 January 1987: [Lennart Ahrén](/wiki/w:Sv:Lennart_Ahr%C3%A9n \"Sv:Lennart Ahrén\"), former Marshal of Royal Court, Sweden\n* 13 January 1987: [Sten Andersson](/wiki/Sten_Andersson \"Sten Andersson\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Sweden\n* 13 January 1987: [Jan Eliasson](/wiki/Jan_Eliasson \"Jan Eliasson\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Sweden\n* 13 January 1987: Göran Hasselmark, diplomat, Sweden\n* 13 January 1987: [Sven Fredrik Hedin](/wiki/Sven_Fredrik_Hedin \"Sven Fredrik Hedin\"), former ambassador of Sweden\n* 21 January 1987: [Blanca Ibáñez](/wiki/Blanca_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez \"Blanca Ibáñez\"), former first lady of Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: [Oswaldo Álvarez Paz](/wiki/Oswaldo_%C3%81lvarez_Paz \"Oswaldo Álvarez Paz\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: [Carmelo Lauría Lesseur](/wiki/Carmelo_Laur%C3%ADa_Lesseur \"Carmelo Lauría Lesseur\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: Freddy Augusto Gonzalez Echenagucia, former secretary\\-general to President, Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: Moritz Eiris Villegas, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: Ruben Carpio Castillo, Venezuelan author\n* 21 January 1987: Horacio Arteaga, Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: Rafael José Neri, former Rector, UCV, Venezuela\n* 21 January 1987: Pedro Sorensen, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 28 October 1987: [Danielle Mitterrand](/wiki/Danielle_Mitterrand \"Danielle Mitterrand\"), former first lady of France\n* 31 October 1987: [Poul Schlüter](/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter \"Poul Schlüter\"), former prime minister of Denmark\n* 31 October 1987: Niels Christian Ersbøll, former secretary\\-general, Council of Europe\n* 31 October 1987: [Laurent Fabius](/wiki/Laurent_Fabius \"Laurent Fabius\"), former prime minister of France\n* 31 October 1987: [Bettino Craxi](/wiki/Bettino_Craxi \"Bettino Craxi\"), former prime minister of Italy\n* 31 October 1987: [Frans Andriessen](/wiki/Frans_Andriessen \"Frans Andriessen\"), former European Commissioner\n* 31 October 1987: [Garret FitzGerald](/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald \"Garret FitzGerald\"), former Taoiseach of Ireland\n* 31 October 1987: [Jacques Delors](/wiki/Jacques_Delors \"Jacques Delors\"), former president of European Commission\n* 31 October 1987: [Étienne Davignon](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Davignon \"Étienne Davignon\"), former Vice\\-President, European Commission\n* 31 October 1987: [Émile Noël](/wiki/%C3%89mile_No%C3%ABl \"Émile Noël\"), former president, European University Institute\n* 31 October 1987: [Wilfried Martens](/wiki/Wilfried_Martens \"Wilfried Martens\"), former prime minister of Belgium\n* 31 October 1987: [Ruud Lubbers](/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers \"Ruud Lubbers\"), former prime minister of Netherlands\n* 26 November 1987: [Aureliano Chaves](/wiki/Aureliano_Chaves \"Aureliano Chaves\"), former Vice President of Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Marco Maciel](/wiki/Marco_Maciel \"Marco Maciel\"), former Vice President of Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Humberto Lucena](/wiki/w:Pt:Humberto_Lucena \"Pt:Humberto Lucena\"), former president of Senate, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Ulysses Guimarães](/wiki/Ulysses_Guimar%C3%A3es \"Ulysses Guimarães\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Luís Rafael Mayer](/wiki/w:Pt:Lu%C3%ADs_Rafael_Mayer \"Pt:Luís Rafael Mayer\"), former president of Supreme Court, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Abreu Sodré](/wiki/w:Pt:Abreu_Sodr%C3%A9 \"Pt:Abreu Sodré\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Dilson Funaro](/wiki/w:Pt:Dilson_Funaro \"Pt:Dilson Funaro\"), former Minister of Finance, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Waldir Pires](/wiki/Waldir_Pires \"Waldir Pires\"), former minister of defence, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Renato Archer](/wiki/Renato_Archer \"Renato Archer\"), former Minister of Science and Technology, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [José Aparecido de Oliveira](/wiki/w:Pt:Jos%C3%A9_Aparecido_de_Oliveira \"Pt:José Aparecido de Oliveira\"), former minister of culture, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [José Hugo Castelo Branco](/wiki/w:Pt:Jos%C3%A9_Hugo_Castelo_Branco \"Pt:José Hugo Castelo Branco\"), former minister of industry, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Ronaldo Costa Couto](/wiki/w:Pt:Ronaldo_Costa_Couto \"Pt:Ronaldo Costa Couto\"), former secretary\\-general to president, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Epitácio Cafeteira](/wiki/Epit%C3%A1cio_Cafeteira \"Epitácio Cafeteira\"), former governor of Maranhão, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Miguel Arraes](/wiki/w:Pt:Miguel_Arraes \"Pt:Miguel Arraes\"), former governor of Pernambuco, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Jorge Bornhausen](/wiki/w:Pt:Jorge_Bornhausen \"Pt:Jorge Bornhausen\"), former governor of Santa Catarina, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Orestes Quércia](/wiki/Orestes_Qu%C3%A9rcia \"Orestes Quércia\"), former governor of São Paulo, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Moreira Franco](/wiki/w:Pt:Moreira_Franco \"Pt:Moreira Franco\"), former governor of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: José Augusto Olympio Rocha de Almeida, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Fernando Abbott Galvão](/wiki/w:Pt:Fernando_Abbott_Galv%C3%A3o \"Pt:Fernando Abbott Galvão\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: José Nogueira Filho, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 26 November 1987: [Adolfo Bloch](/wiki/w:Pt:Adolfo_Bloch \"Pt:Adolfo Bloch\"), Brazilian television personality\n* 26 November 1987: [Valentim Diniz](/wiki/w:Pt:Valentim_Diniz \"Pt:Valentim Diniz\"), Brazilian businessman\n* 26 November 1987: [Roberto Marinho](/wiki/Roberto_Marinho \"Roberto Marinho\"), Brazilian businessman\n* 5 December 1987: [Torbjørn Kristoffer Christiansen](/wiki/w:No:Torbj%C3%B8rn_Kristoffer_Christiansen \"No:Torbjørn Kristoffer Christiansen\"), former diplomat, Norway\n* 25 January 1988: Hernani do Amaral Peixoto, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 5 July 1988: [Giuliano Vassalli](/wiki/Giuliano_Vassalli \"Giuliano Vassalli\"), former president of Constitutional Court, Italy\n* 25 August 1988: Funiya Okada, former ambassador of Japan\n* 13 October 1988: [Queen Sofía of Spain](/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain \"Queen Sofía of Spain\")\n* 13 October 1988: [Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria](/wiki/Infanta_Margarita%2C_Duchess_of_Soria \"Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria\")\n* 13 October 1988: [José Federico de Carvajal](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Federico_de_Carvajal \"José Federico de Carvajal\"), former president of Senate, Spain\n* 13 October 1988: [Francisco Fernández Ordóñez](/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez \"Francisco Fernández Ordóñez\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Spain\n* 13 October 1988: [Félix Pons](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Pons \"Félix Pons\"), former Minister of Territorial Administration, Spain\n* 13 October 1988: [José Rodríguez de la Borbolla](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_la_Borbolla \"José Rodríguez de la Borbolla\"), former president of Andalusia Government, Spain\n* 13 October 1988: [Jordi Pujol](/wiki/Jordi_Pujol \"Jordi Pujol\"), former president of Catalonian Government, Spain\n* 13 October 1988: [Gabriel Ferrán de Alfaro](/wiki/w:Es:Gabriel_Ferr%C3%A1n_de_Alfaro \"Es:Gabriel Ferrán de Alfaro\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 13 October 1988: Fernando Perpiña Robert, former diplomat, Spain\n* 13 October 1988: [Máximo Cajal López](/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_Cajal_L%C3%B3pez \"Máximo Cajal López\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 12 November 1988: [Léon Bollendorff](/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bollendorff \"Léon Bollendorff\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Jean\\-Claude Juncker](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker \"Jean-Claude Juncker\"), former prime minister of Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Bernard Berg](/wiki/Bernard_Berg \"Bernard Berg\"), former deputy prime minister of Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Marc Fischbach](/wiki/Marc_Fischbach \"Marc Fischbach\"), former minister of defence, Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Robert Krieps](/wiki/Robert_Krieps \"Robert Krieps\"), former minister of culture, Environment, Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Fernand Boden](/wiki/Fernand_Boden \"Fernand Boden\"), former Minister of National Education, Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Jean Spautz](/wiki/Jean_Spautz \"Jean Spautz\"), former minister of home affairs, Luxembourg\n* 12 November 1988: [Marcel Schlechter](/wiki/Marcel_Schlechter \"Marcel Schlechter\"), former Minister of Transport, Luxembourg\n* 18 March 1989: Moulay Slama Benzidane, former ambassador of Morocco\n* 5 May 1989: Fernando Nardiz Vial, former Chief of Navy, Spain\n* 2 June 1989: [Marianne von Weizsäcker](/wiki/Marianne_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker \"Marianne von Weizsäcker\"), former first lady of Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Wolfgang Schäuble](/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble \"Wolfgang Schäuble\"), former president of Bundestag, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Martin Bangemann](/wiki/Martin_Bangemann \"Martin Bangemann\"), former Minister of Economics, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Irmgard Schwaetzer](/wiki/Irmgard_Schwaetzer \"Irmgard Schwaetzer\"), former Minister of Regional Planning, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Lutz Stavenhagen](/wiki/Lutz_Stavenhagen \"Lutz Stavenhagen\"), former Minister of State, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Helmut Schäfer](/wiki/w:De:Helmut_Sch%C3%A4fer_%28Politiker%29 \"De:Helmut Schäfer (Politiker)\"), former Minister of State, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Lothar Späth](/wiki/Lothar_Sp%C3%A4th \"Lothar Späth\"), former Minister\\-President of Baden\\-Württemberg, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Eberhard Diepgen](/wiki/Eberhard_Diepgen \"Eberhard Diepgen\"), former Governing Mayor of Berlin, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Klaus Blech](/wiki/w:De:Klaus_Blech \"De:Klaus Blech\"), former Head of President's Office, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Jürgen Sudhoff](/wiki/w:De:J%C3%BCrgen_Sudhoff \"De:Jürgen Sudhoff\"), former State Secretary, Foreign Office, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Hans\\-Werner Lautenschlager](/wiki/w:De:Hans-Werner_Lautenschlager \"De:Hans-Werner Lautenschlager\"), former State Secretary, Germany\n* 2 June 1989: [Gisbert Poensgen](/wiki/w:De:Gisbert_Poensgen \"De:Gisbert Poensgen\"), former ambassador of Germany\n* 16 April 1990: [Albrecht von Boeselager](/wiki/Albrecht_von_Boeselager \"Albrecht von Boeselager\"), former Grand Chancellor, Sovereign Military Order of Malta\n* 11 May 1990: Stephen Reckert, American writer\n* 12 September 1990: [Diego Cordovez](/wiki/w:Es:Diego_Cordovez \"Es:Diego Cordovez\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Ecuador\n* 12 September 1990: [Giulio Andreotti](/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti \"Giulio Andreotti\"), former prime minister of Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Valerio Zanone](/wiki/Valerio_Zanone \"Valerio Zanone\"), former minister of defence, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Antonio La Pergola](/wiki/w:It:Antonio_La_Pergola \"It:Antonio La Pergola\"), former Minister of Community Policies, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Antonio Gava](/wiki/Antonio_Gava \"Antonio Gava\"), former minister of interior, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Giovanni Manzolini](/wiki/w:It:Giovanni_Manzolini_%28politico%29 \"It:Giovanni Manzolini (politico)\"), former Undersecretary of State, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Andrew Manzella](/wiki/w:It:Andrew_Manzella \"It:Andrew Manzella\"), former secretary\\-general to President, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Bruno Bottai](/wiki/w:It:Bruno_Bottai \"It:Bruno Bottai\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: Luigi Garafoli, former diplomat, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: Franco Ferretti, former diplomat, Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Enzo Perlot](/wiki/w:It:Enzo_Perlot \"It:Enzo Perlot\"), former ambassador of Italy\n* 12 September 1990: [Sergio Berlinguer](/wiki/w:It:Sergio_Berlinguer \"It:Sergio Berlinguer\"), former secretary\\-general to President, Italy\n* 19 October 1990: [Mário César Flores](/wiki/w:Pt:M%C3%A1rio_C%C3%A9sar_Flores \"Pt:Mário César Flores\"), former Minister of Navy, Brazil\n* 19 October 1990: [Henrique Saboia](/wiki/w:Pt:Henrique_Saboia \"Pt:Henrique Saboia\"), former Minister of Navy, Brazil\n* 19 October 1990: [Bernardo Cabral](/wiki/w:Pt:Bernardo_Cabral \"Pt:Bernardo Cabral\"), former Minister of Justice, Brazil\n* 5 November 1990: Axel Buus, former ambassador of Denmark\n* 8 November 1990: [Jacques Santer](/wiki/Jacques_Santer \"Jacques Santer\"), former president of European Commission\n* 12 November 1990: [Theodoros Pangalos](/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_%28politician%29 \"Theodoros Pangalos (politician)\"), former deputy prime minister, Greece\n* 12 November 1990: Dimitrios Makris, Greece\n* 12 November 1990: Konstantinos Iliopoulos, former diplomat, Greece\n* 12 November 1990: Georgios Mathioudakis, former diplomat, Greece\n* 12 November 1990: Leonidas Papakarias, former diplomat, Greece\n* 12 November 1990: Stylianos Vassilikos, former ambassador of Greece\n* 12 November 1990: [Costas Simitis](/wiki/Costas_Simitis \"Costas Simitis\"), former prime minister of Greece\n* 22 November 1990: [Noboru Takeshita](/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita \"Noboru Takeshita\"), former prime minister of Japan\n* 23 November 1990: [Andreas Meyer\\-Landrut](/wiki/Andreas_Meyer-Landrut \"Andreas Meyer-Landrut\"), former chief of staff to president, Germany\n* 12 December 1990: [Bengt Rabaeus](/wiki/Bengt_Rabaeus \"Bengt Rabaeus\"), former diplomat, Sweden\n* 21 December 1990: [Oscar Rizzato](/wiki/Oscar_Rizzato \"Oscar Rizzato\"), Archbishop, Vatican City\n* 21 December 1990: Pietro Canisio Van Lierde, Archbishop, Vatican City\n* 21 December 1990: [Domenico De Luca](/wiki/Domenico_De_Luca \"Domenico De Luca\"), Archbishop, Vatican City\n* 21 December 1990: [Dino Monduzzi](/wiki/Dino_Monduzzi \"Dino Monduzzi\"), former Prefect, Papal Household\n* 2 January 1991: [Alberto da Costa e Silva](/wiki/w:Pt:Alberto_da_Costa_e_Silva \"Pt:Alberto da Costa e Silva\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 22 January 1991: Alexander Otto, former ambassador of Austria\n* 20 February 1991: Cardinal [Achille Silvestrini](/wiki/Achille_Silvestrini \"Achille Silvestrini\"), former Prefect, Congregation for Oriental Churches\n* 27 February 1991: [Gabriel Ferrán de Alfaro](/wiki/w:Es:Gabriel_Ferr%C3%A1n_de_Alfaro \"Es:Gabriel Ferrán de Alfaro\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 15 April 1991: Luciano Koch, former ambassador of Italy\n* 14 May 1991: [Pieter van Vollenhoven](/wiki/Pieter_van_Vollenhoven \"Pieter van Vollenhoven\"), Netherlands\n* 14 May 1991: [Ruud Lubbers](/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers \"Ruud Lubbers\"), former prime minister of Netherlands\n* 14 May 1991: [Hans van den Broek](/wiki/Hans_van_den_Broek \"Hans van den Broek\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Netherlands\n* 15 May 1991: Per Skãld, Marshal, Sweden\n* 15 May 1991: [Lennart Ljung](/wiki/Lennart_Ljung_%28general%29 \"Lennart Ljung (general)\"), former Supreme Commander of Armed Forces, Sweden\n* 15 May 1991: [Bror Stefenson](/wiki/Bror_Stefenson \"Bror Stefenson\"), former Chief of Defence Staff, Sweden\n* 15 May 1991: [Björn Eriksson](/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Eriksson_%28civil_servant%29 \"Björn Eriksson (civil servant)\"), former president of Interpol\n* 15 May 1991: Jan Kuylenstierna, Marshal, Sweden\n* 15 May 1991: [Carl Gustaf von Platen](/wiki/w:Sv:Carl_Gustaf_von_Platen \"Sv:Carl Gustaf von Platen\"), former Chief Master of Ceremonies, Sweden\n* 15 May 1991: [Peter Osvald](/wiki/w:Sv:Peter_Osvald \"Sv:Peter Osvald\"), former diplomat, Sweden\n* 15 May 1991: Kerstin Asp. Johnsson, former ambassador of Sweden\n* 2 July 1991: [Luiz Felipe Lampreia](/wiki/Luiz_Felipe_Lampreia \"Luiz Felipe Lampreia\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 2 July 1991: [Agenor de Carvalho](/wiki/w:Pt:Agenor_de_Carvalho \"Pt:Agenor de Carvalho\"), former Head of Security to President, Brazil\n* 2 July 1991: [Marcos Azambuja](/wiki/w:Pt:Marcos_Azambuja \"Pt:Marcos Azambuja\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 2 July 1991: [Tellervo Koivisto](/wiki/Tellervo_Koivisto \"Tellervo Koivisto\"), former first lady of Finland\n* 2 July 1991: [Pertti Paasio](/wiki/Pertti_Paasio \"Pertti Paasio\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Finland\n* 29 August 1991: [Edgar Faure](/wiki/Edgar_Faure \"Edgar Faure\"), former prime minister of France\n* 9 December 1991: [Jacques De Staercke](/wiki/Jacques_De_Staercke \"Jacques De Staercke\"), former politician, Belgium\n* 9 December 1991: [Jean Godeaux](/wiki/Jean_Godeaux \"Jean Godeaux\"), former governor of National Bank, Belgium\n* 3 February 1992: John Correia Afonso, Indian author\n* 14 February 1992: Robert Van Overberghe, former ambassador of Belgium\n* 10 June 1992: [Alceu Amoroso Lima](/wiki/w:Pt:Alceu_Amoroso_Lima \"Pt:Alceu Amoroso Lima\"), Brazilian writer\n* 10 June 1992: [Macario Santiago Kastner](/wiki/w:Pt:Macario_Santiago_Kastner \"Pt:Macario Santiago Kastner\"), British musician\n* 26 August 1992: [Enrique Silva Cimma](/wiki/Enrique_Silva_Cimma \"Enrique Silva Cimma\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Chile\n* 30 September 1992: Giovanni Battistini, former ambassador of Italy\n* 30 September 1992: [Emilio Cassinello](/wiki/Emilio_Cassinello \"Emilio Cassinello\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 12 October 1992: [Søren Haslund\\-Christensen](/wiki/w:Da:S%C3%B8ren_Haslund-Christensen \"Da:Søren Haslund-Christensen\"), former Court Marshal, Denmark\n* 12 October 1992: [Niels Eilschou Holm](/wiki/w:Da:Niels_Eilschou_Holm \"Da:Niels Eilschou Holm\"), former chamberlain, Denmark\n* 12 October 1992: [H.P. Clausen](/wiki/w:Da:H.P._Clausen \"Da:H.P. Clausen\"), former Speaker of Folketing, Denmark\n* 23 November 1992: [José Carro Otero](/wiki/w:Es:Jos%C3%A9_Carro_Otero \"Es:José Carro Otero\"), Spanish anthropologist\n* 2 December 1992: [Empress Masako of Japan](/wiki/Empress_Masako \"Empress Masako\")\n* 26 March 1993: [Simone Veil](/wiki/Simone_Veil \"Simone Veil\"), former president of European Parliament\n* 26 March 1993: King [Mohammed VI of Morocco](/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco \"Mohammed VI of Morocco\")\n* 26 March 1993: [Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco](/wiki/Prince_Moulay_Rachid_of_Morocco \"Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco\")\n* 27 April 1993: [David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie](/wiki/David_Ogilvy%2C_13th_Earl_of_Airlie \"David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie\"), former Lord Chamberlain, United Kingdom\n* 27 April 1993: [David Gillmoore](/wiki/David_Gillmore%2C_Baron_Gillmore_of_Thamesfield \"David Gillmore, Baron Gillmore of Thamesfield\"), former Permanent Undersecretary, United Kingdom\n* 27 April 1993: [Robert Fellowes](/wiki/Robert_Fellowes%2C_Baron_Fellowes \"Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes\"), former Private Secretary to Queen, United Kingdom\n* 9 June 1993: Paulo Cesar Prado Ferreira da Gama, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 9 June 1993: Joaquim\\-Francisco Coelho, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 21 June 1993: Basilio Basilio I, Poland\n* 9 July 1993: [Gabriel Valdés](/wiki/Gabriel_Vald%C3%A9s \"Gabriel Valdés\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Chile\n* 9 July 1993: [José Antonio Viera\\-Gallo](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Viera-Gallo \"José Antonio Viera-Gallo\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Chile\n* 4 October 1993: [Chilel Jawara](/wiki/Chilel_Jawara \"Chilel Jawara\"), former first lady of the Gambia\n* 9 November 1993: [Emilio García Gómez](/wiki/Emilio_Garc%C3%ADa_G%C3%B3mez \"Emilio García Gómez\"), Spanish historian\n* 15 November 1993: [Robert Van Lierop](/wiki/Robert_Van_Lierop \"Robert Van Lierop\"), former diplomat, United States\n* 29 November 1993: [Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco](/wiki/Princess_Lalla_Meryem_of_Morocco \"Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco\")\n* 2 December 1993: [Norihito, Prince Takamado](/wiki/Norihito%2C_Prince_Takamado \"Norihito, Prince Takamado\")\n* 2 December 1993: [Hisako, Princess Takamado](/wiki/Hisako%2C_Princess_Takamado \"Hisako, Princess Takamado\")\n* 2 December 1993: [Morihiro Hosokawa](/wiki/Morihiro_Hosokawa \"Morihiro Hosokawa\"), former prime minister of Japan\n* 2 December 1993: [Tsutomu Hata](/wiki/Tsutomu_Hata \"Tsutomu Hata\"), former prime minister of Japan\n* 2 December 1993: [Takako Doi](/wiki/Takako_Doi \"Takako Doi\"), former Speaker of House of Representatives, Japan\n* 2 December 1993: Bunbei Hara, former president, Asian Women's Fund\n* 2 December 1993: Ryouhachi Kusaba, former diplomat, Japan\n* 7 December 1993: [Celso Amorim](/wiki/Celso_Amorim \"Celso Amorim\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 11 August 1994: [Georgios Iacovou](/wiki/Georgios_Iacovou \"Georgios Iacovou\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Cyprus\n* 11 August 1994: Andreas Gavrielides, former diplomat, Cyprus\n* 30 August 1994: [Ivan da Silveira Serpa](/wiki/w:Pt:Ivan_da_Silveira_Serpa \"Pt:Ivan da Silveira Serpa\"), former Minister of Navy, Brazil\n* 8 September 1994: [Jean\\-Michel Wilmotte](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Wilmotte \"Jean-Michel Wilmotte\"), French architect\n* 27 October 1994: [Loïc Bouvard](/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bouvard \"Loïc Bouvard\"), former Member of National Assembly, France\n* 9 November 1994: [Eddie Fenech Adami](/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami \"Eddie Fenech Adami\"), former president of Malta\n* 14 November 1994: [Wilfred de Souza](/wiki/Wilfred_de_Souza \"Wilfred de Souza\"), former Chief Minister of Goa, India\n* 14 November 1994: [Bruce Millan](/wiki/Bruce_Millan \"Bruce Millan\"), former European Commissioner for Regional Policy\n* 14 November 1994: [Earl A. Powell III](/wiki/Earl_A._Powell_III \"Earl A. Powell III\"), former chairman, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts\n* 29 November 1994: [Efraín Goldenberg](/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_Goldenberg \"Efraín Goldenberg\"), former prime minister of Peru\n* 20 December 1994: [José Joaquín Puig de la Bellacasa](/wiki/w:Es:Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Puig_de_la_Bellacasa \"Es:José Joaquín Puig de la Bellacasa\"), former secretary\\-general of Royal Household, Spain\n* 3 March 1995: Pieter Andries Swanepoel, former ambassador of South Africa\n* 30 March 1995: [Stanley Ho](/wiki/Stanley_Ho \"Stanley Ho\"), Founder Chairman of SJM Holdings\n* 11 April 1995: Aldo Ajello, former diplomat, Italy\n* 26 June 1995: [Esperança Machavela](/wiki/Esperan%C3%A7a_Machavela \"Esperança Machavela\"), former Minister of Justice, Mozambique\n* 25 July 1995: [Federico Mayor Zaragoza](/wiki/Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza \"Federico Mayor Zaragoza\"), former Director\\-General, UNESCO\n* 26 July 1995: [Ruy Mingas](/wiki/w:Pt:Ruy_Mingas \"Pt:Ruy Mingas\"), former ambassador of Angola\n* 2 October 1995: [Zine El Abidine Ben Ali](/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali \"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali\"), former president of Tunisia\n* 4 October 1995: [Júlio César Gomes dos Santos](/wiki/w:Pt:Cabo_J%C3%BAlio \"Pt:Cabo Júlio\"), former Federal Deputy, Brazil\n* 4 October 1995: [Bernardo Cabral](/wiki/w:Pt:Bernardo_Cabral \"Pt:Bernardo Cabral\"), former Minister of Justice, Brazil\n* 4 October 1995: [Artur da Távola](/wiki/Artur_da_T%C3%A1vola \"Artur da Távola\"), former Federal Deputy, Brazil\n* 4 October 1995: [Roseana Sarney](/wiki/Roseana_Sarney \"Roseana Sarney\"), former governor of Maranhão, Brazil\n* 4 October 1995: [Sérgio Amaral](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Amaral \"Sérgio Amaral\"), former Minister of Development, Trade, Brazil\n* 9 November 1995: [Pratapsingh Rane](/wiki/Pratapsingh_Rane \"Pratapsingh Rane\"), former Chief Minister of Goa, India\n* 9 January 1996: [Alioune Blondin Béye](/wiki/w:Fr:Alioune_Blondin_B%C3%A9ye \"Fr:Alioune Blondin Béye\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Mali\n* 16 January 1996: [Venâncio da Silva Moura](/wiki/Ven%C3%A2ncio_da_Silva_Moura \"Venâncio da Silva Moura\"), former Minister of External Relations, Angola\n* 16 January 1996: Wu Tao, former diplomat, China\n* 22 February 1996: José María Vargas\\-Zúñiga Ledesma, Spain\n* 22 February 1996: [Enrique Fuentes Quintana](/wiki/Enrique_Fuentes_Quintana \"Enrique Fuentes Quintana\"), former deputy prime minister, Spain\n* 22 February 1996: [Fernando Lázaro Carreter](/wiki/Fernando_L%C3%A1zaro_Carreter \"Fernando Lázaro Carreter\"), Spanish journalist\n* 22 February 1996: [José Ángel Sánchez Asiaín](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_S%C3%A1nchez_Asia%C3%ADn \"José Ángel Sánchez Asiaín\"), Spanish economist\n* 22 February 1996: [Miguel Artola Gallego](/wiki/Miguel_Artola_Gallego \"Miguel Artola Gallego\"), Spanish historian\n* 7 May 1996: [Marcolino Moco](/wiki/Marcolino_Moco \"Marcolino Moco\"), former prime minister of Angola\n* 20 May 1996: Michel\\-Akis Papageorgiou, former ambassador of Greece\n* 3 June 1996: [Guilherme Posser da Costa](/wiki/Guilherme_Posser_da_Costa \"Guilherme Posser da Costa\"), former prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe\n* 17 June 1996: [Thabo Mbeki](/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki \"Thabo Mbeki\"), former president of South Africa\n* 23 August 1996: [Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo](/wiki/Infanta_Elena%2C_Duchess_of_Lugo \"Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo\")\n* 23 August 1996: [Infanta Cristina of Spain](/wiki/Infanta_Cristina_of_Spain \"Infanta Cristina of Spain\")\n* 23 August 1996: [José María Aznar](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar \"José María Aznar\"), former prime minister of Spain\n* 23 August 1996: [Federico Trillo](/wiki/Federico_Trillo \"Federico Trillo\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Spain\n* 23 August 1996: [Abel Matutes](/wiki/Abel_Matutes \"Abel Matutes\"), former minister of foreign affairs\n* 23 August 1996: Miguel Díaz Pache, former diplomat, Spain\n* 23 August 1996: Cristina Barrios Almazor, former diplomat, Spain\n* 23 August 1996: [Raúl Morodo](/wiki/w:Es:Ra%C3%BAl_Morodo \"Es:Raúl Morodo\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 23 August 1996: [Rafael Spottorno](/wiki/Rafael_Spottorno \"Rafael Spottorno\"), former secretary\\-general of Royal Household, Spain\n* 23 August 1996: [Fernando Almansa](/wiki/w:Es:Fernando_Almansa \"Es:Fernando Almansa\"), former Head of Royal Household of HM King, Spain\n* 10 February 1997: [Carlos Veiga](/wiki/Carlos_Veiga \"Carlos Veiga\"), former prime minister of Cape Verde\n* 12 May 1997: Leonardo Santos Simão, former diplomat, Mozambique\n* 12 May 1997: Francisco Caetano Madeira, former diplomat, Mozambique\n* 9 June 1997: James Mitchel, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 18 August 1997: [Paulo Souto](/wiki/Paulo_Souto \"Paulo Souto\"), former governor of Bahia, Brazil\n* 18 August 1997: [Eduardo Azeredo](/wiki/w:Pt:Eduardo_Azeredo \"Pt:Eduardo Azeredo\"), former governor of Minas Gerais, Brazil\n* 18 August 1997: [Marcello Alencar](/wiki/w:Pt:Marcello_Alencar \"Pt:Marcello Alencar\"), former governor of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n* 18 August 1997: [Cristovam Buarque](/wiki/Cristovam_Buarque \"Cristovam Buarque\"), former governor of Federal District, Brazil\n* 18 August 1997: [Mario Covas](/wiki/Mario_Covas \"Mario Covas\"), former governor of São Paulo, Brazil\n* 23 September 1997: Mihu Miron Biji, former ambassador of Romania\n* 8 October 1997: [Juan Ignacio Barrero](/wiki/w:Es:Juan_Ignacio_Barrero \"Es:Juan Ignacio Barrero\"), former president of Senate, Spain\n* 15 October 1997: Walter Neuer, former ambassador of Germany\n* 17 October 1997: [Miguel Ángel Burelli Rivas](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Burelli_Rivas \"Miguel Ángel Burelli Rivas\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Venezuela\n* 17 October 1997: Nelson Valera Parra, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 17 October 1997: [Fernando José de França Dias Van\\-Dúnem](/wiki/Fernando_Jos%C3%A9_de_Fran%C3%A7a_Dias_Van-D%C3%BAnem \"Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem\"), former prime minister of Angola\n* 21 November 1997: [Elizabeth Frawley Bagley](/wiki/Elizabeth_Frawley_Bagley \"Elizabeth Frawley Bagley\"), former ambassador of United States\n* 16 December 1997: [Antônio Carlos Magalhães](/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Antônio Carlos Magalhães\"), former president of Senate, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Eduardo Jorge Pereira](/wiki/w:Pt:Eduardo_Jorge_Pereira \"Pt:Eduardo Jorge Pereira\"), former secretary\\-general of Presidency, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Clóvis Carvalho](/wiki/w:Pt:Cl%C3%B3vis_Carvalho \"Pt:Clóvis Carvalho\"), former Minister of Development, Trade, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Benedito Onofre Bezerra Leonel](/wiki/w:Pt:Benedito_Onofre_Bezerra_Leonel \"Pt:Benedito Onofre Bezerra Leonel\"), former Chief of General Staff, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [José Israel Vargas](/wiki/w:Pt:Jos%C3%A9_Israel_Vargas \"Pt:José Israel Vargas\"), former Minister of Science and Technology, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Luiz Carlos Bresser\\-Pereira](/wiki/Luiz_Carlos_Bresser-Pereira \"Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira\"), former Minister of Finance, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Francisco Weffort](/wiki/Francisco_Weffort \"Francisco Weffort\"), former minister of culture, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [José Botafogo Gonçalves](/wiki/w:Pt:Jos%C3%A9_Botafogo_Gon%C3%A7alves \"Pt:José Botafogo Gonçalves\"), former minister of industry, Commerce, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Benito Gamma](/wiki/w:Pt:Benito_Gamma \"Pt:Benito Gamma\"), former Federal Deputy, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: Adhemar Gabriel Bahadian, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: Ivan de Cannabrava, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: [Alberto Mendes Cardoso](/wiki/w:Pt:Alberto_Mendes_Cardoso \"Pt:Alberto Mendes Cardoso\"), former Military Chief to President, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: Gelson Fonseca Jr., former diplomat, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: João Augusto de Médicis, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: Affonso Emilio de Alencastro Massot, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 16 December 1997: Luis Tupy Calder de Moura, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 13 March 1998: [Jean\\-Claude Paye](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Paye_%28OECD%29 \"Jean-Claude Paye (OECD)\"), former secretary\\-general, OECD\n* 13 March 1998: Daniel Elm, former ambassador of Argentina\n* 13 March 1998: [Amílcar Spencer Lopes](/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Spencer_Lopes \"Amílcar Spencer Lopes\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Cape Verde\n* 16 April 1998: [Oleksandr Moroz](/wiki/Oleksandr_Moroz \"Oleksandr Moroz\"), former chairman of Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine\n* 16 April 1998: [Valeriy Pustovoitenko](/wiki/Valeriy_Pustovoitenko \"Valeriy Pustovoitenko\"), former prime minister of Ukraine\n* 16 April 1998: [Hennadiy Udovenko](/wiki/Hennadiy_Udovenko \"Hennadiy Udovenko\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Ukraine\n* 12 May 1998: [Empress Michiko of Japan](/wiki/Empress_Michiko \"Empress Michiko\")\n* 12 May 1998: [Yukihiko Ikeda](/wiki/Yukihiko_Ikeda \"Yukihiko Ikeda\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Japan\n* 29 May 1998: Cristobal Fernández Daló, former president of Senate, Venezuela\n* 29 May 1998: [Asdrúbal Aguiar](/wiki/w:Es:Asdr%C3%BAbal_Aguiar \"Es:Asdrúbal Aguiar\"), former minister of interior, Venezuela\n* 29 May 1998: Freddy Rojas Parra, former Minister of Finance, Venezuela\n* 1 July 1998: [Plácido Domingo](/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo \"Plácido Domingo\"), Spanish opera singer and conductor\n* 20 July 1998: [Alfredo Kraus](/wiki/Alfredo_Kraus \"Alfredo Kraus\"), Spanish tenor\n* 5 August 1998: Cardinal [Jean\\-Marie Lustiger](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lustiger \"Jean-Marie Lustiger\"), Archbishop Emeritus of Paris\n* 13 August 1998: [Helmut Kohl](/wiki/Helmut_Kohl \"Helmut Kohl\"), former chancellor of Germany\n* 13 August 1998: [Rita Süssmuth](/wiki/Rita_S%C3%BCssmuth \"Rita Süssmuth\"), former president of Bundestag, Germany\n* 13 August 1998: [Bernhard Vogel](/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel \"Bernhard Vogel\"), former president of Bundesrat, Germany\n* 13 August 1998: [Edmund Stoiber](/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber \"Edmund Stoiber\"), former president of Bundesrat, Germany\n* 19 October 1998: [Rosario Green](/wiki/Rosario_Green \"Rosario Green\"), former Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mexico\n* 19 October 1998: [Herminio Blanco Mendoza](/wiki/Herminio_Blanco_Mendoza \"Herminio Blanco Mendoza\"), former Secretary of Trade and Industry, Mexico\n* 19 October 1998: Pedro González Rubio S., former diplomat, Mexico\n* 19 October 1998: [Salvador Campos Icardo](/wiki/w:De:Salvador_Campos_Icardo \"De:Salvador Campos Icardo\"), former diplomat, Mexico\n* 27 October 1998: [Peter Sutherland](/wiki/Peter_Sutherland \"Peter Sutherland\"), former director, World Trade Organization\n* 16 November 1998: [Vartan Gregorian](/wiki/Vartan_Gregorian \"Vartan Gregorian\"), American academic\n* 4 February 1999: [Dominique de Villepin](/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin \"Dominique de Villepin\"), former prime minister of France\n* 4 February 1999: [Catherine Trautmann](/wiki/Catherine_Trautmann \"Catherine Trautmann\"), former minister of culture, France\n* 4 February 1999: [Hubert Védrine](/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine \"Hubert Védrine\"), former minister of foreign affairs, France\n* 27 May 1999: [Anthony Giddens](/wiki/Anthony_Giddens \"Anthony Giddens\"), British sociologist\n* 31 May 1999: [Cesária Évora](/wiki/Ces%C3%A1ria_%C3%89vora \"Cesária Évora\"), Cape Verdean singer\\-songwriter\n* 9 July 1999: Vincente Loscertales, former diplomat, Spain\n* 9 July 1999: Ole Philipson, former diplomat, Denmark\n* 2 September 1999: [Monika Wulf\\-Mathies](/wiki/Monika_Wulf-Mathies \"Monika Wulf-Mathies\"), former European Commissioner\n* 16 November 1999: [Jan Arvesen](/wiki/Jan_Arvesen \"Jan Arvesen\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 13 September 1999: Mohamed Khairet El Fattah Radi, former ambassador of Egypt\n* 13 December 1999: [Louis Michel](/wiki/Louis_Michel \"Louis Michel\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Belgium\n* 13 December 1999: [Michel Corboz](/wiki/Michel_Corboz \"Michel Corboz\"), Swiss conductor\n* 13 December 1999: Constantinos Ailianos, former diplomat, Greece\n* 13 December 1999: Emmanouil Gikas, former diplomat, Greece\n* 13 December 1999: Georges Yennimatas, former diplomat, Greece\n* 13 December 1999: Christos Rokofyllos, former diplomat, Greece\n* 11 January 2000: [José Patrício](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Patr%C3%ADcio \"José Patrício\"), former ambassador of Angola\n* 11 January 2000: [Alfred Missong jun.](/wiki/Alfred_Missong_jun. \"Alfred Missong jun.\"), former ambassador of Austria\n* 14 March 2000: [José Sarney](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney \"José Sarney\"), former president of Brazil\n* 14 March 2000: [Ruth Cardoso](/wiki/Ruth_Cardoso \"Ruth Cardoso\"), former first lady of Brazil\n* 14 March 2000: [Andrea Matarazzo](/wiki/Andrea_Matarazzo \"Andrea Matarazzo\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 14 March 2000: [Rafael Greca](/wiki/Rafael_Greca \"Rafael Greca\"), former mayor of Curitiba, Brazil\n* 14 March 2000: Frederico Cezar de Araujo, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 14 March 2000: Valter Pechy Moreira, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 14 March 2000: Lauro Barbosa da Silva Moreira, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 15 March 2000: [Mircea Ionescu\\-Quintus](/wiki/Mircea_Ionescu-Quintus \"Mircea Ionescu-Quintus\"), former president of Senate, Romania\n* 15 March 2000: [Ion Diaconescu](/wiki/Ion_Diaconescu \"Ion Diaconescu\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Romania\n* 15 March 2000: [Mugur Isărescu](/wiki/Mugur_Is%C4%83rescu \"Mugur Isărescu\"), former prime minister of Romania\n* 6 April 2000: [Jorge Alberto Lozoya](/wiki/Jorge_Alberto_Lozoya \"Jorge Alberto Lozoya\"), former diplomat, Mexico\n* 6 April 2000: [José Ángel Gurría](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Gurr%C3%ADa \"José Ángel Gurría\"), former secretary\\-general, OECD\n* 14 April 2000: Nikola Kaloudou, former ambassador of Bulgaria\n* 12 May 2000: [Luís Eduardo Magalhães](/wiki/w:Pt:Lu%C3%ADs_Eduardo_Magalh%C3%A3es \"Pt:Luís Eduardo Magalhães\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Brazil\n* 2 August 2000: [Joaquim Rafael Branco](/wiki/Joaquim_Rafael_Branco \"Joaquim Rafael Branco\"), former prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe\n* 11 September 2000: [José Rodríguez\\-Spiteri](/wiki/w:Es:Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez-Spiteri \"Es:José Rodríguez-Spiteri\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 11 September 2000: [Alberto Aza](/wiki/w:Es:Alberto_Aza \"Es:Alberto Aza\"), former secretary\\-general to HM King, Spain\n* 11 September 2000: Juan Manuel de Barandica y Luxán, former ambassador of Spain\n* 11 September 2000: Alfonso Sanz Portolés, former secretary\\-general of Royal Household, Spain\n* 24 October 2000: [Gregorio Peces\\-Barba](/wiki/Gregorio_Peces-Barba \"Gregorio Peces-Barba\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Spain\n* 12 December 2000: Lucas Mahlasela Makhubela, former diplomat, South Africa\n* 3 January 2001: Guiseppe Acqua, former ambassador of Italy\n* 5 February 2001: [Gerald S. McGowan](/wiki/Gerald_S._McGowan \"Gerald S. McGowan\"), former ambassador of the United States\n* 16 February 2001: Walter Slaves, former ambassador of Peru\n* 22 May 2001: Patricia Marsden‑Dole, former Trade Commissioner, Canada\n* 18 June 2001: Pedro Comissário Afonso, former diplomat, Mozambique\n* 4 July 2001: Niels Tillisch, former ambassador of Norway\n* 16 July 2001: Krister Isaksson, former ambassador of Sweden\n* 4 August 2001: [Celso Lafer](/wiki/Celso_Lafer \"Celso Lafer\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Brazil\n* 26 September 2001: [Jorge Rodríguez Grossi](/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Grossi \"Jorge Rodríguez Grossi\"), former Minister of Economy, Tourism, Chile\n* 26 September 2001: [Heraldo Muñoz](/wiki/Heraldo_Mu%C3%B1oz \"Heraldo Muñoz\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Chile\n* 26 September 2001: Eduardo Araya Alemparte, former ambassador of Chile\n* 8 November 2001: [Jorge Giordani](/wiki/Jorge_Giordani \"Jorge Giordani\"), former Minister of Finance, Venezuela\n* 8 November 2001: [Álvaro Silva Calderón](/wiki/w:Es:%C3%81lvaro_Silva_Calder%C3%B3n \"Es:Álvaro Silva Calderón\"), former Minister of Energy, Venezuela\n* 8 November 2001: [Luis Alfonso Dávila](/wiki/w:Es:Luis_Alfonso_D%C3%A1vila \"Es:Luis Alfonso Dávila\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Venezuela\n* 8 November 2001: Andrés Eloy Rondën, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 8 November 2001: María Lourdes Urbaneja, former diplomat, Venezuela\n* 14 November 2001: [Adalberto Rodríguez Giavarini](/wiki/Adalberto_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Giavarini \"Adalberto Rodríguez Giavarini\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Argentina\n* 14 November 2001: Jesús Fernando Taboada, former diplomat, Argentina\n* 3 January 2002: [Roberto Antonione](/wiki/w:It:Roberto_Antonione \"It:Roberto Antonione\"), former senator, Italy\n* 3 January 2002: [Salvatore Sechi](/wiki/w:It:Salvatore_Sechi \"It:Salvatore Sechi\"), Italian historian\n* 3 January 2002: [Antonio Puri Purini](/wiki/w:It:Antonio_Puri_Purini \"It:Antonio Puri Purini\"), former diplomat, Italy\n* 14 February 2002: Josef Hendrikus Jeurissen, former ambassador of the Netherlands\n* 14 February 2002: Antônio Paulo Cachapuz de Medeiro, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 5 April 2002: [Peter Cosgrove](/wiki/Peter_Cosgrove \"Peter Cosgrove\"), former Governor\\-General of Australia (then Defence Chief)\n* 9 June 2002: [Robert Bréchon](/wiki/w:Fr:Robert_Br%C3%A9chon \"Fr:Robert Bréchon\"), French poet and writer\n* 18 August 2002: [Margot Klestil\\-Löffler](/wiki/Margot_Klestil-L%C3%B6ffler \"Margot Klestil-Löffler\"), former first lady of Austria\n* 18 August 2002: [Franz Schausberger](/wiki/Franz_Schausberger \"Franz Schausberger\"), former governor of Salzburg, Austria\n* 18 August 2002: [Helmut Türk](/wiki/Helmut_T%C3%BCrk \"Helmut Türk\"), former diplomat, Austria\n* 25 September 2002: Enrique Pareja, former ambassador of Argentina\n* 25 September 2002: John Campbell, former ambassador of Ireland\n* 7 October 2002: [Zorka Parvanova](/wiki/Zorka_Parvanova \"Zorka Parvanova\"), former first lady of Bulgaria\n* 7 October 2002: [Lydia Shouleva](/wiki/Lydia_Shouleva \"Lydia Shouleva\"), former deputy prime minister, Bulgaria\n* 7 October 2002: [Solomon Passy](/wiki/Solomon_Passy \"Solomon Passy\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Bulgaria\n* 7 October 2002: [Meglena Kuneva](/wiki/Meglena_Kuneva \"Meglena Kuneva\"), former minister of European affairs, Bulgaria\n* 14 October 2002: [Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ibarra \"Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra\"), former president of Extremadura Government, Spain\n* 16 October 2002: Jorge Gabriel Perdomo Martinez, former ambassador of Colombia\n* 24 October 2002: [Pentti Arajärvi](/wiki/Pentti_Araj%C3%A4rvi \"Pentti Arajärvi\"), former First Gentleman of Finland\n* 24 October 2002: [Riitta Uosukainen](/wiki/Riitta_Uosukainen \"Riitta Uosukainen\"), former Speaker of Parliament, Finland\n* 24 October 2002: [Paavo Lipponen](/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen \"Paavo Lipponen\"), former prime minister of Finland\n* 24 October 2002: [Jan\\-Erik Enestam](/wiki/Jan-Erik_Enestam \"Jan-Erik Enestam\"), former minister of defence, Finland\n* 6 December 2002: [Pierre Brochand](/wiki/Pierre_Brochand \"Pierre Brochand\"), former diplomat, France\n* 14 January 2003: Bunthan Bairaj\\-Vinichai, former ambassador of Thailand\n* 16 January 2003: Synesio Sampaio Goes Son, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 16 January 2003: Antonio Catalano di Melilli, former ambassador of Portugal\n* 31 January 2003: [Costas Simitis](/wiki/Costas_Simitis \"Costas Simitis\"), former prime minister of Greece\n* 31 January 2003: [Apostolos Kaklamanis](/wiki/Apostolos_Kaklamanis \"Apostolos Kaklamanis\"), former Speaker of Parliament, Greece\n* 31 January 2003: [Vasso Papandreou](/wiki/Vasso_Papandreou \"Vasso Papandreou\"), former minister of interior, Greece\n* 31 January 2003: [Christos Pachtas](/wiki/w:Nl:Christos_Pachtas \"Nl:Christos Pachtas\"), former Minister, Greece\n* 31 January 2003: [Andreas Loverdos](/wiki/Andreas_Loverdos \"Andreas Loverdos\"), former Minister of Education, Greece\n* 31 January 2003: Anastasios Skopelitis, former ambassador of Greece\n* 31 January 2003: Ilias Plaskovitis, former banker, Greece\n* 31 January 2003: Ioannis Vavvas, former ambassador of Greece\n* 4 April 2003: [Carlos Ruckauf](/wiki/Carlos_Ruckauf \"Carlos Ruckauf\"), former Vice President of Argentina\n* 29 May 2003: [Ingrid Rüütel](/wiki/Ingrid_R%C3%BC%C3%BCtel \"Ingrid Rüütel\"), former first lady of Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Ene Ergma](/wiki/Ene_Ergma \"Ene Ergma\"), former Speaker of Riigikogu, Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Lennart Meri](/wiki/Lennart_Meri \"Lennart Meri\"), former president of Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Juhan Parts](/wiki/Juhan_Parts \"Juhan Parts\"), former prime minister of Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Meelis Atonen](/wiki/Meelis_Atonen \"Meelis Atonen\"), former minister of economic affairs, Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Margus Leivo](/wiki/Margus_Leivo \"Margus Leivo\"), former minister of interior, Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Kristiina Ojuland](/wiki/Kristiina_Ojuland \"Kristiina Ojuland\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Tarmo Kõuts](/wiki/Tarmo_K%C3%B5uts \"Tarmo Kõuts\"), former Commander of Defence Forces, Estonia\n* 29 May 2003: [Imants Freibergs](/wiki/w:Lv:Imants_Freibergs \"Lv:Imants Freibergs\"), former first gentleman of Latvia\n* 29 May 2003: [Algirdas Brazauskas](/wiki/Algirdas_Brazauskas \"Algirdas Brazauskas\"), former president of Lithuania\n* 29 May 2003: [Laima Paksienė](/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas \"Rolandas Paksas\"), former first lady of Lithuania\n* 29 May 2003: [Artūras Paulauskas](/wiki/Art%C5%ABras_Paulauskas \"Artūras Paulauskas\"), former Speaker of Seimas, Lithuania\n* 17 June 2003: József Bényi, former deputy foreign minister, Hungary\n* 17 June 2003: [Belisario Velasco](/wiki/Belisario_Velasco \"Belisario Velasco\"), former minister of interior, Chile\n* 23 July 2003: [Mauro Vieira](/wiki/w:Pt:Mauro_Vieira \"Pt:Mauro Vieira\"), Minister of Foreign Affairs, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: [Tarso Genro](/wiki/Tarso_Genro \"Tarso Genro\"), former Minister of Justice, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: [Luiz Fernando Furlan](/wiki/w:Pt:Luiz_Fernando_Furlan \"Pt:Luiz Fernando Furlan\"), former minister of industry and Foreign Trade, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: [Gilberto Gil](/wiki/Gilberto_Gil \"Gilberto Gil\"), former minister of culture, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: [José Gregori](/wiki/w:Pt:Jos%C3%A9_Gregori \"Pt:José Gregori\"), former Minister of Justice, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: [Luiz Dulci](/wiki/w:Pt:Luiz_Dulci \"Pt:Luiz Dulci\"), former secretary\\-general of Presidency, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: Ruy de Lima Casaes e Silva, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: Paulo César de Oliveira Campos, former diplomat, Brazil\n* 23 July 2003: [Mário Vilalva](/wiki/w:De:M%C3%A1rio_Vilalva \"De:Mário Vilalva\"), former diplomat, Brazil\n* 28 July 2003: Paul Duhr, Marshal of Grand Ducal Court, Luxembourg\n* 30 July 2003: Abdallah Salah Eddine Tazi, former ambassador of Morocco\n* 3 September 2003: Dawlat Hassan, former ambassador of Egypt\n* 11 September 2003: [Wim Duisenberg](/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg \"Wim Duisenberg\"), former president of European Central Bank\n* 17 October 2003: Marcelo Andrade de Moraes Garden, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 24 November 2003: [Frank Carlucci](/wiki/Frank_Carlucci \"Frank Carlucci\"), former Secretary of Defense, United States\n* 13 February 2004: [Queen Sonja of Norway](/wiki/Queen_Sonja_of_Norway \"Queen Sonja of Norway\")\n* 13 February 2004: Prince [Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway](/wiki/Haakon%2C_Crown_Prince_of_Norway \"Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway\")\n* 13 February 2004: Princess [Mette\\-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway](/wiki/Mette-Marit%2C_Crown_Princess_of_Norway \"Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway\")\n* 13 February 2004: [Princess Märtha Louise of Norway](/wiki/Princess_M%C3%A4rtha_Louise_of_Norway \"Princess Märtha Louise of Norway\")\n* 11 March 2004: Wolfgang Kriechbaum, former diplomat, Austria\n* 11 March 2004: Michel Cosentino, former diplomat, Italy\n* 9 June 2004: [Fernanda Montenegro](/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro \"Fernanda Montenegro\"), Brazilian actress\n* 23 June 2004: [Richard Holbrooke](/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke \"Richard Holbrooke\"), former diplomat, United States\n* 12 October 2004: [José Alencar](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alencar \"José Alencar\"), former Vice President of Brazil\n* 31 January 2005: [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi \"Silvio Berlusconi\"), former prime minister of Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Marcello Pera](/wiki/Marcello_Pera \"Marcello Pera\"), former president of Senate, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Pier Ferdinando Casini](/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini \"Pier Ferdinando Casini\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Franco Frattini](/wiki/Franco_Frattini \"Franco Frattini\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Antonio Martino](/wiki/Antonio_Martino \"Antonio Martino\"), former minister of defence, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Gaetano Gifuni](/wiki/Gaetano_Gifuni \"Gaetano Gifuni\"), former secretary\\-general to President, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Umberto Vattani](/wiki/Umberto_Vattani \"Umberto Vattani\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Paolo Pucci of Benisichi](/wiki/w:It:Paolo_Pucci_of_Benisichi \"It:Paolo Pucci of Benisichi\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Italy\n* 31 January 2005: [Martin Bartenstein](/wiki/Martin_Bartenstein \"Martin Bartenstein\"), former Minister of Economy and Labour, Austria\n* 31 January 2005: [John Kyrle](/wiki/w:De:John_Kyrle \"De:John Kyrle\"), former secretary\\-general, Foreign Ministry, Austria\n* 31 January 2005: Rene Pollitzer, former diplomat, Austria\n* 9 March 2005: Harold V. Livermore, British historian\n* 9 March 2005: [Heinrich von Pierer](/wiki/Heinrich_von_Pierer \"Heinrich von Pierer\"), former Advisor to the Government, Germany\n* 21 April 2005: [Marcos Vilaça](/wiki/w:Pt:Marcos_Vila%C3%A7a \"Pt:Marcos Vilaça\"), former president, Federal Audit Court, Brazil\n* 21 April 2005: [Sergio Telles](/wiki/w:Pt:Sergio_Telles \"Pt:Sergio Telles\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 21 April 2005: António Luís Pale, former president of Administrative Tribunal, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Jean\\-Jacques Kassel](/wiki/w:Lb:Jean-Jacques_Kassel \"Lb:Jean-Jacques Kassel\"), former Court Marshal, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Fernand Boden](/wiki/Fernand_Boden \"Fernand Boden\"), former minister of agriculture, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [François Biltgen](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Biltgen \"François Biltgen\"), former Minister of Justice, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Luc Frieden](/wiki/Luc_Frieden \"Luc Frieden\"), former minister of defence, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Mady Delvaux\\-Stehres](/wiki/Mady_Delvaux-Stehres \"Mady Delvaux-Stehres\"), former Minister of Health, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Marie\\-Josée Jacobs](/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9e_Jacobs \"Marie-Josée Jacobs\"), former Minister of Family and Integration, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Jean Asselborn](/wiki/Jean_Asselborn \"Jean Asselborn\"), Minister of Foreign Affairs, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Claude Wiseler](/wiki/Claude_Wiseler \"Claude Wiseler\"), former Minister of Public Works, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Jean\\-Marie Halsdorf](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Halsdorf \"Jean-Marie Halsdorf\"), former minister of defence, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Lucien Lux](/wiki/Lucien_Lux \"Lucien Lux\"), former Minister of Transport, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Mars Di Bartolomeo](/wiki/Mars_Di_Bartolomeo \"Mars Di Bartolomeo\"), former Minister of Health, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Jeannot Krecké](/wiki/Jeannot_Kreck%C3%A9 \"Jeannot Krecké\"), former Minister of Economy, Luxembourg\n* 6 May 2005: [Nicolas Schmit](/wiki/Nicolas_Schmit \"Nicolas Schmit\"), former deputy minister of foreign affairs, Luxembourg\n* 11 July 2005: Mikael Essayan, United Kingdom\n* 15 July 2005: [Gabriel Ascencio](/wiki/Gabriel_Ascencio \"Gabriel Ascencio\"), former president of Chamber of Deputies, Chile\n* 15 July 2005: [Marcos Libedinsky](/wiki/Marcos_Libedinsky \"Marcos Libedinsky\"), former president of Supreme Court, Chile\n* 15 July 2005: [Sergio Romero Pizarro](/wiki/Sergio_Romero_Pizarro \"Sergio Romero Pizarro\"), former president of Senate, Chile\n* 30 August 2005: Prince [Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud](/wiki/Khalid_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud \"Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud\") of Saudi Arabia\n* 6 October 2005: [Kōichirō Matsuura](/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Matsuura \"Kōichirō Matsuura\"), former Director\\-General, UNESCO\n* 27 October 2005: Hideichiro Hamanaka, former ambassador of Japan\n* 22 November 2005: [Ignacio Walker](/wiki/Ignacio_Walker \"Ignacio Walker\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Chile\n* 3 January 2006: [Jean\\-Louis Debré](/wiki/Jean-Louis_Debr%C3%A9 \"Jean-Louis Debré\"), former president of National Assembly, France\n* 5 January 2006: [Bill Gates](/wiki/Bill_Gates \"Bill Gates\"), former Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft\n* 14 February 2006: [Mari Alkatiri](/wiki/Mari_Alkatiri \"Mari Alkatiri\"), former prime minister of East Timor\n* 8 March 2006: [Prince Laurent of Belgium](/wiki/Prince_Laurent_of_Belgium \"Prince Laurent of Belgium\")\n* 8 March 2006: [Princess Claire of Belgium](/wiki/Princess_Claire_of_Belgium \"Princess Claire of Belgium\")\n* 8 March 2006: [Princess Astrid of Belgium](/wiki/Princess_Astrid_of_Belgium \"Princess Astrid of Belgium\")\n* 8 March 2006: [Prince Lorenz of Belgium](/wiki/Prince_Lorenz_of_Belgium \"Prince Lorenz of Belgium\")\n* 8 March 2006: [Guy Verhofstadt](/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt \"Guy Verhofstadt\"), former prime minister of Belgium\n* 8 March 2006: [Herman De Croo](/wiki/Herman_De_Croo \"Herman De Croo\"), former president of Chamber of Representatives, Belgium\n* 8 March 2006: [Anne\\-Marie Lizin](/wiki/Anne-Marie_Lizin \"Anne-Marie Lizin\"), former president of Senate, Belgium\n* 8 March 2006: [Karel De Gucht](/wiki/Karel_De_Gucht \"Karel De Gucht\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Belgium\n* 8 March 2006: [Aivar Sõerd](/wiki/Aivar_S%C3%B5erd \"Aivar Sõerd\"), former Minister of Finance, Estonia\n* 8 March 2006: [Villu Reiljan](/wiki/Villu_Reiljan \"Villu Reiljan\"), former Minister of Environment, Estonia\n* 8 March 2006: [Aino Lepik von Wirén](/wiki/Aino_Lepik_von_Wir%C3%A9n \"Aino Lepik von Wirén\"), former State Secretary, Estonia\n* 21 July 2006: [Hans Bodo Bertram](/wiki/w:De:Hans_Bodo_Bertram \"De:Hans Bodo Bertram\"), former ambassador of Germany\n* 21 July 2006: Manuel Veremendi i Serra, former ambassador of Peru\n* 21 July 2006: Cheng Zying, former ambassador of China\n* 25 September 2006: [Vicente Álvarez Areces](/wiki/Vicente_%C3%81lvarez_Areces \"Vicente Álvarez Areces\"), former president of Principality of Asturias, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [María Antonia Trujillo](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Antonia_Trujillo \"María Antonia Trujillo\"), former Minister of Housing, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Mercedes Cabrera](/wiki/Mercedes_Cabrera \"Mercedes Cabrera\"), former Minister of Education and Science, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Miguel Ángel Moratinos](/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Moratinos \"Miguel Ángel Moratinos\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Bernardino León](/wiki/Bernardino_Le%C3%B3n \"Bernardino León\"), former Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Alberto Ruiz\\-Gallardón](/wiki/Alberto_Ruiz-Gallard%C3%B3n \"Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón\"), former mayor of Madrid, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Joan Clos](/wiki/Joan_Clos \"Joan Clos\"), former mayor of Barcelona, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Cristina Narbona](/wiki/Cristina_Narbona \"Cristina Narbona\"), First Vice\\-President of Senate, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Ricardo Díez\\-Hochleitner Rodríguez](/wiki/Ricardo_D%C3%ADez-Hochleitner_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28ambassador%29 \"Ricardo Díez-Hochleitner Rodríguez (ambassador)\"), former Secretary General, Royal Household, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Alberto José Navarro González](/wiki/w:Es:Alberto_Jos%C3%A9_Navarro_Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Es:Alberto José Navarro González\"), former ambassador of Spain\n* 25 September 2006: [Luis Calvo Merino](/wiki/w:Es:Luis_Calvo_Merino \"Es:Luis Calvo Merino\"), former diplomat, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: Nicolas Martinez Fresno, former diplomat, Spain\n* 25 September 2006: Enrique Panels, former diplomat, Spain\n* 29 September 2006: Henrique Serrano, former diplomat, Spain\n* 29 September 2006: Manuel Quijada, former ambassador of Venezuela\n* 29 September 2006: Arnt Magne Rindal, former ambassador of Norway\n* 29 September 2006: Herman Reijer Reimond Virgiel Froger, former ambassador of the Netherlands\n* 20 November 2006: [Zergün Korutürk](/wiki/Zerg%C3%BCn_Korut%C3%BCrk \"Zergün Korutürk\"), former ambassador of Turkey\n* 27 November 2006: Richard Eckaus, Emeritus Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n* 27 November 2006: [Robert Solow](/wiki/Robert_Solow \"Robert Solow\"), Emeritus Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology\n* 27 February 2007: [Rubén Ramírez Lezcano](/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Ram%C3%ADrez_Lezcano \"Rubén Ramírez Lezcano\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Paraguay\n* 6 March 2007: [Pascoela Barreto](/wiki/w:Pt:Pascoela_Barreto \"Pt:Pascoela Barreto\"), former ambassador of East Timor\n* 30 March 2007: [Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza](/wiki/Plinio_Apuleyo_Mendoza \"Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza\"), former ambassador of Colombia\n* 2 April 2007: Paul Ponjaert, former ambassador of Belgium\n* 13 April 2007: [Antonio Paes de Andrade](/wiki/w:Pt:Antonio_Paes_de_Andrade \"Pt:Antonio Paes de Andrade\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 31 May 2007: [Alma Adamkienė](/wiki/Alma_Adamkien%C4%97 \"Alma Adamkienė\"), former first lady of Lithuania\n* 31 May 2007: [Petras Vaitiekūnas](/wiki/Petras_Vaitiek%C5%ABnas \"Petras Vaitiekūnas\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Lithuania\n* 31 May 2007: [Raimondas Šukys](/wiki/Raimondas_%C5%A0ukys \"Raimondas Šukys\"), former minister of interior, Lithuania\n* 25 July 2007: [Albert Pintat](/wiki/Albert_Pintat \"Albert Pintat\"), former prime minister of Andorra\n* 3 December 2007: Pensak Chalarak, former ambassador of Thailand\n* 25 January 2008: [Patrick Gautrat](/wiki/w:Tr:Patrick_Gautrat \"Tr:Patrick Gautrat\"), former ambassador of France\n* 5 March 2008: [Queen Rania of Jordan](/wiki/Queen_Rania_of_Jordan \"Queen Rania of Jordan\")\n* 5 March 2008: [Cesar Maia](/wiki/Cesar_Maia \"Cesar Maia\"), former mayor of Rio de Janeiro\n* 5 March 2008: [Jaques Wagner](/wiki/Jaques_Wagner \"Jaques Wagner\"), former governor of Bahia\n* 5 March 2008: [Sérgio Cabral Filho](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Cabral_Filho \"Sérgio Cabral Filho\"), former governor of Rio de Janeiro\n* 5 March 2008: Ubiratan Castro de Araújo, Brazil\n* 2 May 2008: [Queen Silvia of Sweden](/wiki/Queen_Silvia_of_Sweden \"Queen Silvia of Sweden\")\n* 2 May 2008: [Kirstine von Blixen\\-Finecke](/wiki/w:Sv:Kirstine_von_Blixen-Finecke \"Sv:Kirstine von Blixen-Finecke\"), Chief Court Mistress, Sweden\n* 2 May 2008: [Tobias Billström](/wiki/Tobias_Billstr%C3%B6m \"Tobias Billström\"), Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sweden\n* 2 May 2008: [Andreas Carlgren](/wiki/Andreas_Carlgren \"Andreas Carlgren\"), former Minister of Environment, Sweden\n* 2 May 2008: [Herman af Trolle](/wiki/w:Sv:Herman_af_Trolle \"Sv:Herman af Trolle\"), former Head of Protocol, Sweden\n* 2 May 2008: Maria Gabriella Lindholm, former ambassador of Sweden\n* 2 May 2008: Lars\\-Hjalmar Wide, former diplomat, Sweden\n* 26 May 2008: [Berit Tversland](/wiki/w:No:Berit_Tversland \"No:Berit Tversland\"), former Cabinet Secretary, Royal Court, Norway\n* 26 May 2008: [Ulf Erik Husebø](/wiki/w:No:Ulf_Erik_Huseb%C3%B8 \"No:Ulf Erik Husebø\"), former Head of Adjutant Staff, Norway\n* 26 May 2008: Lars Christian Krog, Master of the Royal Household, Norway\n* 26 May 2008: [Bjørn T. Grydeland](/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_T._Grydeland \"Bjørn T. Grydeland\"), former Permanent Undersecretary of State, Norway\n* 26 May 2008: [Inga Magistad](/wiki/Inga_Magistad \"Inga Magistad\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 26 May 2008: [Ove Thorsheim](/wiki/Ove_Thorsheim \"Ove Thorsheim\"), former ambassador of Norway\n* 26 May 2008: [Rolf Trolle Andersen](/wiki/Rolf_Trolle_Andersen \"Rolf Trolle Andersen\"), former Lord Chamberlain, Norway\n* 30 July 2008: [Luís de Matos Monteiro da Fonseca](/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Matos_Monteiro_da_Fonseca \"Luís de Matos Monteiro da Fonseca\"), former Executive Secretary, Lusophone Commonwealth\n* 1 September 2008: [Maria Kaczyńska](/wiki/Maria_Kaczy%C5%84ska \"Maria Kaczyńska\"), former first lady of Poland\n* 17 November 2008: Samir Arrour, former ambassador of Morocco\n* 26 November 2008: Prince Léopold, 13th Duke of Arenberg, Belgium\n* 30 December 2008: [Assunção dos Anjos](/wiki/Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Anjos \"Assunção dos Anjos\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Angola\n* 2 March 2009: [Eva Köhler](/wiki/Eva_K%C3%B6hler \"Eva Köhler\"), former first lady of Germany\n* 2 March 2009: [Angela Merkel](/wiki/Angela_Merkel \"Angela Merkel\"), former chancellor of Germany\n* 16 March 2009: [Amer Al\\-Fayez](/wiki/Amer_Al-Fayez \"Amer Al-Fayez\"), former Head of Royal Protocol, Jordan\n* 16 March 2009: [Dina Kawar](/wiki/Dina_Kawar \"Dina Kawar\"), former ambassador of Jordan\n* 16 March 2009: Amer Hadidi, President of Royal Jordanian\n* 16 March 2009: [Nasser Judeh](/wiki/Nasser_Judeh \"Nasser Judeh\"), former deputy prime minister, Jordan\n* 16 March 2009: [Ayman Safadi](/wiki/Ayman_Safadi \"Ayman Safadi\"), Deputy Prime Minister of Jordan\n* 16 March 2009: Nasser Lozi, Chairman of Jordan Kuwait Bank\n* 20 April 2009: Sheikha [Moza bint Nasser](/wiki/Moza_bint_Nasser \"Moza bint Nasser\"), Consort of Emir of Qatar\n* 21 May 2009: [Sydney Brenner](/wiki/Sydney_Brenner \"Sydney Brenner\"), biologist and Nobel laureate, United Kingdom\n* 1 December 2009: [Mariano Fernández](/wiki/Mariano_Fern%C3%A1ndez_%28Chilean_diplomat%29 \"Mariano Fernández (Chilean diplomat)\"), former diplomat, Chile\n* 21 December 2009: [Atul Khare](/wiki/Atul_Khare \"Atul Khare\"), former diplomat, India\n* 5 March 2010: [Jaume Bartumeu](/wiki/Jaume_Bartumeu \"Jaume Bartumeu\"), former prime minister of Andorra\n* 6 May 2010: [Jean\\-Claude Trichet](/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet \"Jean-Claude Trichet\"), former president, European Central Bank\n* 11 May 2010: [Domenico Giani](/wiki/Domenico_Giani \"Domenico Giani\"), former Inspector General, Gendarmerie Corps, Vatican City\n* 11 May 2010: Alberto Gasbarri, former diplomat, Italy\n* 1 June 2010: Mauritius Ribot, former ambassador of Mexico\n* 26 July 2010: Lars Vissing, former ambassador of Denmark\n* 7 September 2010: [Pierre Mores](/wiki/Pierre_Mores \"Pierre Mores\"), Marshal of Royal Court, Luxembourg\n* 7 September 2010: Alain de Muyser, former diplomat, Luxembourg\n* 6 October 2010: Celso Vieira de Souza, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 23 November 2010: Miguel de Polignac Mascarenhas de Barros, former diplomat, Finance\n* 23 November 2010: [Alberto Leoncini Bartoli](/wiki/Alberto_Leoncini_Bartoli \"Alberto Leoncini Bartoli\"), former ambassador of Italy\n* 23 November 2010: Élie de Comminges, former French historian\n* 21 April 2011: [Jean\\-Claude Piris](/wiki/w:Fr:Jean-Claude_Piris \"Fr:Jean-Claude Piris\"), former diplomat, France\n* 10 June 2011: [Colette Avital](/wiki/Colette_Avital \"Colette Avital\"), former Member of Knesset, Israel\n* 13 September 2011: Luca del Balzo di Presenzano, former ambassador of Italy\n* 10 May 2012: [Cláudio de Jesus Ximenes](/wiki/w:Pt:Cl%C3%A1udio_de_Jesus_Ximenes \"Pt:Cláudio de Jesus Ximenes\"), former president of Supreme Court, East Timor\n* 8 June 2012: [Robert W. Wilson](/wiki/Robert_W._Wilson_%28philanthropist%29 \"Robert W. Wilson (philanthropist)\"), United States\n* 30 July 2012: [Domingos Simões Pereira](/wiki/Domingos_Sim%C3%B5es_Pereira \"Domingos Simões Pereira\"), Prime Minister of Guinea\\-Bissau\n* 19 November 2012: [Luis Peirano](/wiki/w:Es:Luis_Peirano \"Es:Luis Peirano\"), former minister of culture, Peru\n* 19 November 2012: [Raphael Roncagliolo](/wiki/w:Es:Raphael_Roncagliolo \"Es:Raphael Roncagliolo\"), former ambassador of Peru\n* 13 December 2012: Željko Vukosav, former ambassador of Croatia\n* 28 January 2013: [Jorge Faurie](/wiki/w:Es:Jorge_Faurie \"Es:Jorge Faurie\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Argentina\n* 15 October 2013: [Helmut Elfenkämper](/wiki/w:De:Helmut_Elfenk%C3%A4mper \"De:Helmut Elfenkämper\"), former ambassador of Portugal\n* 14 February 2014: [Enrique V. Iglesias](/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias \"Enrique V. Iglesias\"), former president, Inter\\-American Development Bank\n* 4 March 2014: [Félix Sanz Roldán](/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sanz_Rold%C3%A1n \"Félix Sanz Roldán\"), former director of national intelligence, Spain\n* 9 May 2014: Guo Jiading, former ambassador of China\n* 2 June 2014: [Angélica Rivera](/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Rivera \"Angélica Rivera\"), former first lady of Mexico\n* 29 July 2014: Hendrik Soeters, former ambassador of the Netherlands\n* 23 October 2014: [Johan Molander](/wiki/w:Sv:Johan_Molander_%28diplomat%29 \"Sv:Johan Molander (diplomat)\"), former ambassador of Sweden\n* 28 January 2015: [José Antonio Meade](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade \"José Antonio Meade\"), former Secretary of Finance, Mexico\n* 28 January 2015: [Benito Andion](/wiki/Benito_Andion \"Benito Andion\"), former ambassador of Mexico\n* 2 June 2015: [Pedro Morenés](/wiki/Pedro_Moren%C3%A9s \"Pedro Morenés\"), former Minister of Defense, Spain\n* 9 June 2015: [Ernest Moniz](/wiki/Ernest_Moniz \"Ernest Moniz\"), former Secretary of Energy, United States\n* 9 June 2015: [Alberto Núñez Feijóo](/wiki/Alberto_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Feij%C3%B3o \"Alberto Núñez Feijóo\"), former president of Galicia Region, Spain\n* 3 September 2015: Renato Varriale, former ambassador of Italy\n* 19 November 2015: [María Ángela Holguín](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_%C3%81ngela_Holgu%C3%ADn \"María Ángela Holguín\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Colombia\n* 19 November 2015: Chakorn Suchiva, former ambassador of Thailand\n* 23 April 2016: [Paul Gallagher](/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_%28bishop%29 \"Paul Gallagher (bishop)\"), Secretary for Relations with States, Holy See\n* 23 April 2016: [Giovanni Angelo Becciu](/wiki/Giovanni_Angelo_Becciu \"Giovanni Angelo Becciu\"), Cardinal Deacon of San Lino\n* 8 June 2016: [Cleonice Berardinelli](/wiki/Cleonice_Berardinelli \"Cleonice Berardinelli\"), Brazilian academic\n* 28 June 2016: Cardinal [Seán Patrick O'Malley](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Patrick_O%27Malley \"Seán Patrick O'Malley\"), Archbishop of Boston\n* 28 November 2016: Juan José Buitrago De Benito, former ambassador of Spain\n* 28 November 2016: [Fernando Eguidazu Palacios](/wiki/w:Es:Fernando_Eguidazu_Palacios \"Es:Fernando Eguidazu Palacios\"), former Secretary of State, Spain\n* 28 November 2016: [María Victoria Morera](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Victoria_Morera \"María Victoria Morera\"), Director\\-General for Europe, Spain\n* 28 November 2016: Juan Ruiz Casas, former Chief of Military Staff, Royal Household, Spain\n* 9 December 2016: Ali Adel A Alkhal Fakhro, former ambassador of Qatar\n* 30 January 2017: [Georgios Katrougalos](/wiki/Georgios_Katrougalos \"Georgios Katrougalos\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Greece\n* 30 January 2017: Ekaterini Simpoulou, former ambassador of Greece\n* 10 March 2017: [Robert A. Sherman](/wiki/Robert_A._Sherman \"Robert A. Sherman\"), former ambassador of United States\n* 6 April 2017: [Amadou\\-Mahtar M'Bow](/wiki/Amadou-Mahtar_M%27Bow \"Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow\"), former Director\\-General, UNESCO\n* 23 May 2017: [Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg](/wiki/Maria_Teresa%2C_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg \"Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg\")\n* 23 May 2017: [Xavier Bettel](/wiki/Xavier_Bettel \"Xavier Bettel\"), Prime Minister of Luxembourg\n* 23 May 2017: [Etienne Schneider](/wiki/Etienne_Schneider \"Etienne Schneider\"), former deputy prime minister of Luxembourg\n* 23 May 2017: Jean\\-Jacques Welfring, former ambassador of Luxembourg\n* 25 July 2017: Caroline Fleetwood, former ambassador of Sweden\n* 13 November 2017: [María Clemencia de Santos](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clemencia_de_Santos \"María Clemencia de Santos\"), former first lady of Colombia\n* 22 November 2017: [Lígia Fonseca](/wiki/L%C3%ADgia_Fonseca \"Lígia Fonseca\"), former first lady of Cape Verde\n* 22 November 2017: [Thomas Stelzer](/wiki/Thomas_Stelzer_%28diplomat%29 \"Thomas Stelzer (diplomat)\"), Ambassador of Austria\n* 15 April 2018: [Alfonso Dastis](/wiki/Alfonso_Dastis \"Alfonso Dastis\"), former minister of foreign affairs, Spain\n* 15 April 2018: [Jaime Alfonsín](/wiki/w:Es:Jaime_Alfons%C3%ADn \"Es:Jaime Alfonsín\"), Chief of Royal Household, Spain\n* 9 May 2018: [Karima Benyaich](/wiki/w:Es:Karima_Benyaich \"Es:Karima Benyaich\"), former ambassador of Morocco\n* 10 June 2018: [José Manuel Fonseca de MOURA](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Fonseca_de_MOURA \"José Manuel Fonseca de MOURA\"), Professor Doutor, Carnegie Mellon University, USA\n* 19 July 2018: Govert Jan Bijl de Vroe, former ambassador of the Netherlands\n* 1 August 2018: Michael Suhr, former ambassador of Denmark\n* 22 November 2018: [Ana Dias Lourenço](/wiki/Ana_Dias_Louren%C3%A7o \"Ana Dias Lourenço\"), First Lady of Angola\n* 6 December 2018: [Pierre Moscovici](/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici \"Pierre Moscovici\"), former European Commissioner for Economic Affairs\n* 17 January 2019: [Michel Barnier](/wiki/Michel_Barnier \"Michel Barnier\"), former Chief Negotiator, Task Force 50\n* 5 April 2019: Carmenza Jaramillo Gutiérrez, former ambassador of Colombia\n* 18 November 2019: [Luiz Alberto Figueiredo](/wiki/w:Pt:Luiz_Alberto_Figueiredo \"Pt:Luiz Alberto Figueiredo\"), former ambassador of Brazil\n* 18 December 2020: [George Edward Glass](/wiki/George_Edward_Glass \"George Edward Glass\"), former ambassador of the United States\n* 9 September 2021: [Rebeca Grynspan](/wiki/Rebeca_Grynspan \"Rebeca Grynspan\"), Secretary\\-General, UNCTAD\n* 1 October 2021: [Evaristo Carvalho](/wiki/Evaristo_Carvalho \"Evaristo Carvalho\"), former president of São Tomé and Príncipe\n* 16 February 2022: Carlos Alberto Simas Magalhães, former ambassador of Brazil\n* 15 June 2022: Martin Ney, former ambassador of Germany\n* 21 July 2022: Catharina Maria Trooster, former ambassador of the Netherlands\n* 20 April 2023: [Ho Iat Seng](/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng \"Ho Iat Seng\"), Chief Executive of Macau\n* 22 April 2023: [Rosângela Lula da Silva](/wiki/Ros%C3%A2ngela_Lula_da_Silva \"Rosângela Lula da Silva\"), First Lady of Brazil\n* 15 June 2023: [Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington](/wiki/Charles_Wellesley%2C_9th_Duke_of_Wellington \"Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington\")\n* 2 September 2023: [Edgar Morin](/wiki/Edgar_Morin \"Edgar Morin\"), French philosopher\n* 6 September 2023: [Isidro Fainé Casas](/wiki/Isidre_Fain%C3%A9 \"Isidre Fainé\"), Spain\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of recipients of the Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry](/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_Prince_Henry \"List of recipients of the Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Order of Prince Henry](/wiki/Category:Order_of_Prince_Henry \"Order of Prince Henry\")\n\n"
]
} |
Bank of Aotearoa | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | 66nhiqy5717cea5l9j7t5zkvftmdwhc | 2024-09-17T12:58:21Z | 1,229,016,214 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|King Tawhiao as depicted by the artist [Gottfried Lindauer](/wiki/Gottfried_Lindauer \"Gottfried Lindauer\") in 1885](/wiki/File:King_Tawhiao_Potatau_Te_Wherowhero%2C_by_Gottfried_Lindauer.jpg \"King Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero, by Gottfried Lindauer.jpg\")\n**Bank of Aotearoa**[*Te Ara*, Encyclopaedia of New Zealand](https://teara.govt.nz/en/object/36385/te-peeke-o-aotearoa-banknote) Coins and banknotes or **Te Peeke o Aotearoa** (The Bank of the North Island[Te Peeke o Aotearoa](http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/1992/NZJH_26_2_04.pdf)) was a bank established at [Parawera](/wiki/Parawera \"Parawera\") in 1886 by the [Māori King](/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_movement \"Māori King movement\") [Tāwhiao](/wiki/T%C4%81whiao \"Tāwhiao\"). The bank was created to demonstrate Māori autonomy.\n\nCheques were issued by customers but the bank issued no banknotes. It provided banking and monetary services to Māori and sample banknotes bore the legend 'E whaimana ana tenei moni ki nga tangata katoa' (this money is valid for all people). There were branch offices at [Maungatautari](/wiki/Maungatautari_%28community%29 \"Maungatautari (community)\") and [Maungakawa](/wiki/Maungakawa \"Maungakawa\"). There is evidence that it remained in business until at least 1905\\.\n\nWhen he was director of the [Auckland War Memorial Museum](/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum \"Auckland War Memorial Museum\") [G Stuart Park](/wiki/Stuart_Park_%28museum_director%29 \"Stuart Park (museum director)\"), [anthropologist](/wiki/Anthropologist \"Anthropologist\"), published a note dated 1993 which may be read in full at this link. At the end of this note he records that while they had banknote samples printed it appears they were not issued, notes of the other banks were used instead along with the coins then current in New Zealand. Cheques issued on Te Peeke o Aotearoa let customers transfer large amounts of money without using cash.\n\n| [thumb\\|370px\\|Unused bank cheque form including stub or butt](/wiki/File:Bank_cheque_%28AM_1961.57.4-1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Bank cheque (AM 1961.57.4-1) (cropped).jpg\") | [thumb\\|Banknote (not issued)](/wiki/File:Banknote_%28AM_1929.347.1-1%29.jpg \"Banknote (AM 1929.347.1-1).jpg\") |\n| --- | --- |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Defunct banks of New Zealand](/wiki/Category:Defunct_banks_of_New_Zealand \"Defunct banks of New Zealand\")\n[Category:Companies disestablished in 1905](/wiki/Category:Companies_disestablished_in_1905 \"Companies disestablished in 1905\")\n[Category:1905 disestablishments in New Zealand](/wiki/Category:1905_disestablishments_in_New_Zealand \"1905 disestablishments in New Zealand\")\n[Category:Māori politics](/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_politics \"Māori politics\")\n[Category:Banks disestablished in 1905](/wiki/Category:Banks_disestablished_in_1905 \"Banks disestablished in 1905\")\n[Category:Banks established in 1885](/wiki/Category:Banks_established_in_1885 \"Banks established in 1885\")\n[Category:New Zealand companies established in 1885](/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_companies_established_in_1885 \"New Zealand companies established in 1885\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Violin Sonata No. 19 (Ries) | {
"id": [
43746713
],
"name": [
"Iamperfect69"
]
} | 3w4g8swkhi5xq7xfil97x259qgo4sjd | 2023-04-27T15:23:58Z | 1,025,063,104 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Structure",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Ferdinand Ries](/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries \"Ferdinand Ries\")'s Violin Sonata in [D minor](/wiki/D_minor \"D minor\"), Op. 83, was composed in Paris in [1808](/wiki/1808_in_music \"1808 in music\"), the same year as the composer's violin sonata [Op. 10](/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._5_%28Ries%29 \"Violin Sonata No. 5 (Ries)\") and the [Op. 20](/wiki/Cello_Sonata_No._2_%28Ries%29 \"Cello Sonata No. 2 (Ries)\") and [Op. 21](/wiki/Cello_Sonata_No._3_%28Ries%29 \"Cello Sonata No. 3 (Ries)\") cello sonatas. The composition was not published, however, until 1818, after he had moved to London, in a simultaneous edition by both [Clementi \\& Co](/wiki/Muzio_Clementi \"Muzio Clementi\") and [Chappell \\& Co.](/wiki/Chappell_%26_Co. \"Chappell & Co.\") with a dedication to the \"Princess [Hatzfeld](/wiki/House_of_Hatzfeld \"House of Hatzfeld\")\".\n\n",
"Structure\n---------\n\nThe sonata is in three movements:\n\n1. *[Allegro con brio](/wiki/Tempo%23Italian_tempo_markings \"Tempo#Italian tempo markings\")*\n2. *Andantino con moto*\n3. [Rondo](/wiki/Rondo \"Rondo\"): *Allegro vivace*\n\nTypical performances should take around 20 minutes.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\nNotes\n\nSources\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Violin sonatas by Ferdinand Ries](/wiki/Category:Violin_sonatas_by_Ferdinand_Ries \"Violin sonatas by Ferdinand Ries\")\n[Category:1808 compositions](/wiki/Category:1808_compositions \"1808 compositions\")\n[Category:Compositions in D minor](/wiki/Category:Compositions_in_D_minor \"Compositions in D minor\")\n[Category:Music dedicated to nobility or royalty](/wiki/Category:Music_dedicated_to_nobility_or_royalty \"Music dedicated to nobility or royalty\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Teock Creek | {
"id": [
8884025
],
"name": [
"Dofftoubab"
]
} | 44mkdjf9foeq5zsspnjry2recyxxp6q | 2023-01-27T05:17:21Z | 986,163,214 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Teock Creek** is a [stream](/wiki/Stream \"Stream\") in the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\").\n\n*Teock* is a name derived from the [Choctaw language](/wiki/Choctaw_language \"Choctaw language\") meaning \"[pine](/wiki/Pine \"Pine\")\".\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Rivers of Mississippi](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Mississippi \"Rivers of Mississippi\")\n[Category:Rivers of Smith County, Mississippi](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Smith_County%2C_Mississippi \"Rivers of Smith County, Mississippi\")\n[Category:Mississippi placenames of Native American origin](/wiki/Category:Mississippi_placenames_of_Native_American_origin \"Mississippi placenames of Native American origin\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Marjan Mesec | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | bw7wezaryap9413eu5qsfx39os8d5g4 | 2023-06-12T07:36:40Z | 1,156,909,997 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Marjan Mesec** (born 14 August 1947\\) is a Slovenian [ski jumper](/wiki/Ski_jumping \"Ski jumping\"). He competed at the [1968 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics \"1968 Winter Olympics\") and the [1972 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics \"1972 Winter Olympics\"). He placed 38th in the 1968 Olympics in the normal hill ski jump, and then 37th for the same event in 1972\\. In 1972, he also placed 37th in the large hill ski jump.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1947 births](/wiki/Category:1947_births \"1947 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Slovenian male ski jumpers](/wiki/Category:Slovenian_male_ski_jumpers \"Slovenian male ski jumpers\")\n[Category:Olympic ski jumpers for Yugoslavia](/wiki/Category:Olympic_ski_jumpers_for_Yugoslavia \"Olympic ski jumpers for Yugoslavia\")\n[Category:Ski jumpers at the 1968 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Ski_jumpers_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics \"Ski jumpers at the 1968 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Ski jumpers at the 1972 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Ski_jumpers_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics \"Ski jumpers at the 1972 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Skiers from Kranj](/wiki/Category:Skiers_from_Kranj \"Skiers from Kranj\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Slovenian people](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Slovenian_people \"20th-century Slovenian people\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Masaru Nagaoka | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | 65e1fk784nzwoervjsw4xw8qdhiri6d | 2024-08-09T08:50:51Z | 1,163,305,000 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n is a Japanese [ski jumper](/wiki/Ski_jumping \"Ski jumping\"). He competed at the [1984 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics \"1984 Winter Olympics\") and the [1988 Winter Olympics](/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics \"1988 Winter Olympics\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1962 births](/wiki/Category:1962_births \"1962 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Japanese male ski jumpers](/wiki/Category:Japanese_male_ski_jumpers \"Japanese male ski jumpers\")\n[Category:Olympic ski jumpers for Japan](/wiki/Category:Olympic_ski_jumpers_for_Japan \"Olympic ski jumpers for Japan\")\n[Category:Ski jumpers at the 1984 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Ski_jumpers_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics \"Ski jumpers at the 1984 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Ski jumpers at the 1988 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Ski_jumpers_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics \"Ski jumpers at the 1988 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Skiers from Hokkaido](/wiki/Category:Skiers_from_Hokkaido \"Skiers from Hokkaido\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Frank De La Paz Perdomo | {
"id": [
33119759
],
"name": [
"GeorgeMHall"
]
} | 3s0hoz0asgnu7pexh2ey80mjzsq1c3l | 2024-04-06T06:11:12Z | 1,215,804,320 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Frank De La Paz Perdomo** (born 24 May 1975\\) is a [Cuban](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\") [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\") player. He was awarded the title of [Grandmaster](/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 \"Grandmaster (chess)\") (GM) by [FIDE](/wiki/FIDE \"FIDE\") in 2004\\.\n\nIn 1998, he represented Cuba as 2nd reserve in the [33rd Chess Olympiad](/wiki/33rd_Chess_Olympiad \"33rd Chess Olympiad\"), scoring 1\\.5 out of 4\\.\n\nHe played in the [Chess World Cup 2011](/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2011 \"Chess World Cup 2011\"), where he was defeated by [Teimour Radjabov](/wiki/Teimour_Radjabov \"Teimour Radjabov\") in the first round.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Frank De La Paz Perdomo](https://www.365chess.com/players/Frank_De_la_Paz_Perdomo) chess games at 365Chess.com\n[Category:1975 births](/wiki/Category:1975_births \"1975 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Chess Grandmasters](/wiki/Category:Chess_Grandmasters \"Chess Grandmasters\")\n[Category:Cuban chess players](/wiki/Category:Cuban_chess_players \"Cuban chess players\")\n[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors](/wiki/Category:Chess_Olympiad_competitors \"Chess Olympiad competitors\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Santa Clara, Cuba](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Santa_Clara%2C_Cuba \"Sportspeople from Santa Clara, Cuba\")\n\n"
]
} |
Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter | {
"id": [
21057916
],
"name": [
"Qwertyxp2000"
]
} | fv65u85ma0d7w963ookj2s876zrlxf5 | 2023-06-10T10:53:45Z | 1,129,674,725 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gameplay and plot",
"Reception",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter*** is an [educational](/wiki/Educational_game \"Educational game\") [platform game](/wiki/Platform_game \"Platform game\") developed by Dashalope Games and published by Games4Kids for [iOS](/wiki/IOS \"IOS\"), [Apple TV](/wiki/Apple_TV \"Apple TV\") and [macOS](/wiki/MacOS \"MacOS\"). It is the latest game of the *[Reader Rabbit](/wiki/Reader_Rabbit \"Reader Rabbit\")* series. *Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter* educates players, aimed at young children, on different subjects including math, English, and science, by adventuring with Reader Rabbit and his friends.\n\n",
"Gameplay and plot\n-----------------\n\n*Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter* is a 2D platforming game. Reader Rabbit has to go through multiple levels collecting carrots, books, and letters spelling out the word S.M.A.R.T. Reader Rabbit has acorns to throw at enemies. Enemies can also be avoided altogether. *Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter* supports all (MFi) game controllers that are licensed by Apple. The game starts with very easy levels that increase in difficulty. Levels become more available with a higher completion level. Players go through a variety of levels including caves, villages, and forests. The game is designed to help children develop better motor skills through hand\\-eye coordination and develop better pathfinding ability.\n\n*Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter* follows Reader Rabbit in his quest to recover all the carrots stolen by the Big Bad Wolf. The carrots are scattered throughout many environments in the Enchanted Lands, that Reader Rabbit will have to traverse in order to collect them all. Reader Rabbit will have to go through the Big Village, the Happy Forest, and the Mushroom Cave to collect all the carrots. Reader Rabbit wants to collect the carrots to share with his friend Sam the Lion.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n*Reader Rabbit: Jumpsmarter* was praised for its easy to learn platforming, being called an introduction to platforming games for younger children. It was credited for its lack of microtransactions. The look of the game was also appealing being called cute, and perfectly geared toward younger children. It received criticism for limiting its audience by being an iOS exclusive.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2018 video games](/wiki/Category:2018_video_games \"2018 video games\")\n[Category:Side\\-scrolling video games](/wiki/Category:Side-scrolling_video_games \"Side-scrolling video games\")\n[Category:Reader Rabbit](/wiki/Category:Reader_Rabbit \"Reader Rabbit\")\n[Category:IOS games](/wiki/Category:IOS_games \"IOS games\")\n[Category:MacOS games](/wiki/Category:MacOS_games \"MacOS games\")\n[Category:Children's educational video games](/wiki/Category:Children%27s_educational_video_games \"Children's educational video games\")\n[Category:Single\\-player video games](/wiki/Category:Single-player_video_games \"Single-player video games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Michael Keathley | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | p848bqozzzgn5q6ziglkcb6qr3afy08 | 2024-10-03T17:47:34Z | 1,231,561,426 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * \n\t\t\t**Michael Dean Keathley** (born March 9, 1978\\) is a former [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") [guard](/wiki/Guard_%28gridiron_football%29 \"Guard (gridiron football)\") in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") (NFL) who played for the [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers \"San Diego Chargers\").\n\nIn 2003, Keathley was claimed by the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans \"Houston Texans\") after being waived by the Chargers, but he did not play any games for the Texans and re\\-signed with the Chargers later that year. In 2004, Keathley signed a one\\-year contract with the [Chicago Bears](/wiki/Chicago_Bears \"Chicago Bears\"), though he did not play.\n\nKeathley played [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") at [Texas Christian University](/wiki/Texas_Christian_University \"Texas Christian University\").\n\nAfter his career in the NFL, he settled in [Athens, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Athens%2C_Pennsylvania \"Athens, Pennsylvania\") on his ranch, the Triple K Ranch, with his wife and three sons. He began to volunteer as a football coach; he has coached all three of his sons in high school football.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1978 births](/wiki/Category:1978_births \"1978 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Players of American football from Arlington, Texas](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_Arlington%2C_Texas \"Players of American football from Arlington, Texas\")\n[Category:American football offensive guards](/wiki/Category:American_football_offensive_guards \"American football offensive guards\")\n[Category:TCU Horned Frogs football players](/wiki/Category:TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_players \"TCU Horned Frogs football players\")\n[Category:San Diego Chargers players](/wiki/Category:San_Diego_Chargers_players \"San Diego Chargers players\")\n[Category:Houston Texans players](/wiki/Category:Houston_Texans_players \"Houston Texans players\")\n[Category:People from Glen Rose, Texas](/wiki/Category:People_from_Glen_Rose%2C_Texas \"People from Glen Rose, Texas\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American sportsmen](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_sportsmen \"20th-century American sportsmen\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
International Federation of Building Workers | {
"id": [
20855
],
"name": [
"Warofdreams"
]
} | rm3bap4xe8k26hwd0zwjh0g9i1abg1y | 2022-05-16T00:27:40Z | 1,044,177,114 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Affiliates",
"General Secretaries",
"Presidents",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **International Federation of Building Workers** (IFBW) was a [global union federation](/wiki/Global_union_federation \"Global union federation\") bringing together unions representing masons.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe German [Central Union of Masons](/wiki/Central_Union_of_Masons \"Central Union of Masons\") gradually built up international contacts in the late 19th\\-century. In 1903, it called a conference in Berlin, to formalise these relationships by establishing an international trade federation.\n\nThe federation was established as the **Building Workers' International**, and was based in [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\") from its foundation. By 1925, most of its member unions had merged with the carpenters' unions in their country, and so it agreed to absorb the [Carpenters' International](/wiki/Carpenters%27_International \"Carpenters' International\"). This gave it 26 affiliates, with a total of 756,059 members.\n\nOn 1 April 1934, the federation merged with the [International Federation of Wood Workers](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Wood_Workers \"International Federation of Wood Workers\"), to form the [International Federation of Building and Wood Workers](/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers \"International Federation of Building and Wood Workers\").\n\n",
"Affiliates\n----------\n\nThe following unions were affiliated as of 1922:\n\n| Union | Country | Membership |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Central Association of Construction Workers](/wiki/Central_Association_of_Construction_Workers \"Central Association of Construction Workers\") | Austria | 87,154 |\n| [General Union of Building, Furnishing and Other Industries](/wiki/General_Union_of_Building%2C_Furnishing_and_Other_Industries \"General Union of Building, Furnishing and Other Industries\") | Belgium | 42,065 |\n| | Czechoslovakia | 42,413 |\n| | Denmark | 5,074 |\n| | Finland | 1,331 |\n| [National Federation of Construction Workers](/wiki/National_Federation_of_Construction_Workers \"National Federation of Construction Workers\") | France | 6,353 |\n| [German Construction Workers' Union](/wiki/German_Construction_Workers%27_Union \"German Construction Workers' Union\") | Germany | 588,271 |\n| | Hungary | 23,249 |\n| | Italy | 60,000 |\n| | Luxembourg | 1,105 |\n| [General Dutch Construction Union](/wiki/General_Dutch_Construction_Union \"General Dutch Construction Union\") | Netherlands | 9,061 |\n| [Norwegian Union of Building Workers](/wiki/Norwegian_Union_of_Building_Workers \"Norwegian Union of Building Workers\") | Norway | 2,278 |\n| | Poland | 9,975 |\n| | Romania | 2,390 |\n| | Sweden | 3,999 |\n| [Swiss Construction Workers' Union](/wiki/Swiss_Construction_Workers%27_Union \"Swiss Construction Workers' Union\") | Switzerland | 3,825 |\n| [National Federation of Building Trades Operatives](/wiki/National_Federation_of_Building_Trades_Operatives \"National Federation of Building Trades Operatives\") | United Kingdom | 253,000 |\n| [General Workers' Union of Yugoslavia](/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Yugoslavia \"General Workers' Union of Yugoslavia\") | Yugoslavia | 608 |\n\n",
"General Secretaries\n-------------------\n\n1903: [Theodor Bömelburg](/wiki/Theodor_B%C3%B6melburg \"Theodor Bömelburg\")\n1913: [Fritz Paeplow](/wiki/Fritz_Paeplow \"Fritz Paeplow\")\n1919: Georg Käppler\n1933: [Jaap van Achterbergh](/wiki/Jaap_van_Achterbergh \"Jaap van Achterbergh\")\n### Presidents\n\n1919: [Fritz Paeplow](/wiki/Fritz_Paeplow \"Fritz Paeplow\")\n1927:\n1933: Nikolaus Bernhard\n",
"### Presidents\n\n1919: [Fritz Paeplow](/wiki/Fritz_Paeplow \"Fritz Paeplow\")\n1927:\n1933: Nikolaus Bernhard\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Trade unions established in 1903](/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_established_in_1903 \"Trade unions established in 1903\")\n[Category:Trade unions disestablished in 1934](/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_disestablished_in_1934 \"Trade unions disestablished in 1934\")\n[Category:International Federation of Building and Wood Workers](/wiki/Category:International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers \"International Federation of Building and Wood Workers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nya Dagligt Allehanda | {
"id": [
8931761
],
"name": [
"GreenC"
]
} | df1gb6opfohazww2360gkau5fxfmarz | 2023-12-26T20:19:34Z | 1,135,709,689 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Editors-in-chief",
"References",
"External links",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Nya Dagligt Allehanda*** (New Daily Everywhere), also known as the *NDA* was a [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\") [conservative](/wiki/Conservative \"Conservative\")\\-leaning newspaper published in [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") from 1859 to 1944\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe *Nya Dagligt Allehanda* was founded as a continuation of another newspaper, the *Svenska tidningen, Dagligt Allehanda i Stockholm* that was active from 1851\\-1859 and published by Colonel [Johan August Hazelius](/wiki/Johan_August_Hazelius \"Johan August Hazelius\"), which in turn originated in the *Daglig Allehanda* founded in 1767\\.\n\n*NDA'''s founder, philosophy doctor Karl Adam Lindström, an official of the National Archives, explained that the new newspaper \"would convey in a serious and sensible way the cause of calm progress and with violence and justice in a tidy and decent tone address the changing issues of the day\" .*\n\nLindström was, with two brief interruptions, both [editor\\-in\\-chief](/wiki/Editor-in-chief \"Editor-in-chief\") and responsible publisher until his death in 1885\\. The newspaper appeared with its own conservative program and intended to a certain extent to counterbalance the liberal [Aftonbladet](/wiki/Aftonbladet \"Aftonbladet\")*.* NDA *worked vigorously for a return to the protectionist customs system and for the division's maintenance as the basis of the defence system, as well as against any concessions to [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\").*\n\nFrom 1906 to 1936, Leonard Ljunglund was the newspaper's publisher and editor\\-in\\-chief, under whose leadership the paper first achieved great success. In 1908, the NDA *merged with the newspaper* Vårt Land *to form* Nya Dagligt Allehanda \\- Vårt Land *with joint editorial staff and a newly formed company. However, the newspaper went into daily publication under the name* Nya Dagligt Allehanda *and withdrew this name in 1912\\. The NDA distinguished itself as having a German\\-friendly line during the First World War and during the years 1934\\-1936 when it was favourable to the Nazis. During Ljunglund's later time as editor, the paper reversed this position. After running into financial problems, it was bought in 1944 by* [Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter \"Dagens Nyheter\") *as part of the formation of the new newspaper* [Expressen](/wiki/Expressen \"Expressen\")''.\n\n",
"Editors\\-in\\-chief\n------------------\n\n* [Karl Adam Lindström](/wiki/Karl_Adam_Lindstr%C3%B6m \"Karl Adam Lindström\") 1859–1885\n* [Wilhelm Alexander Bergstrand](/wiki/Wilhelm_Alexander_Bergstrand \"Wilhelm Alexander Bergstrand\") 1885–1891\n* [Johan Abraham Björklund](/wiki/Johan_Abraham_Bj%C3%B6rklund \"Johan Abraham Björklund\") 1891–1905\n* [John Wigforss](/wiki/John_Wigforss \"John Wigforss\") 1905–1906\n* [Leonard Ljunglund](/wiki/Leonard_Ljunglund \"Leonard Ljunglund\") 1906–1936\n* [Harald André](/wiki/Harald_Andr%C3%A9 \"Harald André\") 1936–1938\n* [Carl Björkman](/wiki/Carl_Bj%C3%B6rkman_%28filmkritiker%29 \"Carl Björkman (filmkritiker)\") 1938\n* [Ragnar Ekman](/wiki/Ragnar_Ekman \"Ragnar Ekman\") 1938–1942\n* [Erik Wästberg](/wiki/Erik_W%C3%A4stberg \"Erik Wästberg\") 1942–1944\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Nationalencyklopedin, band 14 (1994\\)\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n[Category:1859 establishments in Sweden](/wiki/Category:1859_establishments_in_Sweden \"1859 establishments in Sweden\")\n[Category:1944 disestablishments in Sweden](/wiki/Category:1944_disestablishments_in_Sweden \"1944 disestablishments in Sweden\")\n[Category:Daily newspapers published in Sweden](/wiki/Category:Daily_newspapers_published_in_Sweden \"Daily newspapers published in Sweden\")\n[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Sweden](/wiki/Category:Defunct_newspapers_published_in_Sweden \"Defunct newspapers published in Sweden\")\n[Category:Newspapers established in 1859](/wiki/Category:Newspapers_established_in_1859 \"Newspapers established in 1859\")\n[Category:Newspapers published in Stockholm](/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_Stockholm \"Newspapers published in Stockholm\")\n[Category:Publications disestablished in 1944](/wiki/Category:Publications_disestablished_in_1944 \"Publications disestablished in 1944\")\n[Category:Swedish\\-language newspapers](/wiki/Category:Swedish-language_newspapers \"Swedish-language newspapers\")\n"
]
} |
Ryazanki | {
"id": [
30583402
],
"name": [
"Nikolai Kurbatov"
]
} | d5bvtddp6eh7kfn2bc4lj0cgxx5bv08 | 2021-11-03T05:54:35Z | 1,053,316,861 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Ryazanki** () is a [rural locality](/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia \"Types of inhabited localities in Russia\") (a [village](/wiki/Village%23Russia \"Village#Russia\")) in Gorkinskoye Rural Settlement, [Kirzhachsky District](/wiki/Kirzhachsky_District \"Kirzhachsky District\"), [Vladimir Oblast](/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast \"Vladimir Oblast\"), Russia. The population was 26 as of 2010\\.[Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Численность населения по населённым пунктам Владимирской области](http://vladimirstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/vladimirstat/resources/09e276004c9f417e8eabaec96f4deaac/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.xlsx). There are 3 streets.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nRyazanki is located on the Sherna River, 16 km north of [Kirzhach](/wiki/Kirzhach \"Kirzhach\") (the district's administrative centre) by road. Klimovo is the nearest rural locality.[Расстояние от Рязанков до Киржача](http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_rjazanki_kirzhach)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District](/wiki/Category:Rural_localities_in_Kirzhachsky_District \"Rural localities in Kirzhachsky District\")\n\n"
]
} |
William Williamson (priest, born 1697) | {
"id": [
44127043
],
"name": [
"Atremari"
]
} | 0kqhj12q5s8gu5yndixl0wqc6ahbz42 | 2024-03-22T04:29:57Z | 1,116,428,400 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n **William Williamson** (1697–1765\\) was an [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") priest in Ireland\" Sermon Preached at Christ\\-Church, Dublin, on the 10th Day of May, 1752: Before the Incorporated Society, for Promoting English Protestant Schools in Ireland. By William, Lord Bishop of Derry; With a Continuation of the Society's Proceedings, to the Twenty\\-fifth of March, 1752, Volume 15\" Barnard, W. p48: Dublin; S.Powell; 1752 during the 18th century, most notably [Archdeacon of Kildare](/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Kildare \"Archdeacon of Kildare\") from 1737 until his death.\"Fasti ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland Vol II\" [Cotton, H](/wiki/Henry_Cotton_%28divine%29 \"Henry Cotton (divine)\") p247: Dublin, Hodges,1848\n\nBoyde was born in [County Antrim](/wiki/County_Antrim \"County Antrim\") and educated at [Trinity College, Dublin](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin \"Trinity College, Dublin\").Alumni Dublinenses : a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860\\)\" Burtchaell, George Dames/Sadleir, Thomas Ulick (Eds) p87: Dublin, Alex Thom and Co, 1935 Williamson was appointed Treasurer of [Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin](/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Dublin \"Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin\") in 1705\"Fasti ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland Vol II\" [Cotton, H](/wiki/Henry_Cotton_%28divine%29 \"Henry Cotton (divine)\") p62: Dublin, Hodges,1848 and [4th Canon](/wiki/Canon_%28priest%29 \"Canon (priest)\") of [Kildare Cathedral](/wiki/Kildare_Cathedral \"Kildare Cathedral\") in 1720\\.\"Fasti ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland Vol II\" [Cotton, H](/wiki/Henry_Cotton_%28divine%29 \"Henry Cotton (divine)\") p253: Dublin, Hodges,1848 He is buried at [St. Audoen's Church, Dublin](/wiki/St._Audoen%27s_Church%2C_Dublin_%28Church_of_Ireland%29 \"St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)\").'Dublin Historical Record' Vol. 49, No. 2 (Autumn, 1996\\),\"An Archaeological Survey of St. Audoen's Church, Cornmarket\" Crawford, J pp. 85–93\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1765 deaths](/wiki/Category:1765_deaths \"1765 deaths\")\n[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College_Dublin \"Alumni of Trinity College Dublin\")\n[Category:18th\\-century Irish Anglican priests](/wiki/Category:18th-century_Irish_Anglican_priests \"18th-century Irish Anglican priests\")\n[Category:1697 births](/wiki/Category:1697_births \"1697 births\")\n[Category:Archdeacons of Kildare](/wiki/Category:Archdeacons_of_Kildare \"Archdeacons of Kildare\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Elena Bonetti | {
"id": [
17544827
],
"name": [
"Oravrattas"
]
} | jrxbjt1fgxfhirgbdor19p7mgh9saxo | 2024-06-10T14:40:54Z | 1,225,919,785 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Elena Bonetti** (born 12 April 1974\\) is an Italian politician and mathematician who served as [Minister for Family and Equal Opportunities](/wiki/Italian_Minister_for_Family \"Italian Minister for Family\") between 2019 and 2022\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nElena Bonetti was born on 12 April 1974 in [Asola, Lombardy](/wiki/Asola%2C_Lombardy \"Asola, Lombardy\").[Elena Bonetti: Chi è la ministra delle pari opportunità del governo PD\\-M5S](https://www.tpi.it/politica/elena-bonetti-chi-e-ministra-pari-opportunita-governo-pd-m5s-20190904411186/), *TPI* She graduated from the [University of Pavia](/wiki/University_of_Pavia \"University of Pavia\") in 1997, and in 2002 she obtained her PhD at the [University of Milan](/wiki/University_of_Milan \"University of Milan\"), where she has served as Associate Professor of Mathematical Analysis. She studied [partial differential equations](/wiki/Partial_differential_equation \"Partial differential equation\") and [predictive modelling](/wiki/Predictive_modelling \"Predictive modelling\").[Elena Bonetti \\- About me](http://www.mat.unimi.it/users/bonetti/AboutMe.html), *University of Milan*\n\nShe has had some involvement in [scouting](/wiki/Scouting \"Scouting\") and has served as a member of *[Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani](/wiki/Associazione_Guide_e_Scouts_Cattolici_Italiani \"Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani\")*. In 2014, she signed an appeal, together with presbyter [Andrea Gallo](/wiki/Andrea_Gallo \"Andrea Gallo\"), to ask the Italian state to recognize [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\").[Governo Conte 2, la scout cattolica che chiedeva di riconoscere le unioni gay: chi è Elena Bonetti, nuova ministra della Famiglia](https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/09/06/governo-conte-2-la-scout-cattolica-che-chiedeva-di-riconoscere-le-unioni-gay-chi-e-elena-bonetti-nuova-ministra-della-famiglia/5433533/)\n\nShe entered politics as a candidate in the [2017 PD leadership election](/wiki/2017_PD_leadership_election \"2017 PD leadership election\"). Spotted by the then [Prime Minister of Italy](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy \"Prime Minister of Italy\"), [Matteo Renzi](/wiki/Matteo_Renzi \"Matteo Renzi\"), she was named the national manager for youth and training.[Elena Bonetti ministra delle Pari opportunità e della Famiglia. Matematica, nel 2014 firmò un appello per riconoscere le unioni gay](https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2019/09/04/news/elena_bonetti_pari_opportunita_pd_ministra_governo_conte_bis-235195982/)\n\nIn 2018, she was a candidate for Italy's [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29 \"Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\"), listed third on the PD's Lombardy list without being elected.[Candidati ufficiali del Pd a Cremona: Boschi e Pizzetti](https://www.laprovinciacr.it/news/cronaca/188022/candidati-ufficiali-del-pd-a-cremona-boschi-e-pizzetti.html) On 5 September 2019, Bonetti was appointed the [Italian Minister for Family](/wiki/Italian_Minister_for_Family \"Italian Minister for Family\") and [Equal Opportunities](/wiki/Italian_Minister_for_Equal_Opportunities \"Italian Minister for Equal Opportunities\") in the [Conte II Cabinet](/wiki/Conte_II_Cabinet \"Conte II Cabinet\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1974 births](/wiki/Category:1974_births \"1974 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Politicians from the Province of Mantua](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_the_Province_of_Mantua \"Politicians from the Province of Mantua\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Italian politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_politicians \"21st-century Italian politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Italian women politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_women_politicians \"21st-century Italian women politicians\")\n[Category:Women government ministers of Italy](/wiki/Category:Women_government_ministers_of_Italy \"Women government ministers of Italy\")\n[Category:University of Pavia alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Pavia_alumni \"University of Pavia alumni\")\n[Category:University of Milan alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Milan_alumni \"University of Milan alumni\")\n[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians](/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_%28Italy%29_politicians \"Democratic Party (Italy) politicians\")\n[Category:Italia Viva politicians](/wiki/Category:Italia_Viva_politicians \"Italia Viva politicians\")\n[Category:Conte II Cabinet](/wiki/Category:Conte_II_Cabinet \"Conte II Cabinet\")\n[Category:Draghi Cabinet](/wiki/Category:Draghi_Cabinet \"Draghi Cabinet\")\n[Category:People from Asola, Lombardy](/wiki/Category:People_from_Asola%2C_Lombardy \"People from Asola, Lombardy\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ludvík Kohl | {
"id": [
16185737
],
"name": [
"Smasongarrison"
]
} | p8e2svyr37jco9sfki67ha1zkg7pvq9 | 2024-09-17T05:00:49Z | 1,244,034,866 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Selected works",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|350px\\|[Vladislav Hall](/wiki/Vladislav_Hall \"Vladislav Hall\")](/wiki/File:Ludv%C3%ADk_Kohl%2C_Vladislavsk%C3%BD_s%C3%A1l%2C_1810-1820.jpg \"Ludvík Kohl, Vladislavský sál, 1810-1820.jpg\")\n**Ludvík Kohl**, in German; **Ludwig Kohl** (14 April 1746, [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") \\- 18 June 1821, Prague) was a Czech\\-Austrian painter, draftsman, and [etcher](/wiki/Etcher \"Etcher\") who lived and worked in the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\") and later the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nHis father, Antonín Kohl, was an engraver and his grandfather was the sculptor, . He graduated from the [Piarist](/wiki/Piarist \"Piarist\") school in [Malá Strana](/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Strana \"Malá Strana\"), where he was a pupil of the [Bohemian](/wiki/Bohemia \"Bohemia\") historian, . During these years, he also took private painting lessons from [Norbert Grund](/wiki/Norbert_Grund \"Norbert Grund\"). Later, he became the first teacher of his younger brother, .\n\nAfter 1766, he continued his studies at the [Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna](/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Vienna \"Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna\"), with and became a full member of the academy in 1769\\. He returned to Prague the following year and, until his death, taught drawing at the Royal [Normal school](/wiki/Normal_school \"Normal school\"). In 1799, he helped establish the [Academy of Fine Arts, Prague](/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Prague \"Academy of Fine Arts, Prague\") and, in 1818, he was awarded the Golden Medal for Civil Merit.\n\nHis early work shows traces of influence from the [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_art \"Baroque art\"), but he later switched to Viennese [Classicism](/wiki/Classicism \"Classicism\").\n\nMost of works involve interior and exterior views of monumental buildings, although he also created some works with religious and historical themes. He would sometimes collaborate with Clemens, who helped him turn his works into [copperplate](/wiki/Engraving \"Engraving\") engravings. Of especial note are his proposed designs for the completion of [St. Vitus Cathedral](/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral \"St. Vitus Cathedral\") at the [Prague Castle](/wiki/Prague_Castle \"Prague Castle\") complex.\n\n",
"Selected works\n--------------\n\nFile:Kohl Stepan.jpg\\|''The Interior of St. Stephen's Cathedral''\nFile:Ludvík Kohl (1746\\-1821\\) \\- V egyptském chrámu.jpg\\|''Egyptian Peristyle Court''\nFile:Ludvík Kohl \\- In an Ancient Palace \\- O 6316 \\- National Gallery Prague.jpg\\|''In an Ancient Palace'' (1816\\)\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* Gottfried Johann Dlabacz: *Allgemeines historisches Künstler\\-Lexikon für Böhmen und zum Theile auch für Mähren und Schlesien*. Band 2, Gottlieb Haase, Prag 1815, Sp. 96–101 ([Online](https://archive.org/details/allgemeineshisto01dlabuoft/page/n405)).\n* [Georg Kaspar Nagler](/wiki/Georg_Kaspar_Nagler \"Georg Kaspar Nagler\") *Neues allgemeines Künstler\\-Lexicon oder Nachrichten aus dem Leben und den Werken der Maler, Bildhauer, Baumeister, Kupferstecher, Formschneider, Lithographen, Zeichner, Medailleure, Elfenbeinarbeiter, etc.* Band 7, E. A. Fleischmann, München 1839, S. 127 ([Online](https://digitalesammlungen.uni-weimar.de/viewer/object/PPN623492563/131/)).\n* [Biography](https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/BLKÖ:Kohl,_Ludwig) @ the *[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich](/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich \"Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich\")*\n* Marcela Pánková: *Ludvík Kohl (1746–1821\\)*. Národní Galerie, Prag 1984\\.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [More works by Kohl](http://www.artnet.com/artists/ludwig-kohl/) @ ArtNet\n\n[Category:1746 births](/wiki/Category:1746_births \"1746 births\")\n[Category:1821 deaths](/wiki/Category:1821_deaths \"1821 deaths\")\n[Category:Painters from the Austrian Empire](/wiki/Category:Painters_from_the_Austrian_Empire \"Painters from the Austrian Empire\")\n[Category:Czech painters](/wiki/Category:Czech_painters \"Czech painters\")\n[Category:Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni](/wiki/Category:Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna_alumni \"Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni\")\n[Category:Artists from Prague](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Prague \"Artists from Prague\")\n[Category:Czech etchers](/wiki/Category:Czech_etchers \"Czech etchers\")\n[Category:18th\\-century Austrian painters](/wiki/Category:18th-century_Austrian_painters \"18th-century Austrian painters\")\n\n"
]
} |
Magdalena Wor | {
"id": [
39166520
],
"name": [
"JoeNMLC"
]
} | hcjn0ypg5cawg8h5koh6g878bveyrgx | 2024-06-18T00:12:11Z | 1,177,238,499 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career",
"Awards and recognition",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Magdalena Wór** (born c. 1981\\) is a Polish opera singer (mezzo\\-soprano).\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nWór was born in [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), the daughter of Andrzej and Teresa Wor, and grew up in [Lądek\\-Zdrój](/wiki/L%C4%85dek-Zdr%C3%B3j \"Lądek-Zdrój\") in the south\\-west of the country. She relocated to the United States along with her family in 1991 when her father, a physiotherapist, accepted a job in [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"). The family moved to [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") in 1996, where Wór attended [Chattahoochee High School](/wiki/Chattahoochee_High_School \"Chattahoochee High School\"). She sang in church as a child, but did not consider pursuing a career in music until the age of 18\\. She attended [Georgia State University](/wiki/Georgia_State_University \"Georgia State University\") where she received her bachelor's and master's degrees in music.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nWór participated in the [San Francisco Opera](/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera \"San Francisco Opera\")'s [Merola Opera Program](/wiki/Merola_Opera_Program \"Merola Opera Program\") in 2003, during which she sang Rosina in *[The Barber of Seville](/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville \"The Barber of Seville\")*; in Chautauqua Music Institution's Marlena Malas Voice Program; and the GSU Opera Workshop in 2005, where she sang Zita in *[Gianni Schicchi](/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi \"Gianni Schicchi\")*. In 2006, she participated in the [Opera Theatre of Saint Louis](/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_Saint_Louis \"Opera Theatre of Saint Louis\")'s [Gerdine Young Artists](/wiki/Gerdine_Young_Artists \"Gerdine Young Artists\") Program and the [Washington National Opera](/wiki/Washington_National_Opera \"Washington National Opera\")'s Domingo\\-Cafritz Young Artist Program. With the latter, she appeared in a short version of *[The Ballad of Baby Doe](/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Baby_Doe \"The Ballad of Baby Doe\")*; *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* music critic [Tim Page](/wiki/Tim_Page_%28music_critic%29 \"Tim Page (music critic)\") wrote that \"Wor sang an aria for Tabor's first wife, Augusta, with appropriate gravity\". Also in 2006, she appeared with the [Atlanta Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/Atlanta_Symphony_Orchestra \"Atlanta Symphony Orchestra\") in performances of Handel’s *[Messiah](/wiki/Messiah_%28Handel%29 \"Messiah (Handel)\")* and Bach’s *[Magnificat](/wiki/Magnificat_%28Bach%29 \"Magnificat (Bach)\")*. An Atlanta music critic wrote of the performance of the *Magnificat*, \"The standout voice belonged to mezzo\\-soprano Wór … she brought unexpected warmth to *Esurientes implevit bonis* (‘The hungry he has filled with good’), a darling little aria accompanied by two flutes. She garbled a few words, but it was otherwise a pleasure to hear the plush textures and dark, chocolatey timbre of her voice.\"\n\nHer first professional appearance was in November 2008, singing Tisbe, one of the ugly stepsisters in *[La Cenerentola](/wiki/La_Cenerentola \"La Cenerentola\")* with the [Atlanta Opera](/wiki/Atlanta_Opera \"Atlanta Opera\"). She had also sung with In 2010, she sang the title role in *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen \"Carmen\")* with the [Palm Beach Opera](/wiki/Palm_Beach_Opera \"Palm Beach Opera\").\n\nAfter a 2016 performance with pianist Brian Ganz, a review in *The Washington Post* stated that Wór \"has that kind of velvety rich mezzo that makes you want to follow her anywhere.\"\n\n",
"Awards and recognition\n----------------------\n\n* 2010 \\- First Prize, [Kosciuszko Foundation](/wiki/Kosciuszko_Foundation \"Kosciuszko Foundation\") [Marcella Sembrich](/wiki/Marcella_Sembrich \"Marcella Sembrich\") Voice Competition\n* Finalist and Prize Winner of the Moniuszko International Voice Competition\n* 2002 \\- Finalist, [Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions \"Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Date_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Date of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Place of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Polish women opera singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Polish_women_opera_singers \"21st-century Polish women opera singers\")\n[Category:Operatic mezzo\\-sopranos](/wiki/Category:Operatic_mezzo-sopranos \"Operatic mezzo-sopranos\")\n[Category:Polish mezzo\\-sopranos](/wiki/Category:Polish_mezzo-sopranos \"Polish mezzo-sopranos\")\n[Category:People from Lądek\\-Zdrój](/wiki/Category:People_from_L%C4%85dek-Zdr%C3%B3j \"People from Lądek-Zdrój\")\n[Category:Polish emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:Polish_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"Polish emigrants to the United States\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Georgia State University alumni](/wiki/Category:Georgia_State_University_alumni \"Georgia State University alumni\")\n[Category:1981 births](/wiki/Category:1981_births \"1981 births\")\n\n"
]
} |
Cyrus Lovell | {
"id": [
31226026
],
"name": [
"RoundSquare"
]
} | fgy7no05f9g3lnzjn0lah3o3l45ap9o | 2024-05-19T18:23:32Z | 1,190,855,357 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Personal life",
"Death",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Cyrus \"Uncle Cy\" Lovell** (September 9, 1804April 9, 1895\\) was the [Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Michigan_House_of_Representatives \"List of Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives\") from 1855 to 1856\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nLovell was born on September 9, 1804, in [Grafton, Vermont](/wiki/Grafton%2C_Vermont \"Grafton, Vermont\"), to parents Enos and Mary. In 1829, Lovell moved to [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/wiki/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\"). He later moved to [Kalamazoo, Michigan](/wiki/Kalamazoo%2C_Michigan \"Kalamazoo, Michigan\"), where he started his law career, and in 1832 built the first dwelling in Kalamazoo.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nIn 1836, Lovell moved to [Ionia, Michigan](/wiki/Ionia%2C_Michigan \"Ionia, Michigan\"), and became the first supervisor of the county. Lovell was sworn in as a member of the [Michigan House of Representatives](/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives \"Michigan House of Representatives\") on January 1, 1849, as a [Whig](/wiki/Whig_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Whig Party (United States)\"). In 1855, and until 1856, served as the [Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives](/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Michigan_House_of_Representatives \"List of Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives\") as a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\"). In 1850, he was a delegate to Michigan state constitutional convention. He was the first Republican to do so. In 1860 and onward, Lovell was a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"), supporting [Stephen A. Douglas](/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas \"Stephen A. Douglas\")' presidential run.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nLovell married Louise Fargo in [Washtenaw County](/wiki/Washtenaw_County \"Washtenaw County\") in 1831, and together they had at least four children.\n\n",
"Death\n-----\n\nLovell died on April 9, 1895\\. Lovell was interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Ionia, Michigan.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1804 births](/wiki/Category:1804_births \"1804 births\")\n[Category:1895 deaths](/wiki/Category:1895_deaths \"1895 deaths\")\n[Category:Delegates to the 1850 Michigan Constitutional Convention](/wiki/Category:Delegates_to_the_1850_Michigan_Constitutional_Convention \"Delegates to the 1850 Michigan Constitutional Convention\")\n[Category:Michigan lawyers](/wiki/Category:Michigan_lawyers \"Michigan lawyers\")\n[Category:Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_Michigan_House_of_Representatives \"Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives\")\n[Category:Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_members_of_the_Michigan_House_of_Representatives \"Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives\")\n[Category:Michigan Democrats](/wiki/Category:Michigan_Democrats \"Michigan Democrats\")\n[Category:Michigan Whigs](/wiki/Category:Michigan_Whigs \"Michigan Whigs\")\n[Category:Burials in Michigan](/wiki/Category:Burials_in_Michigan \"Burials in Michigan\")\n[Category:19th\\-century American legislators](/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_legislators \"19th-century American legislators\")\n[Category:19th\\-century American lawyers](/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_lawyers \"19th-century American lawyers\")\n[Category:19th\\-century Michigan politicians](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Michigan_politicians \"19th-century Michigan politicians\")\n\n"
]
} |
Alf Brown (footballer, born 1907) | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | i8rhgqcvv8pqachmqdk5uwjyqlrhgbj | 2024-08-14T15:13:07Z | 1,182,210,113 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Alfred Brown** (22 February 1907 – 1994\\) was an English professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who played in the [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League \"English Football League\") for [Mansfield Town](/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C. \"Mansfield Town F.C.\"), [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. \"Northampton Town F.C.\"), [Oldham Athletic](/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C. \"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1907 births](/wiki/Category:1907_births \"1907 births\")\n[Category:1994 deaths](/wiki/Category:1994_deaths \"1994 deaths\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football wing halves](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_wing_halves \"Men's association football wing halves\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C._players \"Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players\")\n[Category:Northampton Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Northampton_Town_F.C._players \"Northampton Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:Mansfield Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Mansfield_Town_F.C._players \"Mansfield Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:People from Chadderton](/wiki/Category:People_from_Chadderton \"People from Chadderton\")\n[Category:Footballers from Greater Manchester](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Greater_Manchester \"Footballers from Greater Manchester\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_the_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham \"Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
SS Robert Y. Hayne | {
"id": [
26830857
],
"name": [
"Lyndaship"
]
} | 1ki3n2ixu7c7vol66tn2uby9x8k7dh8 | 2023-07-02T18:26:04Z | 1,162,525,237 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Construction",
"History",
"References",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* **SS *Robert Y. Hayne*** was a [Liberty ship](/wiki/Liberty_ship \"Liberty ship\") built in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). She was named after [Robert Y. Hayne](/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne \"Robert Y. Hayne\"), an American lawyer, planter and politician. He served in the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") from 1823 to 1832, as [Governor of South Carolina](/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina \"Governor of South Carolina\") 1832–1834, and as [Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"List of mayors of Charleston, South Carolina\") 1836–1837\\.\n",
"Construction\n------------\n\n*Robert Y. Hayne* was [laid down](/wiki/Laid_down \"Laid down\") on 2 November 1942, under a [Maritime Commission](/wiki/Maritime_Commission \"Maritime Commission\") (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1198, by the [St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company](/wiki/St._Johns_River_Shipbuilding_Company \"St. Johns River Shipbuilding Company\"), [Jacksonville](/wiki/Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Jacksonville, Florida\"), Florida; she was sponsored by Mrs. James C. Merrill, Jr., the wife of a [Merrill\\-Stevens Drydock \\& Repair Co.](/wiki/Merrill-Stevens_Drydock_%26_Repair_Co. \"Merrill-Stevens Drydock & Repair Co.\") official, she was launched on 30 May 1943\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nShe was allocated to [Agwilines Inc.](/wiki/Agwilines_Inc. \"Agwilines Inc.\"), on 20 July 1943\\. On 30 May 1946, she was placed in the [Hudson River Reserve Fleet](/wiki/Hudson_River_Reserve_Fleet \"Hudson River Reserve Fleet\"), [Jones Point](/wiki/Jones_Point%2C_New_York \"Jones Point, New York\"), New York. She was sold for commercial use, on 19 May 1947, to [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"), and renamed *Citta Di Savona*. She was withdrawn from the fleet, 6 June 1947\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n[Category:Liberty ships](/wiki/Category:Liberty_ships \"Liberty ships\")\n[Category:Ships built in Jacksonville, Florida](/wiki/Category:Ships_built_in_Jacksonville%2C_Florida \"Ships built in Jacksonville, Florida\")\n[Category:1943 ships](/wiki/Category:1943_ships \"1943 ships\")\n[Category:Hudson River Reserve Fleet](/wiki/Category:Hudson_River_Reserve_Fleet \"Hudson River Reserve Fleet\")\n[Category:Liberty ships transferred to Italy](/wiki/Category:Liberty_ships_transferred_to_Italy \"Liberty ships transferred to Italy\")\n\n"
]
} |
Oshan Cosmos | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"36.235.239.248"
]
} | i60nrwhd62ieqg7wo49lrtyzmbedpvf | 2024-08-15T05:49:21Z | 1,178,870,920 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Oshan Cosmos** is a [MPV](/wiki/Multi-purpose_vehicle \"Multi-purpose vehicle\") manufactured by [Changan Automobile](/wiki/Changan_Automobile \"Changan Automobile\") under the Oshan or Oushan brand in China.\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Oushan Cosmos rear quarter](/wiki/File:Oushan_Cosmos_002.jpg \"Oushan Cosmos 002.jpg\")\nOriginally revealed in June 2018, the Cosmos officially debuted during the 2018 [Guangzhou Auto Show](/wiki/Guangzhou_Auto_Show \"Guangzhou Auto Show\").\nThe Cosmos MPV is powered by a 1\\.5 liter turbo engine producing 154 hp.\n\n \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://oushan.changan.com.cn)\n\n[Oshan Cosmos](/wiki/Category:Changan_Automobile_vehicles \"Changan Automobile vehicles\")\n[Category:Minivans](/wiki/Category:Minivans \"Minivans\")\n[Category:Cars of China](/wiki/Category:Cars_of_China \"Cars of China\")\n[Category:Front\\-wheel\\-drive vehicles](/wiki/Category:Front-wheel-drive_vehicles \"Front-wheel-drive vehicles\")\n[Category:Cars introduced in 2018](/wiki/Category:Cars_introduced_in_2018 \"Cars introduced in 2018\")\n\n"
]
} |
Now That's What I Call New Wave 80s | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | 30pgmhh842qtv8vt7b8oe3sg14d51ku | 2024-01-10T21:14:23Z | 1,181,018,714 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Critical reception",
"Track listing",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Now That's What I Call New Wave 80s*** is a compilation album from the popular *[Now!](/wiki/Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music%21 \"Now That's What I Call Music!\")* series, released in the United States on August 7, 2015 on [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") format. The album contains [hit](/wiki/Hit_song \"Hit song\") [new wave](/wiki/New_wave_music \"New wave music\") songs of the [1980s](/wiki/1980s_in_music \"1980s in music\"). It reached No. 106 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") and No. 16 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* Top Rock Albums chart.\n\nA Deluxe Edition was also released in a digital\\-only format, which contains an extra 22 tracks on top of the initial 18, bringing the total number of songs to 40\\.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nTimothy Monger of [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\") said, \"This themed collection from the folks at *Now Music* features 18 prime cuts of 1980s new wave. \\[The album] manages to hit on major players like R.E.M., the Cure, the Human League, and Tears for Fears.\"\n\nIn a positive review by *[Paste Magazine](/wiki/Paste_%28magazine%29 \"Paste (magazine)\")*, Ron Hart said of the album: \"What makes this physical set so cool are the off\\-menu choices selected here, be it INXS's early hit “The One Thing” off 1982’s underrated *Shabooh Shoobah*, choosing the Thompson Twins’ hidden hit “Lies” over “Hold Me Now” and “Mad World” from Tears for Fears’ epic debut LP *The Hurting* in lieu of the litany of hits from *Songs from the Big Chair*. And that’s not to mention the incorporation of the fairly deep “Desperate But Not Serious” off his solo debut *Friend or Foe* for Adam Ant representation. Decisions such as these seem to indicate that *NOW That's What I Call New Wave 80s* was crafted by the hands of a master of the decade. The '80s new wave sound has made a comeback in a massive way in recent years, and this most exceptional megamix serves as a quality 101 class for any kid looking to dive headfirst into the day glow.\"\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n**Deluxe Edition** (includes the above and the following additional tracks)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [*Now That's What I Call the 80s* (U.S. series)](/wiki/Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_the_80s_%28American_series%29 \"Now That's What I Call the 80s (American series)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2015 compilation albums](/wiki/Category:2015_compilation_albums \"2015 compilation albums\")\n[New wave](/wiki/Category:Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music%21_albums_%28American_series%29 \"Now That's What I Call Music! albums (American series)\")\n[Category:Universal Records compilation albums](/wiki/Category:Universal_Records_compilation_albums \"Universal Records compilation albums\")\n[Category:Sony Music compilation albums](/wiki/Category:Sony_Music_compilation_albums \"Sony Music compilation albums\")\n[Category:New wave compilation albums](/wiki/Category:New_wave_compilation_albums \"New wave compilation albums\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nicholas Lechmere Charlton | {
"id": [
3780800
],
"name": [
"Rcb1"
]
} | odd69wvi861ucq1ksi3d5ijn6pzoq9j | 2024-09-13T17:46:42Z | 1,231,156,405 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Family",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Nicholas Lechmere Charlton** (18 December 1733 – 20 March 1807\\), known as **Nicholas Lechmere** until 1784, was a British politician, MP for [Worcester](/wiki/Worcester_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1774\\.\n\nLechmere was the son of [Edmund Lechmere](/wiki/Edmund_Lechmere_%28MP_for_Worcestershire%29 \"Edmund Lechmere (MP for Worcestershire)\") (1710–1805\\), and his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Blunden Charlton, 3rd Bt. [Edmund Lechmere](/wiki/Edmund_Lechmere_%28MP_for_Worcester%29 \"Edmund Lechmere (MP for Worcester)\") (1747–1798\\) was Lechmere's younger brother; [Sir Anthony Lechmere, 1st Bt.](/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Lechmere%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir Anthony Lechmere, 1st Baronet\") (1766–1849\\) was his younger half\\-brother.\n\nHe was educated by Mr. Graham at Hackney, and matriculated at [Trinity College, Cambridge](/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge \"Trinity College, Cambridge\") in 1751\\.\n\nPreviously a [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\") in the [3rd Foot Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards \"Scots Guards\"), he was appointed [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_Kingdom%29%23Colonel_of_the_Regiment \"Colonel (United Kingdom)#Colonel of the Regiment\") of the [Worcestershire Militia](/wiki/Worcestershire_Militia \"Worcestershire Militia\") when that regiment was re\\-established on 17 June 1770\\. He resigned the command in 1794\\.[Capt Robert Holden, *Historical Records of the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Worcestershire Regiment*, London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, 1887](http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/bat_worcs_militia.php), p. 21, Appendix D.\n\nFollowing the death in 1773 of [Henry Crabb\\-Boulton](/wiki/Henry_Crabb-Boulton \"Henry Crabb-Boulton\"), MP for Worcester, [Thomas Bates Rous](/wiki/Thomas_Bates_Rous \"Thomas Bates Rous\") was elected to take his seat in a by\\-election. However, Rous was unseated on petition for bribery, and in the resulting by\\-election in February 1774, Lechmere was elected. He was counted by the government as a supporter. He did not contest the [October 1774 general election](/wiki/1774_British_general_election \"1774 British general election\"), at which Rous retook the seat.\n\nHe succeeded to the estates of his uncle Sir Francis Charlton, 4th Bt., and took the additional name Charlton, in 1784\\.\n\nHe resided at [Ludford](/wiki/Ludford%2C_Shropshire \"Ludford, Shropshire\"), where for 24 years he was a colonel in the Worcester Militia.\n\nHe died on 20 March 1807\\.\n\n",
"Family\n------\n\nHe married Susanna, daughter of Jesson Case of Powick. They had two sons and a daughter:\n* [Edmund Lechmere Charlton](/wiki/Edmund_Lechmere_Charlton \"Edmund Lechmere Charlton\") (1789–1845\\)\n* Francis Lechmere Charlton (1790–1857\\)\n* Emma Lechmere Charlton (died 1809\\)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1733 births](/wiki/Category:1733_births \"1733 births\")\n[Category:1807 deaths](/wiki/Category:1807_deaths \"1807 deaths\")\n[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge \"Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\")\n[Category:British MPs 1768–1774](/wiki/Category:British_MPs_1768%E2%80%931774 \"British MPs 1768–1774\")\n[Nicholas](/wiki/Category:Lechmere_family \"Lechmere family\")\n[Category:Scots Guards officers](/wiki/Category:Scots_Guards_officers \"Scots Guards officers\")\n[Category:Worcestershire Militia officers](/wiki/Category:Worcestershire_Militia_officers \"Worcestershire Militia officers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Hamza Balje | {
"id": [
41941497
],
"name": [
"DarkNight0917"
]
} | s49dstgx0aaxf87j5kjqt6laivdwcjp | 2024-06-29T05:59:43Z | 1,215,089,991 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hamza Balje** (born 13 September 1970\\) is a [Kosovan](/wiki/Kosovo \"Kosovo\") politician of [Gorani](/wiki/Gorani_people \"Gorani people\") origin. He served as a member of the [Kosovan Assembly](/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo \"Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo\") from 2010 to 2014 and was appointed as a Vice Minister for Economic Development in 2018\\. Balje is the founder of the *Center of Democratic Union*,[Tom Lansford, Political Handbook of the World 2015](https://books.google.com/books?id=yNGfBwAAQBAJ&dq=cdu+hamza+balje&pg=PT3395) a political subject later integrated to the [Unique Gorani Party (JGP)](/wiki/Unique_Gorani_Party \"Unique Gorani Party\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1970 births](/wiki/Category:1970_births \"1970 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category: Gorani people](/wiki/Category:Gorani_people \"Gorani people\")\n[Category:Kosovan politicians](/wiki/Category:Kosovan_politicians \"Kosovan politicians\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kevin Okyere | {
"id": [
44127043
],
"name": [
"Atremari"
]
} | tc43ze4j0mbit94lk2t3fk8j9erfnrl | 2024-07-01T12:43:14Z | 1,217,879,223 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Achievements",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kevin Okyere** is a [Ghanaian](/wiki/Ghanaian_people \"Ghanaian people\") entrepreneur in the oil industry. He serves as the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Springfield Energy\\- a billion\\-dollar oil company. The company was founded in 2008\\.\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nHe was born in 1980 to an affluent Ashanti family. Even though he came from a rich family, he sold iced water to football supporters at the [Kumasi Sports Stadium](/wiki/Baba_Yara_Stadium \"Baba Yara Stadium\"). He attended [Opoku Ware Senior High School](/wiki/Opoku_Ware_School \"Opoku Ware School\"), later he left for the USA for further studies in Accounting at the [George Mason University](/wiki/George_Mason_University \"George Mason University\") in Virginia. \n\n",
"Achievements\n------------\n\nKevin's company, Springfield, was given the block, known as West Cape Three Points Block 2, by Ghana’s government in 2016 after it was relinquished by Kosmos. Also, the company is the leader in exporting refined products to land\\-lock neighbouring countries such as [Mali](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\") and [Burkina Faso](/wiki/Burkina_Faso \"Burkina Faso\") and Nigerian crude. At the 2019 Emy Africa Awards, he was awarded as \"Man of the Year\" for the Oil and Gas category.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Ghanaian businesspeople](/wiki/Category:Ghanaian_businesspeople \"Ghanaian businesspeople\")\n[Category:1980 births](/wiki/Category:1980_births \"1980 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Alumni of Opoku Ware School](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Opoku_Ware_School \"Alumni of Opoku Ware School\")\n[Category:George Mason University alumni](/wiki/Category:George_Mason_University_alumni \"George Mason University alumni\")\n\n"
]
} |
Polygala amara | {
"id": [
1398
],
"name": [
"William Avery"
]
} | 7jpmgv9taafph30ofhl9ilf5rk8tjmi | 2023-12-02T20:33:40Z | 1,025,506,686 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Polygala amara*** is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family ([Polygalaceae](/wiki/Polygalaceae \"Polygalaceae\")). It was described in 1769 and is found in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\"), the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"), [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\"), [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\"), [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\"), [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia \"Bosnia\"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), and [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[amara](/wiki/Category:Polygala \"Polygala\")\n[Category:Flora of Germany](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Germany \"Flora of Germany\")\n[Category:Flora of Poland](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Poland \"Flora of Poland\")\n[Category:Flora of Slovenia](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Slovenia \"Flora of Slovenia\")\n[Category:Flora of the Czech Republic](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Czech_Republic \"Flora of the Czech Republic\")\n[Category:Flora of Hungary](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Hungary \"Flora of Hungary\")\n[Category:Flora of Croatia](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Croatia \"Flora of Croatia\")\n[Category:Flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina\")\n[Category:Flora of Serbia](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Serbia \"Flora of Serbia\")\n[Category:Flora of Montenegro](/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Montenegro \"Flora of Montenegro\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
2019 Internazionali di Tennis del Friuli Venezia Giulia – Men's singles | {
"id": [
19993129
],
"name": [
"Adamtt9"
]
} | igibed183g1brbstkdhtjxzr5847gpe | 2023-05-13T11:24:15Z | 1,092,939,418 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Seeds",
"Draw",
"Finals",
"Top half",
"Section 1",
"Section 2",
"Bottom half",
"Section 3",
"Section 4",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Paolo Lorenzi](/wiki/Paolo_Lorenzi \"Paolo Lorenzi\") was the defending champion but lost in the third round to [Markus Eriksson](/wiki/Markus_Eriksson_%28tennis%29 \"Markus Eriksson (tennis)\").\n\n[Christopher O'Connell](/wiki/Christopher_O%27Connell \"Christopher O'Connell\") won the title after defeating Jeremy Jahn 7–5, 6–2 in the final.\n\n",
"Seeds\n-----\n\nAll [seeds](/wiki/Seed_%28tennis%29 \"Seed (tennis)\") receive a [bye](/wiki/Bye_%28tennis%29 \"Bye (tennis)\") into the second round.\n1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. \n\n",
"Draw\n----\n\n### Finals\n\n### Top half\n\n#### Section 1\n\n#### Section 2\n\n### Bottom half\n\n#### Section 3\n\n#### Section 4\n\n",
"### Finals\n\n",
"### Top half\n\n#### Section 1\n\n#### Section 2\n\n",
"#### Section 1\n\n",
"#### Section 2\n\n",
"### Bottom half\n\n#### Section 3\n\n#### Section 4\n\n",
"#### Section 3\n\n",
"#### Section 4\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Main draw](http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2019/2120/mds.pdf)\n* [Qualifying draw](http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2019/2120/qs.pdf)\n\n[Category:2019 ATP Challenger Tour](/wiki/Category:2019_ATP_Challenger_Tour \"2019 ATP Challenger Tour\")\n[2019 Singles](/wiki/Category:Internazionali_di_Tennis_del_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia \"Internazionali di Tennis del Friuli Venezia Giulia\")\n[Friuli](/wiki/Category:2019_in_Italian_tennis \"2019 in Italian tennis\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Nannup | {
"id": [
9575782
],
"name": [
"Calistemon"
]
} | 0fnfq0f8shh517dy27zhuyz3wu27ta1 | 2023-02-25T06:48:34Z | 1,140,923,530 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe [State Register of Heritage Places](/wiki/State_Register_of_Heritage_Places \"State Register of Heritage Places\") is maintained by the [Heritage Council of Western Australia](/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia \"Heritage Council of Western Australia\"). , 88 places are heritage\\-listed in the [Shire of Nannup](/wiki/Shire_of_Nannup \"Shire of Nannup\"), of which three are on the State Register of Heritage Places.\n\n",
"List\n----\n\nThe Western Australian State Register of Heritage Places, , lists the following three state registered places within the Shire of Nannup:\n\n| Place name | Place \\# | Location | Suburb or town | Co\\-ordinates | Built | Stateregistered |Notes\n\nPhoto\n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Donnelly River Mill | | [Donnelly River](/wiki/Donnelly_River%2C_Western_Australia \"Donnelly River, Western Australia\"), Corner Andrew \\& Sears Road | [Donnelly River](/wiki/Donnelly_River%2C_Western_Australia \"Donnelly River, Western Australia\") | | 1949 | 9 February 1996 | The mostly intact mill is the only extant example which utilised steam power\\-technology in working the hardwood forests of the Western Australia | [140px](/wiki/File:Donnelly_river_SMC.jpg \"Donnelly river SMC.jpg\") |\n| Donnelly River Mill \\& Townsite Precinct | | [Donnelly River](/wiki/Donnelly_River%2C_Western_Australia \"Donnelly River, Western Australia\"), Corner Andrew \\& Sears Road | [Donnelly River](/wiki/Donnelly_River%2C_Western_Australia \"Donnelly River, Western Australia\") | | 1951 | 1 June 2007 | Workers’ Cottages, now used as tourist accommodation | [140px](/wiki/File:Donnelly_River_General_Store%2C_January_2023_01.jpg \"Donnelly River General Store, January 2023 01.jpg\") |\n| Jalbarragup Bridge (ruin) | | Jalbarragup Road, on the [Blackwood River](/wiki/Blackwood_River \"Blackwood River\") | [Jalbarragup](/wiki/Jalbarragup%2C_Western_Australia \"Jalbarragup, Western Australia\") | | 1900 | 2 June 1998 | The only remaining turn of the century wooden bridge over the Blackwood River surviving in its original form, and one of few such bridges left in Western Australia | [140px](/wiki/File:Site_of_the_former_Jalbarragup_Bridge%2C_January_2023_02.jpg \"Site of the former Jalbarragup Bridge, January 2023 02.jpg\") |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Nannup](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_State_Register_of_Heritage_Places \"Lists of State Register of Heritage Places\")\n[Heritage](/wiki/Category:Shire_of_Nannup \"Shire of Nannup\")\n[Nannup](/wiki/Category:State_Register_of_Heritage_Places_in_the_South_West_%28Western_Australia%29 \"State Register of Heritage Places in the South West (Western Australia)\")\n\n"
]
} |
AEV 3 Kodiak | {
"id": [
48276178
],
"name": [
"HDixon91"
]
} | tunujmy926zi9yt4q2elvjh06qajaer | 2024-08-15T19:58:40Z | 1,177,070,713 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Development",
"Description",
"Users",
"Gallery",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **AEV 3 Kodiak** is a [Leopard 2](/wiki/Leopard_2 \"Leopard 2\") main battle tank (MBT) based [armoured engineering vehicle](/wiki/Armoured_engineering_vehicle \"Armoured engineering vehicle\") that can be used for a wide variety of battlefield engineering, infrastructure and support roles. These roles can include, but would not be limited to, [minefield breaching](/wiki/Land_mine \"Land mine\"), route denial, dozing and digging tasks, and the erection or [demolition](/wiki/Demolition \"Demolition\") of [obstacles](/wiki/Obstacle \"Obstacle\"). The vehicle was originally developed for a [Swiss Army](/wiki/Swiss_Army \"Swiss Army\") requirement by the [consortium](/wiki/Consortium \"Consortium\") of Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH (Germany) and [RUAG](/wiki/RUAG \"RUAG\") Defence (Switzerland).\n\n[English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") nomenclature for the vehicle is now AEV 3 Kodiak, while German is Pionierpanzer 3 (PiPz 3\\) Kodiak. Depending on user or reference source the AEV 3 Kodiak may also be referred to as [Gepanzerte Pioniermaschine](/wiki/Gepanzerte_Pioniermaschine \"Gepanzerte Pioniermaschine\") Kodiak, AEBV (Armoured Engineering and Breaching Vehicle), Armoured Engineer Vehicle 3 Kodiak, Ingenjörbandvagn 120, or the L2\\-AEV.\n\n",
"Development\n-----------\n\nDevelopment of the AEV 3 Kodiak traces back to 2002 and the Swiss Army's Armoured Engineer Vehicle 3 requirement. As a technology partner of the Swiss Army, RUAG Defence entered into a consortium with Rheinmetall Landsysteme, Rheinmetall (with [Krauss\\-Maffei Wegmann](/wiki/Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann \"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann\")) joint\\-manufacturers of the Leopard 2 main battle tank (MBT) on which the AEV 3 Kodiak is based. The name Kodiak was adopted for the Armoured Engineer Vehicle 3 during development for future marketing purposes only.\n\nThe first Armoured Engineer Vehicle 3 prototype for the Swiss Army was constructed using company funds and was based on a surplus Swiss Army Leopard 2 MBT, the Leopard 2 designated Panzer 87 by the Swiss. In the summer of 2003 the [prototype](/wiki/Prototype \"Prototype\") underwent two months of trials with the Swiss Army, and during 2004 it was shown at the [Eurosatory](/wiki/Eurosatory \"Eurosatory\") defence exhibition in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"). Following this showing the prototype underwent a series of trials with Leopard 2 MBT users [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\"), the Netherlands, [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"). The Swedish trials involved leasing the prototype to the Swedish armed forces procurement agency (FMV, [Försvarets materielverk)](/wiki/Defence_Materiel_Administration \"Defence Materiel Administration\") for [winter](/wiki/Winter \"Winter\") trials. Following these trials results were shared with the International AEV Coordination Group which had been established to develop some [commonality](/wiki/Commonality \"Commonality\") within armoured engineering vehicle requirements and programs. At this juncture the group consisted of Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden Switzerland. Spain and Denmark would ultimately leave the group.\n\nOn 9 January 2007, Rheinmetall announced a Swiss Army contract award for 12 Armoured Engineer Vehicle 3 valued at [CHF](/wiki/Swiss_franc \"Swiss franc\") 95 million (US$76 million). The twelve Leopard 2 chassis used came from Swiss Army stocks with turrets removed and construction occurred in Switzerland. By late 2011 the last example had been delivered and the vehicles are used by the Swiss Army's Panzersappeurbataillon 11\\.\n\nThe next customers for AEV 3 Kodiak would be the Netherlands and Sweden in a joint purchase. Since 2001 and to reduce costs Sweden had attempted [collaborations](/wiki/Collaborations \"Collaborations\") with Switzerland and Denmark without success and in 2005 would commence lone [procurement](/wiki/Procurement \"Procurement\") of an armoured engineering vehicle. The Netherlands joined the Swedish project in 2006\\. On 16 January 2008, Sweden and the Netherlands placed a joint order for 16 vehicles, six for Sweden and ten for the Netherlands. Contract value was around [€](/wiki/%E2%82%AC \"€\")40 million (Sweden) and €60 million (the Netherlands). Delivery occurred between 2011 and 2012\\.\n\nSwedish vehicles are known as AEV 3 S (Swedish), or locally as the Ingenjörbandvagn 120, and are based on six Swedish Army Leopard 2 chassis (Stridsvagn 121 in Swedish service) chassis. The chassis were upgraded locally to Stridsvagn 122 standard and then transported to Germany for conversion. The Netherlands vehicles are based on Leopard 2A4 chassis. These were overhauled locally before being converted in Germany. In service the Dutch vehicles replaced fourteen [Leopard 1](/wiki/Leopard_1 \"Leopard 1\") engineering vehicles.\nSwedish and Dutch vehicles reportedly share 95% [commonality](/wiki/Commonality \"Commonality\") with differences limited to [camouflage](/wiki/Camouflage \"Camouflage\") patterns, [smoke grenade](/wiki/Smoke_grenade \"Smoke grenade\") launchers, and some tools/equipment. The Dutch vehicles do feature a [bomblet](/wiki/Bomblet \"Bomblet\") protection package.\n\n[Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") has a total of fourteen AEV 3 Kodiaks (known locally as L2\\-AEV), these ordered and delivered in between 2014 and 2015\\. In service these are operated by the 38th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers (38 SCE), and replaced the US\\-built M728 CEV.\n\nThe most recent user announced for the AEV 3 Kodiak is the German Bundeswehr. On 12 May 2021 Rheinmetall announced that the Federal Office for Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In\\-Service Support (BAAINBw) had signed a contract for the manufacture and delivery of a 44 Kodiak, with a gross value of around €295 million. The first example will be produced in 2023, with deliveries to be complete by 2029\\. The order includes a number of additional support\\- and training\\-related services.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe AEV 3 Kodiak typically uses [surplus](/wiki/Excess_supply \"Excess supply\") Leopard 2 hulls from existing users, but is available as a new\\-build vehicle on a current\\-generation Leopard 2 hull. Generic modifications include the removal of the turret and installation of a completely new fixed superstructure, the installation of a [hydraulic](/wiki/Hydraulic \"Hydraulic\") mounting for a [dozer blade](/wiki/Bulldozer \"Bulldozer\") or mine clearing plough, and the installation of a telescopic arm typically fitted with an [excavator](/wiki/Excavator \"Excavator\") bucket.\n\n**Hull structure and layout**\n\nThe fixed superstructure of the AEV 3 Kodiak is constructed from [all\\-welded steel](/wiki/Armour \"Armour\"), the protection level of which is [classified](/wiki/Classified_information \"Classified information\"), and for which a mine\\-protection package has been developed. The [superstructure](/wiki/Superstructure \"Superstructure\") features a split [air\\-conditioned](/wiki/Air-conditioned \"Air-conditioned\") crew compartment on the front left and front right of the vehicle. The left compartment is for the driver and an engineer crewman, the right compartment for the commander. The driver has a single\\-piece rear opening hatch with three integral day [periscopes](/wiki/Periscope \"Periscope\"). A [camera](/wiki/Camera \"Camera\") system with up to six cameras (on the main boom, dozer blade and the front and rear of the vehicle) provide the two\\- or three\\-person crew with a panoramic view provides individual [situational awareness](/wiki/Situational_awareness \"Situational awareness\") for the crew. If required, the vehicle can be line\\-of\\-sight remotely controlled.\n\nLocated centrally between the crew compartment at the front of the vehicle is the excavator arm. When not in use this is traversed to the rear and locates between the crew compartment. The excavator arm broadly resembles that of a conventional [backhoe loader](/wiki/Backhoe_loader \"Backhoe loader\"), but with two pivot points instead of one. The standard excavator bucket has a [volume](/wiki/Volume \"Volume\") of one cubic meter and, when in continuous use, can move up to 200 cubic meters of earth per hour. The arm has a maximum horizontal reach of 9 meters and a reach of 8\\.2 meters vertically. The bucket and other tools can be removed/attached from under armour via a quick\\-coupling device. A range of other tools are available and these include a gripper, a [hydraulic hammer](/wiki/Breaker_%28hydraulic%29 \"Breaker (hydraulic)\"), an [earth auger](/wiki/Auger_%28drill%29 \"Auger (drill)\"), or a [fascine](/wiki/Fascine \"Fascine\") launching system. On a rack above the rear engine deck two of these tools may be transported if required. The excavator arm may also be used for lifting items such as logs or fascines, and has a maximum lift capacity of 3\\.5\\-tonnes; 2\\.6\\-tonnes with the bucket attached.\n\nAlso mounted at the front of the vehicle is a [hydraulically](/wiki/Hydraulically \"Hydraulically\") operated tiltable blade, this 3\\.42 m wide, or 4\\.02 m with extensions. This can be used for dozing or scraping operations, or to stabilise the vehicle when the [winches](/wiki/Winch \"Winch\") are being used or the excavator arm is being used for heavy lifting. The blade can also be fitted with two scarifiers for route denial use. As an option, the blade can be removed and replaced with a mine\\-breaching package that can include a mine plough, a cleared lane marking system and a signature duplicator system to neutralise [anti\\-tank mines](/wiki/Anti-tank_mine \"Anti-tank mine\") fitted with advanced [fuzes](/wiki/Fuze \"Fuze\").\n\nPrimarily for obstacle removal, two Rotzler hydraulic nine\\-tonne variable speed winches are fitted. These have 200 m of usable cable and can operate singularly or together at up to 90 m/minute, and are typically utilised to remove obstacles. The Kodiak can also provide electrical or hydraulic power for external equipment such as work lights and [hand tools](/wiki/Hand_tools \"Hand tools\").\n\nFor [self\\-defence](/wiki/Self-defence \"Self-defence\"), a manually or [remotely operated weapon station](/wiki/Remote_controlled_weapon_station \"Remote controlled weapon station\") can be fitted to the AEV 3 Kodiak. Armament options range from a 5\\.56 mm [light machine gun](/wiki/Light_machine_gun \"Light machine gun\") to a 40 mm [grenade launcher](/wiki/Grenade_launcher \"Grenade launcher\"). Swedish vehicles are fitted with the Kongsberg Protector Nordic ROWS, armed with a 12\\.7 mm M2 heavy machine gun and includes the Kongsberg VIS 95 day camera with a 95° field of view and the 850 nm Kongsberg Infrared Aim Laser. Smoke grenade launchers are also fitted. The AEV 3 Kodiak is fitted with fire detection, suppression and extinguishing systems.\n\n**Automotives**\n[thumb\\| The AEV 3 Kodiak shares a common [powerplant](/wiki/Powerplant \"Powerplant\") (the MTU 873 Ka\\-501\\) with the Leopard 2 MBT.](/wiki/File:Leopard2_Triebwerk.jpg \"Leopard2 Triebwerk.jpg\")\nIn common with the Leopard 2 MBT, the AEV 3 Kodiak is powered by a [powerpack](/wiki/Powerpack_%28drivetrain%29 \"Powerpack (drivetrain)\") assembly consisting of an MTU 873 Ka\\-501 V\\-12 [diesel](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") coupled to a [Renk](/wiki/Renk \"Renk\") HSWL 354 [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 \"Transmission (mechanics)\"). The rear\\-mounted powerpack weighs 2\\.59\\-tonnes (dry) and is designed engine first with transmission to the rear, engine air intakes being above the transmission. In situ the powerpack is divided in two by a waterproof bulkhead, this keeping the front of the assembly dry while the rear floods for cooling when deep fording; the AEV 3 Kodiak can [ford](/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29 \"Ford (crossing)\") to 2\\.25 m. The complete pack weighs 3,025 kg and can be changed in the field in approximately 35 minutes as a single unit.\n\nThe 47\\.6\\-litre MTU 873 Ka\\-501 develops 1,500 PS (1,479 hp, 1,103 kW) at 2,600 rpm1,500 [hp](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\") and has a [fuel consumption](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency \"Fuel efficiency\") of around 3\\-litres/km on road and 5\\-litres/km when operating [cross\\-country](/wiki/Off-roading \"Off-roading\"). Diesel fuel is stored in internally mounted fuel tanks with a combined capacity of 1,100 litres. Storage is arranged in interconnected tanks, the central 280 and 250 litre tanks being used for refuelling the vehicle. The Renk HSWL 354 transmission provides four forward and two reverse [gears](/wiki/Gears \"Gears\"). Maximum road speed of the Kodiak is 68 km/h, 31 km/h in reverse. Maximum range on roads is around 500 km.\n\nElectrical power is provided to the vehicle by a 20 kW generator mounted to the bottom of the powerpack and powered mechanically from the main drive. The system runs at between 24 V and 28 V with a capacity of up to 400 Ah, divided into a low power circuit of 100 Ah and a high power circuit of 300 Ah. For extreme power usage systems such as engine starting both circuits can be connected. When the engine is not running power is supplied from eight batteries, mounted on each side of the hull at the rear in dedicated compartments that can be accessed from the rear deck. Two 12 V batteries in series provide power to the low power circuit, with four 12 V batteries in three series sets of two each provide power to the high power circuit. Slave starting using a second vehicle in the event of battery failure can be achieved using a connector in the rear of the hull. An auxiliary power unit can supply 4\\.2 kW of electricity if required.\n\nRunning gear consists of seven dual [rubber](/wiki/Rubber \"Rubber\")\\-tyred road [wheels](/wiki/Wheels \"Wheels\") and four rubber\\-tyred track return rollers on each side, with [idler](/wiki/Idler-wheel \"Idler-wheel\") front and [drive sprocket](/wiki/Drive_sprocket \"Drive sprocket\") to the rear. Road wheel [suspension](/wiki/Suspension_%28mechanics%29 \"Suspension (mechanics)\") is provided by torsion bar and [dampers](/wiki/Shock_absorbers \"Shock absorbers\"). The 82\\-link steel [tracks](/wiki/Continuous_track \"Continuous track\") are 635 mm wide [Diehl](/wiki/Diehl_Defence \"Diehl Defence\") 570F and for additional traction, up to 18 of the rubber road pads on each track can be replaced with steel [grousers](/wiki/Grouser \"Grouser\"). Vehicle braking is provided by a retarder and two oil cooled disc brakes.\n\n[Mobility](/wiki/Mobility_%28military%29 \"Mobility (military)\") [parameters](/wiki/Parameters \"Parameters\") include the ability to climb a [gradient](/wiki/Gradient \"Gradient\") of at least 60%, and to traverse a side slope of at least 30%. A vertical step of 920 mm can be surmounted, and a [ditch](/wiki/Ditch \"Ditch\") of 3 m width can be crossed.\n\n",
"Users\n-----\n\n[thumb\\|A map with AEV 3 Kodiak users in blue](/wiki/File:AEV_3_Kodiak_Users.png \"AEV 3 Kodiak Users.png\")\n* – The AEV 3 Kodiak was Rheinmetall's offer to the German Army in a program to replace its Leopard 1 based Pionierpanzer 2 Dachs armoured engineer vehicle. In April 2021 the decision to procure 44 AEV 3 Kodiak was announced, this confirmed by Rheinmetall on 12 May 2021\\.\n* – The Netherlands joined the Swedish program for an armoured engineering vehicle in 2006 and in January 2008 a contract valued at around €60 million was placed for ten AEV 3 Kodiak with delivery occurring between 2011 and 2012\\. Swedish and Dutch vehicles reportedly share 95% commonality.\n* – Singapore ordered a total of fourteen AEV 3 Kodiak (known locally as L2\\-AEV) for delivery between 2014 and 2015\\. In service these are operated by the 38th Battalion, Singapore Combat Engineers (38 SCE).\n* – The Swiss Army were the launch customer for the AEV 3 Kodiak, the vehicle designed initially for the Swiss requirement. The order for 12 examples was placed on 9 January 2007, this valued at CHF 95 million (US$76 million). By late 2011 the last example had been delivered and the vehicles are used by the Swiss Army's Panzersappeurbataillon 11\\.\n* – Sweden formally launched the requirement that would procure six AEV 3 S (S – Swedish) with the local designation of Ingenjörbandvagn 120 in 2005\\. In January 2008 a contract valued at around €40 million was placed with delivery occurring between 2011 and 2012\\. Sweden's purchase was joint with the Netherlands.\n\n''Other operators of the Leopard 2 MBT that operate older armoured engineering vehicles (or in some cases no current vehicle of this type) include [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), [Chile](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\"), [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), [Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"). With logistic, support and various other cost\\-saving commonalities factored in, these are considered by Rheinmetall to be possible future users for the AEV 3 Kodiak.\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:AEV3 2\\.jpg\\|Rheinmetall promotional image of the AEV 3 Kodiak.\nFile:AEV3 3\\.jpg\\|This hot climate optimised AEV 3 Kodiak is fitted with a Pearson Full Width Mine Plough.\nFile:AEV3 4\\.jpg\\|This AEV 3 Kodiak is using its front\\-mounted blade for dozing.\nFile:AEV3 5\\.jpg\\|The two pivot points on the excavator arm of this AEV 3 Kodiak are clearly visible as it digs.\nFile:AEV3 6\\.jpg\\|Front view of an AEV 3 Kodiak clearly showing installation of a mine plough.\nFile:Leopard 2A4 Austrian.jpg\\|The AEV3 Kodiak is based on the Leopard 2 main battle tank.\nFile:Dachs \\- 4\\.jpg\\|The AEV 3 Kodiak will likely complement and eventually replace Germany's Leopard 1 based Pionierpanzer 2 (Dachs).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Rheinmetall AEV 3 Kodiak page Very detailed; very informative](https://rheinmetall-defence.com/en/rheinmetall_defence/systems_and_products/vehicle_systems/armoured_tracked_vehicles/kodiak/index.php/)\n* [AEV 3 Kodiak brochure (PDF)](https://rheinmetall-defence.com/media/en/editor_media/rm_defence/produktbilder/kodiak/Broschuere_Kodiak_PiPz3.pdf/)\n* [Rheinmetall official AEV 3 Kodiak video; mineplough](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGubbDCSlTg/)\n* [Rheinmetall official AEV 3 Kodiak video; tools and quick\\-couple device](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKlwQ61JbAw/)\n* [AEV 3 Kodiak demo of digging/dozing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCLYg7n8MIY/)\n* [Dutch AEV 3 Kodiak demo of excavator arm and dozing capability](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0RqU2X8RU/)\n* [Dutch Kodiak demo (Dutch language but visuals are informative](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9guJnkQHqoE/)\n* [Dutch Kodiak launching a fascine](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5a7C2F9O0w0/)\n\n[Category:Rheinmetall](/wiki/Category:Rheinmetall \"Rheinmetall\")\n[Category:Tanks of Switzerland](/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_Switzerland \"Tanks of Switzerland\")\n[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s](/wiki/Category:Military_vehicles_introduced_in_the_2000s \"Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s\")\n[Category:Military engineering vehicles of Germany](/wiki/Category:Military_engineering_vehicles_of_Germany \"Military engineering vehicles of Germany\")\n\n"
]
} |
Hospital Universitario de la Princesa | {
"id": [
67616
],
"name": [
"TiMike"
]
} | os7q87oeco06aonpotrpxdmzzl9mpu4 | 2022-12-30T13:06:02Z | 1,130,499,889 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Hospital Universitario de la Princesa** is a hospital located in the [Lista](/wiki/Lista_%28Madrid%29 \"Lista (Madrid)\") neighborhood in [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\"), Spain, part of the hospital network of the [Servicio Madrileño de Salud](/wiki/Servicio_Madrile%C3%B1o_de_Salud \"Servicio Madrileño de Salud\") (SERMAS).\n\nIt is one of the healthcare institutions associated to the [Autonomous University of Madrid](/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Madrid \"Autonomous University of Madrid\") (UAM) for the purpose of clinical internship.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nLying on the block delimited by the streets of Diego de León, Conde de Peñalver, Maldonado and General Díaz Porlier, it was a project of Manuel Martínez Chumillas, who had been involved with the [GATEPAC](/wiki/GATEPAC \"GATEPAC\") group during the [Second Republic](/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic \"Second Spanish Republic\"). Intending to replace the old Hospital de la Princesa built in the Paseo de Areneros (calle de Alberto Aguilera), it was inaugurated on 3 November 1955 under the name of *Gran Hospital de la Beneficencia General del Estado*. The building works lasted however until 1956\\. The hospital forms a 14\\-floor building complex. Starting from 100 at the time of its opening, the effective bed usage steadily grew, reaching 761 beds in 1959\\.\n\nIt was transferred from the State Administration to the regional administration of the [Community of Madrid](/wiki/Community_of_Madrid \"Community of Madrid\") in 1985\\. It was finally renamed as *Hospital Universitario de la Princesa* in 1994\\. As of 2020 it has a capacity of 564 beds.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Salamanca District, Madrid](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Salamanca_District%2C_Madrid \"Buildings and structures in Salamanca District, Madrid\")\n[Princesa](/wiki/Category:Hospitals_in_Madrid \"Hospitals in Madrid\")\n[Category:1955 establishments in Spain](/wiki/Category:1955_establishments_in_Spain \"1955 establishments in Spain\")\n[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1955](/wiki/Category:Hospital_buildings_completed_in_1955 \"Hospital buildings completed in 1955\")\n\n"
]
} |
Barbara Fawkes | {
"id": [
18872885
],
"name": [
"WikiCleanerBot"
]
} | knfuttwx4u25w0o6tx9mlmqonrnasyw | 2023-12-28T03:24:53Z | 1,191,130,475 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Affiliations",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Barbara Noel Fawkes** (25 December 1914 – 4 October 2002\\) was a British nurse and nursing educator. She served as Chief Education Officer, [General Nursing Council](/wiki/General_Nursing_Council \"General Nursing Council\") for England and Wales from 1959 to 1974\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nFawkes was born in [Tonbridge](/wiki/Tonbridge \"Tonbridge\"), [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\") on 24 December 1914, to Osborne Pegler Fawkes and his wife Hilda Lascelles. Her father became a farmer and [hop](/wiki/Hops \"Hops\") grower in Sussex, where the family, including her younger brother and sister, settled. Her mother was a qualified teacher, so taught Fawkes at home until she started school at [Tunbridge Wells High School](/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_High_School \"Tunbridge Wells High School\") when she was nine years old. She was unable to afford university, so instead turned to nursing.\n\nBeginning her nursing training, first as a pre\\-nursing student at [Middlesex Convalescent Home](/wiki/Middlesex_Convalescent_Home \"Middlesex Convalescent Home\") in 1933, Fawkes went on to train as a nurse at the [Middlesex Hospital](/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital \"Middlesex Hospital\"), London, from 1934\\. She qualified as a nurse in June 1937, and in 1938, she won the [Farndon Memorial Gold Medal](/wiki/Farndon_Memorial_Gold_Medal \"Farndon Memorial Gold Medal\"), which allowed her to train as a midwife at the hospital without fee. She finished her training within six months, and the following year she moved towards becoming a tutor herself.\n\nShe started in [Stoke Mandeville Hospital](/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville_Hospital \"Stoke Mandeville Hospital\"), working in the air raid casualty ward, and was appointed the principal of the [Macdonald Buchanan School of Nursing](/wiki/Macdonald_Buchanan_School_of_Nursing \"Macdonald Buchanan School of Nursing\") in 1946, even though she was the youngest member of staff. There she introduced changes in the education system of nurses, splitting students time between the classroom and on the ward, advocating similar changes elsewhere.\n\nIn 1952 she received a [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross \"Red Cross\") scholarship to study education and administration at [Columbia University](/wiki/Columbia_University \"Columbia University\"), where she was graduated, earning her B.Sc. She went on to tour Commonwealth hospitals in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. She left the Middlesex Hospital in 1956 to begin her career in nursing education, which she began as chief education officer with the General Nursing Council, from which she retired in 1974\\.\n\nIn 1964 Fawkes was a member of the influential [Platt Committee on Nursing Education](/wiki/Platt_Committee_on_Nursing_Education \"Platt Committee on Nursing Education\"), led by [Harry Platt](/wiki/Harry_Platt \"Harry Platt\") which published in 1964\\.\n\nFawkes was appointed an [Officer of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Officer of the Order of the British Empire\"). She died in Sussex on 4 October 2002, and a memorial was subsequently held at Middlesex Hospital.\n\n",
"Affiliations\n------------\n\n* Member, Central Health Service Council\n* Member, Council for Academic Awards\n* UK representative, Council of Europe from 1958 to 1967\n* [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\") representative/vice\\-chair, Western European Group, 1958–1978\n* Member (24 years), Council of the [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\")\n* She was made a Fellow of the [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\") in 1976\\.\n* Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Nursing ([NSW](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"))\n* Life Vice\\-president, [Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Royal College of Nursing\") (UK; 1975\\)\n* Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE; 1975\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1914 births](/wiki/Category:1914_births \"1914 births\")\n[Category:2002 deaths](/wiki/Category:2002_deaths \"2002 deaths\")\n[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Officers of the Order of the British Empire\")\n[Category:British nursing administrators](/wiki/Category:British_nursing_administrators \"British nursing administrators\")\n[Category:People from Tonbridge](/wiki/Category:People_from_Tonbridge \"People from Tonbridge\")\n[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_College_of_Nursing \"Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing\")\n[Category:British nurses](/wiki/Category:British_nurses \"British nurses\")\n\n"
]
} |
Harib | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"142.120.105.189"
]
} | r9l5lo4i5m7mue9t128kgckdbr8nngm | 2024-08-05T11:15:46Z | 1,182,421,126 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Harib",
"Places",
"People",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**Harib** () may refer to:\n\n",
"Places\n------\n\n* [Harib Al Qaramish District](/wiki/Harib_Al_Qaramish_District \"Harib Al Qaramish District\"), Ma'rib Governorate, Yemen\n* [Harib District](/wiki/Harib_District \"Harib District\"), Ma'rib Governorate, Yemen\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [Khamis Harib](/wiki/Khamis_Harib \"Khamis Harib\"), Emirati cyclist who competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics\n* [Mohammed Saeed Harib](/wiki/Mohammed_Saeed_Harib \"Mohammed Saeed Harib\") (born 1978\\), Emirati animator\n* [Harib Al\\-Saadi](/wiki/Harib_Al-Saadi \"Harib Al-Saadi\") (born 1990\\), Omani footballer\n* [Harib Al\\-Habsi](/wiki/Harib_Al-Habsi \"Harib Al-Habsi\") (born 1986\\), Omani footballer\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n[Category:Afghan masculine given names](/wiki/Category:Afghan_masculine_given_names \"Afghan masculine given names\")\n[Category:Iranian masculine given names](/wiki/Category:Iranian_masculine_given_names \"Iranian masculine given names\")\n[Category:Arabic\\-language masculine given names](/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_masculine_given_names \"Arabic-language masculine given names\")\n[Category:Masculine given names](/wiki/Category:Masculine_given_names \"Masculine given names\")\n[Category:Pakistani masculine given names](/wiki/Category:Pakistani_masculine_given_names \"Pakistani masculine given names\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jack Tonks | {
"id": [
29077096
],
"name": [
"Crowsus"
]
} | 6oy6e2wipaheur4te95g3xh855jhctw | 2023-10-13T17:59:26Z | 1,164,079,175 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Joseph Tonks** (26 October 1872 – 1951\\) was an English [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who played in the [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League \"English Football League\") for [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\"). Tonks was a member of the Wolves team which lost 2–1 to [The Wednesday](/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C. \"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\") in the [1896 FA Cup Final](/wiki/1896_FA_Cup_Final \"1896 FA Cup Final\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1872 births](/wiki/Category:1872_births \"1872 births\")\n[Category:1951 deaths](/wiki/Category:1951_deaths \"1951 deaths\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football forwards](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards \"Men's association football forwards\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:Walsall F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Walsall_F.C._players \"Walsall F.C. players\")\n[Category:Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C._players \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players\")\n[Category:People from Wednesfield](/wiki/Category:People_from_Wednesfield \"People from Wednesfield\")\n[Category:Footballers from Wolverhampton](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Wolverhampton \"Footballers from Wolverhampton\")\n\n"
]
} |
THC production by yeast | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"94.255.152.53"
]
} | 23cbuloetcg903zzcery3sdo98c734w | 2024-10-05T02:28:48Z | 1,249,464,025 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"Sources",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Cannabinoids](/wiki/Cannabinoids \"Cannabinoids\"), including [tetrahydrocannabinol](/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol \"Tetrahydrocannabinol\") (THC), the active drug in [cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 \"Cannabis (drug)\"), can also be produced by [bioengineered](/wiki/Bioengineering \"Bioengineering\") [yeast](/wiki/Yeast \"Yeast\"), a process colloquially known as [pharming](/wiki/Pharming_%28genetics%29 \"Pharming (genetics)\"). In 2007, a research group reported the successful [transgenic](/wiki/Transgenic \"Transgenic\") placement of a [THCA synthase](/wiki/THCA_synthase \"THCA synthase\") gene from *Cannabis* plant into the *[Pichia pastoris](/wiki/Pichia_pastoris \"Pichia pastoris\")* yeast, giving the yeast the ability to turn the precursor molecule [cannabigerolic acid](/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid \"Cannabigerolic acid\") into [THCA](/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinolic_acid \"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid\"). In 2019, researchers at [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\") reported in *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 \"Nature (journal)\")* that they had bioengineered yeast able to completely synthesize THC, [CBD](/wiki/Cannabidiol \"Cannabidiol\"), and other cannabinoids, using only sugar as a food.\n\nAt least two companies have pursued [intellectual property protection](/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection \"Intellectual property protection\") for biosynthesis of cannabinoids in yeast. The U.S. [National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health](/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health \"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health\") has funded research into \"techniques to synthesize cannabinoids in yeast\", saying that if successful, it \"would cost less than obtaining them from the cannabis plant\".\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Conversion of CBD to THC](/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC \"Conversion of CBD to THC\")\n* [List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms](/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_substances_and_precursor_chemicals_derived_from_genetically_modified_organisms \"List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms\")\n* [Hops and cannabinoids](/wiki/Hops_and_cannabinoids \"Hops and cannabinoids\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Sources\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n[Category:2007 in cannabis](/wiki/Category:2007_in_cannabis \"2007 in cannabis\")\n[Category:2019 in cannabis](/wiki/Category:2019_in_cannabis \"2019 in cannabis\")\n[Category:American inventions](/wiki/Category:American_inventions \"American inventions\")\n[Category:Genetically modified organisms](/wiki/Category:Genetically_modified_organisms \"Genetically modified organisms\")\n\n"
]
} |
Martella | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2607:FEA8:2462:6900:932:A32C:C752:9075"
]
} | r0aukt3j9dkek0qyf5newyewd9l5duo | 2023-11-06T04:40:51Z | 1,183,734,557 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Martella",
"People",
"Fictional characters",
"Animals"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**Martella** may refer to:\n\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [Andrea Martella](/wiki/Andrea_Martella \"Andrea Martella\") (born 1968\\), Italian politician\n* [Brian Martella](/wiki/Brian_Martella \"Brian Martella\") (born 1951\\), Australian rules football player\n* [Bruno Martella](/wiki/Bruno_Martella \"Bruno Martella\") (born 1992\\), Italian football player\n* [Luigi Martella](/wiki/Luigi_Martella \"Luigi Martella\") (1948–2015\\), Italian bishop\n* [Vincent Martella](/wiki/Vincent_Martella \"Vincent Martella\") (born 1992\\), American actor, voice actor and singer\n",
"Fictional characters\n--------------------\n\n* Viv Martella, character in [The Bill](/wiki/The_Bill \"The Bill\")\n",
"Animals\n-------\n\n* [Martella (spider)](/wiki/Martella_%28spider%29 \"Martella (spider)\"), genus of ant mimicking jumping spider\n* [Parategeticula martella](/wiki/Parategeticula_martella \"Parategeticula martella\"), moth of the family Prodoxidae\n\n"
]
} |
1935 Harvard Crimson football team | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | gef4l7fm1btkzjqnh367f4laxzfxxct | 2023-08-13T21:03:59Z | 1,138,418,975 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Schedule",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1935 Harvard Crimson football team** was an [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") team that represented [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\") as an independent during the [1935 college football season](/wiki/1935_college_football_season \"1935 college football season\"). In its first season under head coach [Dick Harlow](/wiki/Dick_Harlow \"Dick Harlow\"), the team compiled a 3–5 record and outscored opponents by a total of 107 to 89\\. The team played its home games at [Harvard Stadium](/wiki/Harvard_Stadium \"Harvard Stadium\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\").\n\n",
"Schedule\n--------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Harvard](/wiki/Category:1935_college_football_season \"1935 college football season\")\n[Category:Harvard Crimson football seasons](/wiki/Category:Harvard_Crimson_football_seasons \"Harvard Crimson football seasons\")\n[Harvard Crimson football](/wiki/Category:1935_in_sports_in_Massachusetts \"1935 in sports in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:1930s in Boston](/wiki/Category:1930s_in_Boston \"1930s in Boston\")\n\n"
]
} |
William H. McLellan | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | hax96hyfjg224fqwve3d9eikuz4mljh | 2024-07-29T22:30:25Z | 1,236,221,692 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Personal life",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**William H. McLellan** (November 26, 1832 – March 25, 1912\\) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 24th [Attorney General](/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General \"Maine Attorney General\") of [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\") for less than one year in 1879 out of the two\\-year term implemented by the [Maine Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Maine \"Constitution of Maine\"). During his tenure he lobbied the Governor and state legislature to enact criminal justice reform that would have removed a legal mechanism at the time which allowed prisoners to choose which judges would set their [bail](/wiki/Bail \"Bail\"), as well as removing the right of [spousal privilege](/wiki/Spousal_privilege \"Spousal privilege\").\n\nBefore becoming Attorney General, McLellan was an active politician in Maine. He was a member of the Maine State Senate in 1872\\. He was a delegate to [Democratic National Convention](/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention \"Democratic National Convention\") from Maine in 1876\\. That same year, he unsuccessfully ran in Maine's [5th Congressional District](/wiki/Maine%27s_congressional_districts \"Maine's congressional districts\"), losing to the [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") incumbent, [Eugene Hale](/wiki/Eugene_Hale \"Eugene Hale\").\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nSon of Dr. William McClellan and Roxanna Woodside, he was born in Litchfield, Maine on November 26, 1832, in the brick house known as the Billings House. He attended the town schools and fitted for college at Bloomfield Academy and entered college at Waterville College (now Colby College), September 1849, where he remained three years. When he went to New York University for one year and then entered upon the study of law at Auburn, Maine, in the office of Morrill and Fessenden. He began the active practice of his profession at Mechanic Falls in the fall of 1854, where he remained until 1860 when he removed to Belfast and formed a partnership with Gen FS Nickerson of Searsport. In 1858, Mr. McClellan was the Democratic candidate for County Attorney of Androscoggin County and was defeated by the Republican candidate, Judge Charles W. Walton of Portland.\n\nHe was elected as Senator from Waldo County in 1872 and in 1876 was the candidate of his party for Congressman, but was defeated by Honorable Eugene Hale, now a member of the United States Senate from this state. In 1879, he was elected by the legislature Attorney General and discharged the duties of the office with his ability. In 1881 he moved to Kansas City, Missouri, but returned to Belfast, Maine in 1888, where he now resides in February 1863, He married Angeline Nickels, daughter of Captain David Nickels of Sears Port. They had five children.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1832 births](/wiki/Category:1832_births \"1832 births\")\n[Category:1912 deaths](/wiki/Category:1912_deaths \"1912 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Skowhegan, Maine](/wiki/Category:People_from_Skowhegan%2C_Maine \"People from Skowhegan, Maine\")\n[Category:Maine Democrats](/wiki/Category:Maine_Democrats \"Maine Democrats\")\n[Category:Maine attorneys general](/wiki/Category:Maine_attorneys_general \"Maine attorneys general\")\n[Category:People from Belfast, Maine](/wiki/Category:People_from_Belfast%2C_Maine \"People from Belfast, Maine\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jean-Pierre St-Louis | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | 8zwgfh7o9f972j6u79jpsd6ifhgodn9 | 2024-02-12T03:01:41Z | 1,189,150,327 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Filmography",
"Distinctions",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jean\\-Pierre St\\-Louis** (1951 – 9 April 2020\\) was a Canadian cinematographer and videographer.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nSt\\-Louis began his feature film career in 1987 alongside [Robert Morin](/wiki/Robert_Morin \"Robert Morin\") and [Lorraine Dufour](/wiki/Lorraine_Dufour \"Lorraine Dufour\") as a cinematographer for *Tristesse modèle réduit*. He collaborated in numerous other films throughout his career. Between 1977 and 1991, he directed several short\\-length and medium\\-length films thanks to grants from the [Canada Council](/wiki/Canada_Council \"Canada Council\"), such as *Fait divers : elle remplace son mari par une T.V.* (1982\\), *Carapace: autoportrait d’un chanteur inconnu* (1984\\), and *Zapping : une histoire de salon* (1991\\).\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n* *Scale\\-Model Sadness (Tristesse modèle réduit)* \\- 1987\n* *[Requiem for a Handsome Bastard](/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Handsome_Bastard \"Requiem for a Handsome Bastard\") (Requiem pour un beau sans\\-coeur)* \\- 1992\n* *[Windigo](/wiki/Windigo_%28film%29 \"Windigo (film)\")* \\- 1994\n* *[Whoever Dies, Dies in Pain](/wiki/Whoever_Dies%2C_Dies_in_Pain \"Whoever Dies, Dies in Pain\") (Quiconque meurt, meurt à douleur)* \\- 1997\n* *Les siamoises* \\- 1998\n* *[Post Mortem](/wiki/Post_Mortem_%281999_film%29 \"Post Mortem (1999 film)\")* \\- 1999\n* *La Vie la vie* \\- 2001\n* *Operation Cobra (Opération cobra)* \\- 2001\n* *[The Negro](/wiki/The_Negro_%28film%29 \"The Negro (film)\") (Le nèg')* \\- 2002\n* *[8:17 p.m. Darling Street](/wiki/8:17_p.m._Darling_Street \"17 p.m. Darling Street\") (20h17 rue Darling)* \\- 2003\n* *[Gaz Bar Blues](/wiki/Gaz_Bar_Blues \"Gaz Bar Blues\")* \\- 2003\n* *[Naked Josh](/wiki/Naked_Josh \"Naked Josh\")* \\- 2004\n* *[On the Verge of a Fever](/wiki/On_the_Verge_of_a_Fever \"On the Verge of a Fever\") (Le Goût des jeunes filles)* \\- 2004\n* *[May God Bless America](/wiki/May_God_Bless_America \"May God Bless America\") (Que Dieu bénisse l'Amérique)* \\- 2004\n* *Imitation* \\- 2005\n* *Ten Days to Victory* \\- 2005\n* *[The Genius of Crime](/wiki/The_Genius_of_Crime \"The Genius of Crime\") (Le génie du crime)* \\- 2006\n* *[Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space](/wiki/Pax_Americana_and_the_Weaponization_of_Space \"Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space\")* \\- 2007\n* *Naufrages* \\- 2009\n* *[Ladies in Blue](/wiki/Ladies_in_Blue \"Ladies in Blue\") (Les Dames en bleu)* \\- 2009\n* *[The Four Soldiers](/wiki/The_Four_Soldiers \"The Four Soldiers\") (Les Quatre Soldats)* \\- 2013\n* *[The Diary of an Old Man](/wiki/The_Diary_of_an_Old_Man \"The Diary of an Old Man\") (Journal d'un vieil homme)* \\- 2015\n* *[A Place to Live](/wiki/A_Place_to_Live_%282018_film%29 \"A Place to Live (2018 film)\") (Pour vivre ici)* \\- 2018\n",
"Distinctions\n------------\n\n* [Prix Gémeaux](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") (2000\\)\n* Prix Gémeaux (2002\\)\n* Hommage AFC (2003\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1951 births](/wiki/Category:1951_births \"1951 births\")\n[Category:2020 deaths](/wiki/Category:2020_deaths \"2020 deaths\")\n[Category:Canadian cinematographers](/wiki/Category:Canadian_cinematographers \"Canadian cinematographers\")\n[Category:People from Laurentides](/wiki/Category:People_from_Laurentides \"People from Laurentides\")\n\n"
]
} |
Bernardino da Balbano | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | s6ijr18b4pi5zje57vikyuzyfz3j0c7 | 2020-09-15T17:50:18Z | 969,087,143 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Bernardino da Balbano",
"Writings",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**Bernardino da Balbano** (active 1543–1558\\) was a [Capuchin friar](/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin \"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\") from [Balvano](/wiki/Balvano \"Balvano\") in Southern Italy who served as [provincial superior](/wiki/Provincial_superior \"Provincial superior\") in [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia \"Apulia\") and [Basilicata](/wiki/Basilicata \"Basilicata\"), and as [guardian](/wiki/Custos_%28Franciscans%29 \"Custos (Franciscans)\") of the convent in [Potenza](/wiki/Potenza \"Potenza\").\n\nHe was reputed as a preacher, and was active in combatting the teachings of the [Waldensians](/wiki/Waldensians \"Waldensians\"), which had received new impetus from the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\"). After he had preached in [Messina](/wiki/Messina \"Messina\") in 1552, the archbishop, Cardinal [Giovanni Andrea Mercurio](/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Mercurio \"Giovanni Andrea Mercurio\"), sought papal intervention to have him return in 1554\\.\n\nAlthough some biographers date his death to 1558, he probably died in 1570\\.\n\nFrom around 1600, his writings were being promoted north of the Alps by the Capuchin community in Paris.[Henri\\-Jean Martin](/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin \"Henri-Jean Martin\"), *Livre, pouvoirs et société à Paris au XVIIe siècle (1598\\-1701\\)*, vol. 1 (Geneva, Droz, 1999\\), pp. 135\\-136\\.\n\n",
"Writings\n--------\n\nBalbano produced a number of works both in Italian and in Latin. His best known were:\n* *Specchio d'orazione* (Rome and Parma, 1537\\), many times reprinted to 1605[1589 edition](https://books.google.com/books?id=j4eZhAv79sEC) on [Google Books](/wiki/Google_Books \"Google Books\")\n\t+ French translation by Jean Blancone, *Miroir de l'oraison* (Paris 1601\\)Giovanni Dotoli, Vito Castiglione Minischetti, Paola Placella Sommella and Valeria Pompejano, *Les traductions de l'italien en français au XVIIe siècle* (Paris, 2001\\), p. 186\n\t+ Spanish translation (Zaragoza, 1604\\)\n\t+ Latin translation, *Speculum orationis* (Munich, 1627\\)[On Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=zHw7AAAAcAAJ)\n* *Il mistero della flagellazione di N. S. Gesù Cristo* (Venice, 1537\\)\n\t+ French translation by Robert Le Fizelier (Paris, 1601\\)\n\t+ Dutch translation by [Philip Numan](/wiki/Philip_Numan \"Philip Numan\"), *Theylich Mysterie van die Gheesselinghe ons Heeren Iesu Christi* (Leuven, 1607; 1611\\)\n\t+ French translation by [Antoine Gazet](/wiki/Antoine_Gazet \"Antoine Gazet\"), *La Sacré Mystère de la flagellation de nostre Sauveur* (Rouen, 1610\\)\n\t+ German translation (Trier, 1618\\)\n\t+ Latin translation, *Mysterium sacrae flagellationis domini nostri Jesu Christi* (Cologne, 1625\\)[On Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=jYJUAAAAcAAJ)\n* *De novem effusionibus sanguinis D. N. Iesu Christi* (Venice, 1559; Paris, 1601\\)\n* *Tractatus de praedestinatione* (Venice, 1593\\)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Year of birth unknown](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown \"Year of birth unknown\")\n[Category:Year of death uncertain](/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_uncertain \"Year of death uncertain\")\n[Category:16th\\-century Italian writers](/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_writers \"16th-century Italian writers\")\n[Category:16th\\-century male writers](/wiki/Category:16th-century_male_writers \"16th-century male writers\")\n[Category:Italian religious writers](/wiki/Category:Italian_religious_writers \"Italian religious writers\")\n[Category:Capuchins](/wiki/Category:Capuchins \"Capuchins\")\n\n"
]
} |
The Mitre (Alaska) | {
"id": [
30162703
],
"name": [
"Ron Clausen"
]
} | mhl1mdofhmq0kigp5x2kkxxhpine32q | 2024-01-28T07:38:38Z | 1,199,909,332 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Climate",
"See also",
"Gallery",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**The Mitre** is a mountain [summit](/wiki/Summit \"Summit\") located in the western [Chugach Mountains](/wiki/Chugach_Mountains \"Chugach Mountains\"), in [Anchorage Municipality](/wiki/Anchorage_Municipality%2C_Alaska \"Anchorage Municipality, Alaska\") in the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"). The mountain is situated in [Chugach State Park](/wiki/Chugach_State_Park \"Chugach State Park\"), east of [Anchorage](/wiki/Anchorage \"Anchorage\"), northeast of [Bellicose Peak](/wiki/Bellicose_Peak \"Bellicose Peak\"), and south\\-southeast of [Eklutna Lake](/wiki/Eklutna_Lake \"Eklutna Lake\"). The nearest higher peak is [Benign Peak](/wiki/Benign_Peak \"Benign Peak\"), to the west\\-northwest, on the opposite side of the [Eklutna Glacier](/wiki/Eklutna_Glacier \"Eklutna Glacier\"). Although modest in elevation, [relief](/wiki/Topographic_relief \"Topographic relief\") is significant since the western aspect of the mountain rises 4,000 feet above this glacier in approximately half a mile. In Europe, \"[mitre](/wiki/Mitre \"Mitre\")\" is the term used for a sharp, symmetrical rocky peak such as this one. The Mitre's descriptive name was submitted for consideration by the Mountaineering Club of Alaska as suggested by Dr. Rodman Wilson (1921–2003\\) of Anchorage after he returned from a European vacation.Donald J. Orth, *Dictionary of Alaska Place Names*, 1967, page 649\\. The Mitre name was officially adopted in 1966 by the [U.S. Board on Geographic Names](/wiki/U.S._Board_on_Geographic_Names \"U.S. Board on Geographic Names\"). In the [Denaʼina language](/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language \"Denaʼina language\"), this mountain is known as **Idlu Bena Dghelaya**, meaning *Mountain of Plural Objects Lake*.James Kari and James A. Fall, *Shem Pete's Alaska*, 2nd Ed. 2003\\. Page 324\\.\n\n",
"Climate\n-------\n\nBased on the [Köppen climate classification](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\"), The Mitre is located in a [subarctic climate](/wiki/Subarctic_climate \"Subarctic climate\") zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Weather systems coming off the [Gulf of Alaska](/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska \"Gulf of Alaska\") are forced upwards by the Chugach Mountains ([orographic lift](/wiki/Orographic_lift \"Orographic lift\")), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −20 °F. Precipitation [runoff](/wiki/Surface_runoff \"Surface runoff\") from the peak drains to [Cook Inlet](/wiki/Cook_Inlet \"Cook Inlet\") via the [Eklutna River](/wiki/Eklutna_River \"Eklutna River\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of mountain peaks of Alaska](/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Alaska \"List of mountain peaks of Alaska\")\n* [Geology of Alaska](/wiki/Geology_of_Alaska \"Geology of Alaska\")\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:The Mitre north.jpg\nFile:Eklutna Glacier, valley glacier, August 25, 1964 (GLACIERS 5004\\).jpg\\|The Mitre in lower left\nFile:Eklutna Lake The Mitre.jpg\\|The Mitre and Benign Peak (right) from north\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* The Mitre: [Weather forecast](https://www.yr.no/en/forecast/daily-table/2-5869051/United%20States/Alaska/Anchorage%20Municipality/The%20Mitre)\n* Climbing The Mitre: [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJT1CdOsVc4)\n\n[Category:Mountains of Alaska](/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Alaska \"Mountains of Alaska\")\n[Category:Mountains of Anchorage, Alaska](/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Anchorage%2C_Alaska \"Mountains of Anchorage, Alaska\")\n[Category:Denaʼina](/wiki/Category:Dena%CA%BCina \"Denaʼina\")\n[Category:North American 2000 m summits](/wiki/Category:North_American_2000_m_summits \"North American 2000 m summits\")\n\n"
]
} |
1894 Wabash football team | {
"id": [
206485
],
"name": [
"Jweiss11"
]
} | a7vgtwk01tvsagwyzu14klrspui6e95 | 2023-11-01T19:36:57Z | 1,170,181,880 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Schedule",
"Roster",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1894 Wabash football team** was an [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") team that represented [Wabash College](/wiki/Wabash_College \"Wabash College\") in the [Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association](/wiki/Indiana_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association \"Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association\") (IIAA) during the [1894 college football season](/wiki/1894_college_football_season \"1894 college football season\"). In its first season under head coach [A. Vernon Randall](/wiki/A._Vernon_Randall \"A. Vernon Randall\"), Wabash compiled a 4–5 record, 2–3 in games against IIAA opponents.\n\n",
"Schedule\n--------\n\n",
"",
"References\n----------\n\n[Wabash](/wiki/Category:1894_Indiana_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association_football_season \"1894 Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season\")\n[Category:Wabash Little Giants football seasons](/wiki/Category:Wabash_Little_Giants_football_seasons \"Wabash Little Giants football seasons\")\n[Wabash football](/wiki/Category:1894_in_sports_in_Indiana \"1894 in sports in Indiana\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Crystal Island: Uncharted Discovery | {
"id": [
6196463
],
"name": [
"Pichpich"
]
} | r0y5zfs65qgagnl0mtg8whavl05hjst | 2022-08-23T22:35:55Z | 1,105,652,357 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Setup",
"Gameplay",
"Plot",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Crystal Island: Uncharted Discovery** is an educational video game created by a team of educators and computer scientists at the Center for Educational Informatics aimed at teaching students upper elementary science education, focusing on landforms, navigation, and modeling. In the game, students play as shipwrecked adventurers on a volcanic island. To escape the island, they must complete a series of quests that test their critical thinking skills and teach them content\\-related information. Upon completion of the quests, the players gain access to a new area of the island which contains a multi\\-skill quest that requires students to use the knowledge and skills they learned during the previous quests. Once the final quest is completed, the players gain access to a communication device which allows them to call the outside world for rescue. The game was made with the [Unity game engine](/wiki/Unity_%28game_engine%29 \"Unity (game engine)\"). It was made by the same creators of the game [Crystal Island: Lost Investigation](/wiki/Crystal_Island:Lost_Investigation \"Lost Investigation\").\n\n",
"Setup\n-----\n\nTeachers are given access to a Crystal Island [wiki](/wiki/Wiki \"Wiki\"), which provides them with a suggested schedule and lesson plan, supplemental lessons, and a video tutorial.\n\n",
"Gameplay\n--------\n\nCrystal Island includes a virtual tablet in\\-game that contains applications to help students with quests. The apps include: an \"IslandPedia\" containing presentations of scientific concepts, a Problem\\-solving app which helps players understand the scientific problem\\-solving method, a Text Message app which presents scripted text messages from in\\-game characters that remind them of the learning resources provided to help them with the quests and to stay on task, a Camera app which allows students to take pictures of in\\-game landforms, a Note\\-taking app which allows students to take both text and image notes, a Quest app which shows the current progress that a student has made during a quest, and a Map app which includes a map scale, compass, and a grid that shows students their current location.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nCrystal Island begins with an introductory scene which shows the characters of the video game struggling at sea. The characters eventually reach land, and find that they are stranded on a volcanic island. They begin the start of a new life in a village.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Educational video games](/wiki/Category:Educational_video_games \"Educational video games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nathair Facula | {
"id": [
48144973
],
"name": [
"Nekoify"
]
} | qv2nn15gph0yxijkvgf88njue35b1wo | 2024-08-21T23:43:52Z | 1,224,779,192 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Views",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|right\\|240px\\|Oblique [MESSENGER](/wiki/MESSENGER \"MESSENGER\") image of Nathair Facula](/wiki/File:Nathair_Facula_EW1019543205G.jpg \"Nathair Facula EW1019543205G.jpg\")\n**Nathair Facula** is a bright region on the surface of [Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\"), located at 36° N, 295\\.5° W. It was named by the [IAU](/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union \"International Astronomical Union\") in 2018\\. *Nathair* is the [Irish](/wiki/Irish_language \"Irish language\") and [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic \"Scottish Gaelic\") word for [snake](/wiki/Snake \"Snake\").\n\nIn the center of the region is an irregular depression with crisp topography, surrounded by a region of subdued features. It is interpreted to be the site of explosive volcanic eruptions.[New Findings from MESSENGERS’s Low\\-Altitude Campaign](https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Resources/Press-Conference/20150316.html), press conference, 16 March, 2015\\. Sean C. Solomon, David T. Blewett, Larry R. Nittler, Thomas R. Watters, and Nancy L. Chabot. [Hollows](/wiki/Hollows_%28Mercury%29 \"Hollows (Mercury)\") have formed within the depression.[Flute Music](https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/Science-Images-Database/gallery-image-1546.html), published 16 March 2015\\. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington The facula is approximately 270 km wide, although the edges are diffuse.\n\nNathair Facula is located in the [Hokusai quadrangle](/wiki/Hokusai_quadrangle \"Hokusai quadrangle\"), northeast of the prominent [Rachmaninoff](/wiki/Rachmaninoff_%28crater%29 \"Rachmaninoff (crater)\") crater, west of [Copland](/wiki/Copland_%28crater%29 \"Copland (crater)\") crater, and east of the smaller [Neidr Facula](/wiki/Neidr_Facula \"Neidr Facula\").\n\n",
"Views\n-----\n\nFile:Nathair Facula MESSENGER WAC IGF to RGB.jpg\\|Approximate color image\nFile:Nathair Facula EN1014443953M.jpg\\|Oblique view\nFile:Nathair Facula EN0224508427M.jpg\\|Closeup of center of Nathair Facula\nFile:EN1059620367M Rachvent.map.jpg\\|Very high\\-resolution image of the northern rim, showing gullies and evidence of the formation of \\[\\[Hollows (Mercury)\\|hollows]]\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Surface features of Mercury](/wiki/Category:Surface_features_of_Mercury \"Surface features of Mercury\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nigerian Guild of Editors | {
"id": [
48078313
],
"name": [
"Myrkwosi"
]
} | mkpowlc2jeakdy7ciegkhsmxzvz6p9n | 2024-07-09T06:21:05Z | 1,125,659,855 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Brief history",
"Membership",
"Executives of NGE",
"Former Presidents of NGE",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"The **Nigerian Guild of Editors** (NGE) is a network of senior Nigerian [journalists](/wiki/Journalist \"Journalist\"). It is an independent, non\\-profit and non\\-partisan organisation established to develop human capacity, economic empowerment, protection and welfare amongst its members. The NGE in collaboration with other journalistic bodies across the world, work to preserve the traditions and standard of journalism practice and strict adherence to the Code of Ethics of the profession in [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\"). NGE advocates for [Press Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\") and advancement of democratic practice by engaging with stakeholders saddled with public policy and the welfare of journalists. To help Nigerian media practitioners to uphold the tenet and ethics of journalism, NGE develop, publish and distributes brief editing guide to journalists and organises career linkage programs with local and foreign partners to build professional capacity of its members.\n\n",
"Brief history\n-------------\n\nThe NGE was founded on May 20, 1961, at the old National Press Club located then at Abibu Oki in Lagos state by [Alhaji Lateef Jakande](/wiki/Lateef_Jakande \"Lateef Jakande\") (1929\\-2021\\) of the Nigerian Tribune was its first founding president and the likes of Babatunde Jose (1925\\-2008\\) of the Daily Times as the vice president, Abiodun Aloba (1921\\-2001\\) of the Morning Post as the secretary, and Nelson Ottah of the Drum as the assistant secretary. The Guild was established to advance the interests of the profession, deepen editors’ relationships with their various publics ranging from the media itself, to governments, professional and trade associations and other groups that make up civil society.\n\nIt was initially named the Guild of Newspaper Editors of Nigeria, designed to serve as an exclusive club of professional news managers where editors as the ultimate gatekeepers on media content could come together seasonally to interrogate issues of professional media practice unfettered by labour matters.\n\nThe Guild was also created to provide a rallying forum for the editorial leaders in the Nigerian journalism profession in order have a professional path for the industry's growth. At the time of its inception, Nigeria had just emerged from the cauldron of colonialism and the country needed the support of leaders in the various professions to grow. The NGE was however affected by the coup of 1966\\. The 1966 crisis degenerated into a civil war that lasted for 30 months with the principle of fair journalism trampled upon by the imperatives of war propaganda. In 1977, the [Olusegun Obasanjo](/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo \"Olusegun Obasanjo\")'s Military Government imposed on the country a Press Council Decree which the media, led by the NGE, rejected. In 1982, the Guild had its conference in Minna, Niger State. In 1982, [Alhaji Umaru Dikko](/wiki/Umaru_Dikko \"Umaru Dikko\"), the NPN Minister of Transport tried to take control of the Guild by sponsoring the campaign of Alhaji Ibrahim, the Director General of the NTA who became a registered member of the Guild at that conference, but was resisted by members of the NGE.\n\nThe NGE was non\\-operational for 10 years until it was revived by Mr. [Onyema Ugochukwu](/wiki/Onyema_Ugochukwu \"Onyema Ugochukwu\") and a few other editors in 1992\\. With a lot of support from the Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and civil society groups, the NGE made it through rough years of military dictatorships Nigeria. Since return to democratic rule in 1999, the NGE is still faced with challenges such as seizures of printed newspapers, arrests and detention of journalists and damage of media equipment.\n\n",
"Membership\n----------\n\nThe Nigerian Guild of Editors is open to editors in the print and electronic media. The leadership of the guild is determined by the members.\n\n",
"Executives of NGE\n-----------------\n\n* Mallam Mustapha Isah who succeeded Funke Egbemode was re\\-elected has president of the Nigerian Guild of Editors at the 2021 Biennial Convention at Kano He was first elected as president of NGE on Friday, 8 November 2019 at the Editors’ House, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria.\n* Mr. Ali M. Ali (Deputy president of NGE)\n* Kila Habibu Nuhu (Vice president North).\n* Samuel Egbala (Vice president East)\n* Mobolaji Adebiyi (Vice President West)\n* Mr. Iyobosa Uwugiaren (General Secretary)\n* Austeen Elewodalu (Assistant General Secretary)\n",
"Former Presidents of NGE\n------------------------\n\n[Funke Egbemoda](/wiki/Funke_Egbemode \"Funke Egbemode\") ( 2016–2019\\)\n\nGarba\\-deen Muhammad ( 2015–2016\\)\n\n[Femi Adesina](/wiki/Femi_Adesina \"Femi Adesina\") ( 2013–2015\\)\n\nGbenga Adefaye (2008\\-2013\\)\n\nBaba Dantiye (2003\\-2008\\)\n\nOluremi Oyo (1998\\-2003\\)\n\n[Garba Shehu](/wiki/Garba_Shehu \"Garba Shehu\") (1994\\-1997\\)\n\nBiodun Oduwole (1992\\-1994\\).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Journalists' trade unions](/wiki/Category:Journalists%27_trade_unions \"Journalists' trade unions\")\n[Category:Freedom of expression organizations](/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_expression_organizations \"Freedom of expression organizations\")\n\n"
]
} |
La Belle, New Mexico | {
"id": [
39170300
],
"name": [
"Nubia86"
]
} | azq69g178tjjjh8tvxccpl1ukrjac2p | 2024-07-21T00:24:51Z | 1,224,864,246 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"In media",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**La Belle** (also known as **Labelle**) is a [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town \"Ghost town\") in [Taos County](/wiki/Taos_County%2C_New_Mexico \"Taos County, New Mexico\"), [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\"), United States. It is located approximately eight miles northeast of [Red River](/wiki/Red_River%2C_New_Mexico \"Red River, New Mexico\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nMinerals had been discovered in the area in 1866, but settlement did not occur until several decades later. The town was established as a mining camp and named after Belle Dixon, the wife of a prospector who was one of the first investors in the area, on August 28, 1894\\. By December, La Belle boasted 80 buildings, including three saloons, a hotel, a restaurant, a mercantile store, and butcher, blacksmith, and feed shops. In March 1895, the population reached 700 inhabitants, and there was a demand for a schoolhouse, which was completed by July. The *La Belle Cresset* newspaper was published in the town. At its peak, three hotels operated in La Belle: the Southern Hotel, a four\\-story 80\\-room structure that was moved from [Catskill](/wiki/Catskill%2C_New_Mexico \"Catskill, New Mexico\"); the Exchange Hotel, a 14\\-room structure operated by Mr. and Mrs. Nadock that later became known as the Nadock Hotel; and a third building. The Nadock Hotel served as an official stagecoach stop for newcomers. A post office was established in 1895, as was the jail, which was reported never to hold anyone.\n\nProstitution flourished in La Belle during its brief existence. There was a small [red\\-light district](/wiki/Red-light_district \"Red-light district\"), and women often worked out of the second floor of saloons. In July 1895, the two Hagen brothers brought some girls in from [Colorado Springs](/wiki/Colorado_Springs \"Colorado Springs\") and opened a brothel.\n\nThe notorious outlaw [Black Jack Ketchum](/wiki/Black_Jack_Ketchum \"Black Jack Ketchum\") and his brother Sam had a nearby ranch and were known to visit La Belle. The Ketchum brothers attended dances at the Nadock Hotel, and their partner was frequently Annie Nadock, daughter of the proprietors. Black Jack Ketchum was captured and convicted of killing Sheriff Edward Farr after a train robbery in 1899\\. On April 26, 1901, he was hanged in [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_New_Mexico \"Clayton, New Mexico\"). According to legend, Ketchum buried several thousand dollars of treasure near La Belle, which has never been discovered.\n\nLa Belle became infamous for the promotion of its gold mine reserves, whose value was severely overstated at the time through deceptive photographs and advertising materials.\n\nLa Belle declined precipitously in the early 1900s; the gold mine was ultimately a disappointment because the ore was found to be low\\-grade. The post office closed in 1901\\. By 1910, the population had fallen to 10, and soon thereafter to zero. One of the only remaining buildings in La Belle is the La Belle Lodge, which was constructed in the 1950s or 1960s perhaps, long after the town's heyday.\n\n",
"In media\n--------\n\nA fictionalized version of La Belle served as the setting of the 2017 Netflix series *[Godless](/wiki/Godless_%28TV_series%29 \"Godless (TV series)\")*. In the series, 83 men were killed in a mining accident, which was based on other mining disasters but never actually took place in La Belle.\n\nThe infamous outlaw Black Jack Ketchum was captured in La Belle in 1899 and later hanged.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Keystone Mining District. The Great Gold Fields of La Belle New Mexico. . . 1895](https://exhibits.stanford.edu/mining/catalog/zb877tw9174)\n\n[Category:Ghost towns in New Mexico](/wiki/Category:Ghost_towns_in_New_Mexico \"Ghost towns in New Mexico\")\n[Category:Geography of Taos County, New Mexico](/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Taos_County%2C_New_Mexico \"Geography of Taos County, New Mexico\")\n[Category:Populated places established in 1894](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1894 \"Populated places established in 1894\")\n[Category:1894 establishments in New Mexico Territory](/wiki/Category:1894_establishments_in_New_Mexico_Territory \"1894 establishments in New Mexico Territory\")\n\n"
]
} |
Killing of Manuel Ellis | {
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} | lhfmkle6jyhyfw50ptz7laq8rq2e9tk | 2024-10-18T21:45:19Z | 1,247,389,675 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Persons involved",
"Arrest and death",
"Lead-up to arrest",
"Use of force; initial restraint",
"Backup arrives; further restraint",
"Medical attention; death",
"Investigations",
"County sheriff's investigations",
"Initial medical examiner ruling",
"Release of videos",
"State investigations",
"Later medical examiner comments",
"Charges",
"Criminal trial",
"Civil cases",
"Resignation",
"Reactions",
"2020",
"2021",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
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3,
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3,
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2,
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"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\n**Manuel Ellis** was a 33\\-year\\-old [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\") man who died during an arrest on March 3, 2020, in [Tacoma, Washington](/wiki/Tacoma%2C_Washington \"Tacoma, Washington\") by the Tacoma Police Department. The Pierce County Sheriff's Department initially claimed that Ellis had attacked a police car and officers, leading to the arrest. State prosecutors quoted civilian witnesses as saying that Ellis did not attack the police car or officers; they also said it was the officers who attacked Ellis after a conversation. Video of the incident showed officers repeatedly punching Ellis, physically retraining him, and using a [Taser](/wiki/Taser \"Taser\"). State prosecutors stated that \"Ellis was not fighting back\", citing witness statements and video evidence. A police radio recording showed that Ellis said he \"[can’t breathe](/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe \"I can't breathe\")\". Ellis told officers \"can't breathe, sir\" multiple times, according to prosecutors. Ellis was [hogtied](/wiki/Hogtie \"Hogtie\"), face\\-down, with an officer on him, for at least six minutes, and a spit hood was placed on his head in this position, stated prosecutors. Ellis died at the scene while receiving medical aid from paramedics.\n\nIn early June 2020, Ellis's death was ruled by county medical examiner Thomas Clark as a [homicide](/wiki/Homicide \"Homicide\") due to \"[hypoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29 \"Hypoxia (medical)\") due to physical restraint\", and with \"contributing conditions of [methamphetamine](/wiki/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\") intoxication and a dilated heart\". Prosecutors, in May 2021 documents, quoted Clark as saying that additional evidence that emerged after the autopsy concluded indicated that \"Ellis's death was not likely caused by methamphetamine intoxication\", and further indicated that restraint caused the death.\n\nAfter Ellis's death, four Tacoma police officers were placed on paid administrative leave; they returned to work two weeks later, with the Tacoma police department stating \"there were no known departmental violations\". The Pierce County Sheriff's Department conducted a three\\-month investigation into Ellis's death before disclosing that a Pierce County deputy was present during Ellis's arrest. As a result, in mid\\-June 2020, Governor of Washington [Jay Inslee](/wiki/Jay_Inslee \"Jay Inslee\") ordered a new investigation by the [Washington State Patrol](/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol \"Washington State Patrol\"), while the [Washington Attorney General](/wiki/Washington_Attorney_General \"Washington Attorney General\") would decide potential criminal charges. In May 2021, Washington prosecutors charged two Tacoma police officers, Christopher Burbank and Matthew Collins, with second degree murder for the killing of Ellis, and charged another Tacoma police officer, Timothy Rankine, with first degree manslaughter.\n\nIn December 2023, all three defendants were acquitted after being tried for charges ranging from first\\-degree [manslaughter](/wiki/Manslaughter \"Manslaughter\") to [second\\-degree murder](/wiki/Second-degree_murder \"Second-degree murder\").\n\nIn January 2024, Burbank, Rankine, and Collins each received $500,000 from the Tacoma Police Department plus standard benefits and payouts in exchange for their resignations. As part of the agreement, they were allowed to resign \"in good standing.\"\n\n",
"Persons involved\n----------------\n\nManuel Ellis was a 33\\-year\\-old African American musician with two children. Ellis's family has said that Ellis struggled with [methamphetamine](/wiki/Methamphetamine \"Methamphetamine\") addiction and mental health issues such as [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\") and [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\"). On the night of Ellis's death, he had played drums at his church, Last Day Ministries, then called his mother, brother and sister. After church, Ellis spent time with his landlord and her husband, then walked to a convenience store to buy food.\n\nThree officers were criminally charged with regard to Ellis's death. They are:\n\n* Christopher Burbank, who has been with the Tacoma Police Department since December 2015\\.\n* Matthew Collins, who has been with the Tacoma Police Department since June 2015\\.\n* Timothy Rankine, who has been with the Tacoma Police Department since August 2018\\.\n\nOther officers, who were involved with Ellis's arrest, but were not criminally charged, were: Tacoma police officer Masyih Ford, Tacoma Police officer Armando Farinas, and Pierce County sheriff's sergeant, Gary Sanders.\n\n",
"Arrest and death\n----------------\n\n### Lead\\-up to arrest\n\nThe incident started around 11:21 p.m. on March 3, 2020\\. The arresting officers were not wearing [body cameras](/wiki/Body_camera \"Body camera\") because the Tacoma Police Department did not use them at the time.\n\nAccording to state prosecutors in May 2021, on the night of Ellis's death, Tacoma police officers Christopher Burbank and Matthew Collins told other officers that Ellis abruptly and randomly attacked them. Prosecutors cited the other officers saying that Burbank and Collins told them that Ellis first hit their car, then when Burbank and Collins left the car, Ellis attacked them. Burbank and Collins told the other officers that Ellis had used punches and kicks against them, stated prosecutors.\n\nBurbank and Collins were subsequently interviewed by investigators from the Pierce County Sheriff's Department, although the duo later refused to be interviewed by investigators from the Washington State Patrol. *[The News Tribune](/wiki/The_News_Tribune \"The News Tribune\")* reported on transcripts and recordings of Burbank and Collins's interviews, giving the following account. The officers said that when they came across Ellis, he was standing in the middle of the intersection at 96th Street South and Ainsworth Avenue South, where he attempted to open the door of a slowly moving car, but failed (of note, the driver of this car was never found by investigators). The officers said that Ellis approached them while they were in their car, and that he was sweating despite the cold weather. Burbank quoted Ellis saying something similar to: \"I'm having a bad day, I need some help and I have warrants\". The officers said Ellis threatened to punch Burbank, who then closed the car window, leading to Ellis punching the car window. Collins left the car and Ellis assumed a \"fighting stance\" towards Collins, so Burbank said that he used his car's \"door to actually door check him and hit him with the door to draw his attention away from\" Collins, which was supposedly the first instance of physical contact between the men. Collins alleged that Ellis used \"superhuman strength\" to lift him, throwing Collins into the ground and starting a \"wild\" fight. According to *[The Seattle Times](/wiki/The_Seattle_Times \"The Seattle Times\")*, the most significant difference between Burbank and Collins's accounts to sheriff's investigators was that \"Burbank did not witness Ellis hoist and throw Collins\".\n\nSeveral of the police statements were \"contradicted by the three civilian witnesses, none of whom ever saw Ellis in the intersection, or saw Ellis strike the officers' car, or saw Ellis attack, punch, or otherwise strike the officers at any point\", stated the May 2021 charging documents written by Washington prosecutors; in addition, the prosecutors wrote that the \"civilian accounts are supported by video sources.\"\n\nState prosecutors quoted civilian witnesses as giving the following account of the lead\\-up to Ellis's arrest. Two witnesses said Ellis was walking on a sidewalk and then he approached the officers' car. Witnesses saw Ellis talking to officers in their car in a \"peaceful, apparently respectful conversation, with no signs of aggression from Ellis\". When Ellis walked away, witnesses saw officer Burbank \"abruptly swung open the passenger door of the car, striking Ellis from behind and knocking him to his knees.\" Then as Ellis tried to get up, Burbank got on top of him, according to the witnesses.\n\nIt was 11:21 p.m. at this point.\n\n### Use of force; initial restraint\n\nThe next proceeding, according to prosecutors citing video evidence, saw officer Burbank grabbing Ellis, lifting Ellis and driving him down onto the ground while punching him, then officer Collins put his weight on Ellis. Video footage from a female witness shows Ellis being repeatedly punched while on the ground. This was done by officer Collins, stated prosecutors. The female witness calls out to the officers: \"Stop. Oh my God, stop hitting him. Just arrest him.\"\n\nThen, according to prosecutors, officer Collins applied a \"lateral vascular neck restraint\" to Ellis, which is a type of chokehold. Video footage from a male witness showed that an officer brought Ellis to the ground from behind with a chokehold.\n\n\"Ellis was not fighting back\", stated the prosecutors, citing witness statements and videos. They quoted one witness as saying that Ellis did not defend himself. The video evidence showed Ellis \"struggling at times against the officers’ restraints, but does not show Ellis attempting to strike the officers at any point\", stated the prosecutors.\n\nVideo footage from the male witness then showed: while Ellis is being choked by one officer, the other officer fires a [Taser](/wiki/Taser \"Taser\") at Ellis's chest. Prosecutors state that it was Burbank who fired the Taser, and that he did so when Ellis raised his hands in a \"surrender\\-type position\" while being choked. Another witness tells officers: \"Hey, y'all in the wrong right now\".\n\nNext, video footage from the male witness showed that the officer applying the choke then switches to placing a knee on Ellis's back or neck. The male witness who took the video told *The Seattle Times* that the officer's \"knee was right on \\[Ellis's] neck, on the back of his neck\".\n\nAfter the choke was released by officer Collins, Ellis's head fell limply toward the ground, stated prosecutors. Collins then used his arm to push Ellis's head or neck, resulting in Ellis's face being pushed against the ground, stated prosecutors. The officers pulled Ellis's arms behind his back and pressed down on Ellis's body while they called for backup, stated prosecutors.\n\nWhile the two officers held Ellis's arms and pressed down on his body, Burbank shocked Ellis again with the Taser, stated prosecutors. Three witnesses leave the scene, while Burbank shocked Ellis with the Taser for a third time.\n\nAt 11:23 p.m., Ellis is heard saying \"can’t breathe\" from a police radio recording. According to prosecutors, a [Vivint](/wiki/Vivint \"Vivint\") doorbell camera across the street recorded Ellis clearly saying: \"Can't breathe, sir. Can't breathe!\" then less than 15 seconds later, Ellis either says \"Breathe, sir?\" or \"Please, sir?\" An officer then tells Ellis: \"Shut the fuck up, man\", according to prosecutors.\n\nBurbank and Collins told county sheriff's investigators that during the incident, Ellis did not speak, only grunting or growling. According to Burbank and/or Collins's interviews with sheriff's investigators, the first Taser shot by Burbank disabled Ellis for five seconds, after which Ellis threw Collins off him. According to Burbank's interview, even after the second Taser shot by Burbank, the situation was akin to Ellis \"doing, almost doing push\\-ups with \\[Burbank and Collins] on his back\". Burbank told sheriff's investigators that he did not notice Ellis struggling to breathe.\n\n### Backup arrives; further restraint\n\nAt 11:24 p.m., with Ellis already handcuffed by officers, Tacoma police officer Timothy Rankine responded to the scene as backup. He arrived together with Tacoma police officer Masyih Ford, according to investigation documents. Ford told sheriff's investigators that he held one of Ellis's feet and told Ellis to relax. According to investigation documents, Collins held Ellis's other foot, while Burbank was on Ellis's back, but Ellis allegedly threw Burbank off. Prosecutors described that Rankine got on top of Ellis's back, in a position almost like sitting on Ellis.\n\nAfter Rankine arrives, Ellis tells the officers: \"I can't breathe ... Can't breathe. Can't breathe, sir\", stated prosecutors. Officers Rankine and Ford told the county sheriff's investigators that Ellis did say that he could not breathe, contradicting Burbank and Collins's account to county sheriff's investigators that Ellis did not speak. Rankine described Ellis making \"really strange animal grunting noises\", then described Ellis saying he could not breathe in a \"very calm, normal voice\", so Rankine replied, \"if you’re talking to me, you can breathe just fine\", stated prosecutors.\n\nAccording to investigation documents, Burbank retrieved a [hobble](/wiki/Hobble_%28device%29 \"Hobble (device)\") to use on Ellis, while Tacoma Police Sergeant Michael Lim, Pierce County Sheriff's Lieutenant Anthony Messineo, and Pierce County Sheriff's Sergeant Gary Sanders arrived on the scene. According to investigation documents, Sanders helped to place the hobble on Ellis. Sanders told State Patrol investigators that he pulled Ellis's foot to Ellis's waist, placing it into the hobble, resulting in Ellis being \"pretty much contained at that point. Thus, Ellis's legs were tied together with a nylon strap that was connected to the handcuffs on Ellis, leaving Ellis face\\-down in a [hogtied](/wiki/Hogtie \"Hogtie\") position, stated prosecutors.\n\nLieutenant Anthony Messineo told investigators that after Ellis was hobbled, Ellis did not move; Messineo heard \"agonal breathing\" from Ellis akin to \"last breaths\" when \"someone is dying\", stated prosecutors.\n\nThe officers briefly rolled Ellis onto his side, where Rankine observed Ellis having a high temperature, sweating copiously, and bleeding from his face, stated prosecutors. Then, Rankine rolled Ellis back onto his stomach; Rankine also used his knees to apply pressure on Ellis, stated prosecutors. Rankine claimed that Ellis was violently thrashing around, so Rankine left a knee on Ellis's back, but Lieutenant Messineo and Sergeant Sanders contradicted Rankine's claim, stating that Ellis had stopped moving by that point, stated prosecutors. Messineo told other officers at the scene that Ellis showed signs of excited delirium, stated prosecutors.\n\nAt 11:25 p.m., Sergeant Lim called for the Tacoma Fire Department to \"check \\[Ellis] out\", stated prosecutors. By then, Burbank, Collins and Rankine had not called for medical aid, and they did not tell the dispatcher that Ellis said he could not breathe, that Ellis was experiencing agonal breathing, and that Ellis was possibly in excited delirium, stated prosecutors. At 11:27 p.m., Lim called for an ambulance, while stating that Ellis would need to be \"strapped down\", stated prosecutors. At 11:32 p.m., Lim requested \"priority\" medical aid for Ellis.\n\nMeanwhile, for at least six minutes, until the Tacoma Fire Department arrived, Ellis was hogtied and face\\-down while officer Rankine applied pressure to Ellis's back, stated prosecutors. While in this position, a spit hood was put on Ellis's head by an officer around 11:27 p.m, despite the brand of the spit hood warning that such an item should not be used on a person who is \"having difficulty breathing\", stated prosecutors. The officer who placed the spit hood on Ellis was Armando Farinas of the Tacoma police, stated State Patrol investigation findings published in December 2020\\. Officers Burbank, Collins and Rankine had \"heard Ellis repeatedly plead that he could not breathe\", but did not stop the spit hood from being placed on Ellis, and also did not remove the spit hood from Ellis's head, stated prosecutors.\n\nIn total, 20 officers responded as backup to the scene. Other Pierce County Sheriff's Department officers performed [road traffic control](/wiki/Road_traffic_control \"Road traffic control\") duties.\n\n### Medical attention; death\n\nMembers of the Tacoma Fire Department arrived at the scene at 11:34 p.m. According to prosecutors, a paramedic saw that Ellis was [not conscious](/wiki/Unconsciousness \"Unconsciousness\") and unresponsive, with his breathing deteriorating, his heartbeat weak, and his [pupils](/wiki/Pupil \"Pupil\") were fixed and dilated, the latter sign possibly indicating that Ellis was [brain dead](/wiki/Brain_dead \"Brain dead\").\n\nAccording to prosecutors, Rankine was asked by paramedics to remove Ellis's restraints so that they could begin [intravenous therapy](/wiki/Intravenous_therapy \"Intravenous therapy\"), but Rankine refused at first. Rankine told county sheriff's investigators that he did not want to remove Ellis's \"cuffs in case as he starts fighting again\". When paramedics insisted, Rankine acquiesced and removed Ellis's restraints, and paramedics tended to Ellis, stated prosecutors.\n\nAround 11:35 p.m., Ellis stopped breathing. Paramedics unsuccessfully attempted resuscitation for almost 40 minutes, including CPR and inserting a tube down his throat; Ellis was pronounced dead at the scene at 12:12 a.m.\n\nLater that night, the officers involved had their injuries photographed. Collins had scrapes on his elbows and knees, and he later said that his right knee swelled. Burbank had a minor abrasion on one knee. Rankine and Ford were not injured.\n\n",
"### Lead\\-up to arrest\n\nThe incident started around 11:21 p.m. on March 3, 2020\\. The arresting officers were not wearing [body cameras](/wiki/Body_camera \"Body camera\") because the Tacoma Police Department did not use them at the time.\n\nAccording to state prosecutors in May 2021, on the night of Ellis's death, Tacoma police officers Christopher Burbank and Matthew Collins told other officers that Ellis abruptly and randomly attacked them. Prosecutors cited the other officers saying that Burbank and Collins told them that Ellis first hit their car, then when Burbank and Collins left the car, Ellis attacked them. Burbank and Collins told the other officers that Ellis had used punches and kicks against them, stated prosecutors.\n\nBurbank and Collins were subsequently interviewed by investigators from the Pierce County Sheriff's Department, although the duo later refused to be interviewed by investigators from the Washington State Patrol. *[The News Tribune](/wiki/The_News_Tribune \"The News Tribune\")* reported on transcripts and recordings of Burbank and Collins's interviews, giving the following account. The officers said that when they came across Ellis, he was standing in the middle of the intersection at 96th Street South and Ainsworth Avenue South, where he attempted to open the door of a slowly moving car, but failed (of note, the driver of this car was never found by investigators). The officers said that Ellis approached them while they were in their car, and that he was sweating despite the cold weather. Burbank quoted Ellis saying something similar to: \"I'm having a bad day, I need some help and I have warrants\". The officers said Ellis threatened to punch Burbank, who then closed the car window, leading to Ellis punching the car window. Collins left the car and Ellis assumed a \"fighting stance\" towards Collins, so Burbank said that he used his car's \"door to actually door check him and hit him with the door to draw his attention away from\" Collins, which was supposedly the first instance of physical contact between the men. Collins alleged that Ellis used \"superhuman strength\" to lift him, throwing Collins into the ground and starting a \"wild\" fight. According to *[The Seattle Times](/wiki/The_Seattle_Times \"The Seattle Times\")*, the most significant difference between Burbank and Collins's accounts to sheriff's investigators was that \"Burbank did not witness Ellis hoist and throw Collins\".\n\nSeveral of the police statements were \"contradicted by the three civilian witnesses, none of whom ever saw Ellis in the intersection, or saw Ellis strike the officers' car, or saw Ellis attack, punch, or otherwise strike the officers at any point\", stated the May 2021 charging documents written by Washington prosecutors; in addition, the prosecutors wrote that the \"civilian accounts are supported by video sources.\"\n\nState prosecutors quoted civilian witnesses as giving the following account of the lead\\-up to Ellis's arrest. Two witnesses said Ellis was walking on a sidewalk and then he approached the officers' car. Witnesses saw Ellis talking to officers in their car in a \"peaceful, apparently respectful conversation, with no signs of aggression from Ellis\". When Ellis walked away, witnesses saw officer Burbank \"abruptly swung open the passenger door of the car, striking Ellis from behind and knocking him to his knees.\" Then as Ellis tried to get up, Burbank got on top of him, according to the witnesses.\n\nIt was 11:21 p.m. at this point.\n\n",
"### Use of force; initial restraint\n\nThe next proceeding, according to prosecutors citing video evidence, saw officer Burbank grabbing Ellis, lifting Ellis and driving him down onto the ground while punching him, then officer Collins put his weight on Ellis. Video footage from a female witness shows Ellis being repeatedly punched while on the ground. This was done by officer Collins, stated prosecutors. The female witness calls out to the officers: \"Stop. Oh my God, stop hitting him. Just arrest him.\"\n\nThen, according to prosecutors, officer Collins applied a \"lateral vascular neck restraint\" to Ellis, which is a type of chokehold. Video footage from a male witness showed that an officer brought Ellis to the ground from behind with a chokehold.\n\n\"Ellis was not fighting back\", stated the prosecutors, citing witness statements and videos. They quoted one witness as saying that Ellis did not defend himself. The video evidence showed Ellis \"struggling at times against the officers’ restraints, but does not show Ellis attempting to strike the officers at any point\", stated the prosecutors.\n\nVideo footage from the male witness then showed: while Ellis is being choked by one officer, the other officer fires a [Taser](/wiki/Taser \"Taser\") at Ellis's chest. Prosecutors state that it was Burbank who fired the Taser, and that he did so when Ellis raised his hands in a \"surrender\\-type position\" while being choked. Another witness tells officers: \"Hey, y'all in the wrong right now\".\n\nNext, video footage from the male witness showed that the officer applying the choke then switches to placing a knee on Ellis's back or neck. The male witness who took the video told *The Seattle Times* that the officer's \"knee was right on \\[Ellis's] neck, on the back of his neck\".\n\nAfter the choke was released by officer Collins, Ellis's head fell limply toward the ground, stated prosecutors. Collins then used his arm to push Ellis's head or neck, resulting in Ellis's face being pushed against the ground, stated prosecutors. The officers pulled Ellis's arms behind his back and pressed down on Ellis's body while they called for backup, stated prosecutors.\n\nWhile the two officers held Ellis's arms and pressed down on his body, Burbank shocked Ellis again with the Taser, stated prosecutors. Three witnesses leave the scene, while Burbank shocked Ellis with the Taser for a third time.\n\nAt 11:23 p.m., Ellis is heard saying \"can’t breathe\" from a police radio recording. According to prosecutors, a [Vivint](/wiki/Vivint \"Vivint\") doorbell camera across the street recorded Ellis clearly saying: \"Can't breathe, sir. Can't breathe!\" then less than 15 seconds later, Ellis either says \"Breathe, sir?\" or \"Please, sir?\" An officer then tells Ellis: \"Shut the fuck up, man\", according to prosecutors.\n\nBurbank and Collins told county sheriff's investigators that during the incident, Ellis did not speak, only grunting or growling. According to Burbank and/or Collins's interviews with sheriff's investigators, the first Taser shot by Burbank disabled Ellis for five seconds, after which Ellis threw Collins off him. According to Burbank's interview, even after the second Taser shot by Burbank, the situation was akin to Ellis \"doing, almost doing push\\-ups with \\[Burbank and Collins] on his back\". Burbank told sheriff's investigators that he did not notice Ellis struggling to breathe.\n\n",
"### Backup arrives; further restraint\n\nAt 11:24 p.m., with Ellis already handcuffed by officers, Tacoma police officer Timothy Rankine responded to the scene as backup. He arrived together with Tacoma police officer Masyih Ford, according to investigation documents. Ford told sheriff's investigators that he held one of Ellis's feet and told Ellis to relax. According to investigation documents, Collins held Ellis's other foot, while Burbank was on Ellis's back, but Ellis allegedly threw Burbank off. Prosecutors described that Rankine got on top of Ellis's back, in a position almost like sitting on Ellis.\n\nAfter Rankine arrives, Ellis tells the officers: \"I can't breathe ... Can't breathe. Can't breathe, sir\", stated prosecutors. Officers Rankine and Ford told the county sheriff's investigators that Ellis did say that he could not breathe, contradicting Burbank and Collins's account to county sheriff's investigators that Ellis did not speak. Rankine described Ellis making \"really strange animal grunting noises\", then described Ellis saying he could not breathe in a \"very calm, normal voice\", so Rankine replied, \"if you’re talking to me, you can breathe just fine\", stated prosecutors.\n\nAccording to investigation documents, Burbank retrieved a [hobble](/wiki/Hobble_%28device%29 \"Hobble (device)\") to use on Ellis, while Tacoma Police Sergeant Michael Lim, Pierce County Sheriff's Lieutenant Anthony Messineo, and Pierce County Sheriff's Sergeant Gary Sanders arrived on the scene. According to investigation documents, Sanders helped to place the hobble on Ellis. Sanders told State Patrol investigators that he pulled Ellis's foot to Ellis's waist, placing it into the hobble, resulting in Ellis being \"pretty much contained at that point. Thus, Ellis's legs were tied together with a nylon strap that was connected to the handcuffs on Ellis, leaving Ellis face\\-down in a [hogtied](/wiki/Hogtie \"Hogtie\") position, stated prosecutors.\n\nLieutenant Anthony Messineo told investigators that after Ellis was hobbled, Ellis did not move; Messineo heard \"agonal breathing\" from Ellis akin to \"last breaths\" when \"someone is dying\", stated prosecutors.\n\nThe officers briefly rolled Ellis onto his side, where Rankine observed Ellis having a high temperature, sweating copiously, and bleeding from his face, stated prosecutors. Then, Rankine rolled Ellis back onto his stomach; Rankine also used his knees to apply pressure on Ellis, stated prosecutors. Rankine claimed that Ellis was violently thrashing around, so Rankine left a knee on Ellis's back, but Lieutenant Messineo and Sergeant Sanders contradicted Rankine's claim, stating that Ellis had stopped moving by that point, stated prosecutors. Messineo told other officers at the scene that Ellis showed signs of excited delirium, stated prosecutors.\n\nAt 11:25 p.m., Sergeant Lim called for the Tacoma Fire Department to \"check \\[Ellis] out\", stated prosecutors. By then, Burbank, Collins and Rankine had not called for medical aid, and they did not tell the dispatcher that Ellis said he could not breathe, that Ellis was experiencing agonal breathing, and that Ellis was possibly in excited delirium, stated prosecutors. At 11:27 p.m., Lim called for an ambulance, while stating that Ellis would need to be \"strapped down\", stated prosecutors. At 11:32 p.m., Lim requested \"priority\" medical aid for Ellis.\n\nMeanwhile, for at least six minutes, until the Tacoma Fire Department arrived, Ellis was hogtied and face\\-down while officer Rankine applied pressure to Ellis's back, stated prosecutors. While in this position, a spit hood was put on Ellis's head by an officer around 11:27 p.m, despite the brand of the spit hood warning that such an item should not be used on a person who is \"having difficulty breathing\", stated prosecutors. The officer who placed the spit hood on Ellis was Armando Farinas of the Tacoma police, stated State Patrol investigation findings published in December 2020\\. Officers Burbank, Collins and Rankine had \"heard Ellis repeatedly plead that he could not breathe\", but did not stop the spit hood from being placed on Ellis, and also did not remove the spit hood from Ellis's head, stated prosecutors.\n\nIn total, 20 officers responded as backup to the scene. Other Pierce County Sheriff's Department officers performed [road traffic control](/wiki/Road_traffic_control \"Road traffic control\") duties.\n\n",
"### Medical attention; death\n\nMembers of the Tacoma Fire Department arrived at the scene at 11:34 p.m. According to prosecutors, a paramedic saw that Ellis was [not conscious](/wiki/Unconsciousness \"Unconsciousness\") and unresponsive, with his breathing deteriorating, his heartbeat weak, and his [pupils](/wiki/Pupil \"Pupil\") were fixed and dilated, the latter sign possibly indicating that Ellis was [brain dead](/wiki/Brain_dead \"Brain dead\").\n\nAccording to prosecutors, Rankine was asked by paramedics to remove Ellis's restraints so that they could begin [intravenous therapy](/wiki/Intravenous_therapy \"Intravenous therapy\"), but Rankine refused at first. Rankine told county sheriff's investigators that he did not want to remove Ellis's \"cuffs in case as he starts fighting again\". When paramedics insisted, Rankine acquiesced and removed Ellis's restraints, and paramedics tended to Ellis, stated prosecutors.\n\nAround 11:35 p.m., Ellis stopped breathing. Paramedics unsuccessfully attempted resuscitation for almost 40 minutes, including CPR and inserting a tube down his throat; Ellis was pronounced dead at the scene at 12:12 a.m.\n\nLater that night, the officers involved had their injuries photographed. Collins had scrapes on his elbows and knees, and he later said that his right knee swelled. Burbank had a minor abrasion on one knee. Rankine and Ford were not injured.\n\n",
"Investigations\n--------------\n\n### County sheriff's investigations\n\nThe Pierce County Sheriff's Department handled the immediate investigation into Ellis's death. By March 5, the Pierce County Sheriff's Department claimed that the arrest was caused by Ellis running up to a police patrol car and hitting it, then \"as the officers exited their vehicle, they were immediately attacked by\" Ellis, described Pierce County Sheriff's Department spokesman Ed Troyer. Also by March 5, officials also said at that time that Ellis appeared to be in a state of [excited delirium](/wiki/Excited_delirium \"Excited delirium\"). Although the Pierce County Sheriff's Department wanted to interview the involved officers on the night of Ellis's death, the officers' police union delayed the interviews until March 6 to March 9\\.\n\nThe Pierce County Sheriff's Department privately identified four Tacoma police officers as being involved in Ellis's death: Christopher Burbank, Matthew Collins, Timothy Rankine and Masyih Ford. The four were initially placed on paid administrative leave, but returned to work after two weeks as \"there were no known departmental violations\", stated the Tacoma police department. In the week of June 1, 2020, the Tacoma Police Department revealed the identities of the above four officers to the public as those officers involved in the arrest.\n\nBy June 4, 2020, police said that before Ellis had hit the police car, he had harassed a woman at the intersection of 96th Street South and Ainsworth Avenue, hitting her car window, and tried to open doors of occupied vehicles. Troyer said on June 4 that Ellis had \"picked up \\[an] officer by his vest and slam\\-dunked him on the ground\", \"never tried to run, he engaged with the officers and started a fight\". *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* reported on June 4 that Troyer denied that chokeholds were used during the arrest. Video footage that emerged later showed that Ellis was choked. Also on June 4, Troyer also said that officers \"didn't use a Taser\" on Ellis, but video footage that emerged later showed they did.\n\n*[The News Tribune](/wiki/The_News_Tribune \"The News Tribune\")* reported on June 4 that the Pierce County Sheriff's Department was still trying to find three motorists who were at the scene of Ellis's arrest, despite the sheriff's department impending end of the investigation being within a week's time. The sheriff's department had searched the neighborhood and checked records, but could not find the vehicles or its passengers.\n\nWhen video of Ellis's arrest, taken by a female witness, was posted online on June 4, the Pierce County Sheriff's Department said that this was the first time they had learned of the video, and that they were looking to speak with the witness.\n\n[KING 5](/wiki/KING-TV \"KING-TV\") reported on June 4 or June 5 that Pierce County Sheriff's Department spokesman Ed Troyer said: \"Our guys did a thorough job of investigating this\". On June 9, Troyer said that the department would accept an independent investigation: \"If there’s any reason there’s a conflict, we would bow out.\"\n\nOn June 10, 2020, Pierce County prosecutor Mary Robnett released a statement that on June 9, the Pierce County Sheriff informed her that a Pierce County Sheriff's \"deputy was on scene at some point during the detention of Manuel Ellis\". This piece of information had not been revealed to the public throughout the three months of investigations by the Pierce County Sheriff's Department. Citing this possible conflict of interest for the Pierce County Sheriff's Department, Robnett requested state investigators \"investigate and review this case\".\n\n### Initial medical examiner ruling\n\nOn June 2, 2020, the Pierce County medical examiner's office ruled that Ellis's death was a [homicide](/wiki/Homicide \"Homicide\"). The death was certified as being caused by \"[hypoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29 \"Hypoxia (medical)\") due to physical restraint\", and with \"contributing conditions of methamphetamine intoxication and a dilated heart\". It was also ruled that it was \"unlikely that this death would have occurred due to physical restraint alone without the contributing conditions\". Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply, which in this case was caused by \"physical restraint, positioning, and the placement of a mask over the mouth\" (in this case, a [spit hood](/wiki/Spit_hood \"Spit hood\")). The Pierce County medical examiner stated that Ellis had enough methamphetamine in his system to be fatal, and that \"an argument could be made\" that methamphetamine intoxication \"should be considered the primary factor\", but also stated that Ellis had a normal heartbeat when paramedics first found him, while he was close to respiratory arrest. Some of Ellis's chest injuries were \"consistent with Taser probes\", quoted [KING 5](/wiki/KING-TV \"KING-TV\") from the medical examiner's report.\n\nOn June 3, 2020, the officers were again placed on administrative leave.\n\n### Release of videos\n\nOn June 4, 2020, the Tacoma Action Collective [racial justice](/wiki/Racial_justice \"Racial justice\") organization posted on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") around one minute of video footage of Ellis's arrest, consisting of two video clips taken by a female witness. On June 9, over eight minutes of security camera footage were released to the public by the Tacoma Action Collective. On June 14, 2020, another witness video, with almost one minute of footage, was released to the public by a lawyer for Ellis's family.\n\n### State investigations\n\nOn June 10, 2020, [Governor of Washington](/wiki/Governor_of_Washington \"Governor of Washington\") [Jay Inslee](/wiki/Jay_Inslee \"Jay Inslee\") said that due to the presence of Pierce County Sheriff's department officers at the scene of Ellis's death, he did not want the Pierce County Sheriff's department to complete the investigation, and he also did not want the Pierce County prosecutor to make charging decisions. On June 17, Inslee ordered the [Washington State Patrol](/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol \"Washington State Patrol\") to launch a new investigation into Ellis' death, while the Washington State Attorney General would decide if criminal charges were warranted. Officers Christopher Burbank, Matthew Collins, Timothy Rankine and Masyih Ford all refused to be interviewed or questioned by State Patrol investigators.\n\nIn June 2020, Inslee's office acknowledged that a Washington State Patrol trooper arrived on the scene after Ellis was handcuffed, and stayed there briefly. Inslee's office described that trooper's involvement as \"limited\", stating that this trooper had been questioned by the Washington State Patrol and the Washington State Attorney General's Office. Inslee's office further said that the State Patrol \"will exclude \\[that trooper] and others from the area from any part of the investigation.\"\n\nIn November 2020, the State Patrol passed their 2,169\\-page findings to the Washington State Attorney General's Office. In December 2020, it was revealed from the State Patrol findings that officer Armando Farinas was also involved in Ellis's arrest, by placing a spit hood on Ellis's head. Farinas had also refused to be interviewed or questioned by State Patrol investigators. The State Patrol findings also named the Pierce County Sheriff's Department deputy who helped to restrain Ellis as Sergeant Gary Sanders, who was off\\-duty when he responded to the arrest. Sanders was not suspended for his role in Ellis's arrest, stated the county sheriff's department.\n\nThe Washington State Attorney General's Office also conducted its own investigations into Ellis's death.\n\n#### Later medical examiner comments\n\nAfter the Washington State Patrol's investigation findings were released in December 2020, *The News Tribune* reported that an investigator's notes quoting Dr. Thomas Clark, the Pierce County medical examiner at the time of Ellis's death, as saying: “the details of restraint weren't clear at time of autopsy and keep changing\"; \"this is problematic.\"\n\nIn May 2021, in charging documents, the Washington attorney general's office provided additional statements from Clark. The documents stated that Clark received more evidence only after the autopsy concluded, such as heart monitor readings and learning about an officer putting their weight on Ellis's back. Clark now concluded that \"Ellis's death was not likely caused by methamphetamine intoxication\", with his slow heart rate and \"conditions consistent with pulseless electrical activity\" not indicating death from methamphetamine intoxication, according to the documents. The attorney general's office also quoted Clark as saying that since Ellis's death was not sudden, but \"gradual\", this indicated that restraint caused the death.\n\n",
"### County sheriff's investigations\n\nThe Pierce County Sheriff's Department handled the immediate investigation into Ellis's death. By March 5, the Pierce County Sheriff's Department claimed that the arrest was caused by Ellis running up to a police patrol car and hitting it, then \"as the officers exited their vehicle, they were immediately attacked by\" Ellis, described Pierce County Sheriff's Department spokesman Ed Troyer. Also by March 5, officials also said at that time that Ellis appeared to be in a state of [excited delirium](/wiki/Excited_delirium \"Excited delirium\"). Although the Pierce County Sheriff's Department wanted to interview the involved officers on the night of Ellis's death, the officers' police union delayed the interviews until March 6 to March 9\\.\n\nThe Pierce County Sheriff's Department privately identified four Tacoma police officers as being involved in Ellis's death: Christopher Burbank, Matthew Collins, Timothy Rankine and Masyih Ford. The four were initially placed on paid administrative leave, but returned to work after two weeks as \"there were no known departmental violations\", stated the Tacoma police department. In the week of June 1, 2020, the Tacoma Police Department revealed the identities of the above four officers to the public as those officers involved in the arrest.\n\nBy June 4, 2020, police said that before Ellis had hit the police car, he had harassed a woman at the intersection of 96th Street South and Ainsworth Avenue, hitting her car window, and tried to open doors of occupied vehicles. Troyer said on June 4 that Ellis had \"picked up \\[an] officer by his vest and slam\\-dunked him on the ground\", \"never tried to run, he engaged with the officers and started a fight\". *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* reported on June 4 that Troyer denied that chokeholds were used during the arrest. Video footage that emerged later showed that Ellis was choked. Also on June 4, Troyer also said that officers \"didn't use a Taser\" on Ellis, but video footage that emerged later showed they did.\n\n*[The News Tribune](/wiki/The_News_Tribune \"The News Tribune\")* reported on June 4 that the Pierce County Sheriff's Department was still trying to find three motorists who were at the scene of Ellis's arrest, despite the sheriff's department impending end of the investigation being within a week's time. The sheriff's department had searched the neighborhood and checked records, but could not find the vehicles or its passengers.\n\nWhen video of Ellis's arrest, taken by a female witness, was posted online on June 4, the Pierce County Sheriff's Department said that this was the first time they had learned of the video, and that they were looking to speak with the witness.\n\n[KING 5](/wiki/KING-TV \"KING-TV\") reported on June 4 or June 5 that Pierce County Sheriff's Department spokesman Ed Troyer said: \"Our guys did a thorough job of investigating this\". On June 9, Troyer said that the department would accept an independent investigation: \"If there’s any reason there’s a conflict, we would bow out.\"\n\nOn June 10, 2020, Pierce County prosecutor Mary Robnett released a statement that on June 9, the Pierce County Sheriff informed her that a Pierce County Sheriff's \"deputy was on scene at some point during the detention of Manuel Ellis\". This piece of information had not been revealed to the public throughout the three months of investigations by the Pierce County Sheriff's Department. Citing this possible conflict of interest for the Pierce County Sheriff's Department, Robnett requested state investigators \"investigate and review this case\".\n\n",
"### Initial medical examiner ruling\n\nOn June 2, 2020, the Pierce County medical examiner's office ruled that Ellis's death was a [homicide](/wiki/Homicide \"Homicide\"). The death was certified as being caused by \"[hypoxia](/wiki/Hypoxia_%28medical%29 \"Hypoxia (medical)\") due to physical restraint\", and with \"contributing conditions of methamphetamine intoxication and a dilated heart\". It was also ruled that it was \"unlikely that this death would have occurred due to physical restraint alone without the contributing conditions\". Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply, which in this case was caused by \"physical restraint, positioning, and the placement of a mask over the mouth\" (in this case, a [spit hood](/wiki/Spit_hood \"Spit hood\")). The Pierce County medical examiner stated that Ellis had enough methamphetamine in his system to be fatal, and that \"an argument could be made\" that methamphetamine intoxication \"should be considered the primary factor\", but also stated that Ellis had a normal heartbeat when paramedics first found him, while he was close to respiratory arrest. Some of Ellis's chest injuries were \"consistent with Taser probes\", quoted [KING 5](/wiki/KING-TV \"KING-TV\") from the medical examiner's report.\n\nOn June 3, 2020, the officers were again placed on administrative leave.\n\n",
"### Release of videos\n\nOn June 4, 2020, the Tacoma Action Collective [racial justice](/wiki/Racial_justice \"Racial justice\") organization posted on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") around one minute of video footage of Ellis's arrest, consisting of two video clips taken by a female witness. On June 9, over eight minutes of security camera footage were released to the public by the Tacoma Action Collective. On June 14, 2020, another witness video, with almost one minute of footage, was released to the public by a lawyer for Ellis's family.\n\n",
"### State investigations\n\nOn June 10, 2020, [Governor of Washington](/wiki/Governor_of_Washington \"Governor of Washington\") [Jay Inslee](/wiki/Jay_Inslee \"Jay Inslee\") said that due to the presence of Pierce County Sheriff's department officers at the scene of Ellis's death, he did not want the Pierce County Sheriff's department to complete the investigation, and he also did not want the Pierce County prosecutor to make charging decisions. On June 17, Inslee ordered the [Washington State Patrol](/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol \"Washington State Patrol\") to launch a new investigation into Ellis' death, while the Washington State Attorney General would decide if criminal charges were warranted. Officers Christopher Burbank, Matthew Collins, Timothy Rankine and Masyih Ford all refused to be interviewed or questioned by State Patrol investigators.\n\nIn June 2020, Inslee's office acknowledged that a Washington State Patrol trooper arrived on the scene after Ellis was handcuffed, and stayed there briefly. Inslee's office described that trooper's involvement as \"limited\", stating that this trooper had been questioned by the Washington State Patrol and the Washington State Attorney General's Office. Inslee's office further said that the State Patrol \"will exclude \\[that trooper] and others from the area from any part of the investigation.\"\n\nIn November 2020, the State Patrol passed their 2,169\\-page findings to the Washington State Attorney General's Office. In December 2020, it was revealed from the State Patrol findings that officer Armando Farinas was also involved in Ellis's arrest, by placing a spit hood on Ellis's head. Farinas had also refused to be interviewed or questioned by State Patrol investigators. The State Patrol findings also named the Pierce County Sheriff's Department deputy who helped to restrain Ellis as Sergeant Gary Sanders, who was off\\-duty when he responded to the arrest. Sanders was not suspended for his role in Ellis's arrest, stated the county sheriff's department.\n\nThe Washington State Attorney General's Office also conducted its own investigations into Ellis's death.\n\n#### Later medical examiner comments\n\nAfter the Washington State Patrol's investigation findings were released in December 2020, *The News Tribune* reported that an investigator's notes quoting Dr. Thomas Clark, the Pierce County medical examiner at the time of Ellis's death, as saying: “the details of restraint weren't clear at time of autopsy and keep changing\"; \"this is problematic.\"\n\nIn May 2021, in charging documents, the Washington attorney general's office provided additional statements from Clark. The documents stated that Clark received more evidence only after the autopsy concluded, such as heart monitor readings and learning about an officer putting their weight on Ellis's back. Clark now concluded that \"Ellis's death was not likely caused by methamphetamine intoxication\", with his slow heart rate and \"conditions consistent with pulseless electrical activity\" not indicating death from methamphetamine intoxication, according to the documents. The attorney general's office also quoted Clark as saying that since Ellis's death was not sudden, but \"gradual\", this indicated that restraint caused the death.\n\n",
"#### Later medical examiner comments\n\nAfter the Washington State Patrol's investigation findings were released in December 2020, *The News Tribune* reported that an investigator's notes quoting Dr. Thomas Clark, the Pierce County medical examiner at the time of Ellis's death, as saying: “the details of restraint weren't clear at time of autopsy and keep changing\"; \"this is problematic.\"\n\nIn May 2021, in charging documents, the Washington attorney general's office provided additional statements from Clark. The documents stated that Clark received more evidence only after the autopsy concluded, such as heart monitor readings and learning about an officer putting their weight on Ellis's back. Clark now concluded that \"Ellis's death was not likely caused by methamphetamine intoxication\", with his slow heart rate and \"conditions consistent with pulseless electrical activity\" not indicating death from methamphetamine intoxication, according to the documents. The attorney general's office also quoted Clark as saying that since Ellis's death was not sudden, but \"gradual\", this indicated that restraint caused the death.\n\n",
"Charges\n-------\n\nOn May 27, 2021, the Washington State Attorney General's Office, using evidence from its own investigation and the State Patrol investigation, charged officers Christopher Burbank and Matthew Collins with second\\-degree [murder](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\"), and charged officer Timothy Rankine with first\\-degree [manslaughter](/wiki/Manslaughter_%28United_States_law%29 \"Manslaughter (United States law)\"). Burbank and Collins's charge pertains to whether they caused Ellis's death while committing [assault](/wiki/Assault \"Assault\") or [unlawful imprisonment](/wiki/Unlawful_imprisonment \"Unlawful imprisonment\"); Rankine's charge pertains to whether he [recklessly](/wiki/Recklessness_%28law%29 \"Recklessness (law)\") caused Ellis's death. This was the first instance of the Washington Attorney General's Office charging police officers in regard to illegal use of deadly force. The three officers were taken into custody that day. The officers continued to receive salary in spite of the charges.\n\nThe next day, the trio left jail after making [bail](/wiki/Bail \"Bail\") at $100,000 each. A Tacoma construction company owner said he posted the officers' bail, despite not knowing the officers; he expressed a belief that the officers \"were doing their job\" and would be acquitted in the trial.\n\n",
"Criminal trial\n--------------\n\nThe trial of the three officers began in September 2023 and concluded in December. During closing arguments, lawyers representing Burbank created controversy by claiming that Ellis \"created his own death\" through excessive drug use.\n\nOn December 21, 2023, a jury found Burbank, Collins, and Rankine not guilty on all charges.\n\n",
"Civil cases\n-----------\n\nIn 2023, Pierce County settled a federal wrongful\\-death suit by Ellis's family for $4 million. As of January 2024, a similar suit against the city of Tacoma and the three officers is still pending.\n\n",
"Resignation\n-----------\n\nIn the wake of the acquittal, all three of the officers agreed to resign \"in good standing\" from the Tacoma Police Department in exchange for a payment of $500,000 each. This was in addition to a roughly equal sum they had received during their period of suspension from the force.\n\n",
"Reactions\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|Boarded up shop window at a [George Floyd protest](/wiki/George_Floyd_protest \"George Floyd protest\") in [Burbank, California](/wiki/Burbank%2C_California \"Burbank, California\"), June 4, 2020](/wiki/File:Justice_for_Manuel_Ellis%2C_boarded_shop_window%2C_Magnolia_Park%2C_Burbank%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg \"Justice for Manuel Ellis, boarded shop window, Magnolia Park, Burbank, California, USA.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Graffiti on a boarded\\-up building in Tacoma's Hilltop neighborhood: \"Jail for pigs that kill. Manny Ellis R.I.P. Bernie Branch R.I.P.\" January 22, 2024](/wiki/File:Tacoma%2C_WA_-_graffiti_protesting_the_police_killings_of_Manny_Ellis_and_Bennie_Branch.jpg \"Tacoma, WA - graffiti protesting the police killings of Manny Ellis and Bennie Branch.jpg\")\n\n### 2020\n\nIn March 2020, Ellis's sister expressed doubts in relation to Ellis's death, stating that Ellis \"wouldn’t hurt anyone\".\n\nIn late May 2020, Ellis's sister and the Black Lives Matter Seattle / King County organization created a [GoFundMe](/wiki/GoFundMe \"GoFundMe\") crowdfunding effort in relation to Ellis's death.\n\nA vigil was held for Ellis in Tacoma on June 3\\. Just before the vigil, Ellis' brother said: \"We just want answers. We want justice. We want \\[Ellis's] truth to come to light\".\n\nAfter learning that Ellis had died due to police restraint, Governor Inslee on June 3 called for an investigation that was \"complete\" and \"not tainted\", while also advocating for a continued \"push for de\\-escalation interactions between law enforcement and our community members.\"\n\nOn June 4, after the release of the first witness videos, Tacoma mayor [Victoria Woodards](/wiki/Victoria_Woodards \"Victoria Woodards\") said that \"the officers who committed this crime should be fired and prosecuted\". The next day, the Tacoma city council decided to call for an independent review of Ellis's death.\n\nThe Tacoma Police Union on June 4 objected to the mayor's call to fire and prosecute the officers, stating that she had done so \"with less than a minute of short, blurry, partial Twitter videos in hand\", \"without an ounce of evidence to support her words\". The Tacoma Police Union said that the investigation would show that the arresting officers \"did no wrong\", while the Tacoma Police Management Association said that the mayor had given \"an angry theatrical reaction\".\n\nThere were protests in Tacoma on June 5 over Ellis's death. There were further protests on June 18, with \"[Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\")\" chants.\n\nOn June 5, a female witness who recorded part of the arrest before leaving, spoke to *The New York Times*. She disputed the Pierce County Sheriff's Department's account of Ellis's death, stating that police started the confrontation, not Ellis. She said she \"was terrified for his life ... The way that they attacked him didn’t make sense to me. I went home and was sick to my stomach.\" She further said that she did not know that Ellis died during the arrest until the week of this interview.\n\nLawyers for the officers said that during the arrest: \"No one choked Mr. Ellis, not for 8 minutes and 45 seconds, not at all\". Video footage that emerged later showed that Ellis was choked.\n\nIn mid\\-June 2020, [KIRO 7](/wiki/KIRO_7 \"KIRO 7\") reported that Michael Staropoli, a lawyer for Tacoma police officers Matthew Collins and Masyih Ford, said that a state\\-run investigation into the incident would be \"fantastic\": \"We not only welcome that, we embrace it.\" Staropoli also called for the public to wait for \"the full story to come out\".\n\nWashington Attorney General [Bob Ferguson](/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_%28politician%29 \"Bob Ferguson (politician)\") said that it was \"disturbing that the Pierce County sheriff's office\" only revealed its involvement in Ellis's arrest \"after more than three months\". Ferguson called for the sheriff's office to \"answer for its failure to comply with\" Initiative 940, which was a state law that went into effect in January 2020, approved by voters in Washington, that required for independent investigations into police killings to avoid conflicts of interest.\n\nIn August 2020, *The Seattle Times* reported a male witness who recorded part of the arrest as saying that the arrest was \"police brutality\". He accused police of \"a human rights violation\" for kneeling on Ellis's neck. In September 2020, *The Seattle Times* reported the same male witness as saying that the Tacoma Police Department and the Pierce County Sheriff's Department's account of the arrest was different from what he saw. The police had said that Ellis initiated the conflict, but the male witness \"couldn’t believe it's the same guy\" he saw. The male witness concluded that \"one story was false\".\n\n### 2021\n\nAfter the three Tacoma police officers were charged in May 2021, the Tacoma Police Union claimed that the charges were a \"[witch hunt](/wiki/Witch_hunt \"Witch hunt\")\", that the officers \"acted in accordance with the law\", and \"like every community member, our officers are presumed innocent until proven guilty.\"\n\n",
"### 2020\n\nIn March 2020, Ellis's sister expressed doubts in relation to Ellis's death, stating that Ellis \"wouldn’t hurt anyone\".\n\nIn late May 2020, Ellis's sister and the Black Lives Matter Seattle / King County organization created a [GoFundMe](/wiki/GoFundMe \"GoFundMe\") crowdfunding effort in relation to Ellis's death.\n\nA vigil was held for Ellis in Tacoma on June 3\\. Just before the vigil, Ellis' brother said: \"We just want answers. We want justice. We want \\[Ellis's] truth to come to light\".\n\nAfter learning that Ellis had died due to police restraint, Governor Inslee on June 3 called for an investigation that was \"complete\" and \"not tainted\", while also advocating for a continued \"push for de\\-escalation interactions between law enforcement and our community members.\"\n\nOn June 4, after the release of the first witness videos, Tacoma mayor [Victoria Woodards](/wiki/Victoria_Woodards \"Victoria Woodards\") said that \"the officers who committed this crime should be fired and prosecuted\". The next day, the Tacoma city council decided to call for an independent review of Ellis's death.\n\nThe Tacoma Police Union on June 4 objected to the mayor's call to fire and prosecute the officers, stating that she had done so \"with less than a minute of short, blurry, partial Twitter videos in hand\", \"without an ounce of evidence to support her words\". The Tacoma Police Union said that the investigation would show that the arresting officers \"did no wrong\", while the Tacoma Police Management Association said that the mayor had given \"an angry theatrical reaction\".\n\nThere were protests in Tacoma on June 5 over Ellis's death. There were further protests on June 18, with \"[Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\")\" chants.\n\nOn June 5, a female witness who recorded part of the arrest before leaving, spoke to *The New York Times*. She disputed the Pierce County Sheriff's Department's account of Ellis's death, stating that police started the confrontation, not Ellis. She said she \"was terrified for his life ... The way that they attacked him didn’t make sense to me. I went home and was sick to my stomach.\" She further said that she did not know that Ellis died during the arrest until the week of this interview.\n\nLawyers for the officers said that during the arrest: \"No one choked Mr. Ellis, not for 8 minutes and 45 seconds, not at all\". Video footage that emerged later showed that Ellis was choked.\n\nIn mid\\-June 2020, [KIRO 7](/wiki/KIRO_7 \"KIRO 7\") reported that Michael Staropoli, a lawyer for Tacoma police officers Matthew Collins and Masyih Ford, said that a state\\-run investigation into the incident would be \"fantastic\": \"We not only welcome that, we embrace it.\" Staropoli also called for the public to wait for \"the full story to come out\".\n\nWashington Attorney General [Bob Ferguson](/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_%28politician%29 \"Bob Ferguson (politician)\") said that it was \"disturbing that the Pierce County sheriff's office\" only revealed its involvement in Ellis's arrest \"after more than three months\". Ferguson called for the sheriff's office to \"answer for its failure to comply with\" Initiative 940, which was a state law that went into effect in January 2020, approved by voters in Washington, that required for independent investigations into police killings to avoid conflicts of interest.\n\nIn August 2020, *The Seattle Times* reported a male witness who recorded part of the arrest as saying that the arrest was \"police brutality\". He accused police of \"a human rights violation\" for kneeling on Ellis's neck. In September 2020, *The Seattle Times* reported the same male witness as saying that the Tacoma Police Department and the Pierce County Sheriff's Department's account of the arrest was different from what he saw. The police had said that Ellis initiated the conflict, but the male witness \"couldn’t believe it's the same guy\" he saw. The male witness concluded that \"one story was false\".\n\n",
"### 2021\n\nAfter the three Tacoma police officers were charged in May 2021, the Tacoma Police Union claimed that the charges were a \"[witch hunt](/wiki/Witch_hunt \"Witch hunt\")\", that the officers \"acted in accordance with the law\", and \"like every community member, our officers are presumed innocent until proven guilty.\"\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States](/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States \"List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States\")\n* [2020–2021 United States racial unrest](/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_United_States_racial_unrest \"2020–2021 United States racial unrest\")\n* [Human rights in the United States](/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States \"Human rights in the United States\")\n* [Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States](/wiki/Lists_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States \"Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States\")\n* [Police brutality in the United States](/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States \"Police brutality in the United States\")\n* [I can't breathe](/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe \"I can't breathe\"), phrase uttered by several African American men before being killed by police\n* [Killing of Daniel Prude](/wiki/Killing_of_Daniel_Prude \"Killing of Daniel Prude\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [AG Ferguson charges three officers in the killing of Manuel Ellis](https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-ferguson-charges-three-officers-killing-manuel-ellis) by the [Washington State Office of the Attorney General](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Washington \"Attorney General of Washington\")\n\n[Category:2020 controversies in the United States](/wiki/Category:2020_controversies_in_the_United_States \"2020 controversies in the United States\")\n[Category:2020 deaths](/wiki/Category:2020_deaths \"2020 deaths\")\n[Category:2020 in Washington (state)](/wiki/Category:2020_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"2020 in Washington (state)\")\n[Category:African\\-American\\-related controversies](/wiki/Category:African-American-related_controversies \"African-American-related controversies\")\n[Category:Anti\\-black racism in Washington (state)](/wiki/Category:Anti-black_racism_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"Anti-black racism in Washington (state)\")\n[Category:Asphyxia\\-related deaths by law enforcement in the United States](/wiki/Category:Asphyxia-related_deaths_by_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States \"Asphyxia-related deaths by law enforcement in the United States\")\n[Category:Black Lives Matter](/wiki/Category:Black_Lives_Matter \"Black Lives Matter\")\n[Category:Deaths from asphyxiation](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_asphyxiation \"Deaths from asphyxiation\")\n[Category:Deaths by person in Washington (state)](/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_person_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"Deaths by person in Washington (state)\")\n[Category:Deaths in police custody in the United States](/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States \"Deaths in police custody in the United States\")\n[Category:Filmed killings by law enforcement](/wiki/Category:Filmed_killings_by_law_enforcement \"Filmed killings by law enforcement\")\n[Category:History of Tacoma, Washington](/wiki/Category:History_of_Tacoma%2C_Washington \"History of Tacoma, Washington\")\n[Category:Law enforcement controversies in the United States](/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_controversies_in_the_United_States \"Law enforcement controversies in the United States\")\n[Category:Law enforcement in Washington (state)](/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Washington_%28state%29 \"Law enforcement in Washington (state)\")\n[Category:March 2020 events in the United States](/wiki/Category:March_2020_events_in_the_United_States \"March 2020 events in the United States\")\n[Category:Political scandals in the United States](/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_the_United_States \"Political scandals in the United States\")\n[Category:Police brutality in the United States](/wiki/Category:Police_brutality_in_the_United_States \"Police brutality in the United States\")\n\n"
]
} |
Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem | {
"id": [
20521343
],
"name": [
"Mugsalot"
]
} | 9hdgcoq1gs6d613xar72u30pp6x0h13 | 2024-03-02T20:23:46Z | 1,211,472,472 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Ecclesiastical properties",
"List of bishops",
"References",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\nIn the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\"), the **Archbishop of Jerusalem** (originally **Bishop of Jerusalem**) today bears the additional title of **Patriarchal Vicar of the Holy Land and Jordan**. The see is currently held by Anthimos Jack Yakoub.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe first Syriac Orthodox church in Jerusalem was probably built between the [Sasanian conquest](/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem \"Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem\") (614\\) and the [Islamic conquest](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%28636%E2%80%93637%29 \"Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)\") (637\\). The Patriarch [Michael the Syrian](/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian \"Michael the Syrian\") (died 1199\\) implies that the church torn down by [Harun al\\-Rashid](/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid \"Harun al-Rashid\") in 806/807 predated the Islamic conquest. It was soon rebuilt by an Egyptian named Macarius of Naburwah. Since almost all of the known bishops were monks, there must also have been at least a rudimentary monastic community.\n\nThe church appears to have been destroyed at the time of the [destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre \"Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre\"). In 1092, Mansur of Tilbana, another Egyptian, built what was then the only Syriac Orthodox church in the city. In the first quarter of the 12th century, Bishop Ignatius II rebuilt the destroyed church and monastery. It was dedicated to Saint [Mary Magdalene](/wiki/Mary_Magdalene \"Mary Magdalene\") and later also to [Simon the Pharisee](/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee \"Simon the Pharisee\"). Shortly after 1125, Ignatius III constructed a hostel with a courtyard across from the church. According to [John of Würzburg](/wiki/John_of_W%C3%BCrzburg \"John of Würzburg\"), writing later in the century, this church was believed to have formerly been the house of [Simon the Leper](/wiki/Simon_the_Leper \"Simon the Leper\"). It is located near the [Church of Saint Anne](/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Anne%2C_Jerusalem \"Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem\") on the northeastern side of the city.[Church of St. Mary Magdalene](http://i2ud.org/jer/priv/html3/monuments/sites/t036_st_maria_n/index.html)\n\nAfter the [Ayyyubid conquest](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%281187%29 \"Siege of Jerusalem (1187)\") in 1187, the church and monastery were transformed into a Muslim school. The bishops were only able again to occupy it again briefly when the city was in Christian hands between the [Sixth Crusade](/wiki/Sixth_Crusade \"Sixth Crusade\") (1229\\) and the [Khwarazmian conquest](/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%281244%29 \"Siege of Jerusalem (1244)\") (1244\\). Thereafter the Syriac Orthodox used the small [church of Saint Thomas of the Germans](/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Thomas_of_the_Germans \"Church of Saint Thomas of the Germans\") until it was handed over to the Muslim authorities by the incumbent monk, who converted to Islam in 1451/1452\\.\n\nThe Syriac Orthodox patriarch acquired the [Monastery of Saint Mark](/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark \"Monastery of Saint Mark\") from the [Coptic Orthodox](/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox \"Coptic Orthodox\") in 1472 and this has served ever since as the church of the bishops of Jerusalem. There was a deputy [metropolitan bishop](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") of Jerusalem from the early 18th century to the office's abolition in 1858, who resided at the Monastery of Saint Mark, whilst the metropolitan bishop resided at the [monastery of Saint Ananias](/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery \"Mor Hananyo Monastery\") in [Tur Abdin](/wiki/Tur_Abdin \"Tur Abdin\").\n\n",
"Ecclesiastical properties\n-------------------------\n\nThe following ecclesiastical properties belong to the archdiocese:\n* [Monastery of Saint Mark](/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark \"Monastery of Saint Mark\")\n* Chapel of Saint Joseph of Arimathea and Saint Nicodemus in the [Church of the Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre \"Church of the Holy Sepulchre\").\n* Church of the Mother of God, [Bethlehem](/wiki/Bethlehem \"Bethlehem\"), [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\").\n* Church of Saint Ephrem, [Amman, Jordan](/wiki/Amman%2C_Jordan \"Amman, Jordan\").\n\nThe archdiocese also possesses minor rights of worship at the following churches:\n* [Church of the Nativity](/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity \"Church of the Nativity\")\n* Church of the [Tomb of the Virgin Mary](/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary \"Tomb of the Virgin Mary\")\n\n",
"List of bishops\n---------------\n\nThe Syriac Orthodox *Register of Episcopal Ordinations* only goes back to 793\\. Michael the Syrian appended to his *Chronicle* a list of bishops of Jerusalem from [James, brother of Jesus](/wiki/James%2C_brother_of_Jesus \"James, brother of Jesus\"), down to his own time. It is identical to the *Register* for the bishops after 793\\. The bishops were of [metropolitan](/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop \"Metropolitan bishop\") rank.\n\nIn the following list, a date range like 792×818 means \"ordained between 792 and 818\". Bishops before 793 cannot be dated at all. The list begins with the first bishop elected in opposition to the [Council of Chalcedon](/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon \"Council of Chalcedon\") (451\\), but the numbering takes into account the [earlier bishops of Jerusalem](/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem \"Early bishops of Jerusalem\").List drawn from and .\n\n* [Theodosius](/wiki/Theodosius_of_Jerusalem_%28died_457%29 \"Theodosius of Jerusalem (died 457)\") (451–453\\)\n* Severus (590–635\\)\n* Anastasius\n* Martyrius\n* Sallustianus\n* Elias\n* Cyril II\n* Jeremy I\n* Thomas I\n* John I\n* Philoxenus I\n* Timothy I (792×818\\)\n* Job (816×845\\)\n* Ignatius I (816×846\\)\n* Joseph III (816×846\\)\n* John II (845×875\\)\n* Cyril III Noah (845×875\\)\n* Cyriacus\n* Severus (877×884\\)\n* Joseph IV (909×924\\)\n* Theodore (909×924\\)\n* Cyril IV (922×936\\)\n* Jeremy II (935×954\\)\n* Thomas II (964×986\\)\n* John III (1006×1031\\)\n* Philoxenus II (1003×1031\\)\n* Zacharias (1041×1058\\)\n* Thomas III (1041×1058\\)\n* Timothy II (1062×1074\\)\n* John IV (1079×1083\\)\n* Cyril V (1090×1130\\)\n* David (1090×1130\\)\n* Ignatius II Hesnun (1090×1130, died 1124/1125\\)\n* Ignatius III ibn Busayr of Gadina (1123×1140\\)\n* Ignatius IV Romanus (1138×1167\\)\n* Athanasius (1167×1200\\)\n* Ignatius V Sahdo (1167×1200\\)\n* Basil (fl. 1292–1295\\)\n* [Basil Simon](/wiki/Basil_IV_Simon \"Basil IV Simon\") (?–1421/1422\\)\n* Gregorius Joseph al\\-Gurji (–1537\\)\n* Gregorius Bahnam ()\n* John of Mardin (d. 1577\\)\n* Gregorius John of Gargar (d. 1585×1587\\)\n* Gregorius Behnam of Arbo (1590–1614\\)\n* Abd al\\-Azal (1640\\)\n* [Gregorius Abdal Jaleel](/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel \"Gregorios Abdal Jaleel\") (1664–1671\\)\n* Gregorius Simon II (1679–1692\\)\n* Gregorius Simon III of Salah (1693–1719\\)\n* Gregorius ‘Abd al\\-Ahad (1719–1731\\)\n* Gregorius Barsoum (1720–1727\\)\n* Gregorius Barsoum (1729–1737\\)\n* Gregorius Sani’a (1731–1737\\)\n* Gregorius Thomas (1737–1748\\)\n* Gregorius George (1748–1773\\)\n* Gregorius Bishara of Bitlis (1774–1789\\)\n* Athanasius Jacob (1785–1797\\)\n* Dionysius Jacob (1798\\)\n* Cyril ‘Abd al\\-Ahad (1799–1840\\)\n\nDeputy: [Gregorius Jacob](/wiki/Ignatius_Jacob_II \"Ignatius Jacob II\") (?–1847\\)\nDeputy: Athanasius Yuhanna (1850–1864\\)\n* [Gregorius Abded Sattuf](/wiki/Ignatius_Abded_Aloho_II \"Ignatius Abded Aloho II\") (1872–1880\\)\n* George Kassab of Sadad (d. 1896\\)\n* Iyawannis Elias (1896–1908\\)\n* Gregorius Ephrem (1909–?)\n* [Athanasius Yeshue Samuel](/wiki/Mar_Samuel \"Mar Samuel\") (1946–1957\\)\n* Dionysius Behnan Jijjawi (1957–1996\\)\n* Sewerus Malki Mourad (1996–2018\\)\n* Gabriel Dahho (2019–2022\\)\n\nPatriarchal delegate: Anthimos Jack Yakoub (2022–2023\\)\n* Anthimos Jack Yakoub (2023–present)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n**Notes**\n\n**Citations**\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n[Category:Bishops in Jerusalem](/wiki/Category:Bishops_in_Jerusalem \"Bishops in Jerusalem\")\n\n"
]
} |
Klaus Beckmann | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | 4vx66kq1qgwg2yvys9soei31qs5od91 | 2024-08-25T16:06:10Z | 1,163,430,450 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life",
"Literature",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Klaus Beckmann** (11 August 1944 – 27 May 1994\\) was a German politician of the [Free Democratic Party](/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_%28Germany%29 \"Free Democratic Party (Germany)\") (FDP) and former member of the German [Bundestag](/wiki/Bundestag \"Bundestag\").\n\n",
"Life\n----\n\nFrom 1980 until his death Beckmann was a member of the German Bundestag. Here he was Parliamentary Secretary of the FDP parliamentary group from 1983 to 1989\\. In July 1989, Klaus Beckmann was appointed Parliamentary State Secretary to the Federal Minister of Economics. He resigned from this office in September 1992 due to serious illness. He left behind a wife and three daughters.\n\n",
"Literature\n----------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1944 births](/wiki/Category:1944_births \"1944 births\")\n[Category:1994 deaths](/wiki/Category:1994_deaths \"1994 deaths\")\n[Category:Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine\\-Westphalia](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_for_North_Rhine-Westphalia \"Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia\")\n[Category:Members of the Bundestag 1990–1994](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1990%E2%80%931994 \"Members of the Bundestag 1990–1994\")\n[Category:Members of the Bundestag 1987–1990](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1987%E2%80%931990 \"Members of the Bundestag 1987–1990\")\n[Category:Members of the Bundestag 1983–1987](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1983%E2%80%931987 \"Members of the Bundestag 1983–1987\")\n[Category:Members of the Bundestag 1980–1983](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_1980%E2%80%931983 \"Members of the Bundestag 1980–1983\")\n[Category:Members of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party (Germany)](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_for_the_Free_Democratic_Party_%28Germany%29 \"Members of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party (Germany)\")\n[Category:Parliamentary State Secretaries of Germany](/wiki/Category:Parliamentary_State_Secretaries_of_Germany \"Parliamentary State Secretaries of Germany\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine | {
"id": [
11291818
],
"name": [
"Whywhenwhohow"
]
} | 9vz1ysse8y12oc3uxrm3juabpuhtutu | 2024-10-14T23:45:46Z | 1,245,469,592 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Medical uses",
"Efficacy",
"Effectiveness",
"Specific populations",
"Adverse effects",
"Pharmacology",
"Chemistry",
"Manufacturing",
"History",
"Original version",
"Phase I–II clinical trials",
"Phase III clinical trials",
"Authorizations",
"Expedited",
"Standard",
"Boosters",
"Variants",
"XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine",
"JN.1 monovalent vaccine",
"KP.2 monovalent vaccine",
"Society and culture",
"Brand names",
"Economics",
"Paused vaccinations",
"Controversies",
"Misinformation",
"Patent litigation",
"Explanatory notes",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
4,
4,
4,
5,
5,
4,
3,
4,
4,
4,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Moderna COVID19 vaccine**, sold under the brand name **Spikevax**, is a [COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\") developed by the American company [Moderna](/wiki/Moderna \"Moderna\"), the United States [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") (NIAID), and the [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA). Depending on the jurisdiction, it is authorized for use in humans aged six months, twelve years, or eighteen years and older. It provides protection against [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"), which is caused by infection by the [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\") virus.\n\nIt is designed to be administered in two or three 0\\.5\\-[mL](/wiki/Litre%23SI_prefixes_applied_to_the_litre \"Litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre\") doses given by [intramuscular injection](/wiki/Intramuscular_injection \"Intramuscular injection\"), primarily into the deltoid muscle, at an interval of at least 28 days apart. The [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") advises an eight\\-week interval between doses to optimize efficacy. Additional booster doses are approved in some regions to maintain immunity. Clinical trials and real\\-world data have demonstrated the vaccine's high efficacy, with significant effectiveness observed two weeks post\\-administration of the second dose, offering 94% protection against Covid and robust defense against severe cases. The vaccine's efficacy spans various demographics, including age, sex, and those with high\\-risk medical conditions.\n\nIt is an [mRNA vaccine](/wiki/MRNA_vaccine \"MRNA vaccine\") composed of [nucleoside\\-modified mRNA](/wiki/Nucleoside-modified_messenger_RNA \"Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA\") (modRNA) encoding a [spike protein](/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein \"Coronavirus spike protein\") of SARS\\-CoV\\-2, which is encapsulated in [lipid nanoparticles](/wiki/Solid_lipid_nanoparticle \"Solid lipid nanoparticle\"). In August and September 2022, bivalent versions of the vaccine (Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine, Bivalent) containing elasomeran/elasomeran 0\\-omicron (Spikevax Bivalent Zero/Omicron) were authorized for use as booster doses in individuals aged 18 or older in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, the European Union, and the United States. The second component of the version of the bivalent vaccine used in the United States is based on the [Omicron BA.4/BA.5](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant%23BA.4/5 \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant#BA.4/5\") variant, while the second component of the bivalent vaccine version used in other countries is based on the [Omicron BA.1 variant](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant%23BA.1_3 \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant#BA.1 3\"). The vaccine's effectiveness against variants has been extensively studied, indicating varying degrees of protection. For instance, during the prevalence of the Delta variant, effectiveness against infection slightly decreased over time. The vaccine's longevity and continuous protection are under study, with ongoing research focusing on its duration of effectiveness, which remains partially undetermined as of the latest updates.\n\nThe safety profile of the vaccine is favorable, with common side effects including injection site pain, fatigue, and headaches. Severe reactions like [anaphylaxis](/wiki/Anaphylaxis \"Anaphylaxis\") are exceedingly rare. Concerns regarding [myocarditis](/wiki/Myocarditis \"Myocarditis\"), have been identified but are typically mild and manageable. The vaccine's formulation utilizes mRNA technology, encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles to ensure cellular uptake and immune system response.\n\n",
"Medical uses\n------------\n\nThe Moderna COVID19 vaccine is used to provide protection against infection by the [SARSCoV2](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\") virus in order to prevent COVID19\\.\n\nThe vaccine is given by [intramuscular injection](/wiki/Intramuscular_injection \"Intramuscular injection\") into the [deltoid muscle](/wiki/Deltoid_muscle \"Deltoid muscle\") of the arm. The initial course consists of two doses. The [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) recommends an interval of eight weeks between doses.\n\nA third, fourth, or fifth dose can be added in some countries.\n\n### Efficacy\n\n[upright\\=3\\|thumb\\|Cumulative Incidence Curves for the First COVID19 Occurrence (Moderna mRNA\\-1273 vaccine)](/wiki/File:Cumulative_incidence_curves_mRNA-1273.jpg \"Cumulative incidence curves mRNA-1273.jpg\")\n\nEvidence of [vaccine efficacy](/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy \"Vaccine efficacy\") starts about two weeks after the first dose. High efficacy is achieved with full immunization, two weeks after the second dose, and was evaluated at 94\\.1%: at the end of the vaccine study that led to emergency authorization in the US, there were eleven cases of COVID19 in the vaccine group (out of 15,181 people) versus 185 cases in the [placebo group](/wiki/Placebo \"Placebo\") (15,170 people). Moreover, there were zero cases of severe COVID19 in the vaccine group, versus eleven in the placebo group. This efficacy has been described as \"astonishing\" and \"borderline historic\" for a respiratory virus vaccine, and it is similar to the efficacy of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\").\n\nEfficacy estimates were similar across age groups, sexes, racial and ethnic groups, and participants with medical comorbidities associated with high risk of severe COVID19\\. Only individuals aged 18 or older were studied. Studies are underway to gauge efficacy and safety in children aged 0–11 (KidCOVE) and 12–17 (TeenCOVE).\n\nA further study conducted by the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) between December 2020, and March 2021, on nearly 4thousand health care personnel, [first responders](/wiki/First_responder \"First responder\"), and other essential and frontline workers concluded that under real\\-world conditions, mRNA vaccine effectiveness of full immunization (14 days or more after second dose) was 90% against [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\") infections, regardless of symptoms, and vaccine effectiveness of partial immunization (14 days or more after first dose but before second dose) was 80%. \n\nThe duration of protection provided by the vaccine is unknown , and a two\\-year followup study is underway to determine the duration.\n\nPreliminary results from a phase III trial indicate that vaccine efficacy is durable, remaining at 93% six months after the second dose.\n\n### Effectiveness\n\nA vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a \\>30% lower limit of the 95% [confidence interval](/wiki/Confidence_interval \"Confidence interval\"). Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.\n\nIn August 2021, results from a study suggested that the effectiveness against infection decreased from to when the [Delta variant](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") became predominant in the US, which may be due to unmeasured and residual [confounding](/wiki/Confounding \"Confounding\") related to a decline in vaccine effectiveness over time.\n\n| \\+Initial [effectiveness](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Efficacy_vs_effectiveness \"Phases of clinical research#Efficacy vs effectiveness\") by [variant](/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") |\n| --- |\n| Doses | [Severity of illness](/wiki/Severity_of_illness \"Severity of illness\") | [Delta](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") | [Alpha](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") | [Gamma](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") | [Beta](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") | [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") | Others circulating previously |\n|1\n\n [Asymptomatic](/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier \"Asymptomatic carrier\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n| [Symptomatic](/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n| [Hospitalization](/wiki/Inpatient_care \"Inpatient care\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n|2\n\n [Asymptomatic](/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier \"Asymptomatic carrier\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n| [Symptomatic](/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n| [Hospitalization](/wiki/Inpatient_care \"Inpatient care\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n\n### Specific populations\n\nLimited data are available on the safety of the Moderna COVID19 vaccine during pregnancy. The initial study excluded pregnant women or discontinued them from vaccination upon a positive pregnancy test. Studies in animals found no safety concerns and clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COVID19 vaccines in pregnant women. Real\\-world observations through the CDC v\\-safe tracking program have not uncovered unusual numbers of adverse events or outcomes of interest. Based on the results of a preliminary study, the US CDC recommends that pregnant women get vaccinated with the COVID19 vaccine.\n\n",
"### Efficacy\n\n[upright\\=3\\|thumb\\|Cumulative Incidence Curves for the First COVID19 Occurrence (Moderna mRNA\\-1273 vaccine)](/wiki/File:Cumulative_incidence_curves_mRNA-1273.jpg \"Cumulative incidence curves mRNA-1273.jpg\")\n\nEvidence of [vaccine efficacy](/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy \"Vaccine efficacy\") starts about two weeks after the first dose. High efficacy is achieved with full immunization, two weeks after the second dose, and was evaluated at 94\\.1%: at the end of the vaccine study that led to emergency authorization in the US, there were eleven cases of COVID19 in the vaccine group (out of 15,181 people) versus 185 cases in the [placebo group](/wiki/Placebo \"Placebo\") (15,170 people). Moreover, there were zero cases of severe COVID19 in the vaccine group, versus eleven in the placebo group. This efficacy has been described as \"astonishing\" and \"borderline historic\" for a respiratory virus vaccine, and it is similar to the efficacy of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\").\n\nEfficacy estimates were similar across age groups, sexes, racial and ethnic groups, and participants with medical comorbidities associated with high risk of severe COVID19\\. Only individuals aged 18 or older were studied. Studies are underway to gauge efficacy and safety in children aged 0–11 (KidCOVE) and 12–17 (TeenCOVE).\n\nA further study conducted by the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) between December 2020, and March 2021, on nearly 4thousand health care personnel, [first responders](/wiki/First_responder \"First responder\"), and other essential and frontline workers concluded that under real\\-world conditions, mRNA vaccine effectiveness of full immunization (14 days or more after second dose) was 90% against [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\") infections, regardless of symptoms, and vaccine effectiveness of partial immunization (14 days or more after first dose but before second dose) was 80%. \n\nThe duration of protection provided by the vaccine is unknown , and a two\\-year followup study is underway to determine the duration.\n\nPreliminary results from a phase III trial indicate that vaccine efficacy is durable, remaining at 93% six months after the second dose.\n\n",
"### Effectiveness\n\nA vaccine is generally considered effective if the estimate is ≥50% with a \\>30% lower limit of the 95% [confidence interval](/wiki/Confidence_interval \"Confidence interval\"). Effectiveness is generally expected to slowly decrease over time.\n\nIn August 2021, results from a study suggested that the effectiveness against infection decreased from to when the [Delta variant](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") became predominant in the US, which may be due to unmeasured and residual [confounding](/wiki/Confounding \"Confounding\") related to a decline in vaccine effectiveness over time.\n\n| \\+Initial [effectiveness](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Efficacy_vs_effectiveness \"Phases of clinical research#Efficacy vs effectiveness\") by [variant](/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 \"Variants of SARS-CoV-2\") |\n| --- |\n| Doses | [Severity of illness](/wiki/Severity_of_illness \"Severity of illness\") | [Delta](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant\") | [Alpha](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant\") | [Gamma](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant\") | [Beta](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") | [Omicron](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\") | Others circulating previously |\n|1\n\n [Asymptomatic](/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier \"Asymptomatic carrier\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n| [Symptomatic](/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n| [Hospitalization](/wiki/Inpatient_care \"Inpatient care\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n|2\n\n [Asymptomatic](/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier \"Asymptomatic carrier\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n| [Symptomatic](/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 \"Symptoms of COVID-19\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n| [Hospitalization](/wiki/Inpatient_care \"Inpatient care\") | | | colspan\\=\"2\" | | |\n\n",
"### Specific populations\n\nLimited data are available on the safety of the Moderna COVID19 vaccine during pregnancy. The initial study excluded pregnant women or discontinued them from vaccination upon a positive pregnancy test. Studies in animals found no safety concerns and clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COVID19 vaccines in pregnant women. Real\\-world observations through the CDC v\\-safe tracking program have not uncovered unusual numbers of adverse events or outcomes of interest. Based on the results of a preliminary study, the US CDC recommends that pregnant women get vaccinated with the COVID19 vaccine.\n\n",
"Adverse effects\n---------------\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|\"Moderna arm\", a non\\-serious skin reaction rarely seen ≈7 days after injection with the Moderna vaccine.](/wiki/File:ModernaReaction.jpg \"ModernaReaction.jpg\")\n\nThe [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) stated that \"the safety data supported a favorable safety profile\" and that the vaccine's AE ([adverse event](/wiki/Adverse_event \"Adverse event\")) profile \"did not suggest any specific safety concerns\". The most common adverse events were pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, [myalgia](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\") (muscle pain), and [arthralgia](/wiki/Arthralgia \"Arthralgia\") (joint pain).\n\nThe US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) has reported [anaphylaxis](/wiki/Anaphylaxis \"Anaphylaxis\") (a severe allergic reaction) in 2\\.5 cases per million doses administered and has recommended a 15\\-minute observation period after injection. Delayed cutaneous reactions at injection sites resulting in rash\\-like [erythemas](/wiki/Erythema \"Erythema\") have also been observed in rare cases but are not considered serious or contraindications to subsequent vaccination. The incidence rate for local adverse erythema is about 10\\.8%. In 1\\.9% of cases, redness may extend to a size of 100mm or greater.\n\nIn June 2021, the US CDC confirmed that [myocarditis](/wiki/Myocarditis \"Myocarditis\") or [pericarditis](/wiki/Pericarditis \"Pericarditis\") occurs in about 13 of every 1 million young people, mostly male and over the age of 16, who received the Moderna or the [Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine](/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine \"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine\"). Most affected individuals recover quickly with adequate treatment and rest.\n\nAdditional side effects include extensive swelling of the vaccinated limb.\n\n",
"Pharmacology\n------------\n\nModerna's technology uses a [nucleoside\\-modified messenger RNA](/wiki/Nucleoside-modified_messenger_RNA \"Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA\") (modRNA) compound codenamed mRNA\\-1273\\. The mRNA\\-1273 drug delivery system uses a [PEGylated](/wiki/PEGylation \"PEGylation\") [lipid](/wiki/Liposome \"Liposome\") [nanoparticle drug delivery](/wiki/Nanoparticle_drug_delivery \"Nanoparticle drug delivery\") (LNP) system. Once the compound is inside a human cell, the mRNA links up with the cell's [endoplasmic reticulum](/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum \"Endoplasmic reticulum\"). The mRNA\\-1273 is encoded to trigger the cell into making a specific protein using the cell's normal manufacturing process. The vaccine encodes a version of the spike protein with a modification called 2P, in which the protein includes two stabilizing mutations in which the original amino acids are replaced with [prolines](/wiki/Proline \"Proline\"), developed by researchers at the [University of Texas at Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin \"University of Texas at Austin\") and the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\")' [Vaccine Research Center](/wiki/Vaccine_Research_Center \"Vaccine Research Center\"). Once the protein is expelled from the cell, it is eventually detected by the immune system, which begins generating efficacious antibodies.\n\n",
"Chemistry\n---------\n\nThe vaccine contains the following ingredients:\n\nThe active ingredient is an mRNA sequence containing a total of 4101 nucleotides that encodes the full\\-length SARS\\-CoV\\-2 spike (S) glycoprotein, with two mutations (K986P and V987P) designed to stabilize the pre\\-fusion conformation. The sequence is further optimized by:\n* all [uridines](/wiki/Uridine \"Uridine\") (U) substituted with [N1\\-methylpseudouridine](/wiki/N1-methylpseudouridine \"N1-methylpseudouridine\") (U → m1Ψ),\n* flanked by an artificial 5' [untranslated region](/wiki/Untranslated_region \"Untranslated region\") (UTR) and a 3' UTR derived from the human alpha globin gene ([HBA1](/wiki/HBA1 \"HBA1\")),\n* introduction of two additional [stop codons](/wiki/Stop_codon \"Stop codon\"),\n* terminated by a 3' poly(A) tail.\n\nA putative sequence of the vaccine has been published on a [forum](/wiki/Internet_forum \"Internet forum\") for professional virologists, obtained by direct sequencing of residual vaccine material in used vials.\n\nThe vaccine mRNA is dissolved in an aqueous buffer containing [tromethamine](/wiki/Tromethamine \"Tromethamine\"), tromethamine [hydrochloride](/wiki/Hydrochloride \"Hydrochloride\"), [sodium acetate](/wiki/Sodium_acetate \"Sodium acetate\"), and [sucrose](/wiki/Sucrose \"Sucrose\"). The mRNA is encapsulated in [lipid nanoparticles](/wiki/Lipid_nanoparticle \"Lipid nanoparticle\") that stabilize the mRNA and facilitate its entry into cells. The nanoparticles are manufactured from the following [lipids](/wiki/Lipids \"Lipids\"):\n* [1,2\\-distearoyl\\-sn\\-glycero\\-3\\-phosphocholine](/wiki/1%2C2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine \"1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine\") (DSPC),\n* [cholesterol](/wiki/Cholesterol \"Cholesterol\"),\n* [PEG2000\\-DMG](/wiki/DMG-PEG_2000 \"DMG-PEG 2000\") (polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000\\-dimyristoyl glycerol (DMG)), and\n* [SM\\-102](/wiki/SM-102 \"SM-102\")\n\n",
"Manufacturing\n-------------\n\n[thumb\\|An insulated shipping container with Moderna vaccine boxes ensconced by cold packs](/wiki/File:South_Carolina_National_Guard_receives_first_shipment_of_Moderna_COVID-19_vaccines_%2850747385983%29.jpg \"South Carolina National Guard receives first shipment of Moderna COVID-19 vaccines (50747385983).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Moderna vaccine being stored in a conventional medical freezer](/wiki/File:Vaccine_storage_%282021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Vaccine storage (2021) (cropped).jpg\")\nModerna is relying extensively on [contract manufacturing organizations](/wiki/Contract_manufacturing_organization \"Contract manufacturing organization\") to scale up its vaccine manufacturing process. The first step of the process—synthesis of DNA [plasmids](/wiki/Plasmid \"Plasmid\") (to be used as a template for synthesis of mRNA)—has been handled by a contractor called Aldevron based in [Fargo, North Dakota](/wiki/Fargo%2C_North_Dakota \"Fargo, North Dakota\"). For the remainder of the process, Moderna contracted with [Lonza Group](/wiki/Lonza_Group \"Lonza Group\") to manufacture the vaccine at facilities in [Portsmouth, New Hampshire](/wiki/Portsmouth%2C_New_Hampshire \"Portsmouth, New Hampshire\") in the United States, and in [Visp](/wiki/Visp \"Visp\") in Switzerland, and purchased the necessary lipid [excipients](/wiki/Excipient \"Excipient\") from CordenPharma. Besides CMOs, Moderna also manufactures the vaccine at its own production facility in [Norwood, Massachusetts](/wiki/Norwood%2C_Massachusetts \"Norwood, Massachusetts\"). Another manufacturing site for the vaccines for the market outside the U.S. (since the end of 2021\\) is in [Geleen](/wiki/Geleen \"Geleen\") in the Netherlands, produced by its manufacturing partner [Lonza](/wiki/Lonza_Group \"Lonza Group\"). Earlier, Lonza did produce the vaccine for the EU, U.K. and Canada at its site in Switzerland only, but had to cut projected deliveries to the U.K. and Canada earlier in 2021 due to production issues.\n\nFor the tasks of filling and packaging vials ([fill and finish](/wiki/Fill_and_finish \"Fill and finish\")), Moderna entered into contracts with [Catalent](/wiki/Catalent \"Catalent\") in the United States and Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Rovi in Spain. In April 2021, Moderna expanded its agreement with Catalent to increase manufacturing output at the latter's plant in [Bloomington, Indiana](/wiki/Bloomington%2C_Indiana \"Bloomington, Indiana\"). The expansion will allow Catalent to manufacture up to 400 vials per minute and fill an additional 80million vials per year. Later that month, Moderna announced its plans to spend billions of dollars to boost production of its vaccines, potentially tripling the output in 2022, claiming as well that it would make no less than 800million doses in 2021\\. The increase in production is in part attributed to improvements made by the company in manufacturing methods.\n\nThe Moderna news followed preliminary results from the [Pfizer](/wiki/Pfizer \"Pfizer\")\\-[BioNTech](/wiki/BioNTech \"BioNTech\") vaccine candidate, [BNT162b2](/wiki/BNT162b2 \"BNT162b2\"), with Moderna demonstrating similar efficacy, but requiring storage at the temperature of a standard medical refrigerator of for up to thirty days or for up to four months, whereas the Pfizer\\-BioNTech candidate requires [ultracold freezer](/wiki/ULT_freezer \"ULT freezer\") storage between . Low\\-income countries usually have [cold chain](/wiki/Cold_chain \"Cold chain\") capacity for only standard refrigerator storage, not ultracold freezer storage. In February 2021, the restrictions on the Pfizer vaccine were relaxed when the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) updated the emergency use authorization (EUA) to permit undiluted frozen vials of the vaccine to be transported and stored at between for up to two weeks before use. The Moderna vaccine should not be stored at a temperature below .\n\nIn November 2020, *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 \"Nature (journal)\")* reported that \"While it's possible that differences in LNP formulations or mRNA secondary structures could account for the thermostability differences \\[between Moderna and BioNtech], many experts suspect both vaccine products will ultimately prove to have similar storage requirements and shelf lives under various temperature conditions.\"\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Original version\n\nIn January 2020, Moderna announced development of an [RNA vaccine](/wiki/RNA_vaccine \"RNA vaccine\"), codenamed mRNA\\-1273, to induce immunity to SARS\\-CoV\\-2\\.\n\nModerna received from the [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA), an office of the [US Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"US Department of Health and Human Services\"). BARDA funded 100% of the cost of bringing the vaccine to FDA licensure.\n\nThe United States government provided $2\\.5billion in total funding for the Moderna COVID19 vaccine (mRNA\\-1273\\). Private donors also made contributions to the vaccine's development. The [Dolly Parton](/wiki/Dolly_Parton \"Dolly Parton\") COVID\\-19 Research Fund contributed $1million.\n\n#### Phase I–II clinical trials\n\nIn March 2020, the [phaseI](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_I \"Phases of clinical research#Phase I\") human trial of mRNA\\-1273 began in partnership with the US [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\"). In April, the US [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA) allocated up to $483million for Moderna's vaccine development. Plans for a [phaseII](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_II \"Phases of clinical research#Phase II\") dosing and efficacy trial to begin in May were approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA). Moderna signed a partnership with Swiss vaccine manufacturer [Lonza Group](/wiki/Lonza_Group \"Lonza Group\"), to supply 300million doses per annum.\n\nIn May 2020, Moderna began a [phaseIIa clinical trial](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research \"Phases of clinical research\") recruiting six hundred adult participants to assess safety and differences in [antibody](/wiki/Antibody \"Antibody\") response to two doses of its candidate vaccine, mRNA\\-1273, a study expected to complete in 2021\\.\n\nIn July 2020, Moderna scientists published preliminary results of the phaseI dose escalation clinical trial of mRNA\\-1273, showing dose\\-dependent induction of neutralizing antibodies against S1/S2 as early as 15 days post\\-injection. Mild to moderate [adverse reactions](/wiki/Adverse_effect \"Adverse effect\"), such as [fever](/wiki/Fever \"Fever\"), fatigue, headache, [muscle ache](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), and pain at the injection site were observed in all dose groups, but were common with increased dosage. The vaccine in low doses was deemed safe and effective in order to advance a [phaseIII](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research#Phase III\") clinical trial using two 100\\-μg doses administered 29 days apart.\n\nIn September 2021, a study funded by the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") reported a strong immune response after six months, even at low doses, suggesting that more doses could be deployed from a limited vaccine supply. Six months after low\\-dose vaccination, 67% of participants still had [memory](/wiki/Memory_T_cell \"Memory T cell\") [cytotoxic T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell \"Cytotoxic T cell\"), suggesting that immune memory is stable. The study also found that [cross\\-reactive](/wiki/Cross-reactivity \"Cross-reactivity\") T cells acquired during infection with other coronaviruses that cause the common cold increased the response to the vaccine.\n\n#### Phase III clinical trials\n\nModerna and the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") began a phaseIII trial in the US in July 2020, with a plan to enroll and assign thirty\\-thousand volunteers to two groupsone group receiving two 100\\-μg doses of mRNA\\-1273 vaccine and the other receiving a [placebo](/wiki/Placebo \"Placebo\") of 0\\.9% sodium chloride. As of 7August, more than 4,500 volunteers had enrolled.\n\nIn September 2020, Moderna published the detailed study plan for the clinical trial. In September 2020, CEO Stéphane Bancel said that, if the trial is successful, the vaccine might be available to the public as early as late March or early April 2021\\. As of October 2020, Moderna had completed the enrollment of 30,000 participants needed for its phaseIII trial. The US National Institutes of Health announced in November 2020, that overall trial results were positive.\n\nSince September 2020, Moderna has used [Roche Diagnostics](/wiki/Roche_Diagnostics \"Roche Diagnostics\")' Elecsys Anti\\-SARS\\-CoV\\-2 S test, authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an emergency use authorization (EUA) in November 2020\\. According to an independent supplier of clinical assays in microbiology, \"this will facilitate the quantitative measurement of SARS\\-CoV\\-2 antibodies and help to establish a correlation between vaccine\\-induced protection and levels of anti\\-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies.\" The partnership was announced by Roche on 9December 2020\\.\n\nA review by the FDA in December 2020, of interim results of the phaseIII clinical trial on mRNA\\-1273 showed it to be safe and effective against COVID19 infection resulting in the issuance of an EUA by the FDA.\n\nIn February 2021, results from [phaseIII clinical trial](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research#Phase III\") were published in *[the New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"The New England Journal of Medicine\")*, indicating 94% efficacy in preventing COVID19 infection. [Side effects](/wiki/Side_effect \"Side effect\") included flu\\-like symptoms, such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, [muscle pain](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), and headache. The clinical trial is ongoing and is set to conclude in late 2022\\.\n\nPregnant and breastfeeding women were also excluded from the initial trials used to obtain the emergency use authorization, though trials in those populations were expected to be performed in 2021\\.\n\nIn March 2021, in order to increase the span of vaccination beyond adults, Moderna started the clinical trials of vaccines on children age 6\\-months to 11\\-years\\-old in the US and in Canada (KidCove),\nin addition to the existing and fully\\-enrolled study on 12\\-17 year\\-olds (TeenCOVE).\n\n#### Authorizations\n\n##### Expedited\n\nAs of December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was under evaluation for emergency authorization or approval by multiple countries which would enable rapid rollout of the vaccine in the United Kingdom, the European Union (EU), Canada, and the United States.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an [emergency use authorization](/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization \"Emergency use authorization\") (EUA) for people aged 18 years of age and older. This is the first product from Moderna that has been authorized by the FDA. In June 2022, the EUA was expanded to include people aged six months through sixteen years of age. In April 2023, the authorization for the original, monovalent, version of the vaccine in the US was withdrawn. As of April 2023, only the bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5\\) version of the vaccine is authorized in the US.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\").\n\nIn January 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Israel by its [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Health (Israel)\").\n\nIn February 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Singapore by its [Health Sciences Authority](/wiki/Health_Sciences_Authority \"Health Sciences Authority\").\n\nIn April 2021, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) granted emergency use listing.\n\nIn May 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for emergency use in the Philippines by the Philippines [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_%28Philippines%29 \"Food and Drug Administration (Philippines)\").\n\nIn 2020, Moderna partnered with [Takeda Pharmaceutical Company](/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company \"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company\"), and the Japan [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health%2C_Labour_and_Welfare \"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare\") (MHLW). The vaccine is known as \"COVID\\-19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection\". In May 2021, COVID19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection (formerly TAK\\-919\\) was authorized for emergency use in Japan.\n\nIn June 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in India by the [Drugs Controller General of India](/wiki/Drugs_Controller_General_of_India \"Drugs Controller General of India\"). The same day, the vaccine was also approved by the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Vietnam%29 \"Ministry of Health (Vietnam)\") of Vietnam for emergency use in the country.\n\nIn August 2021, Malaysia's National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) gave conditional registration for emergency use of the Moderna COVID19 vaccine.\n\n##### Standard\n\nIn January 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) recommended granting conditional marketing authorization and the recommendation was accepted by the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\") the same day. In July 2021, the EMA extended the use of the COVID19 Vaccine Moderna to include people aged 12 to 17\\.\n\nIn January 2021, [Swissmedic](/wiki/Swissmedic \"Swissmedic\") granted temporary authorization for the Moderna COVID\\-19 mRNA Vaccine in Switzerland.\n\nIn March 2021, the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) granted conditional marketing authorization in the United Kingdom.\n\nIn August 2021, Spikevax was granted provisional approval in Australia. The approval was updated in September 2021, to include people aged twelve and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in Canada in September 2021, for people aged 12 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in the US in January 2022, for people aged 18 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax Bivalent Zero/Omicron vaccine was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in August 2022\\.\n\nIn September 2022, the CHMP of the EMA recommended converting the conditional marketing authorizations of the vaccine into standard marketing authorizations. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. The recommendation covers all existing and upcoming adapted Spikevax vaccines, including the recently approved adapted Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron BA.1\\.\n\n#### Boosters\n\n[thumb\\|US military personnel being administered the Moderna vaccine in December 2020](/wiki/File:South_Carolina_National_Guard_administers_its_first_Moderna_COVID-19_vaccinations_%2850752619036%29.jpg \"South Carolina National Guard administers its first Moderna COVID-19 vaccinations (50752619036).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|CDC [COVID\\-19 vaccine card](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") showing the first Moderna shot.](/wiki/File:CDC_COVID-19_Vaccination_Record_Card.jpg \"CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card.jpg\")\n\nIn January 2021, Moderna announced that it would offer a third dose of its vaccine to people who were vaccinated twice in its phaseI trial. The booster would be made available to participants six to twelve months after they got their second dose. The company said it may also study a third shot in participants from its phaseIII trial, if antibody persistence data warranted it. It also started testing to see if a third shot of the existing vaccine could be used to fend off the virus variants.\n\nIn August 2021, the [US Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration \"US Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) authorized the use of an additional mRNA vaccine dose for immunocompromised individuals. \n\nIn September 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) started evaluating the use of a booster dose of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine to be given at least six months after the second dose in people aged twelve years and older. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.\n\nIn October 2021, the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) stated that people with \"severely weakened\" immune systems can receive an extra dose of either the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine or the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine starting at least 28 days after their second dose.\n\nIn October 2021, the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses. The authorization was expanded to include all adults in November 2021\\.\n\n### Variants\n\nIn January 2021, Moderna started development of a new form of its vaccine, called mRNA\\-1273\\.351, that could be used as a booster shot against the [Beta variant](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") (lineage B.1\\.351\\). In February 2021, Moderna announced that it had manufactured and shipped sufficient amounts of mRNA\\-1273\\.351 to the [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") to run phaseI clinical trials. Moderna also investigated a multivalent booster, mRNA\\-1273\\.211, which combines a 50\\-50 mix of mRNA\\-1273 and mRNA\\-1273\\.351\\.\n\nA bivalent version of the vaccine containing elasomeran/imelasomeran (Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron) was approved for use in the United Kingdom and in Australia in August 2022\\. It was approved for use in Canada in September 2022\\.\n\nIn October 2022, the FDA amended the authorization for the bivalent booster to cover people aged six years of age and older. In December 2022, the FDA amended the authorization for the bivalent booster to cover people aged six months and older.\n\n#### XBB.1\\.5 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn September 2023, the FDA approved an updated a monovalent (single) component Omicron variant [XBB.1\\.5](/wiki/XBB.1.5 \"XBB.1.5\") version of the vaccine (Spikevax 2023\\-2024 formula) as a single dose for individuals aged twelve years of age and older; and authorized the Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine 2023\\-2024 formula under emergency use for individuals aged 6 months through 11 years of age. The updated version was tested in a small human trial of 101 participants; 50 received the monovalent XBB.1\\.5 version, compared to 51 who received a version containing XBB.1\\.5, BA.4 and BA.5\\. All participants had previously received four doses of older formulations of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine. The safety profile of the authorized XBB.1\\.5 was found to be \"consistent with previously authorized vaccines.\" The approvals and emergency authorizations for the bivalent version of the vaccine were revoked. Health Canada authorized the Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine (Omicron XBB.1\\.5 subvariant) (andusomeran) in September 2023\\. The MHRA approved the use of the Moderna (Spikevax) XBB.1\\.5 vaccine in September 2023\\.\n\n#### JN.1 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn September 2024, the UK's [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) approved Moderna's JN.1\\-adapted COVID\\-19 vaccine for use in adults and children aged six months and older.\n\nIn September 2024, the European Union authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\nIn September 2024, Swissmedic authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\nIn September 2024, the Taiwan Food \\& Drug Administration authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\n#### KP.2 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn August 2024, the FDA approved and granted emergency authorization for a monovalent Omicron KP.2 version of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine. The approval of Spikevax (COVID\\-19 Vaccine, mRNA) (2024\\-2025 Formula) was granted to ModernaTX Inc. and the EUA amendment for the Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine (2024\\-2025 Formula) was issued to ModernaTX Inc.\n\n",
"### Original version\n\nIn January 2020, Moderna announced development of an [RNA vaccine](/wiki/RNA_vaccine \"RNA vaccine\"), codenamed mRNA\\-1273, to induce immunity to SARS\\-CoV\\-2\\.\n\nModerna received from the [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA), an office of the [US Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"US Department of Health and Human Services\"). BARDA funded 100% of the cost of bringing the vaccine to FDA licensure.\n\nThe United States government provided $2\\.5billion in total funding for the Moderna COVID19 vaccine (mRNA\\-1273\\). Private donors also made contributions to the vaccine's development. The [Dolly Parton](/wiki/Dolly_Parton \"Dolly Parton\") COVID\\-19 Research Fund contributed $1million.\n\n#### Phase I–II clinical trials\n\nIn March 2020, the [phaseI](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_I \"Phases of clinical research#Phase I\") human trial of mRNA\\-1273 began in partnership with the US [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\"). In April, the US [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA) allocated up to $483million for Moderna's vaccine development. Plans for a [phaseII](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_II \"Phases of clinical research#Phase II\") dosing and efficacy trial to begin in May were approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA). Moderna signed a partnership with Swiss vaccine manufacturer [Lonza Group](/wiki/Lonza_Group \"Lonza Group\"), to supply 300million doses per annum.\n\nIn May 2020, Moderna began a [phaseIIa clinical trial](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research \"Phases of clinical research\") recruiting six hundred adult participants to assess safety and differences in [antibody](/wiki/Antibody \"Antibody\") response to two doses of its candidate vaccine, mRNA\\-1273, a study expected to complete in 2021\\.\n\nIn July 2020, Moderna scientists published preliminary results of the phaseI dose escalation clinical trial of mRNA\\-1273, showing dose\\-dependent induction of neutralizing antibodies against S1/S2 as early as 15 days post\\-injection. Mild to moderate [adverse reactions](/wiki/Adverse_effect \"Adverse effect\"), such as [fever](/wiki/Fever \"Fever\"), fatigue, headache, [muscle ache](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), and pain at the injection site were observed in all dose groups, but were common with increased dosage. The vaccine in low doses was deemed safe and effective in order to advance a [phaseIII](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research#Phase III\") clinical trial using two 100\\-μg doses administered 29 days apart.\n\nIn September 2021, a study funded by the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") reported a strong immune response after six months, even at low doses, suggesting that more doses could be deployed from a limited vaccine supply. Six months after low\\-dose vaccination, 67% of participants still had [memory](/wiki/Memory_T_cell \"Memory T cell\") [cytotoxic T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell \"Cytotoxic T cell\"), suggesting that immune memory is stable. The study also found that [cross\\-reactive](/wiki/Cross-reactivity \"Cross-reactivity\") T cells acquired during infection with other coronaviruses that cause the common cold increased the response to the vaccine.\n\n#### Phase III clinical trials\n\nModerna and the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") began a phaseIII trial in the US in July 2020, with a plan to enroll and assign thirty\\-thousand volunteers to two groupsone group receiving two 100\\-μg doses of mRNA\\-1273 vaccine and the other receiving a [placebo](/wiki/Placebo \"Placebo\") of 0\\.9% sodium chloride. As of 7August, more than 4,500 volunteers had enrolled.\n\nIn September 2020, Moderna published the detailed study plan for the clinical trial. In September 2020, CEO Stéphane Bancel said that, if the trial is successful, the vaccine might be available to the public as early as late March or early April 2021\\. As of October 2020, Moderna had completed the enrollment of 30,000 participants needed for its phaseIII trial. The US National Institutes of Health announced in November 2020, that overall trial results were positive.\n\nSince September 2020, Moderna has used [Roche Diagnostics](/wiki/Roche_Diagnostics \"Roche Diagnostics\")' Elecsys Anti\\-SARS\\-CoV\\-2 S test, authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an emergency use authorization (EUA) in November 2020\\. According to an independent supplier of clinical assays in microbiology, \"this will facilitate the quantitative measurement of SARS\\-CoV\\-2 antibodies and help to establish a correlation between vaccine\\-induced protection and levels of anti\\-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies.\" The partnership was announced by Roche on 9December 2020\\.\n\nA review by the FDA in December 2020, of interim results of the phaseIII clinical trial on mRNA\\-1273 showed it to be safe and effective against COVID19 infection resulting in the issuance of an EUA by the FDA.\n\nIn February 2021, results from [phaseIII clinical trial](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research#Phase III\") were published in *[the New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"The New England Journal of Medicine\")*, indicating 94% efficacy in preventing COVID19 infection. [Side effects](/wiki/Side_effect \"Side effect\") included flu\\-like symptoms, such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, [muscle pain](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), and headache. The clinical trial is ongoing and is set to conclude in late 2022\\.\n\nPregnant and breastfeeding women were also excluded from the initial trials used to obtain the emergency use authorization, though trials in those populations were expected to be performed in 2021\\.\n\nIn March 2021, in order to increase the span of vaccination beyond adults, Moderna started the clinical trials of vaccines on children age 6\\-months to 11\\-years\\-old in the US and in Canada (KidCove),\nin addition to the existing and fully\\-enrolled study on 12\\-17 year\\-olds (TeenCOVE).\n\n#### Authorizations\n\n##### Expedited\n\nAs of December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was under evaluation for emergency authorization or approval by multiple countries which would enable rapid rollout of the vaccine in the United Kingdom, the European Union (EU), Canada, and the United States.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an [emergency use authorization](/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization \"Emergency use authorization\") (EUA) for people aged 18 years of age and older. This is the first product from Moderna that has been authorized by the FDA. In June 2022, the EUA was expanded to include people aged six months through sixteen years of age. In April 2023, the authorization for the original, monovalent, version of the vaccine in the US was withdrawn. As of April 2023, only the bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5\\) version of the vaccine is authorized in the US.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\").\n\nIn January 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Israel by its [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Health (Israel)\").\n\nIn February 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Singapore by its [Health Sciences Authority](/wiki/Health_Sciences_Authority \"Health Sciences Authority\").\n\nIn April 2021, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) granted emergency use listing.\n\nIn May 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for emergency use in the Philippines by the Philippines [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_%28Philippines%29 \"Food and Drug Administration (Philippines)\").\n\nIn 2020, Moderna partnered with [Takeda Pharmaceutical Company](/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company \"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company\"), and the Japan [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health%2C_Labour_and_Welfare \"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare\") (MHLW). The vaccine is known as \"COVID\\-19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection\". In May 2021, COVID19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection (formerly TAK\\-919\\) was authorized for emergency use in Japan.\n\nIn June 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in India by the [Drugs Controller General of India](/wiki/Drugs_Controller_General_of_India \"Drugs Controller General of India\"). The same day, the vaccine was also approved by the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Vietnam%29 \"Ministry of Health (Vietnam)\") of Vietnam for emergency use in the country.\n\nIn August 2021, Malaysia's National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) gave conditional registration for emergency use of the Moderna COVID19 vaccine.\n\n##### Standard\n\nIn January 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) recommended granting conditional marketing authorization and the recommendation was accepted by the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\") the same day. In July 2021, the EMA extended the use of the COVID19 Vaccine Moderna to include people aged 12 to 17\\.\n\nIn January 2021, [Swissmedic](/wiki/Swissmedic \"Swissmedic\") granted temporary authorization for the Moderna COVID\\-19 mRNA Vaccine in Switzerland.\n\nIn March 2021, the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) granted conditional marketing authorization in the United Kingdom.\n\nIn August 2021, Spikevax was granted provisional approval in Australia. The approval was updated in September 2021, to include people aged twelve and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in Canada in September 2021, for people aged 12 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in the US in January 2022, for people aged 18 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax Bivalent Zero/Omicron vaccine was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in August 2022\\.\n\nIn September 2022, the CHMP of the EMA recommended converting the conditional marketing authorizations of the vaccine into standard marketing authorizations. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. The recommendation covers all existing and upcoming adapted Spikevax vaccines, including the recently approved adapted Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron BA.1\\.\n\n#### Boosters\n\n[thumb\\|US military personnel being administered the Moderna vaccine in December 2020](/wiki/File:South_Carolina_National_Guard_administers_its_first_Moderna_COVID-19_vaccinations_%2850752619036%29.jpg \"South Carolina National Guard administers its first Moderna COVID-19 vaccinations (50752619036).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|CDC [COVID\\-19 vaccine card](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") showing the first Moderna shot.](/wiki/File:CDC_COVID-19_Vaccination_Record_Card.jpg \"CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card.jpg\")\n\nIn January 2021, Moderna announced that it would offer a third dose of its vaccine to people who were vaccinated twice in its phaseI trial. The booster would be made available to participants six to twelve months after they got their second dose. The company said it may also study a third shot in participants from its phaseIII trial, if antibody persistence data warranted it. It also started testing to see if a third shot of the existing vaccine could be used to fend off the virus variants.\n\nIn August 2021, the [US Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration \"US Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) authorized the use of an additional mRNA vaccine dose for immunocompromised individuals. \n\nIn September 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) started evaluating the use of a booster dose of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine to be given at least six months after the second dose in people aged twelve years and older. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.\n\nIn October 2021, the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) stated that people with \"severely weakened\" immune systems can receive an extra dose of either the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine or the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine starting at least 28 days after their second dose.\n\nIn October 2021, the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses. The authorization was expanded to include all adults in November 2021\\.\n\n",
"#### Phase I–II clinical trials\n\nIn March 2020, the [phaseI](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_I \"Phases of clinical research#Phase I\") human trial of mRNA\\-1273 began in partnership with the US [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\"). In April, the US [Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority](/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority \"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\") (BARDA) allocated up to $483million for Moderna's vaccine development. Plans for a [phaseII](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_II \"Phases of clinical research#Phase II\") dosing and efficacy trial to begin in May were approved by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA). Moderna signed a partnership with Swiss vaccine manufacturer [Lonza Group](/wiki/Lonza_Group \"Lonza Group\"), to supply 300million doses per annum.\n\nIn May 2020, Moderna began a [phaseIIa clinical trial](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research \"Phases of clinical research\") recruiting six hundred adult participants to assess safety and differences in [antibody](/wiki/Antibody \"Antibody\") response to two doses of its candidate vaccine, mRNA\\-1273, a study expected to complete in 2021\\.\n\nIn July 2020, Moderna scientists published preliminary results of the phaseI dose escalation clinical trial of mRNA\\-1273, showing dose\\-dependent induction of neutralizing antibodies against S1/S2 as early as 15 days post\\-injection. Mild to moderate [adverse reactions](/wiki/Adverse_effect \"Adverse effect\"), such as [fever](/wiki/Fever \"Fever\"), fatigue, headache, [muscle ache](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), and pain at the injection site were observed in all dose groups, but were common with increased dosage. The vaccine in low doses was deemed safe and effective in order to advance a [phaseIII](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research#Phase III\") clinical trial using two 100\\-μg doses administered 29 days apart.\n\nIn September 2021, a study funded by the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") reported a strong immune response after six months, even at low doses, suggesting that more doses could be deployed from a limited vaccine supply. Six months after low\\-dose vaccination, 67% of participants still had [memory](/wiki/Memory_T_cell \"Memory T cell\") [cytotoxic T cells](/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell \"Cytotoxic T cell\"), suggesting that immune memory is stable. The study also found that [cross\\-reactive](/wiki/Cross-reactivity \"Cross-reactivity\") T cells acquired during infection with other coronaviruses that cause the common cold increased the response to the vaccine.\n\n",
"#### Phase III clinical trials\n\nModerna and the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases \"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\") began a phaseIII trial in the US in July 2020, with a plan to enroll and assign thirty\\-thousand volunteers to two groupsone group receiving two 100\\-μg doses of mRNA\\-1273 vaccine and the other receiving a [placebo](/wiki/Placebo \"Placebo\") of 0\\.9% sodium chloride. As of 7August, more than 4,500 volunteers had enrolled.\n\nIn September 2020, Moderna published the detailed study plan for the clinical trial. In September 2020, CEO Stéphane Bancel said that, if the trial is successful, the vaccine might be available to the public as early as late March or early April 2021\\. As of October 2020, Moderna had completed the enrollment of 30,000 participants needed for its phaseIII trial. The US National Institutes of Health announced in November 2020, that overall trial results were positive.\n\nSince September 2020, Moderna has used [Roche Diagnostics](/wiki/Roche_Diagnostics \"Roche Diagnostics\")' Elecsys Anti\\-SARS\\-CoV\\-2 S test, authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an emergency use authorization (EUA) in November 2020\\. According to an independent supplier of clinical assays in microbiology, \"this will facilitate the quantitative measurement of SARS\\-CoV\\-2 antibodies and help to establish a correlation between vaccine\\-induced protection and levels of anti\\-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies.\" The partnership was announced by Roche on 9December 2020\\.\n\nA review by the FDA in December 2020, of interim results of the phaseIII clinical trial on mRNA\\-1273 showed it to be safe and effective against COVID19 infection resulting in the issuance of an EUA by the FDA.\n\nIn February 2021, results from [phaseIII clinical trial](/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research%23Phase_III \"Phases of clinical research#Phase III\") were published in *[the New England Journal of Medicine](/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine \"The New England Journal of Medicine\")*, indicating 94% efficacy in preventing COVID19 infection. [Side effects](/wiki/Side_effect \"Side effect\") included flu\\-like symptoms, such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, [muscle pain](/wiki/Myalgia \"Myalgia\"), and headache. The clinical trial is ongoing and is set to conclude in late 2022\\.\n\nPregnant and breastfeeding women were also excluded from the initial trials used to obtain the emergency use authorization, though trials in those populations were expected to be performed in 2021\\.\n\nIn March 2021, in order to increase the span of vaccination beyond adults, Moderna started the clinical trials of vaccines on children age 6\\-months to 11\\-years\\-old in the US and in Canada (KidCove),\nin addition to the existing and fully\\-enrolled study on 12\\-17 year\\-olds (TeenCOVE).\n\n",
"#### Authorizations\n\n##### Expedited\n\nAs of December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was under evaluation for emergency authorization or approval by multiple countries which would enable rapid rollout of the vaccine in the United Kingdom, the European Union (EU), Canada, and the United States.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an [emergency use authorization](/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization \"Emergency use authorization\") (EUA) for people aged 18 years of age and older. This is the first product from Moderna that has been authorized by the FDA. In June 2022, the EUA was expanded to include people aged six months through sixteen years of age. In April 2023, the authorization for the original, monovalent, version of the vaccine in the US was withdrawn. As of April 2023, only the bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5\\) version of the vaccine is authorized in the US.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\").\n\nIn January 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Israel by its [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Health (Israel)\").\n\nIn February 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Singapore by its [Health Sciences Authority](/wiki/Health_Sciences_Authority \"Health Sciences Authority\").\n\nIn April 2021, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) granted emergency use listing.\n\nIn May 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for emergency use in the Philippines by the Philippines [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_%28Philippines%29 \"Food and Drug Administration (Philippines)\").\n\nIn 2020, Moderna partnered with [Takeda Pharmaceutical Company](/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company \"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company\"), and the Japan [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health%2C_Labour_and_Welfare \"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare\") (MHLW). The vaccine is known as \"COVID\\-19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection\". In May 2021, COVID19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection (formerly TAK\\-919\\) was authorized for emergency use in Japan.\n\nIn June 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in India by the [Drugs Controller General of India](/wiki/Drugs_Controller_General_of_India \"Drugs Controller General of India\"). The same day, the vaccine was also approved by the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Vietnam%29 \"Ministry of Health (Vietnam)\") of Vietnam for emergency use in the country.\n\nIn August 2021, Malaysia's National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) gave conditional registration for emergency use of the Moderna COVID19 vaccine.\n\n##### Standard\n\nIn January 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) recommended granting conditional marketing authorization and the recommendation was accepted by the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\") the same day. In July 2021, the EMA extended the use of the COVID19 Vaccine Moderna to include people aged 12 to 17\\.\n\nIn January 2021, [Swissmedic](/wiki/Swissmedic \"Swissmedic\") granted temporary authorization for the Moderna COVID\\-19 mRNA Vaccine in Switzerland.\n\nIn March 2021, the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) granted conditional marketing authorization in the United Kingdom.\n\nIn August 2021, Spikevax was granted provisional approval in Australia. The approval was updated in September 2021, to include people aged twelve and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in Canada in September 2021, for people aged 12 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in the US in January 2022, for people aged 18 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax Bivalent Zero/Omicron vaccine was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in August 2022\\.\n\nIn September 2022, the CHMP of the EMA recommended converting the conditional marketing authorizations of the vaccine into standard marketing authorizations. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. The recommendation covers all existing and upcoming adapted Spikevax vaccines, including the recently approved adapted Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron BA.1\\.\n\n",
"##### Expedited\n\nAs of December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was under evaluation for emergency authorization or approval by multiple countries which would enable rapid rollout of the vaccine in the United Kingdom, the European Union (EU), Canada, and the United States.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) under an [emergency use authorization](/wiki/Emergency_use_authorization \"Emergency use authorization\") (EUA) for people aged 18 years of age and older. This is the first product from Moderna that has been authorized by the FDA. In June 2022, the EUA was expanded to include people aged six months through sixteen years of age. In April 2023, the authorization for the original, monovalent, version of the vaccine in the US was withdrawn. As of April 2023, only the bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5\\) version of the vaccine is authorized in the US.\n\nIn December 2020, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized by [Health Canada](/wiki/Health_Canada \"Health Canada\").\n\nIn January 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Israel by its [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Israel%29 \"Ministry of Health (Israel)\").\n\nIn February 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in Singapore by its [Health Sciences Authority](/wiki/Health_Sciences_Authority \"Health Sciences Authority\").\n\nIn April 2021, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) granted emergency use listing.\n\nIn May 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for emergency use in the Philippines by the Philippines [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_%28Philippines%29 \"Food and Drug Administration (Philippines)\").\n\nIn 2020, Moderna partnered with [Takeda Pharmaceutical Company](/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company \"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company\"), and the Japan [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health%2C_Labour_and_Welfare \"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare\") (MHLW). The vaccine is known as \"COVID\\-19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection\". In May 2021, COVID19 Vaccine Moderna Intramuscular Injection (formerly TAK\\-919\\) was authorized for emergency use in Japan.\n\nIn June 2021, the Moderna COVID19 vaccine was authorized for use in India by the [Drugs Controller General of India](/wiki/Drugs_Controller_General_of_India \"Drugs Controller General of India\"). The same day, the vaccine was also approved by the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_%28Vietnam%29 \"Ministry of Health (Vietnam)\") of Vietnam for emergency use in the country.\n\nIn August 2021, Malaysia's National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) gave conditional registration for emergency use of the Moderna COVID19 vaccine.\n\n",
"##### Standard\n\nIn January 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) recommended granting conditional marketing authorization and the recommendation was accepted by the [European Commission](/wiki/European_Commission \"European Commission\") the same day. In July 2021, the EMA extended the use of the COVID19 Vaccine Moderna to include people aged 12 to 17\\.\n\nIn January 2021, [Swissmedic](/wiki/Swissmedic \"Swissmedic\") granted temporary authorization for the Moderna COVID\\-19 mRNA Vaccine in Switzerland.\n\nIn March 2021, the [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) granted conditional marketing authorization in the United Kingdom.\n\nIn August 2021, Spikevax was granted provisional approval in Australia. The approval was updated in September 2021, to include people aged twelve and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in Canada in September 2021, for people aged 12 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine was authorized in the US in January 2022, for people aged 18 and older.\n\nThe Moderna Spikevax Bivalent Zero/Omicron vaccine was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in August 2022\\.\n\nIn September 2022, the CHMP of the EMA recommended converting the conditional marketing authorizations of the vaccine into standard marketing authorizations. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. The recommendation covers all existing and upcoming adapted Spikevax vaccines, including the recently approved adapted Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron BA.1\\.\n\n",
"#### Boosters\n\n[thumb\\|US military personnel being administered the Moderna vaccine in December 2020](/wiki/File:South_Carolina_National_Guard_administers_its_first_Moderna_COVID-19_vaccinations_%2850752619036%29.jpg \"South Carolina National Guard administers its first Moderna COVID-19 vaccinations (50752619036).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|CDC [COVID\\-19 vaccine card](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card \"COVID-19 vaccine card\") showing the first Moderna shot.](/wiki/File:CDC_COVID-19_Vaccination_Record_Card.jpg \"CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card.jpg\")\n\nIn January 2021, Moderna announced that it would offer a third dose of its vaccine to people who were vaccinated twice in its phaseI trial. The booster would be made available to participants six to twelve months after they got their second dose. The company said it may also study a third shot in participants from its phaseIII trial, if antibody persistence data warranted it. It also started testing to see if a third shot of the existing vaccine could be used to fend off the virus variants.\n\nIn August 2021, the [US Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration \"US Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and the [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/US_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) authorized the use of an additional mRNA vaccine dose for immunocompromised individuals. \n\nIn September 2021, the [Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use](/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use \"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use\") (CHMP) of the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) started evaluating the use of a booster dose of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine to be given at least six months after the second dose in people aged twelve years and older. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.\n\nIn October 2021, the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA) stated that people with \"severely weakened\" immune systems can receive an extra dose of either the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID\\-19 vaccine or the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine starting at least 28 days after their second dose.\n\nIn October 2021, the US [Food and Drug Administration](/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration \"Food and Drug Administration\") (FDA) and the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") (CDC) authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses. The authorization was expanded to include all adults in November 2021\\.\n\n",
"### Variants\n\nIn January 2021, Moderna started development of a new form of its vaccine, called mRNA\\-1273\\.351, that could be used as a booster shot against the [Beta variant](/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant \"SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant\") (lineage B.1\\.351\\). In February 2021, Moderna announced that it had manufactured and shipped sufficient amounts of mRNA\\-1273\\.351 to the [National Institutes of Health](/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health \"National Institutes of Health\") to run phaseI clinical trials. Moderna also investigated a multivalent booster, mRNA\\-1273\\.211, which combines a 50\\-50 mix of mRNA\\-1273 and mRNA\\-1273\\.351\\.\n\nA bivalent version of the vaccine containing elasomeran/imelasomeran (Spikevax bivalent Original/Omicron) was approved for use in the United Kingdom and in Australia in August 2022\\. It was approved for use in Canada in September 2022\\.\n\nIn October 2022, the FDA amended the authorization for the bivalent booster to cover people aged six years of age and older. In December 2022, the FDA amended the authorization for the bivalent booster to cover people aged six months and older.\n\n#### XBB.1\\.5 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn September 2023, the FDA approved an updated a monovalent (single) component Omicron variant [XBB.1\\.5](/wiki/XBB.1.5 \"XBB.1.5\") version of the vaccine (Spikevax 2023\\-2024 formula) as a single dose for individuals aged twelve years of age and older; and authorized the Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine 2023\\-2024 formula under emergency use for individuals aged 6 months through 11 years of age. The updated version was tested in a small human trial of 101 participants; 50 received the monovalent XBB.1\\.5 version, compared to 51 who received a version containing XBB.1\\.5, BA.4 and BA.5\\. All participants had previously received four doses of older formulations of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine. The safety profile of the authorized XBB.1\\.5 was found to be \"consistent with previously authorized vaccines.\" The approvals and emergency authorizations for the bivalent version of the vaccine were revoked. Health Canada authorized the Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine (Omicron XBB.1\\.5 subvariant) (andusomeran) in September 2023\\. The MHRA approved the use of the Moderna (Spikevax) XBB.1\\.5 vaccine in September 2023\\.\n\n#### JN.1 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn September 2024, the UK's [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) approved Moderna's JN.1\\-adapted COVID\\-19 vaccine for use in adults and children aged six months and older.\n\nIn September 2024, the European Union authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\nIn September 2024, Swissmedic authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\nIn September 2024, the Taiwan Food \\& Drug Administration authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\n#### KP.2 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn August 2024, the FDA approved and granted emergency authorization for a monovalent Omicron KP.2 version of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine. The approval of Spikevax (COVID\\-19 Vaccine, mRNA) (2024\\-2025 Formula) was granted to ModernaTX Inc. and the EUA amendment for the Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine (2024\\-2025 Formula) was issued to ModernaTX Inc.\n\n",
"#### XBB.1\\.5 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn September 2023, the FDA approved an updated a monovalent (single) component Omicron variant [XBB.1\\.5](/wiki/XBB.1.5 \"XBB.1.5\") version of the vaccine (Spikevax 2023\\-2024 formula) as a single dose for individuals aged twelve years of age and older; and authorized the Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine 2023\\-2024 formula under emergency use for individuals aged 6 months through 11 years of age. The updated version was tested in a small human trial of 101 participants; 50 received the monovalent XBB.1\\.5 version, compared to 51 who received a version containing XBB.1\\.5, BA.4 and BA.5\\. All participants had previously received four doses of older formulations of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine. The safety profile of the authorized XBB.1\\.5 was found to be \"consistent with previously authorized vaccines.\" The approvals and emergency authorizations for the bivalent version of the vaccine were revoked. Health Canada authorized the Moderna Spikevax COVID\\-19 vaccine (Omicron XBB.1\\.5 subvariant) (andusomeran) in September 2023\\. The MHRA approved the use of the Moderna (Spikevax) XBB.1\\.5 vaccine in September 2023\\.\n\n",
"#### JN.1 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn September 2024, the UK's [Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency](/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency \"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency\") (MHRA) approved Moderna's JN.1\\-adapted COVID\\-19 vaccine for use in adults and children aged six months and older.\n\nIn September 2024, the European Union authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\nIn September 2024, Swissmedic authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\nIn September 2024, the Taiwan Food \\& Drug Administration authorized the Spikevax JN.1 vaccine.\n\n",
"#### KP.2 monovalent vaccine\n\nIn August 2024, the FDA approved and granted emergency authorization for a monovalent Omicron KP.2 version of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine. The approval of Spikevax (COVID\\-19 Vaccine, mRNA) (2024\\-2025 Formula) was granted to ModernaTX Inc. and the EUA amendment for the Moderna COVID\\-19 Vaccine (2024\\-2025 Formula) was issued to ModernaTX Inc.\n\n",
"Society and culture\n-------------------\n\nAbout 155million doses of the Moderna COVID\\-19 vaccine, including about 3\\.1million doses in children and adolescents (below 18 years of age) were administered in the EU/[EEA](/wiki/European_Economic_Area \"European Economic Area\") from authorization to 26 June 2022\\. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.\n\n### Brand names\n\nmRNA\\-1273 was the code name during development and testing, elasomeran is the [international nonproprietary name](/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name \"International nonproprietary name\") (INN), and Spikevax is the [brand name](/wiki/Brand_name \"Brand name\").\n\nDavesomeran is the INN for the BA.5 variant in the bivalent version of the vaccine. Andusomeran is the INN for the XBB 1\\.5 variant version of the vaccine.\n\n### Economics\n\n[thumb\\|[Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris \"Kamala Harris\"), Vice President of the United States, receiving her second dose of the Moderna vaccination in January 2021\\.](/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_getting_her_second_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg \"Kamala Harris getting her second COVID-19 vaccination.jpg\")\n\nIn June 2020, [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") signed a pre\\-purchase agreement for Moderna, reportedly paying a price premium in order to secure early stock of vaccines, although the government declined to provide the actual price and quantity, citing commercial sensitivities and confidentiality clauses.\n\nIn August 2020, the US government signed an agreement to buy 100million doses of Moderna's anticipated vaccine, which the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* said Moderna planned to price at per course. In November 2020, Moderna said it will charge governments who purchase its vaccine between and per dose while the EU is seeking a price of under per dose for the 160million doses it plans to purchase from Moderna.\n\nIn 2020, Moderna obtained purchase agreements for mRNA\\-1273 with the European Union for 160million doses and with Canada for up to 56million doses. In December 2020, a [tweet](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") by the [Belgium Budget State Secretary](/wiki/Minister_of_Budget_%28Belgium%29 \"Minister of Budget (Belgium)\") revealed the E.U. would pay per dose, while *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* reported that the US would pay per dose.\n\nModerna reported revenue of from its COVID19 vaccine in 2020, and $17\\.7billion in 2021\\.\n\n### Paused vaccinations\n\nOut of concern that the vaccine may increase the risk of [myocarditis](/wiki/Myocarditis \"Myocarditis\") in young people under age 30, Finland, Sweden, Germany, and France recommended Moderna vaccinations not be used for this age group in October/November 2021\\.\n\n### Controversies\n\nIn May 2020, after releasing partial and non\\-peer\\-reviewed results for only eight of 45 candidates in a preliminary pre\\-phaseI stage human trial directly to financial markets, the CEO announced on [CNBC](/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\") an immediate $1\\.25billion rights issue to raise funds for the company, at a $30billion valuation, while *[Stat](/wiki/Stat_%28website%29 \"Stat (website)\")* said, \"Vaccine experts say Moderna didn't produce data critical to assessing COVID19 vaccine.\"\n\nIn July 2020, disputes between Moderna and government scientists over the company's unwillingness to share data from the clinical trials were revealed.\n\nModerna also faced criticism for failing to recruit people of color in clinical trials.\n\nIn August 2021, the [US Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"US Department of Health and Human Services\") announced a plan to offer a [booster dose](/wiki/Booster_dose \"Booster dose\") eight months after the second dose, citing evidence of reduced protection against mild and moderate disease and the possibility of reduced protection against severe disease, hospitalization, and death. Scientists and the WHO reaffirmed the lack of evidence on the need for a booster dose for healthy people and that the vaccine remains effective against severe disease months after administration. In a statement, the WHO and [SAGE](/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts \"Strategic Advisory Group of Experts\") said that, while protection against infection may be diminished, protection against severe disease will likely be retained due to [cell\\-mediated immunity](/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity \"Cell-mediated immunity\"). Research into optimal timing for boosters is still ongoing, and a booster too early may lead to less robust protection.\n\n#### Misinformation\n\nVideos on [video\\-sharing platforms](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") circulated around May 2021 showing people having [magnets](/wiki/Magnets \"Magnets\") stick to their arms after receiving the vaccine, purportedly demonstrating the [conspiracy theory that vaccines contain microchips](/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation%23Vaccines \"COVID-19 misinformation#Vaccines\"), but these videos have been debunked.\n\nIn November 2021, a White House correspondent for the conservative outlet [Newsmax](/wiki/Newsmax \"Newsmax\") falsely tweeted that the Moderna vaccine contained [luciferase](/wiki/Luciferase \"Luciferase\") \"so that you can be tracked.\"\n\n### Patent litigation\n\nThe [PEGylated](/wiki/PEGylation \"PEGylation\") [lipid](/wiki/Liposome \"Liposome\") [nanoparticle](/wiki/Nanoparticle_drug_delivery \"Nanoparticle drug delivery\") (LNP) drug delivery system of mRNA\\-1273 has been the subject of ongoing patent litigation with [Arbutus Biopharma](/wiki/Arbutus_Biopharma \"Arbutus Biopharma\"), from whom Moderna had previously licensed LNP technology. On 4September 2020, *[Nature Biotechnology](/wiki/Nature_Biotechnology \"Nature Biotechnology\")* reported that Moderna had lost a key challenge in the ongoing case.\n\n",
"### Brand names\n\nmRNA\\-1273 was the code name during development and testing, elasomeran is the [international nonproprietary name](/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name \"International nonproprietary name\") (INN), and Spikevax is the [brand name](/wiki/Brand_name \"Brand name\").\n\nDavesomeran is the INN for the BA.5 variant in the bivalent version of the vaccine. Andusomeran is the INN for the XBB 1\\.5 variant version of the vaccine.\n\n",
"### Economics\n\n[thumb\\|[Kamala Harris](/wiki/Kamala_Harris \"Kamala Harris\"), Vice President of the United States, receiving her second dose of the Moderna vaccination in January 2021\\.](/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_getting_her_second_COVID-19_vaccination.jpg \"Kamala Harris getting her second COVID-19 vaccination.jpg\")\n\nIn June 2020, [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") signed a pre\\-purchase agreement for Moderna, reportedly paying a price premium in order to secure early stock of vaccines, although the government declined to provide the actual price and quantity, citing commercial sensitivities and confidentiality clauses.\n\nIn August 2020, the US government signed an agreement to buy 100million doses of Moderna's anticipated vaccine, which the *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* said Moderna planned to price at per course. In November 2020, Moderna said it will charge governments who purchase its vaccine between and per dose while the EU is seeking a price of under per dose for the 160million doses it plans to purchase from Moderna.\n\nIn 2020, Moderna obtained purchase agreements for mRNA\\-1273 with the European Union for 160million doses and with Canada for up to 56million doses. In December 2020, a [tweet](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") by the [Belgium Budget State Secretary](/wiki/Minister_of_Budget_%28Belgium%29 \"Minister of Budget (Belgium)\") revealed the E.U. would pay per dose, while *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* reported that the US would pay per dose.\n\nModerna reported revenue of from its COVID19 vaccine in 2020, and $17\\.7billion in 2021\\.\n\n",
"### Paused vaccinations\n\nOut of concern that the vaccine may increase the risk of [myocarditis](/wiki/Myocarditis \"Myocarditis\") in young people under age 30, Finland, Sweden, Germany, and France recommended Moderna vaccinations not be used for this age group in October/November 2021\\.\n\n",
"### Controversies\n\nIn May 2020, after releasing partial and non\\-peer\\-reviewed results for only eight of 45 candidates in a preliminary pre\\-phaseI stage human trial directly to financial markets, the CEO announced on [CNBC](/wiki/CNBC \"CNBC\") an immediate $1\\.25billion rights issue to raise funds for the company, at a $30billion valuation, while *[Stat](/wiki/Stat_%28website%29 \"Stat (website)\")* said, \"Vaccine experts say Moderna didn't produce data critical to assessing COVID19 vaccine.\"\n\nIn July 2020, disputes between Moderna and government scientists over the company's unwillingness to share data from the clinical trials were revealed.\n\nModerna also faced criticism for failing to recruit people of color in clinical trials.\n\nIn August 2021, the [US Department of Health and Human Services](/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services \"US Department of Health and Human Services\") announced a plan to offer a [booster dose](/wiki/Booster_dose \"Booster dose\") eight months after the second dose, citing evidence of reduced protection against mild and moderate disease and the possibility of reduced protection against severe disease, hospitalization, and death. Scientists and the WHO reaffirmed the lack of evidence on the need for a booster dose for healthy people and that the vaccine remains effective against severe disease months after administration. In a statement, the WHO and [SAGE](/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts \"Strategic Advisory Group of Experts\") said that, while protection against infection may be diminished, protection against severe disease will likely be retained due to [cell\\-mediated immunity](/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity \"Cell-mediated immunity\"). Research into optimal timing for boosters is still ongoing, and a booster too early may lead to less robust protection.\n\n#### Misinformation\n\nVideos on [video\\-sharing platforms](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") circulated around May 2021 showing people having [magnets](/wiki/Magnets \"Magnets\") stick to their arms after receiving the vaccine, purportedly demonstrating the [conspiracy theory that vaccines contain microchips](/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation%23Vaccines \"COVID-19 misinformation#Vaccines\"), but these videos have been debunked.\n\nIn November 2021, a White House correspondent for the conservative outlet [Newsmax](/wiki/Newsmax \"Newsmax\") falsely tweeted that the Moderna vaccine contained [luciferase](/wiki/Luciferase \"Luciferase\") \"so that you can be tracked.\"\n\n",
"#### Misinformation\n\nVideos on [video\\-sharing platforms](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\") circulated around May 2021 showing people having [magnets](/wiki/Magnets \"Magnets\") stick to their arms after receiving the vaccine, purportedly demonstrating the [conspiracy theory that vaccines contain microchips](/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation%23Vaccines \"COVID-19 misinformation#Vaccines\"), but these videos have been debunked.\n\nIn November 2021, a White House correspondent for the conservative outlet [Newsmax](/wiki/Newsmax \"Newsmax\") falsely tweeted that the Moderna vaccine contained [luciferase](/wiki/Luciferase \"Luciferase\") \"so that you can be tracked.\"\n\n",
"### Patent litigation\n\nThe [PEGylated](/wiki/PEGylation \"PEGylation\") [lipid](/wiki/Liposome \"Liposome\") [nanoparticle](/wiki/Nanoparticle_drug_delivery \"Nanoparticle drug delivery\") (LNP) drug delivery system of mRNA\\-1273 has been the subject of ongoing patent litigation with [Arbutus Biopharma](/wiki/Arbutus_Biopharma \"Arbutus Biopharma\"), from whom Moderna had previously licensed LNP technology. On 4September 2020, *[Nature Biotechnology](/wiki/Nature_Biotechnology \"Nature Biotechnology\")* reported that Moderna had lost a key challenge in the ongoing case.\n\n",
"Explanatory notes\n-----------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Product information](https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/moderna/index.html) from the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\")\n* [Spikevax Safety Updates](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/spikevax-previously-covid-19-vaccine-moderna#ema-inpage-item-safety-updates) from the [European Medicines Agency](/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\")\n\n[Category:2020 in biotechnology](/wiki/Category:2020_in_biotechnology \"2020 in biotechnology\")\n[Category:2020 in medicine](/wiki/Category:2020_in_medicine \"2020 in medicine\")\n[Category:American COVID\\-19 vaccines](/wiki/Category:American_COVID-19_vaccines \"American COVID-19 vaccines\")\n[Category:COVID\\-19 vaccination in the United States](/wiki/Category:COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 vaccination in the United States\")\n[Category:Moderna](/wiki/Category:Moderna \"Moderna\")\n[Category:Products introduced in 2020](/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_2020 \"Products introduced in 2020\")\n[Category:RNA vaccines](/wiki/Category:RNA_vaccines \"RNA vaccines\")\n\n"
]
} |
COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine | {
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Timeline",
"January 2020",
"February 2020",
"March 2020",
"April 2020",
"May 2020",
"June 2020",
"July–December 2020",
"January 2021",
"February 2021",
"October–December 2021",
"Russian invasion of Ukraine (February 2022–present)",
"Vaccination",
"Cases by region",
"Statistics",
"Charts",
"Total number of cases",
"Number of new cases per day",
"Number of deaths per day",
"New COVID-19 cases reported in Ukraine",
"Three different quarantine zones",
"See also",
"References"
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"\n\nThe **[COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") in Ukraine** has resulted in confirmed cases of [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") and deaths.\n\nThe virus was confirmed to have spread to [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") when the country's first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in [Chernivtsi Oblast](/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast \"Chernivtsi Oblast\") on 3 March 2020, a man who had travelled from Italy to [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car. An emergency was declared on 20 March 2020 in [Kyiv Oblast](/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast \"Kyiv Oblast\"), [Chernivtsi Oblast](/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast \"Chernivtsi Oblast\"), [Zhytomyr Oblast](/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast \"Zhytomyr Oblast\"), [Dnipropetrovsk Oblast](/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast \"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast\"), [Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast](/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast \"Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast\"), and the city of [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"). New infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021\\. By then, a total of 2\\.8 million coronavirus cases and 64,936 COVID\\-19 related deaths had occurred in Ukraine.\n\n[Ukraine's ongoing vaccination program](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine \"COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine\") started on 24 February 2021 and from that day to 12 September 2021, 10,710,944 vaccinations were given in Ukraine (meaning 18% of the adult population of Ukraine had been vaccinated against COVID\\-19\\). About 44% of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated. [More than 10 million vaccinations: Lyashko assures that he has fulfilled his promise](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/09/8/7306411/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (8 September 2021\\) In an August 2021 poll 56% of Ukrainians did not plan to be vaccinated. Demand for vaccinations multiplied sharply by late October 2021\\. On 7 January 2022 the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\") announced that 44\\.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination.[Nearly 45% of adult population in Ukraine fully jabbed against COVID\\-19](https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3381435-nearly-45-of-adult-population-in-ukraine-fully-jabbed-against-covid19.html), [Ukrinform](/wiki/Ukrinform \"Ukrinform\") (7 January 2022\\)\n\nStatistics for the Russian\\-held [Autonomous Republic of Crimea](/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea \"Autonomous Republic of Crimea\") and city of [Sevastopol](/wiki/Sevastopol \"Sevastopol\"), and for the unrecognized [Donetsk People's Republic](/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic \"Donetsk People's Republic\") and [Luhansk People's Republic](/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic \"Luhansk People's Republic\") in eastern Ukraine, are not reported by Ukraine's state agencies, and are not included in the country's totals.\n\nSince the start of the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), the [Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\") has made no further press releases related to COVID\\-19, and the latest counts were for 23 February 2022\\. As a result, daily counts are displayed in various diagrams as zero. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that COVID\\-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future. On 1 July 2023, the Ministry downgraded the disease's alert levels to that of regular respiratory diseases and lifted all emergency measures relating to it.\n\n\\_\\_TOC\\_\\_\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nOn 12 January, the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") (WHO) confirmed that a [novel coronavirus](/wiki/Novel_coronavirus \"Novel coronavirus\") was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in [Wuhan](/wiki/Wuhan \"Wuhan\"), [Hubei](/wiki/Hubei \"Hubei\"), China, who had initially come to the attention of the WHO on 31 December 2019\\.\n\nUnlike [SARS of 2003](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome\"), the [case fatality ratio](/wiki/Case_fatality_rate \"Case fatality rate\") for COVID\\-19 has been much lower, but the [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_%28medicine%29 \"Transmission (medicine)\") has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.\n\n",
"Timeline\n--------\n\n### January 2020\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Staff monitoring passengers' body temperature on board a plane in [Boryspil International Airport](/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport \"Boryspil International Airport\").](/wiki/File:Passengers%27_body_temperature_check_in_KBP_%286%29.jpg \"Passengers' body temperature check in KBP (6).jpg\")\n\nOn 27 January 2020, [SkyUp](/wiki/SkyUp \"SkyUp\"), a Ukrainian low\\-cost charter airline, announced that it had suspended flights to [Sanya](/wiki/Sanya \"Sanya\"), in Hainan, China until March.\n\n### February 2020\n\nOn 4 February, [Ukraine International Airlines](/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines \"Ukraine International Airlines\") suspended its charter service to [Sanya Phoenix International Airport](/wiki/Sanya_Phoenix_International_Airport \"Sanya Phoenix International Airport\") in Hainan. Initially, the suspension was set to last until 24 February, however the airline has not yet indicated when it will resume flights.\n\nOn 24 February, [Boryspil International Airport](/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport \"Boryspil International Airport\") and [Kyiv International Airport](/wiki/Kyiv_International_Airport \"Kyiv International Airport\") were supposed to implement thermal screening procedures for travellers from Italy, but airport staff were either underequipped (with thermal cameras) or ignored the protocol.\n\n### March 2020\n\nOn 3 March, Ukraine announced its first confirmed [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\") case, a man who had travelled from Italy to Romania by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.\n\nOn 12 March, two more SARS\\-CoV\\-2 cases were confirmed in Ukraine. The diagnosis was confirmed for a man in Chernivtsi Oblast, whose wife had recently returned from Italy, and for a 71\\-year\\-old woman in Zhytomyr Oblast, who had returned from Poland on 1 March. The woman, from [Radomyshl](/wiki/Radomyshl \"Radomyshl\"), in Zhytomyr Oblast, died on 13 March, becoming the first fatal case in the country.\n\n[thumb\\|Wearing a face mask in public places was made obligatory in Ukraine on 6 April 2020](/wiki/File:Women_wearing_mask_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Khmelnytskyi%2C_April_2020.jpg \"Women wearing mask during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khmelnytskyi, April 2020.jpg\")\nOn 16 March, two new cases were confirmed in Chernivtsi Oblast, and two others in Kyiv. In Kyiv, one of the persons concerned was a student who had contacted the infected woman in Zhytomyr Oblast, while the other was a woman who had returned from France.\n\nOn 17 March, six more cases were confirmed in Chernivtsi Oblast, all of them had contacted the previously known case, including a 33\\-year\\-old woman who died. The first cases of children being infected were reported. One case was confirmed in Kyiv Oblast, a man who had recently come from abroad, who was later confirmed to be a People's Deputy of Ukraine.\n\nOn 18 March, [member of the Ukrainian parliament](/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine \"People's Deputy of Ukraine\") [Serhii Shakhov](/wiki/Serhii_Shakhov \"Serhii Shakhov\") stated that he was SARS\\-CoV\\-2 positive after denying it earlier in the day. *[Kyiv Post](/wiki/Kyiv_Post \"Kyiv Post\")* counted Shakhov as being among the total of 14 people in Ukraine with laboratory confirmations of being SARS\\-CoV\\-2 positive.\n\nLater that day, two new cases were announced: the second one for Kyiv Oblast (the wife of the man earlier reported) and the first one for Donetsk Oblast (a 52\\-year\\-old man who had visited Egypt).\n\nOn 19 March, the third case was confirmed in Kyiv (a person who had travelled from Switzerland), and the second in Zhytomyr Oblast (a 56\\-year\\-old man from Zhytomyr who had returned from Austria). The same day, the first cases were reported in Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, also five new cases were reported in Chernivtsi Oblast, thereby increasing the total number of infected in Ukraine to 26\\.\n\nOn 20 March, the first case of recovery from [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") was reported for a man in Chernivtsi who was the first infected person in the country. On the same day, 15 new positive COVID\\-19 tests were confirmed across Ukraine: 10 in Chernivtsi Oblast, and one in each of Lviv, Ivano\\-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Ternopil, and Kyiv, raising the national total to 41 cases. The case from Kharkiv Oblast was a woman who had been diagnosed in Kyiv, and was being treated in Kyiv, and on 21 March was transferred from the statistics for Kharkiv to those for Kyiv.\n\nOn 21 March, according to the Ministry of Health, the total confirmed cases in Ukraine was 47\\. There were either six or seven new cases confirmed in Kyiv bringing the total to ten (of these eight had caught the disease abroad). In Donetsk Oblast, the first case of coronavirus was recorded and an emergency was declared in the oblast. The first patient was confirmed in [Lutsk](/wiki/Lutsk \"Lutsk\"), and in [disputed](/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea \"Political status of Crimea\") [Crimea](/wiki/Crimea \"Crimea\"). There were 417 people suspected of having coronavirus in Crimea and Sevastopol at the end of 21 March.\n\nAs of 10:00 on 23 March, there were 73 confirmed cases in Ukraine. During the previous 24 hours, 26 new cases were confirmed.\n\nAs of 10:00 on 24 March 11 new cases had been confirmed in Ukraine during the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 84 confirmed cases. This was later raised to 97 confirmed cases. The head of the Chernivtsi Oblast state administration, Serhiy Osachuk, said that 13 new cases of the disease had been confirmed in Chernivtsi Oblast. There were 38 infected people in the Ukrainian part of [Bukovina](/wiki/Bukovina \"Bukovina\").\n[thumb\\|High mask prices is Ukraine during COVID\\-19\\. 699 UAH.](/wiki/File:Mask_prices_is_Dnipro_during_COVID-19.jpg \"Mask prices is Dnipro during COVID-19.jpg\")\nAt 10:00 on 25 March, the Ministry of Health stated that 29 new cases had been confirmed in Ukraine during the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 113 confirmed cases. These included the first case in [Volyn Oblast](/wiki/Volyn_Oblast \"Volyn Oblast\"), the first two cases in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, two more cases in Kyiv, seven more in Kyiv Oblast, the first case in [Luhansk Oblast](/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast \"Luhansk Oblast\"), the first case in [Odesa Oblast](/wiki/Odesa_Oblast \"Odesa Oblast\"), two more cases in Ternopil Oblast, and 13 new cases in Chernivtsi Oblast that had been reported in the media the previous day. One person in the Ternopil Oblast died of the disease.\n\nOn 25 March, the Government introduced a 30\\-day emergency regime across Ukraine that was scheduled planned to end on 24 April.\n\nAt 10:00 on 26 March, the Ministry of Health stated that 43 new cases had been confirmed in Ukraine during the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 156 confirmed cases. One person in Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast died of the disease. By the end of 26 March, there were five confirmed cases in Sevastopol, and nine in the rest of Crimea; over 3,000 people were suspected of having the disease, and nearly 90 were isolated in hospitals in Crimea (including Sevastopol).\n\nAt 10:00 on 27 March, the Ministry announced that 62 more cases had been confirmed in Ukraine in the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 218 confirmed cases. Three more patients from Chernivtsi had recovered from the disease. This brought up to four the number of recovered people: three adults and a child. Repeated laboratory tests showed no trace of the virus, and another [Polymerase chain reaction](/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction \"Polymerase chain reaction\") (PCR) test had shown a negative reaction twice in a row.\n\nAt 10:00 on 28 March, the Ministry announced that 93 more cases had been confirmed in Ukraine in the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 311 confirmed cases. Three more people had died, bringing the total to eight. Another person had recovered, bringing the total to five (four adults and one child). There were reported cases in all parts of Ukraine, except Kirovohrad Oblast.\n\nAt 10:00 on 29 March, the Ministry announced that 109 new cases had been confirmed, bringing the total to 418\\. There had been 248 new reports of suspicion of the disease, bringing the total to 1966 since the start of the year. Four cases had been confirmed in Kirovohrad Oblast. The two cases (one per Dnipropetrovsk and Mykolaiv Oblasts) shown in the statistics for 28 March had been moved to the statistics for Kyiv.\n\n### April 2020\n\nOn 6 April, wearing a face mask was required by the government in public places. In [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), public places were clarified to include parks and streets.\n\nOn 21 April, it was reported that the Ministry planned to request an extension of the quarantine until 12 May, albeit with some exceptions, such as opening libraries and museums. A day later, the government extended the quarantine measures until 11 May; all measures remained in place, with the exception of granting access to public transport to potential blood donors.\n\n### May 2020\n\n[thumb\\|A patient in Ukraine in May 2020 wears a [scuba mask](/wiki/Diving_mask \"Diving mask\") in the absence of [artificial ventilation](/wiki/Artificial_ventilation \"Artificial ventilation\")](/wiki/File:COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg \"COVID-19 patient wearing scuba mask in absence of available artificial lung ventilation. Chernivtsi, Ukraine.jpg\")\nOn 4 May, the Ukrainian government extended the quarantine until 22 May.\n\nA number of restrictions were lifted on 11 May. These included the re\\-opening of parks, squares, recreation areas, beauty salons, hairdressers and barber shops, cafes and restaurants with outdoor tables. The second stage of easing the quarantine is currently scheduled for 22 May, which envisages the reopening of nurseries, public transport, and hotels, and allowing sports competitions to be held.\n\nOn 25 May, the metro systems in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv_Metro \"Kyiv Metro\") and [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv_Metro \"Kharkiv Metro\") were reopened.\n\n### June 2020\n\nOn 1 June, railway connections between a number of Ukrainian cities were re\\-opened.\n\nDomestic flights resumed on 5 June, along with the reopening of restaurants, cafes and religious establishments.\n\nInternational flights resumed on 15 June, but as of this date, Ukrainians could only travel to Albania, Belarus, the UK, US, and Turkey.\n\n### July–December 2020\n\nAfter the government eased restrictions, cases began to surge in August. The government passed some stricter measures, such as closing the country's borders. In mid\\-September, over 1,000 Orthodox Jewish pilgrims attempting to enter the country from Belarus were blocked from entering Ukraine.\n\nCases began to rise sharply from July which began to top 10,000 cases a day by November.\n\nOn 9 November, Ukraine's president, [Volodymr Zelensky](/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky \"Volodymyr Zelensky\") announced he had tested positive for COVID\\-19\\. He was admitted to hospital three days later. His spokeswoman said that he did this so that he could \"accurately isolate and not expose anyone\" although he said that there was \"nothing serious\" about his condition.\n\nOn 11 November, the government approved weekend lockdowns were non\\-essential businesses would close for the weekend for three weeks starting from 14 November.\n\nOn 23 December, Ukraine surpassed one million COVID\\-19 cases.\n\n### January 2021\n\nOn 8 January, Ukraine introduced a new lockdown in an effort to curb high daily infection numbers. Ukraine lifted most of these lockdown restrictions, roughly three weeks later, on 25 January. The lockdown was largely successful, with Ukraine's Health Minister stating \"Such statistics, which indicate the stabilisation of the situation, the improvement of the situation could be obtained only thanks to you, Ukrainians.\"\n\n### February 2021\n\nAn antibody study done by Synevo laboratories showed that in January 2021 already 44% to 60% of all Ukrainians depending on region were infected compared to 33% in October 2020 and 9% in July 2020\\. The reported numbers of daily new cases and daily deaths had been decreasing since December 2020, but during this month, that trend reversed. Ukraine launched its vaccination campaign on 24 February after a slight delay. 500,000 doses of the [AstraZeneca vaccine](/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") were received from the [Serum Institute of India](/wiki/Serum_Institute_of_India \"Serum Institute of India\").\n\n### October–December 2021\n\nNew infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021\\. On 25 October Ukrainian health authorities reported a record daily high of 734 coronavirus\\-related deaths and 19,120 new infections. The recorded previous high of 614 deaths was set three days earlier.\n\nAccording to data from the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\"), by mid\\-December the number of infections was gradually retreating with twice as many recoveries per day as infections. [Kovid is gradually retreating: twice as many recoveries per day as infections](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/12/12/7317110/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (12 December 2021\\) On 11 December 238 coronavirus\\-related deaths were reported, 5,275 cases of infections were detected and 11\\.6 thousand people recovered from COVID\\-19\\.\n\n### Russian invasion of Ukraine (February 2022–present)\n\nAs the Russian invasion of Ukraine broke out, there were concerns that COVID\\-19 may become a bigger problem moving forward, alongside a [polio](/wiki/Polio \"Polio\") epidemic. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that further COVID\\-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future.\n\nOn 1 July 2023, all emergency measures related to COVID\\-19 in Ukraine were ended as the Health Ministry downgraded its status from an emergency to a permanent healthcare problem, with the response being the same as other respiratory diseases.\n\n",
"### January 2020\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Staff monitoring passengers' body temperature on board a plane in [Boryspil International Airport](/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport \"Boryspil International Airport\").](/wiki/File:Passengers%27_body_temperature_check_in_KBP_%286%29.jpg \"Passengers' body temperature check in KBP (6).jpg\")\n\nOn 27 January 2020, [SkyUp](/wiki/SkyUp \"SkyUp\"), a Ukrainian low\\-cost charter airline, announced that it had suspended flights to [Sanya](/wiki/Sanya \"Sanya\"), in Hainan, China until March.\n\n",
"### February 2020\n\nOn 4 February, [Ukraine International Airlines](/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines \"Ukraine International Airlines\") suspended its charter service to [Sanya Phoenix International Airport](/wiki/Sanya_Phoenix_International_Airport \"Sanya Phoenix International Airport\") in Hainan. Initially, the suspension was set to last until 24 February, however the airline has not yet indicated when it will resume flights.\n\nOn 24 February, [Boryspil International Airport](/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport \"Boryspil International Airport\") and [Kyiv International Airport](/wiki/Kyiv_International_Airport \"Kyiv International Airport\") were supposed to implement thermal screening procedures for travellers from Italy, but airport staff were either underequipped (with thermal cameras) or ignored the protocol.\n\n",
"### March 2020\n\nOn 3 March, Ukraine announced its first confirmed [SARS\\-CoV\\-2](/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 \"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\") case, a man who had travelled from Italy to Romania by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.\n\nOn 12 March, two more SARS\\-CoV\\-2 cases were confirmed in Ukraine. The diagnosis was confirmed for a man in Chernivtsi Oblast, whose wife had recently returned from Italy, and for a 71\\-year\\-old woman in Zhytomyr Oblast, who had returned from Poland on 1 March. The woman, from [Radomyshl](/wiki/Radomyshl \"Radomyshl\"), in Zhytomyr Oblast, died on 13 March, becoming the first fatal case in the country.\n\n[thumb\\|Wearing a face mask in public places was made obligatory in Ukraine on 6 April 2020](/wiki/File:Women_wearing_mask_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Khmelnytskyi%2C_April_2020.jpg \"Women wearing mask during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khmelnytskyi, April 2020.jpg\")\nOn 16 March, two new cases were confirmed in Chernivtsi Oblast, and two others in Kyiv. In Kyiv, one of the persons concerned was a student who had contacted the infected woman in Zhytomyr Oblast, while the other was a woman who had returned from France.\n\nOn 17 March, six more cases were confirmed in Chernivtsi Oblast, all of them had contacted the previously known case, including a 33\\-year\\-old woman who died. The first cases of children being infected were reported. One case was confirmed in Kyiv Oblast, a man who had recently come from abroad, who was later confirmed to be a People's Deputy of Ukraine.\n\nOn 18 March, [member of the Ukrainian parliament](/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine \"People's Deputy of Ukraine\") [Serhii Shakhov](/wiki/Serhii_Shakhov \"Serhii Shakhov\") stated that he was SARS\\-CoV\\-2 positive after denying it earlier in the day. *[Kyiv Post](/wiki/Kyiv_Post \"Kyiv Post\")* counted Shakhov as being among the total of 14 people in Ukraine with laboratory confirmations of being SARS\\-CoV\\-2 positive.\n\nLater that day, two new cases were announced: the second one for Kyiv Oblast (the wife of the man earlier reported) and the first one for Donetsk Oblast (a 52\\-year\\-old man who had visited Egypt).\n\nOn 19 March, the third case was confirmed in Kyiv (a person who had travelled from Switzerland), and the second in Zhytomyr Oblast (a 56\\-year\\-old man from Zhytomyr who had returned from Austria). The same day, the first cases were reported in Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, also five new cases were reported in Chernivtsi Oblast, thereby increasing the total number of infected in Ukraine to 26\\.\n\nOn 20 March, the first case of recovery from [COVID\\-19](/wiki/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\") was reported for a man in Chernivtsi who was the first infected person in the country. On the same day, 15 new positive COVID\\-19 tests were confirmed across Ukraine: 10 in Chernivtsi Oblast, and one in each of Lviv, Ivano\\-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Ternopil, and Kyiv, raising the national total to 41 cases. The case from Kharkiv Oblast was a woman who had been diagnosed in Kyiv, and was being treated in Kyiv, and on 21 March was transferred from the statistics for Kharkiv to those for Kyiv.\n\nOn 21 March, according to the Ministry of Health, the total confirmed cases in Ukraine was 47\\. There were either six or seven new cases confirmed in Kyiv bringing the total to ten (of these eight had caught the disease abroad). In Donetsk Oblast, the first case of coronavirus was recorded and an emergency was declared in the oblast. The first patient was confirmed in [Lutsk](/wiki/Lutsk \"Lutsk\"), and in [disputed](/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea \"Political status of Crimea\") [Crimea](/wiki/Crimea \"Crimea\"). There were 417 people suspected of having coronavirus in Crimea and Sevastopol at the end of 21 March.\n\nAs of 10:00 on 23 March, there were 73 confirmed cases in Ukraine. During the previous 24 hours, 26 new cases were confirmed.\n\nAs of 10:00 on 24 March 11 new cases had been confirmed in Ukraine during the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 84 confirmed cases. This was later raised to 97 confirmed cases. The head of the Chernivtsi Oblast state administration, Serhiy Osachuk, said that 13 new cases of the disease had been confirmed in Chernivtsi Oblast. There were 38 infected people in the Ukrainian part of [Bukovina](/wiki/Bukovina \"Bukovina\").\n[thumb\\|High mask prices is Ukraine during COVID\\-19\\. 699 UAH.](/wiki/File:Mask_prices_is_Dnipro_during_COVID-19.jpg \"Mask prices is Dnipro during COVID-19.jpg\")\nAt 10:00 on 25 March, the Ministry of Health stated that 29 new cases had been confirmed in Ukraine during the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 113 confirmed cases. These included the first case in [Volyn Oblast](/wiki/Volyn_Oblast \"Volyn Oblast\"), the first two cases in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, two more cases in Kyiv, seven more in Kyiv Oblast, the first case in [Luhansk Oblast](/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast \"Luhansk Oblast\"), the first case in [Odesa Oblast](/wiki/Odesa_Oblast \"Odesa Oblast\"), two more cases in Ternopil Oblast, and 13 new cases in Chernivtsi Oblast that had been reported in the media the previous day. One person in the Ternopil Oblast died of the disease.\n\nOn 25 March, the Government introduced a 30\\-day emergency regime across Ukraine that was scheduled planned to end on 24 April.\n\nAt 10:00 on 26 March, the Ministry of Health stated that 43 new cases had been confirmed in Ukraine during the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 156 confirmed cases. One person in Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast died of the disease. By the end of 26 March, there were five confirmed cases in Sevastopol, and nine in the rest of Crimea; over 3,000 people were suspected of having the disease, and nearly 90 were isolated in hospitals in Crimea (including Sevastopol).\n\nAt 10:00 on 27 March, the Ministry announced that 62 more cases had been confirmed in Ukraine in the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 218 confirmed cases. Three more patients from Chernivtsi had recovered from the disease. This brought up to four the number of recovered people: three adults and a child. Repeated laboratory tests showed no trace of the virus, and another [Polymerase chain reaction](/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction \"Polymerase chain reaction\") (PCR) test had shown a negative reaction twice in a row.\n\nAt 10:00 on 28 March, the Ministry announced that 93 more cases had been confirmed in Ukraine in the previous 24 hours, bringing the total to 311 confirmed cases. Three more people had died, bringing the total to eight. Another person had recovered, bringing the total to five (four adults and one child). There were reported cases in all parts of Ukraine, except Kirovohrad Oblast.\n\nAt 10:00 on 29 March, the Ministry announced that 109 new cases had been confirmed, bringing the total to 418\\. There had been 248 new reports of suspicion of the disease, bringing the total to 1966 since the start of the year. Four cases had been confirmed in Kirovohrad Oblast. The two cases (one per Dnipropetrovsk and Mykolaiv Oblasts) shown in the statistics for 28 March had been moved to the statistics for Kyiv.\n\n",
"### April 2020\n\nOn 6 April, wearing a face mask was required by the government in public places. In [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), public places were clarified to include parks and streets.\n\nOn 21 April, it was reported that the Ministry planned to request an extension of the quarantine until 12 May, albeit with some exceptions, such as opening libraries and museums. A day later, the government extended the quarantine measures until 11 May; all measures remained in place, with the exception of granting access to public transport to potential blood donors.\n\n",
"### May 2020\n\n[thumb\\|A patient in Ukraine in May 2020 wears a [scuba mask](/wiki/Diving_mask \"Diving mask\") in the absence of [artificial ventilation](/wiki/Artificial_ventilation \"Artificial ventilation\")](/wiki/File:COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg \"COVID-19 patient wearing scuba mask in absence of available artificial lung ventilation. Chernivtsi, Ukraine.jpg\")\nOn 4 May, the Ukrainian government extended the quarantine until 22 May.\n\nA number of restrictions were lifted on 11 May. These included the re\\-opening of parks, squares, recreation areas, beauty salons, hairdressers and barber shops, cafes and restaurants with outdoor tables. The second stage of easing the quarantine is currently scheduled for 22 May, which envisages the reopening of nurseries, public transport, and hotels, and allowing sports competitions to be held.\n\nOn 25 May, the metro systems in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv_Metro \"Kyiv Metro\") and [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv_Metro \"Kharkiv Metro\") were reopened.\n\n",
"### June 2020\n\nOn 1 June, railway connections between a number of Ukrainian cities were re\\-opened.\n\nDomestic flights resumed on 5 June, along with the reopening of restaurants, cafes and religious establishments.\n\nInternational flights resumed on 15 June, but as of this date, Ukrainians could only travel to Albania, Belarus, the UK, US, and Turkey.\n\n",
"### July–December 2020\n\nAfter the government eased restrictions, cases began to surge in August. The government passed some stricter measures, such as closing the country's borders. In mid\\-September, over 1,000 Orthodox Jewish pilgrims attempting to enter the country from Belarus were blocked from entering Ukraine.\n\nCases began to rise sharply from July which began to top 10,000 cases a day by November.\n\nOn 9 November, Ukraine's president, [Volodymr Zelensky](/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky \"Volodymyr Zelensky\") announced he had tested positive for COVID\\-19\\. He was admitted to hospital three days later. His spokeswoman said that he did this so that he could \"accurately isolate and not expose anyone\" although he said that there was \"nothing serious\" about his condition.\n\nOn 11 November, the government approved weekend lockdowns were non\\-essential businesses would close for the weekend for three weeks starting from 14 November.\n\nOn 23 December, Ukraine surpassed one million COVID\\-19 cases.\n\n",
"### January 2021\n\nOn 8 January, Ukraine introduced a new lockdown in an effort to curb high daily infection numbers. Ukraine lifted most of these lockdown restrictions, roughly three weeks later, on 25 January. The lockdown was largely successful, with Ukraine's Health Minister stating \"Such statistics, which indicate the stabilisation of the situation, the improvement of the situation could be obtained only thanks to you, Ukrainians.\"\n\n",
"### February 2021\n\nAn antibody study done by Synevo laboratories showed that in January 2021 already 44% to 60% of all Ukrainians depending on region were infected compared to 33% in October 2020 and 9% in July 2020\\. The reported numbers of daily new cases and daily deaths had been decreasing since December 2020, but during this month, that trend reversed. Ukraine launched its vaccination campaign on 24 February after a slight delay. 500,000 doses of the [AstraZeneca vaccine](/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine \"Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine\") were received from the [Serum Institute of India](/wiki/Serum_Institute_of_India \"Serum Institute of India\").\n\n",
"### October–December 2021\n\nNew infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021\\. On 25 October Ukrainian health authorities reported a record daily high of 734 coronavirus\\-related deaths and 19,120 new infections. The recorded previous high of 614 deaths was set three days earlier.\n\nAccording to data from the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\"), by mid\\-December the number of infections was gradually retreating with twice as many recoveries per day as infections. [Kovid is gradually retreating: twice as many recoveries per day as infections](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/12/12/7317110/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (12 December 2021\\) On 11 December 238 coronavirus\\-related deaths were reported, 5,275 cases of infections were detected and 11\\.6 thousand people recovered from COVID\\-19\\.\n\n",
"### Russian invasion of Ukraine (February 2022–present)\n\nAs the Russian invasion of Ukraine broke out, there were concerns that COVID\\-19 may become a bigger problem moving forward, alongside a [polio](/wiki/Polio \"Polio\") epidemic. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that further COVID\\-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future.\n\nOn 1 July 2023, all emergency measures related to COVID\\-19 in Ukraine were ended as the Health Ministry downgraded its status from an emergency to a permanent healthcare problem, with the response being the same as other respiratory diseases.\n\n",
"Vaccination\n-----------\n\nVactination against COVID\\-19 in Ukraine started on 24 February 2021, [We started with Pfizer, but ended up with nothing: in Ukrzaliznytsia I can't decide how to vaccinate employees](https://www.unian.net/society/nachinali-s-pfizer-a-zakonchili-nichem-v-ukrzaliznyce-nikak-ne-mogu-opredelitsya-chem-vakcinirovat-sotrudnikov-novosti-ukrainy-11455960.html), [UNIAN](/wiki/UNIAN \"UNIAN\") (16 June 2021\\) but the tempo of vaccinating has been extremely slow compared to other European countries. [Ukraine needs to make more efforts to vaccinate the elderly \\- the World Bank](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/09/13/7306955/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (13 September 2021\\)\n\nOn August 30, 150,482 people were vaccinated against COVID\\-19: 50,690 people received a single dose, and 99,792 people their second. [9 million coronavirus vaccinations have already been given in Ukraine](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/08/31/7305527/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (31 August 2021\\) (The next month) in the week from 6 to 12 September, 921,443 vaccines were inoculated into Ukrainians (on 12September, 16,930 people received one dose and 28,218 people were fully immunized). [In a week, Ukrainians received more than 900,000 vaccinations against COVID](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/09/13/7306926/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (13 September 2021\\) This making the number of vaccinations given in Ukraine, since 24 February 2021,10,710,944\\. So 18% of the adult population of Ukraine had been vaccinated against COVID\\-19 by 13 September 2021\\. According to the official statistics of 6 September 2021, 7\\.6% of people over the age of 80 had received at least one dose of the vaccine, for people aged 40–59 this figure was slightly more than 19% and the most vaccinated group was people aged 18–19 years of whom 19\\.8% had received at least one dose of vaccine. On 14 October 2021 [Prime Minister](/wiki/Ukrainian_Prime_Minister \"Ukrainian Prime Minister\") [Denys Shmyhal](/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal \"Denys Shmyhal\") stated that all of the country's adult population should be vaccinated against COVID\\-19 by the end of the year.[Ukrainian PM not ruling repeated vaccination against COVID\\-19 in 2022](https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3315414-ukrainian-pm-not-ruling-repeated-vaccination-against-covid19-in-2022.html), [Ukrinform](/wiki/Ukrinform \"Ukrinform\") (14 September 2021\\)\n\nIn August 2021 56% of Ukrainians polled by the [Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation](/wiki/Ilko_Kucheriv_Democratic_Initiatives_Foundation \"Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation\") did not plan to be vaccinated. In the same poll 52% opposed mandatory vaccination against COVID\\-19\\. [More than half of Ukrainians do not plan to be vaccinated against COVID\\-19\\. Poll](https://life.pravda.com.ua/health/2021/09/13/245888/), [Ukrayinska Pravda \\- Life](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (13 September 2021\\) The same poll also revealed that 23% of those polled considered vaccination an effective means of protection against COVID\\-19\\. [Only 23% of Ukrainians consider vaccination effective for the prevention of COVID\\-19\\. Poll](https://life.pravda.com.ua/health/2021/09/13/245885/), [Ukrayinska Pravda \\- Life](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (13 September 2021\\) The most chosen effective methods of preventing coronavirus disease (according to the August 2021 polled Ukrainians) were \"washing your hands after leaving the street\" (54%), \"keeping distance from others\" (42%), \"being attentive to their well\\-being and the health of others\" (39%), and \"[wearing a mask](/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic \"Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic\")\" (36%).\n\nDemand for vaccinations surged after new infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021\\. From 15 to 21 October, almost 1 million people were inoculated in Ukraine. On 21 October 16% of [Ukraine's population](/wiki/Population_of_Ukraine \"Population of Ukraine\") was inoculated. Making Ukraine still one of the least\\-vaccinated countries in Europe.[Eastern European Vaccine Skeptics Embrace Shots as Cases Soar](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-22/east-europe-vaccine-skeptics-finally-embrace-jabs-as-cases-soar), [Bloomberg News](/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\") (22 October 2021\\) On 23 October 2021 the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\") announced that 6\\.96 million Ukrainians had been fully vaccinated (out of a population of 41 million). [7 million Ukrainians have already been fully vaccinated against Covid](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/10/24/7311481/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (24 October 2021\\)[Record Daily High Of Coronavirus\\-Related Deaths Reported By Ukraine](https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-covid-record-deaths/31529744.html), [Radio Free Europe](/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe \"Radio Free Europe\") (25 October 2021\\) An unknown number of Ukrainians had purchased an illegal fake COVID\\-19 vaccine certificate. (Sold from [$](/wiki/US_dollar \"US dollar\")20 to $200 with some costing as much as $380\\.[Ukraine's black market in COVID vaccine certificates](https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukraines-black-market-covid-vaccine-certificates/story?id=80722257), [ABC News](/wiki/ABC_News_%28United_States%29 \"ABC News (United States)\") (23 October 2021\\)) By 25 October (2021\\) 800 criminal cases for forged certificates or tests for coronavirus had been opened in Ukraine. [800 criminal cases have already been opened for forged covid certificates](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/10/25/7311652/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (25 October 2021\\) Also on 25 October Ukrainian authorities reported a record daily high of 734 coronavirus\\-related deaths.\n\nOn 17 December 2021, the [Ministry of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\") announced that 46\\.1% of Ukrainian adults had received at least one shot of a coronavirus vaccine, while 41\\.3% of the adult population had completed their vaccination.[Ukraine registers 8,899 new cases of COVID\\-19, 328 deaths in past 24 hours](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/786586.html), [Interfax\\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine \"Interfax-Ukraine\") (17 December 2021\\) Three days later the ministry stated that since the launch of the inoculation campaign 14,386,387 people had been vaccinated, of whom 14,386,385 received their first dose and 12,986,872 fully immunized (with two jabs).\n\nOn 7 January 2022, the Ministry of Health announced that 44\\.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination.\n\nBy 18 January 2022, 131,178 Ukrainians had received a booster dose.[Over 85,000 Ukrainians vaccinated against COVID\\-19 on Jan 18](https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3387600-over-85000-ukrainians-vaccinated-against-covid19-on-jan-18.html), [Ukrinform](/wiki/Ukrinform \"Ukrinform\") (19 January 2022\\) Following the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), the Ukrainian vaccination program continued, although on a much smaller scale with 50–60 thousand people being vaccinated in a week by late May 2022\\. Vaccination continued in all regions of Ukraine, except in [Luhansk](/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast \"Luhansk Oblast\") and [Donetsk Oblast](/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast \"Donetsk Oblast\").\n\nOn 19 September 2022 the Ministry of Health announced the offer a third dose of the vaccine to everyone four months after their previous injection.\n\n",
"Cases by region\n---------------\n\nThe following information was reported as of 9:00 am on 27 July 2021:\n\n| Region | Cases | Deaths | Recovered | Active |\n| |71394\n\n1699\n\n69506\n\n189\n\n| |62274\n\n1204\n\n61020\n\n50\n\n| |136319\n\n4499\n\n131284\n\n536\n\n| |91389\n\n2388\n\n88520\n\n481\n\n| |88748\n\n1803\n\n86713\n\n232\n\n| |62209\n\n1608\n\n60508\n\n93\n\n| |105084\n\n2451\n\n102323\n\n310\n\n| |86825\n\n2107\n\n84615\n\n103\n\n| | 128075 | 2767 | 124841 | 467 |\n| | 20706 | 856 | 19739 | 111 |\n| | 27041 | 971 | 25719 | 351 |\n| | 138014 | 3681 | 133809 | 524 |\n| | 70323 | 1865 | 68252 | 206 |\n| | 141693 | 3008 | 137788 | 897 |\n| | 78226 | 1872 | 76112 | 242 |\n| | 79657 | 1207 | 78383 | 67 |\n| | 78362 | 1343 | 76713 | 306 |\n| | 70167 | 1204 | 68898 | 65 |\n| | 149212 | 3594 | 144954 | 664 |\n| | 36272 | 1162 | 34726 | 384 |\n| | 89171 | 1890 | 87114 | 167 |\n| | 82141 | 1321 | 80431 | 389 |\n| | 80114 | 1796 | 78193 | 125 |\n| | 57727 | 1352 | 55996 | 379 |\n| | 218201 | 5228 | 208723 | 4250 |\n\n **Total** |\n2249344\n\n52876\n\n2184880\n\n11588\n|\n\nData from the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, the [Autonomous Republic of Crimea](/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea \"Autonomous Republic of Crimea\"), and the city of [Sevastopol](/wiki/Sevastopol \"Sevastopol\") is excluded from the daily updates by the [Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare](/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_%28Ukraine%29 \"Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)\"). The unrecognized [Donetsk People's Republic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Donetsk People's Republic\") and the unrecognized [Luhansk People's Republic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic \"COVID-19 pandemic in the Luhansk People's Republic\") report numbers independently, while [Russia](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia \"COVID-19 pandemic in Russia\") includes the annexed [Republic of Crimea](/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_%28Russia%29 \"Republic of Crimea (Russia)\") in its numbers.\n\n",
"",
"### Charts\n\n#### Total number of cases\n\n#### Number of new cases per day\n\n#### Number of deaths per day\n\n \n\n \n\n",
"#### Total number of cases\n\n",
"#### Number of new cases per day\n\n",
"#### Number of deaths per day\n\n \n\n \n\n",
"",
"Three different quarantine zones\n--------------------------------\n\nThe [Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine](/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Ukraine \"Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine\") has set four different levels of epidemic danger:\n* the \"green\" zone; where there is a requirement for the mandatory wearing of masks in public buildings and transport\n* the \"yellow\" zone; where (in addition to the mask mode and the need to maintain a distance) mass events with the participation of more than one person per four square meters of the area of the premises or territory is prohibited, the congestion of cinemas and other cultural institutions by more than 50% of seats is prohibited, the congestion of gyms and fitness centers with more than one person by 10 square meters is prohibited and the work of educational institutions will be closed, except for those where at least 80% of employees have a \"yellow\" or \"green\" COVID certificate\n* the \"red\" epidemiological zone; where it will be prohibited to supply public catering (except for targeted delivery and take\\-out orders) and shopping and entertainment centers, cinemas, theaters, entertainment establishments, cultural institutions (except for historical and cultural reserves) film and video filming, non\\-food markets and shops, gyms, swimming pools and fitness centers, educational institutions, mass events (except for official sports events and matches of team playing sports without spectators), hotels, hostels, etc. will be closed;\n\nThese restrictions will not apply if all staff and all visitors, except those under 18, are fully vaccinated against COVID\\-19\\.[Cabinet updates quarantine restrictions at different levels of epidemic](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/767827.html), [Interfax\\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine \"Interfax-Ukraine\") (14 September 2021\\)\n\nOn 9 June 2021 all [Ukrainian regions](/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine \"Oblasts of Ukraine\") were set in a 'green' quarantine zone.[All Ukrainian regions transferred to 'green' quarantine zone](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/749095.html), [Interfax\\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine \"Interfax-Ukraine\") (9 June 2021\\)\n\nOn 23 September 2021 all of Ukraine was set to the \"yellow\" zone. [From September 23 in all regions of Ukraine \\- \"yellow\" level of epidemiological danger](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/09/21/7307872/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (21 September 2021\\)\n\nOn 15 October [Kherson Oblast](/wiki/Kherson_Oblast \"Kherson Oblast\") was classified as a \"red\" zone and on 18 October [Zaporizhzhia Oblast](/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast \"Zaporizhzhia Oblast\"), [Odesa Oblast](/wiki/Odesa_Oblast \"Odesa Oblast\"), [Donetsk Oblast](/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast \"Donetsk Oblast\") and [Dnipropetrovsk Oblast](/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast \"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast\") were also made a \"red\" zone. On 23 October [Sumy Oblast](/wiki/Sumy_Oblast \"Sumy Oblast\") and on 26 October [Rivne Oblast](/wiki/Rivne_Oblast \"Rivne Oblast\") and [Mykolaiv Oblast](/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast \"Mykolaiv Oblast\") joined them.[Rivne, Mykolaiv regions enter 'red' zone for COVID\\-19 from Oct 26](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/775199.html), [Interfax\\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine \"Interfax-Ukraine\") (23 October 2021\\) On 30 October 2021 [Zhytomyr Oblast](/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast \"Zhytomyr Oblast\"), [Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast](/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast \"Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast\"), [Kyiv Oblast](/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast \"Kyiv Oblast\"), [Luhansk Oblast](/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast \"Luhansk Oblast\"), [Lviv Oblast](/wiki/Lviv_Oblast \"Lviv Oblast\"), [Khmelnytskyi Oblast](/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast \"Khmelnytskyi Oblast\") and [Chernihiv Oblast](/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast \"Chernihiv Oblast\") also become \"red\" zones.[Zhytomyr, Ivano\\-Frankivsk, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Khmelnytsky and Chernihiv regions to be in 'red' zone on COVID\\-19 from Oct 30](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/775777.html), [Interfax\\-Ukraine](/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine \"Interfax-Ukraine\") (27 October 2021\\) (The city of) [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") was placed in the \"red\" zone on 1 November 2021\\. [Kyiv will officially move to the \"red\" zone of Covid\\-19 on November 1](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/10/28/7312011/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (28 October 2021\\)\n\nOn 28 November 2021 only [Zakarpattia Oblast](/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast \"Zakarpattia Oblast\"), [Kirovohrad Oblast](/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast \"Kirovohrad Oblast\"), [Ternopil Oblast](/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast \"Ternopil Oblast\"), [Kharkiv Oblast](/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast \"Kharkiv Oblast\") and [Chernivtsi Oblast](/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast \"Chernivtsi Oblast\") were in the yellow zone, [Poltava Oblast](/wiki/Poltava_Oblast \"Poltava Oblast\") was in the orange zone, and the rest of the regions had been placed in the red zone. [Already 5 regions of Ukraine are in the yellow zone of epidemic danger](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/11/28/7315506/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (28 November 2021\\)\n\nOn 23 December 2021 only [Zaporizhzhia Oblast](/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast \"Zaporizhzhia Oblast\") and [Volyn Oblast](/wiki/Volyn_Oblast \"Volyn Oblast\") remained in the red zone and all other were a yellow zone. [Only two oblasts in Ukraine meet the Covid\\-19 red zone criteria](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/12/22/7318229/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (22 December 2021\\) 7 days later Zaporizhzhia Oblast and Volyn Oblast also became a yellow zone. [The last two areas are removed from the \"red\" zone](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/12/28/7318837/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (28 December 2021\\)\n\nOn 29 January 2022, there were two regions (Ivano\\-Frankivsk Oblast and Rivne Oblast) a red zone, 16 regions (Vinnytsia Oblast, Volyn Oblast, Donetsk Oblast, Zhytomyr Oblast, Zakarpattia Oblast, Zaporizhia Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Lviv Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Khmelnytsky Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Chernihiv Oblast) were an orange zone and only (the city of) Kyiv, as well as Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Kyiv Oblast, Kirovohrad Oblast, Poltava Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast and Kherson Oblast regions remained \"yellow\". [Only 7 regions of Ukraine remain \"yellow\"](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/01/29/7322145/), [Ukrayinska Pravda](/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda \"Ukrayinska Pravda\") (29 January 2022\\)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [COVID\\-19 pandemic death rates by country](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country\")\n* [COVID\\-19 pandemic in Europe](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe \"COVID-19 pandemic in Europe\")\n* [COVID\\-19 pandemic by country and territory](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory \"COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Ukraine](/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic_by_country \"COVID-19 pandemic by country\")\n[Covid](/wiki/Category:2020_in_Ukraine \"2020 in Ukraine\")\n[Covid](/wiki/Category:2021_in_Ukraine \"2021 in Ukraine\")\n[Covid](/wiki/Category:2022_in_Ukraine \"2022 in Ukraine\")\n[Category:Volodymyr Zelenskyy](/wiki/Category:Volodymyr_Zelenskyy \"Volodymyr Zelenskyy\")\n[Covid](/wiki/Category:2020_disasters_in_Ukraine \"2020 disasters in Ukraine\")\n[Covid](/wiki/Category:2021_disasters_in_Ukraine \"2021 disasters in Ukraine\")\n[Covid](/wiki/Category:2022_disasters_in_Ukraine \"2022 disasters in Ukraine\")\n\n"
]
} |
Arthur Purser | {
"id": [
24435627
],
"name": [
"Berserker276"
]
} | 6cuoy81cn4pnxn8k9yxlsq129bsjw7r | 2022-10-21T20:47:08Z | 1,096,956,653 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Military career",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Major\\-General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major-general (United Kingdom)\") **Arthur William Purser** (21 September 1884 – 21 December 1953\\) was a [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") officer.\n\n",
"Military career\n---------------\n\nEducated at [Marlborough College](/wiki/Marlborough_College \"Marlborough College\") and the [Royal Military Academy, Woolwich](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich \"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich\"), Purser was [commissioned](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29 \"Officer (armed forces)\") into the [Royal Field Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery \"Royal Field Artillery\") on 15 July 1903 and saw service in France during the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), where he was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\") in 1917 while serving as an [adjutant](/wiki/Adjutant \"Adjutant\") to a RFA brigade.\n\nRemaining in the army during the [interwar period](/wiki/Interwar_period \"Interwar period\") and, after serving for several years at the [Royal School of Artillery, Larkhill](/wiki/Royal_School_of_Artillery \"Royal School of Artillery\"), Purser became commander of the 1st Heavy Brigade, [Royal Artillery](/wiki/Royal_Artillery \"Royal Artillery\") in 1931, an instructor at the [Senior Officers' School, Sheerness](/wiki/Senior_Officers%27_School%2C_Sheerness \"Senior Officers' School, Sheerness\") in 1935 and Brigadier, Royal Artillery at [Eastern Command](/wiki/Eastern_Command_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Eastern Command (United Kingdom)\") in 1937\\. The following year saw him promoted to the rank of [major\\-general](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major-general (United Kingdom)\").\n\nIn September 1939, the month the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") began, he went on to be [General Officer Commanding](/wiki/General_officer_commanding \"General officer commanding\") (GOC) of the newly raised [66th Infantry Division](/wiki/66th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"66th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\"), a [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\") (TA) formation. His command of the division was destined to be short\\-lived, however, as ill\\-health forced him into retirement from the army, after more than thirty\\-six years of service, in January 1940, with [Alan Cunningham](/wiki/Alan_Cunningham \"Alan Cunningham\") succeeding him in command of the 66th Division.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Generals of World War II](https://generals.dk/general/Purser/Arthur_William/Great_Britain.html)\n\n[Category:1884 births](/wiki/Category:1884_births \"1884 births\")\n[Category:1953 deaths](/wiki/Category:1953_deaths \"1953 deaths\")\n[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Officers of the Order of the British Empire\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Military_Cross \"Recipients of the Military Cross\")\n[Category:Royal Field Artillery officers](/wiki/Category:Royal_Field_Artillery_officers \"Royal Field Artillery officers\")\n[Category:British Army generals of World War II](/wiki/Category:British_Army_generals_of_World_War_II \"British Army generals of World War II\")\n[Category:British Army personnel of World War I](/wiki/Category:British_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I \"British Army personnel of World War I\")\n[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich](/wiki/Category:Graduates_of_the_Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich \"Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich\")\n[Category:People educated at Marlborough College](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Marlborough_College \"People educated at Marlborough College\")\n[Category:British Army major generals](/wiki/Category:British_Army_major_generals \"British Army major generals\")\n\n"
]
} |
Stato di natura | {
"id": [
11554556
],
"name": [
"Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars"
]
} | m2zhg6zscquwhpoewzwfie6d9l2cw3y | 2024-08-09T00:44:18Z | 1,229,894,925 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Music video",
"Track listing",
"Charts",
"Release history",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"* + \n\t\"****\" is a song written and performed by Italian singer [Francesca Michielin](/wiki/Francesca_Michielin \"Francesca Michielin\") and Italian [rock](/wiki/Rock_music \"Rock music\") band [Måneskin](/wiki/M%C3%A5neskin \"Måneskin\"). The song was released as a digital download on 13 March 2020 by [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\") as the fifth single from Michielin's fourth studio album *[Feat (stato di natura)](/wiki/Feat_%28stato_di_natura%29 \"Feat (stato di natura)\")*. The song has peaked at number 99 on the [Italian Singles Chart](/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana \"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana\").\n\nIn 2021 \"\" received a nomination for the Amnesty Award \"Voices for Freedom\", recognizing song recordings focusing on human rights and released by Italian artists.\n\n",
"Music video\n-----------\n\nAn official [music video](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") to accompany the release of \"\" was first released onto [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") on 19 March 2020\\.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"Charts\n------\n\n| Chart (2019\\) | Peakposition |\n|\n\n",
"Release history\n---------------\n\n| Region | Date | Format | Label |\n| Italy | | [Digital download](/wiki/Music_download \"Music download\") | [RCA Records](/wiki/RCA_Records \"RCA Records\") |\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2020 songs](/wiki/Category:2020_songs \"2020 songs\")\n[Category:2020 singles](/wiki/Category:2020_singles \"2020 singles\")\n[Category:Francesca Michielin songs](/wiki/Category:Francesca_Michielin_songs \"Francesca Michielin songs\")\n[Category:Måneskin songs](/wiki/Category:M%C3%A5neskin_songs \"Måneskin songs\")\n[Category:Songs written by Francesca Michielin](/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Francesca_Michielin \"Songs written by Francesca Michielin\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Abernethy House | {
"id": [
80913
],
"name": [
"Ham II"
]
} | f417suuu8otwa9gd0tds0qgokts3u6j | 2023-07-02T21:11:29Z | 1,083,489,584 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Abernethy House in May 2010](/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_%284625036404%29.jpg \"Robert Louis Stevenson (4625036404).jpg\")\n**Abernethy House** at **7 Mount Vernon** is a house in [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead \"Hampstead\") in the [London Borough of Camden](/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden \"London Borough of Camden\"). It has been [listed Grade II](/wiki/Listed_building%23England_and_Wales \"Listed building#England and Wales\") on the [National Heritage List for England](/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England \"National Heritage List for England\") (NHLE) since May 1974\\. It was originally built as a girls school around 1819\\. It is a 2\\-storey house with attics with a double front with 3 windows. A wooden door case surrounds the central entrance.\n\nThe house was a lodging house by the 1870s. In 1873 the writer [Robert Louis Stevenson](/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson \"Robert Louis Stevenson\") stayed here for the first time. it was whilst staying at the house that Stevenson wrote that \"Hampstead is the most delightful place for air and scenery near London\". Stevenson also stayed here with [Sidney Colvin](/wiki/Sidney_Colvin \"Sidney Colvin\").\n\nA plaque erected by the commemorates Stevenston's stay at the house.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Grade II listed houses in the London Borough of Camden](/wiki/Category:Grade_II_listed_houses_in_the_London_Borough_of_Camden \"Grade II listed houses in the London Borough of Camden\")\n[Category:Houses completed in the 18th century](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_the_18th_century \"Houses completed in the 18th century\")\n[Category:Houses in Hampstead](/wiki/Category:Houses_in_Hampstead \"Houses in Hampstead\")\n\n"
]
} |
Charlotte von Hezel | {
"id": [
16185737
],
"name": [
"Smasongarrison"
]
} | sq9ye2y99yz8xnax5eu14jenuo7gn01 | 2024-10-13T02:53:52Z | 1,243,327,134 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life and work",
"Weekly Paper for the Fair Sex",
"Women's Reading Society",
"References",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Charlotte von Hezel**, also known as **Charlotte Henriette Hezel** (née **Schwabe**; 8 January 1755, in [Ilmenau](/wiki/Ilmenau \"Ilmenau\") – 3 April 1817, in [Dorpat](/wiki/Dorpat \"Dorpat\")) was a German writer, editor and journalist. She was the first woman to publish a magazine under her own name, the *Wochenblatt für's Schöne Geschlecht* (English: \"The Weekly Newspaper for the Fair Sex\").\n\n",
"Life and work\n-------------\n\nHezel was the only daughter of four children of the pastor and superintendent Johann Wilhelm Schwabe and his wife Dorothea Crusius, a \"talented *Gelegenheitsdichterin* ([occasional poet](/wiki/Occasional_poetry \"Occasional poetry\"))\".\n\nShe received a literary and musical education in her parents' house.Carl Wilhelm August von Schindel: *The German women writers of the 19th century.* Leipzig 1823, p. 212f. Her three brothers received a university education and worked as ministers, lawyers and doctors. Hezel was mainly taught by her brother Heinrich Elias.\n\nOn 14 June 1778, Charlotte married the private tutor and linguistic scholar Johann Wilhelm Friedrich von Hezel, with whom she initially lived near [Ilmenau](/wiki/Ilmenau \"Ilmenau\") where Hezel, who had since been appointed imperial palatine, completed seven volumes of his Bible work with the help of his wife. Their sons had two sons and two daughters. Son Johann Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Hezel (1786–1831\\) completed a degree in philosophy and worked as a lawyer;[Baltic Historical Commission](/wiki/Baltische_Historische_Kommission \"Baltische Historische Kommission\") (ed.): [\" Entry on Johann Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Hezel\"](https://bbld.de/GND121016862). In: [Digital Baltic biographical lexicon](/wiki/Baltisches_biografisches_Lexikon_digital \"Baltisches biografisches Lexikon digital\"). the names and resumes of the other children are not known.\n\nIn 1779, Hezel began to publish her newspaper, *Wochenblatt für's Schöne Geschlecht*, in Ilmenau. She was the first woman to publish a magazine – four years before [Sophie von La Roche](/wiki/Sophie_von_La_Roche \"Sophie von La Roche\") with her *Pomona: Für Teutschlands Töchter* (English: *Pomona: For Germany's Daughters*). Hezel not only dealt with topics such as fashion and housekeeping in the magazine, but also wanted to contribute to the education of women and published texts on art history and literature, on medicine and other scientific contributions.\n\nWith the publication of this weekly, Charlotte von Hezel made a name for herself in the literary public and from then on was considered a literary and politically ambitious writer and editor.Hans Henning (ed.): *Weekly Paper for the Fair Sex.* Leipzig 1967, Weckel. pp. 59–74\n\nIn 1786, her husband accepted an appointment as a \"professor of exegesis and oriental literature\" in [Giessen](/wiki/Giessen \"Giessen\"), where the Hezel family lived until 1801\\.Heinrich Döring: *The learned theologians of Germany in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.* Verlag J.K.G. Wagner, 1831\\. p. 728 ff. During this time, Henriette Hezel alongside other wives of [University of Giessen](/wiki/University_of_Giessen \"University of Giessen\") lecturers founded the Women's Reading Society, using her friendship with [Christoph Gottlieb von Murr](/wiki/Christoph_Gottlieb_von_Murr \"Christoph Gottlieb von Murr\"). In 1801 the von Giessen family moved to [Dorpat](/wiki/Tartu \"Tartu\") after Wilhelm Friedrich Hezel accepted a job there.\n\n",
"Weekly Paper for the Fair Sex\n-----------------------------\n\nWomen's magazines gradually became popular at the beginning of the 18th century (The world's first women's magazine \"[The Ladies' Mercury](/wiki/The_Ladies%27_Mercury \"The Ladies' Mercury\")\" appeared in 1693\\). Initially, the writings were published by men, until 1779 the Hamburg woman [Ernestine Hofmann](/wiki/Ernestine_Hofmann \"Ernestine Hofmann\") – anonymously and without revealing her female identity – was the first woman to publish the sheet for Hamburg's daughters, but hit \"behind the fictitious authority of a wise old ... counsellor and woman friend\".Helga Neumann: *Between emancipation and adaptation*. p. 141 Charlotte von Hezel followed her in the same year, also anonymously, but was open about the fact that she was a woman, and gave clear indications about her real\\-life identity.*ibid.*\n\nThe magazine was published twice a week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, with a length of eight pages each. The issues were mainly devoted to art and artist stories,*Frauenzimmer\\- Dietetik*, and the display of new writings. Hezel sought to convey to women the content of the weekly newspaper knowledge that went beyond the area of family life and the effectiveness of contemporary women, which was largely limited to home and family.\n\nThe title page was often adorned with a [gloss](/wiki/Gloss_%28annotation%29 \"Gloss (annotation)\") or a poem. In the first edition, Hezel published one of her own poems.\n\nFor the first time in a weekly there was a series of articles dealing with the women's [diets](/wiki/Dieting \"Dieting\") from a popular medical point of view. According to the editor, these were written by a doctor; however, she does not name the author. Possibly it was Hezel's brother Ernst Schwabe , who was a medical professor in Giessen.Ulrike Weckel: *Between domesticity and the public. The first German women's magazines in the late 18th century and their audience*. Tübingen 1998\\. p. 237\n\nAnother section contained popular scientific treatises, for example \"About the Age of Sealing Wax or Spanish Waxes\" or \"History of the Engraving Art\", while fictional entertainment played no role in the script.\n\nThe weekly only appeared in four booklets for eight months, according to von Hezel, not because there was a lack of subscribers, but because the then unreliable postal distribution channels caused too many difficulties. In a last post, Hezel made her displeasure with the Nuremberg and the difficulties and delays in public postal delivery.Ulrike Weckel: *Between domesticity and the public. The first German women's magazines in the late 18th century and their audience*. Tübingen 1998\\. pp. 60/61\n\nArchangeli had 163 subscribers, both male and female.\n\n",
"Women's Reading Society\n-----------------------\n\nIn 1786, Charlotte von Hezel and other wives of Giessen university professors founded a women's reading society in which men were denied access by statute (\"... where no hint of a male nation should touch the room ...\").Justus Friedrich Krieger: *Directory of new books which came out in the Frankfurt and Leipzig autumn fairs in 1789 and are available in cheap prices from Justus Friedrich Krieger, the older university bookseller in Giessen*. Giessen 1789, p. 46\\. The founders cooperated with the bookseller Friedrich Justus warrior who created the logistical requirements, so the premises and the book and journal collection made available. Only the participants decided on the membership and composition of their library – a novelty at that time.\n\nWith von Hezel's departure, Christiane Crome, the sister of August Wilhelm Crome, professor of photography science in Giessen, continued the reading circle, whose fate is unknown.<http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/epoche/haug_frauenlesegesellschaft.pdf> Goethezeitportal of the University of Munich: Women's Reading Society (PDF; 146 kB) Haaser, [http://geb.uni\\-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2011/7984/pdf/NeesChrista\\_2010\\_11\\_05\\.pdf](http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2011/7984/pdf/NeesChrista_2010_11_05.pdf), note 140, p. 38\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Christine Haugg: *Female sociability and literary conspiracy in the run\\-up to the French Revolution – About the project to found a women's reading society in Giessen 1789/1790*.\n* Helga Neumann: *Zwischen Emanzipation und Anpassung. Protagonistinnen des deutschen Zeitschriftenwesens im ausgehenden 18\\. Jahrhundert (1779–1795\\)*. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann , 1999, (in German).\n* Charlotte Henriette Hezel: weekly paper for the fair sex. Reprint of the 1779 edition. With an afterword by Hans Henning. [Edition Leipzig](/wiki/Edition_Leipzig \"Edition Leipzig\"), 1967\\.\n* Ezra Greenspan, Jonathan Rose: *Book History.* Volume 2\\. Penn State Press 1999\\. (English).\n* Carl Wilhelm August von Schindel: *The German Writers of the 19th Century*. Leipzig 1823, pp. 212f.\n* Baltic Historical Commission (ed.): Entry to Johann Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Hezel. In: BBLD – Baltic biographical lexicon digital\n* Hans Henning (ed.): Weekly newspaper for the fair sex. Leipzig 1967, Weckel. Pp. 59–74\n* Heinrich Döring: The learned theologians of Germany in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Publisher JKG Wagner, 1831, p. 728 ff.\n\n[Category:1755 births](/wiki/Category:1755_births \"1755 births\")\n[Category:1817 deaths](/wiki/Category:1817_deaths \"1817 deaths\")\n[Category:German emigrants to the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:German_emigrants_to_the_Russian_Empire \"German emigrants to the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Journalists from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Journalists_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Journalists from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German women writers](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_women_writers \"18th-century German women writers\")\n[Category:19th\\-century German women writers](/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_women_writers \"19th-century German women writers\")\n[Category:19th\\-century German journalists](/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_journalists \"19th-century German journalists\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German journalists](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_journalists \"18th-century German journalists\")\n[Category:Occasional poets](/wiki/Category:Occasional_poets \"Occasional poets\")\n[Category:19th\\-century German writers](/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_writers \"19th-century German writers\")\n[Category:18th\\-century German women journalists](/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_women_journalists \"18th-century German women journalists\")\n[Category:19th\\-century German women journalists](/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_women_journalists \"19th-century German women journalists\")\n\n"
]
} |
Remote head (camera) | {
"id": [
25082147
],
"name": [
"Mazewaxie"
]
} | liptfxh3d6hmccmf68q1mcnoo1dfvcp | 2024-01-05T11:53:27Z | 1,048,305,539 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nIn [cinematography](/wiki/Cinematography \"Cinematography\"), **remote heads**, also known as 'hot' heads, or robos (robotic cameras) are motorized mechanical and/or electronic devices that are used as a mount for film, video or digital cinema cameras and can be controlled from a distance. In most cases this refers to control not only of the physical orientation of the camera body, such as pan (horizontal), tilt (vertical), roll (on axis for [Dutch angle](/wiki/Dutch_angle \"Dutch angle\")), but also control over many or all camera functions – focus, zoom, [color balance](/wiki/Color_balance \"Color balance\"), [gamma correction](/wiki/Gamma_correction \"Gamma correction\"), camera menus and other related functions.\n\nRemote heads are typically used in locations where it is difficult or dangerous to place a human [camera operator](/wiki/Camera_operator \"Camera operator\"). Because of their flexibility and their ability to create dynamic moving camera shots or angles remote heads have become common on camera [cranes](/wiki/Crane_shot \"Crane shot\")., or [jibs](/wiki/Jib_%28camera%29 \"Jib (camera)\"), as well as other modern film and television technology such as [cable\\-suspended camera systems](/wiki/Cable-suspended_camera_system \"Cable-suspended camera system\"), rail camera systems and underwater camera systems. The use of remote heads on camera cranes allowed the advancement of longer, smaller and telescoping camera cranes, which would not have been possible with a camera operator on board\n\nRemote heads are critical in motion\\-control camera systems that are used for [match moving](/wiki/Match_moving \"Match moving\"), repeatable moves, and integration with movie [computer\\-generated imagery](/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery \"Computer-generated imagery\") for [visual effects](/wiki/Visual_effects \"Visual effects\").\n\nRemote heads differ from [pan–tilt–zoom cameras](/wiki/Pan%E2%80%93tilt%E2%80%93zoom_camera \"Pan–tilt–zoom camera\") in that they are independent of the camera itself and thus can function with many different camera models and are designed to integrate with other television and video industry equipment.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Cinematography](/wiki/Category:Cinematography \"Cinematography\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jyoti Mhapsekar | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | 566f2kck8kzd18dlhcf51o8bjvtxrak | 2024-08-14T22:46:17Z | 1,226,381,774 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life",
"Awards",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jyoti Mhapsekar** (born c. 1950\\) is an Indian award winner. She is as a Social Activist, a playwright and a librarian. She is known for her role as founder and President of [Stree Mukti Sanghatana](/wiki/Stree_Mukti_Sanghatana \"Stree Mukti Sanghatana\"). She has won awards including the [Nari Shakti Puraskar](/wiki/Nari_Shakti_Puraskar \"Nari Shakti Puraskar\").\n\n",
"Life\n----\n\nBoth of her Mhapsekar's parents were freedom fighters before she was born in about 1950\\. She attended two schools that her mother had helped to create for the poor. She went to college where she graduated in zoology and library science and she later gained post graduate qualifications in sociology.\n\nIn 1975 she and six other women founded the [Stree Mukti Sanghatana](/wiki/Stree_Mukti_Sanghatana \"Stree Mukti Sanghatana\") (Women's Liberation Movement). In 1983 she wrote a play titled *Mulgi Zhali Ho* which investigated the issues raised by Stree Mukti Sanghatana. It was performed in [Marathi](/wiki/Marathi_language \"Marathi language\") and later in other languages. The play raised the issue of the secondary status of women during the entertainment but the education message was that if it was going to be changed then action was required.\n\nShe became an [Ashoka fellow](/wiki/Ashoka_fellow \"Ashoka fellow\") in 2001\\.\n\nShe has been a published playwright and she joined the organisation known as International Women Playwrights. She was an organiser and in November 2009 she was on the committee that organised that years international meeting in Mumbai.\n\nShe was the Chief Librarian at the Academy of Architecture but she retired from this to concentrate on her other interests. She became the President of the Stree Mukti Sanghatana.\nMhapsekar was chosen to receive the [Nari Shakti Puraskar](/wiki/Nari_Shakti_Puraskar \"Nari Shakti Puraskar\") on International Women's Day in 2016\\. The award was made by President [Pranab Mukherjee](/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee \"Pranab Mukherjee\") at the [Presidential palace](/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan \"Rashtrapati Bhavan\") in New Delhi. Another fourteen women and seven institutions were honoured that day.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nShe was a nominee for L'Oreal's Women of Worth awards in 2016\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1950 births](/wiki/Category:1950_births \"1950 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Indian librarians](/wiki/Category:Indian_librarians \"Indian librarians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Indian dramatists and playwrights](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_dramatists_and_playwrights \"21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights\")\n[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs](/wiki/Category:Indian_social_entrepreneurs \"Indian social entrepreneurs\")\n\n"
]
} |
Trsino | {
"id": [
41830889
],
"name": [
"MalnadachBot"
]
} | eabnikr0bnzs8dpwp9qfsai98fq9zj9 | 2022-03-06T11:19:10Z | 1,058,064,629 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Demographics",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Trsino** () is a [village](/wiki/Village \"Village\") in the [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia \"Municipalities of North Macedonia\") of [Vinica](/wiki/Vinica_Municipality%2C_Macedonia \"Vinica Municipality, Macedonia\"), [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\").\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAccording to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 730 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:Macedonian Census (2002\\), [*Book 5 \\- Total population according to the Ethnic Affiliation, Mother Tongue and Religion*](http://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/knigaX.pdf), The State Statistical Office, Skopje, 2002, p. 82\\.\n\n* [Macedonians](/wiki/Macedonians_%28ethnic_group%29 \"Macedonians (ethnic group)\") 723\n* [Turks](/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia \"Turks in North Macedonia\") 7\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Vinica Municipality, North Macedonia](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Vinica_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia \"Villages in Vinica Municipality, North Macedonia\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Chicago Board of Trade II | {
"id": [
36378140
],
"name": [
"Mistico Dois"
]
} | 36e1duynsr9yvvyo6s20mqmfoercjts | 2024-08-07T16:39:00Z | 1,234,695,845 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description and analysis",
"Public collections",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Chicago Board of Trade II*** is a colour photograph by German artist [Andreas Gursky](/wiki/Andreas_Gursky \"Andreas Gursky\") made in 1999\\. It was created following his usual process of taking several pictures of the same subject and then manipulating and merging the scanned results by computer.[Chicago, Board of Trade II, Tate Modern](https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gursky-chicago-board-of-trade-ii-p20191)\n\n",
"Description and analysis\n------------------------\n\nThe picture of large variable dimensions presents the floor of the [Chicago Board of Trade](/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade \"Chicago Board of Trade\"), where a large number of brokers, of different jacket colours, are seen in groups around several banks of monitors. The surrounding areas, which appeared in the first version, were cropped in this one. The image is deliberately blurred. Gursky achieved the sense of movement by using the double exposure of several sections of the picture. The image gives us a sense of the voracity of the world of broad of trades and of the contemporary capitalist world. [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern \"Tate Modern\") website describes it: \"Rather than being a straight depiction of the trading floor as a place, Gursky’s image seems to depict the brash, exuberant and unfathomable activity of the stock market as a global phenomenon.\"[Chicago, Board of Trade II, Tate Modern](https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gursky-chicago-board-of-trade-ii-p20191) The overall pattern seems reminiscent of the [abstract expressionist](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism \"Abstract expressionism\") painting, in particular of [Jackson Pollock](/wiki/Jackson_Pollock \"Jackson Pollock\").[Chicago, Board of Trade II (1999\\), Essential Journal](https://www.essentialjournal.co.uk/chicago-board-trade-ii-1999/)[Chicago Board of Trade II, Silent Frame](https://www.silent-frame.com/articles/1999-chicago-board-trade-andreas-gursky)\n\nA new version of the picture, *Chicago, Board of Trade III* (1999\\-2009\\) would be sold by $3,298,755 at [Sotheby's](/wiki/Sotheby%27s \"Sotheby's\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), on 26 June 2013\\.\n\n",
"Public collections\n------------------\n\nThis picture had a six copies edition, two of which are at the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern \"Tate Modern\"), in [London](/wiki/London \"London\").[Chicago, Board of Trade II, Tate Modern](https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gursky-chicago-board-of-trade-ii-p20191) There are also prints at the [Kunstmuseum](/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Bonn \"Kunstmuseum Bonn\"), in [Bonn](/wiki/Bonn \"Bonn\"), the [Museum of Contemporary Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art%2C_Chicago \"Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago\"), in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), and at the [Zabludowicz Collection](/wiki/Poju_Zabludowicz \"Poju Zabludowicz\").[Andreas Gursky, Chicago Board of Trade II, 1999, Museum of Contemporary Art of Chicago](https://mcachicago.org/Collection/Items/1999/Andreas-Gursky-Chicago-Board-Of-Trade-II-1999)[Zabludowicz Collection](https://www.zabludowiczcollection.com/collection/artists/view/andreas-gursky)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Color photographs](/wiki/Category:Color_photographs \"Color photographs\")\n[Category:Photographs by Andreas Gursky](/wiki/Category:Photographs_by_Andreas_Gursky \"Photographs by Andreas Gursky\")\n[Category:1999 works](/wiki/Category:1999_works \"1999 works\")\n[Category:1999 in art](/wiki/Category:1999_in_art \"1999 in art\")\n[Category:1990s photographs](/wiki/Category:1990s_photographs \"1990s photographs\")\n[Category:Photographs in the Tate galleries](/wiki/Category:Photographs_in_the_Tate_galleries \"Photographs in the Tate galleries\")\n\n"
]
} |
S&P Europe 350 Dividend Aristocrats | {
"id": [
47579512
],
"name": [
"Adriazeri"
]
} | h4j7dthzyzxqvn9mwama8ndqnbycwn8 | 2024-04-25T22:35:43Z | 1,215,138,455 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Companies that meet the criteria for being a constituent of the S&P Europe 350 Dividend Aristocrats",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"The **S\\&P Europe 350 Dividend Aristocrats** is the European equivalent of the [S\\&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats](/wiki/S%26P_500_Dividend_Aristocrats \"S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats\"). It is a stock index of European constituents that have followed a policy of consistently increasing dividends every year for at least 10 consecutive years. The index was launched on May 2, 2005\\. It is a subset of the [S\\&P Europe 350](/wiki/S%26P_Europe_350 \"S&P Europe 350\"). [ETFs](/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund \"Exchange-traded fund\") exist for the set of constituents. The constituents of the index are determined by rules set forth by [Standard \\& Poor's](/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s \"Standard & Poor's\").\n\n",
"Companies that meet the criteria for being a constituent of the S\\&P Europe 350 Dividend Aristocrats\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThere are 31 components as of July 2021\\.\n\n| Ticker | Name | Registeredoffice | Industry |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| AHT | [Ashtead Group](/wiki/Ashtead_Group \"Ashtead Group\") | | [Equipment rental](/wiki/Equipment_rental \"Equipment rental\") |\n| BA | [BAE Systems](/wiki/BAE_Systems \"BAE Systems\") | | [Aerospace](/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer \"Aerospace manufacturer\"), [Arms industry](/wiki/Arms_industry \"Arms industry\"), [Information security](/wiki/Information_security \"Information security\") |\n| BATS | [British American Tobacco](/wiki/British_American_Tobacco \"British American Tobacco\") | | [Tobacco industry](/wiki/Tobacco_industry \"Tobacco industry\") |\n| COLO\\-B | [Coloplast](/wiki/Coloplast \"Coloplast\") | | [Healthcare](/wiki/Healthcare \"Healthcare\") |\n| DGE | [Diageo](/wiki/Diageo \"Diageo\") | | [Beverages](/wiki/Beverages \"Beverages\") |\n| DSV | [DSV](/wiki/DSV_%28company%29 \"DSV (company)\") | | [Transport](/wiki/Transport \"Transport\") |\n| EL | [EssilorLuxottica](/wiki/EssilorLuxottica \"EssilorLuxottica\") | | [Eyewear](/wiki/Eyewear \"Eyewear\"), [Eye care](/wiki/Eye_care \"Eye care\") |\n| ENG | [Enagás](/wiki/Enag%C3%A1s \"Enagás\") | | [Gas utilities](/wiki/Utilities \"Utilities\") |\n| EXPN | [Experian](/wiki/Experian \"Experian\") | | [Corporate services](/wiki/Corporate_services \"Corporate services\") |\n| FME | [Fresenius Medical Care](/wiki/Fresenius_Medical_Care \"Fresenius Medical Care\") | | [Healthcare](/wiki/Healthcare \"Healthcare\") |\n| FRE | [Fresenius](/wiki/Fresenius_%28company%29 \"Fresenius (company)\") | | [Healthcare](/wiki/Healthcare \"Healthcare\") |\n| GBLB | [Groupe Bruxelles Lambert](/wiki/Groupe_Bruxelles_Lambert \"Groupe Bruxelles Lambert\") | | [Holding company](/wiki/Holding_company \"Holding company\") |\n| GIVN | [Givaudan](/wiki/Givaudan \"Givaudan\") | | [Speciality chemicals](/wiki/Speciality_chemicals \"Speciality chemicals\") |\n| HEXAb | [Hexagon AB](/wiki/Hexagon_AB \"Hexagon AB\") | | [Software](/wiki/Software \"Software\") |\n| ITRK | [Intertek](/wiki/Intertek \"Intertek\") | | [Product testing](/wiki/Product_testing \"Product testing\") |\n| KRZ | [Kerry Group](/wiki/Kerry_Group \"Kerry Group\") | | [Food company](/wiki/Food_company \"Food company\") |\n| LISP | [Chocoladefabriken Lindt \\& Sprüngli](/wiki/Chocoladefabriken_Lindt_%26_Spr%C3%BCngli \"Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli\") | | [Confectionery](/wiki/Confectionery \"Confectionery\") |\n| NESN | [Nestlé](/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9 \"Nestlé\") | | [Food processing](/wiki/Food_processing \"Food processing\") |\n| NOVN | [Novartis](/wiki/Novartis \"Novartis\") | | [Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Pharmaceuticals \"Pharmaceuticals\") |\n| NOVO\\-B | [Novo Nordisk](/wiki/Novo_Nordisk \"Novo Nordisk\") | | [Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Pharmaceuticals \"Pharmaceuticals\") |\n| NZYM\\-B | [Novozymes](/wiki/Novozymes \"Novozymes\") | | [Biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\") |\n| PGHN | [Partners Group](/wiki/Partners_Group \"Partners Group\") | | [Private equity](/wiki/Private_equity \"Private equity\") |\n| ROG | [Roche](/wiki/Roche \"Roche\") | | [Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Pharmaceuticals \"Pharmaceuticals\") |\n| REE | [Red Eléctrica](/wiki/Red_El%C3%A9ctrica_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"Red Eléctrica de España\") | | [Electric utilities](/wiki/Utilities \"Utilities\") |\n| SAN | [Sanofi](/wiki/Sanofi \"Sanofi\") | | [Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Pharmaceuticals \"Pharmaceuticals\") |\n| SESG | [SES](/wiki/SES_%28company%29 \"SES (company)\") | | [Telecommunications](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") |\n| SGE | [Sage Group](/wiki/Sage_Group \"Sage Group\") | | [Software](/wiki/Software \"Software\") |\n| SREN | [Swiss Re](/wiki/Swiss_Re \"Swiss Re\") | | [Financial services](/wiki/Financial_services \"Financial services\") |\n| UCB | [UCB](/wiki/UCB_%28company%29 \"UCB (company)\") | | [Pharmaceuticals](/wiki/Pharmaceuticals \"Pharmaceuticals\") |\n| UNA | [Unilever](/wiki/Unilever \"Unilever\") | | [Consumer goods](/wiki/Consumer_goods \"Consumer goods\") |\n| WKL | [Wolters Kluwer](/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer \"Wolters Kluwer\") | | [Publishing](/wiki/Publishing \"Publishing\") |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [S\\&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats](/wiki/S%26P_500_Dividend_Aristocrats \"S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats\")\n* [S\\&P Europe 350](/wiki/S%26P_Europe_350 \"S&P Europe 350\")\n* [Euro Stoxx 50](/wiki/Euro_Stoxx_50 \"Euro Stoxx 50\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:S\\&P Dow Jones Indices](/wiki/Category:S%26P_Dow_Jones_Indices \"S&P Dow Jones Indices\")\n[Category:Pan\\-European stock market indices](/wiki/Category:Pan-European_stock_market_indices \"Pan-European stock market indices\")\n\n"
]
} |
Demchok (historical village) | {
"id": [
14965160
],
"name": [
"Marcocapelle"
]
} | m69w50wdim7qc4k04jy0e5v3ntbk2lp | 2024-09-08T13:08:44Z | 1,244,668,657 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Name",
"History",
"17th century",
"British colonial era",
"Modern era",
"Chinese-administered village",
"Indian-administered village",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Demchok** (),[Tibet Autonomous Region (China): Ngari Prefecture](https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm), KNAB Place Name Databse, retrieved 27 July 2021\\. was described by a British boundary commission in 1847 as a village lying on the border between the [Kingdom of Ladakh](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ladakh \"Kingdom of Ladakh\") and the [Tibet](/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule \"Tibet under Qing rule\"). It was a \"hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents\", divided into two parts by a rivulet which formed the boundary between the two states. The rivulet, a tributary of the [Indus River](/wiki/Indus_River \"Indus River\") variously called the [Demchok River](/wiki/Demchok_River \"Demchok River\"), Charding Nullah, or the Lhari stream, was set as the boundary between Ladakh and Tibet in the 1684 [Treaty of Tingmosgang](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tingmosgang \"Treaty of Tingmosgang\"). By 1904–05, the Tibetan side of the hamlet was said to have had 8 to 9 huts of *zamindars* (landholders), while the Ladakhi side had two. The area of the former Demchok now straddles the [Line of Actual Control](/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control \"Line of Actual Control\"), the effective border of the [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\")'s [Tibet Autonomous Region](/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region \"Tibet Autonomous Region\") and the [Republic of India](/wiki/Republic_of_India \"Republic of India\")'s [Ladakh Union Territory](/wiki/Ladakh_Union_Territory \"Ladakh Union Territory\").\n\n",
"Name\n----\n\nThe village of Demchok was apparently named after [Demchok Karpo](/wiki/Demchok_Karpo \"Demchok Karpo\"), the rocky white peak behind the present Ladakhi village of Demchok.\n; ; \n[Lhari peak and the Demchok villages](https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=14/32.6952/79.4306&layers=C), OpenStreetMap, retrieved 9 August 2020\\. However, prior to 1947, the main Demchok village was on the Tibetan side of the border.: Quoting the Governor of Ladakh: \"I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa. ... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south\\-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars.\" The Ladakhi side of the settlement was still referred to as \"Demchok\".\n\nChinese officials use the name \"Demchok\" only for the Tibetan side of the settlement and refer to the Ladakhi side as \"Parigas\" (also spelt \"Barrigas\").\nDuring border discussions in the 1960s, the Chinese government called the Indian village \"Parigas\" and the Chinese village \"Demchok\":\n . Chinese officials state: \"Parigas was part of the Demchok area. West of **Demchok**, after crossing the Chopu river, one arrived at **Parigas**.\"\n : \"In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the **Demchok** village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from **Parigas**...\"\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nDemchok is a historic area of Ladakh, having been part of the kingdom from its [inception in the 10th century](/wiki/Maryul \"Maryul\"). The description of the kingdom in the *[Ladakh Chronicles](/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles \"Ladakh Chronicles\")* mentions *Demchok Karpo*, also called *Demchok Lhari Karpo* or *Lhari Karpo*, as being part of the original kingdom. This is a possible reference to the rocky white peak behind the Ladakhi side of the Demchok village.\n\nThe Lhari peak is held sacred by Buddhists. [Demchok](/wiki/Demchok_%28deity%29 \"Demchok (deity)\") (Sanskrit: ) is the name of a Buddhist Tantric deity, who is believed to reside on the Mount Kailas, and whose imagery parallels that of [Shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") in Hinduism.\n: \"For Hindus, Kailas is home to the great pan\\-Indian deity Shiva and for Tibetan Buddhists, it is home to the bodhisattva *Dem\\-chog*, the Sanskrit deity *Chakrasamvara*.\"\n\nThe Lhari peak is also referred to as \"Chota Kailas\" (mini Kailas) and attracts pilgrimage from Hindus as well as Buddhists.\n[First ever Chhota Kailash Yatra begins in Ladakh](https://news.statetimes.in/first-ever-chhota-kailash-yatra-begins-ladakh/), State Times, 22 June 2017\\.\n\n[First batch of Chota Kailash Yatra leaves for Demchok](https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/first-batch-of-chota-kailash-yatra-leaves-for-demchok/), Daily Excelsior, 23 June 2017\\.\n\nTibetologist [Nirmal C. Sinha](/wiki/Nirmal_C._Sinha \"Nirmal C. Sinha\") states that Demchok is part of the [Hemis](/wiki/Hemis_Monastery \"Hemis Monastery\") complex.\n: \"Demchock is a sacred place within the Hemis complex. The Hemis complex is very ancient (old Sects) and antedates considerably the Yellow Sect and the rise of the Dalai Lamas.\"\n\nRuined houses belonging to the Hemis monastery were noticed by [Sven Hedin](/wiki/Sven_Hedin \"Sven Hedin\") in 1907, and the monastery continues to own land in Demchok.\nP.Stobdan, [Ladakh concern overrides LAC dispute](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/ladakh-concern-overrides-lac-dispute-90880), The Tribune, 28 May 2020\\.\n\n### 17th century\n\nThe *[Chronicles of Ladakh](/wiki/Chronicles_of_Ladakh \"Chronicles of Ladakh\")* mention that, at the conclusion of the [Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War](/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War \"Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War\") in 1684, the Prime Minister [Desi Sangye Gyatso](/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso \"Desi Sangye Gyatso\") of [Ganden Phodrang](/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang \"Ganden Phodrang\") Tibet: \"Sans\\-rGyas rGya\\-mTsho (1653\\-1705\\), sDe\\-pa or Prime Minister of Tibet 1679\\-1705\" and the [King of Ladakh](/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh%23List_of_kings \"Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh#List of kings\") [Delek Namgyal](/wiki/Delek_Namgyal \"Delek Namgyal\"): \"bDe\\-legs rNam\\-rGyal, came to the kingship \\[of Ladakh] \\[...] Thereupon, the Government of Tibet, being afraid that the King of Ladakh and his troops might, once again, make war (on Tibet), ordered the 'Brug\\-pa Mi\\-'pham dBaii\\-po that he ought to go (to Ladakh) in order to establish peace.\": \"bDe\\-legs\\-n.g. co\\-regent (1680\\-1691\\)\" agreed on the [Treaty of Tingmosgang](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tingmosgang \"Treaty of Tingmosgang\"). The chronicles describe the treaty as fixing the boundary at \"the Lhari stream at Demchok\".:\np. 351: \"Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe\\-pa Sans\\-rGyas rGya\\-mTsho, annexed Gu\\-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa\\-ri stream at bDe\\-mChog.\"\np. 351–353: \"We produce now a new translation of the *Ladakh Chronicles* \\[...] With this exception, the frontier (of Ladakh) was fixed as from the IHa\\-ri stream at bDe\\-mChog.\"\np. 356: \"The fourth clause fixes the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the IHa\\-ri stream of bDe\\-mChog, but leaves the King of Ladakh an enclave at Men\\-ser\"* + - \n\nAccording to [Alexander Cunningham](/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham \"Alexander Cunningham\"), \"A large stone was then set up as a permanent boundary between the two countries, the line of demarcation drawn from the village of *Dechhog* \\[Demchok] to the hill of *Karbonas*.\"\n\n### British colonial era\n\nBritish boundary commissioner [Henry Strachey](/wiki/Henry_Strachey_%28explorer%29 \"Henry Strachey (explorer)\") visited Demchok in 1847 on the borders of the [former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir](/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_%28princely_state%29 \"Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\"). He described the village as:\n\nThe boundary commission determined that the border between the Kashmir and Tibet was at Demchok.\n\nThe *Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet* of 1847 to 1868 under the [Great Trigonometrical Survey of India](/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey \"Great Trigonometrical Survey\") then made several adjustments to the boundary, described by [Alastair Lamb](/wiki/Alastair_Lamb \"Alastair Lamb\") as moving \"sixteen miles downstream on the Indus from Demchok\". However, Indian commentators state that the revenue records from the period of the survey show that the Demchok area was administered by Ladakh.:\n p.24: \"But such an evaluation was seldom done and although most officials traced the boundary correctly along the watershed range running parallel to the river Indus, gross blunders were committed regarding the alignment in the Pangong and Demchok areas. This was apparently due to the unfamiliarity of some of the British officials with the traditional and treaty basis of the boundary and to their mistaking local disputes such as pasture disputes with boundary disputes.\"\n p.29: \"The Kashmir Atlas boundary conflicts also with the first\\-hand evidence provided by the 1847 Commission. In regard to Demchok, it conflicts with well\\-established facts of history and with revenue records for the very period that the survey was conducted.\"* + : \"Many of these relationships had their origin in the distant past, and the British at first understood their full significance imperfectly, or not at all.\"\n\nIn 1904–05, a tour report by the Wazir Wazarat (Governor) of Ladakh described the Tibetan side of the hamlet to have 8 to 9 huts of zamindars (landholders) and described the Ladakhi side as having two. When [Sven Hedin](/wiki/Sven_Hedin \"Sven Hedin\") visited the area in the November 1907, he described Demchok as four or five huts lying on the southeastern bank of the Lhari stream in Tibet, with the Ladakhi side of the Lhari stream only containing the pyramidal Lhari peak and the ruins of two or three houses. 'Hedin described the place as follows: \"Rolled stones play an important part in the country which we have now reached. The whole of Demchok, *the last village on the Tibetan side*, is built of them. It consists, however, of only four or five huts with brushwood roofs.\"': \"A short distance N. W. of Demchok, the road passes a partly frozen brook \\[Lhari stream] coming from *Demchok\\-pu*, a tributary valley from the left. ... At the left side \\[Ladakhi side] of the mouth of this little valley, are the ruins of two or three houses, which were said to have belonged to *Hemi\\-gompa*. A pyramidal peak at the same.. side of the valley is called *La\\-ri* and said to be sacred. The valley, *Demchok\\-pu*, itself is regarded as the boundary between Tibet and Ladak.\"\n\n",
"### 17th century\n\nThe *[Chronicles of Ladakh](/wiki/Chronicles_of_Ladakh \"Chronicles of Ladakh\")* mention that, at the conclusion of the [Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War](/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War \"Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War\") in 1684, the Prime Minister [Desi Sangye Gyatso](/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso \"Desi Sangye Gyatso\") of [Ganden Phodrang](/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang \"Ganden Phodrang\") Tibet: \"Sans\\-rGyas rGya\\-mTsho (1653\\-1705\\), sDe\\-pa or Prime Minister of Tibet 1679\\-1705\" and the [King of Ladakh](/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh%23List_of_kings \"Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh#List of kings\") [Delek Namgyal](/wiki/Delek_Namgyal \"Delek Namgyal\"): \"bDe\\-legs rNam\\-rGyal, came to the kingship \\[of Ladakh] \\[...] Thereupon, the Government of Tibet, being afraid that the King of Ladakh and his troops might, once again, make war (on Tibet), ordered the 'Brug\\-pa Mi\\-'pham dBaii\\-po that he ought to go (to Ladakh) in order to establish peace.\": \"bDe\\-legs\\-n.g. co\\-regent (1680\\-1691\\)\" agreed on the [Treaty of Tingmosgang](/wiki/Treaty_of_Tingmosgang \"Treaty of Tingmosgang\"). The chronicles describe the treaty as fixing the boundary at \"the Lhari stream at Demchok\".:\np. 351: \"Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe\\-pa Sans\\-rGyas rGya\\-mTsho, annexed Gu\\-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa\\-ri stream at bDe\\-mChog.\"\np. 351–353: \"We produce now a new translation of the *Ladakh Chronicles* \\[...] With this exception, the frontier (of Ladakh) was fixed as from the IHa\\-ri stream at bDe\\-mChog.\"\np. 356: \"The fourth clause fixes the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the IHa\\-ri stream of bDe\\-mChog, but leaves the King of Ladakh an enclave at Men\\-ser\"* + - \n\nAccording to [Alexander Cunningham](/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham \"Alexander Cunningham\"), \"A large stone was then set up as a permanent boundary between the two countries, the line of demarcation drawn from the village of *Dechhog* \\[Demchok] to the hill of *Karbonas*.\"\n\n",
"### British colonial era\n\nBritish boundary commissioner [Henry Strachey](/wiki/Henry_Strachey_%28explorer%29 \"Henry Strachey (explorer)\") visited Demchok in 1847 on the borders of the [former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir](/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_%28princely_state%29 \"Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)\"). He described the village as:\n\nThe boundary commission determined that the border between the Kashmir and Tibet was at Demchok.\n\nThe *Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet* of 1847 to 1868 under the [Great Trigonometrical Survey of India](/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey \"Great Trigonometrical Survey\") then made several adjustments to the boundary, described by [Alastair Lamb](/wiki/Alastair_Lamb \"Alastair Lamb\") as moving \"sixteen miles downstream on the Indus from Demchok\". However, Indian commentators state that the revenue records from the period of the survey show that the Demchok area was administered by Ladakh.:\n p.24: \"But such an evaluation was seldom done and although most officials traced the boundary correctly along the watershed range running parallel to the river Indus, gross blunders were committed regarding the alignment in the Pangong and Demchok areas. This was apparently due to the unfamiliarity of some of the British officials with the traditional and treaty basis of the boundary and to their mistaking local disputes such as pasture disputes with boundary disputes.\"\n p.29: \"The Kashmir Atlas boundary conflicts also with the first\\-hand evidence provided by the 1847 Commission. In regard to Demchok, it conflicts with well\\-established facts of history and with revenue records for the very period that the survey was conducted.\"* + : \"Many of these relationships had their origin in the distant past, and the British at first understood their full significance imperfectly, or not at all.\"\n\nIn 1904–05, a tour report by the Wazir Wazarat (Governor) of Ladakh described the Tibetan side of the hamlet to have 8 to 9 huts of zamindars (landholders) and described the Ladakhi side as having two. When [Sven Hedin](/wiki/Sven_Hedin \"Sven Hedin\") visited the area in the November 1907, he described Demchok as four or five huts lying on the southeastern bank of the Lhari stream in Tibet, with the Ladakhi side of the Lhari stream only containing the pyramidal Lhari peak and the ruins of two or three houses. 'Hedin described the place as follows: \"Rolled stones play an important part in the country which we have now reached. The whole of Demchok, *the last village on the Tibetan side*, is built of them. It consists, however, of only four or five huts with brushwood roofs.\"': \"A short distance N. W. of Demchok, the road passes a partly frozen brook \\[Lhari stream] coming from *Demchok\\-pu*, a tributary valley from the left. ... At the left side \\[Ladakhi side] of the mouth of this little valley, are the ruins of two or three houses, which were said to have belonged to *Hemi\\-gompa*. A pyramidal peak at the same.. side of the valley is called *La\\-ri* and said to be sacred. The valley, *Demchok\\-pu*, itself is regarded as the boundary between Tibet and Ladak.\"\n\n",
"Modern era\n----------\n\n### Chinese\\-administered village\n\nThe Chinese\\-administered village of Dêmqog lies on the southeast bank of the Charding Nullah and LAC. Before 1984, only 3 households were living in Dêmqog. Since 1984, the local governments have encouraged people to move to Dêmqog from surrounding areas. Dêmqog was officially established as an administrative village in 1990 and had a population of 171 people from 51 households in 2019\\.\n\n### Indian\\-administered village\n\nThe Indian\\-administered village of Demchok lies on the north\\-west bank of the Charding Nullah and LAC. According to the [2011 Census of India](/wiki/2011_Census_of_India \"2011 Census of India\"), the village had a population of 78 people from 31 households. In 2019, the village had a population of 69 people.\n\n",
"### Chinese\\-administered village\n\nThe Chinese\\-administered village of Dêmqog lies on the southeast bank of the Charding Nullah and LAC. Before 1984, only 3 households were living in Dêmqog. Since 1984, the local governments have encouraged people to move to Dêmqog from surrounding areas. Dêmqog was officially established as an administrative village in 1990 and had a population of 171 people from 51 households in 2019\\.\n\n",
"### Indian\\-administered village\n\nThe Indian\\-administered village of Demchok lies on the north\\-west bank of the Charding Nullah and LAC. According to the [2011 Census of India](/wiki/2011_Census_of_India \"2011 Census of India\"), the village had a population of 78 people from 31 households. In 2019, the village had a population of 69 people.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [India\\-China Border Roads](/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads \"India-China Border Roads\")\n* [List of disputed territories of India](/wiki/List_of_disputed_territories_of_India \"List of disputed territories of India\")\n* [List of towns and villages in Tibet](/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Tibet \"List of towns and villages in Tibet\")\n* [Sino\\-Indian border dispute](/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute \"Sino-Indian border dispute\")\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n\t+ Indian Report: ; ; ; \n\t+ Chinese report: ; ; ;\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Demchok Western Sector](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9823095#map=9/32.8895/79.3507&layers=C) (Chinese claim), OpenStreetMap\n* [Demchok Eastern Sector](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7935425#map=9/32.8895/79.3507&layers=C) (Indian claim), OpenStreetMap\n\n[Category:Divided cities](/wiki/Category:Divided_cities \"Divided cities\")\n[Category:Villages in Ladakh](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Ladakh \"Villages in Ladakh\")\n[Category:Populated places in Tibet](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Tibet \"Populated places in Tibet\")\n\n"
]
} |
Frank Mennie | {
"id": [
1005449
],
"name": [
"GiantSnowman"
]
} | 9rivrr0ybinm2ggr0evm1wh9161cgzv | 2024-05-30T19:12:32Z | 1,164,309,971 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Francis Mennie** (30 October 1923 – 28 June 1997\\) was a Scottish [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who played as a [left back](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29 \"Defender (association football)\") for [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C. \"Kilmarnock F.C.\"),[(Kilmarnock player) Mennie, Frank](http://www.fitbastats.com/kilmarnock/player.php?playerid=7314), FitbaStats [Queen's Park](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C. \"Queen's Park F.C.\") (three seasons of unofficial competitions during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")),[Mennie, Francis](http://www.qpfc.com/appearances/m/mennief.htm), QPFC.com [Clyde](/wiki/Clyde_F.C. \"Clyde F.C.\")[Clyde: 1946/47 \\- 2013/14](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/clyde/clyde.html), Post War English \\& Scottish Football League A \\- Z Player's Transfer Database and [Portadown](/wiki/Portadown_F.C. \"Portadown F.C.\") (Northern Ireland). He appeared in the [1949 Scottish Cup Final](/wiki/1949_Scottish_Cup_Final \"1949 Scottish Cup Final\") with Clyde, a defeat to [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. \"Rangers F.C.\"),[Penalty\\-kick Mystery](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c1NAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FosMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6530%2C7659955), The Glasgow Herald, 25 April 1949 and claimed the [Gold Cup](/wiki/Gold_Cup_%28Northern_Ireland%29 \"Gold Cup (Northern Ireland)\") with Portadown in 1953, scoring the winning goal in the final.[Various Football \\& Rugby Teams](https://portadownphotos.co.uk/various%20FB%20teans.htm), Portadown Photos\n\nMennie appeared in two unofficial wartime international matches for Scotland in 1945 (the players who travelled to [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") were all serving armed forces personnel – he was with the [Royal Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\"))[Scotland Unofficial Matches 1939\\-1945](https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/scot-unoff-intres1945.html), [RSSSF](/wiki/RSSSF \"RSSSF\"), 23 July 2020 and was selected once for the [Scottish Football League XI](/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_XI \"Scottish Football League XI\") against the English [Football League XI](/wiki/Football_League_XI \"Football League XI\") in 1949\\.[Tales of Jimmy Mallan](https://ntvceltic.wordpress.com/2019/01/22/tales-of-jimmy-mallan/), Charles Buchan's Football Weekly, September 1955, via Not The View, January 2019\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1923 births](/wiki/Category:1923_births \"1923 births\")\n[Category:1997 deaths](/wiki/Category:1997_deaths \"1997 deaths\")\n[Category:Footballers from Coatbridge](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Coatbridge \"Footballers from Coatbridge\")\n[Category:Scottish men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Scottish_men%27s_footballers \"Scottish men's footballers\")\n[Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:Royal_Air_Force_personnel_of_World_War_II \"Royal Air Force personnel of World War II\")\n[Category:Men's association football defenders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders \"Men's association football defenders\")\n[Category:Queen's Park F.C. wartime guest players](/wiki/Category:Queen%27s_Park_F.C._wartime_guest_players \"Queen's Park F.C. wartime guest players\")\n[Category:Kilmarnock F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Kilmarnock_F.C._players \"Kilmarnock F.C. players\")\n[Category:Clyde F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Clyde_F.C._players \"Clyde F.C. players\")\n[Category:Portadown F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Portadown_F.C._players \"Portadown F.C. players\")\n[Category:Scottish Football League players](/wiki/Category:Scottish_Football_League_players \"Scottish Football League players\")\n[Category:Scotland men's wartime international footballers](/wiki/Category:Scotland_men%27s_wartime_international_footballers \"Scotland men's wartime international footballers\")\n[Category:Scottish Football League representative players](/wiki/Category:Scottish_Football_League_representative_players \"Scottish Football League representative players\")\n[Category:NIFL Premiership players](/wiki/Category:NIFL_Premiership_players \"NIFL Premiership players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Classical colleges | {
"id": [
26910586
],
"name": [
"HighlandFacts"
]
} | 8zlhuafwh72et73g8618hekjboar0yp | 2023-12-07T18:56:30Z | 1,147,431,717 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Classical colleges",
"History",
"Structure",
"Critics and disappearance",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**Classical colleges** (***collèges classiques***) were a type of school in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"). Since its inception in the 17th century, up until the [Quiet Revolution](/wiki/Quiet_Revolution \"Quiet Revolution\") of the 1960s, classical college with its eight years of training in classics was the necessary pathway for [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\")'s social elites to attain university and other professions. Their studies at the classical colleges would lead to the *[baccalauréat ès arts](/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at_%C3%A8s_arts_%28Canada%29 \"Baccalauréat ès arts (Canada)\")* (which must not be confused with a [bachelor's degree](/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree \"Bachelor's degree\") conferred by a [university](/wiki/University \"University\")).\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe precursor of classical college in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\") was the [Jesuit College of Quebec](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/college-des-jesuites) (Collège des Jésuites de Québec, today's [St. Charles Garnier College](/wiki/St._Charles_Garnier_College \"St. Charles Garnier College\")) founded by [Jesuit](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\") missionaries in 1635 in [New France](/wiki/New_France \"New France\") as the first French\\-language teaching establishment in [North America](/wiki/North_America \"North America\"). At this time, the college received mostly the sons of civil servants and naval officers who governed the colony. During the [Seven Years' War](/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War \"Seven Years' War\"), it was forced to close in 1759\\. Later, the education of French Canadian bourgeois was entrusted to the [Seminary of Quebec](/wiki/S%C3%A9minaire_de_Qu%C3%A9bec \"Séminaire de Québec\"), founded by [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop \"Bishop\") [François de Laval](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval \"François de Laval\") in 1663, and 39 other classical colleges that were to appear between 1635 and 1919\\. Between 1765 and 1840, 10 colleges were founded. Then between 1840 and 1919, one college appeared every three years.\n\nThe [Society of Jesus was suppressed](/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus \"Suppression of the Society of Jesus\") by [Pope Clement XIV](/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV \"Pope Clement XIV\") in 1773 everywhere in the world, and was not restored until 1814 by [Pope Pius VII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII \"Pope Pius VII\"). The [Jesuits](/wiki/Jesuits \"Jesuits\") returned to Canada in 1842, but were prohibited to reclaim their lands. They found [Collège Sainte\\-Marie de Montréal](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Marie_de_Montr%C3%A9al \"Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal\") in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") in 1848\\. In 1849, they resumed their teaching mission aimed at training clergy and lay people at the [Minor Seminary of Quebec](/wiki/Petit_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Qu%C3%A9bec \"Petit Séminaire de Québec\"), which became one of the first classical colleges in Quebec. This model has inspired subsequent founding of classical colleges in the province in the 19th century. The model also served to found various colleges elsewhere in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"): in [Acadie](/wiki/Acadians \"Acadians\") and [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba \"Manitoba\") ([Université de Saint\\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface \"Université de Saint-Boniface\") among others). Until 1964, Quebec lacked a public education system, instead having two education systems with one run by the Catholic church and another run by the Protestant churches.\n\nBy the end of the 19th century, classical colleges flourished in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"). They were all over the territory of the province. Every region except [Gaspésie](/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula \"Gaspé Peninsula\") had its college. The cities of [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\") and [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\") had one and three. The regions with the highest number of colleges are from [Saint\\-Thérèse\\-de\\-Blainville](/wiki/Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-de-Blainville \"Sainte-Thérèse-de-Blainville\") to [Saint\\-Jean\\-sur\\-Richelieu](/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu \"Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu\") (13 colleges). Originally all boys’ institutions, they began accepting girls in 1908, when the first classical college for girls opened its door.\n\nClassical colleges disappeared in the late 1960s by merging with vocational institutions to become the newly created [CEGEPs](/wiki/CEGEP \"CEGEP\").\n\n",
"Structure\n---------\n\nClassical colleges offered a first\\-stage of four years of *secondary* program, and a second\\-stage of four years of *collegiate* program, totalling in 8 years of studies. Upon the completion of these courses, a [*baccalauréat ès arts*](/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at_%C3%A8s_arts_%28Canada%29 \"Baccalauréat ès arts (Canada)\") would be awarded by one of the 3 French\\-language universities to the graduates of classical colleges affiliated with these universities. Once passing the exams imposed by the Faculty of Arts of these universities, the BA holder would be permitted to enrol in a [university](/wiki/University \"University\").\n\nInherited from the [humanist](/wiki/Humanism \"Humanism\") model of the 16th\\-century French tradition, courses given at classical college were mainly based on [classical](/wiki/Greco-Roman_antiquity \"Greco-Roman antiquity\") and early [Jesuit](/wiki/Jesuit \"Jesuit\") traditions. The eight years of courses bear the following names:\n\n1. Latin elements;\n2. Syntax;\n3. Method;\n4. Versification;\n5. Belles\\-lettres;\n6. Rhetoric;\n7. Philosophy I;\n8. Philosophy II.\n",
"Critics and disappearance\n-------------------------\n\nBy the beginning of the 20th century, classical courses faced increasing criticism of being ill\\-adapted to the need and the reality of the modern world. With undue emphasis on the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\"), the curriculum orientated towards the study of [theology](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\"), [philosophy](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\"), [classics](/wiki/Classics \"Classics\"), and [letters](/wiki/Literature \"Literature\"), with little exposure to [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") and [science](/wiki/Science \"Science\"). Teaching was under the supervision of [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") [clergy](/wiki/Clergy \"Clergy\"). All classical colleges were private. The dropout rate was 70 per cent. Attending classical college was a privilege of the very few at the time. The level of education for French\\-speaking Quebecois was the lowest in the entire [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\").\n\nAfter the education reform initiated by the [Parent Report](/wiki/Parent_Commission \"Parent Commission\"), the first five years of classical college became the five years of [secondary school](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"). Courses in [Classical Greek](/wiki/Classical_Greek \"Classical Greek\") and [Latin](/wiki/Classical_Latin \"Classical Latin\") were abolished. The year of rhetoric was suppressed, and the last two years of philosophy became the two years of pre\\-university programs in [CEGEPs](/wiki/CEGEP \"CEGEP\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:School types](/wiki/Category:School_types \"School types\")\n[Category:Education in Quebec](/wiki/Category:Education_in_Quebec \"Education in Quebec\")\n[Category:History of education in Canada](/wiki/Category:History_of_education_in_Canada \"History of education in Canada\")\n[Category:Former education in Quebec](/wiki/Category:Former_education_in_Quebec \"Former education in Quebec\")\n\n"
]
} |
Mingalarbar | {
"id": [
24902
],
"name": [
"Bearcat"
]
} | mc3e7zxbb20tdxcsyw7nil1ao9blfcl | 2023-10-02T13:22:45Z | 1,178,245,873 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Broadcast format",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t***Mingalarbar*** () is a Burmese television morning [show](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\") which airs on [MRTV\\-4](/wiki/MRTV-4 \"MRTV-4\"). The show has been airing since 2013\\.\n\n",
"Broadcast format\n----------------\n\nUp to five sections from following are discussed per day.\nHost Choice, Hand Made, Health, Movie Review, Cooking (Every day), Art, Education, Technology, Beauty Tips, Work out, Talk with celebrities, Travelling guide, etc..\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Burmese television series](/wiki/Category:Burmese_television_series \"Burmese television series\")\n[Category:MRTV (TV network) original programming](/wiki/Category:MRTV_%28TV_network%29_original_programming \"MRTV (TV network) original programming\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Gavin Higgins | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2A02:C7C:7D7C:E600:9CD4:164:3917:F1DD"
]
} | 2lg7qo6zbyvg3ndp7ofefgj8w6vefyk | 2024-10-15T10:40:11Z | 1,225,082,702 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career",
"Selected works",
"Solo",
"Chamber",
"Orchestral",
"Ballet and opera",
"Brass and wind",
"Awards",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
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3,
3,
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2
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"content": [
"\n\n**Gavin Higgins** (born in 1983\\) is a British composer who resides in London.\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nHiggins was born in Gloucestershire and grew up in the [Forest Of Dean](/wiki/The_Forest_of_Dean \"The Forest of Dean\"). There, he started his education in music, due to his family's membership of a local [brass band](/wiki/Brass_band \"Brass band\"). His first instrument was the [cornet](/wiki/Cornet \"Cornet\"), which he started learning during infancy. He also played the [tenor horn](/wiki/Tenor_horn \"Tenor horn\").\n\nAt 16, Higgins went to [Chetam's School of Music](/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music \"Chetham's School of Music\") in Manchester on a scholarship. He then studied [French horn](/wiki/French_horn \"French horn\") and composition at the [Royal Northern College of Music](/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music \"Royal Northern College of Music\").\n\nHiggins has a history of [coal miners](/wiki/Coal_miners \"Coal miners\") and brass band musicians in his family, the fact of which was inspiration for his ballet, *Dark Arteries*, for brass band and dance ensemble, based on the Miners Strike of 1984\\-85\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nAfter moving to London, Higgins became the inaugural Music Fellow for [Rambert Dance Company](/wiki/Rambert_Dance_Company \"Rambert Dance Company\") in 2010\\.\n\nHe also wrote music for *What Wild Ecstasy*, and *Dark Arteries*, both ballets created in collaboration with then Rambert Artistic Director, [Mark Baldwin](/wiki/Mark_Baldwin_%28choreographer%29 \"Mark Baldwin (choreographer)\"). *What Wild Escstasy* was commissioned as part of [PRS for Music](/wiki/PRS_for_Music \"PRS for Music\") Foundation's 'New Music 20x12 scheme', in association with the [2012 Olympics](/wiki/2012_Olympics \"2012 Olympics\"). Dark Arteries was commissioned to commemorate the 30 year anniversary of the [1984\\-85 UK miners' strike](/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_%281984%E2%80%9385%29 \"UK miners' strike (1984–85)\") and was inspired by the events of the strike and as well as Higgins' mining\\-linked heritage.\n\nHiggins has written three pieces for the BBC Proms, *Der Aufstand* (2012\\), *Velocity* (which opened the [Last night of the Proms](/wiki/Last_Night_of_the_Proms \"Last Night of the Proms\") 2014\\) and most recently *Rough Voices* (2020\\). He has also composed a trombone [concerto](/wiki/Concerto \"Concerto\"), *The Book of Miracles* for the BBC Symphony Orchestra, premiered in early 2019\\.\n\nThe [Royal Opera House](/wiki/Royal_Opera_House \"Royal Opera House\") commissioned Higgins and author [Francesca Simon](/wiki/Francesca_Simon \"Francesca Simon\") to write an Opera based on Simon's book, *[The Monstrous Child](https://www.roh.org.uk/productions/the-monstrous-child-by-timothy-sheader) *, about the teenage Norse god of the dead, [Hel](/wiki/Hel_%28being%29 \"Hel (being)\"). Higgins wrote the music for the opera, while Simon wrote the libretto. The opera premiered in 2019 in the [Linbury theatre](/wiki/Linbury_Studio_Theatre \"Linbury Studio Theatre\") at the Royal Opera House.\n\nIn 2020 Gavin was appointed the Composer in Association for the [BBC National Orchestra of Wales](/wiki/BBC_National_Orchestra_of_Wales \"BBC National Orchestra of Wales\").\n\n",
"Selected works\n--------------\n\n### Solo\n\n* *Three Broken Love Songs* (2006\\) \\- for clarinet and piano\n* *Urban Fairy Tales* (2009\\) \\- solo piano\n* *Kathedrale* (2013\\) \\- solo accordion\n* *A Quiet Grief* (2020\\) \\- solo horn\n\n### Chamber\n\n* *Atomic Cafe* (2012\\) \\- for ensemble.\n* *The Ruins of Detroit* (2013\\) \\- piano trio\n* *Gursky Landscapes* (2018\\) \\- string quintet\n* *Ekstasis* (2019\\) \\- string sextet\n\n### Orchestral\n\n* *Der Aufstand* (2012\\)\n* *Velocity* (2014\\)\n* *The Book of Miracles: Trombone Concerto* (2019\\)\n* *While Time Quietly Kills Them – revised* (2020\\)\n* *Rough Voices* (2020\\)\n* *Concerto Grosso for Brass Band and Orchestra* (2022\\)\n* *Sarabande* (2023\\)\n\n### Ballet and opera\n\n* *What Wild Ecstasy* (2012\\) \\- Ballet\n* *Dark Arteries* (2016\\) \\- Ballet with brass band\n* *The Monstrous Child* (2019\\) \\- Opera\n\n### Brass and wind\n\n* *Freaks* (2007\\)\n* *Fanfares and Love Songs* (2009\\)\n* *Destroy, Trample, As Swiftly As She* (2011\\)\n* *Prophecies* (2017\\)\n* *A Dark Arteries Suite* (2017\\)\n* *So Spoke Albion* (2022\\)\n",
"### Solo\n\n* *Three Broken Love Songs* (2006\\) \\- for clarinet and piano\n* *Urban Fairy Tales* (2009\\) \\- solo piano\n* *Kathedrale* (2013\\) \\- solo accordion\n* *A Quiet Grief* (2020\\) \\- solo horn\n",
"### Chamber\n\n* *Atomic Cafe* (2012\\) \\- for ensemble.\n* *The Ruins of Detroit* (2013\\) \\- piano trio\n* *Gursky Landscapes* (2018\\) \\- string quintet\n* *Ekstasis* (2019\\) \\- string sextet\n",
"### Orchestral\n\n* *Der Aufstand* (2012\\)\n* *Velocity* (2014\\)\n* *The Book of Miracles: Trombone Concerto* (2019\\)\n* *While Time Quietly Kills Them – revised* (2020\\)\n* *Rough Voices* (2020\\)\n* *Concerto Grosso for Brass Band and Orchestra* (2022\\)\n* *Sarabande* (2023\\)\n",
"### Ballet and opera\n\n* *What Wild Ecstasy* (2012\\) \\- Ballet\n* *Dark Arteries* (2016\\) \\- Ballet with brass band\n* *The Monstrous Child* (2019\\) \\- Opera\n",
"### Brass and wind\n\n* *Freaks* (2007\\)\n* *Fanfares and Love Songs* (2009\\)\n* *Destroy, Trample, As Swiftly As She* (2011\\)\n* *Prophecies* (2017\\)\n* *A Dark Arteries Suite* (2017\\)\n* *So Spoke Albion* (2022\\)\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nIn 2019 Higgins won an [Ivor Novello Award](/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards \"Ivor Novello Awards\") at The Ivors Composer Awards in the orchestral category for his trombone concerto, *Book of Miracles*. His *Concerto Grosso* *for Brass Band and Orchestra* was recognized with a Royal Philharmonic Society Award in 2023 for best large\\-scale composition.\n\nGavin Higgins was the winner of 2023's Sky Arts Award for classical music for his Concerto Grosso for Brass Band and Orchestra.\n\nIn 2024 Higgins was nominated for an [Ivor Novello Award](/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards \"Ivor Novello Awards\") at The Ivors Classical Awards. His Horn Concerto was nominated for Best Orchestral Composition in association with Dorico.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official Website](http://www.gavinhiggins.com/)\n\n[Category:1983 births](/wiki/Category:1983_births \"1983 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:British classical composers](/wiki/Category:British_classical_composers \"British classical composers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century British composers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_composers \"21st-century British composers\")\n[Category:Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Royal_Northern_College_of_Music \"Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music\")\n[Category:21st\\-century classical composers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_classical_composers \"21st-century classical composers\")\n[Category:English male classical composers](/wiki/Category:English_male_classical_composers \"English male classical composers\")\n[Category:English opera composers](/wiki/Category:English_opera_composers \"English opera composers\")\n[Category:Composers from London](/wiki/Category:Composers_from_London \"Composers from London\")\n[Category:People educated at Chetham's School of Music](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Chetham%27s_School_of_Music \"People educated at Chetham's School of Music\")\n[Category:21st\\-century British male musicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_male_musicians \"21st-century British male musicians\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo | {
"id": [
36378140
],
"name": [
"Mistico Dois"
]
} | h5oyyil2z740rr8rcmi2be3rl9l898n | 2024-10-08T23:28:36Z | 1,193,392,475 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Commissions",
"Other programs",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo** is a [non\\-profit](/wiki/Non-profit \"Non-profit\") [contemporary arts](/wiki/Contemporary_art \"Contemporary art\") institution based in [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\"), Italy, founded by arts collector [Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo](/wiki/Patrizia_Sandretto_Re_Rebaudengo \"Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo\") in 1995\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn 1995, [Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo](/wiki/Patrizia_Sandretto_Re_Rebaudengo \"Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo\") established the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, initially showing her growing collection in the family home at the Palazzo Re Rebaudengo in [Guarene d'Alba](/wiki/Guarene_d%27Alba \"Guarene d'Alba\").\n\nIn 2002, the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo opened a low\\-built minimalist building in the Borgo San Paolo district in the urban center of Turin, as a dedicated art space.Georgina Adam (November 10, 2021\\), [Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo: ‘When I started collecting it was much less about social climbing’](https://www.ft.com/content/9f357a25-0a4f-4a33-ab70-3f96493f2bef) *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*. The building was previously a Fergat automobile factory before being converted into a contemporary arts space by architect [Claudio Silvestrin](/wiki/Claudio_Silvestrin \"Claudio Silvestrin\"), which opened to the public in 2002\\. The design of the building won a gold medal for Italian Architecture at the [Milan Triennial](/wiki/Milan_Triennial \"Milan Triennial\") in 2003\\.\n\nIn 2017, the foundation announced plans to open a venue in Nave 9 of [Matadero Madrid](/wiki/Matadero_Madrid \"Matadero Madrid\"), a space that was formerly a slaughterhouse.Farah Nayeri (20 November 2018\\), [A Prominent Art Patron Sets Her Sights on Madrid](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/world/europe/sandretto-rebaudengo-art-turin-madrid.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. The space was to be designed by [David Adjaye](/wiki/David_Adjaye \"David Adjaye\").Alex Greenberger (25 September 2017\\), [Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo to Open Foundation in Madrid](https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/patrizia-sandretto-re-rebaudengo-to-open-foundation-in-madrid-9044/) *[ARTnews](/wiki/ARTnews \"ARTnews\")*. By 2020, these plans were canceled, citing “structural problems” involved with the space in which it was to be set.Alex Greenberger (25 April 2022\\), [Collector Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo to Turn Venetian Island into Arts Space](https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/patrizia-sandretto-re-rebaudengo-venice-san-giacomo-space-1234626544/) *[ARTnews](/wiki/ARTnews \"ARTnews\")*.\n\nIn 2018, Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo and her husband Agostino Re Rebaudengo purchased the island of [San Giacomo in Paludo](/wiki/San_Giacomo_in_Paludo \"San Giacomo in Paludo\"),Georgina Adam (November 10, 2021\\), [Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo: ‘When I started collecting it was much less about social climbing’](https://www.ft.com/content/9f357a25-0a4f-4a33-ab70-3f96493f2bef) *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*. including three powder magazines built in 1810 by Napoleon. Since 2022, it is being converted into an arts space.Alex Greenberger (25 April 2022\\), [Collector Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo to Turn Venetian Island into Arts Space](https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/patrizia-sandretto-re-rebaudengo-venice-san-giacomo-space-1234626544/) *[ARTnews](/wiki/ARTnews \"ARTnews\")*.\n\n",
"Commissions\n-----------\n\nThe Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo regularly commissions artists to produce new work. Several commissions were shown at the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\"), such as [Doug Aitken](/wiki/Doug_Aitken \"Doug Aitken\")'s eight\\-channel video installation *Electric Earth* in 1999, which won the international prize, and [Alicja Kwade](/wiki/Alicja_Kwade \"Alicja Kwade\")'s *WeltenLinie* (2017\\).Georgina Adam (November 10, 2021\\), [Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo: ‘When I started collecting it was much less about social climbing’](https://www.ft.com/content/9f357a25-0a4f-4a33-ab70-3f96493f2bef) *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")*. During the Venice Biennale in 2001, she had [Maurizio Cattelan](/wiki/Maurizio_Cattelan \"Maurizio Cattelan\") install a life\\-size replica of the [Hollywood Sign](/wiki/Hollywood_Sign \"Hollywood Sign\") in a garbage dump outside Palermo.Farah Nayeri (20 November 2018\\), [A Prominent Art Patron Sets Her Sights on Madrid](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/world/europe/sandretto-rebaudengo-art-turin-madrid.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. Since 2017, the foundation has been collaborating with the [Philadelphia Museum of Art](/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art \"Philadelphia Museum of Art\") to produce time\\-based works, with [Rachel Rose](/wiki/Rachel_Rose \"Rachel Rose\") and [Martine Syms](/wiki/Martine_Syms \"Martine Syms\") being the first artists chosen.[Collaboration with Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo](https://press.philamuseum.org/museum-of-art-announces-collaboration-with-fondazione-sandretto-re-rebaudengo/) [Philadelphia Museum of Art](/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art \"Philadelphia Museum of Art\"), press release of May 18, 2017\\.\n\n",
"Other programs\n--------------\n\nIn addition to exhibitions, the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo also strives to support the contemporary scene through several programs, such as their Young Curators' Residency Program (YCRP), which annually selects three recent graduates of international [curatorial](/wiki/Curator \"Curator\") programs to research Italian contemporary art, and CAMPO (established in 2012\\), a curatorial course for students based in Italy.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1995 establishments in Italy](/wiki/Category:1995_establishments_in_Italy \"1995 establishments in Italy\")\n[Category:Arts organisations based in Italy](/wiki/Category:Arts_organisations_based_in_Italy \"Arts organisations based in Italy\")\n[Category:Contemporary art galleries in Italy](/wiki/Category:Contemporary_art_galleries_in_Italy \"Contemporary art galleries in Italy\")\n[Category:Foundations based in Italy](/wiki/Category:Foundations_based_in_Italy \"Foundations based in Italy\")\n[Category:Organisations based in Turin](/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Turin \"Organisations based in Turin\")\n[Category:Arts foundations based in Europe](/wiki/Category:Arts_foundations_based_in_Europe \"Arts foundations based in Europe\")\n[Category:Arts foundations based in Italy](/wiki/Category:Arts_foundations_based_in_Italy \"Arts foundations based in Italy\")\n\n"
]
} |
2020–21 Scottish Women's Premier League | {
"id": [
29077096
],
"name": [
"Crowsus"
]
} | 1po9dug39wfo2c48vd6tl6es0zvvq2t | 2024-05-18T15:15:46Z | 1,165,438,592 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Teams",
"SWPL 1",
"SWPL 2",
"SWPL 1",
"League table",
"Positions by round",
"Results",
"Matches 1 to 14",
"Matches 15 to 21",
"SWPL 2",
"League table",
"Positions by round",
"Results",
"Statistics",
"Scoring",
"SWPL 1",
"SWPL 2",
"Hat-tricks",
"SWPL 1",
"SWPL 2",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
2,
3,
3,
3,
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4,
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4,
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2
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"content": [
"The **2020–21 [Scottish Women's Premier League](/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League \"Scottish Women's Premier League\")** was the 20th season of the SWPL, the highest division of [women's football in Scotland](/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_Scotland \"Women's football in Scotland\") since [2002](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League \"2002–03 Scottish Women's Premier League\"). The league season was played in two divisions, **SWPL 1** with eight teams and **SWPL 2** with 10 teams. [Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") were the defending champions, having won the last completed championship in [2019](/wiki/2019_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League \"2019 Scottish Women's Premier League\"). The league was known as the *[Scottish Building Society](/wiki/Scottish_Building_Society \"Scottish Building Society\") Scottish Women's Premier League* for sponsorship reasons.\n\nThe previous season, [2020](/wiki/2020_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League \"2020 Scottish Women's Premier League\"), was interrupted by the [coronavirus pandemic](/wiki/Covid-19_pandemic_in_Scotland \"Covid-19 pandemic in Scotland\") and was subsequently declared null and void. Following this cancellation, [Scottish Women's Football](/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Football \"Scottish Women's Football\") reverted to the winter\\-season format last used in 2008–09\\. The new season started on 18 October 2020 and concluded on 4 July 2021\\. It had been agreed that there would be no relegation from SWPL 1, and that there would be 10 teams in the top division in [2021–22](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League \"2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League\"). The 2020–21 season was interrupted for more than three months by the pandemic; SWPL 1 played no games between January and March.\n\nGlasgow City won the championship by three points from Celtic, the runners\\-up. This was Glasgow City's 14th national league title in succession, the most in Scottish senior football history, and five fewer than the world record in women's football at the time, 19, by [SFK](/wiki/SFK_2000 \"SFK 2000\").\n\n[Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\") won the SWPL 2 title, and won promotion alongside the runners\\-up, [Hamilton Academical](/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_W.F.C. \"Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\"). [Partick Thistle](/wiki/Partick_Thistle_W.F.C. \"Partick Thistle W.F.C.\") were later added as a third promoted club, after Forfar Farmington withdrew from the SWPL.\n\n",
"Teams\n-----\n\n### SWPL 1\n\n| Team | Location | Head coach | Home ground | Capacity | 2019 position |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_L.F.C. \"Celtic L.F.C.\") | [East Kilbride](/wiki/East_Kilbride \"East Kilbride\") | Fran Alonso | [K\\-Park Training Academy](/wiki/K-Park_Training_Academy \"K-Park Training Academy\") | 1,000 | 3rd |\n| [Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\") | [Forfar](/wiki/Forfar \"Forfar\") | Ryan McConville | [Station Park](/wiki/Station_Park%2C_Forfar \"Station Park, Forfar\") | 6,777 | 7th |\n| [Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") | [Cumbernauld](/wiki/Cumbernauld \"Cumbernauld\") | [Scott Booth](/wiki/Scott_Booth \"Scott Booth\") | [Broadwood Stadium](/wiki/Broadwood_Stadium \"Broadwood Stadium\") | 8,086 | 1st |\n| [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | [Andy Kirk](/wiki/Andy_Kirk_%28footballer%29 \"Andy Kirk (footballer)\") | [Oriam](/wiki/Oriam \"Oriam\") | 1,000 | 1st in [SWPL 2](/wiki/2019_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League%23SWPL_2 \"2019 Scottish Women's Premier League#SWPL 2\") |\n| [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_L.F.C. \"Hibernian L.F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | Dean Gibson | [Ainslie Park](/wiki/Ainslie_Park \"Ainslie Park\") | 3,000 | 2nd |\n| [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_L.F.C. \"Motherwell L.F.C.\") | [Airdrie](/wiki/Airdrie%2C_North_Lanarkshire \"Airdrie, North Lanarkshire\") | [Eddie Wolecki Black](/wiki/Eddie_Wolecki_Black \"Eddie Wolecki Black\") | [Excelsior Stadium](/wiki/Excelsior_Stadium \"Excelsior Stadium\") | 10,101 | 6th |\n| [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\") | [Milngavie](/wiki/Milngavie \"Milngavie\") | [Malky Thomson](/wiki/Malky_Thomson \"Malky Thomson\") | [Rangers Training Centre](/wiki/Rangers_Training_Centre \"Rangers Training Centre\") | 500 | 4th |\n| [Spartans](/wiki/Spartans_W.F.C. \"Spartans W.F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | Debbi McCulloch | [Ainslie Park](/wiki/Ainslie_Park \"Ainslie Park\") | 3,000 | 5th |\n\nSource: \n\n### SWPL 2\n\n| Team | Location | Head coach | Home ground | Capacity | 2019 position |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\") | [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\") | Emma Hunter | [Cormack Park](/wiki/Cormack_Park \"Cormack Park\") | | 1st in SWFL 1 North |\n| [Boroughmuir Thistle](/wiki/Boroughmuir_Thistle_F.C. \"Boroughmuir Thistle F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | Suzy Shepherd | [Meggetland Sports Complex](/wiki/Meggetland_Sports_Complex \"Meggetland Sports Complex\") | 1,000 | 5th in SWFL 1 South |\n| [Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_W.F.C. \"Dundee United W.F.C.\") | [Dundee](/wiki/Dundee \"Dundee\") | [Gavin Beith](/wiki/Gavin_Beith \"Gavin Beith\") | Regional Performance Centre | | 3rd |\n| [Glasgow Women](/wiki/Glasgow_Girls_F.C. \"Glasgow Girls F.C.\") | [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | Craig Joyce | New Tinto Park | | 6th |\n| [Hamilton Academical](/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_W.F.C. \"Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\") | [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_South_Lanarkshire \"Hamilton, South Lanarkshire\") | Gary Doctor | [New Douglas Park](/wiki/New_Douglas_Park \"New Douglas Park\") | 6,018 | 2nd |\n| [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_Women%27s_F.C. \"Kilmarnock Women's F.C.\") | [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock \"Kilmarnock\") | Andy Gardner | [Rugby Park](/wiki/Rugby_Park \"Rugby Park\") | 17,889 | 4th |\n| [Partick Thistle](/wiki/Partick_Thistle_W.F.C. \"Partick Thistle W.F.C.\") | [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | [Brian Graham](/wiki/Brian_Graham_%28footballer%29 \"Brian Graham (footballer)\") | Lochinch | | 5th |\n| [Queen's Park](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C._%28women%29 \"Queen's Park F.C. (women)\") | [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | Mark Kirk | [Lesser Hampden](/wiki/Lesser_Hampden \"Lesser Hampden\") | 1,000 | 4th in SWFL 1 South |\n| [St Johnstone](/wiki/St_Johnstone_W.F.C. \"St Johnstone W.F.C.\") | [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland \"Perth, Scotland\") | Jason McCrindle | [McDiarmid Park](/wiki/McDiarmid_Park \"McDiarmid Park\") | 10,696 | 7th |\n| [Stirling University](/wiki/Stirling_University_W.F.C. \"Stirling University W.F.C.\") | [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling \"Stirling\") | Craig Beveridge | [Gannochy Sports Centre](/wiki/University_of_Stirling%23Sport_facilities \"University of Stirling#Sport facilities\") | 1,000 | 8th in [SWPL 1](/wiki/2019_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League%23SWPL_1 \"2019 Scottish Women's Premier League#SWPL 1\") |\n\nSource: \n\n",
"### SWPL 1\n\n| Team | Location | Head coach | Home ground | Capacity | 2019 position |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_L.F.C. \"Celtic L.F.C.\") | [East Kilbride](/wiki/East_Kilbride \"East Kilbride\") | Fran Alonso | [K\\-Park Training Academy](/wiki/K-Park_Training_Academy \"K-Park Training Academy\") | 1,000 | 3rd |\n| [Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\") | [Forfar](/wiki/Forfar \"Forfar\") | Ryan McConville | [Station Park](/wiki/Station_Park%2C_Forfar \"Station Park, Forfar\") | 6,777 | 7th |\n| [Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") | [Cumbernauld](/wiki/Cumbernauld \"Cumbernauld\") | [Scott Booth](/wiki/Scott_Booth \"Scott Booth\") | [Broadwood Stadium](/wiki/Broadwood_Stadium \"Broadwood Stadium\") | 8,086 | 1st |\n| [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | [Andy Kirk](/wiki/Andy_Kirk_%28footballer%29 \"Andy Kirk (footballer)\") | [Oriam](/wiki/Oriam \"Oriam\") | 1,000 | 1st in [SWPL 2](/wiki/2019_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League%23SWPL_2 \"2019 Scottish Women's Premier League#SWPL 2\") |\n| [Hibernian](/wiki/Hibernian_L.F.C. \"Hibernian L.F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | Dean Gibson | [Ainslie Park](/wiki/Ainslie_Park \"Ainslie Park\") | 3,000 | 2nd |\n| [Motherwell](/wiki/Motherwell_L.F.C. \"Motherwell L.F.C.\") | [Airdrie](/wiki/Airdrie%2C_North_Lanarkshire \"Airdrie, North Lanarkshire\") | [Eddie Wolecki Black](/wiki/Eddie_Wolecki_Black \"Eddie Wolecki Black\") | [Excelsior Stadium](/wiki/Excelsior_Stadium \"Excelsior Stadium\") | 10,101 | 6th |\n| [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\") | [Milngavie](/wiki/Milngavie \"Milngavie\") | [Malky Thomson](/wiki/Malky_Thomson \"Malky Thomson\") | [Rangers Training Centre](/wiki/Rangers_Training_Centre \"Rangers Training Centre\") | 500 | 4th |\n| [Spartans](/wiki/Spartans_W.F.C. \"Spartans W.F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | Debbi McCulloch | [Ainslie Park](/wiki/Ainslie_Park \"Ainslie Park\") | 3,000 | 5th |\n\nSource: \n\n",
"### SWPL 2\n\n| Team | Location | Head coach | Home ground | Capacity | 2019 position |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\") | [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen \"Aberdeen\") | Emma Hunter Stuart Bathgate | [Cormack Park](/wiki/Cormack_Park \"Cormack Park\") | | 1st in SWFL 1 North |\n| [Boroughmuir Thistle](/wiki/Boroughmuir_Thistle_F.C. \"Boroughmuir Thistle F.C.\") | [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | Suzy Shepherd | [Meggetland Sports Complex](/wiki/Meggetland_Sports_Complex \"Meggetland Sports Complex\") | 1,000 | 5th in SWFL 1 South |\n| [Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_W.F.C. \"Dundee United W.F.C.\") | [Dundee](/wiki/Dundee \"Dundee\") | [Gavin Beith](/wiki/Gavin_Beith \"Gavin Beith\") | Regional Performance Centre | | 3rd |\n| [Glasgow Women](/wiki/Glasgow_Girls_F.C. \"Glasgow Girls F.C.\") | [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | Craig Joyce | New Tinto Park | | 6th |\n| [Hamilton Academical](/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_W.F.C. \"Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\") | [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_South_Lanarkshire \"Hamilton, South Lanarkshire\") | Gary Doctor | [New Douglas Park](/wiki/New_Douglas_Park \"New Douglas Park\") | 6,018 | 2nd |\n| [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock_Women%27s_F.C. \"Kilmarnock Women's F.C.\") | [Kilmarnock](/wiki/Kilmarnock \"Kilmarnock\") | Andy Gardner | [Rugby Park](/wiki/Rugby_Park \"Rugby Park\") | 17,889 | 4th |\n| [Partick Thistle](/wiki/Partick_Thistle_W.F.C. \"Partick Thistle W.F.C.\") | [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | [Brian Graham](/wiki/Brian_Graham_%28footballer%29 \"Brian Graham (footballer)\") | Lochinch | | 5th |\n| [Queen's Park](/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C._%28women%29 \"Queen's Park F.C. (women)\") | [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | Mark Kirk | [Lesser Hampden](/wiki/Lesser_Hampden \"Lesser Hampden\") | 1,000 | 4th in SWFL 1 South |\n| [St Johnstone](/wiki/St_Johnstone_W.F.C. \"St Johnstone W.F.C.\") | [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland \"Perth, Scotland\") | Jason McCrindle | [McDiarmid Park](/wiki/McDiarmid_Park \"McDiarmid Park\") | 10,696 | 7th |\n| [Stirling University](/wiki/Stirling_University_W.F.C. \"Stirling University W.F.C.\") | [Stirling](/wiki/Stirling \"Stirling\") | Craig Beveridge | [Gannochy Sports Centre](/wiki/University_of_Stirling%23Sport_facilities \"University of Stirling#Sport facilities\") | 1,000 | 8th in [SWPL 1](/wiki/2019_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League%23SWPL_1 \"2019 Scottish Women's Premier League#SWPL 1\") |\n\nSource: \n\n",
"SWPL 1\n------\n\n### League table\n\n### Positions by round\n\n### Results\n\n#### Matches 1 to 14\n\n#### Matches 15 to 21\n\n",
"### League table\n\n",
"### Positions by round\n\n",
"### Results\n\n#### Matches 1 to 14\n\n#### Matches 15 to 21\n\n",
"#### Matches 1 to 14\n\n",
"#### Matches 15 to 21\n\n",
"SWPL 2\n------\n\n### League table\n\n### Positions by round\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### League table\n\n",
"### Positions by round\n\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"Statistics\n----------\n\n### Scoring\n\n#### SWPL 1\n\n| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |\n| 1 | [Lizzie Arnot](/wiki/Lizzie_Arnot \"Lizzie Arnot\")\n\n[Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\")\n\n 16 |\n| 2 | Sarah Ewens\n\n[Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C._Women \"Celtic F.C. Women\")\n\n 14 |\n| 3 | [Zoe Ness](/wiki/Zoe_Ness \"Zoe Ness\")\n\n[Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\")\n\n 12 |\n| 4 | Kirsty Howat\n\n[Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") \nRangers\n\n 11 |\n|5\n\n [Aoife Colvill](/wiki/Aoife_Colvill \"Aoife Colvill\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n9\n\n| Donna Paterson\n\n[Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\")\n\n|7\n\n Chloe Craig\n\nCeltic\n\n8\n\n| [Priscila Chinchilla](/wiki/Priscila_Chinchilla \"Priscila Chinchilla\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n|9\n\n [Ode Fulutudilu](/wiki/Ode_Fulutudilu \"Ode Fulutudilu\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n7\n\n| Becky Galbraith\n\n[Spartans](/wiki/Spartans_W.F.C. \"Spartans W.F.C.\")\n\nSource:\n\n#### SWPL 2\n\n| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |\n| 1 | Bayley Hutchison\n\n[Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\")\n\n 9 |\n|2\n\n Francesca Ogilvie\n\nAberdeen\n\n4\n\n| Eva Thomson\n\nAberdeen\n\n| Robyn Smith\n\n[Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_W.F.C. \"Dundee United W.F.C.\")\n\n| 5 |*6 players*\n\n 3 |\n|\n\nSource:\n\n### Hat\\-tricks\n\n#### SWPL 1\n\n| No. | Player | For | Against | Date | Score | Ref |\n| 1 | [Zoe Ness](/wiki/Zoe_Ness \"Zoe Ness\") | [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\") | [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\") | 18 October 2020 | 5–1 | |\n| 2 | Kirsty Howat | [Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") | [Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\") | 1 November 2020 | 8–1 | |\n| 3 | Donna Paterson | Forfar Farmington | Heart of Midlothian | 8 November 2020 | 3–0 | |\n\n#### SWPL 2\n\n| No. | Player | For | Against | Date | Score | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Bayley Hutchison | [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\") | [Boroughmuir Thistle](/wiki/Boroughmuir_Thistle_F.C. \"Boroughmuir Thistle F.C.\") | 25 October 2020 | 9–0 | |\n|\n\n \n\n",
"### Scoring\n\n#### SWPL 1\n\n| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |\n| 1 | [Lizzie Arnot](/wiki/Lizzie_Arnot \"Lizzie Arnot\")\n\n[Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\")\n\n 16 |\n| 2 | Sarah Ewens\n\n[Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C._Women \"Celtic F.C. Women\")\n\n 14 |\n| 3 | [Zoe Ness](/wiki/Zoe_Ness \"Zoe Ness\")\n\n[Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\")\n\n 12 |\n| 4 | Kirsty Howat\n\n[Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") \nRangers\n\n 11 |\n|5\n\n [Aoife Colvill](/wiki/Aoife_Colvill \"Aoife Colvill\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n9\n\n| Donna Paterson\n\n[Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\")\n\n|7\n\n Chloe Craig\n\nCeltic\n\n8\n\n| [Priscila Chinchilla](/wiki/Priscila_Chinchilla \"Priscila Chinchilla\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n|9\n\n [Ode Fulutudilu](/wiki/Ode_Fulutudilu \"Ode Fulutudilu\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n7\n\n| Becky Galbraith\n\n[Spartans](/wiki/Spartans_W.F.C. \"Spartans W.F.C.\")\n\nSource:\n\n#### SWPL 2\n\n| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |\n| 1 | Bayley Hutchison\n\n[Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\")\n\n 9 |\n|2\n\n Francesca Ogilvie\n\nAberdeen\n\n4\n\n| Eva Thomson\n\nAberdeen\n\n| Robyn Smith\n\n[Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_W.F.C. \"Dundee United W.F.C.\")\n\n| 5 |*6 players*\n\n 3 |\n|\n\nSource:\n\n",
"#### SWPL 1\n\n| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |\n| 1 | [Lizzie Arnot](/wiki/Lizzie_Arnot \"Lizzie Arnot\")\n\n[Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\")\n\n 16 |\n| 2 | Sarah Ewens\n\n[Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C._Women \"Celtic F.C. Women\")\n\n 14 |\n| 3 | [Zoe Ness](/wiki/Zoe_Ness \"Zoe Ness\")\n\n[Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\")\n\n 12 |\n| 4 | Kirsty Howat\n\n[Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") \nRangers\n\n 11 |\n|5\n\n [Aoife Colvill](/wiki/Aoife_Colvill \"Aoife Colvill\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n9\n\n| Donna Paterson\n\n[Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\")\n\n|7\n\n Chloe Craig\n\nCeltic\n\n8\n\n| [Priscila Chinchilla](/wiki/Priscila_Chinchilla \"Priscila Chinchilla\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n|9\n\n [Ode Fulutudilu](/wiki/Ode_Fulutudilu \"Ode Fulutudilu\")\n\nGlasgow City\n\n7\n\n| Becky Galbraith\n\n[Spartans](/wiki/Spartans_W.F.C. \"Spartans W.F.C.\")\n\nSource:\n\n",
"#### SWPL 2\n\n| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |\n| 1 | Bayley Hutchison\n\n[Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\")\n\n 9 |\n|2\n\n Francesca Ogilvie\n\nAberdeen\n\n4\n\n| Eva Thomson\n\nAberdeen\n\n| Robyn Smith\n\n[Dundee United](/wiki/Dundee_United_W.F.C. \"Dundee United W.F.C.\")\n\n| 5 |*6 players*\n\n 3 |\n|\n\nSource:\n\n",
"### Hat\\-tricks\n\n#### SWPL 1\n\n| No. | Player | For | Against | Date | Score | Ref |\n| 1 | [Zoe Ness](/wiki/Zoe_Ness \"Zoe Ness\") | [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\") | [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\") | 18 October 2020 | 5–1 | |\n| 2 | Kirsty Howat | [Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") | [Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\") | 1 November 2020 | 8–1 | |\n| 3 | Donna Paterson | Forfar Farmington | Heart of Midlothian | 8 November 2020 | 3–0 | |\n\n#### SWPL 2\n\n| No. | Player | For | Against | Date | Score | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Bayley Hutchison | [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\") | [Boroughmuir Thistle](/wiki/Boroughmuir_Thistle_F.C. \"Boroughmuir Thistle F.C.\") | 25 October 2020 | 9–0 | |\n|\n\n \n\n",
"#### SWPL 1\n\n| No. | Player | For | Against | Date | Score | Ref |\n| 1 | [Zoe Ness](/wiki/Zoe_Ness \"Zoe Ness\") | [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_W.F.C. \"Rangers W.F.C.\") | [Heart of Midlothian](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_W.F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\") | 18 October 2020 | 5–1 | |\n| 2 | Kirsty Howat | [Glasgow City](/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C. \"Glasgow City F.C.\") | [Forfar Farmington](/wiki/Forfar_Farmington_F.C. \"Forfar Farmington F.C.\") | 1 November 2020 | 8–1 | |\n| 3 | Donna Paterson | Forfar Farmington | Heart of Midlothian | 8 November 2020 | 3–0 | |\n",
"#### SWPL 2\n\n| No. | Player | For | Against | Date | Score | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Bayley Hutchison | [Aberdeen](/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C._Women \"Aberdeen F.C. Women\") | [Boroughmuir Thistle](/wiki/Boroughmuir_Thistle_F.C. \"Boroughmuir Thistle F.C.\") | 25 October 2020 | 9–0 | |\n|\n\n \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/) \n\n[Scot](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_domestic_women%27s_association_football_leagues \"2020–21 domestic women's association football leagues\")\n[Category:Scottish Women's Premier League seasons](/wiki/Category:Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League_seasons \"Scottish Women's Premier League seasons\")\n[Premier League](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_Scottish_women%27s_football \"2020–21 in Scottish women's football\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fred J. Schraeder | {
"id": [
13892963
],
"name": [
"Patapsco913"
]
} | quar68ztxlyj89x33p2e2ju1l2jbcgz | 2023-10-01T16:38:19Z | 1,155,587,733 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Notes"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Fred J. Schraeder** (December 26, 1923 – September 28, 2016\\) was an American politician and businessman who served as a [Democratic](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") member of the [Illinois House of Representatives](/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives \"Illinois House of Representatives\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nSchraeder was born in [Clifton, Illinois](/wiki/Clifton%2C_Illinois \"Clifton, Illinois\") and raised in [Peoria, Illinois](/wiki/Peoria%2C_Illinois \"Peoria, Illinois\"). He served in thee [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). Schraeder lived in Peoria with his wife and family.'Illinois Blue Book 1981\\-1982,' Biographical Sketch of Fred J. Schraeder, pg. 162\n\nSchraeder was an active member of the Democratic Party serving as a precinct committeeman and chairman of the local Democratic Party in Peoria County. He was also involved with the labor union movement, as an employee of Pabst Brewing Company, serving as business representative for Brewery Workers Local Union No. 77, an executive board member and chairman of the Illinois ICU\\-CIO, and as president of the Illinois Brewery Workers Council.\n\nSchraeder served in the [Illinois House of Representatives](/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives \"Illinois House of Representatives\") in 1965 and 1966, from 1973 to 1977, and from 1979 to 1983\\. Schraeder was a [Democrat](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\"). Schreader died at [St. John's Hospital](/wiki/St._John%27s_Hospital_%28Springfield%2C_Illinois%29 \"St. John's Hospital (Springfield, Illinois)\") in [Springfield, Illinois](/wiki/Springfield%2C_Illinois \"Springfield, Illinois\").\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:1923 births](/wiki/Category:1923_births \"1923 births\")\n[Category:2016 deaths](/wiki/Category:2016_deaths \"2016 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Iroquois County, Illinois](/wiki/Category:People_from_Iroquois_County%2C_Illinois \"People from Iroquois County, Illinois\")\n[Category:Politicians from Peoria, Illinois](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Peoria%2C_Illinois \"Politicians from Peoria, Illinois\")\n[Category:Businesspeople from Illinois](/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Illinois \"Businesspeople from Illinois\")\n[Category:Military personnel from Illinois](/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Illinois \"Military personnel from Illinois\")\n[Category:Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_Illinois_House_of_Representatives \"Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American businesspeople](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_businesspeople \"20th-century American businesspeople\")\n[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II \"United States Army personnel of World War II\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Sungai Manila | {
"id": [
45649963
],
"name": [
"Nampong123"
]
} | 3q6y081b6mtuz3fiib6qqhkz8j5oc9q | 2024-10-05T08:24:41Z | 1,208,100,333 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Demographics",
"History",
"Polling districts",
"Representation history",
"Election results",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Sungai Manila** is a state constituency in [Sabah](/wiki/Sabah \"Sabah\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\"), that is represented in the [Sabah State Legislative Assembly](/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly \"Sabah State Legislative Assembly\"). This is one of the thirteen new state constituencies as result of approval from state legislative and Dewan Rakyat on 17 July 2019 and presenting for the first time for [snap election](/wiki/2020_Sabah_state_election \"2020 Sabah state election\")\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Polling districts\n\nAccording to the gazette issued on 31 October, the Sungai Manila constituency has a total of 5 polling districts.\n\n| State constituency | Polling Districts | Code | Location |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sungai Manila（N51） | Sungai Batang | 184/51/01 | MRSM Tun Mohammad Fuad Stephens SK Sibuga Besar |\n| Sungai Manila | 184/51/02 | SMK Libaran |\n| Batu 8 Jalan Labuk | 184/51/03 | SMK Taman Fajar |\n| Sungai Padas | 184/51/04 | SK Sungai Padas |\n| Rancangan Lubuh | 184/51/05 | SK Rancangan Lubuh |\n| Tanjung Pisau | 184/51/06 | SK Tanjong Pisau |\n\n### Representation history\n\n| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Sungai Manila | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |\n| *Constituency created from [Sungai Sibuga](/wiki/Sungai_Sibuga_%28state_constituency%29 \"Sungai Sibuga (state constituency)\")* | | | |\n| [16th](/wiki/16th_Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly \"16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly\") | 2020–present | Mokran Ingkat | \n\n",
"### Polling districts\n\nAccording to the gazette issued on 31 October, the Sungai Manila constituency has a total of 5 polling districts.\n\n| State constituency | Polling Districts | Code | Location |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sungai Manila（N51） | Sungai Batang | 184/51/01 | MRSM Tun Mohammad Fuad Stephens SK Sibuga Besar |\n| Sungai Manila | 184/51/02 | SMK Libaran |\n| Batu 8 Jalan Labuk | 184/51/03 | SMK Taman Fajar |\n| Sungai Padas | 184/51/04 | SK Sungai Padas |\n| Rancangan Lubuh | 184/51/05 | SK Rancangan Lubuh |\n| Tanjung Pisau | 184/51/06 | SK Tanjong Pisau |\n\n",
"### Representation history\n\n| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Sungai Manila | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |\n| *Constituency created from [Sungai Sibuga](/wiki/Sungai_Sibuga_%28state_constituency%29 \"Sungai Sibuga (state constituency)\")* | | | |\n| [16th](/wiki/16th_Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly \"16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly\") | 2020–present | Mokran Ingkat | \n\n",
"Election results\n----------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Sabah state constituencies](/wiki/Category:Sabah_state_constituencies \"Sabah state constituencies\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Nikos Rovas | {
"id": [
869314
],
"name": [
"Dicklyon"
]
} | d7yrrbqwxcslxkz0l36fzsyz65mwxhe | 2022-04-02T16:51:23Z | 1,002,800,114 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Nikos Rovas** (born 20 September 1977\\) is a Greek former professional [tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\") player.\n\nRovas, who had a career high ranking of 429 in the world, spent his career mostly on the [ITF Futures Circuit](/wiki/ITF_Futures \"ITF Futures\"). He made the occasional appearance in [Challenger](/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour \"ATP Challenger Tour\") events and played in the main draw of the [1998 Romanian Open](/wiki/1998_Romanian_Open \"1998 Romanian Open\"), an [ATP Tour](/wiki/ATP_Tour \"ATP Tour\") tournament. In 2003 he featured in the qualifiers at the [Australian Open](/wiki/2003_Australian_Open \"2003 Australian Open\").\n\nA regular member of the [Greece Davis Cup team](/wiki/Greece_Davis_Cup_team \"Greece Davis Cup team\") between 1996 and 2006, Rovas competed for his country in a total of 17 ties, winning six singles and three doubles rubbers. He also represented Greece at the [2001 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2001_Mediterranean_Games \"2001 Mediterranean Games\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1977 births](/wiki/Category:1977_births \"1977 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Greek male tennis players](/wiki/Category:Greek_male_tennis_players \"Greek male tennis players\")\n[Category:Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Category:Competitors_at_the_2001_Mediterranean_Games \"Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games competitors for Greece](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_competitors_for_Greece \"Mediterranean Games competitors for Greece\")\n\n"
]
} |
George McLellan | {
"id": [
1276024
],
"name": [
"Lugnuts"
]
} | 8k7p8g8guikt1jlchnvxfd3oj7fy71h | 2020-10-26T18:48:39Z | null | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**George McLellan** (born 6 September 1940\\) is a New Zealand [cricketer](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\"). He played in two [first\\-class](/wiki/First-class_cricket \"First-class cricket\") matches for [Wellington](/wiki/Wellington_cricket_team \"Wellington cricket team\") from 1965 to 1968\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Wellington representative cricketers](/wiki/List_of_Wellington_representative_cricketers \"List of Wellington representative cricketers\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1940 births](/wiki/Category:1940_births \"1940 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:New Zealand cricketers](/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_cricketers \"New Zealand cricketers\")\n[Category:Wellington cricketers](/wiki/Category:Wellington_cricketers \"Wellington cricketers\")\n[Category:Cricketers from Wellington City](/wiki/Category:Cricketers_from_Wellington_City \"Cricketers from Wellington City\")\n\n"
]
} |
Luciano Ferreyra | {
"id": [
7972967
],
"name": [
"Geregen2"
]
} | cdumfbcff2895nymh4bffroa7wpqcz0 | 2024-09-27T04:00:18Z | 1,237,829,607 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Club career",
"International career",
"Career statistics",
"Honours",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Luciano Ismael Ferreyra** (born 19 February 2002\\) is an Argentine professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a [left winger](/wiki/Winger_%28association_football%29 \"Winger (association football)\") for Chilean club [Universidad de Concepción](/wiki/C.D._Universidad_de_Concepci%C3%B3n \"C.D. Universidad de Concepción\"), on loan from [Rosario Central](/wiki/Rosario_Central \"Rosario Central\").\n\n",
"Club career\n-----------\n\nFerreyra started out with local club Club Olimpo SP, prior to moving to [Santa Fe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province \"Santa Fe Province\") with [Rosario Central](/wiki/Rosario_Central \"Rosario Central\") in 2015\\. After five years progressing through their youth ranks, Ferreyra moved into first\\-team football in October 2020\\. He made his senior debut on 2 November against [Godoy Cruz](/wiki/Godoy_Cruz_Antonio_Tomba \"Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba\"), playing eighty\\-six minutes before being substituted off for [Joaquín Laso](/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Laso \"Joaquín Laso\") in a 2–1 win.\n\nIn the second half of 2024, Ferreyra moved to Chile and joined on loan to [Universidad de Concepción](/wiki/C.D._Universidad_de_Concepci%C3%B3n \"C.D. Universidad de Concepción\").\n\n",
"International career\n--------------------\n\nFerreyra was called up to represent Argentina at the [2019 South American U\\-17 Championship](/wiki/2019_South_American_U-17_Championship \"2019 South American U-17 Championship\") in Peru. He appeared six times as his country won the trophy. Ferreyra also trained with the [senior team](/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team \"Argentina national football team\") at the [2019 Copa América](/wiki/2019_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica \"2019 Copa América\").\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n.\n\n| \\+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |\n| --- |\n|Club\n\nSeason\n\nLeague\n\nCup\n\nLeague Cup\n\nContinental\n\nOther\n\nTotal\n\n| Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |\n|[Rosario Central](/wiki/Rosario_Central \"Rosario Central\")\n\n [2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"2020–21 Argentine Primera División\") |\n[Primera División](/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Argentine Primera División\")\n\n 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |— 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |\n|Career total\n\n 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |— 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\n**Argentina U17**\n* [South American U\\-17 Championship](/wiki/South_American_U-17_Championship \"South American U-17 Championship\"): [2019](/wiki/2019_South_American_U-17_Championship \"2019 South American U-17 Championship\")\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2002 births](/wiki/Category:2002_births \"2002 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Footballers from Chaco Province](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Chaco_Province \"Footballers from Chaco Province\")\n[Category:Argentine men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentine_men%27s_footballers \"Argentine men's footballers\")\n[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentine_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"Argentine expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:Argentina men's youth international footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentina_men%27s_youth_international_footballers \"Argentina men's youth international footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football wingers](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_wingers \"Men's association football wingers\")\n[Category:Argentine Primera División players](/wiki/Category:Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_players \"Argentine Primera División players\")\n[Category:Rosario Central footballers](/wiki/Category:Rosario_Central_footballers \"Rosario Central footballers\")\n[Category:Club Atlético Platense footballers](/wiki/Category:Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Platense_footballers \"Club Atlético Platense footballers\")\n[Category:C.D. Universidad de Concepción footballers](/wiki/Category:C.D._Universidad_de_Concepci%C3%B3n_footballers \"C.D. Universidad de Concepción footballers\")\n[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile](/wiki/Category:Argentine_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Chile \"Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile\")\n[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Chile](/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Chile \"Expatriate men's footballers in Chile\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ulaanbaatar MMC Energy | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"178.209.133.14"
]
} | 6ws0a6qiz1ixlabli0ov11zrkp18mpn | 2024-08-18T13:52:00Z | 1,238,911,281 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Players",
"Current roster",
"Season by season",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ulaanbaatar MMC Energy** is a men's professional 3x3 team based in [Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Ulaanbaatar \"Ulaanbaatar\"), [Mongolia](/wiki/Mongolia \"Mongolia\") which plays the [FIBA 3x3 Men's Pro Circuit](/wiki/FIBA_3x3_Men%27s_Pro_Circuit \"FIBA 3x3 Men's Pro Circuit\"). The team is sponsored by the Mongolian firm [Mongolian Mining Corporation](/wiki/Mongolian_Mining_Corporation \"Mongolian Mining Corporation\") (MMC).\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nUlaanbaatar MMC Energy was established in 2017, and regularly competed in [FIBA 3x3 Men's Pro Circuit](/wiki/FIBA_3x3_Men%27s_Pro_Circuit \"FIBA 3x3 Men's Pro Circuit\") tournaments. In 2019, the team, which is composed of the core of the [Mongolia national 3x3 team](/wiki/Mongolia_national_3x3_team \"Mongolia national 3x3 team\"), made a bid to be among the four teams to outright qualify for the men's 3x3 tournament in the [2020 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_3x3_tournament \"Basketball at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 3x3 tournament\") via men's national team rankings. At fourth place, Mongolia would have qualified if Japan did not use its privilege as host to enter its men's team without going through the qualifiers.\n\nAt the 2019 FIBA 3x3 Jeju Challenger in [Jeju](/wiki/Jeju_Province \"Jeju Province\"), [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), Ulaanbaatar became the first Asian team to win in a Grand Prix\\-level event in the FIBA 3x3 Pro Circuit by winning 13\\-10 over Slovenian team, Piran in the final. Within the same year, they made their best finish in a FIBA 3x3 World Tour tournament in the 2019 Los Angeles Masters by placing fourth.\n\n",
"Players\n-------\n\n### Current roster\n\n",
"### Current roster\n\n",
"Season by season\n----------------\n\n| Season | Qualification | Pos. | Finals | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|[2019](/wiki/2019_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour \"2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour\")\n\n [Lausanne](/wiki/2019_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour_Lausanne_Masters \"2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Lausanne Masters\") |\n |\n 12th place |\n 0–2 |\n |\n| [Jeddah](/wiki/2019_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour_Jeddah_Masters \"2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Jeddah Masters\") | | 7th place | 1–2 | |\n| [Los Angeles](/wiki/2019_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour_Los_Angeles_Masters \"2019 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Los Angeles Masters\") | | 4th place | 2–2 | |\n|[2020](/wiki/2020_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour \"2020 FIBA 3x3 World Tour\")\n\n [Hungary](/wiki/2020_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour_Hungary_Masters \"2020 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Hungary Masters\") |\n |\n 8th place |\n 1–1 |\n |\n| [Europe](/wiki/2020_FIBA_3x3_World_Tour_Europe_Masters \"2020 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Europe Masters\") | | 10th place | 0–2 | |\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Basketball teams in Mongolia](/wiki/Category:Basketball_teams_in_Mongolia \"Basketball teams in Mongolia\")\n[Category:FIBA 3x3 World Tour teams](/wiki/Category:FIBA_3x3_World_Tour_teams \"FIBA 3x3 World Tour teams\")\n[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Ulaanbaatar](/wiki/Category:Sports_clubs_and_teams_in_Ulaanbaatar \"Sports clubs and teams in Ulaanbaatar\")\n\n"
]
} |
Theba macandrewiana | {
"id": [
19232291
],
"name": [
"Couiros22"
]
} | p2vh32pl6s9dprxjy2i4oooci0az6cg | 2023-08-05T18:40:03Z | 1,056,200,705 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Distribution and habitat",
"Threats",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * \n\n***Theba macandrewiana*** is a species of land snail of the family [Helicidae](/wiki/Helicidae \"Helicidae\"), [endemic](/wiki/Endemic \"Endemic\") to the [Savage Islands](/wiki/Savage_Islands \"Savage Islands\") of [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"). Its shell is around in length.\n\n",
"Distribution and habitat\n------------------------\n\nIt is present in the three islands ([Selvagem Grande](/wiki/Selvagem_Grande \"Selvagem Grande\"), [Selvagem Pequena](/wiki/Selvagem_Pequena \"Selvagem Pequena\") and [Fora Islet](/wiki/Fora_Islet \"Fora Islet\")) where it occurs on rocky and sandy soils, beneath rocks or associated to grasses from in altitude. It is the only non\\-marine gastropod species known from the archipelago.\n\n",
"Threats\n-------\n\nThe species was threatened by previous introduction of rabbits (*[Oryctolagus cuniculus](/wiki/Oryctolagus_cuniculus \"Oryctolagus cuniculus\")*), mice (*[Mus musculus](/wiki/Mus_musculus \"Mus musculus\")*) and the tobacco tree (*[Nicotiana glauca](/wiki/Nicotiana_glauca \"Nicotiana glauca\")*) to the Selvagem Grande which were effectively eradicated in the early 2000's. Today, the species is susceptible to soil erosion and consequent landslides from rainstorms that affect the arid archipelago and also native lizards that may predate on eggs. In the longer term the species could be threatened by increased [frequency of droughts](/wiki/Extreme_weather \"Extreme weather\") and [sea level changes due to climate change](/wiki/Sea_level_rise \"Sea level rise\").\n\nIt represents about 35% of the diet of [yellow\\-legged gulls](/wiki/Yellow-legged_gull \"Yellow-legged gull\") that breed on the islands.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Helicidae](/wiki/Category:Helicidae \"Helicidae\")\n[Category:Endemic fauna of Madeira](/wiki/Category:Endemic_fauna_of_Madeira \"Endemic fauna of Madeira\")\n[Category:Molluscs of Africa](/wiki/Category:Molluscs_of_Africa \"Molluscs of Africa\")\n[Category:Savage Islands](/wiki/Category:Savage_Islands \"Savage Islands\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Ludwig_Karl_Georg_Pfeiffer \"Taxa named by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer\")\n[Category:Gastropods described in 1853](/wiki/Category:Gastropods_described_in_1853 \"Gastropods described in 1853\")\n\n"
]
} |
2020–21 VTB United League | {
"id": [
42844663
],
"name": [
"NalydWorldwide"
]
} | bwixsk07d4cshrijpbpb76hl05zgxvv | 2024-09-09T14:43:49Z | 1,228,127,136 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Teams",
"Venues and locations",
"Regular season",
"Standings",
"Results",
"Playoffs",
"Bracket",
"Quarterfinals",
"Semifinals",
"Finals",
"VTB League teams in European competitions",
"Awards",
"Season awards",
"MVP of the Month",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2020–21 [VTB United League](/wiki/VTB_United_League \"VTB United League\")** was the 12th season of the [VTB United League](/wiki/VTB_United_League \"VTB United League\"). It was the eight season that the league functions as the [Russian domestic first tier level](/wiki/Russian_basketball_league_system \"Russian basketball league system\").\n\n",
"Teams\n-----\n\nA total of 13 teams from five countries contested the league, including nine sides from Russia, one from Belarus, one from Estonia, one from Kazakhstan, and one from Poland.\n\n### Venues and locations\n\n| Team | Home city | Arena | Capacity |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Astana](/wiki/BC_Astana \"BC Astana\") | [Nur\\-Sultan](/wiki/Nur-Sultan \"Nur-Sultan\") | [Arena Velotrack](/wiki/Saryarka_Velodrome \"Saryarka Velodrome\") | 9,270 |\n| [Avtodor](/wiki/BC_Avtodor \"BC Avtodor\") | [Saratov](/wiki/Saratov \"Saratov\") | [DS Kristall](/wiki/Kristall_Ice_Sports_Palace \"Kristall Ice Sports Palace\") | 5,500 |\n| [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") | [USC CSKA](/wiki/Alexander_Gomelsky_Universal_Sports_Hall_CSKA \"Alexander Gomelsky Universal Sports Hall CSKA\") | 5,000 |\n| [Enisey](/wiki/BC_Enisey \"BC Enisey\") | [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\") | [Arena.Sever](/wiki/Arena_Sever \"Arena Sever\") | 4,000 |\n| [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") | [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn \"Tallinn\") | [Saku Suurhall](/wiki/Saku_Suurhall \"Saku Suurhall\") | 5,500 |\n| [Khimki](/wiki/BC_Khimki \"BC Khimki\") | [Khimki](/wiki/Khimki \"Khimki\") | [BCMO](/wiki/Khimki_Basketball_Center \"Khimki Basketball Center\") | 4,000 |\n| [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | [Krasnodar](/wiki/Krasnodar \"Krasnodar\") | [Basket\\-Hall](/wiki/Basket-Hall_Krasnodar \"Basket-Hall Krasnodar\") | 7,500 |\n| [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod \"BC Nizhny Novgorod\") | [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\") | [Trade Union Sport Palace](/wiki/Trade_Union_Sport_Palace \"Trade Union Sport Palace\") | 5,500 |\n| [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Basket \"Parma Basket\") | [Perm](/wiki/Perm%2C_Russia \"Perm, Russia\") | [UDS Molot](/wiki/Universal_Sports_Palace_Molot \"Universal Sports Palace Molot\") | 7,000 |\n| [Tsmoki Minsk](/wiki/BC_Tsmoki-Minsk \"BC Tsmoki-Minsk\") | [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk \"Minsk\") | [Minsk\\-Arena](/wiki/Minsk-Arena \"Minsk-Arena\") | 15,000 |\n| [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan \"Kazan\") | [Basket\\-Hall](/wiki/Basket-Hall_Kazan \"Basket-Hall Kazan\") | 7,000 |\n| [Zenit](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") | [Sibur Arena](/wiki/Sibur_Arena \"Sibur Arena\") | 6,381 |\n| [Zielona Góra](/wiki/Basket_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Basket Zielona Góra\") | [Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zielona Góra\") | [CRS Hall Zielona Góra](/wiki/CRS_Hall_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"CRS Hall Zielona Góra\") | 6,080 |\n\n",
"### Venues and locations\n\n| Team | Home city | Arena | Capacity |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Astana](/wiki/BC_Astana \"BC Astana\") | [Nur\\-Sultan](/wiki/Nur-Sultan \"Nur-Sultan\") | [Arena Velotrack](/wiki/Saryarka_Velodrome \"Saryarka Velodrome\") | 9,270 |\n| [Avtodor](/wiki/BC_Avtodor \"BC Avtodor\") | [Saratov](/wiki/Saratov \"Saratov\") | [DS Kristall](/wiki/Kristall_Ice_Sports_Palace \"Kristall Ice Sports Palace\") | 5,500 |\n| [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\") | [USC CSKA](/wiki/Alexander_Gomelsky_Universal_Sports_Hall_CSKA \"Alexander Gomelsky Universal Sports Hall CSKA\") | 5,000 |\n| [Enisey](/wiki/BC_Enisey \"BC Enisey\") | [Krasnoyarsk](/wiki/Krasnoyarsk \"Krasnoyarsk\") | [Arena.Sever](/wiki/Arena_Sever \"Arena Sever\") | 4,000 |\n| [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") | [Tallinn](/wiki/Tallinn \"Tallinn\") | [Saku Suurhall](/wiki/Saku_Suurhall \"Saku Suurhall\") | 5,500 |\n| [Khimki](/wiki/BC_Khimki \"BC Khimki\") | [Khimki](/wiki/Khimki \"Khimki\") | [BCMO](/wiki/Khimki_Basketball_Center \"Khimki Basketball Center\") | 4,000 |\n| [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | [Krasnodar](/wiki/Krasnodar \"Krasnodar\") | [Basket\\-Hall](/wiki/Basket-Hall_Krasnodar \"Basket-Hall Krasnodar\") | 7,500 |\n| [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod \"BC Nizhny Novgorod\") | [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\") | [Trade Union Sport Palace](/wiki/Trade_Union_Sport_Palace \"Trade Union Sport Palace\") | 5,500 |\n| [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Basket \"Parma Basket\") | [Perm](/wiki/Perm%2C_Russia \"Perm, Russia\") | [UDS Molot](/wiki/Universal_Sports_Palace_Molot \"Universal Sports Palace Molot\") | 7,000 |\n| [Tsmoki Minsk](/wiki/BC_Tsmoki-Minsk \"BC Tsmoki-Minsk\") | [Minsk](/wiki/Minsk \"Minsk\") | [Minsk\\-Arena](/wiki/Minsk-Arena \"Minsk-Arena\") | 15,000 |\n| [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | [Kazan](/wiki/Kazan \"Kazan\") | [Basket\\-Hall](/wiki/Basket-Hall_Kazan \"Basket-Hall Kazan\") | 7,000 |\n| [Zenit](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\") | [Sibur Arena](/wiki/Sibur_Arena \"Sibur Arena\") | 6,381 |\n| [Zielona Góra](/wiki/Basket_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Basket Zielona Góra\") | [Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zielona Góra\") | [CRS Hall Zielona Góra](/wiki/CRS_Hall_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"CRS Hall Zielona Góra\") | 6,080 |\n\n",
"Regular season\n--------------\n\nIn the regular season, teams play against each other twice (home\\-and\\-away) in a [round\\-robin format](/wiki/Round-robin_tournament \"Round-robin tournament\").\n\n### Standings\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### Standings\n\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"Playoffs\n--------\n\nQuarterfinals were played in a [best\\-of\\-three](/wiki/Playoff_format%23Best-of-three_playoff \"Playoff format#Best-of-three playoff\") format (1\\-1\\-1\\). Semifinals and finals were played in a [best\\-of\\-five](/wiki/Playoff_format%23Best-of-five_playoff \"Playoff format#Best-of-five playoff\") format (2\\-2\\-1\\).\n\n### Bracket\n\n### Quarterfinals\n\n\\|}\n\n### Semifinals\n\n\\|}\n\n### Finals\n\n\\|}\n\n",
"### Bracket\n\n",
"### Quarterfinals\n\n\\|}\n\n",
"### Semifinals\n\n\\|}\n\n",
"### Finals\n\n\\|}\n\n",
"VTB League teams in European competitions\n-----------------------------------------\n\n| Team | Competition | Progress |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | **[EuroLeague](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_EuroLeague \"2020–21 EuroLeague\")** | 4th place |\n| [Khimki](/wiki/BC_Khimki \"BC Khimki\") | Regular season |\n| [Zenit Saint Petersburg](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | Quarterfinals |\n| [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | **[EuroCup](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_EuroCup_Basketball \"2020–21 EuroCup Basketball\")** | Quarterfinals |\n| [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | Runner\\-up |\n| [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod \"BC Nizhny Novgorod\") | **[Champions League](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Basketball_Champions_League \"2020–21 Basketball Champions League\")** | Quarterfinals |\n| [Tsmoki\\-Minsk](/wiki/BC_Tsmoki-Minsk \"BC Tsmoki-Minsk\") | Regular season |\n| [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Basket \"Parma Basket\") | **[FIBA Europe Cup](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_FIBA_Europe_Cup \"2020–21 FIBA Europe Cup\")** | 4th place |\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n### Season awards\n\n| Award | Player | Team | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Regular Season MVP](/wiki/VTB_United_League_MVP \"VTB United League MVP\") | [Mantas Kalnietis](/wiki/Mantas_Kalnietis \"Mantas Kalnietis\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/Lokomotiv_Kuban \"Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| [Playoffs MVP](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Playoffs_MVP \"VTB United League Playoffs MVP\") | [Daniel Hackett](/wiki/Daniel_Hackett \"Daniel Hackett\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | |\n| [Scoring Champion](/wiki/List_of_VTB_United_League_season_scoring_leaders \"List of VTB United League season scoring leaders\") | [Marcus Keene](/wiki/Marcus_Keene \"Marcus Keene\") | [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") | |\n| [Young Player of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Young_Player_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Young Player of the Year\") | [Nikita Mikhailovsky](/wiki/Nikita_Mikhailovsky \"Nikita Mikhailovsky\") | [Avtodor Saratov](/wiki/BC_Avtodor_Saratov \"BC Avtodor Saratov\") | |\n| [Coach of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Coach_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Coach of the Year\") | [Xavi Pascual](/wiki/Xavi_Pascual_%28basketball%29 \"Xavi Pascual (basketball)\") | [Zenit](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | |\n| Performance of the Season | [Anton Astapkovich](/wiki/Anton_Astapkovich \"Anton Astapkovich\") | [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod \"BC Nizhny Novgorod\") | |\n| [Sixth Man of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Sixth_Man_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Sixth Man of the Year\") | [Rolands Freimanis](/wiki/Rolands_Freimanis \"Rolands Freimanis\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Basket_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Basket Zielona Góra\") | |\n| [Defensive Player of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Defensive Player of the Year\") | [John Brown](/wiki/John_Brown_%28basketball%2C_born_1992%29 \"John Brown (basketball, born 1992)\") | [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | |\n| Newcomer of the Year | [Gabriel Lundberg](/wiki/Gabriel_Lundberg \"Gabriel Lundberg\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zastal_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zastal Zielona Góra\") | |\n| First Team | [Mantas Kalnietis](/wiki/Mantas_Kalnietis \"Mantas Kalnietis\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1990)\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") |\n| [Marcus Keene](/wiki/Marcus_Keene \"Marcus Keene\") | [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") |\n| [Rolands Freimanis](/wiki/Rolands_Freimanis \"Rolands Freimanis\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zastal_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zastal Zielona Góra\") |\n| [Jordan Mickey](/wiki/Jordan_Mickey \"Jordan Mickey\") | [Khimki](/wiki/BC_Khimki \"BC Khimki\") |\n| Second Team | [Alexey Shved](/wiki/Alexey_Shved \"Alexey Shved\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | |\n| [Kevin Pangos](/wiki/Kevin_Pangos \"Kevin Pangos\") | [Zenit](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") |\n| [Will Clyburn](/wiki/Will_Clyburn \"Will Clyburn\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") |\n| [Mindaugas Kuzminskas](/wiki/Mindaugas_Kuzminskas \"Mindaugas Kuzminskas\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") |\n| [Geoffrey Groselle](/wiki/Geoffrey_Groselle \"Geoffrey Groselle\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zastal_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zastal Zielona Góra\") |\n\n### MVP of the Month\n\n| Month | Player | Team | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2020 | | | |\n| September/October | [Billy Baron](/wiki/Billy_Baron \"Billy Baron\") | [Zenit Saint Petersburg](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | |\n| November | [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| December | [Gabriel Lundberg](/wiki/Gabriel_Lundberg \"Gabriel Lundberg\") | [Zielona Góra](/wiki/Basket_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Basket Zielona Góra\") | |\n| 2021 | | | |\n| January | [Jamar Smith](/wiki/Jamar_Smith \"Jamar Smith\") | [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | |\n| February | [Drew Gordon](/wiki/Drew_Gordon \"Drew Gordon\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| March | [Johannes Voigtmann](/wiki/Johannes_Voigtmann \"Johannes Voigtmann\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | |\n| April | [Marcus Keene](/wiki/Marcus_Keene \"Marcus Keene\") | [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") | |\n\n",
"### Season awards\n\n| Award | Player | Team | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Regular Season MVP](/wiki/VTB_United_League_MVP \"VTB United League MVP\") | [Mantas Kalnietis](/wiki/Mantas_Kalnietis \"Mantas Kalnietis\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/Lokomotiv_Kuban \"Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| [Playoffs MVP](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Playoffs_MVP \"VTB United League Playoffs MVP\") | [Daniel Hackett](/wiki/Daniel_Hackett \"Daniel Hackett\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | |\n| [Scoring Champion](/wiki/List_of_VTB_United_League_season_scoring_leaders \"List of VTB United League season scoring leaders\") | [Marcus Keene](/wiki/Marcus_Keene \"Marcus Keene\") | [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") | |\n| [Young Player of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Young_Player_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Young Player of the Year\") | [Nikita Mikhailovsky](/wiki/Nikita_Mikhailovsky \"Nikita Mikhailovsky\") | [Avtodor Saratov](/wiki/BC_Avtodor_Saratov \"BC Avtodor Saratov\") | |\n| [Coach of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Coach_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Coach of the Year\") | [Xavi Pascual](/wiki/Xavi_Pascual_%28basketball%29 \"Xavi Pascual (basketball)\") | [Zenit](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | |\n| Performance of the Season | [Anton Astapkovich](/wiki/Anton_Astapkovich \"Anton Astapkovich\") | [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod \"BC Nizhny Novgorod\") | |\n| [Sixth Man of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Sixth_Man_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Sixth Man of the Year\") | [Rolands Freimanis](/wiki/Rolands_Freimanis \"Rolands Freimanis\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Basket_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Basket Zielona Góra\") | |\n| [Defensive Player of the Year](/wiki/VTB_United_League_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year \"VTB United League Defensive Player of the Year\") | [John Brown](/wiki/John_Brown_%28basketball%2C_born_1992%29 \"John Brown (basketball, born 1992)\") | [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | |\n| Newcomer of the Year | [Gabriel Lundberg](/wiki/Gabriel_Lundberg \"Gabriel Lundberg\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zastal_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zastal Zielona Góra\") | |\n| First Team | [Mantas Kalnietis](/wiki/Mantas_Kalnietis \"Mantas Kalnietis\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1990%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1990)\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") |\n| [Marcus Keene](/wiki/Marcus_Keene \"Marcus Keene\") | [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") |\n| [Rolands Freimanis](/wiki/Rolands_Freimanis \"Rolands Freimanis\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zastal_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zastal Zielona Góra\") |\n| [Jordan Mickey](/wiki/Jordan_Mickey \"Jordan Mickey\") | [Khimki](/wiki/BC_Khimki \"BC Khimki\") |\n| Second Team | [Alexey Shved](/wiki/Alexey_Shved \"Alexey Shved\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | |\n| [Kevin Pangos](/wiki/Kevin_Pangos \"Kevin Pangos\") | [Zenit](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") |\n| [Will Clyburn](/wiki/Will_Clyburn \"Will Clyburn\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") |\n| [Mindaugas Kuzminskas](/wiki/Mindaugas_Kuzminskas \"Mindaugas Kuzminskas\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") |\n| [Geoffrey Groselle](/wiki/Geoffrey_Groselle \"Geoffrey Groselle\") | [Zastal Zielona Góra](/wiki/Zastal_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Zastal Zielona Góra\") |\n\n",
"### MVP of the Month\n\n| Month | Player | Team | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2020 | | | |\n| September/October | [Billy Baron](/wiki/Billy_Baron \"Billy Baron\") | [Zenit Saint Petersburg](/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg \"BC Zenit Saint Petersburg\") | |\n| November | [Alan Williams](/wiki/Alan_Williams_%28basketball%29 \"Alan Williams (basketball)\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| December | [Gabriel Lundberg](/wiki/Gabriel_Lundberg \"Gabriel Lundberg\") | [Zielona Góra](/wiki/Basket_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra \"Basket Zielona Góra\") | |\n| 2021 | | | |\n| January | [Jamar Smith](/wiki/Jamar_Smith \"Jamar Smith\") | [UNICS](/wiki/BC_UNICS \"BC UNICS\") | |\n| February | [Drew Gordon](/wiki/Drew_Gordon \"Drew Gordon\") | [Lokomotiv Kuban](/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban \"PBC Lokomotiv Kuban\") | |\n| March | [Johannes Voigtmann](/wiki/Johannes_Voigtmann \"Johannes Voigtmann\") | [CSKA Moscow](/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow \"PBC CSKA Moscow\") | |\n| April | [Marcus Keene](/wiki/Marcus_Keene \"Marcus Keene\") | [Kalev/Cramo](/wiki/BC_Kalev \"BC Kalev\") | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.vtb-league.com/en/)\n\n[2020–21](/wiki/Category:VTB_United_League_seasons \"VTB United League seasons\")\n[Category:2020–21 in European basketball leagues](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_European_basketball_leagues \"2020–21 in European basketball leagues\")\n[Category:2020–21 in Russian basketball](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_Russian_basketball \"2020–21 in Russian basketball\")\n[Category:2020–21 in Estonian basketball](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_Estonian_basketball \"2020–21 in Estonian basketball\")\n[Category:2020–21 in Belarusian basketball](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_Belarusian_basketball \"2020–21 in Belarusian basketball\")\n[Category:2020–21 in Kazakhstani basketball](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_Kazakhstani_basketball \"2020–21 in Kazakhstani basketball\")\n[Category:2020–21 in Polish basketball](/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_in_Polish_basketball \"2020–21 in Polish basketball\")\n\n"
]
} |
Leonard Kamsler | {
"id": [
1261736
],
"name": [
"Red Director"
]
} | p0hruk3ot5uj0s8v2gyjexfiryoiyda | 2024-01-10T18:32:23Z | 1,174,129,894 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Leonard Kamsler** (October 18, 1935 – November 18, 2020\\) was an American golf photojournalist. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Photojournalism from the [Professional Golfers' Association of America](/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America \"Professional Golfers' Association of America\") in 2020\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1935 births](/wiki/Category:1935_births \"1935 births\")\n[Category:2020 deaths](/wiki/Category:2020_deaths \"2020 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Bethel, New York](/wiki/Category:People_from_Bethel%2C_New_York \"People from Bethel, New York\")\n[Category:Duke University alumni](/wiki/Category:Duke_University_alumni \"Duke University alumni\")\n[Category:American photojournalists](/wiki/Category:American_photojournalists \"American photojournalists\")\n[Category:Photographers from New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Photographers_from_New_York_%28state%29 \"Photographers from New York (state)\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American photographers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_photographers \"20th-century American photographers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American photographers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_photographers \"21st-century American photographers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Stephen J. McCormick (radio correspondent) | {
"id": [
525927
],
"name": [
"Chris the speller"
]
} | hdraym1fvh7vlixj9i9rv8uqvtkqqgo | 2023-12-01T14:57:25Z | 1,187,749,187 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Early days",
"Mutual",
"NBC-TV",
"World War II",
"Marriage",
"Television career",
"Again radio",
"Death",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Stephen Joseph McCormick** (1914–2011\\) was an American radio correspondent, working on the [Mutual Broadcasting System](/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System \"Mutual Broadcasting System\") (MBS, Mutual) since 1935, where he introduced \"[fireside chats](/wiki/Fireside_chats \"Fireside chats\")\" of president [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\") for Mutual audience.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\n### Early days\n\nStephen Joseph McCormick was born on May 4, 1914, in [Taunton](/wiki/Taunton%2C_Massachusetts \"Taunton, Massachusetts\"), a city in [Bristol County](/wiki/Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Bristol County, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). His parents were Stephen J. and Mary Gaffney McCormick.\n\nHe was growing in Taunton and [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), and attended [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\").\n\n### Mutual\n\n[thumb\\|Radio stations broadcasting Franklin D. Roosevelt \"[fireside chats](/wiki/Fireside_chats \"Fireside chats\")\" at the White House, Washington, D.C. 1939](/wiki/File:Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg \"Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg\")\n\nMcCormick arrived in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), in the middle of 1930s, where, after working for a some time for a local radio station, joined [Mutual](/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System \"Mutual Broadcasting System\") in 1935\\.\n\nMcCormick became a top executive of Mutual.\n\n### NBC\\-TV\n\nMcCormick became a host of two shows on the NBC\\-TV in 1954, \"The American Forum\" and \"Youth Wants To Know\", where Stephen J. McCormick found his style as \"neutral moderator\", he explained that in the interview for the [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\") in 1956: \"The moderator must be neutral, ...no public affairs discussion program can last for very long if word gets around that the moderator favors one point of view. Guests will just refuse to take part in the show\".\n\nIn \"Youth Wants To Know\", McCormick interviewed [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), who was that time [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") Senator representing [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). McCormick asked John F. Kennedy if he consider to accept an offer be as a candidate on the vice president office, about that Kennedy answered: \"I think it's a bad idea in politics and every other kind of job to accept or refuse things which have not and probably will not be offered to you,.. I suppose it's like saying to a girl, 'If I asked you to marry me, and I'm not asking you to marry me, would you marry me?' I suppose, when the time comes, we can make a better judgment on it.\" On what McCormick responded humorously: \"I wouldn't be surprised, after reading about you for many years, Senator, if we had a lot of girls who were thinking of marrying you.\"\n\n### World War II\n\nMcCormick had a service in the Army in the Pacific during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and was awarded with the [Bronze Star Medal](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal \"Bronze Star Medal\") for the [Battle of Saipan](/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan \"Battle of Saipan\").\n\n### Marriage\n\nMcCormick was on the air with Mutual broadcasting of the draft lottery (see photograph above), when his aid asked him what is his number, McCormick answered: \"It's 105\" — \"Well, they just pulled your number out of the bowl. You're in the Army,\" — said his aid. Then McCormick served in the US Army and occurred in the [Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").\n\nDuring World War II, his future wife Theodora \"Theo\" McCormick was serving as a Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS) host of the show \"Red Cross Music Canteen of the Air\" in the [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\"), they met first in [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\"), then in Saipan, and married in December 1945\\.\n\n### Television career\n\nHe played, in 1950s, himself as a correspondent, in \"[It Happened to Jane](/wiki/It_Happened_to_Jane \"It Happened to Jane\")\", a comedy with [Doris Day](/wiki/Doris_Day \"Doris Day\") and [Jack Lemmon](/wiki/Jack_Lemmon \"Jack Lemmon\").\n\n### Again radio\n\nMcCormick returned to work on Mutual in Washington in 1960s as a vice president, working as on news and interview until 1970s. He was a producer and director of coverage of [Project Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini \"Project Gemini\"), [Apollo program](/wiki/Apollo_program \"Apollo program\"), [Project Mercury](/wiki/Project_Mercury \"Project Mercury\") for Mutual.\n\n### Death\n\nStephen J. McCormick died November 30, 2011, in the [Bar Harbor](/wiki/Bar_Harbor \"Bar Harbor\"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"), from congestive heart failure.\n\n",
"### Early days\n\nStephen Joseph McCormick was born on May 4, 1914, in [Taunton](/wiki/Taunton%2C_Massachusetts \"Taunton, Massachusetts\"), a city in [Bristol County](/wiki/Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts \"Bristol County, Massachusetts\"), [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). His parents were Stephen J. and Mary Gaffney McCormick.\n\nHe was growing in Taunton and [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts \"Cambridge, Massachusetts\"), and attended [Boston University](/wiki/Boston_University \"Boston University\").\n\n",
"### Mutual\n\n[thumb\\|Radio stations broadcasting Franklin D. Roosevelt \"[fireside chats](/wiki/Fireside_chats \"Fireside chats\")\" at the White House, Washington, D.C. 1939](/wiki/File:Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg \"Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg\")\n\nMcCormick arrived in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), in the middle of 1930s, where, after working for a some time for a local radio station, joined [Mutual](/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System \"Mutual Broadcasting System\") in 1935\\.\n\nMcCormick became a top executive of Mutual.\n\n",
"### NBC\\-TV\n\nMcCormick became a host of two shows on the NBC\\-TV in 1954, \"The American Forum\" and \"Youth Wants To Know\", where Stephen J. McCormick found his style as \"neutral moderator\", he explained that in the interview for the [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post \"Washington Post\") in 1956: \"The moderator must be neutral, ...no public affairs discussion program can last for very long if word gets around that the moderator favors one point of view. Guests will just refuse to take part in the show\".\n\nIn \"Youth Wants To Know\", McCormick interviewed [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\"), who was that time [Democratic Party](/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic Party (United States)\") Senator representing [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). McCormick asked John F. Kennedy if he consider to accept an offer be as a candidate on the vice president office, about that Kennedy answered: \"I think it's a bad idea in politics and every other kind of job to accept or refuse things which have not and probably will not be offered to you,.. I suppose it's like saying to a girl, 'If I asked you to marry me, and I'm not asking you to marry me, would you marry me?' I suppose, when the time comes, we can make a better judgment on it.\" On what McCormick responded humorously: \"I wouldn't be surprised, after reading about you for many years, Senator, if we had a lot of girls who were thinking of marrying you.\"\n\n",
"### World War II\n\nMcCormick had a service in the Army in the Pacific during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") and was awarded with the [Bronze Star Medal](/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal \"Bronze Star Medal\") for the [Battle of Saipan](/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan \"Battle of Saipan\").\n\n",
"### Marriage\n\nMcCormick was on the air with Mutual broadcasting of the draft lottery (see photograph above), when his aid asked him what is his number, McCormick answered: \"It's 105\" — \"Well, they just pulled your number out of the bowl. You're in the Army,\" — said his aid. Then McCormick served in the US Army and occurred in the [Pacific Ocean](/wiki/Pacific_Ocean \"Pacific Ocean\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").\n\nDuring World War II, his future wife Theodora \"Theo\" McCormick was serving as a Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS) host of the show \"Red Cross Music Canteen of the Air\" in the [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\"), they met first in [Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu \"Honolulu\"), then in Saipan, and married in December 1945\\.\n\n",
"### Television career\n\nHe played, in 1950s, himself as a correspondent, in \"[It Happened to Jane](/wiki/It_Happened_to_Jane \"It Happened to Jane\")\", a comedy with [Doris Day](/wiki/Doris_Day \"Doris Day\") and [Jack Lemmon](/wiki/Jack_Lemmon \"Jack Lemmon\").\n\n",
"### Again radio\n\nMcCormick returned to work on Mutual in Washington in 1960s as a vice president, working as on news and interview until 1970s. He was a producer and director of coverage of [Project Gemini](/wiki/Project_Gemini \"Project Gemini\"), [Apollo program](/wiki/Apollo_program \"Apollo program\"), [Project Mercury](/wiki/Project_Mercury \"Project Mercury\") for Mutual.\n\n",
"### Death\n\nStephen J. McCormick died November 30, 2011, in the [Bar Harbor](/wiki/Bar_Harbor \"Bar Harbor\"), [Maine](/wiki/Maine \"Maine\"), from congestive heart failure.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1914 births](/wiki/Category:1914_births \"1914 births\")\n[Category:2011 deaths](/wiki/Category:2011_deaths \"2011 deaths\")\n[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II \"United States Army personnel of World War II\")\n[Category:People from Taunton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:People_from_Taunton%2C_Massachusetts \"People from Taunton, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Boston University alumni](/wiki/Category:Boston_University_alumni \"Boston University alumni\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kodak Harrow | {
"id": [
69423
],
"name": [
"Oknazevad"
]
} | 8pvn5qq2qlf8u5wnb19eatmpkzbe6jw | 2024-09-25T06:42:19Z | 1,246,219,373 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Research Laboratory",
"Kodak Museum",
"Kodak Sports Ground",
"Closure and legacy",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Part of the factory in 2011](/wiki/File:The_Kodak_Factory%2C_Harrow_%286448693205%29.jpg \"The Kodak Factory, Harrow (6448693205).jpg\")\nThe **Kodak Works, Harrow** was a [photographic](/wiki/Photographic \"Photographic\") manufacturing plant and [research and development](/wiki/Research_and_development \"Research and development\") centre on Headstone Drive, [Harrow](/wiki/Harrow%2C_London \"Harrow, London\"), North West London. Built by the American [Kodak](/wiki/Kodak \"Kodak\") company in 1890, it was their largest factory in the United Kingdom and at its peak in the mid\\-20th century employed up to 6,000 workers. Production of photographic film ended in 2005 and the plant closed its doors in 2016\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe factory was built in what was then farmland in the hamlet of [Wealdstone](/wiki/Wealdstone \"Wealdstone\") in [Middlesex](/wiki/Middlesex \"Middlesex\"), directly to the west of the railway line that stops at nearby [Harrow \\& Wealdstone station](/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_station \"Harrow & Wealdstone station\"). Kodak purchased of land and the plant opened in 1891, Kodak's first manufacturing facility outside the United States where production was running in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York \"Rochester, New York\"). Initially the factory developed and printed photographs of clients. In the next 20 years the factory expanded. Eventually [film rolls](/wiki/Film_roll \"Film roll\") and [photographic paper](/wiki/Photographic_paper \"Photographic paper\") were also being produced at the plant.\n\nAdded to the factory was a museum, sports facilities, and a research laboratory which worked in parallel and competed with that in Rochester and other international Kodak centres.\n\nAt its peak during the 1950s, about 6,000 workers were employed at the site. By then, the facility covered an area of .\n\nAs Kodak was beginning to struggle owing to the growth of [digital photography](/wiki/Digital_photography \"Digital photography\"), the commercial feasibility of the Harrow site declined and was being wound down in the 2000s. Some parts of the site were demolished, others were sold or leased. In 2005, film production ended at all Kodak plants in the UK, and in Harrow 600 jobs were lost. Nevertheless 1,400 employees continued to work at Harrow. Harrow was also planned to become Kodak's UK headquarters; however in 2005 it was decided to keep the headquarters in [Hemel Hempstead](/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead \"Hemel Hempstead\") but at a different site.\n\nFollowing Kodak's bankruptcy in the U.S. in 2012, the future of the site was unclear. The British spin\\-off [Kodak Alaris](/wiki/Kodak_Alaris \"Kodak Alaris\") took control of the site in 2013 and its association with the original American Kodak ended. At this time, Harrow was the global manufacturer of all Kodak colour negative paper.\n\n",
"Research Laboratory\n-------------------\n\nThe laboratory at Harrow opened in 1929 and at one point served as Kodak's European research centre. The facility closed in the 2000s.\n\n",
"Kodak Museum\n------------\n\nIn 1927, a museum was opened at the site. The 1947 published book *The Kodak Museum, A Permanent Exhibition Illustrating the History of Photography and Some of its Applications in Science, Art and Industry* is an illustrated catalogue of the collection at the Kodak Museum. The museum at Harrow closed in 1985; the items are now at the [National Science and Media Museum](/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum \"National Science and Media Museum\").\n\nThe nearby [Headstone Manor Museum](/wiki/Headstone_Manor_and_Museum \"Headstone Manor and Museum\") also has a collection of items relating to the Kodak factory.\n\n",
"Kodak Sports Ground\n-------------------\n\nThe sports ground located on the west side of Harrow View and contiguous with [Headstone Manor](/wiki/Headstone_Manor \"Headstone Manor\") was made for the employees at the plant and included facilities such as tennis courts and rifle ranges. Kodak F.C. was formed in 1935 for workers at the factory. They currently play at Boxtree Park in the [Middlesex County Football League](/wiki/Middlesex_County_Football_League \"Middlesex County Football League\").\n\nDuring the 2000s as Kodak in Harrow downsized, the sports ground was leased. A leisure centre run by [Nuffield Health](/wiki/Nuffield_Health \"Nuffield Health\") operated at the grounds but it closed in 2011\\.\n\n",
"Closure and legacy\n------------------\n\nOn 13 April 2016, [Kodak Alaris](/wiki/Kodak_Alaris \"Kodak Alaris\") announced that the Harrow facility will close down, citing \"drop in demand coming into the factory\". By this time only 250 people were working at the site. It finally closed in December 2016\\.\n\nThe site was purchased by developers Barratt and Hyde who planned to build 2,000 new homes along with new facilities. The development is called Eastman Village, paying homage to the founder of Kodak, [George Eastman](/wiki/George_Eastman \"George Eastman\"). The tall [chimney](/wiki/Chimney \"Chimney\") of the factory, which has been a local landmark, is being retained.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Kodak](/wiki/Category:Kodak \"Kodak\")\n[Category:1891 establishments in England](/wiki/Category:1891_establishments_in_England \"1891 establishments in England\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Harrow](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_the_London_Borough_of_Harrow \"Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Harrow\")\n[Category:History of the London Borough of Harrow](/wiki/Category:History_of_the_London_Borough_of_Harrow \"History of the London Borough of Harrow\")\n[Category:Chemical industry in London](/wiki/Category:Chemical_industry_in_London \"Chemical industry in London\")\n[Category:Works association football teams in England](/wiki/Category:Works_association_football_teams_in_England \"Works association football teams in England\")\n\n"
]
} |
[[Coffy]] | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"68.150.64.128"
]
} | hvu8j1j65u1abk95nuyx2tk125gh7ur | 2023-07-08T23:47:12Z | 1,050,840,655 | 0 | {
"title": [
"[[Coffy]]"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**[Coffy](/wiki/Coffy \"Coffy\")** is a 1973 American blaxploitation film.\n\n**Coffy** may also refer to:\n\n* [Coffy (person)](/wiki/Coffy_%28person%29 \"Coffy (person)\") (died 1763\\), West African who led a slave revolt in the Dutch colony of Berbice (present\\-day Guyana)\n* [Robert\\-Joseph Coffy](/wiki/Robert-Joseph_Coffy \"Robert-Joseph Coffy\") (1920–1995\\), French Roman Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Marseille\n* [Lake Coffy](/wiki/Lake_Coffy \"Lake Coffy\"), in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland\n* [*Coffy* (soundtrack)](/wiki/Coffy_%28soundtrack%29 \"Coffy (soundtrack)\"), soundtrack for the film\n* [Coffee](/wiki/Coffee \"Coffee\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fred Cleaver | {
"id": [
32983869
],
"name": [
"KiranBOT"
]
} | cfq6m6few6kx1iz9dukfvyozmrylx2i | 2023-07-07T15:35:07Z | 1,157,955,071 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Frederick Louis Cleaver** (22 April 1885–1968\\) was an English [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who played in the [Football League](/wiki/English_Football_League \"English Football League\") for [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1885 births](/wiki/Category:1885_births \"1885 births\")\n[Category:1968 deaths](/wiki/Category:1968_deaths \"1968 deaths\")\n[Category:English men's footballers](/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers \"English men's footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football forwards](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards \"Men's association football forwards\")\n[Category:English Football League players](/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players \"English Football League players\")\n[Category:Derby County F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Derby_County_F.C._players \"Derby County F.C. players\")\n[Category:Preston North End F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Preston_North_End_F.C._players \"Preston North End F.C. players\")\n[Category:Watford F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Watford_F.C._players \"Watford F.C. players\")\n[Category:Redditch United F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Redditch_United_F.C._players \"Redditch United F.C. players\")\n[Category:Atherstone Town F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Atherstone_Town_F.C._players \"Atherstone Town F.C. players\")\n[Category:People from Ashbourne, Derbyshire](/wiki/Category:People_from_Ashbourne%2C_Derbyshire \"People from Ashbourne, Derbyshire\")\n[Category:Footballers from Derbyshire](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Derbyshire \"Footballers from Derbyshire\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Cortinarius ainsworthii | {
"id": [
57939
],
"name": [
"Beland"
]
} | e5sngvs1231bakduk9jwzdo1ck6gr4y | 2024-04-30T23:11:37Z | 1,200,271,084 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Taxonomy",
"Description",
"Microscopic characteristics",
"Similar species",
"Ecology",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Cortinarius ainsworthii*** is a species of [webcap](/wiki/Webcap \"Webcap\"). It is known from central and Northern Europe, where it grows in a variety of habitats. The species was first described in 2020, and was named in honour of the mycologist A. Martyn Ainsworth. Along with five other British webcaps, *C. ainsworthii* was selected by [Kew Gardens](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew \"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\") as a highlight of taxa described by the organisation's staff and affiliates in 2020\\.\n\n",
"Taxonomy\n--------\n\n*Cortinarius ainsworthii* was described in a 2020 [research note](/wiki/Scientific_journal%23Types_of_articles \"Scientific journal#Types of articles\") in the [journal](/wiki/Academic_journal \"Academic journal\") *[Fungal Diversity](/wiki/Fungal_Diversity \"Fungal Diversity\")* by Kare Liimatainen and Tuula Niskanen. The description was based on a collection made by A. Martyn Ainsworth in 2017 in [Devil's Dyke](/wiki/Devil%27s_Dyke%2C_Sussex \"Devil's Dyke, Sussex\"), near [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), England. The [specific name](/wiki/Specific_name_%28botany%29 \"Specific name (botany)\") honours Ainsworth. [Phylogenetic analysis](/wiki/Phylogenetics \"Phylogenetics\") placed the species in *Cortinarius* [sect.](/wiki/Section_%28botany%29 \"Section (botany)\") *Bovini*. \n\nCollections previously identified as *[C. rheubarbarinus](/wiki/Cortinarius_rheubarbarinus \"Cortinarius rheubarbarinus\")* match with *C. ainsworthii*, though the [type specimen](/wiki/Type_specimen \"Type specimen\") of *C. rheubarbarinus* does not. A published [ITS sequence](/wiki/ITS_sequence \"ITS sequence\") of the type specimen of *C. hydrobivelus* matches with *C. ainsworthii*, but Liimatainen and Niskanen's unpublished sequencing of the specimen does not. Instead, it matches *[C. armeniacus](/wiki/Cortinarius_armeniacus \"Cortinarius armeniacus\")*. Based on this analysis, as well as morphological and ecological factors, Liimatainen and Niskanen concluded that *C. hydrobivelus* was a [synonym](/wiki/Synonym_%28taxonomy%29 \"Synonym (taxonomy)\") of *C. armeniacus*, leaving their species (now described as *C. ainsworthii*) lacking a [valid name](/wiki/Valid_name_%28botany%29 \"Valid name (botany)\").\n\n*C. britannicus* was one of over 150 botanical and mycological taxa described by staff or affiliates of [Kew Gardens](/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew \"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\") in 2020\\. In a year\\-end round\\-up, Kew scientists selected ten highlights, one of which was six newly described British *Cortinarius* species: *C. ainsworthii* described from [Brighton](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"); *[C. britannicus](/wiki/Cortinarius_britannicus \"Cortinarius britannicus\")* from [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness \"Caithness\"); *[C. scoticus](/wiki/Cortinarius_scoticus \"Cortinarius scoticus\")* and *[C. aurae](/wiki/Cortinarius_aurae \"Cortinarius aurae\")* from the [Black Wood of Rannoch](/wiki/Black_Wood_of_Rannoch \"Black Wood of Rannoch\"); *[C. subsaniosus](/wiki/Cortinarius_subsaniosus \"Cortinarius subsaniosus\")* from [Cumbria](/wiki/Cumbria \"Cumbria\"); and *[C. heatherae](/wiki/Cortinarius_heatherae \"Cortinarius heatherae\")* from [Heathrow Airport](/wiki/Heathrow_Airport \"Heathrow Airport\"). In a press release, Kew identified *Cortinarius* species as \"ecologically important in supporting the growth of plants, particularly trees such as oak, beech, birch and pine\" and playing \"a key role in the carbon cycling of woodlands and providing nitrogen to trees\".\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n*Cortinarius ainsworthii* produces mushrooms with [caps](/wiki/Pileus_%28mycology%29 \"Pileus (mycology)\") that are wide. They are at first convex, later plano\\-convex, and brown. The cap's margin features whitish fibrils. The cap is [hygrophanous](/wiki/Hygrophanous \"Hygrophanous\"), drying up in a zone at the centre to a pale ochraceous brown. The [gills](/wiki/Lamella_%28mycology%29 \"Lamella (mycology)\") are medium\\-spaced, and adnexed (narrowly attached to the [stalk](/wiki/Stipe_%28mycology%29 \"Stipe (mycology)\")) to emarginate (narrowly attached to the stem though shallower at the attachment). The gills are at first pale brown, later darkening. The edge of the gill, at least when young, is paler. The [stem](/wiki/Stipe_%28mycology%29 \"Stipe (mycology)\") is long and cylindrical to somewhat club\\-shaped. At the apex, it is thick and, at the base, it is wide. The stem is initially covered in whitish silky fibrils, though becomes pale brownish with age, especially at the base. The [flesh](/wiki/Context_%28mycology%29 \"Context (mycology)\") is marbled hygrophanous; in the cap it is brown, in stem paler. The [universal veil](/wiki/Universal_veil \"Universal veil\") is white, rather sparse or more abundant and forming some incomplete [girdles](/wiki/Girdle \"Girdle\") on the stem. The gills have no distinct odour.\n\n### Microscopic characteristics\n\n*Cortinarius answorthii* has [basidiospores](/wiki/Basidiospores \"Basidiospores\") that measure 8 to 9\\.5 by 5 to 5\\.8 [micrometres](/wiki/Micrometres \"Micrometres\") (μm), averaging 8\\.7 by 5\\.3 μm. The spores are almond\\-shaped, and are moderately to strongly warty. The spores are moderately [dextrinoid](/wiki/Dextrinoid \"Dextrinoid\"), meaning that they stain reddish to reddish\\-brown when treated with [Melzer's reagent](/wiki/Melzer%27s_reagent \"Melzer's reagent\") or [Lugol's solution](/wiki/Lugol%27s_solution \"Lugol's solution\"). The club\\-shaped [basidia](/wiki/Basidia \"Basidia\") measure 27 to 39 by 7 to 9 μm, and have four [sterigmata](/wiki/Sterigmata \"Sterigmata\"). The [hyphae](/wiki/Hyphae \"Hyphae\") in the flesh of the gills are golden brown, smooth with a few spot\\-like encrustations. The surface of the [pileipellis](/wiki/Pileipellis \"Pileipellis\") is pale, consisting of parallel hyphae. These measure 5\\.5 to 8\\.5 μm in width, and are smooth with a few spot\\-like incrustations. Lower cells are pale brown, measuring 17 to 31 by 11 to 15\\.5 μm. They are smooth with a few spot\\-like encrustations.\n\n### Similar species\n\n*Cortinarius ainsworthi* is a medium\\-sized species of *C.* sect. *Bovini*. It can be distinguished from closely related species by the combination of brown cap; almond\\-shaped, medium\\-sized spores (averaging 8\\.7 by 5\\.3 μm), and its habitat in [deciduous forests](/wiki/Deciduous_forests \"Deciduous forests\") on [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous \"Calcareous\") ground.\n\n",
"### Microscopic characteristics\n\n*Cortinarius answorthii* has [basidiospores](/wiki/Basidiospores \"Basidiospores\") that measure 8 to 9\\.5 by 5 to 5\\.8 [micrometres](/wiki/Micrometres \"Micrometres\") (μm), averaging 8\\.7 by 5\\.3 μm. The spores are almond\\-shaped, and are moderately to strongly warty. The spores are moderately [dextrinoid](/wiki/Dextrinoid \"Dextrinoid\"), meaning that they stain reddish to reddish\\-brown when treated with [Melzer's reagent](/wiki/Melzer%27s_reagent \"Melzer's reagent\") or [Lugol's solution](/wiki/Lugol%27s_solution \"Lugol's solution\"). The club\\-shaped [basidia](/wiki/Basidia \"Basidia\") measure 27 to 39 by 7 to 9 μm, and have four [sterigmata](/wiki/Sterigmata \"Sterigmata\"). The [hyphae](/wiki/Hyphae \"Hyphae\") in the flesh of the gills are golden brown, smooth with a few spot\\-like encrustations. The surface of the [pileipellis](/wiki/Pileipellis \"Pileipellis\") is pale, consisting of parallel hyphae. These measure 5\\.5 to 8\\.5 μm in width, and are smooth with a few spot\\-like incrustations. Lower cells are pale brown, measuring 17 to 31 by 11 to 15\\.5 μm. They are smooth with a few spot\\-like encrustations.\n\n",
"### Similar species\n\n*Cortinarius ainsworthi* is a medium\\-sized species of *C.* sect. *Bovini*. It can be distinguished from closely related species by the combination of brown cap; almond\\-shaped, medium\\-sized spores (averaging 8\\.7 by 5\\.3 μm), and its habitat in [deciduous forests](/wiki/Deciduous_forests \"Deciduous forests\") on [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous \"Calcareous\") ground.\n\n",
"Ecology\n-------\n\n*Cortinarius ainsworthii* can be found in [deciduous forests](/wiki/Deciduous_forests \"Deciduous forests\") (perhaps [associating](/wiki/Mycorrhiza \"Mycorrhiza\") with [oaks](/wiki/Quercus \"Quercus\"), [hazels](/wiki/Corylus \"Corylus\"), and [beeches](/wiki/Fagus \"Fagus\")) on [calcareous](/wiki/Calcareous \"Calcareous\") ground, also in open, grazed areas, presumably with [rock roses](/wiki/Helianthemum \"Helianthemum\"). It is known from [temperate](/wiki/Temperate \"Temperate\") to [hemiboreal](/wiki/Hemiboreal \"Hemiboreal\") areas in central and northern Europe.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[ainsworthii](/wiki/Category:Cortinarius \"Cortinarius\")\n[Category:Fungi described in 2020](/wiki/Category:Fungi_described_in_2020 \"Fungi described in 2020\")\n[Category:Fungi of Europe](/wiki/Category:Fungi_of_Europe \"Fungi of Europe\")\n[Category:Fungus species](/wiki/Category:Fungus_species \"Fungus species\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jay Jackson (artist) | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | c4zjy4dbwq1yej3reejzxxvn8lyii7z | 2024-07-29T06:14:30Z | 1,236,234,428 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"''Defender'' and elsewhere",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n**Jay Paul Jackson** (September 10, 1905 – May 16, 1954\\) was an [African\\-American](/wiki/African-American \"African-American\") artist who spent many years working for the *[Chicago Defender](/wiki/Chicago_Defender \"Chicago Defender\")*, in addition to working as an illustrator for [science fiction magazines](/wiki/Science_fiction_magazines \"Science fiction magazines\") such as *[Amazing Stories](/wiki/Amazing_Stories \"Amazing Stories\")* and *[Fantastic Adventures](/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures \"Fantastic Adventures\")*.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nBorn in [Oberlin, Ohio](/wiki/Oberlin%2C_Ohio \"Oberlin, Ohio\"), Jackson dropped out of school at thirteen. He drove spikes for a railroad, moved to [Pittsburgh](/wiki/Pittsburgh \"Pittsburgh\") and worked in a steel mill, attended [Ohio Wesleyan University](/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University \"Ohio Wesleyan University\") for a year, and had an unsuccessful and brief career as a boxer. He left Wesleyan, started a sign\\-painting business, and became a featured artist for the *[Pittsburgh Courier](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier \"Pittsburgh Courier\")*. He began selling illustrations to the *Defender* and *[Abbott’s Monthly](/wiki/Abbott%E2%80%99s_Monthly \"Abbott’s Monthly\")* in the mid\\-1920s, but did not become a *Defender* staffer until 1933\\.Mooney, Amy M. \"Seeing 'As Others See Us': The *Chicago Defender* Cartoonist Jay Jackson as Cultural Critic\" *MELUS Multi\\-Ethnic Literature of the U S* 39(2\\) (June 2014\\), pp. 115\\-120\n\n",
"*Defender* and elsewhere\n------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|A portion of the Jay Jackson public service comic strip \"The Sergeant Looks for a Room\" (1945\\)By](/wiki/File:JayJackson.png \"JayJackson.png\") 1934, Jackson was put in charge of cartoons for the *Defender*. In addition to editorial cartoons, he did a variety of single\\-panel cartoon series and comic strips for the *Defender* and other papers of the Negro press, including *The Adventures of Bill*, *As Others See Us*, *Billy Ken*, *Exposition Follies*, *Senda*, *Skin Deep*, *Society Sue*, *Speed Jackson*, and *Tisha Mingo*. In 1934 he revived and reshaped the *Defender**s long\\-running *Bungleton Green* strip. Comics historian Tim Jackson wrote, \"Jackson produced an astounding amount of comics and illustrations during the decade of the 1940s... Jackson's illustrations fairly dominated the newspapers in which they appeared.\"Jackson, Tim. *Pioneering Cartoonists of Color* Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2016 He married Eleanor Poston, a fellow *Defender* staffer.***\n\nJackson received two \"Front Page\" awards from the [American Newspaper Guild](/wiki/NewsGuild-CWA \"NewsGuild-CWA\"), one for his skewering of HUAC’s attack on Hollywood, because Jackson was known for his biting satire of racists and red\\-baiters.\nScience fiction\n---------------\n\nIn 1938, pioneering science fiction magazine *Amazing Stories* had fallen on hard times, and had been purchased by Chicago\\-based cartoonist\\-turned\\-ad man [William B. Ziff](/wiki/William_B._Ziff \"William B. Ziff\"). He turned its editorial direction over to Chicago [science fiction fan](/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom \"Science fiction fandom\") [Ray Palmer](/wiki/Raymond_A._Palmer \"Raymond A. Palmer\"). Ziff's company had obtained a dominant position in advertising for black\\-oriented publications, and he was familiar with Jackson's work for the *Defender* and other papers. Jackson illustrated three stories in the first Palmer\\-edited issue of *Amazing* (June 1938\\). Over the next four years, his work would appear in nearly forty issues of *Amazing* and its stablemate, *Fantastic Adventures*, with Jackson frequently illustrating more than one story in a single issue.\nJackson is believed to be the first black artist used regularly in science fiction magazines. While not genre\\-savvy, he became more familiar with the field, and was recognized as an especially suitable artist for the kind of humorous science fiction content that Palmer liked to run. He was profiled in *Amazing'''s \"Introducing the Author\" feature, a rarity for an artist, with a photo which guaranteed that the magazine's readers understood that Jackson was black, a college man with a suburban family and considerable experience in his profession.*After four years in the science fiction field, Jackson realized the potential for science fiction to safely criticize contemporary America by displacing action to another world or time. He stopped his work for the science fiction magazines, but turned the Defenders long\\-running Bungleton Green *strip into science fiction and Green himself into a superhero. \"Bung\" is killed, revived and rebuilt, time travels first to 1778 (to showcase the shameful history of American slavery), then to [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\") in 2043, where blacks and whites have built a colorblind utopia, but a newly\\-risen continent of green people treats whites (\"chalkies\") in a manner painfully familiar to Jackson's black readers of the 1940s.Carper, Steve. \"Jay Jackson and The First Black Superhero\\-Part 1\" *[The Chicago Defender](/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender \"The Chicago Defender\")* January 7, 2021 (By 1947, this transformation would be reversed — [\"it was all a dream\"](/wiki/Dream_sequence \"Dream sequence\") — and another artist would take over the strip, returning it to its gag strip origins which Jackson disdained.)*\n\nAfter Chicago\n-------------\n\nIn 1949, Jackson left Chicago for [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") and set up a studio there. He would stay there, except for a brief period doing [murals](/wiki/Murals \"Murals\") in Mexico, for the rest of his life.\nJackson worked in a variety of ways: he had a two\\-page montage in Who’s Who in Colored America*, and did illustrations for* Who’s Who in the United Nations*. He was an illustrator for one of the [Telecomics](/wiki/Telecomics \"Telecomics\") companies (there were two using the same name), some of the earliest cartoon shows on television, essentially a representation of comic strips on screen, with a narrator and voice actors talking over still frames, with only occasional moments of limited animation. He did [glamour girl](/wiki/Glamour_girl \"Glamour girl\") [postcards](/wiki/Postcard \"Postcard\") for postcard publisher Colourpicture of Boston. He created two comics he hoped to sell to [syndicators](/wiki/Print_syndication \"Print syndication\"),* Girligags *(a single\\-panel series featuring pretty girls and gags), and* Home Folks*, a more realistic slice\\-of\\-life humorous series about the ordinary African\\-American life; but neither found a market.*\n\nJackson died of a heart attack on May 16, 1954\\. His widow got the Defender *to publish the two unpublished strips, and sold them to other major black newspapers, including the* [Michigan Chronicle](/wiki/Michigan_Chronicle \"Michigan Chronicle\")*,* [Louisville Defender](/wiki/Louisville_Defender \"Louisville Defender\")*,* [Tri\\-State Defender](/wiki/Tri-State_Defender \"Tri-State Defender\") *and the* [New York Age Defender](/wiki/New_York_Age_Defender \"New York Age Defender\")*.[Carper, Steve. \"The First Black Superhero... Finale\" *The Chicago Defender* January 9, 2021](https://chicagodefender.com/op-ed-chicago-defender-cartoonist-jay-jackson-and-the-first-black-superhero-finale/)*\n\nWorks\n-----\n\n* Bungleton Green and the mystic commandos*, ; introduction by Jeet Heer; New York : New York Review Books, 2022, *\n\nFurther reading\n---------------\n\n* It's life as I see it : black cartoonists in Chicago 1940\\-1980 : Tom Floyd, Grass Green, Seitu Hayden, Jay Jackson, Charles Johnson, Yaoundé Olu, Turtel Onli, Jackie Ormes, Morrie Turner ; essay by Charles Johnson ; afterword by Ronald Wimberly'', compiled and edited by Dan Nadel, cover designed by Kerry James Marshall, New York : New York Review Books ; Chicago : Museum of Contemporary Art, 2021, \n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1905 births](/wiki/Category:1905_births \"1905 births\")\n[Category:1954 deaths](/wiki/Category:1954_deaths \"1954 deaths\")\n[Category:African\\-American illustrators](/wiki/Category:African-American_illustrators \"African-American illustrators\")\n[Category:African\\-American comics creators](/wiki/Category:African-American_comics_creators \"African-American comics creators\")\n[Category:American editorial cartoonists](/wiki/Category:American_editorial_cartoonists \"American editorial cartoonists\")\n[Category:American comic strip cartoonists](/wiki/Category:American_comic_strip_cartoonists \"American comic strip cartoonists\")\n[Category:Ohio Wesleyan University alumni](/wiki/Category:Ohio_Wesleyan_University_alumni \"Ohio Wesleyan University alumni\")\n[Category:Artists from Chicago](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Chicago \"Artists from Chicago\")\n[Category:Artists from Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Los_Angeles \"Artists from Los Angeles\")\n[Category:People from Oberlin, Ohio](/wiki/Category:People_from_Oberlin%2C_Ohio \"People from Oberlin, Ohio\")\n[Category:American science fiction artists](/wiki/Category:American_science_fiction_artists \"American science fiction artists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American illustrators](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_illustrators \"20th-century American illustrators\")\n[Category:20th\\-century African\\-American artists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_artists \"20th-century African-American artists\")\n[Category:Pulp fiction artists](/wiki/Category:Pulp_fiction_artists \"Pulp fiction artists\")\n\n"
]
} |
2020–21 Formula E World Championship | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | gayu4vas7kmx0zx0rdbe426sjtdtb3l | 2024-09-08T12:02:32Z | 1,235,371,169 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Teams and drivers",
"Driver changes",
"Mid-season changes",
"Calendar",
"ePrix locations",
"Calendar changes",
"Regulation changes",
"Technical regulations",
"Results and standings",
"ePrix",
"Drivers' Championship",
"Teams' Championship",
"Footnotes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\|[Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\") secured his first Drivers' Championship at the Berlin ePrix.](/wiki/File:Nyck_de_Vries_IAA_2019.jpg \"Nyck de Vries IAA 2019.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\|[Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara \"Edoardo Mortara\") was runner\\-up, driving for [Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\").](/wiki/File:Mortara_mer.jpg \"Mortara mer.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\|[Mercedes](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\") secured their first Teams' Championship.](/wiki/File:Mercedes_formula_e_car.jpg \"Mercedes formula e car.jpg\")\n\nThe **2020–21 ABB FIA Formula E World Championship** was the seventh season of the FIA [Formula E](/wiki/Formula_E \"Formula E\") championship, a motor racing championship for [battery\\-electric cars](/wiki/Electric_vehicle \"Electric vehicle\") recognised by motorsport's governing body, the [Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile \"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile\"), as the highest class of competition for electric [open\\-wheel racing cars](/wiki/Open-wheel \"Open-wheel\").\n\nWith the 2020–21 season, the championship officially became a FIA World Championship, joining [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One \"Formula One\"), the [World Endurance Championship](/wiki/FIA_World_Endurance_Championship \"FIA World Endurance Championship\"), the [World Rally Championship](/wiki/World_Rally_Championship \"World Rally Championship\"), and the [World Rallycross Championship](/wiki/World_Rallycross_Championship \"World Rallycross Championship\").\n\nThe facelift of the [Spark Gen2](/wiki/Spark_Gen2 \"Spark Gen2\") car, called the Gen2 EVO, was supposed to debut in this season, but was delayed due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), and eventually cancelled in favor of the Gen3 car.\n\nThe drivers' championship was won by [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\"), driving for [Mercedes\\-EQ](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\"), while Mercedes won their first teams' championship.\n\n",
"Teams and drivers\n-----------------\n\n| Team | [Powertrain](/wiki/Powertrain \"Powertrain\") | | Drivers | Rounds |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \n\n [Audi](/wiki/Audi_Sport \"Audi Sport\") e\\-tron FE07\n\n 4\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\") |\n All |\n| 37\n\n [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\") |\n All |\n| [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQ \"Mercedes-Benz EQ\") Silver Arrow 02\n\n 5 |\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\") |\n All |\n| 17 | [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\") | All |\n| [Dragon / Penske Autosport](/wiki/Dragon_Racing \"Dragon Racing\")\n\n [Penske](/wiki/Penske \"Penske\") EV\\-4 \n[Penske](/wiki/Penske \"Penske\") EV\\-5\n\n 6\n\n [Nico Müller](/wiki/Nico_M%C3%BCller \"Nico Müller\") |\n 1–7 |\n| [Joel Eriksson](/wiki/Joel_Eriksson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Joel Eriksson (racing driver)\") | 8–15 |\n| 7\n\n [Sérgio Sette Câmara](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Sette_C%C3%A2mara \"Sérgio Sette Câmara\") |\n All |\n| [Nio 333 FE Team](/wiki/Nio_333_FE_Team \"Nio 333 FE Team\")\n\n NIO 333 001\n\n 8\n\n [Oliver Turvey](/wiki/Oliver_Turvey \"Oliver Turvey\") |\n All |\n| 88\n\n [Tom Blomqvist](/wiki/Tom_Blomqvist \"Tom Blomqvist\") |\n All |\n| \n\n [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Cars \"Jaguar Cars\") I\\-Type 5\n\n 10\n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\") |\n All |\n| 20\n\n [Mitch Evans](/wiki/Mitch_Evans \"Mitch Evans\") |\n All |\n| | [Audi](/wiki/Audi_Sport \"Audi Sport\") e\\-tron FE07 | 11\n\n [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\") |\n All |\n| 33\n\n [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\") |\n All |\n| \n\n [DS](/wiki/DS_Automobiles \"DS Automobiles\") E\\-Tense FE20 \n[DS](/wiki/DS_Automobiles \"DS Automobiles\") E\\-Tense FE21\n\n 13\n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\") |\n All |\n| 25\n\n [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\") |\n All |\n| \n\n [Nissan](/wiki/Nismo \"Nismo\") IM02 \n[Nissan](/wiki/Nismo \"Nismo\") IM03\n\n 22\n\n [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\") |\n All |\n| 23\n\n [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi \"Sébastien Buemi\") |\n All |\n| [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n [BMW iFE](/wiki/BMW_i \"BMW i\").21\n\n 27\n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\") |\n All |\n| 28\n\n [Maximilian Günther](/wiki/Maximilian_G%C3%BCnther \"Maximilian Günther\") |\n All |\n| [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\")\n\n [Mahindra](/wiki/Mahindra_Group \"Mahindra Group\") M7Electro\n\n 29\n\n [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\") |\n All |\n| 94\n\n [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\") |\n All |\n| [TAG Heuer Porsche Formula E Team](/wiki/Porsche_Formula_E_Team \"Porsche Formula E Team\")\n\n [Porsche](/wiki/Porsche_in_motorsport \"Porsche in motorsport\") 99X Electric\n\n 36\n\n [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer \"André Lotterer\") |\n All |\n| 99\n\n [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\") |\n All |\n| [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_EQ \"Mercedes-Benz EQ\") Silver Arrow 02\n\n 48\n\n [Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara \"Edoardo Mortara\") |\n All |\n| 71\n\n [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\") |\n All |\n\n### Driver changes\n\n* [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\") and [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing_%28Formula_E_team%29 \"Virgin Racing (Formula E team)\") chose to part ways at the end of season six. He moved to [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\"), replacing [James Calado](/wiki/James_Calado \"James Calado\").\n* [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\") joined [Virgin](/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing \"Envision Virgin Racing\") to replace [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\"), after driving for them in the 2020 Rookie Test in Marrakesh.\n* [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa \"Felipe Massa\") left [Venturi](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\") after two seasons with the team.\n* [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\") was promoted to permanent driver for [Audi](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline%23Formula_E \"Abt Sportsline#Formula E\"). He had competed in the previous season's final six races in [Berlin](/wiki/2020_Berlin_ePrix \"2020 Berlin ePrix\"), replacing a dismissed [Daniel Abt](/wiki/Daniel_Abt \"Daniel Abt\").\n* [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\") joined [TAG Heuer Porsche](/wiki/Porsche_Formula_E_Team \"Porsche Formula E Team\"), replacing [Neel Jani](/wiki/Neel_Jani \"Neel Jani\").\n* [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\") left [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\") to join [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\"), replacing [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio \"Jérôme d'Ambrosio\"), who left after 2 years with the team. Sims was joined at the team by fellow Brit [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\").\n* [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\") joined [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\"), replacing [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa \"Felipe Massa\").\n* [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\") joined [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\"), replacing [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\").\n* [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio \"Jérôme d'Ambrosio\") left [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\") and retired from competitive racing to become [Venturi](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\") deputy team principal.\n* [Sérgio Sette Câmara](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Sette_C%C3%A2mara \"Sérgio Sette Câmara\") was signed by [Dragon / Penske Autosport](/wiki/Dragon_Racing \"Dragon Racing\") on a permanent basis, after competing in the final six races of 2020 for the team.\n* [Tom Blomqvist](/wiki/Tom_Blomqvist \"Tom Blomqvist\") replaced [Daniel Abt](/wiki/Daniel_Abt \"Daniel Abt\") at [NIO 333](/wiki/Nio_333_FE_Team \"Nio 333 FE Team\").\n\n### Mid\\-season changes\n\n* [Nico Müller](/wiki/Nico_M%C3%BCller \"Nico Müller\") left the series due to several clashing commitments. [Joel Eriksson](/wiki/Joel_Eriksson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Joel Eriksson (racing driver)\") took his place for the remainder of the season.\n",
"### Driver changes\n\n* [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\") and [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Racing_%28Formula_E_team%29 \"Virgin Racing (Formula E team)\") chose to part ways at the end of season six. He moved to [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\"), replacing [James Calado](/wiki/James_Calado \"James Calado\").\n* [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\") joined [Virgin](/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing \"Envision Virgin Racing\") to replace [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\"), after driving for them in the 2020 Rookie Test in Marrakesh.\n* [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa \"Felipe Massa\") left [Venturi](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\") after two seasons with the team.\n* [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\") was promoted to permanent driver for [Audi](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline%23Formula_E \"Abt Sportsline#Formula E\"). He had competed in the previous season's final six races in [Berlin](/wiki/2020_Berlin_ePrix \"2020 Berlin ePrix\"), replacing a dismissed [Daniel Abt](/wiki/Daniel_Abt \"Daniel Abt\").\n* [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\") joined [TAG Heuer Porsche](/wiki/Porsche_Formula_E_Team \"Porsche Formula E Team\"), replacing [Neel Jani](/wiki/Neel_Jani \"Neel Jani\").\n* [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\") left [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\") to join [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\"), replacing [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio \"Jérôme d'Ambrosio\"), who left after 2 years with the team. Sims was joined at the team by fellow Brit [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\").\n* [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\") joined [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\"), replacing [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa \"Felipe Massa\").\n* [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\") joined [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\"), replacing [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\").\n* [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio \"Jérôme d'Ambrosio\") left [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\") and retired from competitive racing to become [Venturi](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\") deputy team principal.\n* [Sérgio Sette Câmara](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Sette_C%C3%A2mara \"Sérgio Sette Câmara\") was signed by [Dragon / Penske Autosport](/wiki/Dragon_Racing \"Dragon Racing\") on a permanent basis, after competing in the final six races of 2020 for the team.\n* [Tom Blomqvist](/wiki/Tom_Blomqvist \"Tom Blomqvist\") replaced [Daniel Abt](/wiki/Daniel_Abt \"Daniel Abt\") at [NIO 333](/wiki/Nio_333_FE_Team \"Nio 333 FE Team\").\n",
"### Mid\\-season changes\n\n* [Nico Müller](/wiki/Nico_M%C3%BCller \"Nico Müller\") left the series due to several clashing commitments. [Joel Eriksson](/wiki/Joel_Eriksson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Joel Eriksson (racing driver)\") took his place for the remainder of the season.\n",
"Calendar\n--------\n\nA first provisional calendar for the 2020–21 season was announced in June 2020\\. In October, the calendar was altered with the races in Mexico City and Sanya postponed from their original dates in February and March respectively, while a second race was added to the season opener in Santiago in January. No reason was given for the change. On 28 January FIA Formula E published a revised calendar for the first part of the season with the addition of Formula E's first race on a permanent race circuit to take place at the [Circuit Ricardo Tormo](/wiki/Circuit_Ricardo_Tormo \"Circuit Ricardo Tormo\") in Valencia, the return to the calendar of the [Marrakesh ePrix](/wiki/Marrakesh_ePrix \"Marrakesh ePrix\"), which was originally set to be discontinued, and the cancellation of the Season 7 running of the Paris ePrix due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. Formula E also confirmed the events scheduled for Sanya and Seoul were unable to take place as originally scheduled, and both were eventually cancelled along with Marrakesh and Santiago.\n\n| Round | ePrix | Country | Circuit | Date |\n\n| 1 | [Diriyah ePrix](/wiki/Diriyah_ePrix \"Diriyah ePrix\")\n\n \n\n [Riyadh Street Circuit](/wiki/Riyadh_Street_Circuit \"Riyadh Street Circuit\")\n\n 26 February 2021 |\n| 2 | 27 February 2021 |\n| 3 | [Rome ePrix](/wiki/Rome_ePrix \"Rome ePrix\") | | [Circuito Cittadino dell'EUR](/wiki/Circuito_Cittadino_dell%27EUR \"Circuito Cittadino dell'EUR\") | 10 April 2021 |\n| 4 | 11 April 2021 |\n| 5 | [Valencia ePrix](/wiki/Valencia_ePrix \"Valencia ePrix\") | | [Circuit Ricardo Tormo](/wiki/Circuit_Ricardo_Tormo \"Circuit Ricardo Tormo\") | 24 April 2021 |\n| 6 | 25 April 2021 |\n| 7 | [Monaco ePrix](/wiki/Monaco_ePrix \"Monaco ePrix\") | | [Circuit de Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco \"Circuit de Monaco\") | 8 May 2021 |\n| 8 | [Puebla ePrix](/wiki/Puebla_ePrix \"Puebla ePrix\") | | [Autódromo Miguel E. Abed](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Miguel_E._Abed \"Autódromo Miguel E. Abed\") | 19 June 2021 |\n| 9 | 20 June 2021 |\n| 10 | [New York City ePrix](/wiki/New_York_City_ePrix \"New York City ePrix\") | | [Brooklyn Street Circuit](/wiki/Brooklyn_Street_Circuit \"Brooklyn Street Circuit\") | 10 July 2021 |\n| 11 | 11 July 2021 |\n| 12 | [London ePrix](/wiki/London_ePrix \"London ePrix\")\n\n \n\n [ExCeL London](/wiki/ExCeL_London \"ExCeL London\")\n\n 24 July 2021 |\n| 13 | 25 July 2021 |\n| 14 | [Berlin ePrix](/wiki/Berlin_ePrix \"Berlin ePrix\") I | \n\n [Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit](/wiki/Tempelhof_Airport_Street_Circuit \"Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit\")\n\n 14 August 2021 |\n| 15 | [Berlin ePrix](/wiki/Berlin_ePrix \"Berlin ePrix\") II | 15 August 2021 |\n| Source: | | | | |\n\n### ePrix locations\n\n \n\n### Calendar changes\n\n* The [Diriyah ePrix](/wiki/Diriyah_ePrix \"Diriyah ePrix\") was moved from November to February. It became the first Formula E race held at night.\n* The [Rome](/wiki/Rome_ePrix \"Rome ePrix\") and [Sanya ePrix](/wiki/Sanya_ePrix \"Sanya ePrix\") were expected to return to the calendar, as their 2020 races were cancelled due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. Only Rome was actually held, this time as a double\\-header, while Sanya was once again cancelled, as was the [Paris ePrix](/wiki/Paris_ePrix \"Paris ePrix\").\n* The [Monaco ePrix](/wiki/Monaco_ePrix \"Monaco ePrix\") returned to the calendar, as it is held every 2 years. For the first time, the Grand Prix Circuit was used.\n* The [Santiago ePrix](/wiki/Santiago_ePrix \"Santiago ePrix\") was to become the first round of the season as a double\\-header, being held behind closed doors. However, the round was later postponed in December 2020 owing to [increased COVID\\-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\"). It was rescheduled to June, still a double\\-header. The race was eventually cancelled on 22 April 2021\\.\n* The [Valencia ePrix](/wiki/Valencia_ePrix \"Valencia ePrix\") made its debut on the calendar, taking place at the [Circuit Ricardo Tormo](/wiki/Circuit_Ricardo_Tormo \"Circuit Ricardo Tormo\"), which had previously hosted pre\\-season testing for Formula E.\n* The [Seoul ePrix](/wiki/Seoul_ePrix \"Seoul ePrix\") was due to make its debut on the calendar. The race had been included on the provisional [2019–20 calendar](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Formula_E_Championship \"2019–20 Formula E Championship\"), but was cancelled in response to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. The event was cancelled again on 22 April 2021\\.\n* The [Mexico City ePrix](/wiki/Mexico_City_ePrix \"Mexico City ePrix\") was cancelled in favor of the brand new [Puebla ePrix](/wiki/Puebla_ePrix \"Puebla ePrix\"). The event was a double race event at a permanent circuit, the [Autódromo Miguel E. Abed](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Miguel_E._Abed \"Autódromo Miguel E. Abed\") in [Amozoc de Mota](/wiki/Amozoc_de_Mota \"Amozoc de Mota\"), [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla \"Puebla\"), 120 km southeast of [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"), as the [Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Hermanos_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\") (also a permanent circuit) was still being used as a field hospital.\n* The [New York City ePrix](/wiki/New_York_City_ePrix \"New York City ePrix\") was confirmed to return as it would become a double\\-header once more. It was meant to become a single race event in 2020, but the race was cancelled due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic.\n* The [London ePrix](/wiki/London_ePrix \"London ePrix\") returned to the calendar after a 5\\-year absence, using a new track layout based in the [ExCeL arena](/wiki/ExCeL_London \"ExCeL London\"). It was originally included on the 2019–20 calendar, but was cancelled due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). It also became a double race event.\n* The [Berlin ePrix](/wiki/Berlin_ePrix \"Berlin ePrix\") was confirmed to return and was to be a double\\-header once more after holding the final 6 races of the [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Formula_E_season \"2019–20 Formula E season\") season due to the effects of the COVID\\-19 pandemic. Before the event, the format was changed so that the event would use two different layouts, making it two separate events in the process.\n",
"### ePrix locations\n\n \n\n",
"### Calendar changes\n\n* The [Diriyah ePrix](/wiki/Diriyah_ePrix \"Diriyah ePrix\") was moved from November to February. It became the first Formula E race held at night.\n* The [Rome](/wiki/Rome_ePrix \"Rome ePrix\") and [Sanya ePrix](/wiki/Sanya_ePrix \"Sanya ePrix\") were expected to return to the calendar, as their 2020 races were cancelled due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. Only Rome was actually held, this time as a double\\-header, while Sanya was once again cancelled, as was the [Paris ePrix](/wiki/Paris_ePrix \"Paris ePrix\").\n* The [Monaco ePrix](/wiki/Monaco_ePrix \"Monaco ePrix\") returned to the calendar, as it is held every 2 years. For the first time, the Grand Prix Circuit was used.\n* The [Santiago ePrix](/wiki/Santiago_ePrix \"Santiago ePrix\") was to become the first round of the season as a double\\-header, being held behind closed doors. However, the round was later postponed in December 2020 owing to [increased COVID\\-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom\"). It was rescheduled to June, still a double\\-header. The race was eventually cancelled on 22 April 2021\\.\n* The [Valencia ePrix](/wiki/Valencia_ePrix \"Valencia ePrix\") made its debut on the calendar, taking place at the [Circuit Ricardo Tormo](/wiki/Circuit_Ricardo_Tormo \"Circuit Ricardo Tormo\"), which had previously hosted pre\\-season testing for Formula E.\n* The [Seoul ePrix](/wiki/Seoul_ePrix \"Seoul ePrix\") was due to make its debut on the calendar. The race had been included on the provisional [2019–20 calendar](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Formula_E_Championship \"2019–20 Formula E Championship\"), but was cancelled in response to the COVID\\-19 pandemic. The event was cancelled again on 22 April 2021\\.\n* The [Mexico City ePrix](/wiki/Mexico_City_ePrix \"Mexico City ePrix\") was cancelled in favor of the brand new [Puebla ePrix](/wiki/Puebla_ePrix \"Puebla ePrix\"). The event was a double race event at a permanent circuit, the [Autódromo Miguel E. Abed](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Miguel_E._Abed \"Autódromo Miguel E. Abed\") in [Amozoc de Mota](/wiki/Amozoc_de_Mota \"Amozoc de Mota\"), [Puebla](/wiki/Puebla \"Puebla\"), 120 km southeast of [Mexico City](/wiki/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\"), as the [Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Hermanos_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\") (also a permanent circuit) was still being used as a field hospital.\n* The [New York City ePrix](/wiki/New_York_City_ePrix \"New York City ePrix\") was confirmed to return as it would become a double\\-header once more. It was meant to become a single race event in 2020, but the race was cancelled due to the COVID\\-19 pandemic.\n* The [London ePrix](/wiki/London_ePrix \"London ePrix\") returned to the calendar after a 5\\-year absence, using a new track layout based in the [ExCeL arena](/wiki/ExCeL_London \"ExCeL London\"). It was originally included on the 2019–20 calendar, but was cancelled due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). It also became a double race event.\n* The [Berlin ePrix](/wiki/Berlin_ePrix \"Berlin ePrix\") was confirmed to return and was to be a double\\-header once more after holding the final 6 races of the [2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Formula_E_season \"2019–20 Formula E season\") season due to the effects of the COVID\\-19 pandemic. Before the event, the format was changed so that the event would use two different layouts, making it two separate events in the process.\n",
"Regulation changes\n------------------\n\n### Technical regulations\n\nManufacturers will now only be able to modify powertrain components once over the next two seasons as part of an extended homologation period, with teams having the option to either introduce a new powertrain for the 2020–21 season for a two\\-year runout or continue with their current systems for next season before homologating a new set\\-up for a single season the year after.\n\n",
"### Technical regulations\n\nManufacturers will now only be able to modify powertrain components once over the next two seasons as part of an extended homologation period, with teams having the option to either introduce a new powertrain for the 2020–21 season for a two\\-year runout or continue with their current systems for next season before homologating a new set\\-up for a single season the year after.\n\n",
"Results and standings\n---------------------\n\n### ePrix\n\n| Round | Race | Qualifying | | Race | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Pole position](/wiki/Pole_position \"Pole position\") | [Fastest lap](/wiki/Fastest_lap \"Fastest lap\") | Winning driver | Winning team |\n| 1 | Diriyah | [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") |\n| 2 | [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n [Jaguar Racing](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\")\n\n| 3 | Rome | [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Mitch Evans](/wiki/Mitch_Evans \"Mitch Evans\")\n\n [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\")\n\n [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah \"Techeetah\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") |\n| 4 | [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\")\n\n [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\")\n\n \n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n| 5 | Valencia | [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\")\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") |\n| 6 | [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n \n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n| 7 | Monaco | [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\")\n\n \n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\")\n\n [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah \"Techeetah\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n| 8 | Puebla | [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\")\n\n [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\")\n\n \n\n [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\")\n\n [Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E Team](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline \"Abt Sportsline\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") |\n| 9 | [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\")\n\n [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\")\n\n [Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara \"Edoardo Mortara\")\n\n [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\")\n\n| 10 | New York City\n\n [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi \"Sébastien Buemi\")\n\n [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\")\n\n \n\n [Maximilian Günther](/wiki/Maximilian_G%C3%BCnther \"Maximilian Günther\")\n\n [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") |\n| 11 | [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n \n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n [Jaguar Racing](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\")\n\n| 12 | London | [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer \"André Lotterer\")\n\n [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n \n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") |\n| 13 | [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\")\n\n| 14 | Berlin I | [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\")\n\n [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\")\n\n [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\")\n\n [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\")\n\n [Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E Team](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline \"Abt Sportsline\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n| 15 | Berlin II | [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n \n\n [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\")\n\n [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\")\n\n| Source:\n\n### Drivers' Championship\n\nPoints were awarded using the following structure:\n\n| Position | 1st \n\n 2nd \n\n 3rd \n\n 4th \n\n 5th \n\n 6th \n\n 7th \n\n 8th \n\n 9th \n\n 10th \n\n |\n Pole |\n |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Points | 25\n\n 18\n\n 15\n\n 12\n\n 10\n\n 8\n\n 6\n\n 4\n\n 2\n\n 1\n\n 1 |\n 3 |\n 1 |\n\n|\n\n| \n\n Driver\n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\") | **1**\\* | *9\\** | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | 1 | 16\\* | Ret\\* | 9\\* | Ret\\* | 13\\* | 18\\* | 2\\* | 2\\* | 22\\* | 8\\* | 99 |\n| 2 | [Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara \"Edoardo Mortara\") | 2 | DNS | Ret | 4 | Ret | 9 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 17 | 9 | 11 | 2 | Ret | 92 |\n| 3 | [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\") | 12\\* | Ret | Ret | 13 | 8 | **1** | 16 | 5 | 5 | Ret | 16 | 1 | 9 | 5 | Ret | 91 |\n| 4 | [Mitch Evans](/wiki/Mitch_Evans \"Mitch Evans\") | 3 | Ret | *3* | 6 | Ret | 15 | 3 | 8 | 9 | Ret | 13 | 14 | 3 | 3 | Ret\\* | 90 |\n| 5 | [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\") | 17 | **2** | 4 | 18 | *6* | 19 | 2 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 13 | *4* | 15 | 12 | 89 |\n| 6 | [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\") | Ret | 1 | 2\\* | Ret\\* | DSQ\\* | 14 | 7\\* | Ret\\* | 12 | *9\\** | **1**G\\* | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | 7 | 87 |\n| 7 | [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\") | 9\\* | 8\\* | Ret | Ret | 7\\* | 10\\* | 10 | 1\\* | 18\\* | 3 | 14\\* | 6 | DSQ | 1 | 20\\* | 87 |\n| 8 | [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\") | 11\\* | 3\\* | Ret\\* | 7\\* | **DSQ**\\* | 22\\* | **1**\\* | 6\\* | Ret\\* | 12\\* | *3\\** | 8\\* | Ret\\* | 7 | Ret\\* | 86 |\n| 9 | [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\") | 8\\* | 13\\* | **Ret\\*** | *1\\** | 3\\* | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | 7\\* | 13\\* | Ret\\* | 12\\* | 7\\* | **15**\\* | 12\\* | **3**\\* | 82 |\n| 10 | [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\") | 15 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 7 | *4*\\* | Ret | 8 | 2\\* | Ret | 12\\* | 12 | **6**G | 11 | 80 |\n| 11 | [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\") | 5 | 10 | 7 | 3 | Ret | 18 | Ret | **DSQ** | 4\\* | Ret | 4 | 10 | 5 | 21 | 6 | 79 |\n| 12 | [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\") | Ret | Ret | 8 | 17 | DSQ | *3* | 9 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 9 | **3** | 1G\\* | 20\\* | 13 | 78 |\n| 13 | [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\") | *4* | 17 | 6 | Ret | 5 | 6 | Ret | *2* | *10* | 10 | 20 | *5* | Ret | *9* | *9* | 78 |\n| 14 | [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\") | 6 | 7 | 12 | 16 | DSQ | 4 | 6 | DSQ | **3** | 7 | 19 | DSQ | 18 | 13 | 2 | 77 |\n| 15 | [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\") | 19 | 14 | 15 | **Ret** | 4\\* | 13\\* | 8 | Ret | 2 | **4** | 2 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 76 |\n| 16 | [Maximilian Günther](/wiki/Maximilian_G%C3%BCnther \"Maximilian Günther\") | Ret | Ret | 9 | 5 | Ret | 12 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 66 |\n| 17 | [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer \"André Lotterer\") | 16 | 11 | 14 | 15 | Ret | 2 | 17 | DSQ | 17 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 58 |\n| 18 | [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\") | 14 | 16 | 11 | DSQ | NC | 5 | 13 | 14 | Ret | 15 | 7 | NC | Ret | 4 | 1 | 54 |\n| 19 | [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\") | 7 | 15 | Ret | 2 | DSQ | 23 | Ret | 4 | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | 16 | 17\\* | 5 | 54 |\n| 20 | [Nico Müller](/wiki/Nico_M%C3%BCller \"Nico Müller\") | 21 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 20 | 18 | | | | | | | | | 30 |\n| 21 | [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi \"Sébastien Buemi\") | 13 | Ret | 5 | 10 | Ret | 11 | 11 | DSQ | 14 | 6G | 15 | DSQ | 13 | 11 | 14 | 20 |\n| 22 | [Sérgio Sette Câmara](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Sette_C%C3%A2mara \"Sérgio Sette Câmara\") | 20 | 4\\* | 16\\* | 12\\* | Ret | 21 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 18 | 18 | 16 |\n| 23 | [Oliver Turvey](/wiki/Oliver_Turvey \"Oliver Turvey\") | 10 | 6 | DNS | 14 | NC | 8 | 19 | 11 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 15 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 13 |\n| 24 | [Tom Blomqvist](/wiki/Tom_Blomqvist \"Tom Blomqvist\") | 18 | 18 | 10 | 8 | NC | 17 | 14 | 13 | Ret | 16 | 21 | NC | 19 | NC | 10 | 6 |\n| 25 | [Joel Eriksson](/wiki/Joel_Eriksson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Joel Eriksson (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | 17 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 16 | 1 |\n|\n| \n\n Driver\n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n\n| Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n\n**Bold** – Pole \n\n*Italics* – \n\n – Fastest in group stage \n\\* – FanBoost \n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n### Teams' Championship\n\n \n\n Team\n\n \n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n| 1 | [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\") | 5 | 8 | 13 | **Ret** | *1* | 3 | Ret | Ret | 7 | 13 | Ret | 12 | 7 | **15** | 12 | **3** | 181 |\n| 17 | **1** | *9* | Ret | Ret | 1 | 16 | Ret | 9 | Ret | 13 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 22 | 8 |\n| 2 | [Jaguar Racing](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\") | 10 | Ret | 1 | 2 | Ret | DSQ | 14 | 7 | Ret | 12 | *9* | **1**G | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 |177\n\n| 20 | 3 | Ret | *3* | 6 | Ret | 15 | 3 | 8 | 9 | Ret | 13 | 14 | 3 | 3 | Ret |\n| 3 | [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah \"Techeetah\") | 13 | 11 | 3 | Ret | 7 | **DSQ** | 22 | **1** | 6 | Ret | 12 | *3* | 8 | Ret | 7 | Ret | 166 |\n| 25 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 7 | *4* | Ret | 8 | 2 | Ret | 12 | 12 | **6**G | 11 |\n| 4 | [Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E Team](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline \"Abt Sportsline\") | 11 | 9 | 8 | Ret | Ret | 7 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 18 | 3 | 14 | 6 | DSQ | 1 | 20 | 165 |\n| 33 | *4* | 17 | 6 | Ret | 5 | 6 | Ret | *2* | *10* | 10 | 20 | *5* | Ret | *9* | *9* |\n| 5 | [Envision Virgin Racing](/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing \"Envision Virgin Racing\") | 4 | 17 | **2** | 4 | 18 | *6* | 19 | 2 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 13 | *4* | 15 | 12 | 165 |\n| 37 | 19 | 14 | 15 | **Ret** | 4 | 13 | 8 | Ret | 2 | **4** | 2 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 17 |\n| 6 | [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\") | 27 | 12 | Ret | Ret | 13 | 8 | **1** | 16 | 5 | 5 | Ret | 16 | 1 | 9 | 5 | Ret |157\n\n| 28 | Ret | Ret | 9 | 5 | Ret | 12 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 6 | 8 | 15 |\n| 7 | [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\") | 48 | 2 | DNS | Ret | 4 | Ret | 9 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 17 | 9 | 11 | 2 | Ret | 146 |\n| 71 | 14 | 16 | 11 | DSQ | NC | 5 | 13 | 14 | Ret | 15 | 7 | NC | Ret | 4 | 1 |\n| 8 | [TAG Heuer Porsche Formula E Team](/wiki/Porsche_Formula_E_Team \"Porsche Formula E Team\") | 36 | 16 | 11 | 14 | 15 | Ret | 2 | 17 | DSQ | 17 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 137 |\n| 99 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 3 | Ret | 18 | Ret | **DSQ** | 4 | Ret | 4 | 10 | 5 | 21 | 6 |\n| 9 | [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\") | 29 | 7 | 15 | Ret | 2 | DSQ | 23 | Ret | 4 | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | 16 | 17 | 5 | 132 |\n| 94 | Ret | Ret | 8 | 17 | DSQ | *3* | 9 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 9 | **3** | 1G | 20 | 13 |\n| 10 | [Nissan e.dams](/wiki/DAMS \"DAMS\") | 22 | 6 | 7 | 12 | 16 | DSQ | 4 | 6 | DSQ | **3** | 7 | 19 | DSQ | 18 | 13 | 2 | 97 |\n| 23 | 13 | Ret | 5 | 10 | Ret | 11 | 11 | DSQ | 14 | 6G | 15 | DSQ | 13 | 11 | 14 |\n| 11 | [Dragon / Penske Autosport](/wiki/Dragon_Racing \"Dragon Racing\") | 6 | 21 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 20 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 16 | 47 |\n| 7 | 20 | 4 | 16 | 12 | Ret | 21 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 18 | 18 |\n| 12 | [Nio 333 FE Team](/wiki/Nio_333_FE_Team \"Nio 333 FE Team\") | 8 | 10 | 6 | DNS | 14 | NC | 8 | 19 | 11 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 15 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 19 |\n| 88 | 18 | 18 | 10 | 8 | NC | 17 | 14 | 13 | Ret | 16 | 21 | NC | 19 | NC | 10 |\n\n \n\n Team\n\n \n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n|Source:\n\n",
"### ePrix\n\n| Round | Race | Qualifying | | Race | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | [Pole position](/wiki/Pole_position \"Pole position\") | [Fastest lap](/wiki/Fastest_lap \"Fastest lap\") | Winning driver | Winning team |\n| 1 | Diriyah | [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") |\n| 2 | [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n [Jaguar Racing](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\")\n\n| 3 | Rome | [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Mitch Evans](/wiki/Mitch_Evans \"Mitch Evans\")\n\n [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\")\n\n [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah \"Techeetah\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") |\n| 4 | [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\")\n\n [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\")\n\n \n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n| 5 | Valencia | [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\")\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\")\n\n [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") |\n| 6 | [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n \n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n| 7 | Monaco | [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\")\n\n \n\n [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\")\n\n [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah \"Techeetah\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n| 8 | Puebla | [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\")\n\n [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\")\n\n \n\n [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\")\n\n [Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E Team](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline \"Abt Sportsline\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") |\n| 9 | [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\")\n\n [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\")\n\n [Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara \"Edoardo Mortara\")\n\n [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\")\n\n| 10 | New York City\n\n [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi \"Sébastien Buemi\")\n\n [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\")\n\n \n\n [Maximilian Günther](/wiki/Maximilian_G%C3%BCnther \"Maximilian Günther\")\n\n [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") |\n| 11 | [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n \n\n [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\")\n\n [Jaguar Racing](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\")\n\n| 12 | London | [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer \"André Lotterer\")\n\n [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n \n\n [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\")\n\n [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") |\n| 13 | [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\")\n\n [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\")\n\n [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\")\n\n| 14 | Berlin I | [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\")\n\n [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\")\n\n [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\")\n\n [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\")\n\n [Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E Team](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline \"Abt Sportsline\")\n\n [Report](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n| 15 | Berlin II | [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\")\n\n \n\n [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\")\n\n [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\")\n\n| Source:\n\n",
"### Drivers' Championship\n\nPoints were awarded using the following structure:\n\n| Position | 1st \n\n 2nd \n\n 3rd \n\n 4th \n\n 5th \n\n 6th \n\n 7th \n\n 8th \n\n 9th \n\n 10th \n\n |\n Pole |\n |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Points | 25\n\n 18\n\n 15\n\n 12\n\n 10\n\n 8\n\n 6\n\n 4\n\n 2\n\n 1\n\n 1 |\n 3 |\n 1 |\n\n|\n\n| \n\n Driver\n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Nyck de Vries](/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries \"Nyck de Vries\") | **1**\\* | *9\\** | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | 1 | 16\\* | Ret\\* | 9\\* | Ret\\* | 13\\* | 18\\* | 2\\* | 2\\* | 22\\* | 8\\* | 99 |\n| 2 | [Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara \"Edoardo Mortara\") | 2 | DNS | Ret | 4 | Ret | 9 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 17 | 9 | 11 | 2 | Ret | 92 |\n| 3 | [Jake Dennis](/wiki/Jake_Dennis \"Jake Dennis\") | 12\\* | Ret | Ret | 13 | 8 | **1** | 16 | 5 | 5 | Ret | 16 | 1 | 9 | 5 | Ret | 91 |\n| 4 | [Mitch Evans](/wiki/Mitch_Evans \"Mitch Evans\") | 3 | Ret | *3* | 6 | Ret | 15 | 3 | 8 | 9 | Ret | 13 | 14 | 3 | 3 | Ret\\* | 90 |\n| 5 | [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns \"Robin Frijns\") | 17 | **2** | 4 | 18 | *6* | 19 | 2 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 13 | *4* | 15 | 12 | 89 |\n| 6 | [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird \"Sam Bird\") | Ret | 1 | 2\\* | Ret\\* | DSQ\\* | 14 | 7\\* | Ret\\* | 12 | *9\\** | **1**G\\* | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | 7 | 87 |\n| 7 | [Lucas di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_di_Grassi \"Lucas di Grassi\") | 9\\* | 8\\* | Ret | Ret | 7\\* | 10\\* | 10 | 1\\* | 18\\* | 3 | 14\\* | 6 | DSQ | 1 | 20\\* | 87 |\n| 8 | [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa \"António Félix da Costa\") | 11\\* | 3\\* | Ret\\* | 7\\* | **DSQ**\\* | 22\\* | **1**\\* | 6\\* | Ret\\* | 12\\* | *3\\** | 8\\* | Ret\\* | 7 | Ret\\* | 86 |\n| 9 | [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne \"Stoffel Vandoorne\") | 8\\* | 13\\* | **Ret\\*** | *1\\** | 3\\* | Ret\\* | Ret\\* | 7\\* | 13\\* | Ret\\* | 12\\* | 7\\* | **15**\\* | 12\\* | **3**\\* | 82 |\n| 10 | [Jean\\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne \"Jean-Éric Vergne\") | 15 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 7 | *4*\\* | Ret | 8 | 2\\* | Ret | 12\\* | 12 | **6**G | 11 | 80 |\n| 11 | [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein \"Pascal Wehrlein\") | 5 | 10 | 7 | 3 | Ret | 18 | Ret | **DSQ** | 4\\* | Ret | 4 | 10 | 5 | 21 | 6 | 79 |\n| 12 | [Alex Lynn](/wiki/Alex_Lynn \"Alex Lynn\") | Ret | Ret | 8 | 17 | DSQ | *3* | 9 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 9 | **3** | 1G\\* | 20\\* | 13 | 78 |\n| 13 | [René Rast](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rast \"René Rast\") | *4* | 17 | 6 | Ret | 5 | 6 | Ret | *2* | *10* | 10 | 20 | *5* | Ret | *9* | *9* | 78 |\n| 14 | [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland \"Oliver Rowland\") | 6 | 7 | 12 | 16 | DSQ | 4 | 6 | DSQ | **3** | 7 | 19 | DSQ | 18 | 13 | 2 | 77 |\n| 15 | [Nick Cassidy](/wiki/Nick_Cassidy \"Nick Cassidy\") | 19 | 14 | 15 | **Ret** | 4\\* | 13\\* | 8 | Ret | 2 | **4** | 2 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 76 |\n| 16 | [Maximilian Günther](/wiki/Maximilian_G%C3%BCnther \"Maximilian Günther\") | Ret | Ret | 9 | 5 | Ret | 12 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 66 |\n| 17 | [André Lotterer](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer \"André Lotterer\") | 16 | 11 | 14 | 15 | Ret | 2 | 17 | DSQ | 17 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 58 |\n| 18 | [Norman Nato](/wiki/Norman_Nato \"Norman Nato\") | 14 | 16 | 11 | DSQ | NC | 5 | 13 | 14 | Ret | 15 | 7 | NC | Ret | 4 | 1 | 54 |\n| 19 | [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 \"Alexander Sims (racing driver)\") | 7 | 15 | Ret | 2 | DSQ | 23 | Ret | 4 | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | 16 | 17\\* | 5 | 54 |\n| 20 | [Nico Müller](/wiki/Nico_M%C3%BCller \"Nico Müller\") | 21 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 20 | 18 | | | | | | | | | 30 |\n| 21 | [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi \"Sébastien Buemi\") | 13 | Ret | 5 | 10 | Ret | 11 | 11 | DSQ | 14 | 6G | 15 | DSQ | 13 | 11 | 14 | 20 |\n| 22 | [Sérgio Sette Câmara](/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Sette_C%C3%A2mara \"Sérgio Sette Câmara\") | 20 | 4\\* | 16\\* | 12\\* | Ret | 21 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 18 | 18 | 16 |\n| 23 | [Oliver Turvey](/wiki/Oliver_Turvey \"Oliver Turvey\") | 10 | 6 | DNS | 14 | NC | 8 | 19 | 11 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 15 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 13 |\n| 24 | [Tom Blomqvist](/wiki/Tom_Blomqvist \"Tom Blomqvist\") | 18 | 18 | 10 | 8 | NC | 17 | 14 | 13 | Ret | 16 | 21 | NC | 19 | NC | 10 | 6 |\n| 25 | [Joel Eriksson](/wiki/Joel_Eriksson_%28racing_driver%29 \"Joel Eriksson (racing driver)\") | | | | | | | | 17 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 16 | 1 |\n|\n| \n\n Driver\n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n\n| Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n\n**Bold** – Pole \n\n*Italics* – \n\n – Fastest in group stage \n\\* – FanBoost \n\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n",
"### Teams' Championship\n\n \n\n Team\n\n \n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n| 1 | [Mercedes\\-EQ Formula E Team](/wiki/Mercedes-EQ_Formula_E_Team \"Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team\") | 5 | 8 | 13 | **Ret** | *1* | 3 | Ret | Ret | 7 | 13 | Ret | 12 | 7 | **15** | 12 | **3** | 181 |\n| 17 | **1** | *9* | Ret | Ret | 1 | 16 | Ret | 9 | Ret | 13 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 22 | 8 |\n| 2 | [Jaguar Racing](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing \"Jaguar Racing\") | 10 | Ret | 1 | 2 | Ret | DSQ | 14 | 7 | Ret | 12 | *9* | **1**G | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 |177\n\n| 20 | 3 | Ret | *3* | 6 | Ret | 15 | 3 | 8 | 9 | Ret | 13 | 14 | 3 | 3 | Ret |\n| 3 | [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah \"Techeetah\") | 13 | 11 | 3 | Ret | 7 | **DSQ** | 22 | **1** | 6 | Ret | 12 | *3* | 8 | Ret | 7 | Ret | 166 |\n| 25 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 7 | *4* | Ret | 8 | 2 | Ret | 12 | 12 | **6**G | 11 |\n| 4 | [Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E Team](/wiki/Abt_Sportsline \"Abt Sportsline\") | 11 | 9 | 8 | Ret | Ret | 7 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 18 | 3 | 14 | 6 | DSQ | 1 | 20 | 165 |\n| 33 | *4* | 17 | 6 | Ret | 5 | 6 | Ret | *2* | *10* | 10 | 20 | *5* | Ret | *9* | *9* |\n| 5 | [Envision Virgin Racing](/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing \"Envision Virgin Racing\") | 4 | 17 | **2** | 4 | 18 | *6* | 19 | 2 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 13 | *4* | 15 | 12 | 165 |\n| 37 | 19 | 14 | 15 | **Ret** | 4 | 13 | 8 | Ret | 2 | **4** | 2 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 17 |\n| 6 | [BMW i Andretti Motorsport](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport \"Andretti Autosport\") | 27 | 12 | Ret | Ret | 13 | 8 | **1** | 16 | 5 | 5 | Ret | 16 | 1 | 9 | 5 | Ret |157\n\n| 28 | Ret | Ret | 9 | 5 | Ret | 12 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 6 | 8 | 15 |\n| 7 | [ROKiT Venturi Racing](/wiki/Venturi_Racing \"Venturi Racing\") | 48 | 2 | DNS | Ret | 4 | Ret | 9 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 17 | 9 | 11 | 2 | Ret | 146 |\n| 71 | 14 | 16 | 11 | DSQ | NC | 5 | 13 | 14 | Ret | 15 | 7 | NC | Ret | 4 | 1 |\n| 8 | [TAG Heuer Porsche Formula E Team](/wiki/Porsche_Formula_E_Team \"Porsche Formula E Team\") | 36 | 16 | 11 | 14 | 15 | Ret | 2 | 17 | DSQ | 17 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 137 |\n| 99 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 3 | Ret | 18 | Ret | **DSQ** | 4 | Ret | 4 | 10 | 5 | 21 | 6 |\n| 9 | [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing \"Mahindra Racing\") | 29 | 7 | 15 | Ret | 2 | DSQ | 23 | Ret | 4 | Ret | Ret | 6 | Ret | 16 | 17 | 5 | 132 |\n| 94 | Ret | Ret | 8 | 17 | DSQ | *3* | 9 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 9 | **3** | 1G | 20 | 13 |\n| 10 | [Nissan e.dams](/wiki/DAMS \"DAMS\") | 22 | 6 | 7 | 12 | 16 | DSQ | 4 | 6 | DSQ | **3** | 7 | 19 | DSQ | 18 | 13 | 2 | 97 |\n| 23 | 13 | Ret | 5 | 10 | Ret | 11 | 11 | DSQ | 14 | 6G | 15 | DSQ | 13 | 11 | 14 |\n| 11 | [Dragon / Penske Autosport](/wiki/Dragon_Racing \"Dragon Racing\") | 6 | 21 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 20 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 16 | 47 |\n| 7 | 20 | 4 | 16 | 12 | Ret | 21 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 18 | 18 |\n| 12 | [Nio 333 FE Team](/wiki/Nio_333_FE_Team \"Nio 333 FE Team\") | 8 | 10 | 6 | DNS | 14 | NC | 8 | 19 | 11 | Ret | Ret | Ret | 15 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 19 |\n| 88 | 18 | 18 | 10 | 8 | NC | 17 | 14 | 13 | Ret | 16 | 21 | NC | 19 | NC | 10 |\n\n \n\n Team\n\n \n\n [DIR](/wiki/2021_Diriyah_ePrix \"2021 Diriyah ePrix\") | |\n [RME](/wiki/2021_Rome_ePrix \"2021 Rome ePrix\") | |\n [VLC](/wiki/2021_Valencia_ePrix \"2021 Valencia ePrix\") | |\n [MCO](/wiki/2021_Monaco_ePrix \"2021 Monaco ePrix\") |\n [PUE](/wiki/2021_Puebla_ePrix \"2021 Puebla ePrix\") | |\n [NYC](/wiki/2021_New_York_City_ePrix \"2021 New York City ePrix\") | |\n [LDN](/wiki/2021_London_ePrix \"2021 London ePrix\") | |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n [BER](/wiki/2021_Berlin_ePrix \"2021 Berlin ePrix\") |\n \n|Source:\n\n",
"Footnotes\n---------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Formula E seasons](/wiki/Category:Formula_E_seasons \"Formula E seasons\")\n[Formula E](/wiki/Category:2021_in_formula_racing \"2021 in formula racing\")\n[FIA Formula E](/wiki/Category:2020_in_formula_racing \"2020 in formula racing\")\n\n"
]
} |
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