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Hong Kong Dog Rescue | {
"id": [
47713274
],
"name": [
"FocusFirewall"
]
} | qjy2s5wrlzj4p7cmwbbbjcl8yn5not2 | 2024-04-20T22:31:14Z | 1,193,532,463 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"No Kill Organization",
"Animal welfare programs",
"Adoption & re-homing",
"Education & training",
"Fostering and volunteering",
"External links",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
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"content": [
"\n\nThe **Hong Kong Dog Rescue** (**HKDR**; ) is a registered charity in [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") established in 2003 by Sally Andersen. The founding purpose is to save dogs and puppies from the [Hong Kong Government's Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD)](/wiki/Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Conservation_Department \"Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department\") Animal Management Centers, where at that time thousands of dogs and puppies were killed every year.\n\nIn 2023, most of the dogs and puppies in HKDR come from different sources, and very few from AFCD. HKDR has rescued, cared for and re\\-homed more than 10,000 dogs and puppies.\n\n",
"No Kill Organization\n--------------------\n\nHKDR is a no kill organization, meaning no dog under its care will be [euthanized](/wiki/Animal_euthanasia \"Animal euthanasia\") for any reason other than when it is the only humane option.\n\n",
"Animal welfare programs\n-----------------------\n\n### Adoption \\& re\\-homing\n\nIn 2023, HKDR has more than 600 dogs waiting for adoption. They also offer post\\-adoption support.\n\n### Education \\& training\n\nThe organization hosted workshops and online seminars on a variety of subjects regularly, which are designed to help improve dog\\-human understanding and so reduce the number of pets being abandoned.\n\nHKDR also runs monthly ‘Positive Partners’ Training Courses, which are designed to promote responsible pet ownership as well as reward\\-based training methods.\n\n### Fostering and volunteering\n\nLook for foster parents for puppies and dogs to recover from surgery or illness. Short\\-term foster homes help HKDR monitor the health or assess the character of the dogs in waiting and for the dogs to adjust to home life.\n\nRegistered volunteer or dog\\-walker will need to attend a 3\\-hour orientation and subsequently serve a supervised first shift at the homing center of their choice.\n\nHKDR encourages groups to volunteer at their Homing Centers. They provide various volunteering activities including dog\\-walking, general maintenance and cleaning, fundraising to education.\n\n \n\n",
"### Adoption \\& re\\-homing\n\nIn 2023, HKDR has more than 600 dogs waiting for adoption. They also offer post\\-adoption support.\n\n",
"### Education \\& training\n\nThe organization hosted workshops and online seminars on a variety of subjects regularly, which are designed to help improve dog\\-human understanding and so reduce the number of pets being abandoned.\n\nHKDR also runs monthly ‘Positive Partners’ Training Courses, which are designed to promote responsible pet ownership as well as reward\\-based training methods.\n\n",
"### Fostering and volunteering\n\nLook for foster parents for puppies and dogs to recover from surgery or illness. Short\\-term foster homes help HKDR monitor the health or assess the character of the dogs in waiting and for the dogs to adjust to home life.\n\nRegistered volunteer or dog\\-walker will need to attend a 3\\-hour orientation and subsequently serve a supervised first shift at the homing center of their choice.\n\nHKDR encourages groups to volunteer at their Homing Centers. They provide various volunteering activities including dog\\-walking, general maintenance and cleaning, fundraising to education.\n\n \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Hong Kong Dog Rescue](https://hongkongdogrescue.com/)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Animal welfare organisations based in Hong Kong](/wiki/Category:Animal_welfare_organisations_based_in_Hong_Kong \"Animal welfare organisations based in Hong Kong\")\n[Category:Organizations established in 2003](/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_2003 \"Organizations established in 2003\")\n[Category:Animal rescue groups](/wiki/Category:Animal_rescue_groups \"Animal rescue groups\")\n[Category:Charities based in Hong Kong](/wiki/Category:Charities_based_in_Hong_Kong \"Charities based in Hong Kong\")\n[Category:Abandoned animals](/wiki/Category:Abandoned_animals \"Abandoned animals\")\n\n"
]
} |
Bretton Brook | {
"id": [
9021902
],
"name": [
"FrescoBot"
]
} | hhl4s1oku9c2dnwnhqk1un38sa4p4a6 | 2023-09-18T08:13:45Z | 1,169,002,879 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bretton Brook** is a [stream](/wiki/Stream \"Stream\") flowing through [Bretton](/wiki/Bretton%2C_Derbyshire \"Bretton, Derbyshire\") in the [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\") [Peak District](/wiki/Peak_District \"Peak District\"). The stream is a tributary of the [Highlow Brook](/wiki/Highlow_Brook \"Highlow Brook\"), which is a direct tributary the River Derwent south of [Hathersage](/wiki/Hathersage \"Hathersage\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of rivers of England](/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_England \"List of rivers of England\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Derbyshire](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Derbyshire \"Tourist attractions in Derbyshire\")\n[Category:Rivers of Derbyshire](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Derbyshire \"Rivers of Derbyshire\")\n[Category:Rivers and valleys of the Peak District](/wiki/Category:Rivers_and_valleys_of_the_Peak_District \"Rivers and valleys of the Peak District\")\n[Category:High Peak, Derbyshire](/wiki/Category:High_Peak%2C_Derbyshire \"High Peak, Derbyshire\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Mostly Murder | {
"id": [
46066408
],
"name": [
"Iljhgtn"
]
} | 1trcvx3ca1f6dj2nm73ta9gn0rxsrtw | 2024-08-26T22:46:39Z | 1,241,212,871 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Selected cases",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Mostly Murder*** is the 1959 autobiography of forensic pathologist [Sir Sydney Smith](/wiki/Sydney_Smith_%28forensic_expert%29 \"Sydney Smith (forensic expert)\").\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nThe book is a [memoir](/wiki/Memoir \"Memoir\") about the most notorious crimes Smith solved in his career, which extended across the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Egypt and Sri Lanka.\n\nThe book has run through many British and American editions and has been translated into several languages.\n\n",
"Selected cases\n--------------\n\n* Hopetoun quarry murder (1913\\) \nConviction of Patrick Higgins of [Winchburgh](/wiki/Winchburgh \"Winchburgh\") for the double homicide of his two children and dumping their bodies in the quarry, which resulted in Scotland's first execution of the twentieth century.\n* Assassination of Governor\\-General Sirdar (1924\\) \nApprehension of the assassins of British Governor\\-General of Anglo\\-Egyptian Sudan [Major\\-General Lee Stack](/wiki/Lee_Stack \"Lee Stack\"), who was mortally shot while driving through [Cairo](/wiki/Cairo \"Cairo\").\n* Sidney Fox matricide trial (1929\\) \nUnraveling of the plot and subsequent conviction of career swindler [Sidney Harry Fox](/wiki/Sidney_Harry_Fox \"Sidney Harry Fox\") for the murder of his mother.\n* Annie Hearn arsenic trial (1931\\) \nThe highly controversial [Annie Hearn](/wiki/Annie_Hearn \"Annie Hearn\") arsenic poisoning accusation where the defense came up with scientific evidence which overrode the prosecution's circumstantial evidence.\n* Strangulation of Chrissie Gall: suicide or homicide? (1931\\) \nThe repudiation of expert opinion and highly controversial wrongful conviction of Peter Queen for the murder of Chrissie Gall.\n* Sydney shark case (1935\\) \nThe bizarre case of a 12\\-foot [shark regurgitating a severed human arm](/wiki/Shark_Arm_case \"Shark Arm case\") in an Australian aquarium, and the subsequent investigation determining both victim and the cause of death.\n* Ruxton double murder (1935\\) \nEstablishing the precedent of forensic skull\\-to\\-face superimposition, and conviction of [Dr. Buck Ruxton](/wiki/Buck_Ruxton \"Buck Ruxton\") for the double homicide, mutilation and dismemberment of his wife Isabella Kerr\\-Ruxton and their family housemaid Mary Jane Rogerson.\n* Capturing the Falkirk burglar (1937\\) \nApprehension of the [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk \"Falkirk\") burglar through pioneering the field of forensic [podiatry](/wiki/Podiatry \"Podiatry\").\n* Acquittal of Mahadevan Sathasivam (1951\\) \nAcquittal of Sri Lankan cricketer [Mahadevan Sathasivam](/wiki/Mahadevan_Sathasivam \"Mahadevan Sathasivam\") of the murder of his wife Paripoornam Ananda Rajendra, and the conviction of servant Hewa Marambage William.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* *[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography](/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography \"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\")*, \"Smith, Sir Sydney Alfred\" by [Francis Camps](/wiki/Francis_Camps \"Francis Camps\")\n\n[Category:1959 non\\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:1959_non-fiction_books \"1959 non-fiction books\")\n[Category:Books about scientists](/wiki/Category:Books_about_scientists \"Books about scientists\")\n[Category:British memoirs](/wiki/Category:British_memoirs \"British memoirs\")\n\n"
]
} |
Crowns and Pawns: Kingdom of Deceit | {
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
} | 8s4894rhfvu0w1w5v1iq3fecm17u1co | 2023-11-01T00:17:51Z | 1,160,977,231 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gameplay",
"Development",
"Reception",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"* + - \n\t\t***Crowns and Pawns: Kingdom of Deceit*** is an [adventure video game](/wiki/Adventure_video_game \"Adventure video game\") developed by Tag of Joy and published by [Thunderful Publishing](/wiki/Thunderful_Publishing \"Thunderful Publishing\"). Players investigate a mystery involving Lithuanian history.\n",
"Gameplay\n--------\n\nMilda, an American, goes to Lithuania after her grandfather bequeaths her his house in Vilnius. As she settles her grandfather's affairs, she discovers that he was investigating a mystery involving the history of Lithuania. *Crowns and Pawns: Kingdom of Deceit* is a [point\\-and\\-click adventure game](/wiki/Point-and-click_adventure_game \"Point-and-click adventure game\"). Players can customize Milda's appearance and choose dialogue options when talking to friends and family. As Milda investigates various clues, she must find uses for inventory items. Some puzzles have multiple solutions. These can be based on players' previous actions, such as choosing Milda's occupation.\n\n",
"Development\n-----------\n\nThe developer, Tag of Joy, is based in Lithuania. *Crowns and Pawns: Kingdom of Deceit* was released for Linux, macOS, and Windows on May 6, 2022\\.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n*Crowns and Pawns: Kingdom of Deceit* received positive reviews on [Metacritic](/wiki/Metacritic \"Metacritic\"). *[GamesRadar](/wiki/GamesRadar \"GamesRadar\")* said the puzzles are \"perfectly balanced\" and praised the characterizations. *RPGFan* said the game does nothing wrong but is not memorable, either. Although they enjoyed the graphics, music, and setting, they felt the game has a lack of tension and fiddly puzzles. *[Eurogamer](/wiki/Eurogamer \"Eurogamer\")* called it \"a fun mystery\" that is too charming to resist. *[Adventure Gamers](/wiki/Adventure_Gamers \"Adventure Gamers\")* said it is a must\\-play game with \"well\\-executed graphics, music, interface, and voice acting\". *Adventure Gamers* awarded it best gameplay of 2022\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2022 video games](/wiki/Category:2022_video_games \"2022 video games\")\n[Category:Windows games](/wiki/Category:Windows_games \"Windows games\")\n[Category:MacOS games](/wiki/Category:MacOS_games \"MacOS games\")\n[Category:Linux games](/wiki/Category:Linux_games \"Linux games\")\n[Category:Single\\-player video games](/wiki/Category:Single-player_video_games \"Single-player video games\")\n[Category:Indie games](/wiki/Category:Indie_games \"Indie games\")\n[Category:Point\\-and\\-click adventure games](/wiki/Category:Point-and-click_adventure_games \"Point-and-click adventure games\")\n[Category:Video games set in Lithuania](/wiki/Category:Video_games_set_in_Lithuania \"Video games set in Lithuania\")\n[Category:Video games developed in Lithuania](/wiki/Category:Video_games_developed_in_Lithuania \"Video games developed in Lithuania\")\n[Category:Thunderful games](/wiki/Category:Thunderful_games \"Thunderful games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Paul Kleinsmidt | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | e4g8q1p0vdjudv5yq4p90fpapfhvow3 | 2023-07-11T01:41:50Z | 1,160,600,744 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Paul Johannes Kleinsmidt** (born 1 July 1936\\) is a retired South African politician who represented the [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_%28South_Africa%29 \"National Party (South Africa)\") in the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa \"National Assembly of South Africa\") during the [first democratic Parliament](/wiki/22nd_South_African_Parliament \"22nd South African Parliament\"). He was not initially elected in the [1994 general election](/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election \"1994 South African general election\") but was sworn in during the term to fill a casual vacancy. He stood for re\\-election in [1999](/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election \"1999 South African general election\") as a candidate in the [Western Cape constituency](/wiki/Western_Cape_%28National_Assembly_of_South_Africa_constituency%29 \"Western Cape (National Assembly of South Africa constituency)\"), but he was ranked in unelectable position on the party list.\n\nDuring [apartheid](/wiki/Apartheid \"Apartheid\"), Kleinsmidt represented the [Elsies River](/wiki/Elsie%27s_River \"Elsie's River\") constituency in the [House of Representatives](/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28South_Africa%29 \"House of Representatives (South Africa)\"), the [Coloured](/wiki/Coloureds \"Coloureds\") house of the [Tricameral Parliament](/wiki/Tricameral_Parliament \"Tricameral Parliament\"). He was a member of the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28South_Africa%2C_1969%29 \"Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)\") before he joined the National Party.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Paul Johannes Kleinsmidt](https://web.archive.org/web/19981201044339/http://www.parliament.gov.za/mps/kleinsmidt.html) at Parliament of South Africa\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1936 births](/wiki/Category:1936_births \"1936 births\")\n[Category:20th\\-century South African politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_South_African_politicians \"20th-century South African politicians\")\n[Category:National Party (South Africa) politicians](/wiki/Category:National_Party_%28South_Africa%29_politicians \"National Party (South Africa) politicians\")\n[Category:Labour Party (South Africa, 1969\\) politicians](/wiki/Category:Labour_Party_%28South_Africa%2C_1969%29_politicians \"Labour Party (South Africa, 1969) politicians\")\n[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Africa \"Members of the National Assembly of South Africa\")\n\n[Category:Members of the House of Representatives of South Africa](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_South_Africa \"Members of the House of Representatives of South Africa\")\n\n"
]
} |
The Ballad of Oriana | {
"id": [
44230401
],
"name": [
"Cremastra"
]
} | cxyg211uewj8bnhfuvuj9yk296mlno3 | 2024-02-28T18:34:55Z | 1,201,073,916 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Text",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**\"The Ballad of Oriana\"** is an early poem by [Alfred Tennyson](/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson \"Alfred Tennyson\"), published in [1830](/wiki/Poems%2C_Chiefly_Lyrical \"Poems, Chiefly Lyrical\"), but not in 1833\\.Collins, ed. 1900, p. 36\\.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nAccording to critic [John Churton Collins](/wiki/John_Churton_Collins \"John Churton Collins\"), \"This fine ballad was evidently suggested by the old ballad of \"[Helen of Kirkconnel](/wiki/Helen_of_Kirkconnel \"Helen of Kirkconnel\")\", both poems being based on a similar incident, and both being the passionate soliloquy of the bereaved lover, though Tennyson's treatment of the subject is his own.\"\n\n\"Helen of Kirkconnel\" was one of the poems which he was fond of reciting, and [Fitzgerald](/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_%28poet%29 \"Edward FitzGerald (poet)\") says that he used also to recite this poem, in a way not to be forgotten, at [Cambridge](/wiki/University_of_Cambridge \"University of Cambridge\") tables.Tennyson 1898, i. p. 48\\.\n\n",
"Text\n----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n[Category:1830 poems](/wiki/Category:1830_poems \"1830 poems\")\n[Category:Poetry by Alfred, Lord Tennyson](/wiki/Category:Poetry_by_Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson \"Poetry by Alfred, Lord Tennyson\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fernando Otárola | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | 54v5d8136s1gstk5crt066xow0h141h | 2024-09-10T02:29:09Z | 1,232,463,698 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Personal life",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Fernando Andrés Otárola Lastra** (born 4 February 1986\\) is an Argentine\\-[Chilean](/wiki/Chile \"Chile\") [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a [goalkeeper](/wiki/Goalkeeper_%28association_football%29 \"Goalkeeper (association football)\") for [Primera Nacional](/wiki/Primera_Nacional \"Primera Nacional\") side [Agropecuario](/wiki/Club_Agropecuario_Argentino \"Club Agropecuario Argentino\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nOtárola began his career with [Ferro Carril Oeste](/wiki/Ferro_Carril_Oeste \"Ferro Carril Oeste\"), making his debut in a 2–2 draw against [Godoy Cruz](/wiki/Godoy_Cruz_Antonio_Tomba \"Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba\") on 15 April 2006\\.\n\nWith an extensive career in his country of birth, Otárola has played for [Almirante Brown](/wiki/Club_Almirante_Brown \"Club Almirante Brown\"), [Comunicaciones](/wiki/Club_Comunicaciones \"Club Comunicaciones\"), [Chacarita Juniors](/wiki/Chacarita_Juniors \"Chacarita Juniors\"), [Brown de Adrogué](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Brown \"Club Atlético Brown\"), [Villa Dálmine](/wiki/Villa_D%C3%A1lmine \"Villa Dálmine\"), [Gimnasia de Jujuy](/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Jujuy \"Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy\"), [Mitre](/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Mitre \"Club Atlético Mitre\") and [Defensores de Belgrano](/wiki/Defensores_de_Belgrano \"Defensores de Belgrano\"). As a goalkeeper of Comunicaciones, he beat the record of Rafael Seria with no\\-goals in February 2020\\.\n\nFrom 2017 to 2018, he had a stint with [Chilean Primera División](/wiki/Chilean_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n \"Chilean Primera División\") side [Deportes Temuco](/wiki/Deportes_Temuco \"Deportes Temuco\"). In 2023, he returned to Chile and signed with [Unión La Calera](/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_La_Calera \"Unión La Calera\") on loan from Defensores de Belgrano, alongside his compatriot [Alejo Antilef](/wiki/Alejo_Antilef \"Alejo Antilef\").\n\nIn 2024, he returned to Argentina and signed with [Agropecuario](/wiki/Club_Agropecuario_Argentino \"Club Agropecuario Argentino\").\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nOtárola holds dual Argentine\\-Chilean nationality, since his mother is a Chilean who emigrated to Argentine. His Chilean family is from [San Bernardo](/wiki/San_Bernardo%2C_Chile \"San Bernardo, Chile\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1986 births](/wiki/Category:1986_births \"1986 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Buenos_Aires \"Footballers from Buenos Aires\")\n[Category:Argentine men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentine_men%27s_footballers \"Argentine men's footballers\")\n[Category:Argentine sportspeople of Chilean descent](/wiki/Category:Argentine_sportspeople_of_Chilean_descent \"Argentine sportspeople of Chilean descent\")\n[Category:Argentine emigrants to Chile](/wiki/Category:Argentine_emigrants_to_Chile \"Argentine emigrants to Chile\")\n[Category:Naturalized citizens of Chile](/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_Chile \"Naturalized citizens of Chile\")\n[Category:Chilean men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Chilean_men%27s_footballers \"Chilean men's footballers\")\n[Category:Ferro Carril Oeste footballers](/wiki/Category:Ferro_Carril_Oeste_footballers \"Ferro Carril Oeste footballers\")\n[Category:Club Almirante Brown footballers](/wiki/Category:Club_Almirante_Brown_footballers \"Club Almirante Brown footballers\")\n[Category:Club Comunicaciones footballers](/wiki/Category:Club_Comunicaciones_footballers \"Club Comunicaciones footballers\")\n[Category:Chacarita Juniors footballers](/wiki/Category:Chacarita_Juniors_footballers \"Chacarita Juniors footballers\")\n[Category:Club Atlético Brown footballers](/wiki/Category:Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Brown_footballers \"Club Atlético Brown footballers\")\n[Category:Villa Dálmine footballers](/wiki/Category:Villa_D%C3%A1lmine_footballers \"Villa Dálmine footballers\")\n[Category:Deportes Temuco footballers](/wiki/Category:Deportes_Temuco_footballers \"Deportes Temuco footballers\")\n[Category:Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy footballers](/wiki/Category:Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Jujuy_footballers \"Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy footballers\")\n[Category:Club Atlético Mitre footballers](/wiki/Category:Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Mitre_footballers \"Club Atlético Mitre footballers\")\n[Category:Defensores de Belgrano footballers](/wiki/Category:Defensores_de_Belgrano_footballers \"Defensores de Belgrano footballers\")\n[Category:Unión La Calera footballers](/wiki/Category:Uni%C3%B3n_La_Calera_footballers \"Unión La Calera footballers\")\n[Category:Club Agropecuario Argentino players](/wiki/Category:Club_Agropecuario_Argentino_players \"Club Agropecuario Argentino players\")\n[Category:Primera Nacional players](/wiki/Category:Primera_Nacional_players \"Primera Nacional players\")\n[Category:Primera B Metropolitana players](/wiki/Category:Primera_B_Metropolitana_players \"Primera B Metropolitana players\")\n[Category:Chilean Primera División players](/wiki/Category:Chilean_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_players \"Chilean Primera División players\")\n[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Argentine_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"Argentine expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile](/wiki/Category:Argentine_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Chile \"Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile\")\n[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Chile](/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Chile \"Expatriate men's footballers in Chile\")\n[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_goalkeepers \"Men's association football goalkeepers\")\n\n"
]
} |
The Password Game | {
"id": [
41906421
],
"name": [
"ObserveOwl"
]
} | 3iug7317zdna6ymvf1cv0pb945vdvaf | 2024-10-21T13:14:12Z | 1,252,448,919 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gameplay",
"Development and release",
"Reception",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***The Password Game*** is a 2023 [puzzle](/wiki/Puzzle_video_game \"Puzzle video game\") [browser game](/wiki/Browser_game \"Browser game\") developed by [Neal Agarwal](/wiki/Neal_Agarwal \"Neal Agarwal\"), where the player creates a [password](/wiki/Password \"Password\") that follows increasingly unusual and complicated rules. Based on Agarwal's experience with [password policies](/wiki/Password_policy \"Password policy\"), the game was developed in two months, releasing on June 27, 2023\\. It has become a popular online game and recognized in the media for the gameplay's absurdity and commentary on the user experience of generating a password.\n\n",
"Gameplay\n--------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|The player must follow strict rules that may conflict with one another, and at times requires players to play other games, such as *[GeoGuessr](/wiki/GeoGuessr \"GeoGuessr\")*, *[Wordle](/wiki/Wordle \"Wordle\")*, and [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\"). In this screenshot, the inclusion of the moon emoji satisfies Rule 13; however, it splits the word \"may\", breaking Rule 6\\.\\|alt\\=The current password is Earth1\\.55554mayXXXVshelldpbydwindyAl with a waning moon symbol between the \"a\" and \"y\" in \"may\". Below the password are various rules that must be fulfilled. Green rules, including today's Wordle answer, the presence of a two\\-letter symbol from the periodic table, and the correct moon phase emoji are complete, while the red rule, the one requiring the player to include a month name, is not.](/wiki/File:The_Password_Game_screenshot.jpg \"The Password Game screenshot.jpg\")\n\n*The Password Game* is a [web\\-based](/wiki/Browser_game \"Browser game\") [puzzle video game](/wiki/Puzzle_video_game \"Puzzle video game\"). The player is tasked with typing a [password](/wiki/Password \"Password\") in an input box. The game has a total of 35 rules that the password must follow and which appear in a specific order. As the player changes the password to comply with the first rule, a second one appears, and so on. For each additional rule, the player must follow all the previous ones to progress, which can cause conflict. When all 35 rules are fulfilled, the player is able to confirm it as the final password and then has two minutes to retype the password or the game ends.\n\nAlthough the initial requirements include setting a minimum of characters or including numbers, uppercase letters or special characters, the rules gradually become more unusual and complex. These can involve managing having Roman numerals in the string to multiply, adding the name of a country that players have to guess from random [Google Street View](/wiki/Google_Street_View \"Google Street View\") imagery (as a reference to *[GeoGuessr](/wiki/GeoGuessr \"GeoGuessr\")*), inserting the day's *[Wordle](/wiki/Wordle \"Wordle\")* answer, typing the best move in a generated [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\") position using [algebraic notation](/wiki/Algebraic_notation_%28chess%29 \"Algebraic notation (chess)\"), inserting the URL of a [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube \"YouTube\") video of a randomly generated length, and adjusting boldface, italics, font types, and text sizes.\n\nOther game rules involve [emojis](/wiki/Emoji \"Emoji\") in the password. One demands inclusion of the emoji representing the [moon phase](/wiki/Moon_phase \"Moon phase\") at that point in time. Because of two other rules, the player is required to insert an egg emoji named Paul, and once it hatches, it is replaced by a chicken emoji. The player then must keep it fed using caterpillar emojis that must be replenished over time. If it starves, the player overfeeds it, or the Paul emoji is deleted in any way, the game ends. Red text subsequently appears over a black background, referencing the death screen characteristic of the *[Dark Souls](/wiki/Dark_Souls \"Dark Souls\")* action role\\-playing game series. At some point during the game, a flame emoji will appear, spreading through the password by replacing characters, including the egg, with flames that must be removed.\n\n",
"Development and release\n-----------------------\n\n*The Password Game* was developed by Neal Agarwal, who posts his games on his website, neal.fun. Agarwal had conceptualized the idea of the game as a parody of [password policies](/wiki/Password_policy \"Password policy\") as they got \"weirder\". According to Agarwal, \"the final straw\" that made him start to work on the game may have been when he was trying to create an account on a service and was told that his password was too long, mocking the notion of a password being \"too secure\". Development started in late April 2023 and took two months. Agarwal mentioned that implementing [regular expressions](/wiki/Regular_expression \"Regular expression\") (\"find\" operations in [strings](/wiki/String_%28computer_science%29 \"String (computer science)\")) was hard, especially due to features of the game's text editor that show up as the player progresses, like making text bold or italic. Some of the game's password requirements were suggested to him on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"). Before release, Agarwal was unsure whether winning the game was possible; he attempted it unsuccessfully multiple times. The game was released on his website on June 27, 2023\\.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n*The Password Game* went viral online soon after release. After its first day of release, the tweet announcing the game was retweeted over 11,000 times, and according to the developer, the game's website received over one million visits. The tweet received multiple comments discussing numbers that people reached in the game. As reported by *[Engadget](/wiki/Engadget \"Engadget\")*, Twitter mentions of Agarwal were \"full of people cursing him for creating\" the game and people exclaiming having beaten it, to the surprise of the developer. As of October 2023, the game was visited over 10 million times.\n\nMany critics have contrasted the standardness and simplicity of the game's initial password rules to the absurdity of the following ones. The sixteenth rule of the game, which is about finding the best chess move in a specific position, was considered the most challenging by *[PCGamesN](/wiki/PCGamesN \"PCGamesN\")* and made other reviewers give up the game. While *[TechRadar](/wiki/TechRadar \"TechRadar\")* and *[The Indian Express](/wiki/The_Indian_Express \"The Indian Express\")* deemed *The Password Game* to be a good way to kill time, *[PC Gamer](/wiki/PC_Gamer \"PC Gamer\")* called it \"the evilest will\\-breaking browser game to exist\". The game was regarded by *PCGamesN* as possibly \"one of the most inventive experiences of the year\". *[Polygon](/wiki/Polygon_%28website%29 \"Polygon (website)\")* described it as a \"comedy set in a user interface\" that incorporates many secrets behind its apparent simplicity. *[Rock Paper Shotgun](/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun \"Rock Paper Shotgun\")* discussed the gameplay loop of the game, finding they frequently experienced amusement, followed by effort to fulfill the rule, and feeling satisfied. *[PCWorld](/wiki/PCWorld \"PCWorld\")* felt it emphasized the usefulness of [password managers](/wiki/Password_manager \"Password manager\"), while *TechRadar* found it outdated due to tools like [password generators](/wiki/Password_generator \"Password generator\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* *[Infinite Craft](/wiki/Infinite_Craft \"Infinite Craft\")*, another game by Neal Agarwal\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*The Password Game*](https://neal.fun/password-game/)\n[Category:2023 video games](/wiki/Category:2023_video_games \"2023 video games\")\n[Category:Browser games](/wiki/Category:Browser_games \"Browser games\")\n[Category:Indie games](/wiki/Category:Indie_games \"Indie games\")\n[Category:Parody video games](/wiki/Category:Parody_video_games \"Parody video games\")\n[Category:Puzzle video games](/wiki/Category:Puzzle_video_games \"Puzzle video games\")\n[Category:Single\\-player video games](/wiki/Category:Single-player_video_games \"Single-player video games\")\n[Category:Works about computer security](/wiki/Category:Works_about_computer_security \"Works about computer security\")\n[Category:Works about the Internet](/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_Internet \"Works about the Internet\")\n[Category:Neal.fun games](/wiki/Category:Neal.fun_games \"Neal.fun games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Lumped parameter model for the cardiovascular system | {
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} | 5bfcarb4n7qtxtadekabyqfd6gzhx89 | 2024-09-16T16:09:48Z | 1,225,177,628 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Model description",
"Heart chambers equations",
"Valves equations",
"Circulation compartments equations",
"Ordinary differential equation system",
"Further developments",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
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2
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"content": [
"[thumb\\|Example of lumped parameter cardiovascular model. Each compartment is inside the green boxes. The parameters of the model are highlighted in black, while the blue are highlighted the blood pressures and fluxes throughout the cardiovascular system.\\|438x438pxA](/wiki/File:LumpedParameterCardiovascularModel.png \"LumpedParameterCardiovascularModel.png\") **lumped parameter cardiovascular model** is a zero\\-dimensional [mathematical model](/wiki/Mathematical_model \"Mathematical model\") used to describe the [hemodynamics](/wiki/Hemodynamics \"Hemodynamics\") of the [cardiovascular system](/wiki/Circulatory_system \"Circulatory system\"). Given a set of parameters that have a physical meaning (e.g. resistances to blood flow), it allows to study the changes in [blood pressures](/wiki/Blood_pressure \"Blood pressure\") or flow rates throughout the cardiovascular system. Modifying the parameters, it is possible to study the effects of a specific [disease](/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease \"Cardiovascular disease\"). For example, [arterial hypertension](/wiki/Hypertension \"Hypertension\") is modeled increasing the arterial resistances of the model.\n\nThe [lumped parameter model](/wiki/Lumped-element_model \"Lumped-element model\") is used to study the hemodynamics of a three\\-dimensional space (the cardiovascular system) by means of a zero\\-dimensional space that exploits the analogy between pipes and electrical circuits. The reduction from three to zero dimensions is performed by splitting the cardiovascular system into different compartments, each of them representing a specific component of the system, e.g. right atrium or systemic arteries. Each compartment is made up of simple circuital components, like [resistances](/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance \"Electrical resistance and conductance\") or [capacitors](/wiki/Capacitor \"Capacitor\"), while the blood flux behaves like the [current](/wiki/Electric_current \"Electric current\") flowing through the circuit according to [Kirchoff's laws](/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws \"Kirchhoff's circuit laws\"), under the action of the blood pressure (voltage drop).\n\nThe lumped parameter model consists in a system of [ordinary differential equations](/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation \"Ordinary differential equation\") that describes the evolution in time of the volumes of the heart chambers, and the blood pressures and fluxes through the [blood vessels](/wiki/Blood_vessel \"Blood vessel\").\n\n",
"Model description\n-----------------\n\nThe lumped parameter model consists in a system of ordinary differential equations that adhere to the principles of [conservation of mass](/wiki/Conservation_of_mass \"Conservation of mass\") and [momentum](/wiki/Momentum \"Momentum\") balance. The model is obtained exploiting the electrical analogy where the current represents the blood flow, the [voltage](/wiki/Voltage \"Voltage\") represents the pressure difference, the electric resistance plays the role of the [vascular resistance](/wiki/Vascular_resistance \"Vascular resistance\") (determined by the section and the length of the blood vessel), the [capacitance](/wiki/Capacitance \"Capacitance\") plays the role of the [vascular compliance](/wiki/Compliance_%28physiology%29 \"Compliance (physiology)\") (the ability of the vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing [transmural pressure](/wiki/Smooth_muscle \"Smooth muscle\"), that is the difference in pressure between two sides of a vessel wall) and the inductance represents the blood [inertia](/wiki/Inertia \"Inertia\"). Each heart chamber is modeled by means of the [elastances](/wiki/Elastance \"Elastance\") that describe the contractility of the cardiac muscle and the unloaded volume, that is the blood volume contained in the chamber at zero\\-pressure. The [valves](/wiki/Heart_valve \"Heart valve\") are modeled as [diodes](/wiki/Diode \"Diode\"). The parameter of the model are the resistances, the capacitances, the [inductances](/wiki/Inductance \"Inductance\") and the elastances. The unknowns of the system are the blood volumes inside each heart chamber, the blood pressures and fluxes inside each compartment of the circulation. The system of ordinary differential equations is solved by means of a numerical method for [temporal discretization](/wiki/Temporal_discretization \"Temporal discretization\"), e.g., a [Runge\\-Kutta method](/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods \"Runge–Kutta methods\").\n\nThe cardiovascular system is split into different compartments:\n\n* the four heart chambers: left and right atrium and left and right ventricles;\n* the systemic circulation that can be split into arteries, veins and, if needed, in other compartments accounting for different blood vessels;\n* the pulmonary circulation that can be split into arteries, veins and, if needed, in other compartments accounting for different blood vessels.\n\n[thumb\\|Three element RLC Windkessel.](/wiki/File:Three_element_RLC_Windkessel.png \"Three element RLC Windkessel.png\")\nDownstream of the left atrium and ventricle and right atrium and ventricle there are the four cardiac valves: [mitral](/wiki/Mitral_valve \"Mitral valve\"), [aortic](/wiki/Aorta \"Aorta\"), [tricuspid](/wiki/Tricuspid_valve \"Tricuspid valve\") and [pulmonary valves](/wiki/Pulmonary_valve \"Pulmonary valve\"), respectively.\n\nThe splitting of the pulmonary and systemic circulation is not fixed, for example, if the interest of the study is in systemic capillaries, the compartment accounting for the systemic capillaries can be added to the lumped parameter model. Each compartment is described by a [Windkessel circuit](/wiki/Windkessel_effect \"Windkessel effect\") with the number of elements depending on the specific compartment. The ordinary differential equations of the model are derived from the Windkessel circuits and the Kirchoff's laws.\n\nIn what follows the focus will be on a specific lumped parameter model. The compartments considered are the four heart chambers, the systemic and pulmonary arteries and veins.\n\n### Heart chambers equations\n\nThe parameters related to the four heart chambers are the passive and active elastances {EA}\\_\\\\mathrm{XX} and EB\\_\\\\mathrm{XX} (where the subscript \\\\mathrm{XX} varies among \\\\mathrm{RA}, \\\\mathrm{RV}, \\\\mathrm{LA} and \\\\mathrm{LV} if the elastances refer to the right atrium or ventricle or the left atrium or ventricle, respectively) and the unloaded volumes V0\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}. The dynamics of the heart chambers are described by the time\\-dependent elastance:\n\nE\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t) \\= EB\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}\\+EA\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}f\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t)\nwhere f\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t) is a [periodic](/wiki/Periodic_function \"Periodic function\") (with period of an heartbeat) time dependent function ranging from 0 to 1 that accounts for the [activation phases](/wiki/Cardiac_cycle \"Cardiac cycle\") of the heart during a heartbeat. From the above equation, the passive elastance represents the minimum elastance of the heart chamber, whereas the sum of EA\\_\\\\mathrm{XX} and EB\\_{\\\\mathrm{XX the maximum elastance of it. The time\\-dependent elastance allows the computation of the pressure inside a specific heart chamber as follows:\n\np\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t) \\= E\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t)(V\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t)\\-V0\\_\\\\mathrm{XX})\nwhere V\\_{XX}(t) is the volume of blood contained in the heart chamber and the volumes for each chamber are the solutions to the following ordinary differential equations that account for inward and outward blood fluxes associated with the heart chamber:\n\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LA}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t)\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{PV}(t)\nwhere Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t), Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t), Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t) and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{PV}(t) are the fluxes through the mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves respectively and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t) and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) are the fluxes through the pulmonary and systemic veins, respectively.\n\n### Valves equations\n\nThe valves are modeled as diodes and the blood fluxes across the valves depend on the pressure jumps between the upstream and downstream compartment:\n\nQ\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{LA}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)) \\\\qquad Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t))\nQ\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)) \\\\qquad Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t))\nwhere the pressure inside each heart chamber is defined in the previous section, p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) and p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t) are the time\\-dependent pressures inside the systemic and pulmonary artery compartment and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(\\\\Delta p) is the flux across the valve depending on the pressure jump:\n\nQ\\_\\\\mathrm{valve} (\\\\Delta p) \\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\\\frac{\\\\Delta p}{R\\_\\\\mathrm{min \\\\qquad \\& \\\\text{if } \\\\Delta p \\< 0\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{\\\\Delta p}{R\\_\\\\mathrm{max \\\\qquad \\& \\\\text{if } \\\\Delta p \\\\ge 0\n\\\\end{cases}\nwhere R\\_\\\\mathrm{min} and R\\_\\\\mathrm{max} are the resistances of the valves when they are open and closed respectively.\n\n### Circulation compartments equations\n\nEach compartment of the blood vessels is characterized by a combination of resistances, capacitances and inductances. For example, the arterial systemic circulation can be described by three parameters R\\_{AR}^{SYS}, C\\_{AR}^{SYS} and L\\_{AR}^{SYS} that represent the arterial systemic resistance, capacitance and inductance. The ordinary differential equations that describes the systemic arterial circulation are:\n\nC\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{dp\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{d Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^{SYS}(t)}{dt} \\= \\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\nwhere Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) is the blood flux across the systemic arterial compartment and p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) is the pressure inside the veins compartment.\n\nAnalogous equations with similar notation hold for the other compartments describing the blood circulation.\n\n### Ordinary differential equation system\n\nAssembling the equations described above the following system is obtained: \\\\forall \\\\, t \\\\in \\[0,T] it holds\n\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LA}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\n```\nC_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{SYS}\\frac{dp_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt}=Q_\\mathrm{AV}(t)-Q_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\\\\n\n```\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{d Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt} \\= \\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) \\\\\\\\\nC\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{dp\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\\\\\\\\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{dQ\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt}\\=\\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{PV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\n```\nC_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{PUL}\\frac{dp_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}=Q_\\mathrm{PV}(t)-Q_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\\\\n\n```\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}\\\\frac{dQ\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}\\=\\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\\\\\\\\nC\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}\\\\frac{dp\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\\\\\\\\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}\\\\frac{dQ\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}\\=\\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{LA} (t)\n\\\\end{cases}\n[thumb\\|Outputs of the lumped parameter cardiovascular model: pressures, blood volumes inside the heart chambers and blood fluxes.](/wiki/File:OutputLumpedParameterModel.png \"OutputLumpedParameterModel.png\")\n\n\\|445x445px\nwith T the final time. The first two equations are related to the volumes in the left atrium and ventricles respectively. The equations from the third to the sixth are related to the pressures, and fluxes of the systemic arterial and venous systems. The last equations are related to the right heart and the pulmonary circulation in an analogous way. The system is completed with [initial conditions](/wiki/Initial_condition \"Initial condition\") for each of the unknowns.\n\nFrom a mathematical point of view, the [well\\-posedness](/wiki/Well-posed_problem \"Well-posed problem\") of the problem is a consequence of the [Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem](/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Lindel%C3%B6f_theorem \"Picard–Lindelöf theorem\"), so its solution exists and it is unique. The solution of the system is approximated by means of a [numerical method](/wiki/Numerical_methods_for_ordinary_differential_equations \"Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations\"). The numerical simulation has to be computed for more than 10 heartbeats (the final time T depends on the number of heartbeats and the [heart rate](/wiki/Heart_rate \"Heart rate\")) to approach the [limit cycle](/wiki/Limit_cycle \"Limit cycle\") of the [dynamical system](/wiki/Dynamical_system \"Dynamical system\"), so that the solution behaves in a similar way to a periodic function emulating the periodicity of the [cardiac cycle](/wiki/Cardiac_cycle \"Cardiac cycle\").\n\n",
"### Heart chambers equations\n\nThe parameters related to the four heart chambers are the passive and active elastances {EA}\\_\\\\mathrm{XX} and EB\\_\\\\mathrm{XX} (where the subscript \\\\mathrm{XX} varies among \\\\mathrm{RA}, \\\\mathrm{RV}, \\\\mathrm{LA} and \\\\mathrm{LV} if the elastances refer to the right atrium or ventricle or the left atrium or ventricle, respectively) and the unloaded volumes V0\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}. The dynamics of the heart chambers are described by the time\\-dependent elastance:\n\nE\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t) \\= EB\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}\\+EA\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}f\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t)\nwhere f\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t) is a [periodic](/wiki/Periodic_function \"Periodic function\") (with period of an heartbeat) time dependent function ranging from 0 to 1 that accounts for the [activation phases](/wiki/Cardiac_cycle \"Cardiac cycle\") of the heart during a heartbeat. From the above equation, the passive elastance represents the minimum elastance of the heart chamber, whereas the sum of EA\\_\\\\mathrm{XX} and EB\\_{\\\\mathrm{XX the maximum elastance of it. The time\\-dependent elastance allows the computation of the pressure inside a specific heart chamber as follows:\n\np\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t) \\= E\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t)(V\\_\\\\mathrm{XX}(t)\\-V0\\_\\\\mathrm{XX})\nwhere V\\_{XX}(t) is the volume of blood contained in the heart chamber and the volumes for each chamber are the solutions to the following ordinary differential equations that account for inward and outward blood fluxes associated with the heart chamber:\n\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LA}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t)\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)}{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{PV}(t)\nwhere Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t), Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t), Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t) and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{PV}(t) are the fluxes through the mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary valves respectively and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t) and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) are the fluxes through the pulmonary and systemic veins, respectively.\n\n",
"### Valves equations\n\nThe valves are modeled as diodes and the blood fluxes across the valves depend on the pressure jumps between the upstream and downstream compartment:\n\nQ\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{LA}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)) \\\\qquad Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t))\nQ\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)) \\\\qquad Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t) \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(p\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t))\nwhere the pressure inside each heart chamber is defined in the previous section, p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) and p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t) are the time\\-dependent pressures inside the systemic and pulmonary artery compartment and Q\\_\\\\mathrm{valve}(\\\\Delta p) is the flux across the valve depending on the pressure jump:\n\nQ\\_\\\\mathrm{valve} (\\\\Delta p) \\=\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\\\frac{\\\\Delta p}{R\\_\\\\mathrm{min \\\\qquad \\& \\\\text{if } \\\\Delta p \\< 0\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{\\\\Delta p}{R\\_\\\\mathrm{max \\\\qquad \\& \\\\text{if } \\\\Delta p \\\\ge 0\n\\\\end{cases}\nwhere R\\_\\\\mathrm{min} and R\\_\\\\mathrm{max} are the resistances of the valves when they are open and closed respectively.\n\n",
"### Circulation compartments equations\n\nEach compartment of the blood vessels is characterized by a combination of resistances, capacitances and inductances. For example, the arterial systemic circulation can be described by three parameters R\\_{AR}^{SYS}, C\\_{AR}^{SYS} and L\\_{AR}^{SYS} that represent the arterial systemic resistance, capacitance and inductance. The ordinary differential equations that describes the systemic arterial circulation are:\n\nC\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{dp\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS{dt} \\= Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{d Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^{SYS}(t)}{dt} \\= \\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\nwhere Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) is the blood flux across the systemic arterial compartment and p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) is the pressure inside the veins compartment.\n\nAnalogous equations with similar notation hold for the other compartments describing the blood circulation.\n\n",
"### Ordinary differential equation system\n\nAssembling the equations described above the following system is obtained: \\\\forall \\\\, t \\\\in \\[0,T] it holds\n\n\\\\begin{cases}\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LA}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{LV}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{MV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\n```\nC_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{SYS}\\frac{dp_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt}=Q_\\mathrm{AV}(t)-Q_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\\\\n\n```\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{d Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt} \\= \\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t) \\\\\\\\\nC\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{dp\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\\\\\\\\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}\\\\frac{dQ\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)}{dt}\\=\\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RA}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{SYS}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\\\\frac{dV\\_\\\\mathrm{RV}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{TV}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{PV}(t)\\\\\\\\\n\n```\nC_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{PUL}\\frac{dp_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}=Q_\\mathrm{PV}(t)-Q_\\mathrm{AR}^\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\\\\n\n```\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}\\\\frac{dQ\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}\\=\\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\\\\\\\\nC\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}\\\\frac{dp\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}\\=Q\\_\\\\mathrm{AR}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\\\\\\\\nL\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}\\\\frac{dQ\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)}{dt}\\=\\-R\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}Q\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\+p\\_\\\\mathrm{VEN}^\\\\mathrm{PUL}(t)\\-p\\_\\\\mathrm{LA} (t)\n\\\\end{cases}\n[thumb\\|Outputs of the lumped parameter cardiovascular model: pressures, blood volumes inside the heart chambers and blood fluxes.](/wiki/File:OutputLumpedParameterModel.png \"OutputLumpedParameterModel.png\")\n\n\\|445x445px\nwith T the final time. The first two equations are related to the volumes in the left atrium and ventricles respectively. The equations from the third to the sixth are related to the pressures, and fluxes of the systemic arterial and venous systems. The last equations are related to the right heart and the pulmonary circulation in an analogous way. The system is completed with [initial conditions](/wiki/Initial_condition \"Initial condition\") for each of the unknowns.\n\nFrom a mathematical point of view, the [well\\-posedness](/wiki/Well-posed_problem \"Well-posed problem\") of the problem is a consequence of the [Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem](/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Lindel%C3%B6f_theorem \"Picard–Lindelöf theorem\"), so its solution exists and it is unique. The solution of the system is approximated by means of a [numerical method](/wiki/Numerical_methods_for_ordinary_differential_equations \"Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations\"). The numerical simulation has to be computed for more than 10 heartbeats (the final time T depends on the number of heartbeats and the [heart rate](/wiki/Heart_rate \"Heart rate\")) to approach the [limit cycle](/wiki/Limit_cycle \"Limit cycle\") of the [dynamical system](/wiki/Dynamical_system \"Dynamical system\"), so that the solution behaves in a similar way to a periodic function emulating the periodicity of the [cardiac cycle](/wiki/Cardiac_cycle \"Cardiac cycle\").\n\n",
"Further developments\n--------------------\n\nThe model described above is a specific lumped parameter model. It can be easily modified adding or removing compartments or circuit components inside any compartment as needed. The equations that govern the new or the modified compartments are the Kirchoff's laws as before.\n\nThe cardiovascular lumped parameter models can be enhanced adding a lumped parameter model for the respiratory system. As for the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system is split into different compartments modeling, for example, the [larynx](/wiki/Larynx \"Larynx\"), the [pharinx](/wiki/Pharynx \"Pharynx\") or the [trachea](/wiki/Trachea \"Trachea\"). Moreover, the cardiopulmonary model can be combined with a model for blood oxygenation to study, for example, the levels of blood saturation.\n\nThere are several lumped parameter models and the choice of the model depends on the purpose of the work or the research. Complex models can describe different dynamics, but the increase in complexity entails a larger computational cost to solve the system of differential equations.\n\nSome of the 0\\-D compartments of the lumped parameter model could be substituted by d\\-dimensional components (d \\= 1,2,3) to describe geometrically a specific component of the cardiovascular system (e.g., the 0\\-D compartment of the left ventricle can be substituted by a 3\\-D representation of it). As a consequence, the system of equations will include also [partial differential equations](/wiki/Partial_differential_equation \"Partial differential equation\") to describe the dimensional components and it will entail a larger computational cost to be numerically solved.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Blood vessel](/wiki/Blood_vessel \"Blood vessel\")\n* [Discretization](/wiki/Discretization \"Discretization\")\n* [Finite element method](/wiki/Finite_element_method \"Finite element method\")\n* [Heart](/wiki/Heart \"Heart\")\n* [Lumped\\-element model](/wiki/Lumped-element_model \"Lumped-element model\")\n* [Model order reduction](/wiki/Model_order_reduction \"Model order reduction\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n[Category:Cardiovascular system](/wiki/Category:Cardiovascular_system \"Cardiovascular system\")\n[Category:Ordinary differential equations](/wiki/Category:Ordinary_differential_equations \"Ordinary differential equations\")\n\n"
]
} |
2023 Toyota/Save Mart 350 | {
"id": [
15453263
],
"name": [
"Mark McWire"
]
} | d1h799aas1sbk14rn4s5lxr72anbr21 | 2023-11-03T01:23:39Z | 1,165,577,212 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Report",
"Background",
"Entry list",
"Practice",
"Practice results",
"Qualifying",
"Qualifying results",
"Race",
"Race results",
"Stage results",
"Final Stage results",
"Race statistics",
"Media",
"Television",
"Radio",
"Standings after the race",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
4,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2023 Toyota/Save Mart 350** was a [NASCAR Cup Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series \"NASCAR Cup Series\") [race](/wiki/Toyota/Save_Mart_350 \"Toyota/Save Mart 350\") held on June 11, 2023, at [Sonoma Raceway](/wiki/Sonoma_Raceway \"Sonoma Raceway\") in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California \"Sonoma, California\"). Contested over 110 laps on the road course, it was the 16th race of the [2023 NASCAR Cup Series](/wiki/2023_NASCAR_Cup_Series \"2023 NASCAR Cup Series\") season.\n\n",
"Report\n------\n\n### Background\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Layout of [Sonoma Raceway](/wiki/Sonoma_Raceway \"Sonoma Raceway\"), the track where the race was held.](/wiki/File:Infineon_Raceway.tif \"Infineon Raceway.tif\")\n**Sonoma Raceway** is a road course and drag strip located on the landform known as [Sears Point](/wiki/Sears_Point \"Sears Point\") in the southern [Sonoma Mountains](/wiki/Sonoma_Mountains \"Sonoma Mountains\") in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California \"Sonoma, California\"), U.S. The road course features 12 turns on a hilly course with of total elevation change. It is host to one of only seven [NASCAR Cup Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series \"NASCAR Cup Series\") races each year that are run on road courses. It is also host to the [NTT IndyCar Series](/wiki/IndyCar_Series \"IndyCar Series\") and several other auto races and [motorcycle races](/wiki/Motorcycle_racing \"Motorcycle racing\") such as the [American Federation of Motorcyclists](/wiki/American_Federation_of_Motorcyclists \"American Federation of Motorcyclists\") series. Sonoma Raceway continues to host amateur, or club racing events which may or may not be open to the general public. The largest such car club is the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/SCCA \"SCCA\"). In 2022, the race was reverted to racing the club configuration.\n\n[Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") replaced [Noah Gragson](/wiki/Noah_Gragson \"Noah Gragson\") for this race, after Gragson was diagnosed for concussion\\-like symptoms as a result of a brake failure the race prior.\n\n#### Entry list\n\n* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.\n* **(i)** denotes the driver ineligible for series driver points.\n\n| | Driver | Team | Manufacturer |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Ross Chastain](/wiki/Ross_Chastain \"Ross Chastain\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 2 | [Austin Cindric](/wiki/Austin_Cindric \"Austin Cindric\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 3 | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 4 | [Kevin Harvick](/wiki/Kevin_Harvick \"Kevin Harvick\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 6 | [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 7 | [Corey LaJoie](/wiki/Corey_LaJoie \"Corey LaJoie\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 8 | [Kyle Busch](/wiki/Kyle_Busch \"Kyle Busch\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 9 | [Chase Elliott](/wiki/Chase_Elliott \"Chase Elliott\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 10 | [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 11 | [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 12 | [Ryan Blaney](/wiki/Ryan_Blaney \"Ryan Blaney\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 14 | [Chase Briscoe](/wiki/Chase_Briscoe \"Chase Briscoe\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 15 | [Andy Lally](/wiki/Andy_Lally \"Andy Lally\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 17 | [Chris Buescher](/wiki/Chris_Buescher \"Chris Buescher\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 20 | [Christopher Bell](/wiki/Christopher_Bell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Christopher Bell (racing driver)\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 21 | [Harrison Burton](/wiki/Harrison_Burton \"Harrison Burton\") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing \"Wood Brothers Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 22 | [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 23 | [Bubba Wallace](/wiki/Bubba_Wallace \"Bubba Wallace\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 24 | [William Byron](/wiki/William_Byron_%28racing_driver%29 \"William Byron (racing driver)\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 31 | [Justin Haley](/wiki/Justin_Haley_%28racing_driver%29 \"Justin Haley (racing driver)\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 34 | [Michael McDowell](/wiki/Michael_McDowell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Michael McDowell (racing driver)\") | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 38 | [Zane Smith](/wiki/Zane_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Zane Smith (racing driver)\") **(i)** | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 41 | [Ryan Preece](/wiki/Ryan_Preece \"Ryan Preece\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 42 | [Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") **(i)** | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 43 | [Erik Jones](/wiki/Erik_Jones \"Erik Jones\") | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 45 | [Tyler Reddick](/wiki/Tyler_Reddick \"Tyler Reddick\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 47 | [Ricky Stenhouse Jr.](/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr. \"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\") [JTG Daugherty Racing](/wiki/JTG_Daugherty_Racing \"JTG Daugherty Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 48 | [Alex Bowman](/wiki/Alex_Bowman \"Alex Bowman\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 51 | [Todd Gilliland](/wiki/Todd_Gilliland \"Todd Gilliland\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 54 | [Ty Gibbs](/wiki/Ty_Gibbs \"Ty Gibbs\") **(R)** | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 77 | [Ty Dillon](/wiki/Ty_Dillon \"Ty Dillon\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 78 | [Josh Bilicki](/wiki/Josh_Bilicki \"Josh Bilicki\") **(i)** | [Live Fast Motorsports](/wiki/Live_Fast_Motorsports \"Live Fast Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 99 | [Daniel Suárez](/wiki/Daniel_Su%C3%A1rez \"Daniel Suárez\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n|[Official entry list](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/16-cup-entry.pdf)\n\n",
"### Background\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Layout of [Sonoma Raceway](/wiki/Sonoma_Raceway \"Sonoma Raceway\"), the track where the race was held.](/wiki/File:Infineon_Raceway.tif \"Infineon Raceway.tif\")\n**Sonoma Raceway** is a road course and drag strip located on the landform known as [Sears Point](/wiki/Sears_Point \"Sears Point\") in the southern [Sonoma Mountains](/wiki/Sonoma_Mountains \"Sonoma Mountains\") in [Sonoma, California](/wiki/Sonoma%2C_California \"Sonoma, California\"), U.S. The road course features 12 turns on a hilly course with of total elevation change. It is host to one of only seven [NASCAR Cup Series](/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series \"NASCAR Cup Series\") races each year that are run on road courses. It is also host to the [NTT IndyCar Series](/wiki/IndyCar_Series \"IndyCar Series\") and several other auto races and [motorcycle races](/wiki/Motorcycle_racing \"Motorcycle racing\") such as the [American Federation of Motorcyclists](/wiki/American_Federation_of_Motorcyclists \"American Federation of Motorcyclists\") series. Sonoma Raceway continues to host amateur, or club racing events which may or may not be open to the general public. The largest such car club is the [Sports Car Club of America](/wiki/SCCA \"SCCA\"). In 2022, the race was reverted to racing the club configuration.\n\n[Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") replaced [Noah Gragson](/wiki/Noah_Gragson \"Noah Gragson\") for this race, after Gragson was diagnosed for concussion\\-like symptoms as a result of a brake failure the race prior.\n\n#### Entry list\n\n* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.\n* **(i)** denotes the driver ineligible for series driver points.\n\n| | Driver | Team | Manufacturer |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Ross Chastain](/wiki/Ross_Chastain \"Ross Chastain\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 2 | [Austin Cindric](/wiki/Austin_Cindric \"Austin Cindric\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 3 | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 4 | [Kevin Harvick](/wiki/Kevin_Harvick \"Kevin Harvick\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 6 | [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 7 | [Corey LaJoie](/wiki/Corey_LaJoie \"Corey LaJoie\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 8 | [Kyle Busch](/wiki/Kyle_Busch \"Kyle Busch\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 9 | [Chase Elliott](/wiki/Chase_Elliott \"Chase Elliott\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 10 | [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 11 | [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 12 | [Ryan Blaney](/wiki/Ryan_Blaney \"Ryan Blaney\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 14 | [Chase Briscoe](/wiki/Chase_Briscoe \"Chase Briscoe\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 15 | [Andy Lally](/wiki/Andy_Lally \"Andy Lally\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 17 | [Chris Buescher](/wiki/Chris_Buescher \"Chris Buescher\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 20 | [Christopher Bell](/wiki/Christopher_Bell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Christopher Bell (racing driver)\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 21 | [Harrison Burton](/wiki/Harrison_Burton \"Harrison Burton\") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing \"Wood Brothers Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 22 | [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 23 | [Bubba Wallace](/wiki/Bubba_Wallace \"Bubba Wallace\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 24 | [William Byron](/wiki/William_Byron_%28racing_driver%29 \"William Byron (racing driver)\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 31 | [Justin Haley](/wiki/Justin_Haley_%28racing_driver%29 \"Justin Haley (racing driver)\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 34 | [Michael McDowell](/wiki/Michael_McDowell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Michael McDowell (racing driver)\") | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 38 | [Zane Smith](/wiki/Zane_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Zane Smith (racing driver)\") **(i)** | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 41 | [Ryan Preece](/wiki/Ryan_Preece \"Ryan Preece\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 42 | [Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") **(i)** | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 43 | [Erik Jones](/wiki/Erik_Jones \"Erik Jones\") | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 45 | [Tyler Reddick](/wiki/Tyler_Reddick \"Tyler Reddick\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 47 | [Ricky Stenhouse Jr.](/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr. \"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\") [JTG Daugherty Racing](/wiki/JTG_Daugherty_Racing \"JTG Daugherty Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 48 | [Alex Bowman](/wiki/Alex_Bowman \"Alex Bowman\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 51 | [Todd Gilliland](/wiki/Todd_Gilliland \"Todd Gilliland\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 54 | [Ty Gibbs](/wiki/Ty_Gibbs \"Ty Gibbs\") **(R)** | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 77 | [Ty Dillon](/wiki/Ty_Dillon \"Ty Dillon\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 78 | [Josh Bilicki](/wiki/Josh_Bilicki \"Josh Bilicki\") **(i)** | [Live Fast Motorsports](/wiki/Live_Fast_Motorsports \"Live Fast Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 99 | [Daniel Suárez](/wiki/Daniel_Su%C3%A1rez \"Daniel Suárez\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n|[Official entry list](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/16-cup-entry.pdf)\n\n",
"#### Entry list\n\n* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.\n* **(i)** denotes the driver ineligible for series driver points.\n\n| | Driver | Team | Manufacturer |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Ross Chastain](/wiki/Ross_Chastain \"Ross Chastain\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 2 | [Austin Cindric](/wiki/Austin_Cindric \"Austin Cindric\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 3 | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 4 | [Kevin Harvick](/wiki/Kevin_Harvick \"Kevin Harvick\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 6 | [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 7 | [Corey LaJoie](/wiki/Corey_LaJoie \"Corey LaJoie\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 8 | [Kyle Busch](/wiki/Kyle_Busch \"Kyle Busch\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 9 | [Chase Elliott](/wiki/Chase_Elliott \"Chase Elliott\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 10 | [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 11 | [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 12 | [Ryan Blaney](/wiki/Ryan_Blaney \"Ryan Blaney\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 14 | [Chase Briscoe](/wiki/Chase_Briscoe \"Chase Briscoe\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 15 | [Andy Lally](/wiki/Andy_Lally \"Andy Lally\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 17 | [Chris Buescher](/wiki/Chris_Buescher \"Chris Buescher\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 20 | [Christopher Bell](/wiki/Christopher_Bell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Christopher Bell (racing driver)\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 21 | [Harrison Burton](/wiki/Harrison_Burton \"Harrison Burton\") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing \"Wood Brothers Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 22 | [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 23 | [Bubba Wallace](/wiki/Bubba_Wallace \"Bubba Wallace\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 24 | [William Byron](/wiki/William_Byron_%28racing_driver%29 \"William Byron (racing driver)\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 31 | [Justin Haley](/wiki/Justin_Haley_%28racing_driver%29 \"Justin Haley (racing driver)\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 34 | [Michael McDowell](/wiki/Michael_McDowell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Michael McDowell (racing driver)\") | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 38 | [Zane Smith](/wiki/Zane_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Zane Smith (racing driver)\") **(i)** | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 41 | [Ryan Preece](/wiki/Ryan_Preece \"Ryan Preece\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 42 | [Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") **(i)** | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 43 | [Erik Jones](/wiki/Erik_Jones \"Erik Jones\") | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 45 | [Tyler Reddick](/wiki/Tyler_Reddick \"Tyler Reddick\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 47 | [Ricky Stenhouse Jr.](/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr. \"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\") [JTG Daugherty Racing](/wiki/JTG_Daugherty_Racing \"JTG Daugherty Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 48 | [Alex Bowman](/wiki/Alex_Bowman \"Alex Bowman\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 51 | [Todd Gilliland](/wiki/Todd_Gilliland \"Todd Gilliland\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n| 54 | [Ty Gibbs](/wiki/Ty_Gibbs \"Ty Gibbs\") **(R)** | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n| 77 | [Ty Dillon](/wiki/Ty_Dillon \"Ty Dillon\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 78 | [Josh Bilicki](/wiki/Josh_Bilicki \"Josh Bilicki\") **(i)** | [Live Fast Motorsports](/wiki/Live_Fast_Motorsports \"Live Fast Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n| 99 | [Daniel Suárez](/wiki/Daniel_Su%C3%A1rez \"Daniel Suárez\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n|[Official entry list](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/16-cup-entry.pdf)\n\n",
"Practice\n--------\n\n[Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") was the fastest in the practice session with a time of 1:18\\.099 seconds and a speed of .\n\n### Practice results\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Time | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | 1:18\\.099 | 91\\.730 |\n| 2 | 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") | 1:18\\.657 | 91\\.079 |\n| 3 | 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | 1:18\\.708 | 91\\.020 |\n|[Official practice results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/12316_PRACFINAL.pdf)\n\n",
"### Practice results\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Time | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | 1:18\\.099 | 91\\.730 |\n| 2 | 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") | 1:18\\.657 | 91\\.079 |\n| 3 | 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | 1:18\\.708 | 91\\.020 |\n|[Official practice results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/12316_PRACFINAL.pdf)\n\n",
"Qualifying\n----------\n\n[Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") scored the pole for the race with a time of 1:17\\.719 and a speed of .\n\n### Qualifying results\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 11 | [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:17\\.826 | **1:17\\.719** |\n| 2 | 45 | [Tyler Reddick](/wiki/Tyler_Reddick \"Tyler Reddick\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.295 | 1:17\\.812 |\n| 3 | 34 | [Michael McDowell](/wiki/Michael_McDowell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Michael McDowell (racing driver)\") | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | Ford | **1:17\\.768** | 1:17\\.819 |\n| 4 | 20 | [Christopher Bell](/wiki/Christopher_Bell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Christopher Bell (racing driver)\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:17\\.973 | 1:17\\.974 |\n| 5 | 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:17\\.981 | 1:17\\.977 |\n| 6 | 54 | [Ty Gibbs](/wiki/Ty_Gibbs \"Ty Gibbs\") **(R)** | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.287 | 1:18\\.023 |\n| 7 | 17 | [Chris Buescher](/wiki/Chris_Buescher \"Chris Buescher\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | Ford | 1:17\\.909 | 1:18\\.030 |\n| 8 | 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.091 | 1:18\\.094 |\n| 9 | 99 | [Daniel Suárez](/wiki/Daniel_Su%C3%A1rez \"Daniel Suárez\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.364 | 1:18\\.339 |\n| 10 | 9 | [Chase Elliott](/wiki/Chase_Elliott \"Chase Elliott\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:17\\.894 | 1:18\\.460 |\n| 11 | 3 | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.056 | — |\n| 12 | 8 | [Kyle Busch](/wiki/Kyle_Busch \"Kyle Busch\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.122 | — |\n| 13 | 47 | [Ricky Stenhouse Jr.](/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr. \"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\") | [JTG Daugherty Racing](/wiki/JTG_Daugherty_Racing \"JTG Daugherty Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.359 | — |\n| 14 | 48 | [Alex Bowman](/wiki/Alex_Bowman \"Alex Bowman\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.398 | — |\n| 15 | 1 | [Ross Chastain](/wiki/Ross_Chastain \"Ross Chastain\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.426 | — |\n| 16 | 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.431 | — |\n| 17 | 22 | [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | Ford | 1:18\\.476 | — |\n| 18 | 23 | [Bubba Wallace](/wiki/Bubba_Wallace \"Bubba Wallace\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.506 | — |\n| 19 | 7 | [Corey LaJoie](/wiki/Corey_LaJoie \"Corey LaJoie\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.616 | — |\n| 20 | 10 | [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.650 | — |\n| 21 | 4 | [Kevin Harvick](/wiki/Kevin_Harvick \"Kevin Harvick\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.680 | — |\n| 22 | 41 | [Ryan Preece](/wiki/Ryan_Preece \"Ryan Preece\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.680 | — |\n| 23 | 31 | [Justin Haley](/wiki/Justin_Haley_%28racing_driver%29 \"Justin Haley (racing driver)\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.730 | — |\n| 24 | 14 | [Chase Briscoe](/wiki/Chase_Briscoe \"Chase Briscoe\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.762 | — |\n| 25 | 6 | [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.980 | — |\n| 26 | 24 | [William Byron](/wiki/William_Byron_%28racing_driver%29 \"William Byron (racing driver)\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.100 | — |\n| 27 | 77 | [Ty Dillon](/wiki/Ty_Dillon \"Ty Dillon\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.138 | — |\n| 28 | 43 | [Erik Jones](/wiki/Erik_Jones \"Erik Jones\") | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.326 | — |\n| 29 | 78 | [Josh Bilicki](/wiki/Josh_Bilicki \"Josh Bilicki\") **(i)** | [Live Fast Motorsports](/wiki/Live_Fast_Motorsports \"Live Fast Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.370 | — |\n| 30 | 38 | [Zane Smith](/wiki/Zane_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Zane Smith (racing driver)\") **(i)** | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | Ford | 1:19\\.498 | — |\n| 31 | 12 | [Ryan Blaney](/wiki/Ryan_Blaney \"Ryan Blaney\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | Ford | 1:19\\.599 | — |\n| 32 | 51 | [Todd Gilliland](/wiki/Todd_Gilliland \"Todd Gilliland\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | Ford | 1:19\\.722 | — |\n| 33 | 15 | [Andy Lally](/wiki/Andy_Lally \"Andy Lally\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | Ford | 1:19\\.787 | — |\n| 34 | 2 | [Austin Cindric](/wiki/Austin_Cindric \"Austin Cindric\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | Ford | 1:19\\.955 | — |\n| 35 | 42 | [Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") **(i)** | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | Chevrolet | 1:20\\.223 | — |\n| 36 | 21 | [Harrison Burton](/wiki/Harrison_Burton \"Harrison Burton\") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing \"Wood Brothers Racing\") | Ford | 1:20\\.361 | — |\n| [Official qualifying results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/12316_QUALRES.pdf) | | | | | | |\n\n",
"### Qualifying results\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 11 | [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:17\\.826 | **1:17\\.719** |\n| 2 | 45 | [Tyler Reddick](/wiki/Tyler_Reddick \"Tyler Reddick\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.295 | 1:17\\.812 |\n| 3 | 34 | [Michael McDowell](/wiki/Michael_McDowell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Michael McDowell (racing driver)\") | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | Ford | **1:17\\.768** | 1:17\\.819 |\n| 4 | 20 | [Christopher Bell](/wiki/Christopher_Bell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Christopher Bell (racing driver)\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:17\\.973 | 1:17\\.974 |\n| 5 | 16 | [A. J. Allmendinger](/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger \"A. J. Allmendinger\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:17\\.981 | 1:17\\.977 |\n| 6 | 54 | [Ty Gibbs](/wiki/Ty_Gibbs \"Ty Gibbs\") **(R)** | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.287 | 1:18\\.023 |\n| 7 | 17 | [Chris Buescher](/wiki/Chris_Buescher \"Chris Buescher\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | Ford | 1:17\\.909 | 1:18\\.030 |\n| 8 | 19 | [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.091 | 1:18\\.094 |\n| 9 | 99 | [Daniel Suárez](/wiki/Daniel_Su%C3%A1rez \"Daniel Suárez\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.364 | 1:18\\.339 |\n| 10 | 9 | [Chase Elliott](/wiki/Chase_Elliott \"Chase Elliott\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:17\\.894 | 1:18\\.460 |\n| 11 | 3 | [Austin Dillon](/wiki/Austin_Dillon \"Austin Dillon\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.056 | — |\n| 12 | 8 | [Kyle Busch](/wiki/Kyle_Busch \"Kyle Busch\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.122 | — |\n| 13 | 47 | [Ricky Stenhouse Jr.](/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr. \"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\") | [JTG Daugherty Racing](/wiki/JTG_Daugherty_Racing \"JTG Daugherty Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.359 | — |\n| 14 | 48 | [Alex Bowman](/wiki/Alex_Bowman \"Alex Bowman\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.398 | — |\n| 15 | 1 | [Ross Chastain](/wiki/Ross_Chastain \"Ross Chastain\") | [Trackhouse Racing](/wiki/Trackhouse_Racing \"Trackhouse Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.426 | — |\n| 16 | 5 | [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.431 | — |\n| 17 | 22 | [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | Ford | 1:18\\.476 | — |\n| 18 | 23 | [Bubba Wallace](/wiki/Bubba_Wallace \"Bubba Wallace\") | [23XI Racing](/wiki/23XI_Racing \"23XI Racing\") | Toyota | 1:18\\.506 | — |\n| 19 | 7 | [Corey LaJoie](/wiki/Corey_LaJoie \"Corey LaJoie\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.616 | — |\n| 20 | 10 | [Aric Almirola](/wiki/Aric_Almirola \"Aric Almirola\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.650 | — |\n| 21 | 4 | [Kevin Harvick](/wiki/Kevin_Harvick \"Kevin Harvick\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.680 | — |\n| 22 | 41 | [Ryan Preece](/wiki/Ryan_Preece \"Ryan Preece\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.680 | — |\n| 23 | 31 | [Justin Haley](/wiki/Justin_Haley_%28racing_driver%29 \"Justin Haley (racing driver)\") | [Kaulig Racing](/wiki/Kaulig_Racing \"Kaulig Racing\") | Chevrolet | 1:18\\.730 | — |\n| 24 | 14 | [Chase Briscoe](/wiki/Chase_Briscoe \"Chase Briscoe\") | [Stewart\\-Haas Racing](/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing \"Stewart-Haas Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.762 | — |\n| 25 | 6 | [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") | [RFK Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | Ford | 1:18\\.980 | — |\n| 26 | 24 | [William Byron](/wiki/William_Byron_%28racing_driver%29 \"William Byron (racing driver)\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.100 | — |\n| 27 | 77 | [Ty Dillon](/wiki/Ty_Dillon \"Ty Dillon\") | [Spire Motorsports](/wiki/Spire_Motorsports \"Spire Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.138 | — |\n| 28 | 43 | [Erik Jones](/wiki/Erik_Jones \"Erik Jones\") | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.326 | — |\n| 29 | 78 | [Josh Bilicki](/wiki/Josh_Bilicki \"Josh Bilicki\") **(i)** | [Live Fast Motorsports](/wiki/Live_Fast_Motorsports \"Live Fast Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 1:19\\.370 | — |\n| 30 | 38 | [Zane Smith](/wiki/Zane_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Zane Smith (racing driver)\") **(i)** | [Front Row Motorsports](/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports \"Front Row Motorsports\") | Ford | 1:19\\.498 | — |\n| 31 | 12 | [Ryan Blaney](/wiki/Ryan_Blaney \"Ryan Blaney\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | Ford | 1:19\\.599 | — |\n| 32 | 51 | [Todd Gilliland](/wiki/Todd_Gilliland \"Todd Gilliland\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | Ford | 1:19\\.722 | — |\n| 33 | 15 | [Andy Lally](/wiki/Andy_Lally \"Andy Lally\") | [Rick Ware Racing](/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing \"Rick Ware Racing\") | Ford | 1:19\\.787 | — |\n| 34 | 2 | [Austin Cindric](/wiki/Austin_Cindric \"Austin Cindric\") | [Team Penske](/wiki/Team_Penske \"Team Penske\") | Ford | 1:19\\.955 | — |\n| 35 | 42 | [Grant Enfinger](/wiki/Grant_Enfinger \"Grant Enfinger\") **(i)** | [Legacy Motor Club](/wiki/Legacy_Motor_Club \"Legacy Motor Club\") | Chevrolet | 1:20\\.223 | — |\n| 36 | 21 | [Harrison Burton](/wiki/Harrison_Burton \"Harrison Burton\") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing \"Wood Brothers Racing\") | Ford | 1:20\\.361 | — |\n| [Official qualifying results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/10/12316_QUALRES.pdf) | | | | | | |\n\n",
"Race\n----\n\n### Race results\n\n#### Stage results\n\n**Stage One**\n*Laps:* 25\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 11 | Denny Hamlin | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 10 |\n| 2 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 9 |\n| 3 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 8 |\n| 4 | 16 | A. J. Allmendinger | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 7 |\n| 5 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 6 |\n| 6 | 45 | Tyler Reddick | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 5 |\n| 7 | 17 | Chris Buescher | RFK Racing | Ford | 4 |\n| 8 | 54 | Ty Gibbs **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 3 |\n| 9 | 48 | Alex Bowman | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 2 |\n| 10 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 1 |\n|[Official stage one results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n**Stage Two**\n*Laps:* 30\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 8 | Kyle Busch | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 10 |\n| 2 | 22 | Joey Logano | Team Penske | Ford | 9 |\n| 3 | 1 | Ross Chastain | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 8 |\n| 4 | 24 | William Byron | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 7 |\n| 5 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 6 |\n| 6 | 3 | Austin Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 5 |\n| 7 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 4 |\n| 8 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 3 |\n| 9 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 2 |\n| 10 | 4 | Kevin Harvick | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 1 |\n|[Official stage two results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n### Final Stage results\n\n**Stage Three**\n*Laps:* 55\n\n| Pos | Grid | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 8 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 110 | 53 |\n| 2 | 12 | 8 | Kyle Busch | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 45 |\n| 3 | 17 | 22 | Joey Logano | Team Penske | Ford | 110 | 43 |\n| 4 | 7 | 17 | Chris Buescher | RFK Racing | Ford | 110 | 37 |\n| 5 | 10 | 9 | Chase Elliott | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 32 |\n| 6 | 5 | 16 | A. J. Allmendinger | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 38 |\n| 7 | 3 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 110 | 37 |\n| 8 | 16 | 5 | Kyle Larson | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 29 |\n| 9 | 4 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 110 | 39 |\n| 10 | 15 | 1 | Ross Chastain | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 36 |\n| 11 | 21 | 4 | Kevin Harvick | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 28 |\n| 12 | 13 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 32 |\n| 13 | 22 | 41 | Ryan Preece | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 24 |\n| 14 | 26 | 24 | William Byron | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 30 |\n| 15 | 14 | 48 | Alex Bowman | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 24 |\n| 16 | 25 | 6 | Brad Keselowski | RFK Racing | Ford | 110 | 21 |\n| 17 | 18 | 23 | Bubba Wallace | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 110 | 20 |\n| 18 | 6 | 54 | Ty Gibbs **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 110 | 22 |\n| 19 | 11 | 3 | Austin Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 23 |\n| 20 | 19 | 7 | Corey LaJoie | Spire Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 17 |\n| 21 | 23 | 31 | Justin Haley | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 16 |\n| 22 | 9 | 99 | Daniel Suárez | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 15 |\n| 23 | 27 | 77 | Ty Dillon | Spire Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 14 |\n| 24 | 32 | 51 | Todd Gilliland | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | 110 | 13 |\n| 25 | 34 | 2 | Austin Cindric | Team Penske | Ford | 110 | 12 |\n| 26 | 35 | 42 | Grant Enfinger **(i)** | Legacy Motor Club | Chevrolet | 110 | 0 |\n| 27 | 36 | 21 | Harrison Burton | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 110 | 10 |\n| 28 | 20 | 10 | Aric Almirola | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 9 |\n| 29 | 24 | 14 | Chase Briscoe | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 8 |\n| 30 | 29 | 78 | Josh Bilicki **(i)** | Live Fast Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 0 |\n| 31 | 31 | 12 | Ryan Blaney | Team Penske | Ford | 110 | 6 |\n| 32 | 28 | 43 | Erik Jones | Legacy Motor Club | Chevrolet | 109 | 5 |\n| 33 | 2 | 45 | Tyler Reddick | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 109 | 9 |\n| 34 | 30 | 38 | Zane Smith **(i)** | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 109 | 0 |\n| 35 | 33 | 15 | Andy Lally | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | 109 | 2 |\n| 36 | 1 | 11 | Denny Hamlin | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 92 | 11 |\n|[Official race results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n### Race statistics\n\n* Lead changes: 10 among 6 different drivers\n* Cautions/Laps: 2 for 6 laps\n* Red flags: 0\n* Time of race: 2 hours, 40 minutes, and 12 seconds\n* Average speed: \n",
"### Race results\n\n#### Stage results\n\n**Stage One**\n*Laps:* 25\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 11 | Denny Hamlin | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 10 |\n| 2 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 9 |\n| 3 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 8 |\n| 4 | 16 | A. J. Allmendinger | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 7 |\n| 5 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 6 |\n| 6 | 45 | Tyler Reddick | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 5 |\n| 7 | 17 | Chris Buescher | RFK Racing | Ford | 4 |\n| 8 | 54 | Ty Gibbs **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 3 |\n| 9 | 48 | Alex Bowman | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 2 |\n| 10 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 1 |\n|[Official stage one results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n**Stage Two**\n*Laps:* 30\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 8 | Kyle Busch | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 10 |\n| 2 | 22 | Joey Logano | Team Penske | Ford | 9 |\n| 3 | 1 | Ross Chastain | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 8 |\n| 4 | 24 | William Byron | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 7 |\n| 5 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 6 |\n| 6 | 3 | Austin Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 5 |\n| 7 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 4 |\n| 8 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 3 |\n| 9 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 2 |\n| 10 | 4 | Kevin Harvick | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 1 |\n|[Official stage two results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n",
"#### Stage results\n\n**Stage One**\n*Laps:* 25\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 11 | Denny Hamlin | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 10 |\n| 2 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 9 |\n| 3 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 8 |\n| 4 | 16 | A. J. Allmendinger | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 7 |\n| 5 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 6 |\n| 6 | 45 | Tyler Reddick | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 5 |\n| 7 | 17 | Chris Buescher | RFK Racing | Ford | 4 |\n| 8 | 54 | Ty Gibbs **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 3 |\n| 9 | 48 | Alex Bowman | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 2 |\n| 10 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 1 |\n|[Official stage one results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n**Stage Two**\n*Laps:* 30\n\n| Pos | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 8 | Kyle Busch | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 10 |\n| 2 | 22 | Joey Logano | Team Penske | Ford | 9 |\n| 3 | 1 | Ross Chastain | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 8 |\n| 4 | 24 | William Byron | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 7 |\n| 5 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 6 |\n| 6 | 3 | Austin Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 5 |\n| 7 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 4 |\n| 8 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 3 |\n| 9 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 2 |\n| 10 | 4 | Kevin Harvick | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 1 |\n|[Official stage two results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n",
"### Final Stage results\n\n**Stage Three**\n*Laps:* 55\n\n| Pos | Grid | | Driver | Team | Manufacturer | Laps | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 8 | 19 | Martin Truex Jr. | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 110 | 53 |\n| 2 | 12 | 8 | Kyle Busch | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 45 |\n| 3 | 17 | 22 | Joey Logano | Team Penske | Ford | 110 | 43 |\n| 4 | 7 | 17 | Chris Buescher | RFK Racing | Ford | 110 | 37 |\n| 5 | 10 | 9 | Chase Elliott | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 32 |\n| 6 | 5 | 16 | A. J. Allmendinger | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 38 |\n| 7 | 3 | 34 | Michael McDowell | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 110 | 37 |\n| 8 | 16 | 5 | Kyle Larson | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 29 |\n| 9 | 4 | 20 | Christopher Bell | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 110 | 39 |\n| 10 | 15 | 1 | Ross Chastain | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 36 |\n| 11 | 21 | 4 | Kevin Harvick | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 28 |\n| 12 | 13 | 47 | Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | JTG Daugherty Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 32 |\n| 13 | 22 | 41 | Ryan Preece | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 24 |\n| 14 | 26 | 24 | William Byron | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 30 |\n| 15 | 14 | 48 | Alex Bowman | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 24 |\n| 16 | 25 | 6 | Brad Keselowski | RFK Racing | Ford | 110 | 21 |\n| 17 | 18 | 23 | Bubba Wallace | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 110 | 20 |\n| 18 | 6 | 54 | Ty Gibbs **(R)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 110 | 22 |\n| 19 | 11 | 3 | Austin Dillon | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 23 |\n| 20 | 19 | 7 | Corey LaJoie | Spire Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 17 |\n| 21 | 23 | 31 | Justin Haley | Kaulig Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 16 |\n| 22 | 9 | 99 | Daniel Suárez | Trackhouse Racing | Chevrolet | 110 | 15 |\n| 23 | 27 | 77 | Ty Dillon | Spire Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 14 |\n| 24 | 32 | 51 | Todd Gilliland | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | 110 | 13 |\n| 25 | 34 | 2 | Austin Cindric | Team Penske | Ford | 110 | 12 |\n| 26 | 35 | 42 | Grant Enfinger **(i)** | Legacy Motor Club | Chevrolet | 110 | 0 |\n| 27 | 36 | 21 | Harrison Burton | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 110 | 10 |\n| 28 | 20 | 10 | Aric Almirola | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 9 |\n| 29 | 24 | 14 | Chase Briscoe | Stewart\\-Haas Racing | Ford | 110 | 8 |\n| 30 | 29 | 78 | Josh Bilicki **(i)** | Live Fast Motorsports | Chevrolet | 110 | 0 |\n| 31 | 31 | 12 | Ryan Blaney | Team Penske | Ford | 110 | 6 |\n| 32 | 28 | 43 | Erik Jones | Legacy Motor Club | Chevrolet | 109 | 5 |\n| 33 | 2 | 45 | Tyler Reddick | 23XI Racing | Toyota | 109 | 9 |\n| 34 | 30 | 38 | Zane Smith **(i)** | Front Row Motorsports | Ford | 109 | 0 |\n| 35 | 33 | 15 | Andy Lally | Rick Ware Racing | Ford | 109 | 2 |\n| 36 | 1 | 11 | Denny Hamlin | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 92 | 11 |\n|[Official race results](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFRES.pdf)\n\n",
"### Race statistics\n\n* Lead changes: 10 among 6 different drivers\n* Cautions/Laps: 2 for 6 laps\n* Red flags: 0\n* Time of race: 2 hours, 40 minutes, and 12 seconds\n* Average speed: \n",
"Media\n-----\n\n### Television\n\n*[Fox NASCAR](/wiki/Fox_NASCAR \"Fox NASCAR\")* televised the race in the United States on [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Sports_%28United_States%29 \"Fox Sports (United States)\") for the seventh year and the first since [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Nextel_Cup_Series \"2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series\"). [Mike Joy](/wiki/Mike_Joy \"Mike Joy\") was the lap\\-by\\-lap announcer, while 2012 Sonoma winner [Clint Bowyer](/wiki/Clint_Bowyer \"Clint Bowyer\") and [Jamie McMurray](/wiki/Jamie_McMurray \"Jamie McMurray\") were the color commentators. [Jamie Little](/wiki/Jamie_Little \"Jamie Little\") and [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Regan Smith (racing driver)\") handled the pit road for the television side. [Larry McReynolds](/wiki/Larry_McReynolds \"Larry McReynolds\") provided insight from the Fox Sports studio in Charlotte. This was Fox Sports' last Cup race for their portion of the 2023 season as [NBC Sports](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\") and [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\") takes over NASCAR broadcasts for the rest of the season.\n[thumb\\|DJ Diesel ([Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal \"Shaquille O'Neal\")) performing after the race.](/wiki/File:DJ_Diesel_-_June_2023_-_Sarah_Stierch_01.jpg \"DJ Diesel - June 2023 - Sarah Stierch 01.jpg\")\n\n|[Fox](/wiki/Fox_NASCAR \"Fox NASCAR\")\n\n| |\n| Booth announcers | Pit reporters | In\\-race analyst |\n| **Lap\\-by\\-lap:** [Mike Joy](/wiki/Mike_Joy \"Mike Joy\")**Color\\-commentator:** [Clint Bowyer](/wiki/Clint_Bowyer \"Clint Bowyer\")**Color\\-commentator:** [Jamie McMurray](/wiki/Jamie_McMurray \"Jamie McMurray\") | [Jamie Little](/wiki/Jamie_Little \"Jamie Little\")[Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Regan Smith (racing driver)\") | [Larry McReynolds](/wiki/Larry_McReynolds \"Larry McReynolds\") |\n\n### Radio\n\nRadio coverage of the race was broadcast by the [Performance Racing Network](/wiki/Performance_Racing_Network \"Performance Racing Network\"). PRN's broadcast of the race was also simulcasted on [Sirius XM](/wiki/Sirius_XM_Holdings \"Sirius XM Holdings\") [NASCAR Radio](/wiki/Sirius_XM_NASCAR_Radio \"Sirius XM NASCAR Radio\"). Doug Rice and Mark Garrow announced the race in the booth while the field was racing on the pit straightaway. Pat Patterson called the race from a stand outside of turn 2 when the field was racing up turns 2, 3 and 3a. Doug Turnbull called the race from a stand outside of turn 7a when the field was racing through turns 4a and 7a. Brad Gillie called the race when the field raced thru turns 8 and 9\\. Rob Albright called the race from a billboard outside turn 11 when the field was racing through turns 10 and 11\\. Heather DeBeaux, Alan Cavanna, Brett McMillan and [Wendy Venturini](/wiki/Wendy_Venturini \"Wendy Venturini\") reported from pit lane during the race.\n\n|[PRN](/wiki/Performance_Racing_Network \"Performance Racing Network\")\n\n| |\n| Booth announcers | Turn announcers | Pit reporters |\n| **Lead announcer:** Doug Rice**Announcer:** Mark Garrow | **Turns 2, 3 \\& 3a:** Pat Patterson**Turns 4a \\& 7a:** Doug Turnbull**Turns 8 \\& 9:** Brad Gillie **Turns 10 \\& 11:** Rob Albright | Heather DeBeauxAlan CavannaBrett McMillan[Wendy Venturini](/wiki/Wendy_Venturini \"Wendy Venturini\") |\n\n",
"### Television\n\n*[Fox NASCAR](/wiki/Fox_NASCAR \"Fox NASCAR\")* televised the race in the United States on [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Sports_%28United_States%29 \"Fox Sports (United States)\") for the seventh year and the first since [2006](/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Nextel_Cup_Series \"2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series\"). [Mike Joy](/wiki/Mike_Joy \"Mike Joy\") was the lap\\-by\\-lap announcer, while 2012 Sonoma winner [Clint Bowyer](/wiki/Clint_Bowyer \"Clint Bowyer\") and [Jamie McMurray](/wiki/Jamie_McMurray \"Jamie McMurray\") were the color commentators. [Jamie Little](/wiki/Jamie_Little \"Jamie Little\") and [Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Regan Smith (racing driver)\") handled the pit road for the television side. [Larry McReynolds](/wiki/Larry_McReynolds \"Larry McReynolds\") provided insight from the Fox Sports studio in Charlotte. This was Fox Sports' last Cup race for their portion of the 2023 season as [NBC Sports](/wiki/NBC_Sports \"NBC Sports\") and [USA Network](/wiki/USA_Network \"USA Network\") takes over NASCAR broadcasts for the rest of the season.\n[thumb\\|DJ Diesel ([Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal \"Shaquille O'Neal\")) performing after the race.](/wiki/File:DJ_Diesel_-_June_2023_-_Sarah_Stierch_01.jpg \"DJ Diesel - June 2023 - Sarah Stierch 01.jpg\")\n\n|[Fox](/wiki/Fox_NASCAR \"Fox NASCAR\")\n\n| |\n| Booth announcers | Pit reporters | In\\-race analyst |\n| **Lap\\-by\\-lap:** [Mike Joy](/wiki/Mike_Joy \"Mike Joy\")**Color\\-commentator:** [Clint Bowyer](/wiki/Clint_Bowyer \"Clint Bowyer\")**Color\\-commentator:** [Jamie McMurray](/wiki/Jamie_McMurray \"Jamie McMurray\") | [Jamie Little](/wiki/Jamie_Little \"Jamie Little\")[Regan Smith](/wiki/Regan_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Regan Smith (racing driver)\") | [Larry McReynolds](/wiki/Larry_McReynolds \"Larry McReynolds\") |\n\n",
"### Radio\n\nRadio coverage of the race was broadcast by the [Performance Racing Network](/wiki/Performance_Racing_Network \"Performance Racing Network\"). PRN's broadcast of the race was also simulcasted on [Sirius XM](/wiki/Sirius_XM_Holdings \"Sirius XM Holdings\") [NASCAR Radio](/wiki/Sirius_XM_NASCAR_Radio \"Sirius XM NASCAR Radio\"). Doug Rice and Mark Garrow announced the race in the booth while the field was racing on the pit straightaway. Pat Patterson called the race from a stand outside of turn 2 when the field was racing up turns 2, 3 and 3a. Doug Turnbull called the race from a stand outside of turn 7a when the field was racing through turns 4a and 7a. Brad Gillie called the race when the field raced thru turns 8 and 9\\. Rob Albright called the race from a billboard outside turn 11 when the field was racing through turns 10 and 11\\. Heather DeBeaux, Alan Cavanna, Brett McMillan and [Wendy Venturini](/wiki/Wendy_Venturini \"Wendy Venturini\") reported from pit lane during the race.\n\n|[PRN](/wiki/Performance_Racing_Network \"Performance Racing Network\")\n\n| |\n| Booth announcers | Turn announcers | Pit reporters |\n| **Lead announcer:** Doug Rice**Announcer:** Mark Garrow | **Turns 2, 3 \\& 3a:** Pat Patterson**Turns 4a \\& 7a:** Doug Turnbull**Turns 8 \\& 9:** Brad Gillie **Turns 10 \\& 11:** Rob Albright | Heather DeBeauxAlan CavannaBrett McMillan[Wendy Venturini](/wiki/Wendy_Venturini \"Wendy Venturini\") |\n\n",
"Standings after the race\n------------------------\n\nDrivers' Championship standings\n\n| | Pos | Driver | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg \"1uparrow green.svg\") 3\n\n 1 |\n [Martin Truex Jr.](/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr. \"Martin Truex Jr.\") |\n 525 |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 2 |\n [William Byron](/wiki/William_Byron_%28racing_driver%29 \"William Byron (racing driver)\") |\n 512 (–13\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg \"1downarrow red.svg\") 2\n\n 3 |\n [Ryan Blaney](/wiki/Ryan_Blaney \"Ryan Blaney\") |\n 501 (–24\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg \"1uparrow green.svg\") 1\n\n 4 |\n [Ross Chastain](/wiki/Ross_Chastain \"Ross Chastain\") |\n 501 (–24\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg \"1downarrow red.svg\") 2\n\n 5 |\n [Kevin Harvick](/wiki/Kevin_Harvick \"Kevin Harvick\") |\n 500 (–25\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg \"1uparrow green.svg\") 1\n\n 6 |\n [Kyle Busch](/wiki/Kyle_Busch \"Kyle Busch\") |\n 496 (–29\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg \"1downarrow red.svg\") 1\n\n 7 |\n [Christopher Bell](/wiki/Christopher_Bell_%28racing_driver%29 \"Christopher Bell (racing driver)\") |\n 493 (–32\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 8 |\n [Denny Hamlin](/wiki/Denny_Hamlin \"Denny Hamlin\") |\n 462 (–63\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg \"1uparrow green.svg\") 3\n\n 9 |\n [Joey Logano](/wiki/Joey_Logano \"Joey Logano\") |\n 444 (–81\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg \"1downarrow red.svg\") 1\n\n 10 |\n [Kyle Larson](/wiki/Kyle_Larson \"Kyle Larson\") |\n 440 (–85\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg \"1uparrow green.svg\") 2\n\n 11 |\n [Chris Buescher](/wiki/Chris_Buescher \"Chris Buescher\") |\n 430 (–95\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg \"1downarrow red.svg\") 1\n\n 12 |\n [Brad Keselowski](/wiki/Brad_Keselowski \"Brad Keselowski\") |\n 424 (–101\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg \"1downarrow red.svg\") 3\n\n 13 |\n [Tyler Reddick](/wiki/Tyler_Reddick \"Tyler Reddick\") |\n 420 (–105\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 14 |\n [Ricky Stenhouse Jr.](/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr. \"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\") |\n 400 (–125\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 15 |\n [Bubba Wallace](/wiki/Bubba_Wallace \"Bubba Wallace\") |\n 354 (–171\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg \"1uparrow green.svg\") 1\n\n 16 |\n [Alex Bowman](/wiki/Alex_Bowman \"Alex Bowman\") |\n 331 (–194\\) |\n|[Official driver's standings](https://www.jayski.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2023/6/11/12316_UNOFFDRIVPTS.pdf)\n\nManufacturers' Championship standings\n\n| | Pos | Manufacturer | Points |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 1 |\n [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") |\n 602 |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 2 |\n [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") |\n 563 (–39\\) |\n| [10px](/wiki/File:1rightarrow.png \"1rightarrow.png\")\n\n 3 |\n [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") |\n 546 (–56\\) |\n|\n\n* **Note**: Only the first 16 positions are included for the driver standings.\n* . – Driver has clinched a position in the [NASCAR Cup Series playoffs](/wiki/NASCAR_playoffs \"NASCAR playoffs\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Toyota Save Mart 350](/wiki/Category:2023_NASCAR_Cup_Series \"2023 NASCAR Cup Series\")\n[Toyota Save Mart 350](/wiki/Category:2023_in_sports_in_California \"2023 in sports in California\")\n[Toyota Save Mart 350](/wiki/Category:June_2023_sports_events_in_the_United_States \"June 2023 sports events in the United States\")\n[Category:NASCAR races at Sonoma Raceway](/wiki/Category:NASCAR_races_at_Sonoma_Raceway \"NASCAR races at Sonoma Raceway\")\n\n"
]
} |
Ian Hunter (curator) | {
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} | l3rx3adzvpldnj33mvigq17evmawro7 | 2024-04-15T21:01:43Z | 1,218,249,741 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"New Zealand",
"Artists' Co-op",
"Academy of fine arts",
"3rd Sydney Biennale",
"ANZART",
"F1 New Zealand Sculpture Project",
"Return to United Kingdom",
"Kurt Schwitters' Merzbarn",
"Death",
"References"
],
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"content": [
"\n**Ian Andrew Hunter** (21 July 1947 – 26 February 2023\\) was a Northern Irish artist, art curator and cultural advocate who worked in New Zealand and England.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nHunter was born in [Derry](/wiki/Derry \"Derry\"), Northern Ireland, on 21 July 1947\\. His family moved to [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") in 1962, where he attended [Ulster College of Art](/wiki/Ulster_University \"Ulster University\") from 1965 to 1969, and then he studied [Leeds College of Art](/wiki/Leeds_Arts_University \"Leeds Arts University\") from 1969 to 1970\\.\n\n",
"New Zealand\n-----------\n\nIn late 1970, Hunter travelled to New Zealand to take up a teaching position at [Victoria University of Wellington](/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington \"Victoria University of Wellington\"). A year later, he was appointed education officer at the [National Art Gallery](/wiki/Te_Papa \"Te Papa\") in Wellington and went on to become curator of painting and sculpture. For a brief period, he was the National Art Gallery's acting director before the appointment of [Luit Bieringa](/wiki/Luit_Bieringa \"Luit Bieringa\") in 1979\\. In 1981, Hunter was visiting lecturer in art theory at the [School of Fine Arts](/wiki/Ilam_School_of_Fine_Arts \"Ilam School of Fine Arts\"), [University of Canterbury](/wiki/University_of_Canterbury \"University of Canterbury\").\n\nHunter became a naturalised New Zealand citizen in 1978\\.\n\n### Artists' Co\\-op\n\nIn 1978, Hunter co\\-founded the Artists' Co\\-op in Wellington with [Barry Thomas](/wiki/Barry_Thomas_%28artist_and_filmmaker%29 \"Barry Thomas (artist and filmmaker)\"), Ross Boyd, Terrence Handscombe, Eva Yuen, Stuart Porter, Gerard Crewdson, Mark Hantler, [Gaylene Preston](/wiki/Gaylene_Preston \"Gaylene Preston\") and others. The co\\-op presented exhibitions and performances by Hunter, Yuen, Thomas, [Pauline Rhodes](/wiki/Pauline_Rhodes \"Pauline Rhodes\"), [Andrew Drummond](/wiki/Andrew_Drummond_%28artist%29 \"Andrew Drummond (artist)\"), [Peter Roche](/wiki/Peter_Roche \"Peter Roche\"), Linda Buis, David Mealing and free jazz groups..\n\n### Academy of fine arts\n\nIn late 1978 Ian Hunter, Barry Thomas, Eva Yuen, Ross Boyd and Terrence Handscombe had an exhibition entitled \"Work\" at the Academy of fine arts Wellington based around their Artists' co\\-op.\n\n### 3rd Sydney Biennale\n\nIn April and May 1979 Ian Hunter organised a contingent of Twenty two Artists' co\\-op and other NZ artists to travel to and participate in the 3rd. Sydney Biennale. This was an uninvited \"rebel tour\" that enabled the radical New Zealand artists' participation with QE2 Arts Council air fare subsidies.\n\n### ANZART\n\nIn 1981, Hunter initiated the idea of ANZART, which was to be an ongoing cultural dialogue between Australian and New Zealand artists. The organisation of the first trans\\-Tasman exchange in [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch \"Christchurch\") was influenced by the inclusion of just two New Zealanders in the 1979 [Biennale of Sydney](/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney \"Biennale of Sydney\"). Hunter saw this as an \"imbalance\" he was keen to remedy. Hunter always intended ANZART to have an ongoing commitment to sharing cultural developments and a further edition was held in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") in 1983\\. In 1984, the idea was extended to Edinburgh where it accompanied the major [Colin McCahon](/wiki/Colin_McCahon \"Colin McCahon\") exhibition *I Will Need Words* curated by [Wystan Curnow](/wiki/Wystan_Curnow \"Wystan Curnow\") at the [Talbot\\-Rice Gallery](/wiki/Talbot_Rice_Gallery \"Talbot Rice Gallery\") at the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). In 1985, ANZART was presented in [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\").\n\n### F1 New Zealand Sculpture Project\n\nBuoyed by the success of ANZART 1, in 1982 Hunter organised *[F1 New Zealand sculpture Project](/wiki/F1_Sculpture_Project \"F1 Sculpture Project\")* in a disused Thomson Lewis drinks factory (now Moore Wilson's) in Wellington's [Te Aro](/wiki/Te_Aro \"Te Aro\") district. Running from 8 November to 2 December 1982, it presented installations, forums, film evenings, performances, seminars and a 'Grand Spaghetti Banquet'. Artists involved included Juliet Batten, [Mary\\-Louise Browne](/wiki/Mary-Louise_Browne \"Mary-Louise Browne\"), Andrew Drummond, Stuart Griffiths. [Vivian Lynn](/wiki/Vivian_Lynn \"Vivian Lynn\"), David Mealing, Nicholas Spill and Barbara Strathdee. The Scottish art dealer [Richard Demarco](/wiki/Richard_Demarco \"Richard Demarco\"), who later showed New Zealand artists in Edinburgh and supported ANZART 3, also attended.\n\n### Return to United Kingdom\n\nHunter moved to London in 1983 and was arts officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties until 1984 when he moved to [Rossendale](/wiki/Rossendale_Valley \"Rossendale Valley\") in [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire \"Lancashire\"). In 1992, Hunter completed a practice\\-based PhD from [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University \"Manchester Metropolitan University\"). Hunter became increasingly involved with rural England and acted as cultural policy consultant to the Rural Cultural Forum alongside free\\-lance consultancy work.\n\n### Kurt Schwitters' Merzbarn\n\nIn 1990, Hunter and his partner Celia Larner founded the Littoral Arts Trust with Hunter as artistic director. The trust was formed to respond to social, environmental, and economic change and to protect the civic status of the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\")\\-based [Merzbarn](/wiki/Merz_%28art_style%29 \"Merz (art style)\") that the German artist Kurt Schwitters had used as a studio. Hunter set up the 'Kurt Schwitters in England' working party in 2000 to raise funds so the Littoral Arts Trust could purchase the land and buildings surrounding the Merzbarn. In 2007, Hunter and Larner took over the stewardship of the barn and five years later, as Littoral Arts Trust, purchased the site. Hunter was appointed visiting research fellow at the [University of Cumbria](/wiki/University_of_Cumbria \"University of Cumbria\") in 2015 to work with the university in developing \"the full potential of the Merzbarn\" and its surroundings. In 2018, Hunter and Larner were forced to put the land and Schwitters' Merzbarn up for sale.\n### Death\n\nHunter died at Cylinders in [Ambleside](/wiki/Ambleside \"Ambleside\") on 26 February 2023\\.\n\n",
"### Artists' Co\\-op\n\nIn 1978, Hunter co\\-founded the Artists' Co\\-op in Wellington with [Barry Thomas](/wiki/Barry_Thomas_%28artist_and_filmmaker%29 \"Barry Thomas (artist and filmmaker)\"), Ross Boyd, Terrence Handscombe, Eva Yuen, Stuart Porter, Gerard Crewdson, Mark Hantler, [Gaylene Preston](/wiki/Gaylene_Preston \"Gaylene Preston\") and others. The co\\-op presented exhibitions and performances by Hunter, Yuen, Thomas, [Pauline Rhodes](/wiki/Pauline_Rhodes \"Pauline Rhodes\"), [Andrew Drummond](/wiki/Andrew_Drummond_%28artist%29 \"Andrew Drummond (artist)\"), [Peter Roche](/wiki/Peter_Roche \"Peter Roche\"), Linda Buis, David Mealing and free jazz groups..\n\n",
"### Academy of fine arts\n\nIn late 1978 Ian Hunter, Barry Thomas, Eva Yuen, Ross Boyd and Terrence Handscombe had an exhibition entitled \"Work\" at the Academy of fine arts Wellington based around their Artists' co\\-op.\n\n",
"### 3rd Sydney Biennale\n\nIn April and May 1979 Ian Hunter organised a contingent of Twenty two Artists' co\\-op and other NZ artists to travel to and participate in the 3rd. Sydney Biennale. This was an uninvited \"rebel tour\" that enabled the radical New Zealand artists' participation with QE2 Arts Council air fare subsidies.\n\n",
"### ANZART\n\nIn 1981, Hunter initiated the idea of ANZART, which was to be an ongoing cultural dialogue between Australian and New Zealand artists. The organisation of the first trans\\-Tasman exchange in [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch \"Christchurch\") was influenced by the inclusion of just two New Zealanders in the 1979 [Biennale of Sydney](/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney \"Biennale of Sydney\"). Hunter saw this as an \"imbalance\" he was keen to remedy. Hunter always intended ANZART to have an ongoing commitment to sharing cultural developments and a further edition was held in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") in 1983\\. In 1984, the idea was extended to Edinburgh where it accompanied the major [Colin McCahon](/wiki/Colin_McCahon \"Colin McCahon\") exhibition *I Will Need Words* curated by [Wystan Curnow](/wiki/Wystan_Curnow \"Wystan Curnow\") at the [Talbot\\-Rice Gallery](/wiki/Talbot_Rice_Gallery \"Talbot Rice Gallery\") at the [University of Edinburgh](/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh \"University of Edinburgh\"). In 1985, ANZART was presented in [Auckland](/wiki/Auckland \"Auckland\").\n\n",
"### F1 New Zealand Sculpture Project\n\nBuoyed by the success of ANZART 1, in 1982 Hunter organised *[F1 New Zealand sculpture Project](/wiki/F1_Sculpture_Project \"F1 Sculpture Project\")* in a disused Thomson Lewis drinks factory (now Moore Wilson's) in Wellington's [Te Aro](/wiki/Te_Aro \"Te Aro\") district. Running from 8 November to 2 December 1982, it presented installations, forums, film evenings, performances, seminars and a 'Grand Spaghetti Banquet'. Artists involved included Juliet Batten, [Mary\\-Louise Browne](/wiki/Mary-Louise_Browne \"Mary-Louise Browne\"), Andrew Drummond, Stuart Griffiths. [Vivian Lynn](/wiki/Vivian_Lynn \"Vivian Lynn\"), David Mealing, Nicholas Spill and Barbara Strathdee. The Scottish art dealer [Richard Demarco](/wiki/Richard_Demarco \"Richard Demarco\"), who later showed New Zealand artists in Edinburgh and supported ANZART 3, also attended.\n\n",
"### Return to United Kingdom\n\nHunter moved to London in 1983 and was arts officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties until 1984 when he moved to [Rossendale](/wiki/Rossendale_Valley \"Rossendale Valley\") in [Lancashire](/wiki/Lancashire \"Lancashire\"). In 1992, Hunter completed a practice\\-based PhD from [Manchester Metropolitan University](/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University \"Manchester Metropolitan University\"). Hunter became increasingly involved with rural England and acted as cultural policy consultant to the Rural Cultural Forum alongside free\\-lance consultancy work.\n\n",
"### Kurt Schwitters' Merzbarn\n\nIn 1990, Hunter and his partner Celia Larner founded the Littoral Arts Trust with Hunter as artistic director. The trust was formed to respond to social, environmental, and economic change and to protect the civic status of the [Lake District](/wiki/Lake_District \"Lake District\")\\-based [Merzbarn](/wiki/Merz_%28art_style%29 \"Merz (art style)\") that the German artist Kurt Schwitters had used as a studio. Hunter set up the 'Kurt Schwitters in England' working party in 2000 to raise funds so the Littoral Arts Trust could purchase the land and buildings surrounding the Merzbarn. In 2007, Hunter and Larner took over the stewardship of the barn and five years later, as Littoral Arts Trust, purchased the site. Hunter was appointed visiting research fellow at the [University of Cumbria](/wiki/University_of_Cumbria \"University of Cumbria\") in 2015 to work with the university in developing \"the full potential of the Merzbarn\" and its surroundings. In 2018, Hunter and Larner were forced to put the land and Schwitters' Merzbarn up for sale.\n\n",
"### Death\n\nHunter died at Cylinders in [Ambleside](/wiki/Ambleside \"Ambleside\") on 26 February 2023\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1947 births](/wiki/Category:1947_births \"1947 births\")\n[Category:2023 deaths](/wiki/Category:2023_deaths \"2023 deaths\")\n[Category:New Zealand art curators](/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_art_curators \"New Zealand art curators\")\n[Category:Artists from Derry (city)](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Derry_%28city%29 \"Artists from Derry (city)\")\n[Category:Alumni of Belfast School of Art](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Belfast_School_of_Art \"Alumni of Belfast School of Art\")\n[Category:Alumni of Leeds Arts University](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Leeds_Arts_University \"Alumni of Leeds Arts University\")\n[Category:British emigrants to New Zealand](/wiki/Category:British_emigrants_to_New_Zealand \"British emigrants to New Zealand\")\n[Category:Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Victoria_University_of_Wellington \"Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington\")\n[Category:People associated with the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa](/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa \"People associated with the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\")\n[Category:Naturalised citizens of New Zealand](/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_New_Zealand \"Naturalised citizens of New Zealand\")\n\n"
]
} |
Democracy in Afghanistan | {
"id": [
11487766
],
"name": [
"LucasBrown"
]
} | hlljlz1knelucjvzse1tedwzlvqleri | 2024-07-29T03:05:50Z | 1,214,477,722 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Kingdom of Afghanistan (1919-1973)",
"Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1989)",
"First Taliban Emirate (1989-2001)",
"Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001-2021)",
"Current status",
"Analysis",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
" \n\n**Democracy in Afghanistan** has been severely limited and characterized by short, unstable historical periods since the formation of the contemporary state of Afghanistan in the 20th century. Following the rise of power of Ghazi [Amanullah Khan](/wiki/Amanullah_Khan \"Amanullah Khan\") in 1919, the first elements of a democratic government in the country began to emerge, with the formation of a constitution and increased civil liberties. Amanullah's political reforms resulted in his overthrow and for much of the rest of the 20th century, until 1964, there was limited democratization in the country. With the establishment of a bicameral national legislature in 1964 by King [Zahir Shah](/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah \"Mohammad Zahir Shah\"), political parties began to form; however, none of these reforms were lasting after Zahir Shah's removal from power in 1973 and the formation of an autocratic Afghanistan republic.\n\nThe country experienced increasingly severe democratic backsliding from 1973 onwards, eventually falling under the undemocratic, religiously conservative Taliban rule in 1996\\. Democracy was reintroduced following the [U.S.\\-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001](/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan \"United States invasion of Afghanistan\"), where an Islamic Republic with a president and relatively liberal constitution was reinstated. \n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Kingdom of Afghanistan (1919\\-1973\\)\n\nThe first elements of a democratic government in the country began to emerge under the leadership of Ghazi [Amanullah Khan](/wiki/Amanullah_Khan \"Amanullah Khan\"), who ruled first as the Emir of the Emirate of Afghanistan and later as the first King of the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Amanullah instituted a number of political reforms modeled on the Western democratic model, including drafting the country's first constitution the \"Statute of the Supreme Government of Afghanistan,\" which was approved and ratified by 872 tribal elders and government officials gathered in a [Loya Jirga](/wiki/Jirga \"Jirga\") in [Jalalabad](/wiki/Jalalabad \"Jalalabad\") on 11 April 1922\\. Amongst various liberal changes to Afghan's governance, one of the most notable elements that the constitution contained was article 16, which entitled all Afghan citizens equal rights and freedoms. Due to his significant popularity amongst the Afghan populace, and in line with his Western\\-outlook, Amanullah also implemented cultural reforms which eased restrictions on a number of civil liberties, particularly with regards to women's rights.\n\nUnder Amanullah's rule, new coeducational schools were formed in many regions and the strict Sharia\\-based dress codes for women that had existed for centuries were overturned. As a result of these social reforms, conservative Islamists in the country staged a revolt, leading to overthrow of Amanullah's government and the imposition of rule by Habibullāh Kalakāni, leader of the \"Saqqawists\" opposition movement in early 1929\\. Kalakani's rule lasted only nine months before he was replaced by exiled general Nadir Khan on 13 October 1929\\. After his rise to power, Nadir abandoned most of Amanullah's reforms, although his son and successor king [Mohammad Zahir Shah](/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah \"Mohammad Zahir Shah\") made a more gradual program of reform. It wasn't until 1964 that major democratic reforms would be reinstituted, with King Zahir Shah promulgating a new liberal constitution creating a bicameral national legislature.\n\n### Republic of Afghanistan (1973\\-1989\\)\n\nOn July 17, 1973, amidst increasing discontent with King Zahir Shah's government, former Prime Minister Mohammad Sardar Daoud Khan seized power in a non\\-violent coup and abolished the monarchy, establishing the first Republic of Afghanistan. Under Daoud, the 1964 constitution was abrogated and he consolidated power to himself, declaring himself both president and prime minister. The political assassination of prominent communist and member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) Mir Akbar Khyber by the government in 1978 by the government sparked fears amongst the communist opposition of Daoud's intentions. As a result, on 28 April 1978, the PDPA overthrew Daoud's government in the Saur Revolution. Renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), the new government, while granting increased civil rights, became extremely repressive and thousands were killed or imprisoned as most regions across the country began to revolt against the new government.\n\n### First Taliban Emirate (1989\\-2001\\)\n\nFollowing nearly a decade of civil war from 1989 to 1996 and the withdrawal of Soviet forces on 15 February 1989, much of the country became consolidated under the rule of the religiously conservative and traditionalist Taliban militant group. Seeking to implement their strict interpretation of Sharia law, civil rights were severely constricted and much of the country experienced significant democratic backsliding. The antidemocratic Taliban regime fought against the liberal democratic state of the Northern Alliance under military leader Ahmad Shah Massoud for much of its existence in the late 1990s as Massoud sought to end the Taliban's repressive policies and bring back elements of democracy into the country.\n\n### Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001\\-2021\\)\n\nAfter the September 11th attacks in the United States in 2001, a coalition of Western powers invaded Afghanistan, supporting the Northern Alliance and toppling the Taliban by the end of the year. With the ouster of Taliban forces, the U.S.\\-centered coalition set up a provisional government under the presidency of Hamid Karzai on an interim basis for a period of six months. Karzai was rechosen as leader in the 2002 emergency loya jirga (lit. \"grand assembly\")—a traditional election held amongst tribal leaders and Afghan political figures—for a two\\-year term beginning that year. Under the Karzai administration, Afghanistan held a nationwide election with international, independent observers in 2004, where he was elected officially into government as the Islamic State of Afghanistan was established. He would later be reelected in 2009\\.\n\n",
"### Kingdom of Afghanistan (1919\\-1973\\)\n\nThe first elements of a democratic government in the country began to emerge under the leadership of Ghazi [Amanullah Khan](/wiki/Amanullah_Khan \"Amanullah Khan\"), who ruled first as the Emir of the Emirate of Afghanistan and later as the first King of the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Amanullah instituted a number of political reforms modeled on the Western democratic model, including drafting the country's first constitution the \"Statute of the Supreme Government of Afghanistan,\" which was approved and ratified by 872 tribal elders and government officials gathered in a [Loya Jirga](/wiki/Jirga \"Jirga\") in [Jalalabad](/wiki/Jalalabad \"Jalalabad\") on 11 April 1922\\. Amongst various liberal changes to Afghan's governance, one of the most notable elements that the constitution contained was article 16, which entitled all Afghan citizens equal rights and freedoms. Due to his significant popularity amongst the Afghan populace, and in line with his Western\\-outlook, Amanullah also implemented cultural reforms which eased restrictions on a number of civil liberties, particularly with regards to women's rights.\n\nUnder Amanullah's rule, new coeducational schools were formed in many regions and the strict Sharia\\-based dress codes for women that had existed for centuries were overturned. As a result of these social reforms, conservative Islamists in the country staged a revolt, leading to overthrow of Amanullah's government and the imposition of rule by Habibullāh Kalakāni, leader of the \"Saqqawists\" opposition movement in early 1929\\. Kalakani's rule lasted only nine months before he was replaced by exiled general Nadir Khan on 13 October 1929\\. After his rise to power, Nadir abandoned most of Amanullah's reforms, although his son and successor king [Mohammad Zahir Shah](/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah \"Mohammad Zahir Shah\") made a more gradual program of reform. It wasn't until 1964 that major democratic reforms would be reinstituted, with King Zahir Shah promulgating a new liberal constitution creating a bicameral national legislature.\n\n",
"### Republic of Afghanistan (1973\\-1989\\)\n\nOn July 17, 1973, amidst increasing discontent with King Zahir Shah's government, former Prime Minister Mohammad Sardar Daoud Khan seized power in a non\\-violent coup and abolished the monarchy, establishing the first Republic of Afghanistan. Under Daoud, the 1964 constitution was abrogated and he consolidated power to himself, declaring himself both president and prime minister. The political assassination of prominent communist and member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) Mir Akbar Khyber by the government in 1978 by the government sparked fears amongst the communist opposition of Daoud's intentions. As a result, on 28 April 1978, the PDPA overthrew Daoud's government in the Saur Revolution. Renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), the new government, while granting increased civil rights, became extremely repressive and thousands were killed or imprisoned as most regions across the country began to revolt against the new government.\n\n",
"### First Taliban Emirate (1989\\-2001\\)\n\nFollowing nearly a decade of civil war from 1989 to 1996 and the withdrawal of Soviet forces on 15 February 1989, much of the country became consolidated under the rule of the religiously conservative and traditionalist Taliban militant group. Seeking to implement their strict interpretation of Sharia law, civil rights were severely constricted and much of the country experienced significant democratic backsliding. The antidemocratic Taliban regime fought against the liberal democratic state of the Northern Alliance under military leader Ahmad Shah Massoud for much of its existence in the late 1990s as Massoud sought to end the Taliban's repressive policies and bring back elements of democracy into the country.\n\n",
"### Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001\\-2021\\)\n\nAfter the September 11th attacks in the United States in 2001, a coalition of Western powers invaded Afghanistan, supporting the Northern Alliance and toppling the Taliban by the end of the year. With the ouster of Taliban forces, the U.S.\\-centered coalition set up a provisional government under the presidency of Hamid Karzai on an interim basis for a period of six months. Karzai was rechosen as leader in the 2002 emergency loya jirga (lit. \"grand assembly\")—a traditional election held amongst tribal leaders and Afghan political figures—for a two\\-year term beginning that year. Under the Karzai administration, Afghanistan held a nationwide election with international, independent observers in 2004, where he was elected officially into government as the Islamic State of Afghanistan was established. He would later be reelected in 2009\\.\n\n",
"Current status\n--------------\n\nThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was [overthrown by the Taliban](/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive \"2021 Taliban offensive\") in 2021 and modern\\-day Afghanistan has again experienced democratic backsliding under the leadership of the Taliban. Afghanistan was in 2023 the 4th least electoral democratic country in the world according to [V\\-Dem Democracy indices](/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices \"V-Dem Democracy indices\").\n\n",
"Analysis\n--------\n\nPrior to the 2021 overthrow of the government by the Taliban, Afghanistan had been consistently ranked as a below\\-average democracy by U.S.\\-based non\\-governmental organization Freedom House. According to their yearly survey Freedom in the World, Afghanistan scored only 27 points in 2019 to 2021 on a 100\\-point scale, falling in the category of \"not free countries.\" One major reason cited amongst scholars for the weakness of Afghanistan's democracy is the rampant corruption in the country: in a study by [Transparency International](/wiki/Transparency_International \"Transparency International\"), Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries in the world. In 2010, a report published by the [United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime](/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime \"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime\") indicated that bribery consumed approximately 23% of the GDP of Afghanistan. This corruption was present in the highest levels of government, with the [New Kabul Bank](/wiki/New_Kabul_Bank \"New Kabul Bank\") scandal in which a small number of political elites, including cabinet ministers, had embezzled nearly $1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes.\n\nAnother limitation of the republic was its poor electoral conduct. While the first presidential election of the republic in 2004 was relatively peaceful, the following [2009 presidential election](/wiki/Afghan_presidential_election%2C_2009 \"Afghan presidential election, 2009\") was hampered by significant flaws, including a lack of security, low voter turnout, and widespread electoral fraud. The 2014 presidential election saw similar issues, with leading candidate Abdullah Abdullah narrowly surviving an assassination attempt on 6 June 2014\\. Fraud was alleged to be widespread in the election, leading the E.U. to send six observers to Kabul, Balkh and Herat provinces. In a recording of Ziaul Haq Amarkhel, the secretary of Afghanistan's Independent Election Commission, he told officials to \"take sheep to the mountains, stuff them, and bring them back,\" in a reference to [ballot stuffing](/wiki/Electoral_fraud%23Ballot_stuffing \"Electoral fraud#Ballot stuffing\"). This was one among approximately 5,000 intercepted communications that suggested electoral fraud. American journalist [Steve Coll](/wiki/Steve_Coll \"Steve Coll\") reported that \"Ghani's surge of votes in the second round from Pashtun areas racked by violence was inherently suspect. Some analysts guessed that if all the fraud could be identified accurately, Abdullah would have won the election, but not every international analyst agreed.\"\n\nThe following and final presidential election held by the republic in 2019 became the most contentious: according to then\\-preliminary results, incumbent [Ashraf Ghani](/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani \"Ashraf Ghani\") was re\\-elected with 923,592 votes, 50\\.64% of the vote, against runner\\-up [Abdullah Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah \"Abdullah Abdullah\"). With a voter turnout less than 20% and allegations of fraud,[Afghanistan's Ghani claims narrow win in preliminary presidential vote results](https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1YQ054) Reuters, 22 December 2019 [Abdullah Abdullah](/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah \"Abdullah Abdullah\") rejected the results and took steps to create his own parallel government and separate inauguration, starting a major political crisis in the country. This political crisis would not be resolved until May 2020, when Ghani and Abdullah agreed on a power\\-sharing deal in which Ghani would continue to lead the country as president while Abdullah would be responsible for the peace talks with the [Taliban](/wiki/Taliban \"Taliban\")..\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Politics of Afghanistan](/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan \"Politics of Afghanistan\")\n* [Elections in Afghanistan](/wiki/Elections_in_Afghanistan \"Elections in Afghanistan\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Government of Afghanistan](/wiki/Category:Government_of_Afghanistan \"Government of Afghanistan\")\n[Category:Politics of Afghanistan](/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Afghanistan \"Politics of Afghanistan\")\n[Category:Democracy by location](/wiki/Category:Democracy_by_location \"Democracy by location\")\n\n"
]
} |
James McNeillie Circuit | {
"id": [
41295437
],
"name": [
"Apeiro94"
]
} | s1f5ti8rs3e0w2rzq6jespsk0zmixmz | 2023-08-06T21:40:19Z | 1,169,068,169 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Lap records",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **James McNeillie Circuit** was a motor racing circuit in Kumalo, [Bulawayo, Zimbabwe](/wiki/Bulawayo%2C_Zimbabwe \"Bulawayo, Zimbabwe\"). The circuit was built from 1959 to 1961 in Kumalo Airfield, northeast of [Bulawayo](/wiki/Bulawayo \"Bulawayo\"). And it was named after the politician, James McNeillie. The circuit held the [Rhodesian Grand Prix](/wiki/Rhodesian_Grand_Prix \"Rhodesian Grand Prix\") in 1961–1970, and [South African Springbok Championship Series](/wiki/South_African_Springbok_Championship_Series \"South African Springbok Championship Series\") in 1969–1971\\. After the opening of nearby [Breedon Everard Raceway](/wiki/Breedon_Everard_Raceway \"Breedon Everard Raceway\"), the circuit was closed in 1971\\.\n\n",
"Lap records\n-----------\n\nThe fastest official race lap records at the James McNeillie Circuit are listed as:\n\n| Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Event |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Airfield Circuit: 3\\.444 km (1961–1971\\) | | | | |\n| [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One \"Formula One\") | **1:18\\.000** | [John Love](/wiki/John_Love_%28racing_driver%29 \"John Love (racing driver)\") | [Brabham BT20](/wiki/Brabham_BT20 \"Brabham BT20\") | [1967 Rhodesian Grand Prix](/wiki/Rhodesian_Grand_Prix \"Rhodesian Grand Prix\") |\n| [Formula Two](/wiki/Formula_Two \"Formula Two\") | **1:26\\.500** | [Paul Hawkins](/wiki/Paul_Hawkins_%28racing_driver%29 \"Paul Hawkins (racing driver)\") | [Brabham BT10](/wiki/Brabham_BT10 \"Brabham BT10\") | [1964 Rhodesian Grand Prix](/wiki/Rhodesian_Grand_Prix \"Rhodesian Grand Prix\") |\n| [Group 6](/wiki/Group_6_%28racing%29 \"Group 6 (racing)\") | **1:28\\.500** | [Dave Charlton](/wiki/Dave_Charlton \"Dave Charlton\") | [Chevron B19](/wiki/Chevron_B19 \"Chevron B19\") | [1971 Embassy 3 Hours](/wiki/South_African_Springbok_Championship_Series%231971 \"South African Springbok Championship Series#1971\") |\n|\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Breedon Everard Raceway](/wiki/Breedon_Everard_Raceway \"Breedon Everard Raceway\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Defunct motorsport venues](/wiki/Category:Defunct_motorsport_venues \"Defunct motorsport venues\")\n[Category:Bulawayo](/wiki/Category:Bulawayo \"Bulawayo\")\n[Category:Motorsport venues in Zimbabwe](/wiki/Category:Motorsport_venues_in_Zimbabwe \"Motorsport venues in Zimbabwe\")\n\n"
]
} |
George Francis (motorsports photographer) | {
"id": [
15944499
],
"name": [
"Davidindia"
]
} | ddp5lc0ig3vux5t5rxv7nldor4616wx | 2024-01-07T12:47:25Z | 1,192,431,151 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Motor Sports career",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**George Francis** (25 October 1961 to 11 April 2019\\) was an Indian Motorsports photographer and journalist. After a few years in [Indian Express](/wiki/Indian_Express \"Indian Express\"), he quit active journalism to focus full time on motorsports and started his own company called Scorp News in October 1984\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nFrancis was born in [Waynad](/wiki/Wayanad_district \"Wayanad district\") district of [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") to KC Francis and Ammini Francis. He did his schooling in CSI St. Paul's Higher Secondary School, [Vepery](/wiki/Vepery \"Vepery\"), Chennai.\n\n",
"Motor Sports career\n-------------------\n\nGeorge was one of the few motorsports photographers who captured [Sholavaram](/wiki/Cholavaram \"Cholavaram\") races. He first covered a [Sholavaram](/wiki/Sholavaram \"Sholavaram\") race in 1984 and soon became a regular photographer at every motorsport event in India. As a freelancer, he contributed photos and articles to all the prominent publications in India including the top newspapers. During a career spanning over three decades he covered every discipline of motorsport including roar racing, rallying, motocross and supercross, karting. Some of the major cross\\-country rallies he covered included the great Himalayan Rally, London\\-Sydney Rally, Desert Storm, Dakshin Dare, [Indian Grand Prix](/wiki/Indian_Grand_Prix \"Indian Grand Prix\") races, [Indian National Rally Championship](/wiki/Indian_National_Rally_Championship \"Indian National Rally Championship\"), MRF Mogrip Supercross Nationals and Indian Racing Championships. [MRF Challenge](/wiki/MRF_Challenge \"MRF Challenge\") at the [Madras Motor Race Track](/wiki/Madras_Motor_Race_Track \"Madras Motor Race Track\") (MMRT) now [Madras International Circuit](/wiki/Madras_International_Circuit \"Madras International Circuit\") in February 2019 was his last assignment.\n\nAfter a brief illness, George Francis passed away in [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\") on 11 April 2019\\. He is survived by his wife Jessie George and son Mario George.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1961 births](/wiki/Category:1961_births \"1961 births\")\n[Category:2019 deaths](/wiki/Category:2019_deaths \"2019 deaths\")\n[Category:Photographers from Kerala](/wiki/Category:Photographers_from_Kerala \"Photographers from Kerala\")\n[Category:Motoring writers](/wiki/Category:Motoring_writers \"Motoring writers\")\n[Category:Indian sportswriters](/wiki/Category:Indian_sportswriters \"Indian sportswriters\")\n[Category:Indian sports journalists](/wiki/Category:Indian_sports_journalists \"Indian sports journalists\")\n[Category:Indian motorsport people](/wiki/Category:Indian_motorsport_people \"Indian motorsport people\")\n\n"
]
} |
Blue Beetle (soundtrack) | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"82.213.133.128"
]
} | e6hwu6r2zuvz0xv7hhq4xieefx97b24 | 2024-07-03T19:01:28Z | 1,192,422,329 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Production and release",
"Track listing",
"Additional music",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Blue Beetle (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*** is the [soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack_album \"Soundtrack album\") to the 2023 film *[Blue Beetle](/wiki/Blue_Beetle_%28film%29 \"Blue Beetle (film)\")* directed by [Ángel Manuel Soto](/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Manuel_Soto \"Ángel Manuel Soto\"). Based on the [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\") character [of the same name](/wiki/Blue_Beetle \"Blue Beetle\"), the film is the 14th installment in the [DC Extended Universe](/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe \"DC Extended Universe\") (DCEU). \n\n",
"Production and release\n----------------------\n\n[Bobby Krlic](/wiki/Bobby_Krlic \"Bobby Krlic\") was confirmed to score the film by the trailer's release in April 2023\\. A soundtrack album featuring his score was released by [WaterTower Music](/wiki/WaterTower_Music \"WaterTower Music\") on August 18, 2023; a track from the soundtrack album, \"*Blue Beetle* Suite\", was released as a [single](/wiki/Single_%28music%29 \"Single (music)\") on August 11\\.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"Additional music\n----------------\n\n*Blue Beetle* featured both American and Latino songs, including:\n\n* \"[Atrévete\\-te\\-te](/wiki/Atr%C3%A9vete-te-te \"Atrévete-te-te\")\" by [Calle 13](/wiki/Calle_13_%28band%29 \"Calle 13 (band)\")\n* \"La Chona\" by [Los Tucanes de Tijuana](/wiki/Los_Tucanes_de_Tijuana \"Los Tucanes de Tijuana\")\n* \"Cumbia poder\" by [Celso Pina](/wiki/Celso_Pina \"Celso Pina\")\n* \"Sin Ti\" by [Los Panchos](/wiki/Los_Panchos \"Los Panchos\")\n* [Será Que No Me Amas (Blame It on the Boogie)](/wiki/Blame_It_on_the_Boogie \"Blame It on the Boogie\") by Damian Castroviejo\n* \"[María la del Barrio](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_la_del_Barrio_%28song%29 \"María la del Barrio (song)\")\" by [Thalía](/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa \"Thalía\")\n* \"Cue From Cronos\" written by [Javier Álvarez](/wiki/Javier_%C3%81lvarez_%28composer%29 \"Javier Álvarez (composer)\")\n* \"Deportivo\" by Álvaro Diaz and [Cazzu](/wiki/Cazzu \"Cazzu\")\n* \"[Gracias a la vida](/wiki/Gracias_a_la_vida \"Gracias a la vida\")\" by [Alberto Cortez](/wiki/Alberto_Cortez \"Alberto Cortez\")\n* \"Nos Escapamos\" by RaiNao\n* \"[El Rey](/wiki/El_Rey_%28song%29 \"El Rey (song)\")\" by [Vicente Fernández](/wiki/Vicente_Fern%C3%A1ndez \"Vicente Fernández\")\n* \"Muchos Quieren Tumbarme\" by [Ivy Queen](/wiki/Ivy_Queen \"Ivy Queen\")\n* \"Demolición\" by [Los Saicos](/wiki/Los_Saicos \"Los Saicos\")\n* \"Cumbia Sampuesana\" by Celso Piña Y Su Ronda Bogotá\n* \"Tú Serás Mi Baby (Be My Baby)\" by Juventud Crasa\n* \"Al Reves\" by [Los Wálters](/wiki/Los_W%C3%A1lters \"Los Wálters\")\n* \"Armando Sanchez\" by [Chalino Sánchez](/wiki/Chalino_S%C3%A1nchez \"Chalino Sánchez\")\n* \"[Bidi Bidi Bom Bom](/wiki/Bidi_Bidi_Bom_Bom \"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom\")\" by [Selena](/wiki/Selena \"Selena\")\n* \"Solo Contigo Basta\" by Alfredo Linares\n* \"[Kickstart My Heart](/wiki/Kickstart_My_Heart \"Kickstart My Heart\")\" by [Mötley Crüe](/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe \"Mötley Crüe\")\n* \"[I Ain't Goin' Out Like That](/wiki/I_Ain%27t_Goin%27_Out_Like_That \"I Ain't Goin' Out Like That\")\" by [Cypress Hill](/wiki/Cypress_Hill \"Cypress Hill\")\n* \"Koonex Koonex\" by Daniela Lalita\n* \"[Sabor A Mí](/wiki/Sabor_A_M%C3%AD \"Sabor A Mí\")\" by [Los Panchos](/wiki/Los_Panchos \"Los Panchos\")\n* \"Nada Personal\" by [Soda Stereo](/wiki/Soda_Stereo \"Soda Stereo\")\n* \"[All Out of Love](/wiki/All_Out_of_Love \"All Out of Love\")\" by [Air Supply](/wiki/Air_Supply \"Air Supply\") \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2023 soundtrack albums](/wiki/Category:2023_soundtrack_albums \"2023 soundtrack albums\")\n[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums](/wiki/Category:2020s_film_soundtrack_albums \"2020s film soundtrack albums\")\n[Category:DC Extended Universe soundtracks](/wiki/Category:DC_Extended_Universe_soundtracks \"DC Extended Universe soundtracks\")\n[Category:WaterTower Music soundtracks](/wiki/Category:WaterTower_Music_soundtracks \"WaterTower Music soundtracks\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jean-Luc Bourgeaux | {
"id": [
44127043
],
"name": [
"Atremari"
]
} | l60vc8fj6g39ohn0kin4a3hbxbqwivj | 2024-07-05T07:15:01Z | 1,183,136,633 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Mandates",
"National Assembly",
"Local politics",
"Intermunicipal mandates",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jean\\-Luc Bourgeaux** (born 10 April 1963\\) is a French politician. He has been the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28France%29 \"Member of Parliament (France)\") for [Ille\\-et\\-Vilaine's 7th constituency](/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_7th_constituency \"Ille-et-Vilaine's 7th constituency\") since August 2020 and mayor of [Cherrueix](/wiki/Cherrueix \"Cherrueix\") from 2001 to 2020\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nIn 1989 he was elected municipal councillor and was elected mayor of [Cherrueix](/wiki/Cherrueix \"Cherrueix\") in March 2001, succeeding Louis Dory. He was re\\-elected as a city councillor in 2008, he became the same year general councillor of the [canton of Dol\\-de\\-Bretagne](/wiki/Canton_of_Dol-de-Bretagne \"Canton of Dol-de-Bretagne\").\n\nAs a candidate in the [2014 French municipal elections](/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections \"2014 French municipal elections\"), he was re\\-elected in the first round for a third term. In the [2015 French departmental elections](/wiki/2015_French_departmental_elections \"2015 French departmental elections\") he ran in the canton of Dol\\-de\\-Bretagne modified following the . In partnership with Agnès Toutant, he won the vote by collecting 72\\.50% of the votes cast. He became second vice\\-president of in January 2017\\.\n\nBourgeaux was the [substitute](/wiki/Substitute_%28elections%29 \"Substitute (elections)\") for MPs [René Couanau](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Couanau \"René Couanau\") (2007\\-2012\\) and [Gilles Lurton](/wiki/Gilles_Lurton \"Gilles Lurton\") (2012\\-2020\\), he succeeded Lurton in the National Assembly on 1 August 2020\\..\n\nDue to the [accumulation of mandates](/wiki/Dual_mandate \"Dual mandate\") after his election as mayor of [Saint\\-Malo](/wiki/Saint-Malo \"Saint-Malo\") and president of [Saint\\-Malo Agglomeration](/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Pays_de_Saint-Malo \"Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Saint-Malo\") Jean\\-Luc Bourgeaux was forced to leave his duties as mayor.\n\nIn 2020, he defined himself as having “[centre\\-right](/wiki/Centre-right_politics \"Centre-right politics\") sensitivity\"..\n\nIn the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29 \"National Assembly (France)\"), he joined the [Les Républicains group](/wiki/The_Republicans_group_%28National_Assembly%29 \"The Republicans group (National Assembly)\") as an [Apparentment](/wiki/Apparentment \"Apparentment\").\n\nIn the [2022 French legislative election](/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election \"2022 French legislative election\") he was re\\-elected MO in the second round with 52\\.23% of the votes against the [Ensemble](/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens \"Ensemble Citoyens\") candidate Anne Le Gagne.\n\n",
"Mandates\n--------\n\n### National Assembly\n\n* MP since 1 August 2020 : [Ille\\-et\\-Vilaine's 7th constituency](/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_7th_constituency \"Ille-et-Vilaine's 7th constituency\")\n\n### Local politics\n\n* March 1989 – March 2001: municipal councillor of Cherrueix\n* 23 March 2001 – August 2020: mayor of Cherrueix\n* 11 March 2008 – 29 March 2015: general councillor of the canton of Dol\\-de\\-Bretagne\n* 29 March 2015 \\- present: departmental councillor of the canton of Dol\\-de\\-Bretagne.\n\n### Intermunicipal mandates\n\n* Since 19 January 2017: 2nd vice\\-president of the community of communes of the country of Dol and the bay of Mont\\-Saint\\-Michel\n",
"### National Assembly\n\n* MP since 1 August 2020 : [Ille\\-et\\-Vilaine's 7th constituency](/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine%27s_7th_constituency \"Ille-et-Vilaine's 7th constituency\")\n",
"### Local politics\n\n* March 1989 – March 2001: municipal councillor of Cherrueix\n* 23 March 2001 – August 2020: mayor of Cherrueix\n* 11 March 2008 – 29 March 2015: general councillor of the canton of Dol\\-de\\-Bretagne\n* 29 March 2015 \\- present: departmental councillor of the canton of Dol\\-de\\-Bretagne.\n",
"### Intermunicipal mandates\n\n* Since 19 January 2017: 2nd vice\\-president of the community of communes of the country of Dol and the bay of Mont\\-Saint\\-Michel\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1963 births](/wiki/Category:1963_births \"1963 births\")\n[Category:People from Saint\\-Malo](/wiki/Category:People_from_Saint-Malo \"People from Saint-Malo\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_politicians \"20th-century French politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century French politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_French_politicians \"21st-century French politicians\")\n[Category:Deputies of the 16th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_16th_National_Assembly_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic \"Deputies of the 16th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic\")\n[Category:Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_15th_National_Assembly_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic \"Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic\")\n[Category:Members of Parliament for Ille\\-et\\-Vilaine](/wiki/Category:Members_of_Parliament_for_Ille-et-Vilaine \"Members of Parliament for Ille-et-Vilaine\")\n[Category:Mayors of places in Brittany](/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Brittany \"Mayors of places in Brittany\")\n\n"
]
} |
1995 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | kmt44sd0xvp10v9p209owmdu0j9rhne | 2023-08-27T20:43:12Z | 1,172,439,154 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Schedule",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1995 Prairie View A\\&M Panthers football team** represented [Prairie View A\\&M University](/wiki/Prairie_View_A%26M_University \"Prairie View A&M University\") as a member of the [Southwestern Athletic Conference](/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference \"Southwestern Athletic Conference\") (SWAC) during the [1995 NCAA Division I\\-AA football season](/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season \"1995 NCAA Division I-AA football season\"). Led by first\\-year head coach [Hensley Sapenter](/wiki/Hensley_Sapenter \"Hensley Sapenter\"), the Panthers compiled an overall record of 0–11, with a mark of 0–7 in conference play, and finished eighth in the SWAC.\n\n",
"Schedule\n--------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Prairie View AandM](/wiki/Category:1995_Southwestern_Athletic_Conference_football_season \"1995 Southwestern Athletic Conference football season\")\n[Category:Prairie View A\\&M Panthers football seasons](/wiki/Category:Prairie_View_A%26M_Panthers_football_seasons \"Prairie View A&M Panthers football seasons\")\n[Category:College football winless seasons](/wiki/Category:College_football_winless_seasons \"College football winless seasons\")\n[Prairie View AandM Panthers football](/wiki/Category:1995_in_sports_in_Texas \"1995 in sports in Texas\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
The Chelsea Cowboy | {
"id": [
3107162
],
"name": [
"Bovineboy2008"
]
} | lc6r6cbkp9m1ti3p56m2awsbfkqluhr | 2024-08-23T17:23:32Z | 1,228,493,954 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Production",
"Funding",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***The Chelsea Cowboy*** is an upcoming British gangster biopic directed by Ben Cookson and starring [Alex Pettyfer](/wiki/Alex_Pettyfer \"Alex Pettyfer\"), [Poppy Delevingne](/wiki/Poppy_Delevingne \"Poppy Delevingne\"), [Lovi Poe](/wiki/Lovi_Poe \"Lovi Poe\"), and [Charlie Creed\\-Miles](/wiki/Charlie_Creed-Miles \"Charlie Creed-Miles\"). It is due for release in 2024\\.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nThe film will follows the rise and fall of London gangster, bodyguard, actor and underworld hard\\-man [John Bindon](/wiki/John_Bindon \"John Bindon\"), who despite having a successful acting career and passionate romantic liaisons with various members of high society, even socialising with [Princess Margaret](/wiki/Princess_Margaret \"Princess Margaret\"), but was not able to leave his criminal past behind.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Alex Pettyfer](/wiki/Alex_Pettyfer \"Alex Pettyfer\") as [John Bindon](/wiki/John_Bindon \"John Bindon\")\n* [Poppy Delevingne](/wiki/Poppy_Delevingne \"Poppy Delevingne\") as [Vicki Hodge](/wiki/Vicki_Hodge \"Vicki Hodge\")\n* [Sadie Frost](/wiki/Sadie_Frost \"Sadie Frost\") as Cissy Bindon\n* [Charlie Creed\\-Miles](/wiki/Charlie_Creed-Miles \"Charlie Creed-Miles\") as Sir John Hodge \n* [Charlotte Hope](/wiki/Charlotte_Hope \"Charlotte Hope\") will play Sandra\n* [Lovi Poe](/wiki/Lovi_Poe \"Lovi Poe\") as legendary blues singer [Dana Gillespie](/wiki/Dana_Gillespie \"Dana Gillespie\")\n* [Ben Drew](/wiki/Plan_B_%28musician%29 \"Plan B (musician)\") as Roy Dennis\n* [Charley Palmer Rothwell](/wiki/Charley_Palmer_Rothwell \"Charley Palmer Rothwell\") as [James Fox](/wiki/James_Fox \"James Fox\")\n* [Tamer Hassan](/wiki/Tamer_Hassan \"Tamer Hassan\") as Salim\n* [Warren Brown](/wiki/Warren_Brown_%28actor%29 \"Warren Brown (actor)\") as Priddle\n* [Bronson Webb](/wiki/Bronson_Webb \"Bronson Webb\") as John 'Smudge' Gillette \n* [George Blagden](/wiki/George_Blagden \"George Blagden\") as [Terence Stamp](/wiki/Terence_Stamp \"Terence Stamp\")\n* [Clara Paget](/wiki/Clara_Paget \"Clara Paget\") as Wendy Hodge\n* Sadie Newman as Nina\n* Ed Birch as Alan Stanton\n* [Jojo Macari](/wiki/Jojo_Macari \"Jojo Macari\") as George Wright\n",
"Production\n----------\n\nDark Dreams Entertainment, Life Begins Film Ltd, GCB films, Tell Me A Storey Productions.\n\n",
"Funding\n-------\n\nThe production was halted when Life Begins Film Ltd, ran out of funding before filming was completed. The Administrators, 'ReSolve Advisory', later sold all rights, materials and equipment relating to full\\-length feature film, after a corporate restructure of the team following advice from Penningtons Manches Cooper in 2022\\. The acquisition of the movie by Heracles Productions Limited, would mean production could continue to complete the film for release sometime in 2023\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Unreleased films](/wiki/Category:Unreleased_films \"Unreleased films\")\n[Category:British gangster films](/wiki/Category:British_gangster_films \"British gangster films\")\n[Category:Films set in London](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_London \"Films set in London\")\n[Category:2020s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:2020s_English-language_films \"2020s English-language films\")\n[Category:2020s British films](/wiki/Category:2020s_British_films \"2020s British films\")\n\n"
]
} |
New Haven and Northampton Canal Greenway | {
"id": [
57939
],
"name": [
"Beland"
]
} | tvfa2m2nr8x76wvdfltp6s8akeuxn09 | 2024-07-09T00:31:40Z | 1,233,423,262 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **New Haven and Northampton Canal Greenway** is a proposed and partially completed, paved [rail trail](/wiki/Rail_trail \"Rail trail\") and non\\-motorized commuter route along the former right of way of the [New Haven and Northampton Railroad](/wiki/New_Haven_and_Northampton_Railroad \"New Haven and Northampton Railroad\"). It currently has open, and when complete it will be , running from [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\") to [Northampton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northampton%2C_Massachusetts \"Northampton, Massachusetts\"). It consists of the following trails, from north to south:\n\n* The **New Haven Northampton Canal Line** trail in [Northampton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Northampton%2C_Massachusetts \"Northampton, Massachusetts\"). All complete.\n* The [Manhan Rail Trail](/wiki/Manhan_Rail_Trail \"Manhan Rail Trail\") in [Easthampton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Easthampton%2C_Massachusetts \"Easthampton, Massachusetts\"). All complete.\n* The **Southampton Greenway** in [Southampton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Southampton%2C_Massachusetts \"Southampton, Massachusetts\"). complete, proposed.\n* The **Columbia Greenway Rail Trail** in [Westfield, Massachusetts](/wiki/Westfield%2C_Massachusetts \"Westfield, Massachusetts\"). complete, proposed.\n* The **Southwick Rail Trail** in [Southwick, Massachusetts](/wiki/Southwick%2C_Massachusetts \"Southwick, Massachusetts\"). All complete.\n* The [Farmington Canal Heritage Trail](/wiki/Farmington_Canal_Heritage_Trail \"Farmington Canal Heritage Trail\") from [New Haven, Connecticut](/wiki/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut \"New Haven, Connecticut\") to [Suffield, Connecticut](/wiki/Suffield%2C_Connecticut \"Suffield, Connecticut\"). complete, proposed. The section from New Haven to [East Granby, Connecticut](/wiki/East_Granby%2C_Connecticut \"East Granby, Connecticut\"), complete, proposed, is shared with the [East Coast Greenway](/wiki/East_Coast_Greenway \"East Coast Greenway\").\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The New Haven \\& Northampton Canal Greenway Alliance](https://sites.google.com/view/nhncg/home)\n\n[Category:Rail trails in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Rail_trails_in_Massachusetts \"Rail trails in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Rail trails in Connecticut](/wiki/Category:Rail_trails_in_Connecticut \"Rail trails in Connecticut\")\n\n"
]
} |
Fritz Leonhard Redlich | {
"id": [
11155033
],
"name": [
"Andreas Philopater"
]
} | 0h56cc4lqqqncc3wg15teepmy287wz6 | 2023-10-02T20:02:23Z | 1,178,296,586 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life",
"Publications",
"Recognition and awards",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Fritz Leonhard Redlich** (1892–1978\\) was a German businessman and American economic historian. He was a pioneer of the history of entrepreneurship and the author of a widely respected study of American banking.\n\n",
"Life\n----\n\nRedlich was born in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") and educated in Germany, where he obtained his doctorate in economics in 1914, with a thesis supervised by [Ignaz Jastrow](/wiki/Ignaz_Jastrow \"Ignaz Jastrow\").Hans Jaeger, \"Fritz Leonhard Redlich, 1892\\-1978\", *[The Business History Review](/wiki/The_Business_History_Review \"The Business History Review\")*, 53:2 (1979\\), pp. 154\\-160\\. Throughout the First World War he served as a cavalry officer, and after it he took over the family business.Charles Gaston Arcand Jr., \"Fritz Redlich, 1892\\-1978: The Man and the Scholar\", *[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology](/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology \"The American Journal of Economics and Sociology\")*, 40:2 (1981\\), pp. 217\\-221\\.\n\nIn 1936 he left Germany for the United States. Middle\\-aged, he returned to interests in the history of business and entrepreneurship dating from his student days, and sought an academic position. While teaching at minor colleges in the United States without ever acquiring tenure, he was an early and influential associate member of [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\")'s [Research Center in Entrepreneurial History](/wiki/Research_Center_in_Entrepreneurial_History \"Research Center in Entrepreneurial History\").\n\nHe died in [Newton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Newton%2C_Massachusetts \"Newton, Massachusetts\"), on 21 October 1978\\.\n\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\n* *Die volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der deutschen Teerfarbenindustrie* (1914\\)\n* *Reklame. Begriff, Geschichte, Theorie* (1935\\)\n* *History of American Business Leaders*, vol. 1 (1940\\)\n* *The Molding of American Banking: Men and Ideas* (2 vols, 1947–1951\\)\n* *De Praeda Militari: Looting and Booty, 1500–1815* (1956\\)\n* *The German Military Enterpriser and his Work Force* (2 vols, 1964–1965\\)Reviewed by J. R. Western in *[The English Historical Review](/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review \"The English Historical Review\")*, 82:322 (1967\\), pp. 136\\-138\\.\n",
"Recognition and awards\n----------------------\n\nRedlich was awarded honorary doctorates by [Erlangen University](/wiki/Erlangen_University \"Erlangen University\") (1960\\) and [Berlin University](/wiki/Berlin_University \"Berlin University\") (1967\\).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1892 births](/wiki/Category:1892_births \"1892 births\")\n[Category:1978 deaths](/wiki/Category:1978_deaths \"1978 deaths\")\n[Category:Business historians](/wiki/Category:Business_historians \"Business historians\")\n[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States](/wiki/Category:Emigrants_from_Nazi_Germany_to_the_United_States \"Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States\")\n\n"
]
} |
Randy Hinson | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | 0jib1bqch5xtw39plv6g5l6ymlql92i | 2024-07-17T05:08:06Z | 1,234,025,857 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Head coaching record",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\n**Claude Randolph Hinson Sr** (July 23, 1912 – May 24, 2006\\) was a [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") colonel and [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") and [baseball](/wiki/Baseball \"Baseball\") coach.\n\nBorn in [Kershaw, South Carolina](/wiki/Kershaw%2C_South_Carolina \"Kershaw, South Carolina\"), in 1912, Hinson attended [Clemson College](/wiki/Clemson_College \"Clemson College\"), where he played football and baseball. He graduated from Clemson with a degree in agricultural economics in 1936\\. In 1939 and 1940, he returned to Clemson to coach the baseball team and the freshman football team, before joining the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\"). During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), he served as an adviser to the French expeditionary force in North Africa and in Italy with the 755th Tank Battalion.\n\nAfter the war, he returned to Clemson as a baseball and football coach. In 1947, the baseball team won the [Southern Conference](/wiki/Southern_Conference \"Southern Conference\") championship and qualified for the inaugural [NCAA baseball tournament](/wiki/1947_NCAA_baseball_tournament \"1947 NCAA baseball tournament\"). Hinson was named SoCon baseball coach of the year.\n\nHinson then returned to the Army, serving in the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\"), working with the [International Military Sports Council](/wiki/International_Military_Sports_Council \"International Military Sports Council\") in Germany, and was infantry representative to the [U.S. Army Engineer School](/wiki/U.S._Army_Engineer_School \"U.S. Army Engineer School\"), retiring in 1964\\. Hinson taught the U.S. government and coached golf at [Fort Hunt High School](/wiki/Fort_Hunt_High_School \"Fort Hunt High School\") in [Alexandria, Virginia](/wiki/Alexandria%2C_Virginia \"Alexandria, Virginia\"), until 1979\\. He died in [Fairfax, Virginia](/wiki/Fairfax%2C_Virginia \"Fairfax, Virginia\"), in 2006\\.\n\n",
"Head coaching record\n--------------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1896 births](/wiki/Category:1896_births \"1896 births\")\n[Category:2006 deaths](/wiki/Category:2006_deaths \"2006 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Kershaw, South Carolina](/wiki/Category:People_from_Kershaw%2C_South_Carolina \"People from Kershaw, South Carolina\")\n[Category:Clemson Tigers baseball players](/wiki/Category:Clemson_Tigers_baseball_players \"Clemson Tigers baseball players\")\n[Category:Clemson Tigers football players](/wiki/Category:Clemson_Tigers_football_players \"Clemson Tigers football players\")\n[Category:Clemson Tigers baseball coaches](/wiki/Category:Clemson_Tigers_baseball_coaches \"Clemson Tigers baseball coaches\")\n[Category:Clemson Tigers football coaches](/wiki/Category:Clemson_Tigers_football_coaches \"Clemson Tigers football coaches\")\n[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_World_War_II \"United States Army personnel of World War II\")\n[Category:United States Army personnel of the Korean War](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_the_Korean_War \"United States Army personnel of the Korean War\")\n[Category:United States Army colonels](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_colonels \"United States Army colonels\")\n[Category:George Washington University alumni](/wiki/Category:George_Washington_University_alumni \"George Washington University alumni\")\n\n"
]
} |
Scottish International Piano Competition | {
"id": [
27994006
],
"name": [
"Ulysse Verjus-Tonnelé"
]
} | 63jkp9c8s3ucz1oqrmiwnrb2f40qwnp | 2024-10-08T20:19:33Z | 1,250,159,326 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"2023 competition",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Scottish International Piano Competition** is a [classical piano](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") competition established in 1986 and taking place every three years in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), UK. The competition is open to pianists of any nationality aged between 18 and 30\\. Winners are awarded a £15,000 prize on top of the prestigious title. Previous winners include [Sergei Babayan](/wiki/Sergei_Babayan \"Sergei Babayan\") (1992\\), [Alexander Kobrin](/wiki/Alexander_Kobrin \"Alexander Kobrin\") (1998\\) and [Tanya Gabrielian](/wiki/Tanya_Gabrielian \"Tanya Gabrielian\") (2004\\).\n\nSteven Osborne became the Patron of the Competition in 2024\\.\n\n",
"2023 competition\n----------------\n\nAfter being cancelled in 2020 due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), the competition resumed in September 2023, following a slightly different format: influenced by the online shift of many activities during the pandemic, and to reduce the competition's carbon footprint, all 216 entrants first had to submit a 40\\-minute videoed programme, 30 of whom were then selected to take part in the competition in Glasgow.\n\nPreliminary stages recitals were held in the [Royal Conservatoire of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Conservatoire_of_Scotland \"Royal Conservatoire of Scotland\"), while the final, for which the last three participants had to play a concerto with the [Royal Scottish National Orchestra](/wiki/Royal_Scottish_National_Orchestra \"Royal Scottish National Orchestra\"), took place in the [Glasgow Royal Concert Hall](/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Concert_Hall \"Glasgow Royal Concert Hall\").\n\nJonathan Mamora was awarded 1st Prize and the Prize for the Best Performance of the Compulsory Work (David A T Önaç's *Five Études*), while Yilei Hao and Yonggi Woo took home a joint 2nd Prize.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Music competitions in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Music_competitions_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Music competitions in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Classical music awards](/wiki/Category:Classical_music_awards \"Classical music awards\")\n[Category:Music in Glasgow](/wiki/Category:Music_in_Glasgow \"Music in Glasgow\")\n[Category:Piano competitions](/wiki/Category:Piano_competitions \"Piano competitions\")\n"
]
} |
Hu Tai-li | {
"id": [
45309724
],
"name": [
"Tendsbran"
]
} | pgjeib5tdm7gxwjemrdm1veqlocjbmg | 2024-07-09T00:44:03Z | 1,194,174,624 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Works",
"Academic works",
"Documentaries",
"Books",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hu Tai\\-li** (March 11, 1950 – May 7, 2022\\) was a Taiwanese anthropologist and documentary director from Taipei. She graduated from [Taipei First Girls' High School](/wiki/Taipei_First_Girls%27_High_School \"Taipei First Girls' High School\"), obtained her bachelor's degree in history from [National Taiwan University](/wiki/National_Taiwan_University \"National Taiwan University\"), and later earned her master's and doctoral degrees in anthropology from the [Graduate Center of the City University of New York](/wiki/Graduate_Center_of_the_City_University_of_New_York \"Graduate Center of the City University of New York\").\n\nSince 1979, Hu worked at the Institute of Ethnology at the [Academia Sinica](/wiki/Academia_Sinica \"Academia Sinica\"), and in 2015, she became the director of the Institute of Ethnology. She also served as an adjunct professor in the Anthropology Department at [National Tsing Hua University](/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University \"National Tsing Hua University\").\n\nHu was the first and second president of the Taiwan International Ethnographic Film Association and founded the [Taiwan International Ethnographic Film Festival](/wiki/Taiwan_International_Ethnographic_Film_Festival \"Taiwan International Ethnographic Film Festival\") in 2001\\.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\nHu is the pioneer of Taiwanese ethnographic documentary. Her work *Passing Through My Mother\\-in\\-law's Village* (1997\\) is the first documentary screened publicly in commercial theater in Taiwan.\n\n### Academic works\n\n* Hu, Tai\\-li. My mother\\-in\\-law's village: Rural industrialization and change in Taiwan. City University of New York, 1983\\.\n* Tai\\-Li, Hu. \"Ethnic Identity an Social Condition of Veteran\\-Mainlanders in Taiwan.\" Revue européenne des sciences sociales 27, no. 84 (1989\\): 253–265\\.\n* Hu, Tai\\-li. \"The Development of\" Indigenous People Documentaries\" in Early Twenty\\-first Century Taiwan, and the Concern with\" Tradition\".\" Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 39, no. 1 (2013\\): 149\\-159\\.\n* Hu, Tai\\-li, Pamela J. Stewart, and Andrew Strathern. \"The camera is working: Paiwan aesthetics and performances in Taiwan.\" Expressive Genres and Historical Change: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Taiwan (2005\\): 153–72\\.\n* Tai\\-Li, Hu. \"The Emergence of Small\\-Scale Industry in.\" Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor (1983\\): 387\\.\n\n### Documentaries\n\nReference\n* 1984 *The Return of Gods and Ancestors: Paiwan Five Year Ceremony*\n* 1988 *Songs of Pasta'ay*\n* 1993 *[Voices of Orchid Island](/wiki/Voices_of_Orchid_Island \"Voices of Orchid Island\")*\n* 1997 *Passing Through My Mother\\-in\\-law's Village*\n* 2000 *Sounds of Love and Sorrow*\n* 2004 *Stone Dream*\n* 2012 *Returning Souls*\n\n### Books\n\nReference\n* 1982 《媳婦入門：田野心影錄》（臺北：時報出版公司。1997年增訂新版）\n* 1984 *My Mother\\-in law's Village: Rural Industrialization and Change in Taiwan.* (Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica)\n* 1986 《性與死》（臺北：時報出版公司初版）\n* 1991 《燃燒憂鬱》（臺北：張老師文化事業公司）\n* 2001 《排灣族的鼻笛與口笛》（胡台麗、錢善華、賴朝財合著）（臺北：國立傳統藝術中心籌備處）\n* 2003 《文化展演與臺灣原住民》（臺北：聯經出版事業有限公司）\n* 2011 《排灣文化的詮釋》（臺北：聯經出版事業有限公司）\n\n",
"### Academic works\n\n* Hu, Tai\\-li. My mother\\-in\\-law's village: Rural industrialization and change in Taiwan. City University of New York, 1983\\.\n* Tai\\-Li, Hu. \"Ethnic Identity an Social Condition of Veteran\\-Mainlanders in Taiwan.\" Revue européenne des sciences sociales 27, no. 84 (1989\\): 253–265\\.\n* Hu, Tai\\-li. \"The Development of\" Indigenous People Documentaries\" in Early Twenty\\-first Century Taiwan, and the Concern with\" Tradition\".\" Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 39, no. 1 (2013\\): 149\\-159\\.\n* Hu, Tai\\-li, Pamela J. Stewart, and Andrew Strathern. \"The camera is working: Paiwan aesthetics and performances in Taiwan.\" Expressive Genres and Historical Change: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Taiwan (2005\\): 153–72\\.\n* Tai\\-Li, Hu. \"The Emergence of Small\\-Scale Industry in.\" Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor (1983\\): 387\\.\n",
"### Documentaries\n\nReference\n* 1984 *The Return of Gods and Ancestors: Paiwan Five Year Ceremony*\n* 1988 *Songs of Pasta'ay*\n* 1993 *[Voices of Orchid Island](/wiki/Voices_of_Orchid_Island \"Voices of Orchid Island\")*\n* 1997 *Passing Through My Mother\\-in\\-law's Village*\n* 2000 *Sounds of Love and Sorrow*\n* 2004 *Stone Dream*\n* 2012 *Returning Souls*\n\n",
"### Books\n\nReference\n* 1982 《媳婦入門：田野心影錄》（臺北：時報出版公司。1997年增訂新版）\n* 1984 *My Mother\\-in law's Village: Rural Industrialization and Change in Taiwan.* (Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica)\n* 1986 《性與死》（臺北：時報出版公司初版）\n* 1991 《燃燒憂鬱》（臺北：張老師文化事業公司）\n* 2001 《排灣族的鼻笛與口笛》（胡台麗、錢善華、賴朝財合著）（臺北：國立傳統藝術中心籌備處）\n* 2003 《文化展演與臺灣原住民》（臺北：聯經出版事業有限公司）\n* 2011 《排灣文化的詮釋》（臺北：聯經出版事業有限公司）\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1950 births](/wiki/Category:1950_births \"1950 births\")\n[Category:2022 deaths](/wiki/Category:2022_deaths \"2022 deaths\")\n[Category:Taiwanese anthropologists](/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_anthropologists \"Taiwanese anthropologists\")\n[Category:CUNY Graduate Center alumni](/wiki/Category:CUNY_Graduate_Center_alumni \"CUNY Graduate Center alumni\")\n[Category:Academia Sinica](/wiki/Category:Academia_Sinica \"Academia Sinica\")\n[Category:People from Taipei](/wiki/Category:People_from_Taipei \"People from Taipei\")\n\n"
]
} |
Saint Levant | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"64.62.52.6"
]
} | bjtd9zh69zdknsdosdkku8t0h0osgvu | 2024-10-15T17:51:46Z | 1,250,523,563 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career and activism",
"Personal life",
"Discography",
"EPs and albums",
"Singles",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Marwan Abdelhamid** (; born 6 October 2000\\), known as **Saint Levant**, is a Palestinian\\-Serbian\\-French\\-Algerian rapper. He is a multilingual rapper, known for his song \"Very Few Friends\". He is also [Dior](/wiki/Dior \"Dior\")'s first fragrance ambassador in the Middle East.\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nAbdelhamid was born on 6 October 2000, in Jerusalem to an Algerian mother and Palestinian Serbian father during the [Second Intifada](/wiki/Second_Intifada \"Second Intifada\"). Abdelhamid's childhood was spent primarily in the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip \"Gaza Strip\") in the [Palestinian territories](/wiki/Palestinian_territories \"Palestinian territories\") until the [2007 Battle of Gaza](/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_%282007%29 \"Battle of Gaza (2007)\") after which his family relocated to [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\"), [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan \"Jordan\"). Growing up, he communicated in English at school, French at home, and Arabic at the Palestinian refugee camp where he played football after school. \n\nIn 2022, Abdelhamid received a bachelor's degree in international relations from the [University of California, Santa Barbara](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Santa_Barbara \"University of California, Santa Barbara\").\n\n",
"Career and activism\n-------------------\n\nBefore taking on the name Saint Levant, Abdelhamid wrote \"Jerusalem Freestyles\" and \"Nirvana in Gaza\", both of which discussed political issues. Around the same time, Abdelhamid began posting videos on [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok \"TikTok\") in which he discussed [Palestinian history](/wiki/History_of_Palestine \"History of Palestine\"), as well as commentary on [toxic masculinity](/wiki/Toxic_masculinity \"Toxic masculinity\") in Arab culture. Shortly after, he co\\-founded GrowHome, which connects Palestinian entrepreneurs with individuals who can help fund their projects.\n\nIn November 2022, Saint Levant released his trilingual rap track \"Very Few Friends\", which was streamed approximately 2 million YouTube views in one month. The song soon became popular on TikTok and Instagram.\n\nIn 2023 Saint Levant released \"From Gaza with Love\". In 2024 he signed with [Universal Arabic Music](/wiki/Universal_Arabic_Music \"Universal Arabic Music\") (UAM) and released, together with [MC Abdul](/wiki/MC_Abdul \"MC Abdul\"), \"Deira\". The song is in the [Chaabi](/wiki/Chaabi_%28Algeria%29 \"Chaabi (Algeria)\") musical style of [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\"), Algeria. He explained that \"Deira\" was the name of the 22\\-room beachfront hotel that his father Rashid, designed and his parents built in 2000 when they moved to Gaza and which the Israeli military destroyed by bombing in 2023 during Israel's war on Gaza.\n\nHe tells [Arab News](/wiki/Arab_News \"Arab News\") in an interview, \"I grew up in a hotel built with my father's architectural brain. And, to me, it was like the best years of my life.\"\n\nSaint Levant is outspoken on the struggle in Palestine, telling *[Harper's Bazaar](/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar \"Harper's Bazaar\")*: \n> \"Everything I do is focused and based on the Palestinian cause and struggle, doing a lot of contextualizing... I came to America... and... people think... the... conflict (is)... between these two equal(s)... (who) just hate each other for some reason, (that) Palestinians just hate Israelis. (In reality) it's 80 years of occupation and oppression and displacement and ethnic cleansing so I think it's very important to just push that forward always and I try to do it through the music; I try to do it through my actions, and everything that I do\".\n\nSaint Levant performed at [Coachella](/wiki/Coachella \"Coachella\") in 2024\\. He used his performance to bring awareness to the ongoing conflict taking place in Gaza.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nAbdelhamid lives in Los Angeles, though he regularly returns to [Amman](/wiki/Amman \"Amman\").\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### EPs and albums\n\n* *From Gaza, with Love* (EP) (2023\\)\n* DEIRA (Album) (2024\\)\n\n### Singles\n\n* \"Jerusalem Freestyle\" (2020\\)\n* \"Nirvana in Gaza\" (2020\\)\n* \"7ajir\" (2021\\)\n* \"Haifa in a Tesla\" (2021\\)\n* \"Desert Rose\" (2021\\)\n* \"Sahrawi\" (2021\\)\n* \"1001 Nights\" (2021\\)\n* \"Nasser\" (2022\\)\n* \"Caged Birds Sing\" (2022\\)\n* \"Mandela\" (2022\\)\n* \"Tête\\-à\\-Tête\" (2022\\)\n* \"By the Sea\" (2022\\)\n* \"One More Time / Baby\" (2022\\)\n* \"Mistakes\" (2022\\)\n* \"Here and There\" (2022\\)\n* \"Very Few Friends\" (2022\\)\n* \"I Guess\" (2022\\)\n* \"Facetime\" (2023\\)\n* \"Nails\" (2023\\)\n* \"Deira\" featuring [MC Abdul](/wiki/MC_Abdul \"MC Abdul\") (2024\\)\n* \"5am in Paris\" (2024\\)\n* \"Galbi\" (2024\\)\n",
"### EPs and albums\n\n* *From Gaza, with Love* (EP) (2023\\)\n* DEIRA (Album) (2024\\)\n",
"### Singles\n\n* \"Jerusalem Freestyle\" (2020\\)\n* \"Nirvana in Gaza\" (2020\\)\n* \"7ajir\" (2021\\)\n* \"Haifa in a Tesla\" (2021\\)\n* \"Desert Rose\" (2021\\)\n* \"Sahrawi\" (2021\\)\n* \"1001 Nights\" (2021\\)\n* \"Nasser\" (2022\\)\n* \"Caged Birds Sing\" (2022\\)\n* \"Mandela\" (2022\\)\n* \"Tête\\-à\\-Tête\" (2022\\)\n* \"By the Sea\" (2022\\)\n* \"One More Time / Baby\" (2022\\)\n* \"Mistakes\" (2022\\)\n* \"Here and There\" (2022\\)\n* \"Very Few Friends\" (2022\\)\n* \"I Guess\" (2022\\)\n* \"Facetime\" (2023\\)\n* \"Nails\" (2023\\)\n* \"Deira\" featuring [MC Abdul](/wiki/MC_Abdul \"MC Abdul\") (2024\\)\n* \"5am in Paris\" (2024\\)\n* \"Galbi\" (2024\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2000 births](/wiki/Category:2000_births \"2000 births\")\n[Category:21st\\-century rappers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_rappers \"21st-century rappers\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Musicians from Jerusalem](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Jerusalem \"Musicians from Jerusalem\")\n[Category:Palestinian expatriates in Jordan](/wiki/Category:Palestinian_expatriates_in_Jordan \"Palestinian expatriates in Jordan\")\n[Category:Palestinian expatriates in the United States](/wiki/Category:Palestinian_expatriates_in_the_United_States \"Palestinian expatriates in the United States\")\n[Category:Palestinian rappers](/wiki/Category:Palestinian_rappers \"Palestinian rappers\")\n[Category:Palestinian people of Algerian descent](/wiki/Category:Palestinian_people_of_Algerian_descent \"Palestinian people of Algerian descent\")\n[Category:Palestinian people of Serbian descent](/wiki/Category:Palestinian_people_of_Serbian_descent \"Palestinian people of Serbian descent\")\n[Category:People from Amman](/wiki/Category:People_from_Amman \"People from Amman\")\n[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_California%2C_Santa_Barbara_alumni \"University of California, Santa Barbara alumni\")\n[Category:English\\-language singers from Palestine](/wiki/Category:English-language_singers_from_Palestine \"English-language singers from Palestine\")\n\n"
]
} |
Rica Hübbe | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | p8zuuwed9h6dsmebtn20ywn1flkd45a | 2024-03-19T16:42:15Z | 1,204,783,100 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Other interests",
"Family",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Edith Ulrica Hübbe** (10 October 1885 – 15 August 1967\\), invariably referred to as **Rica Hübbe** or **Hubbe**, was a South Australian medical doctor and teacher.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nSamuel Grau \"Sam\" Hübbe (c. 1848 – 12 September 1900\\) was the first South Australian commissioned officer to be killed in the Boer War. A practising Unitarian, he was a son of [Ulrich Hübbe](/wiki/Ulrich_H%C3%BCbbe \"Ulrich Hübbe\"), who was important in the development of the [Torrens Title](/wiki/Torrens_Title \"Torrens Title\") system of land registration.\n[Edith Agnes Cook](/wiki/Edith_Agnes_Cook \"Edith Agnes Cook\") (1859 – 2 April 1942\\), was in 1876 the first female student at the [University of Adelaide](/wiki/University_of_Adelaide \"University of Adelaide\"), and second principal of the [Advanced School for Girls](/wiki/Advanced_School_for_Girls \"Advanced School for Girls\").\nThey were married at the Cook home, Norwood, by [John Crawford Woods](/wiki/John_Crawford_Woods \"John Crawford Woods\") on 3 January 1885\\.\n\nHübbe was born in [Norwood, South Australia](/wiki/Norwood%2C_South_Australia \"Norwood, South Australia\"), the first child of surveyor and explorer Samuel Grau Hübbe and Edith Agnes Hübbe.\nHer education culminated in three years at the Advanced School for Girls, where her mother was once Principal, and was a successful student, awarded the Old Scholars' Prize for high achievements in the 1903 Leaving examinations, as well as some successes on the tennis court.\n\nHübbe, her sister Marjorie Hübbe and, until she married, Ethel Holder, taught at her mother's school at 17 and 23 Statenborough Street, Knightsbridge (later known as [Leabrook](/wiki/Leabrook%2C_South_Australia \"Leabrook, South Australia\")). She completed, by part\\-time study, several demanding degrees —\n* She studied for a BA, and completed her Masters with third class honours in 1908\\.\n* She studied medicine 1915–1922 at the University of Adelaide graduating M.B., B.S., then registered as a medical practitioner.\nKnightsbridge School closed in 1922, and was taken over by the Misses Jones and Wells. after which Hübbe went into private practice and her sister Marjorie was married to Alfred Beech Caw by [George Hale](/wiki/George_Hale_%28minister%29 \"George Hale (minister)\").\n\nFrom 1927 to 1933 she was an instructor in Physiology and demonstrator in Biochemistry (1929 appointment) at the University of Adelaide.\n\n",
"Other interests\n---------------\n\nHübbe was a member of Adelaide's [Lyceum Club](/wiki/Lyceum_Club_%28Adelaide%29 \"Lyceum Club (Adelaide)\"); she was the club's longstanding secretary, from 1928 to 1950, in which year she appears to have ceased being a member. This is the last mention found of Hübbe as a member.\n\n",
"Family\n------\n\n* [Edith Agnes Cook](/wiki/Edith_Agnes_Cook \"Edith Agnes Cook\") (1859 – 2 April 1942\\) married Samuel Grau \"Sam\" Hübbe (c. 1848 – 12 September 1900\\) on 3 January 1885\\. A practising Unitarian, he was killed in the Boer War. Edith Hübbe conducted Knightsbridge School, later with assistance from daughters Rica and Marjorie.\n\n* Dr Edith Ulrica \"Rica\" Hübbe (10 October 1885 – 1967\\), the subject of this article. She never married.\n* Janet Doris Hübbe (1887–1950\\) married [Alfred Allen Simpson](/wiki/Alfred_Allen_Simpson \"Alfred Allen Simpson\") (1875–1939\\) in 1910\\. They brought up their influential family at \"Undelcarra\", Burnside.\n* Sgt Max Ulrich Hübbe (28 May 1891 – ) fought with [1st AIF](/wiki/1st_AIF \"1st AIF\"), then farmed at Woodenup, near [Kojonup, Western Australia](/wiki/Kojonup%2C_Western_Australia \"Kojonup, Western Australia\").\n* (Harriet) Marjorie Hübbe (1893–1993\\) taught at Knightsbridge School, then married Alfred Beech Caw ( – 1966\\) on 22 February 1922, farmed at Woodenup.\n* Capt.(Hermann) Fritz Hübbe (1895 – 28 July 1916\\) enlisted with [1st AIF](/wiki/1st_AIF \"1st AIF\"), was killed in action, France.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1885 births](/wiki/Category:1885_births \"1885 births\")\n[Category:1967 deaths](/wiki/Category:1967_deaths \"1967 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Australian women medical doctors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_women_medical_doctors \"20th-century Australian women medical doctors\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Australian medical doctors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_medical_doctors \"20th-century Australian medical doctors\")\n[Category:Medical doctors from Adelaide](/wiki/Category:Medical_doctors_from_Adelaide \"Medical doctors from Adelaide\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the University of Adelaide](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Adelaide \"Academic staff of the University of Adelaide\")\n[Category:University of Adelaide alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Adelaide_alumni \"University of Adelaide alumni\")\n\n"
]
} |
Al-Khwarizmi Complex | {
"id": [
6008650
],
"name": [
"Mhockey"
]
} | h21chtx07pdblje00hkhuko2n33es9m | 2024-08-30T17:53:05Z | 1,243,072,644 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Renovation",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Al\\-Khwarizmi Complex** is a complex consisting of a garden and a symbolic [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\") located on Al\\-Khwarizmi street, [Urganch](/wiki/Urganch \"Urganch\"), [Khorazm Region](/wiki/Khorazm_Region \"Khorazm Region\"), Uzbekistan. By the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on October 4, 2019, the complex was included in the national list of real estate objects of tangible cultural heritage and received state protection. Currently, it is state property based on the right of operational management of the Department of Culture of Khorazm Region.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe complex mainly consists of a symbolic [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\") and a [park](/wiki/Park \"Park\"). The Al\\-Khwarizmi complex was completed in 2000 on the initiative of the former president of the Republic of Uzbekistan, [Islam Karimov](/wiki/Islam_Karimov \"Islam Karimov\"), on Al\\-Khwarizmi street in the city of [Urganch](/wiki/Urganch \"Urganch\"). Urganch International Airport is very close to Al\\-Khwarizmi and [Al\\-Beruni](/wiki/Al-Beruni_Architectural_Complex \"Al-Beruni Architectural Complex\") architectural complexes located on both sides of Al\\-Khwarizmi street.\n\nThe Al\\-Khwarizmi complex was built according to the style typical of [medieval](/wiki/Medieval \"Medieval\") building traditions. The complex consists mainly of two architectural parts. The first part is the entrance, where there is a unique [gate](/wiki/Gate \"Gate\") and a symbolic [mausoleum](/wiki/Mausoleum \"Mausoleum\"). The entrance also has a [porch](/wiki/Porch \"Porch\") that runs along either side of the corridor and two rooms. The symbolic mausoleum has a typical [dome](/wiki/Dome \"Dome\") and is decorated with blue [tiles](/wiki/Tile \"Tile\"). Also, the facade is decorated with inscriptions and patterns, and a carved door is installed on it. Al\\-Khwarizmi architectural complex has a garden planted with fruit trees. At the same time, Al\\-Khwarizmi [museum](/wiki/Museum \"Museum\") exposition was organized in the complex. The complex was reconstructed in March and April 2018\\.\n\n",
"Renovation\n----------\n\nIn 2022, at the initiative of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, [Shavkat Mirziyoyev](/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev \"Shavkat Mirziyoyev\"), a project for the construction of the Al\\-Khwarizmi complex with a total area of 140 hectares was developed. According to the project, Al\\-Khwarizmi university and student [dormitory](/wiki/Dormitory \"Dormitory\"), 3000\\-bed school and 1500\\-bed pre\\-school educational institution, IT park, innovation center, sports complex, research center, apartment buildings and parking lots, central alley \\- \"New Uzbekistan\" park will be built.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Pahlavon Mahmud complex](/wiki/Pahlavon_Mahmud_complex \"Pahlavon Mahmud complex\")\n* [Sheikh Mavlon Complex](/wiki/Sheikh_Mavlon_Complex \"Sheikh Mavlon Complex\")\n* [Avesto Architectural Complex](/wiki/Avesto_Architectural_Complex \"Avesto Architectural Complex\")\n* [Dashkin Bobo Complex](/wiki/Dashkin_Bobo_Complex \"Dashkin Bobo Complex\")\n* [Al\\-Beruni Architectural Complex](/wiki/Al-Beruni_Architectural_Complex \"Al-Beruni Architectural Complex\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Urgench](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Urgench \"Buildings and structures in Urgench\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2000](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_2000 \"Buildings and structures completed in 2000\")\n[Category:2000 establishments in Uzbekistan](/wiki/Category:2000_establishments_in_Uzbekistan \"2000 establishments in Uzbekistan\")\n\n"
]
} |
Yvann Titi | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | gvmmsaj3y2dib4f8cwp4jl43xpsaana | 2024-10-16T22:11:19Z | 1,251,017,945 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"International career",
"Honours",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Yvann Titi** (born 5 May 2006\\) is a French [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who plays as a defender for [Lommel](/wiki/Lommel_S.K. \"Lommel S.K.\") on loan from [Troyes](/wiki/ES_Troyes_AC \"ES Troyes AC\"). He is a [France youth](/wiki/France_national_under-17_football_team \"France national under-17 football team\") International.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nTiti started his youth career at [US Torcy](/wiki/US_Torcy \"US Torcy\") in [Torcy, Seine\\-et\\-Marne](/wiki/Torcy%2C_Seine-et-Marne \"Torcy, Seine-et-Marne\"). Titi joined [ES Troyes AC](/wiki/ES_Troyes_AC \"ES Troyes AC\") in 2020\\. He is described as capable of playing right back or centre back and joined the Troyes first\\-team squad playing in [Ligue 2](/wiki/Ligue_2 \"Ligue 2\") for the 2023\\-24 season.\n\n",
"International career\n--------------------\n\nHe played for France U17 as they reached the final of the [2023 UEFA European Under\\-17 Championship](/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship \"2023 UEFA European Under-17 Championship\") in [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary \"Hungary\") in May 2023\\. Titi was later selected for the France U17 squad for the [2023 FIFA U\\-17 World Cup](/wiki/2023_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup\") in [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\") in November 2023\\. He scored in the semi\\-final as France U17 beat [Mali U\\-17](/wiki/Mali_national_under-17_football_team \"Mali national under-17 football team\") to reach the final.\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\n**U17 France**\n* [UEFA European Under\\-17 Championship](/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship \"UEFA European Under-17 Championship\") runner\\-up: [2023](/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship \"2023 UEFA European Under-17 Championship\")\n* [FIFA U\\-17 World Cup](/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup \"FIFA U-17 World Cup\") runner\\-up: [2023](/wiki/2023_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup \"2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:2006 births](/wiki/Category:2006_births \"2006 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Footballers from Strasbourg](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Strasbourg \"Footballers from Strasbourg\")\n[Category:French men's footballers](/wiki/Category:French_men%27s_footballers \"French men's footballers\")\n[Category:France men's youth international footballers](/wiki/Category:France_men%27s_youth_international_footballers \"France men's youth international footballers\")\n[Category:Men's association football defenders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders \"Men's association football defenders\")\n[Category:US Créteil\\-Lusitanos players](/wiki/Category:US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos_players \"US Créteil-Lusitanos players\")\n[Category:AS Choisy\\-le\\-Roi players](/wiki/Category:AS_Choisy-le-Roi_players \"AS Choisy-le-Roi players\")\n[Category:US Torcy players](/wiki/Category:US_Torcy_players \"US Torcy players\")\n[Category:ES Troyes AC players](/wiki/Category:ES_Troyes_AC_players \"ES Troyes AC players\")\n[Category:Championnat National players](/wiki/Category:Championnat_National_players \"Championnat National players\")\n[Category:French expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:French_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"French expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium](/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Belgium \"Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium\")\n[Category:French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium](/wiki/Category:French_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Belgium \"French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium\")\n[Category:21st\\-century French sportsmen](/wiki/Category:21st-century_French_sportsmen \"21st-century French sportsmen\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of Spain women's national rugby union team matches | {
"id": [
9695764
],
"name": [
"Tamariki"
]
} | exxvfc7yqbujpk5tzfn7q6fathf5dal | 2024-10-12T22:56:18Z | 1,250,854,883 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Full internationals",
"1989–1995",
"1996–1997",
"1998–1999",
"2000",
"2001",
"2002",
"2003",
"2004",
"2005",
"2006",
"2007–2009",
"2010–2012",
"2013–2014",
"2015–2017",
"2018–2019",
"2020–2022",
"2023",
"2024",
"Other matches",
"Other teams",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe following is a list of [Spain women's national rugby union team](/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team \"Spain women's national rugby union team\") international matches.\n\n",
"Full internationals\n-------------------\n\n| **Won** | **Lost** | **Draw** |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n\n### 1989–1995\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **1** 1989\\-05\\-02 | | **0** | **20** | Unknown | Test | |\n **2** 1991\\-04\\-06 | | **0** | **12** [St Helen's Ground](/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Rugby_and_Cricket_Ground \"St Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground\"), [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea \"Swansea\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **3** 1991\\-04\\-10 | | **13** | **7** [Memorial Ground](/wiki/Glamorgan_Wanderers_RFC \"Glamorgan Wanderers RFC\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **4** 1991\\-04\\-11 | | **32** | **0** [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **5** 1991\\-04\\-12 | | **8** | **0** [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **6** 1991\\-04\\-13 | | **4** | **19** [Memorial Ground](/wiki/Glamorgan_Wanderers_RFC \"Glamorgan Wanderers RFC\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **7** 1992\\-06\\-13 | | **10** | **14** [Agen](/wiki/Agen \"Agen\") | Test | |\n **8** 1994\\-05\\-14 | | **0** | **3** Ciudad Deportiva, [Getafe](/wiki/Getafe \"Getafe\") | Test | |\n **9** 1995\\-04\\-12 | | **5** | **0** [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\") | [1995 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1995_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1995 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **10** 1995\\-04\\-16 | | **22** | **6** [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\") | [1995 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1995_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1995 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n\n### 1996–1997\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **11** 1996\\-01\\-07 | | **7** | **5** [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | Test | |\n **12** 1996\\-04\\-10 | | **53** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [1996 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1996_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1996 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **13** 1996\\-04\\-12 | | **29** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [1996 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1996_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1996 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **14** 1996\\-04\\-14 | | **10** | **15** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [1996 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1996_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1996 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **15** 1997\\-01\\-05 | | **15** | **17** [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\") | Test | |\n **16** 1997\\-04\\-02 | | **27** | **0** [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") | [1997 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1997_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1997 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **17** 1997\\-04\\-04 | | **10** | **11** [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") | [1997 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1997_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1997 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **18** 1997\\-04\\-06 | | **25** | **8** [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") | [1997 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1997_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1997 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **19** 1997\\-12\\-07 | | **15** | **15** [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\") | Test | |\n\n### 1998–1999\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **20** 1998\\-02\\-15 | | **29** | **5** [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | Test | |\n **21** 1998\\-02\\-15 | | **29** | **3** [Estadi De Rugby](/wiki/RC_L%27Hospitalet \"RC L'Hospitalet\"), [L'Hospitalet de Llobregat](/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat \"L'Hospitalet de Llobregat\") | Test | |\n **22** 1998\\-05\\-02 | | **28** | **18** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **23** 1998\\-05\\-05 | | **16** | **38** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **24** 1998\\-05\\-09 | | **3** | **46** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **25** 1998\\-05\\-12 | | **15** | **17** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **26** 1998\\-05\\-16 | | **22** | **9** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **27** 1998\\-12\\-05 | | **3** | **5** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n **28** 1999\\-04\\-19 | | **14** | **8** [Belluno](/wiki/Belluno \"Belluno\") | [1999 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1999_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1999 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **29** 1999\\-04\\-21 | | **11** | **9** [Belluno](/wiki/Belluno \"Belluno\") | [1999 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1999_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1999 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **30** 1999\\-04\\-24 | | **5** | **13** [Belluno](/wiki/Belluno \"Belluno\") | [1999 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1999_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1999 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n\n### 2000\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **31** 2000\\-01\\-09 | | **10** | **41** [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") | Test | |\n **32** 2000\\-02\\-06 | | **7** | **31** [Banbury](/wiki/Banbury \"Banbury\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **33** 2000\\-02\\-18 | | **13** | **9** [Murcia](/wiki/Murcia \"Murcia\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **34** 2000\\-03\\-18 | | **5** | **38** [Dax](/wiki/Dax%2C_Landes \"Dax, Landes\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **35** 2000\\-04\\-01 | | **18** | **10** [Majadahonda](/wiki/Majadahonda \"Majadahonda\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **36** 2000\\-05\\-08 | | **58** | **16** [Roquetas de Mar](/wiki/Roquetas_de_Mar \"Roquetas de Mar\") | [2000 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2000_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **37** 2000\\-05\\-10 | | **13** | **10** [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") | [2000 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2000_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **38** 2000\\-05\\-13 | | **0** | **31** [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") | [2000 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2000_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n\n### 2001\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **39** 2001\\-02\\-09 | | **42** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n **40** 2001\\-02\\-18 | | **12** | **28** [Worcester](/wiki/Worcester%2C_England \"Worcester, England\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **41** 2001\\-03\\-03 | | **6** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **42** 2001\\-03\\-18 | | **8** | **19** [Greenyards](/wiki/Greenyards \"Greenyards\"), [Melrose](/wiki/Melrose%2C_Scottish_Borders \"Melrose, Scottish Borders\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **43** 2001\\-04\\-08 | | **5** | **0** [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham \"Wrexham\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **44** 2001\\-05\\-06 | | **34** | **3** [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\") | [2001 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2001_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2001 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **45** 2001\\-05\\-10 | | **15** | **8** [Roubaix](/wiki/Roubaix \"Roubaix\") | [2001 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2001_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2001 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **46** 2001\\-05\\-12 | | **3** | **15** [Stadium Lille Métropole](/wiki/Stadium_Lille_M%C3%A9tropole \"Stadium Lille Métropole\") | [2001 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2001_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2001 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n\n### 2002\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **47** 2002\\-01\\-04 | | **15** | **5** [San Sebastián](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"San Sebastián\") | Test | |\n **48** 2002\\-02\\-02 | | **0** | **24** [Bègles](/wiki/B%C3%A8gles \"Bègles\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **49** 2002\\-02\\-16 | | **14** | **17** [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **50** 2002\\-03\\-02 | | **20** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **51** 2002\\-03\\-25 | | **8** | **6** [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **52** 2002\\-04\\-07 | | **14** | **53** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **53** 2002\\-05\\-12 | | **62** | **0** [Cornellà de Llobregat](/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat \"Cornellà de Llobregat\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **54** 2002\\-05\\-18 | | **5** | **13** [Cornellà de Llobregat](/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat \"Cornellà de Llobregat\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **55** 2002\\-05\\-21 | | **16** | **23** [Cornellà de Llobregat](/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat \"Cornellà de Llobregat\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **56** 2002\\-05\\-25 | | **5** | **23** [Estadi Baldiri Aleu](/wiki/Estadi_Baldiri_Aleu \"Estadi Baldiri Aleu\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n\n### 2003\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **57** 2003\\-02\\-15 | | **0** | **44** [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **58** 2003\\-02\\-22 | | **0** | **16** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **59** 2003\\-03\\-09 | | **0** | **69** [Twickenham Stoop](/wiki/Twickenham_Stoop \"Twickenham Stoop\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **60** 2003\\-03\\-22 | | **7** | **27** [Girona](/wiki/Girona \"Girona\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **61** 2003\\-03\\-29 | | **7** | **48** [Meadowbank Stadium](/wiki/Meadowbank_Stadium \"Meadowbank Stadium\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **62** 2003\\-05\\-01 | | **29** | **5** [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 \"Malmö\") | [2003 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2003_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2003 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **63** 2003\\-05\\-03 | | **16** | **10** [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 \"Malmö\") | [2003 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2003_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2003 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n\n### 2004\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **64** 2004\\-02\\-15 | | **3** | **71** | Pinares de Venecia, [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza \"Zaragoza\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **65** 2004\\-02\\-21 | | **0** | **24** | [Perpignan](/wiki/Perpignan \"Perpignan\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **66** 2004\\-03\\-06 | | **6** | **5** | [Lalín](/wiki/Lal%C3%ADn \"Lalín\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **67** 2004\\-03\\-20 | | **8** | **7** | [Thomond Park](/wiki/Thomond_Park \"Thomond Park\"), [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **68** 2004\\-03\\-27 | | **12** | **7** | [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **69** 2004\\-05\\-01 | | **5** | **24** | [Castres](/wiki/Castres \"Castres\") | [2004 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2004_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2004 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **70** 2004\\-05\\-05 | | **31** | **5** | [Quint\\-Fonsegrives](/wiki/Quint-Fonsegrives \"Quint-Fonsegrives\") | [2004 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2004_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2004 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **71** 2004\\-05\\-08 | | **12** | **20** | Lalande Aucamville, [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\") | [2004 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2004_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2004 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n\n### 2005\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **72** 2005\\-02\\-05 | | **19** | **17** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **73** 2005\\-02\\-12 | | **10** | **10** | [Ourense](/wiki/Ourense \"Ourense\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **74** 2005\\-02\\-26 | | **3** | **19** | [New Anniesland](/wiki/New_Anniesland \"New Anniesland\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **75** 2005\\-03\\-12 | | **0** | **76** | Imber Court, [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **76** 2005\\-03\\-19 | | **0** | **39** | [Sant Boi de Llobregat](/wiki/Sant_Boi_de_Llobregat \"Sant Boi de Llobregat\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n\n### 2006\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **77** 2006\\-02\\-04 | | **10** | **25** | [Energia Park](/wiki/Donnybrook_Stadium \"Donnybrook Stadium\"), [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **78** 2006\\-02\\-11 | | **3** | **86** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **79** 2006\\-02\\-25 | | **0** | **38** | [Saint\\-Jean\\-de\\-Luz](/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Luz \"Saint-Jean-de-Luz\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **80** 2006\\-03\\-10 | | **0** | **10** | [Sardis Road](/wiki/Sardis_Road \"Sardis Road\"), [Pontypridd](/wiki/Pontypridd \"Pontypridd\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **81** 2006\\-03\\-18 | | **12** | **16** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **82** 2006\\-08\\-31 | | **0** | **24** | St. Albert Rugby Park, [St. Albert](/wiki/St._Albert%2C_Alberta \"St. Albert, Alberta\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **83** 2006\\-09\\-04 | | **0** | **79** | St. Albert Rugby Park, [St. Albert](/wiki/St._Albert%2C_Alberta \"St. Albert, Alberta\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **84** 2006\\-09\\-08 | | **14** | **12** | [Ellerslie Rugby Park](/wiki/Ellerslie_Rugby_Park \"Ellerslie Rugby Park\"), [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **85** 2006\\-09\\-12 | | **17** | **12** | [Ellerslie Rugby Park](/wiki/Ellerslie_Rugby_Park \"Ellerslie Rugby Park\"), [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **86** 2006\\-09\\-16 | | **10** | **5** | [Ellerslie Rugby Park](/wiki/Ellerslie_Rugby_Park \"Ellerslie Rugby Park\"), [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n\n### 2007–2009\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **87** 2007\\-04\\-28 | | **15** | **6** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **88** 2007\\-04\\-30 | | **54** | **3** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **89** 2007\\-05\\-02 | | **22** | **22** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **90** 2007\\-05\\-05 | | **37** | **0** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **91** 2008\\-05\\-17 | | **7** | **41** | [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [2008 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2008_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2008 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **92** 2008\\-05\\-20 | | **20** | **0** | [Drachten](/wiki/Drachten \"Drachten\") | [2008 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2008_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2008 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **93** 2008\\-05\\-24 | | **25** | **27** | [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [2008 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2008_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2008 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **94** 2009\\-05\\-17 | | **74** | **0** | Kristinebergs IP, [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") | [2009 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2009_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2009 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **95** 2009\\-05\\-20 | | **6** | **11** | Körsangens IP, [Enköping](/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping \"Enköping\") | [2009 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2009_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2009 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **96** 2009\\-05\\-23 | | **12** | **7** | Kristinebergs IP, [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") | [2009 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2009_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2009 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n\n### 2010–2012\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **97** 2010\\-05\\-08 | | **26** | **12** | Plaine des Jeux, [Longwy](/wiki/Longwy \"Longwy\") | [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **98** 2010\\-05\\-12 | | **66** | **0** | Stade de la Grange aux Bois, [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\") | [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **99** 2010\\-05\\-15 | | **31** | **13** | [Stade de la Meinau](/wiki/Stade_de_la_Meinau \"Stade de la Meinau\"), [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\") | [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **100** 2011\\-01\\-03 | | **28** | **13** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | 100th Test | |\n **101** 2011\\-04\\-30 | | **119** | **0** | Elviña, [A Coruña](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a \"A Coruña\") | [2011 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2011_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **102** 2011\\-05\\-04 | | **18** | **3** | Elviña, [A Coruña](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a \"A Coruña\") | [2011 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2011_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **103** 2012\\-05\\-13 | | **0** | **61** | [Rovereto](/wiki/Rovereto \"Rovereto\") | [2012 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2012_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2012 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **104** 2012\\-05\\-16 | | **3** | **60** | [Rovereto](/wiki/Rovereto \"Rovereto\") | [2012 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2012_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2012 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **105** 2012\\-05\\-19 | | **3** | **54** | [Rovereto](/wiki/Rovereto \"Rovereto\") | [2012 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2012_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2012 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **106** 2012\\-12\\-03 | | **12** | **29** | Centro Sportivo Giulio Onesti, [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") | Test | |\n\n### 2013–2014\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **107** 2013\\-04\\-20 | | **55** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2014 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2013_Women%27s_European_Qualification_Tournament \"2013 Women's European Qualification Tournament\") | |\n **108** 2013\\-04\\-23 | | **78** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2014 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2013_Women%27s_European_Qualification_Tournament \"2013 Women's European Qualification Tournament\") | |\n **109** 2013\\-04\\-27 | | **38** | **7** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2014 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2013_Women%27s_European_Qualification_Tournament \"2013 Women's European Qualification Tournament\") | |\n **110** 2014\\-07\\-01 | | **3** | **37** | [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") | Test | |\n **111** 2014\\-08\\-01 | | **5** | **31** | [NRC Pitch 2](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **112** 2014\\-08\\-05 | | **5** | **45** | [NRC Pitch 1](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **113** 2014\\-08\\-09 | | **41** | **5** | [NRC Pitch 2](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **114** 2014\\-08\\-13 | | **18** | **5** | [NRC Pitch 1](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **115** 2014\\-08\\-17 | | **36** | **0** | [NRC Pitch 1](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n\n### 2015–2017\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **116** 2015\\-11\\-22 | | **10** | **34** | [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") | Test | |\n **117** 2015\\-12\\-19 | | **57** | **0** | Valle del Arcipreste, [Majadahonda](/wiki/Majadahonda \"Majadahonda\") | Test | |\n **118** 2016\\-10\\-06 | | **76** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2016 REWC](/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2016 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **119** 2016\\-10\\-09 | | **97** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2016 REWC](/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2016 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **120** 2016\\-10\\-15 | | **35** | **7** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2016 REWC](/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2016 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **121** 2016\\-11\\-18 | | **10** | **5** | [Scotstoun Stadium](/wiki/Scotstoun_Stadium \"Scotstoun Stadium\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | [2017 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **122** 2016\\-11\\-26 | | **15** | **10** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2017 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **123** 2017\\-06\\-03 | | **41** | **18** | Estadio Municipal, [Medina del Campo](/wiki/Medina_del_Campo \"Medina del Campo\") | Test | |\n **124** 2017\\-07\\-08 | | **21** | **26** | [The Vale Resort](/wiki/The_Vale_Resort \"The Vale Resort\"), [Vale of Glamorgan](/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan \"Vale of Glamorgan\") | Test | |\n **125** 2017\\-08\\-09 | | **5** | **56** | [UCD Bowl](/wiki/UCD_Bowl \"UCD Bowl\"), [Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown \"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **126** 2017\\-08\\-13 | | **0** | **43** | [UCD Bowl](/wiki/UCD_Bowl \"UCD Bowl\"), [Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown \"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **127** 2017\\-08\\-17 | | **22** | **8** | [UCD Bowl](/wiki/UCD_Bowl \"UCD Bowl\"), [Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown \"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **128** 2017\\-08\\-22 | | **31** | **7** | [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"), [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **129** 2017\\-08\\-26 | | **15** | **20** | [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"), [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n\n### 2018–2019\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **130** 2018\\-02\\-27 | | **44** | **0** | [Stade du Pachy](/wiki/ASUB_Waterloo \"ASUB Waterloo\"), [Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo%2C_Belgium \"Waterloo, Belgium\") | [2018 REWC](/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2018 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **131** 2018\\-03\\-03 | | **40** | **7** | [Stade du Heysel](/wiki/King_Baudouin_Stadium \"King Baudouin Stadium\"), [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") | [2018 REWC](/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2018 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **132** 2018\\-11\\-11 | | **60** | **5** | [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") | Test | |\n **133** 2018\\-11\\-17 | | **17** | **5** | [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") | Test | |\n **134** 2019\\-01\\-20 | | **29** | **24** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n **135** 2019\\-02\\-23 | | **41** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2019 REWC](/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2019 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **136** 2019\\-03\\-30 | | **54** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2019 REWC](/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2019 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **137** 2019\\-09\\-21 | | **29** | **12** | WJ De Wet Stadium, [Despatch](/wiki/Despatch%2C_South_Africa \"Despatch, South Africa\") | Test | |\n **138** 2019\\-11\\-03 | | **29** | **5** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n\n### 2020–2022\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **139** 2020\\-01\\-19 | | **12** | **36** | [Estadio Municipal Juan Rojas](/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_Juan_Rojas \"Estadio Municipal Juan Rojas\"), [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") | Test | |\n **140** 2021\\-02\\-20 | | **56** | **7** | [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\"), [Guadalajara](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Spain \"Guadalajara, Spain\") | [2020 REWC](/wiki/2020_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2020 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **141** 2021\\-02\\-27 | | **87** | **0** | [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\"), [Guadalajara](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Spain \"Guadalajara, Spain\") | [2020 REWC](/wiki/2020_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2020 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **142** 2021\\-09\\-13 | | **8** | **7** | [Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi](/wiki/Stadio_Sergio_Lanfranchi \"Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi\"), [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\") | [2021 World Cup Qualifier](/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2021 Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **143** 2021\\-09\\-19 | | **22** | **27** | [Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi](/wiki/Stadio_Sergio_Lanfranchi \"Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi\"), [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\") | [2021 World Cup Qualifier](/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2021 Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **144** 2021\\-09\\-25 | | **10** | **34** | [Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi](/wiki/Stadio_Sergio_Lanfranchi \"Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi\"), [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\") | [2021 World Cup Qualifier](/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2021 Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **145** 2022\\-02\\-19 | | **69** | **0** | [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [2022 REWC](/wiki/2022_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2022 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **146** 2022\\-02\\-26 | | **27** | **0** | [Las Terrazas](/wiki/Campo_de_Rugby_Las_Terrazas \"Campo de Rugby Las Terrazas\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2022 REWC](/wiki/2022_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2022 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **147** 2022\\-08\\-13 | | **5** | **44** | [Ellis Park](/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium \"Ellis Park Stadium\"), [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\") | Test | |\n **148** 2022\\-08\\-19 | | **14** | **37** | [Absa Puk Oval](/wiki/Absa_Puk_Oval \"Absa Puk Oval\"), [Potchefstroom](/wiki/Potchefstroom \"Potchefstroom\") | Test | |\n\n### 2023\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **149** 2023\\-02\\-19 | | **70** | **0** | Poliesportiu de Pins Vens, [Sitges](/wiki/Sitges \"Sitges\") | [2023 REWC](/wiki/2023_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2023 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **150** 2023\\-02\\-25 | | **90** | **5** | [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") | [2023 REWC](/wiki/2023_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2023 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n**151**\n\n 2023\\-03\\-25 |\n |\n**14**\n\n**20**\n\n [Estadio Nacional Complutense](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n Test |\n |\n**152**\n\n 2023\\-04\\-01 |\n |\n**20**\n\n**35**\n\n [Estadio Nacional Complutense](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n Test |\n |\n**153**\n\n 2023\\-07\\-15 |\n |\n**19**\n\n**27**\n\n [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\") |\n Test |\n |\n**154**\n\n 2023\\-07\\-22 |\n |\n**0**\n\n**23**\n\n [Stadio Walter Beltrametti](/wiki/Rugby_Lyons_Piacenza \"Rugby Lyons Piacenza\"), [Piacenza](/wiki/Piacenza \"Piacenza\") |\n [2023 WXV Qualifier](/wiki/2023_WXV \"2023 WXV\") |\n |\n**155**\n\n 2023\\-09\\-30 |\n |\n**5**\n\n**36**\n\n [Hive Stadium](/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby_Stadium \"Edinburgh Rugby Stadium\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") |\n |\n |\n**156**\n\n 2023\\-10\\-14 |\n |\n**32**\n\n**0**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2023 WXV 3](/wiki/2023_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2023 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**157**\n\n 2023\\-10\\-20 |\n |\n**26**\n\n**19**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2023 WXV 3](/wiki/2023_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2023 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**158**\n\n 2023\\-10\\-28 |\n |\n**13**\n\n**15**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2023 WXV 3](/wiki/2023_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2023 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n\n### 2024\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n**159**\n\n 2024\\-03\\-23 |\n |\n **13** |\n**15**\n\n [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") |\n |\n |\n**160**\n\n 2024\\-03\\-30 |\n |\n **24** |\n**0**\n\n [Sitges](/wiki/Sitges \"Sitges\") |\n [2024 REWC](/wiki/2024_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2024 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") |\n |\n**161**\n\n 2024\\-04\\-06 |\n |\n **22** |\n**5**\n\n [NRCA Stadium](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") |\n [2024 REWC](/wiki/2024_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2024 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") |\n |\n**162**\n\n 2024\\-04\\-12 |\n |\n **53** |\n**0**\n\n [Trelleborg](/wiki/Trelleborg \"Trelleborg\") |\n [2024 REWC](/wiki/2024_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2024 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") |\n |\n**163**\n\n 2024\\-06\\-29 |\n |\n **20** |\n**52**\n\n [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\") |\n [2024 WXV Qualifier](/wiki/2024_WXV%23European_play-in \"2024 WXV#European play-in\") |\n |\n**164**\n\n 2024\\-09\\-19 |\n |\n **19** |\n**36**\n\n [DHL Stadium](/wiki/Cape_Town_Stadium \"Cape Town Stadium\"), [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") |\n Test |\n |\n**165**\n\n 2024\\-09\\-27 |\n |\n **83** |\n**0**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2024 WXV 3](/wiki/2024_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2024 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**166**\n\n 2024\\-10\\-05 |\n |\n **20** |\n**0**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2024 WXV 3](/wiki/2024_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2024 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**167**\n\n 2024\\-10\\-12 |\n |\n **10** |\n**8**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2024 WXV 3](/wiki/2024_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2024 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n",
"### 1989–1995\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **1** 1989\\-05\\-02 | | **0** | **20** | Unknown | Test | |\n **2** 1991\\-04\\-06 | | **0** | **12** [St Helen's Ground](/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Rugby_and_Cricket_Ground \"St Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground\"), [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea \"Swansea\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **3** 1991\\-04\\-10 | | **13** | **7** [Memorial Ground](/wiki/Glamorgan_Wanderers_RFC \"Glamorgan Wanderers RFC\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **4** 1991\\-04\\-11 | | **32** | **0** [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **5** 1991\\-04\\-12 | | **8** | **0** [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **6** 1991\\-04\\-13 | | **4** | **19** [Memorial Ground](/wiki/Glamorgan_Wanderers_RFC \"Glamorgan Wanderers RFC\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [**1991 World Cup**](/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1991 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **7** 1992\\-06\\-13 | | **10** | **14** [Agen](/wiki/Agen \"Agen\") | Test | |\n **8** 1994\\-05\\-14 | | **0** | **3** Ciudad Deportiva, [Getafe](/wiki/Getafe \"Getafe\") | Test | |\n **9** 1995\\-04\\-12 | | **5** | **0** [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\") | [1995 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1995_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1995 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **10** 1995\\-04\\-16 | | **22** | **6** [Treviso](/wiki/Treviso \"Treviso\") | [1995 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1995_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1995 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n",
"### 1996–1997\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **11** 1996\\-01\\-07 | | **7** | **5** [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | Test | |\n **12** 1996\\-04\\-10 | | **53** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [1996 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1996_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1996 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **13** 1996\\-04\\-12 | | **29** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [1996 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1996_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1996 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **14** 1996\\-04\\-14 | | **10** | **15** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [1996 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1996_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1996 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **15** 1997\\-01\\-05 | | **15** | **17** [Leeds](/wiki/Leeds \"Leeds\") | Test | |\n **16** 1997\\-04\\-02 | | **27** | **0** [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") | [1997 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1997_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1997 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **17** 1997\\-04\\-04 | | **10** | **11** [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") | [1997 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1997_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1997 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **18** 1997\\-04\\-06 | | **25** | **8** [Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\") | [1997 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1997_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1997 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **19** 1997\\-12\\-07 | | **15** | **15** [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spain \"Toledo, Spain\") | Test | |\n",
"### 1998–1999\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **20** 1998\\-02\\-15 | | **29** | **5** [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | Test | |\n **21** 1998\\-02\\-15 | | **29** | **3** [Estadi De Rugby](/wiki/RC_L%27Hospitalet \"RC L'Hospitalet\"), [L'Hospitalet de Llobregat](/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat \"L'Hospitalet de Llobregat\") | Test | |\n **22** 1998\\-05\\-02 | | **28** | **18** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **23** 1998\\-05\\-05 | | **16** | **38** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **24** 1998\\-05\\-09 | | **3** | **46** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **25** 1998\\-05\\-12 | | **15** | **17** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **26** 1998\\-05\\-16 | | **22** | **9** [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [**1998 World Cup**](/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"1998 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **27** 1998\\-12\\-05 | | **3** | **5** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n **28** 1999\\-04\\-19 | | **14** | **8** [Belluno](/wiki/Belluno \"Belluno\") | [1999 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1999_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1999 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **29** 1999\\-04\\-21 | | **11** | **9** [Belluno](/wiki/Belluno \"Belluno\") | [1999 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1999_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1999 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **30** 1999\\-04\\-24 | | **5** | **13** [Belluno](/wiki/Belluno \"Belluno\") | [1999 FIRA Championship](/wiki/1999_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"1999 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n",
"### 2000\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **31** 2000\\-01\\-09 | | **10** | **41** [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") | Test | |\n **32** 2000\\-02\\-06 | | **7** | **31** [Banbury](/wiki/Banbury \"Banbury\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **33** 2000\\-02\\-18 | | **13** | **9** [Murcia](/wiki/Murcia \"Murcia\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **34** 2000\\-03\\-18 | | **5** | **38** [Dax](/wiki/Dax%2C_Landes \"Dax, Landes\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **35** 2000\\-04\\-01 | | **18** | **10** [Majadahonda](/wiki/Majadahonda \"Majadahonda\") | [2000 Five Nations](/wiki/2000_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2000 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **36** 2000\\-05\\-08 | | **58** | **16** [Roquetas de Mar](/wiki/Roquetas_de_Mar \"Roquetas de Mar\") | [2000 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2000_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **37** 2000\\-05\\-10 | | **13** | **10** [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") | [2000 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2000_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **38** 2000\\-05\\-13 | | **0** | **31** [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") | [2000 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2000_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n",
"### 2001\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **39** 2001\\-02\\-09 | | **42** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n **40** 2001\\-02\\-18 | | **12** | **28** [Worcester](/wiki/Worcester%2C_England \"Worcester, England\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **41** 2001\\-03\\-03 | | **6** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **42** 2001\\-03\\-18 | | **8** | **19** [Greenyards](/wiki/Greenyards \"Greenyards\"), [Melrose](/wiki/Melrose%2C_Scottish_Borders \"Melrose, Scottish Borders\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **43** 2001\\-04\\-08 | | **5** | **0** [Wrexham](/wiki/Wrexham \"Wrexham\") | [2001 Five Nations](/wiki/2001_Women%27s_Five_Nations_Championship \"2001 Women's Five Nations Championship\") | |\n **44** 2001\\-05\\-06 | | **34** | **3** [Lille](/wiki/Lille \"Lille\") | [2001 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2001_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2001 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **45** 2001\\-05\\-10 | | **15** | **8** [Roubaix](/wiki/Roubaix \"Roubaix\") | [2001 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2001_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2001 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **46** 2001\\-05\\-12 | | **3** | **15** [Stadium Lille Métropole](/wiki/Stadium_Lille_M%C3%A9tropole \"Stadium Lille Métropole\") | [2001 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2001_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2001 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n",
"### 2002\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **47** 2002\\-01\\-04 | | **15** | **5** [San Sebastián](/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"San Sebastián\") | Test | |\n **48** 2002\\-02\\-02 | | **0** | **24** [Bègles](/wiki/B%C3%A8gles \"Bègles\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **49** 2002\\-02\\-16 | | **14** | **17** [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **50** 2002\\-03\\-02 | | **20** | **0** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **51** 2002\\-03\\-25 | | **8** | **6** [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **52** 2002\\-04\\-07 | | **14** | **53** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2002 Six Nations](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2002 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **53** 2002\\-05\\-12 | | **62** | **0** [Cornellà de Llobregat](/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat \"Cornellà de Llobregat\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **54** 2002\\-05\\-18 | | **5** | **13** [Cornellà de Llobregat](/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat \"Cornellà de Llobregat\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **55** 2002\\-05\\-21 | | **16** | **23** [Cornellà de Llobregat](/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0_de_Llobregat \"Cornellà de Llobregat\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **56** 2002\\-05\\-25 | | **5** | **23** [Estadi Baldiri Aleu](/wiki/Estadi_Baldiri_Aleu \"Estadi Baldiri Aleu\") | [**2002 World Cup**](/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2002 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n",
"### 2003\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **57** 2003\\-02\\-15 | | **0** | **44** [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **58** 2003\\-02\\-22 | | **0** | **16** [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **59** 2003\\-03\\-09 | | **0** | **69** [Twickenham Stoop](/wiki/Twickenham_Stoop \"Twickenham Stoop\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **60** 2003\\-03\\-22 | | **7** | **27** [Girona](/wiki/Girona \"Girona\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **61** 2003\\-03\\-29 | | **7** | **48** [Meadowbank Stadium](/wiki/Meadowbank_Stadium \"Meadowbank Stadium\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") | [2003 Six Nations](/wiki/2003_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2003 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **62** 2003\\-05\\-01 | | **29** | **5** [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 \"Malmö\") | [2003 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2003_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2003 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **63** 2003\\-05\\-03 | | **16** | **10** [Malmö](/wiki/Malm%C3%B6 \"Malmö\") | [2003 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2003_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2003 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n",
"### 2004\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **64** 2004\\-02\\-15 | | **3** | **71** | Pinares de Venecia, [Zaragoza](/wiki/Zaragoza \"Zaragoza\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **65** 2004\\-02\\-21 | | **0** | **24** | [Perpignan](/wiki/Perpignan \"Perpignan\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **66** 2004\\-03\\-06 | | **6** | **5** | [Lalín](/wiki/Lal%C3%ADn \"Lalín\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **67** 2004\\-03\\-20 | | **8** | **7** | [Thomond Park](/wiki/Thomond_Park \"Thomond Park\"), [Limerick](/wiki/Limerick \"Limerick\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **68** 2004\\-03\\-27 | | **12** | **7** | [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\"), [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") | [2004 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2004 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **69** 2004\\-05\\-01 | | **5** | **24** | [Castres](/wiki/Castres \"Castres\") | [2004 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2004_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2004 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **70** 2004\\-05\\-05 | | **31** | **5** | [Quint\\-Fonsegrives](/wiki/Quint-Fonsegrives \"Quint-Fonsegrives\") | [2004 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2004_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2004 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **71** 2004\\-05\\-08 | | **12** | **20** | Lalande Aucamville, [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\") | [2004 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2004_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2004 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n",
"### 2005\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **72** 2005\\-02\\-05 | | **19** | **17** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **73** 2005\\-02\\-12 | | **10** | **10** | [Ourense](/wiki/Ourense \"Ourense\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **74** 2005\\-02\\-26 | | **3** | **19** | [New Anniesland](/wiki/New_Anniesland \"New Anniesland\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **75** 2005\\-03\\-12 | | **0** | **76** | Imber Court, [London](/wiki/London \"London\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **76** 2005\\-03\\-19 | | **0** | **39** | [Sant Boi de Llobregat](/wiki/Sant_Boi_de_Llobregat \"Sant Boi de Llobregat\") | [2005 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2005_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2005 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n",
"### 2006\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **77** 2006\\-02\\-04 | | **10** | **25** | [Energia Park](/wiki/Donnybrook_Stadium \"Donnybrook Stadium\"), [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin \"Dublin\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **78** 2006\\-02\\-11 | | **3** | **86** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **79** 2006\\-02\\-25 | | **0** | **38** | [Saint\\-Jean\\-de\\-Luz](/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Luz \"Saint-Jean-de-Luz\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **80** 2006\\-03\\-10 | | **0** | **10** | [Sardis Road](/wiki/Sardis_Road \"Sardis Road\"), [Pontypridd](/wiki/Pontypridd \"Pontypridd\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **81** 2006\\-03\\-18 | | **12** | **16** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2006 RBS 6 Nations](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship \"2006 Women's Six Nations Championship\") | |\n **82** 2006\\-08\\-31 | | **0** | **24** | St. Albert Rugby Park, [St. Albert](/wiki/St._Albert%2C_Alberta \"St. Albert, Alberta\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **83** 2006\\-09\\-04 | | **0** | **79** | St. Albert Rugby Park, [St. Albert](/wiki/St._Albert%2C_Alberta \"St. Albert, Alberta\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **84** 2006\\-09\\-08 | | **14** | **12** | [Ellerslie Rugby Park](/wiki/Ellerslie_Rugby_Park \"Ellerslie Rugby Park\"), [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **85** 2006\\-09\\-12 | | **17** | **12** | [Ellerslie Rugby Park](/wiki/Ellerslie_Rugby_Park \"Ellerslie Rugby Park\"), [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **86** 2006\\-09\\-16 | | **10** | **5** | [Ellerslie Rugby Park](/wiki/Ellerslie_Rugby_Park \"Ellerslie Rugby Park\"), [Edmonton](/wiki/Edmonton \"Edmonton\") | [**2006 World Cup**](/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2006 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n",
"### 2007–2009\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **87** 2007\\-04\\-28 | | **15** | **6** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **88** 2007\\-04\\-30 | | **54** | **3** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **89** 2007\\-05\\-02 | | **22** | **22** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **90** 2007\\-05\\-05 | | **37** | **0** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2007 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2007_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2007 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **91** 2008\\-05\\-17 | | **7** | **41** | [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [2008 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2008_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2008 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **92** 2008\\-05\\-20 | | **20** | **0** | [Drachten](/wiki/Drachten \"Drachten\") | [2008 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2008_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2008 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **93** 2008\\-05\\-24 | | **25** | **27** | [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [2008 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2008_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2008 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **94** 2009\\-05\\-17 | | **74** | **0** | Kristinebergs IP, [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") | [2009 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2009_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2009 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **95** 2009\\-05\\-20 | | **6** | **11** | Körsangens IP, [Enköping](/wiki/Enk%C3%B6ping \"Enköping\") | [2009 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2009_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2009 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **96** 2009\\-05\\-23 | | **12** | **7** | Kristinebergs IP, [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") | [2009 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2009_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2009 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n",
"### 2010–2012\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **97** 2010\\-05\\-08 | | **26** | **12** | Plaine des Jeux, [Longwy](/wiki/Longwy \"Longwy\") | [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **98** 2010\\-05\\-12 | | **66** | **0** | Stade de la Grange aux Bois, [Metz](/wiki/Metz \"Metz\") | [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **99** 2010\\-05\\-15 | | **31** | **13** | [Stade de la Meinau](/wiki/Stade_de_la_Meinau \"Stade de la Meinau\"), [Strasbourg](/wiki/Strasbourg \"Strasbourg\") | [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **100** 2011\\-01\\-03 | | **28** | **13** | [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | 100th Test | |\n **101** 2011\\-04\\-30 | | **119** | **0** | Elviña, [A Coruña](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a \"A Coruña\") | [2011 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2011_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **102** 2011\\-05\\-04 | | **18** | **3** | Elviña, [A Coruña](/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a \"A Coruña\") | [2011 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2011_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") | |\n **103** 2012\\-05\\-13 | | **0** | **61** | [Rovereto](/wiki/Rovereto \"Rovereto\") | [2012 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2012_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2012 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **104** 2012\\-05\\-16 | | **3** | **60** | [Rovereto](/wiki/Rovereto \"Rovereto\") | [2012 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2012_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2012 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **105** 2012\\-05\\-19 | | **3** | **54** | [Rovereto](/wiki/Rovereto \"Rovereto\") | [2012 FIRA Championship](/wiki/2012_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Championship \"2012 FIRA Women's European Championship\") | |\n **106** 2012\\-12\\-03 | | **12** | **29** | Centro Sportivo Giulio Onesti, [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\") | Test | |\n",
"### 2013–2014\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **107** 2013\\-04\\-20 | | **55** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2014 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2013_Women%27s_European_Qualification_Tournament \"2013 Women's European Qualification Tournament\") | |\n **108** 2013\\-04\\-23 | | **78** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2014 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2013_Women%27s_European_Qualification_Tournament \"2013 Women's European Qualification Tournament\") | |\n **109** 2013\\-04\\-27 | | **38** | **7** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2014 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2013_Women%27s_European_Qualification_Tournament \"2013 Women's European Qualification Tournament\") | |\n **110** 2014\\-07\\-01 | | **3** | **37** | [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") | Test | |\n **111** 2014\\-08\\-01 | | **5** | **31** | [NRC Pitch 2](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **112** 2014\\-08\\-05 | | **5** | **45** | [NRC Pitch 1](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **113** 2014\\-08\\-09 | | **41** | **5** | [NRC Pitch 2](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **114** 2014\\-08\\-13 | | **18** | **5** | [NRC Pitch 1](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **115** 2014\\-08\\-17 | | **36** | **0** | [NRC Pitch 1](/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France%23National_Rugby_Centre_%28CNR%29 \"Rugby union in France#National Rugby Centre (CNR)\"), [Marcoussis](/wiki/Marcoussis \"Marcoussis\") | [**2014 World Cup**](/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2014 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n",
"### 2015–2017\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **116** 2015\\-11\\-22 | | **10** | **34** | [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") | Test | |\n **117** 2015\\-12\\-19 | | **57** | **0** | Valle del Arcipreste, [Majadahonda](/wiki/Majadahonda \"Majadahonda\") | Test | |\n **118** 2016\\-10\\-06 | | **76** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2016 REWC](/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2016 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **119** 2016\\-10\\-09 | | **97** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2016 REWC](/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2016 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **120** 2016\\-10\\-15 | | **35** | **7** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2016 REWC](/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2016 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **121** 2016\\-11\\-18 | | **10** | **5** | [Scotstoun Stadium](/wiki/Scotstoun_Stadium \"Scotstoun Stadium\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") | [2017 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **122** 2016\\-11\\-26 | | **15** | **10** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2017 RWC Qualifier](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **123** 2017\\-06\\-03 | | **41** | **18** | Estadio Municipal, [Medina del Campo](/wiki/Medina_del_Campo \"Medina del Campo\") | Test | |\n **124** 2017\\-07\\-08 | | **21** | **26** | [The Vale Resort](/wiki/The_Vale_Resort \"The Vale Resort\"), [Vale of Glamorgan](/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan \"Vale of Glamorgan\") | Test | |\n **125** 2017\\-08\\-09 | | **5** | **56** | [UCD Bowl](/wiki/UCD_Bowl \"UCD Bowl\"), [Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown \"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **126** 2017\\-08\\-13 | | **0** | **43** | [UCD Bowl](/wiki/UCD_Bowl \"UCD Bowl\"), [Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown \"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **127** 2017\\-08\\-17 | | **22** | **8** | [UCD Bowl](/wiki/UCD_Bowl \"UCD Bowl\"), [Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown](/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown \"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **128** 2017\\-08\\-22 | | **31** | **7** | [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"), [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n **129** 2017\\-08\\-26 | | **15** | **20** | [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\"), [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\") | [**2017 World Cup**](/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup \"2017 Women's Rugby World Cup\") | |\n",
"### 2018–2019\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **130** 2018\\-02\\-27 | | **44** | **0** | [Stade du Pachy](/wiki/ASUB_Waterloo \"ASUB Waterloo\"), [Waterloo](/wiki/Waterloo%2C_Belgium \"Waterloo, Belgium\") | [2018 REWC](/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2018 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **131** 2018\\-03\\-03 | | **40** | **7** | [Stade du Heysel](/wiki/King_Baudouin_Stadium \"King Baudouin Stadium\"), [Brussels](/wiki/Brussels \"Brussels\") | [2018 REWC](/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2018 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **132** 2018\\-11\\-11 | | **60** | **5** | [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") | Test | |\n **133** 2018\\-11\\-17 | | **17** | **5** | [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") | Test | |\n **134** 2019\\-01\\-20 | | **29** | **24** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n **135** 2019\\-02\\-23 | | **41** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2019 REWC](/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2019 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **136** 2019\\-03\\-30 | | **54** | **0** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2019 REWC](/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2019 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **137** 2019\\-09\\-21 | | **29** | **12** | WJ De Wet Stadium, [Despatch](/wiki/Despatch%2C_South_Africa \"Despatch, South Africa\") | Test | |\n **138** 2019\\-11\\-03 | | **29** | **5** | [Campo Central CIU](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | Test | |\n",
"### 2020–2022\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **139** 2020\\-01\\-19 | | **12** | **36** | [Estadio Municipal Juan Rojas](/wiki/Estadio_Municipal_Juan_Rojas \"Estadio Municipal Juan Rojas\"), [Almería](/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa \"Almería\") | Test | |\n **140** 2021\\-02\\-20 | | **56** | **7** | [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\"), [Guadalajara](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Spain \"Guadalajara, Spain\") | [2020 REWC](/wiki/2020_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2020 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **141** 2021\\-02\\-27 | | **87** | **0** | [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\"), [Guadalajara](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Spain \"Guadalajara, Spain\") | [2020 REWC](/wiki/2020_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2020 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **142** 2021\\-09\\-13 | | **8** | **7** | [Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi](/wiki/Stadio_Sergio_Lanfranchi \"Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi\"), [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\") | [2021 World Cup Qualifier](/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2021 Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **143** 2021\\-09\\-19 | | **22** | **27** | [Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi](/wiki/Stadio_Sergio_Lanfranchi \"Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi\"), [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\") | [2021 World Cup Qualifier](/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2021 Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **144** 2021\\-09\\-25 | | **10** | **34** | [Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi](/wiki/Stadio_Sergio_Lanfranchi \"Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi\"), [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\") | [2021 World Cup Qualifier](/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup_qualifying \"2021 Rugby World Cup qualifying\") | |\n **145** 2022\\-02\\-19 | | **69** | **0** | [National Rugby Center](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") | [2022 REWC](/wiki/2022_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2022 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **146** 2022\\-02\\-26 | | **27** | **0** | [Las Terrazas](/wiki/Campo_de_Rugby_Las_Terrazas \"Campo de Rugby Las Terrazas\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") | [2022 REWC](/wiki/2022_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2022 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **147** 2022\\-08\\-13 | | **5** | **44** | [Ellis Park](/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium \"Ellis Park Stadium\"), [Johannesburg](/wiki/Johannesburg \"Johannesburg\") | Test | |\n **148** 2022\\-08\\-19 | | **14** | **37** | [Absa Puk Oval](/wiki/Absa_Puk_Oval \"Absa Puk Oval\"), [Potchefstroom](/wiki/Potchefstroom \"Potchefstroom\") | Test | |\n",
"### 2023\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n **149** 2023\\-02\\-19 | | **70** | **0** | Poliesportiu de Pins Vens, [Sitges](/wiki/Sitges \"Sitges\") | [2023 REWC](/wiki/2023_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2023 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n **150** 2023\\-02\\-25 | | **90** | **5** | [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") | [2023 REWC](/wiki/2023_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2023 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") | |\n**151**\n\n 2023\\-03\\-25 |\n |\n**14**\n\n**20**\n\n [Estadio Nacional Complutense](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n Test |\n |\n**152**\n\n 2023\\-04\\-01 |\n |\n**20**\n\n**35**\n\n [Estadio Nacional Complutense](/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_Complutense \"Estadio Nacional Complutense\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n Test |\n |\n**153**\n\n 2023\\-07\\-15 |\n |\n**19**\n\n**27**\n\n [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\") |\n Test |\n |\n**154**\n\n 2023\\-07\\-22 |\n |\n**0**\n\n**23**\n\n [Stadio Walter Beltrametti](/wiki/Rugby_Lyons_Piacenza \"Rugby Lyons Piacenza\"), [Piacenza](/wiki/Piacenza \"Piacenza\") |\n [2023 WXV Qualifier](/wiki/2023_WXV \"2023 WXV\") |\n |\n**155**\n\n 2023\\-09\\-30 |\n |\n**5**\n\n**36**\n\n [Hive Stadium](/wiki/Edinburgh_Rugby_Stadium \"Edinburgh Rugby Stadium\"), [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\") |\n |\n |\n**156**\n\n 2023\\-10\\-14 |\n |\n**32**\n\n**0**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2023 WXV 3](/wiki/2023_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2023 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**157**\n\n 2023\\-10\\-20 |\n |\n**26**\n\n**19**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2023 WXV 3](/wiki/2023_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2023 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**158**\n\n 2023\\-10\\-28 |\n |\n**13**\n\n**15**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2023 WXV 3](/wiki/2023_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2023 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n",
"### 2024\n\n|Test Date Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n**159**\n\n 2024\\-03\\-23 |\n |\n **13** |\n**15**\n\n [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") |\n |\n |\n**160**\n\n 2024\\-03\\-30 |\n |\n **24** |\n**0**\n\n [Sitges](/wiki/Sitges \"Sitges\") |\n [2024 REWC](/wiki/2024_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2024 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") |\n |\n**161**\n\n 2024\\-04\\-06 |\n |\n **22** |\n**5**\n\n [NRCA Stadium](/wiki/NRCA_Stadium \"NRCA Stadium\"), [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\") |\n [2024 REWC](/wiki/2024_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2024 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") |\n |\n**162**\n\n 2024\\-04\\-12 |\n |\n **53** |\n**0**\n\n [Trelleborg](/wiki/Trelleborg \"Trelleborg\") |\n [2024 REWC](/wiki/2024_Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship \"2024 Rugby Europe Women's Championship\") |\n |\n**163**\n\n 2024\\-06\\-29 |\n |\n **20** |\n**52**\n\n [Cardiff Arms Park](/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park \"Cardiff Arms Park\") |\n [2024 WXV Qualifier](/wiki/2024_WXV%23European_play-in \"2024 WXV#European play-in\") |\n |\n**164**\n\n 2024\\-09\\-19 |\n |\n **19** |\n**36**\n\n [DHL Stadium](/wiki/Cape_Town_Stadium \"Cape Town Stadium\"), [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\") |\n Test |\n |\n**165**\n\n 2024\\-09\\-27 |\n |\n **83** |\n**0**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2024 WXV 3](/wiki/2024_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2024 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**166**\n\n 2024\\-10\\-05 |\n |\n **20** |\n**0**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2024 WXV 3](/wiki/2024_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2024 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n**167**\n\n 2024\\-10\\-12 |\n |\n **10** |\n**8**\n\n [The Sevens Stadium](/wiki/The_Sevens_Stadium \"The Sevens Stadium\"), [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n [2024 WXV 3](/wiki/2024_WXV%23WXV_3 \"2024 WXV#WXV 3\") |\n |\n",
"Other matches\n-------------\n\n| Date | Spain | Score | Opponent | Venue | Event | Ref |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n 2002\\-01\\-19 |\n\n **5–10** |\n |\n [Cornella](/wiki/Cornella \"Cornella\") |\n |\n |\n 2003\\-02\\-01 |\n\n **0–34** |\n |\n [Cornella](/wiki/Cornella \"Cornella\") |\n |\n |\n 2004\\-01\\-31 |\n\n **5–35** |\n |\n [Imber Court](/wiki/Imber_Court \"Imber Court\") |\n |\n |\n 2006\\-01\\-07 |\n\n **54–5** |\n |\n [Plaiaundi](/wiki/Plaiaundi \"Plaiaundi\"), [Irun](/wiki/Irun \"Irun\") |\n |\n |\n 2008\\-02\\-09 |\n\n **5–22** |\n |\n [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n |\n |\n 2009\\-02\\-07 |\n\n **0–29** |\n |\n [London Welsh](/wiki/London_Welsh \"London Welsh\") |\n |\n |\n 2010\\-02\\-14 |\n\n **5–10** |\n |\n [Las Mestas Sports Complex](/wiki/Las_Mestas_Sports_Complex \"Las Mestas Sports Complex\"), [Gijón](/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n \"Gijón\") |\n |\n |\n 2010\\-05\\-10 |\n\n **22–5** |\n |\n [Verdun](/wiki/Verdun \"Verdun\") |\n [2010 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2010_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2010 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") |\n |\n 2011\\-03\\-19 |\n\n **7–34** |\n |\n [Surrey Sports Park Pitch 1](/wiki/University_of_Surrey \"University of Surrey\"), [Guildford](/wiki/Guildford \"Guildford\") |\n |\n |\n 2011\\-05\\-02 |\n\n **12–11** |\n |\n [University of A Coruña](/wiki/University_of_A_Coru%C3%B1a \"University of A Coruña\") |\n [2011 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2011_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") |\n |\n 2011\\-05\\-07 |\n\n **3–5** |\n |\n [University of A Coruña](/wiki/University_of_A_Coru%C3%B1a \"University of A Coruña\") |\n [2011 FIRA Trophy](/wiki/2011_FIRA_Women%27s_European_Trophy \"2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy\") |\n |\n 2013\\-01\\-05 |\n\n **0–7** |\n |\n National Centre of Excellence, [Cardiff](/wiki/Cardiff \"Cardiff\") |\n |\n |\n 2013\\-01\\-20 |\n\n **7–39** |\n |\n Ashbourne Recreation Ground, [Ashbourne](/wiki/Ashbourne%2C_County_Meath \"Ashbourne, County Meath\") |\n |\n |\n 2013\\-02\\-23 |\n\n **29–19** |\n [21x21px](/wiki/File:Celeste_e_Blu.png \"Celeste e Blu.png\") [Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_Women%27s_rugby_team \"Nomads Women's rugby team\") |\n [Las Mestas](/wiki/Las_Mestas_Sports_Complex \"Las Mestas Sports Complex\"), [Gijón](/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n \"Gijón\") |\n |\n |\n 2014\\-07\\-05 |\n\n **20–36** |\n |\n [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") |\n |\n |\n 2015\\-12\\-15 |\n\n **59–12** |\n |\n Hortaleza, [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n |\n |\n 2016\\-09\\-10 |\n\n **116–0** |\n |\n Gamarra, [Vitoria\\-Gasteiz](/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz \"Vitoria-Gasteiz\") |\n |\n |\n 2017\\-01\\-14 |\n\n **0–39** |\n |\n El Pantano, [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") |\n |\n |\n 2017\\-03\\-25 |\n\n **53–7** |\n [División de Honor All\\-Star](/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Honor_Femenina_de_Rugby \"División de Honor Femenina de Rugby\") |\n Valle del Arcipreste, [Majadahonda](/wiki/Majadahonda \"Majadahonda\") |\n |\n |\n 2017\\-05\\-30 |\n\n **19–8** |\n |\n [Estadio Pepe Rojo](/wiki/Estadio_Pepe_Rojo \"Estadio Pepe Rojo\"), [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") |\n |\n |\n 2017\\-07\\-22 |\n\n **15–7** |\n |\n [Brunel University London](/wiki/Brunel_University_London \"Brunel University London\") |\n |\n |\n 2017\\-11\\-05 |\n\n **5–24** |\n |\n Valle del Arcipreste, [Majadahonda](/wiki/Majadahonda \"Majadahonda\") |\n |\n |\n 2017\\-11\\-11 |\n\n **0–97** |\n |\n [Estadio Pedro Escartín](/wiki/Estadio_Pedro_Escart%C3%ADn \"Estadio Pedro Escartín\"), [Guadalajara](/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Spain \"Guadalajara, Spain\") |\n |\n |\n 2019\\-09\\-14 |\n\n **17–5** |\n |\n [Despatch](/wiki/Despatch%2C_South_Africa \"Despatch, South Africa\") |\n |\n |\n 2023\\-02\\-11 |\n\n **10–5** |\n |\n [Estadi Baldiri Aleu](/wiki/Estadi_Baldiri_Aleu \"Estadi Baldiri Aleu\"), [Sant Boi de Llobregat](/wiki/Sant_Boi_de_Llobregat \"Sant Boi de Llobregat\") |\n |\n |\n 2023\\-02\\-11 |\n\n **5–22** |\n |\n [Estadi Baldiri Aleu](/wiki/Estadi_Baldiri_Aleu \"Estadi Baldiri Aleu\"), [Sant Boi de Llobregat](/wiki/Sant_Boi_de_Llobregat \"Sant Boi de Llobregat\") |\n |\n |\n 2023\\-07\\-09 |\n\n **12–44** |\n |\n [Las Terrazas](/wiki/Campo_de_Rugby_Las_Terrazas \"Campo de Rugby Las Terrazas\"), [Madrid](/wiki/Madrid \"Madrid\") |\n |\n |\n 2024\\-07\\-09 |\n\n **12–27** |\n |\n Amorós Palao, [Elche](/wiki/Elche \"Elche\") |\n |\n |\n 2024\\-06\\-15 |\n\n **26–27** |\n |\n [Campo del Pantano](/wiki/CR_La_Vila \"CR La Vila\"), [Villajoyosa](/wiki/Villajoyosa \"Villajoyosa\") |\n |\n |\n\n### Other teams\n\n| Date | Team | Score | Opponent | Venue |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1989\\-06\\-03 |\n\n **30–4** |\n |\n [Pieve di Cento](/wiki/Pieve_di_Cento \"Pieve di Cento\") |\n| 1990\\-10\\-21 |\n\n **4–0** |\n |\n [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") |\n| 1995\\-05\\-06 |\n\n **75–3** |\n |\n [Rottweil](/wiki/Rottweil \"Rottweil\") |\n| 1996 | | **32–0** | | Unknown |\n| 1998 | | **0–15** | [21x21px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg \"Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg\") [Com. of Madrid](/wiki/Community_of_Madrid \"Community of Madrid\") | Unknown |\n| 1998 | | **12–5** | [21x21px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Andalusia.svg \"Flag of Andalusia.svg\") [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\") | [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") |\n| 2000\\-03\\-31 |\n\n **21–50** |\n |\n [Aubagne](/wiki/Aubagne \"Aubagne\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\") |\n| 2000 | | **86–0** | [22x22px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg \"Flag of Aragon.svg\") [Aragon](/wiki/Aragon \"Aragon\") | Unknown |\n| 2001 | | **5–5** | [22x22px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Navarre.svg \"Flag of Navarre.svg\") [Navarre](/wiki/Navarre \"Navarre\") | Unknown |\n| 2006 | | **46–5** | [22x22px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Navarre.svg \"Flag of Navarre.svg\") [Navarre](/wiki/Navarre \"Navarre\") | Unknown |\n| 2009\\-04\\-21 |\n\n **10–24** |\n |\n [RC Waterland](/wiki/RC_Waterland \"RC Waterland\") |\n| 2010\\-03\\-14 |\n\n **12–17** |\n |\n [Lleida](/wiki/L%C3%A9rida \"Lérida\") |\n| 2010\\-12\\-05 |\n\n **22–15** |\n |\n [Durango, Biscay](/wiki/Durango%2C_Biscay \"Durango, Biscay\") |\n| 2012\\-02\\-05 |\n\n **7–16** |\n |\n [Estádio Universitário de Lisboa](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Lisboa \"Estádio Universitário de Lisboa\") |\n| 2016\\-02\\-06 | | **5–42** | | [Hernani](/wiki/Hernani%2C_Gipuzkoa \"Hernani, Gipuzkoa\") |\n\n",
"### Other teams\n\n| Date | Team | Score | Opponent | Venue |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1989\\-06\\-03 |\n\n **30–4** |\n |\n [Pieve di Cento](/wiki/Pieve_di_Cento \"Pieve di Cento\") |\n| 1990\\-10\\-21 |\n\n **4–0** |\n |\n [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") |\n| 1995\\-05\\-06 |\n\n **75–3** |\n |\n [Rottweil](/wiki/Rottweil \"Rottweil\") |\n| 1996 | | **32–0** | | Unknown |\n| 1998 | | **0–15** | [21x21px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Community_of_Madrid.svg \"Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg\") [Com. of Madrid](/wiki/Community_of_Madrid \"Community of Madrid\") | Unknown |\n| 1998 | | **12–5** | [21x21px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Andalusia.svg \"Flag of Andalusia.svg\") [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia \"Andalusia\") | [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\") |\n| 2000\\-03\\-31 |\n\n **21–50** |\n |\n [Aubagne](/wiki/Aubagne \"Aubagne\"), [France](/wiki/France \"France\") |\n| 2000 | | **86–0** | [22x22px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg \"Flag of Aragon.svg\") [Aragon](/wiki/Aragon \"Aragon\") | Unknown |\n| 2001 | | **5–5** | [22x22px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Navarre.svg \"Flag of Navarre.svg\") [Navarre](/wiki/Navarre \"Navarre\") | Unknown |\n| 2006 | | **46–5** | [22x22px](/wiki/File:Flag_of_Navarre.svg \"Flag of Navarre.svg\") [Navarre](/wiki/Navarre \"Navarre\") | Unknown |\n| 2009\\-04\\-21 |\n\n **10–24** |\n |\n [RC Waterland](/wiki/RC_Waterland \"RC Waterland\") |\n| 2010\\-03\\-14 |\n\n **12–17** |\n |\n [Lleida](/wiki/L%C3%A9rida \"Lérida\") |\n| 2010\\-12\\-05 |\n\n **22–15** |\n |\n [Durango, Biscay](/wiki/Durango%2C_Biscay \"Durango, Biscay\") |\n| 2012\\-02\\-05 |\n\n **7–16** |\n |\n [Estádio Universitário de Lisboa](/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Lisboa \"Estádio Universitário de Lisboa\") |\n| 2016\\-02\\-06 | | **5–42** | | [Hernani](/wiki/Hernani%2C_Gipuzkoa \"Hernani, Gipuzkoa\") |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Spain women's national rugby union team](/wiki/Category:Spain_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team \"Spain women's national rugby union team\")\n[Category:Women's rugby union in Spain](/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rugby_union_in_Spain \"Women's rugby union in Spain\")\n[Spain](/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rugby_union_matches \"Women's rugby union matches\")\n\n"
]
} |
Carlos Kuschel | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | 2ioex8eg4k0nuvbr89eqnde83qxq2o4 | 2024-08-20T14:44:49Z | 1,204,743,526 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Carlos Ignacio Kuschel Silva** (born 15 March 1953\\) is a [Chilean](/wiki/Chilean_people \"Chilean people\") politician who currently serves as a member of the [Senate of Chile](/wiki/Senate_of_Chile \"Senate of Chile\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [BCN Profile](https://www.bcn.cl/historiapolitica/resenas_parlamentarias/wiki/Carlos_Ignacio_Kuschel_Silva)\n\n[Category:1953 births](/wiki/Category:1953_births \"1953 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:University of Chile alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Chile_alumni \"University of Chile alumni\")\n[Category:National Renewal (Chile) politicians](/wiki/Category:National_Renewal_%28Chile%29_politicians \"National Renewal (Chile) politicians\")\n[Category:Deputies of the LIV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_LIV_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the LIV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the XLVIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_XLVIII_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the XLVIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the XLIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_XLIX_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the XLIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the L Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_L_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the L Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the LI Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_LI_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the LI Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the LII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_LII_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the LII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the LIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_LIII_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the LIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Deputies of the LV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_the_LV_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Deputies of the LV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Senators of the LII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Senators_of_the_LII_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Senators of the LII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Senators of the LIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Senators_of_the_LIII_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Senators of the LIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:Senators of the LVI Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile](/wiki/Category:Senators_of_the_LVI_Legislative_Period_of_the_National_Congress_of_Chile \"Senators of the LVI Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Chilean politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chilean_politicians \"20th-century Chilean politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Chilean politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Chilean_politicians \"21st-century Chilean politicians\")\n[Category:Mayors of places in Chile](/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Chile \"Mayors of places in Chile\")\n[Category:People from Llanquihue Province](/wiki/Category:People_from_Llanquihue_Province \"People from Llanquihue Province\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Mundhal Khurd Assembly constituency | {
"id": [
25082147
],
"name": [
"Mazewaxie"
]
} | p2z0bew5kq0ou4h7k287e64uovk10v8 | 2023-12-18T20:14:36Z | 1,190,060,253 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Members of the Legislative Assembly",
"Election results",
"Assembly Election 2005",
"Assembly Election 2000",
"Assembly Election 1996",
"Assembly Election 1991",
"Assembly Election 1987",
"Assembly Election 1982",
"Assembly Election 1977",
"Assembly Election 1972",
"Assembly Election 1968",
"Assembly Election 1967",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Mundhal Khurd Assembly constituency** was an assembly constituency in the [India](/wiki/India \"India\") [state](/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India \"States and territories of India\") of [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana \"Haryana\").\n\n",
"Members of the Legislative Assembly\n-----------------------------------\n\n| Election | Member | Party | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [1967](/wiki/1967_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | J. Singh | |\n| [1968](/wiki/1968_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Swaroop Singh | |\n| [1972](/wiki/1972_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") |\n| [1977](/wiki/1977_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Tek Ram | |\n| [1982](/wiki/1982_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Balbir Singh | |\n| [1987](/wiki/1987_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Vasudev |\n| [1991](/wiki/1991_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Chhatar Singh Chauhan | |\n| [1996](/wiki/1996_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") |\n| [2000](/wiki/2000_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Shashi Ranjan Panwar | |\n| [2005](/wiki/2005_Haryana_Legislative_Assembly_election \"2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\") | Ranbir Singh Mahendra | |\n\n",
"Election results\n----------------\n\n### Assembly Election 2005\n\n### Assembly Election 2000\n\n### Assembly Election 1996\n\n### Assembly Election 1991\n\n### Assembly Election 1987\n\n### Assembly Election 1982\n\n### Assembly Election 1977\n\n### Assembly Election 1972\n\n### Assembly Election 1968\n\n### Assembly Election 1967\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 2005\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 2000\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1996\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1991\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1987\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1982\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1977\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1972\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1968\n\n",
"### Assembly Election 1967\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana](/wiki/Category:Former_assembly_constituencies_of_Haryana \"Former assembly constituencies of Haryana\")\n[Category:Politics of Haryana](/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Haryana \"Politics of Haryana\")\n[Category:Constituencies established in 1967](/wiki/Category:Constituencies_established_in_1967 \"Constituencies established in 1967\")\n[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005](/wiki/Category:Constituencies_disestablished_in_2005 \"Constituencies disestablished in 2005\")\n[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana](/wiki/Category:1967_establishments_in_Haryana \"1967 establishments in Haryana\")\n[Category:2005 disestablishments in India](/wiki/Category:2005_disestablishments_in_India \"2005 disestablishments in India\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
List of films about Overseas Filipino Workers | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"103.84.176.99"
]
} | ek04s2o57xpoirmu12lrgsrrmmo3zpm | 2024-10-11T02:00:33Z | 1,239,971,419 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List",
"Notes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe following is a list of films featuring the plight of [Overseas Filipino Workers](/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Workers \"Overseas Filipino Workers\") (OFWs); Filipino migrants who temporarily resides and works in places outside the Philippines.\n\n",
"List\n----\n\n| Year | Title | character(s) | Actor | Occupation | Country/territory | Notes | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1995 | *[The Flor Contemplacion Story](/wiki/The_Flor_Contemplacion_Story \"The Flor Contemplacion Story\")* | [Flor Contemplacion](/wiki/Flor_Contemplacion \"Flor Contemplacion\") | [Nora Aunor](/wiki/Nora_Aunor \"Nora Aunor\") | Domestic worker | [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\") | [Biographical film](/wiki/Biographical_film \"Biographical film\") | |\n| 1997 | *[The Sarah Balabagan Story](/wiki/The_Sarah_Balabagan_Story \"The Sarah Balabagan Story\")* | [Sarah Balabagan](/wiki/Sarah_Balabagan \"Sarah Balabagan\") | [Vina Morales](/wiki/Vina_Morales \"Vina Morales\") | Domestic worker | [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") | [Biographical film](/wiki/Biographical_film \"Biographical film\") about a worker who got convicted for killing her rapist employer and later had her sentenced reduced | |\n| 2004 | *[Milan](/wiki/Milan_%282004_film%29 \"Milan (2004 film)\")* | Jenny | [Claudine Barretto](/wiki/Claudine_Barretto \"Claudine Barretto\") | | [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\")\n\n Works in Milan, to earn money for her family back in [Metro Manila](/wiki/Metro_Manila \"Metro Manila\"). |\n\n| Lino | [Piolo Pascual](/wiki/Piolo_Pascual \"Piolo Pascual\") | | Came to Italy in search for his missing wife. He secures a job in Italy during his stay. |\n| 2005 | *[Dubai](/wiki/Dubai_%282005_film%29 \"Dubai (2005 film)\")* | Raffy | [Aga Muhlach](/wiki/Aga_Muhlach \"Aga Muhlach\") | Air freight employee | [United Arab Emirates](/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") | | |\n| 2007 | *[Katas ng Saudi](/wiki/Katas_ng_Saudi \"Katas ng Saudi\")* | Oca | [Jinggoy Estrada](/wiki/Jinggoy_Estrada \"Jinggoy Estrada\") | | [Saudi Arabia](/wiki/Saudi_Arabia \"Saudi Arabia\") | Much of the film revolves around Oca dealing with his family in the Philippines after working in Saudi Arabia for ten years. | |\n| 2016\n\n *[Sunday Beauty Queen](/wiki/Sunday_Beauty_Queen \"Sunday Beauty Queen\")*\n\n Themselves\n\n Rudelie Acosta |\n Domestic workers\n\n [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\")\n\n [Documentary film](/wiki/Documentary_film \"Documentary film\"); focuses on the domestic workers' side exploits in [beauty pageants](/wiki/Beauty_pageant \"Beauty pageant\").\n\n \n\n| Cherrie Bretana |\n| Mylyn Jacobo |\n| Hazel Perdido |\n| Leo Selomenio |\n| 2017 | *[Kita Kita](/wiki/Kita_Kita \"Kita Kita\")* | Lea | [Alessandra De Rossi](/wiki/Alessandra_De_Rossi \"Alessandra De Rossi\") | Tourist guide | [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") | A guide working in [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\") who went temporarily blind. | |\n| 2018 | *[Still Human](/wiki/Still_Human \"Still Human\")* | Evelyn Santos | [Crisel Consunji](/wiki/Crisel_Consunji \"Crisel Consunji\") | Domestic worker | [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") | | |\n| 2018 | *[Sid \\& Aya: Not a Love Story](/wiki/Sid_%26_Aya:Not_a_Love_Story \"Not a Love Story\")* | Aya | [Anne Curtis](/wiki/Anne_Curtis \"Anne Curtis\") | Club entertainer | [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") | Aya entered illegally in Japan like to work as an entertainer like her mother | |\n| 2019\n\n *[Hello, Love, Goodbye](/wiki/Hello%2C_Love%2C_Goodbye \"Hello, Love, Goodbye\")*\n\n Joy Marie Fabregas |\n [Kathryn Bernardo](/wiki/Kathryn_Bernardo \"Kathryn Bernardo\") |\n Domestic worker |\n [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\")\n\n |\n |\n| Ethan Del Rosario | [Alden Richards](/wiki/Alden_Richards \"Alden Richards\") | Bartender | | |\n|\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Overseas Filipino Workers](/wiki/Category:Films_about_immigration \"Films about immigration\")\n[Overseas Filipino Workers](/wiki/Category:Philippine_film-related_lists \"Philippine film-related lists\")\n[Films](/wiki/Category:Overseas_Filipino_Worker \"Overseas Filipino Worker\")\n\n"
]
} |
2013 Taini Jamison Trophy Series | {
"id": [
7098284
],
"name": [
"Tassedethe"
]
} | isafcp4hur88k9rivkof29l9afpbwa4 | 2024-05-25T21:53:12Z | 1,217,709,186 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Squads",
"New Zealand",
"Malawi",
"Matches",
"First test",
"Second test",
"Third test",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2013 Taini Jamison Trophy Series**, also referred to as the **New World Series**, was the fifth [Taini Jamison Trophy](/wiki/Taini_Jamison_Trophy \"Taini Jamison Trophy\") series. It featured [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team \"New Zealand national netball team\") playing [Malawi](/wiki/Malawi_national_netball_team \"Malawi national netball team\") in a series of three [netball test matches](/wiki/Test_match_%28netball%29 \"Test match (netball)\"), played in October 2013\\. New Zealand won all three tests. The New Zealand team were coached by [Waimarama Taumaunu](/wiki/Waimarama_Taumaunu \"Waimarama Taumaunu\") and captained by [Casey Kopua](/wiki/Casey_Kopua \"Casey Kopua\"). Malawi were coached by Griffin Saenda and captained by [Caroline Mtukule](/wiki/Caroline_Mtukule \"Caroline Mtukule\").\n\n",
"Squads\n------\n\n### New Zealand\n\nDebuts\n* [Te Huinga Reo Selby\\-Rickit](/wiki/Te_Huinga_Reo_Selby-Rickit \"Te Huinga Reo Selby-Rickit\") made her senior debut for New Zealand in the first test.\n* Katarina Cooper made her senior debut for New Zealand in the second test.\n\n### Malawi\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n",
"### New Zealand\n\nDebuts\n* [Te Huinga Reo Selby\\-Rickit](/wiki/Te_Huinga_Reo_Selby-Rickit \"Te Huinga Reo Selby-Rickit\") made her senior debut for New Zealand in the first test.\n* Katarina Cooper made her senior debut for New Zealand in the second test.\n",
"### Malawi\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n",
"Matches\n-------\n\n### First test\n\n### Second test\n\n### Third test\n\n",
"### First test\n\n",
"### Second test\n\n",
"### Third test\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[2013](/wiki/Category:Taini_Jamison_Trophy \"Taini Jamison Trophy\")\n[Category:2013 in New Zealand netball](/wiki/Category:2013_in_New_Zealand_netball \"2013 in New Zealand netball\")\n[Category:2013 in Malawian sport](/wiki/Category:2013_in_Malawian_sport \"2013 in Malawian sport\")\n[Category:Malawi national netball team series](/wiki/Category:Malawi_national_netball_team_series \"Malawi national netball team series\")\n[Category:October 2013 sports events in New Zealand](/wiki/Category:October_2013_sports_events_in_New_Zealand \"October 2013 sports events in New Zealand\")\n\n"
]
} |
Archasia belfragei | {
"id": [
1398
],
"name": [
"William Avery"
]
} | a5l0wewqc0yrrmqnloqea4c4gu5cpv6 | 2024-03-22T11:34:46Z | 1,193,732,678 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Archasia belfragei*** is a species of [treehopper](/wiki/Treehopper \"Treehopper\") in the family [Membracidae](/wiki/Treehopper \"Treehopper\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Smiliinae](/wiki/Category:Smiliinae \"Smiliinae\")\n[Category:Insects described in 1869](/wiki/Category:Insects_described_in_1869 \"Insects described in 1869\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Carl Stål](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_St%C3%A5l \"Taxa named by Carl Stål\")\n\n"
]
} |
Amerant Bank | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"174.101.233.19"
]
} | cbyoqr4lsuvhviffj4vcx5x3lra74fh | 2024-06-24T20:26:50Z | 1,223,415,229 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Early years",
"Growth",
"Industry changes",
"Naming rights and sponsorships",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Amerant Bank** is an American bank based in [Coral Gables, Florida](/wiki/Coral_Gables%2C_Florida \"Coral Gables, Florida\") that is chartered in Florida, with 23 combined [branches](/wiki/Branch_%28banking%29 \"Branch (banking)\") in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") and [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") and 55,000 [automated teller machines](/wiki/Automated_teller_machine \"Automated teller machine\") in the states either operating directly or through a network of ATMs.\n\nIt is the main subsidiary of Amerant Bancorp Inc., a [bank holding company](/wiki/Bank_holding_company \"Bank holding company\") and comprises subsidiaries Amerant Investments Inc., Amerant Mortgage, LLC and Elant Bank \\& Trust Ltd. , it was the largest community bank in Florida and the 7th largest bank in Florida by total assets. It was formerly known as Mercantil Bank and was officially rebranded as Amerant in October 2018\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Early years\n\nAmerant Bank was founded in 1979 as Commercebank N.A. In 1987, the bank was acquired by Mercantil Servicios Financieros (MSF) – ranked as one of the world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\") magazine (2015\\) at 648th place – and operated as Commercebank until it became known as Mercantil Commercebank in 2007\\. In September 1979, it was chartered as a national banking association. To reflect its positioning within the U.S. market, the company announced it was rebranding as Amerant in October 2018, just before launching its IPO. The company officially changed its corporate name to Amerant at its annual shareholder's meeting in 2019\\.\n\n### Growth\n\nIn June 2022, Amerant established a new commercial bank presence in the Greater [Tampa Bay, Florida](/wiki/Tampa_Bay%2C_Florida \"Tampa Bay, Florida\") market with the opening of a commercial banking office with the goal of providing transactional and business\\-related services. Mid\\-2023 the company moved from NASDAQ and its stock began trading on the [NYSE](/wiki/NYSE \"NYSE\"). Amerant Bank was named the best bank for fee avoidance in Florida with minimal to no fees for common transactions historically charged within the industry.\n\nThe bank has partnered with several US\\-based professional sports teams since 2022, including the [NBA](/wiki/NBA \"NBA\")'s [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat \"Miami Heat\") and the [NHL](/wiki/NHL \"NHL\")'s [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\") as well as colleges including the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami \"University of Miami\") and [Rice University](/wiki/Rice_University \"Rice University\") in [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), Texas. The bank has also partnered with local colleges on training financial literacy and skills.\n\nOn September 19, 2023, it was announced that Amerant Bank, would be the new rights partner for the formerly known FLA Live Arena, renaming the arena to [Amerant Bank Arena](/wiki/Amerant_Bank_Arena \"Amerant Bank Arena\").\n\n### Industry changes\n\nWhen the [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 \"Financial crisis of 2007–2008\") occurred, the bank chose not to accept government assistance through the [Troubled Asset Relief Program](/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program \"Troubled Asset Relief Program\"). The bank also largely was unaffected during [2023 United States banking crisis](/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis \"2023 United States banking crisis\") as its deposits were heavily diversified and the majority was insured through the United States' FDIC program.\n\n",
"### Early years\n\nAmerant Bank was founded in 1979 as Commercebank N.A. In 1987, the bank was acquired by Mercantil Servicios Financieros (MSF) – ranked as one of the world's biggest 2,000 public companies according to [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes \"Forbes\") magazine (2015\\) at 648th place – and operated as Commercebank until it became known as Mercantil Commercebank in 2007\\. In September 1979, it was chartered as a national banking association. To reflect its positioning within the U.S. market, the company announced it was rebranding as Amerant in October 2018, just before launching its IPO. The company officially changed its corporate name to Amerant at its annual shareholder's meeting in 2019\\.\n\n",
"### Growth\n\nIn June 2022, Amerant established a new commercial bank presence in the Greater [Tampa Bay, Florida](/wiki/Tampa_Bay%2C_Florida \"Tampa Bay, Florida\") market with the opening of a commercial banking office with the goal of providing transactional and business\\-related services. Mid\\-2023 the company moved from NASDAQ and its stock began trading on the [NYSE](/wiki/NYSE \"NYSE\"). Amerant Bank was named the best bank for fee avoidance in Florida with minimal to no fees for common transactions historically charged within the industry.\n\nThe bank has partnered with several US\\-based professional sports teams since 2022, including the [NBA](/wiki/NBA \"NBA\")'s [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat \"Miami Heat\") and the [NHL](/wiki/NHL \"NHL\")'s [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\") as well as colleges including the [University of Miami](/wiki/University_of_Miami \"University of Miami\") and [Rice University](/wiki/Rice_University \"Rice University\") in [Houston](/wiki/Houston \"Houston\"), Texas. The bank has also partnered with local colleges on training financial literacy and skills.\n\nOn September 19, 2023, it was announced that Amerant Bank, would be the new rights partner for the formerly known FLA Live Arena, renaming the arena to [Amerant Bank Arena](/wiki/Amerant_Bank_Arena \"Amerant Bank Arena\").\n\n",
"### Industry changes\n\nWhen the [financial crisis of 2007–2008](/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008 \"Financial crisis of 2007–2008\") occurred, the bank chose not to accept government assistance through the [Troubled Asset Relief Program](/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program \"Troubled Asset Relief Program\"). The bank also largely was unaffected during [2023 United States banking crisis](/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis \"2023 United States banking crisis\") as its deposits were heavily diversified and the majority was insured through the United States' FDIC program.\n\n",
"Naming rights and sponsorships\n------------------------------\n\nAmerant Bank was named as an official sponsor of the [Florida Beach Bowl](/wiki/Florida_Beach_Bowl \"Florida Beach Bowl\") which highlighted historically black colleges and universities in an American College Football [bowl game](/wiki/Bowl_game \"Bowl game\").\n\nAmerant Bank owns corporate [naming rights](/wiki/Naming_rights \"Naming rights\") to the following:\n* [Amerant Bank Arena](/wiki/Amerant_Bank_Arena \"Amerant Bank Arena\") in [Sunrise, Florida](/wiki/Sunrise%2C_Florida \"Sunrise, Florida\"), home of the [Florida Panthers](/wiki/Florida_Panthers \"Florida Panthers\") of the [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Amerant Bank Area](https://www.amerantbankarena.com)\n\n[Category:American companies established in 1979](/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1979 \"American companies established in 1979\")\n[Category:Banks based in Florida](/wiki/Category:Banks_based_in_Florida \"Banks based in Florida\")\n[Category:Banks established in 1979](/wiki/Category:Banks_established_in_1979 \"Banks established in 1979\")\n[Category:Companies based in Florida](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Florida \"Companies based in Florida\")\n[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange \"Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange\")\n\n"
]
} |
Angove Family Winemakers | {
"id": [
44127043
],
"name": [
"Atremari"
]
} | gzwyj0wcnlbsz5gu6k9cmp15z7mwq8i | 2024-08-29T02:03:56Z | 1,242,843,431 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"St Agnes Distillery",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Angove Family Winemakers** is a [winery](/wiki/Winery \"Winery\"), operating in the [McLaren Vale wine region](/wiki/McLaren_Vale_wine_region \"McLaren Vale wine region\") and [Riverland wine region](/wiki/Riverland_wine_region \"Riverland wine region\") in [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia_%28wine%29 \"South Australia (wine)\").[https://winecompanion.com.au/wineries/south\\-australia/mclaren\\-vale/angove\\-family\\-winemakers](https://winecompanion.com.au/wineries/south-australia/mclaren-vale/angove-family-winemakers) As at 2022, it was ranked the nineteenth largest Australian wine company by production.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe Angove Family Winemakers history began in 1886 when Dr William Angove emigrated to Australia from Cornwall. He established a medical practice at [Tea Tree Gully](/wiki/Tea_Tree_Gully%2C_South_Australia \"Tea Tree Gully, South Australia\"), an [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\") suburb. Along with other medical doctors at the time, including [Dr Henry Lindeman](/wiki/Lindeman%27s \"Lindeman's\") and [Dr Christopher Rawson Penfold](/wiki/Penfolds%23Penfold_Family \"Penfolds#Penfold Family\"), he began cultivating vines and making wine. \n\nIn 1910, Angove was succeeded by his son Thomas Carlyon, who made the pioneering move to establish a winery at [Renmark](/wiki/Renmark%2C_South_Australia \"Renmark, South Australia\") in the South Australian [Riverland](/wiki/Riverland \"Riverland\"). At the time, there was no winemaking or distilling activity in the region. Renmark was struggling economically and the winery’s move to the district assured the settlement’s survival.\n\nIn the mid 20th century, Angove wine grapes were sourced from its vineyards at Tea Tree Gully while the Renmark operation focused on fortified wine and brandy production. It was evident that the Tea Tree Gully vineyards were under pressure from the local suburban sprawl and so of land near Renmark was purchased with the view to establishing a vineyard to supply winemaking varieties that were not available locally. In 1969, the first plantings occurred at the Nanya Vineyard. Fifteen years later, were bearing fruit in what was the first broad\\-acre vineyard, and the largest in the southern hemisphere at the time. Premium grape varieties dominated the planting mix and the company showed the rest of the industry what could be achieved in the Riverland.\n\n",
"St Agnes Distillery\n-------------------\n\nThe **St Agnes Distillery** is a producer of [brandy](/wiki/Brandy \"Brandy\") in [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\").\n\nIn the early 1920s, T.C. \"Skipper\" Angove spent time studying the production of [brandy](/wiki/Brandy \"Brandy\") in the [Cognac](/wiki/Cognac \"Cognac\") region in [France](/wiki/France \"France\"). In 1925, he made the first Angove brandy, using neutral white grape varieties and the traditional double distilled, pot\\-still process, developed in France centuries earlier.\n\nThe result was the beginning of the St Agnes Brandy label. The style revolutionised the Australian brandy market with other distillers following the lead he set. After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Thomas William Carlyon Angove took over from his father as managing director of the company.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of wineries in McLaren Vale](/wiki/List_of_wineries_in_McLaren_Vale \"List of wineries in McLaren Vale\")\n* [List of oldest companies in Australia](/wiki/List_of_oldest_companies_in_Australia \"List of oldest companies in Australia\")\n* [South Australian wine](/wiki/South_Australian_wine \"South Australian wine\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Australian companies established in 1886](/wiki/Category:Australian_companies_established_in_1886 \"Australian companies established in 1886\")\n[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1886](/wiki/Category:Food_and_drink_companies_established_in_1886 \"Food and drink companies established in 1886\")\n[Category:Wineries in McLaren Vale](/wiki/Category:Wineries_in_McLaren_Vale \"Wineries in McLaren Vale\")\n[Category:Brandies](/wiki/Category:Brandies \"Brandies\")\n[Category:Family\\-owned companies of Australia](/wiki/Category:Family-owned_companies_of_Australia \"Family-owned companies of Australia\")\n[Category:Distilleries in Australia](/wiki/Category:Distilleries_in_Australia \"Distilleries in Australia\")\n\n"
]
} |
Eastern Diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church | {
"id": [
41959821
],
"name": [
"Eejit43"
]
} | 2yihgcnayp47aa4usrpae3qcujuy795 | 2024-09-02T16:37:27Z | 1,236,088,780 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Parishes of the Eastern Diocese",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Eastern Diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church** is one of the 5 [dioceses](/wiki/Diocese \"Diocese\") of the [Polish National Catholic Church in the United States and Canada](/wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church \"Polish National Catholic Church\"), with its seat in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester_%28New_Hampshire%29 \"Manchester (New Hampshire)\"), [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\"). [Paul Sobiechowski](/wiki/Paul_Sobiechowski \"Paul Sobiechowski\") is the current bishop ordinary of the Eastern Diocese, being consecrated in 2011\\. He succeeded [Thomas Gnat](/wiki/Thomas_Gnat \"Thomas Gnat\"), who was consecrated a bishop in 1978\\. The constitution and laws of the Polish National Catholic Church provide for the mandatory retirement of bishops at the age of 75\\.\n\n",
"Parishes of the Eastern Diocese\n-------------------------------\n\nSource:\n\nPrime Bishop of the Polish National Catholic Church: The Most Rev. [Anthony Mikovsky](/wiki/Anthony_Mikovsky \"Anthony Mikovsky\")\n \nEastern Diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church\n(17 parishes) \nDiocesan Cathedral: Holy Trinity Cathedral \\- [Manchester, NH](/wiki/Manchester%2C_NH \"Manchester, NH\")\n \nDiocesan Bishop: Rt. Rev. Paul Sobiechowski\n* Blessed Trinity Parish \\- [Fall River, MA](/wiki/Fall_River%2C_MA \"Fall River, MA\")\n* Saint Casimir's Parish \\- [Lowell, MA](/wiki/Lowell%2C_MA \"Lowell, MA\")\n* Holy Cross Parish \\- [Central Falls, RI](/wiki/Central_Falls%2C_RI \"Central Falls, RI\")\n* Our Saviors Parish \\- [Woonsocket, RI](/wiki/Woonsocket%2C_RI \"Woonsocket, RI\")\n* Holy Cross Parish \\- [Ware, MA](/wiki/Ware%2C_MA \"Ware, MA\")\n* Holy Mother of the Rosary Parish \\- [Chicopee, MA](/wiki/Chicopee%2C_MA \"Chicopee, MA\")\n* Holy Name Of Jesus Parish \\- [South Deerfield, MA](/wiki/South_Deerfield%2C_MA \"South Deerfield, MA\")\n* Holy Trinity Parish \\- [Webster, MA](/wiki/Webster%2C_MA \"Webster, MA\")\n* Saint Joseph's Parish \\- [Westfield, MA](/wiki/Westfield%2C_MA \"Westfield, MA\")\n* Saint Valentine's Parish \\- [Northampton, MA](/wiki/Northampton%2C_MA \"Northampton, MA\")\n* Divine Providence Parish \\- [Norwich, CT](/wiki/Norwich%2C_CT \"Norwich, CT\")\n* Holy Savior Parish \\- [Union City, CT](/wiki/Naugatuck%2C_Connecticut \"Naugatuck, Connecticut\")\n* Holy Trinity Parish \\- [Plantsville, CT](/wiki/Plantsville%2C_CT \"Plantsville, CT\")\n* Saint Casimir's Parish \\- [Wallingford, CT](/wiki/Wallingford%2C_CT \"Wallingford, CT\")\n* Saint John the Baptist Parish \\- [Manchester, CT](/wiki/Manchester%2C_CT \"Manchester, CT\")\n* Saint Joseph's Parish \\- [Stratford, CT](/wiki/Stratford%2C_CT \"Stratford, CT\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Polish National Catholic Church](http://www.pncc.org/)\n\n[Category:Catholicism in Connecticut](/wiki/Category:Catholicism_in_Connecticut \"Catholicism in Connecticut\")\n[Category:Catholicism in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Catholicism_in_Massachusetts \"Catholicism in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Polish\\-American culture in Connecticut](/wiki/Category:Polish-American_culture_in_Connecticut \"Polish-American culture in Connecticut\")\n[Category:Polish\\-American culture in Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Polish-American_culture_in_Massachusetts \"Polish-American culture in Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Polish\\-American culture in Rhode Island](/wiki/Category:Polish-American_culture_in_Rhode_Island \"Polish-American culture in Rhode Island\")\n[Category:Polish National Catholic Church dioceses](/wiki/Category:Polish_National_Catholic_Church_dioceses \"Polish National Catholic Church dioceses\")\n\n"
]
} |
Oren Ziv | {
"id": [
12311825
],
"name": [
"Bamyers99"
]
} | 3rm2dpno7hd8dew9vpmu306cy9seqyj | 2024-02-15T18:16:47Z | 1,207,300,824 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Education",
"Awards",
"Works",
"Appearances as commentator",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Oren Ziv** is an Israeli journalist, political commentator, and photographer. He reports for *[Local Call](/wiki/Local_Call_%28news_site%29 \"Local Call (news site)\")* and *[\\+972 Magazine](/wiki/%2B972_Magazine \"+972 Magazine\")* and is a freelance photographer for *[Haaretz](/wiki/Haaretz \"Haaretz\")*, [Agence\\-France Presse](/wiki/Agence-France_Presse \"Agence-France Presse\") and [Getty Images](/wiki/Getty_Images \"Getty Images\"). \n\nZiv is the founder of the photojournalist collective, Activestills, known for designing the visual language of *Local Call* over the years. Since 2003, Oren has been involved in documenting social and political issues in Israel and Palestine. He joined *Local Call* as a staff reporter in 2018, covering human and civil rights issues in a broad spectrum, including themes such as the occupation, affordable housing, socio\\-economic struggles, and protests against discrimination. Ziv's work has been published in the *New York Times* \"Lens\" Blog, *[Al Jazeera](/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network \"Al Jazeera Media Network\")*, *[Vice (magazine)](/wiki/Vice_%28magazine%29 \"Vice (magazine)\")*, *[Tablet (magazine)](/wiki/Tablet_%28magazine%29 \"Tablet (magazine)\")*, et al.\n\nIsraeli settlers in occupied [Hebron](/wiki/Hebron \"Hebron\") in [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\")'s [West Bank](/wiki/West_Bank \"West Bank\") attacked Ziv, Breaking the Silence activist [Yehuda Shaul](/wiki/Yehuda_Shaul \"Yehuda Shaul\") and Irish writer [Colm Toibin](/wiki/Colm_Toibin \"Colm Toibin\") in 2016\\.\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nZiv has a Master of Arts degree in Research/Forensic Architecture from [Goldsmiths University](/wiki/Goldsmiths_University \"Goldsmiths University\") in [London](/wiki/London \"London\").\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nHe received the Curators' Choice Prize during the \"Israeli Local Testimony\" exhibition at the [Eretz Israel Museum](/wiki/Eretz_Israel_Museum \"Eretz Israel Museum\") from 2011 to 2014\\.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* \"Young Israelis refuse to join the Israeli army in protest of the occupation\", *[Islam Channel](/wiki/Islam_Channel \"Islam Channel\")*, November 2023\n",
"Appearances as commentator\n--------------------------\n\n* \"The fear is everywhere: Israel's Fascist Internal Crackdown\", *[Marc Steiner Show](/wiki/Marc_Steiner_Show \"Marc Steiner Show\")*, November 2023\n* \"Israeli Cabinet Members Join Settler Event of Thousands Calling for Ethnic Cleansing of Gaza\", *[Democracy Now](/wiki/Democracy_Now \"Democracy Now\")*, January 2024\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Essays at *\\+972 Magazine*](https://www.972mag.com/writer/orenziv/)\n\n[Category:Israeli journalists](/wiki/Category:Israeli_journalists \"Israeli journalists\")\n[Category:Israeli photographers](/wiki/Category:Israeli_photographers \"Israeli photographers\")\n[Category:Israeli political writers](/wiki/Category:Israeli_political_writers \"Israeli political writers\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n\n"
]
} |
2006 Connecticut Attorney General election | {
"id": [
45796551
],
"name": [
"LeonEpik"
]
} | aqsagla5ah4nplhpg5ocaamdmayhui8 | 2024-08-27T15:55:46Z | 1,216,537,944 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Democratic primary",
"Candidates",
"Nominee",
"Republican primary",
"Candidates",
"Nominee",
"Third-party candidates and independent candidates",
"Green Party",
"General election",
"Results",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
2,
3,
4,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2006 [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut \"Connecticut\") Attorney General election** took place on November 7, 2006, to elect the [Attorney General of Connecticut](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Connecticut \"Attorney General of Connecticut\"). Incumbent [Democratic](/wiki/Connecticut_Democratic_Party \"Connecticut Democratic Party\") Attorney General [Richard Blumenthal](/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal \"Richard Blumenthal\") won re\\-election to an unprecedented fifth term, defeating [Republican](/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party \"Connecticut Republican Party\") nominee and state representative Robert Farr.\n\n",
"Democratic primary\n------------------\n\n### Candidates\n\n#### Nominee\n\n* [Richard Blumenthal](/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal \"Richard Blumenthal\"), incumbent attorney general (1991–2011\\)\n",
"### Candidates\n\n#### Nominee\n\n* [Richard Blumenthal](/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal \"Richard Blumenthal\"), incumbent attorney general (1991–2011\\)\n",
"#### Nominee\n\n* [Richard Blumenthal](/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal \"Richard Blumenthal\"), incumbent attorney general (1991–2011\\)\n",
"Republican primary\n------------------\n\n### Candidates\n\n#### Nominee\n\n* Robert Farr, lawyer and state representative from the [19th district](/wiki/Connecticut%27s_19th_House_of_Representatives_district \"Connecticut's 19th House of Representatives district\") (1981–2007\\)\n",
"### Candidates\n\n#### Nominee\n\n* Robert Farr, lawyer and state representative from the [19th district](/wiki/Connecticut%27s_19th_House_of_Representatives_district \"Connecticut's 19th House of Representatives district\") (1981–2007\\)\n",
"#### Nominee\n\n* Robert Farr, lawyer and state representative from the [19th district](/wiki/Connecticut%27s_19th_House_of_Representatives_district \"Connecticut's 19th House of Representatives district\") (1981–2007\\)\n",
"Third\\-party candidates and independent candidates\n--------------------------------------------------\n\n### Green Party\n\n* Nancy Burton, candidate for state representative in 2004 and 2006 \n",
"### Green Party\n\n* Nancy Burton, candidate for state representative in 2004 and 2006 \n",
"General election\n----------------\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Connecticut Attorney General](/wiki/Connecticut_Attorney_General \"Connecticut Attorney General\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Attorney General](/wiki/Category:2006_Connecticut_elections \"2006 Connecticut elections\")\n[Connecticut](/wiki/Category:2006_United_States_Attorney_General_elections \"2006 United States Attorney General elections\")\n[Category:Connecticut Attorney General elections](/wiki/Category:Connecticut_Attorney_General_elections \"Connecticut Attorney General elections\")\n[Category:Connecticut election stubs](/wiki/Category:Connecticut_election_stubs \"Connecticut election stubs\")\n\n"
]
} |
Race, Rights, and Rifles: The Origins of the NRA and Contemporary Gun Culture | {
"id": [
45217312
],
"name": [
"VerifyAnotherFact"
]
} | e8txbzk72v0t3ccdteqlu34ct26xnp2 | 2024-09-03T13:54:29Z | 1,243,384,864 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Summary",
"Author",
"Reviews",
"Robert E. Lane Award's honorable mention",
"Footnotes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Race, Rights, and Rifles: The Origins of the NRA and Contemporary Gun Culture*** is a book by American author and academic Alexandra Filindra. Published in 2023 by the [University of Chicago Press](/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press \"University of Chicago Press\"), and part of its *Chicago Studies in American Politics* series, the book explores the historical trajectory of American gun culture, tracing it back to the nation's founding era. Filindra argues that the dominant gun culture in the United States is rooted in ascriptive martial republicanism, a tradition that intertwines classical republican citizen\\-soldier ideals with American White male supremacy.\n\n",
"Summary\n-------\n\nThe book delves into the historical evolution of American gun culture, arguing that the dominant ideology behind it is rooted in *\"ascriptive martial republicanism\"*. This ideology, linking classical republican citizen\\-soldier ideals with White male supremacy, shapes a worldview where civic duty is intertwined with bearing arms for the protection of the nation.\n\nThe book is divided into three parts:\n\n1. Historical Foundations, exploring early ascriptive republican ideology, its embeddedness in America's military institutions, and the social and cultural transmission of this ideology;\n2. The Origins and Worldview of the [National Rifle Association](/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America \"National Rifle Association of America\") (NRA), tracing the emergence of the NRA and its ascriptive republican stance;\n3. and Ascriptive Republicanism in Contemporary White Public Opinion, examining the ideology's influence on current gun attitudes and its correlation with anti\\-democratic beliefs.\n\nFilindra studies history, organizational history, and contemporary mass political behavior, giving a detailed account of the NRA's role in preserving this ideological tradition.\n\n",
"Author\n------\n\nIn a September 2023 interview with *Current*, Filindra discussed her motivation for writing the book. She said she was interested in the intersection of contemporary gun culture, race, and political attitudes and noted the discrepancy between the prevailing notion associating gun culture with [liberal individualism](/wiki/Liberal_individualism \"Liberal individualism\") and her findings that connect it to political duty, negative racial attitudes, and the dominance of White men. Filindra argued that the book offers a new perspective on America's gun culture by integrating military history, intellectual history, race, and political science.\n\nIn January 2024, the [New Books Network](/wiki/New_Books_Network \"New Books Network\") published an audio podcast interview with Filindra about the book. Filindra said that she started working on gun issues in 2013 after the [Connecticut school shooting](/wiki/Connecticut_school_shooting \"Connecticut school shooting\"). She had speculated that race may have had a big impact on gun culture in America, and that looking at the literature she found \"very little research on guns and racial attitudes\". Filindra said that the existing historical legal literature wasn't convincing and didn't give her a \"satisfying answer\" and that's why she started exploring classic American historians.\n\n",
"Reviews\n-------\n\nPolitical scientist Matthew J. Lacombe wrote a review in which he praised the book for its ambitious exploration of the historical roots of American gun culture and its contemporary political implications. Lacombe highlighted and affirmed Filindra's argument that the dominant gun culture in America is linked to ascriptive martial republicanism, intertwining duty, traditional masculinity, and White identity in a local culture focused on armed citizenship. Lacombe noted the debunking of the myth that the NRA was apolitical or supportive of gun control, but he highlighted what he thought as some occasional harsh treatment of the NRA, urging a balanced perspective. Lacombe appreciated the content analyses showing the presence of ascriptive martial republicanism in NRA materials and the exploration of the NRA's \"theory of democracy.\" He also raised questions about the NRA's strategic motivations and its translation of this ideology into political power.\n\nLacombe wrote:\n> I applaud Filindra for giving little credence to the commonly asserted myth that the NRA was, for much of its history, apolitical or even genuinely supportive of gun control. While that myth makes for an interesting story, it is just wrong, as Filindra and others have shown. The road to altering what’s considered to be “conventional wisdom” tends to be bumpy and slow, so it is good to see another well\\-researched account that can help chip away at this misconception.\n\n[*Kirkus Reviews*](/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews \"Kirkus Reviews\") described the book as an \"enlightening, timely study of the evolution of arguments about gun ownership.\"\n\n",
"Robert E. Lane Award's honorable mention\n----------------------------------------\n\nThe book was acknowledged with an honorable mention in the 2024 Robert E. Lane Award from the American Political Association.\n\n",
"Footnotes\n---------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2023 non\\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:2023_non-fiction_books \"2023 non-fiction books\")\n[Category:University of Chicago Press books](/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_Press_books \"University of Chicago Press books\")\n\n"
]
} |
Psyiconic | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | g16frfb7l0khw0nekrxhkbpkavgqmd2 | 2024-09-24T19:09:30Z | 1,247,517,942 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life and career",
"Public image",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + \n\n**Kelon Campbell** (born July 17, 1995\\), known online as **Psyiconic**, is an American influencer and comedian. He is best known for portraying the satirical character of **Terri Joe**, a homophobic, [Southern](/wiki/Southern_United_States \"Southern United States\"), and Christian woman, whom he rose to fame portraying on [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok \"TikTok\") in livestreams starting in 2022\\.\n\n",
"Life and career\n---------------\n\nKelon Campbell was born on July 18, 1995, and raised in [Humble](/wiki/Humble%2C_Texas \"Humble, Texas\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") and has three brothers, among whom he has described himself as the \"odd one out\" for his affinity for [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\") and other \"gay stuff\". He has also said that he was \"very shy\" growing up.\n\nIn 2020, during the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), he began livestreaming on his TikTok account under the name Psyiconic in a \"grandma costume\" he wore for a previous [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween \"Halloween\") on [TikTok](/wiki/TikTok \"TikTok\"). While working for a technology startup, he began livestreaming on TikTok as the character Jeorgia Peach, a party girl from [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), in 2022, improvising his interactions with others on the platform. He later started livestreaming as the satirical character of Terri Joe, a \"devout Christian, Caucasian, heterosexual woman\" who wears a floral print dress and a [cross necklace](/wiki/Cross_necklace \"Cross necklace\"). He based her on characters from the television series *[True Blood](/wiki/True_Blood \"True Blood\")*, particularly Maxine Fortenberry. As Terri Joe, he appears in front of a [green screen](/wiki/Green_screen \"Green screen\") and [roasts](/wiki/Roast_%28comedy%29 \"Roast (comedy)\") those who joined his livestreams as \"homaseggyuhs\" (a [Southern](/wiki/Southern_American_English \"Southern American English\") pronunciation of \"homosexuals\") and frequently breaks character by laughing.\n\nClips of his livestream highlights, uploaded by fans, went viral on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"). By April 2022, he began doing TikTok livestreams full\\-time. Also in 2022, he did livestreams as Terri Joe with various celebrities, starting with [Doja Cat](/wiki/Doja_Cat \"Doja Cat\") and later including [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\"), [Hunter Schafer](/wiki/Hunter_Schafer \"Hunter Schafer\"), [James Charles](/wiki/James_Charles \"James Charles\"), [Bob the Drag Queen](/wiki/Bob_the_Drag_Queen \"Bob the Drag Queen\"), [Ziwe](/wiki/Ziwe_Fumudoh \"Ziwe Fumudoh\"), [Kali Uchis](/wiki/Kali_Uchis \"Kali Uchis\") and [Baby Tate](/wiki/Baby_Tate_%28rapper%29 \"Baby Tate (rapper)\"). Kaiya Shunyata wrote in 2022 for *[The Daily Dot](/wiki/The_Daily_Dot \"The Daily Dot\")* that Campbell had \"attracted a largely queer, and sometimes famous, fanbase\". By late 2022, he had over one million followers on TikTok. Campbell was included on TikTok's inaugural Visionary Voices list, which honored Black creators on the platform. In March 2023, Campbell created and began portraying the British character Amoura Rose on TikTok. By June 2023, Campbell had more than 2\\.4 million followers on TikTok. He appeared as Terri Joe in a promotional video for a [Victoria Monét](/wiki/Victoria_Mon%C3%A9t \"Victoria Monét\") remix of the [Summer Walker](/wiki/Summer_Walker \"Summer Walker\") song \"[Girls Need Love](/wiki/Girls_Need_Love \"Girls Need Love\")\" in October 2023\\.\n\n",
"Public image\n------------\n\nIn 2023, Tobias Hess of *[Paper](/wiki/Paper_%28magazine%29 \"Paper (magazine)\")* called Campbell \"a staple of TikTok\". Alexander Cole of *[HotNewHipHop](/wiki/HotNewHipHop \"HotNewHipHop\")* described the character of Terri Joe as \"very quick\\-witted\" and \"irreverent\", also writing, \"If you are someone who watches a lot of TikTok, then you have certainly heard of Terri Joe at some point.\" *[Queerty](/wiki/Queerty \"Queerty\")*s Charlie Grey similarly wrote in 2023, \"Anyone's who's scrolled through their TikTok 'For You' page and come across a Live video has likely seen Kelon by now,\" and compared Terri Joe to *[The Boondocks](/wiki/The_Boondocks_%282005_TV_series%29 \"The Boondocks (2005 TV series)\")* character [Uncle Ruckus](/wiki/Uncle_Ruckus \"Uncle Ruckus\"). Campbell has compared his roasting style of comedy to that of drag queen [Bianca Del Rio](/wiki/Bianca_Del_Rio \"Bianca Del Rio\"). He identifies as [queer](/wiki/Queer \"Queer\"). and has [gynecomastia](/wiki/Gynecomastia \"Gynecomastia\") he consistently shows off to the audience.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:LGBTQ people from Texas](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_people_from_Texas \"LGBTQ people from Texas\")\n[Category:People from Humble, Texas](/wiki/Category:People_from_Humble%2C_Texas \"People from Humble, Texas\")\n[Category:1995 births](/wiki/Category:1995_births \"1995 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American TikTokers](/wiki/Category:American_TikTokers \"American TikTokers\")\n[Category:LGBTQ TikTokers](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_TikTokers \"LGBTQ TikTokers\")\n[Category:American LGBTQ comedians](/wiki/Category:American_LGBTQ_comedians \"American LGBTQ comedians\")\n[Category:American gay entertainers](/wiki/Category:American_gay_entertainers \"American gay entertainers\")\n[Category:Live streamers](/wiki/Category:Live_streamers \"Live streamers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American people](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_people \"21st-century African-American people\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American comedians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_comedians \"21st-century American comedians\")\n[Category:African\\-American LGBTQ people](/wiki/Category:African-American_LGBTQ_people \"African-American LGBTQ people\")\n[Category:Gay comedians](/wiki/Category:Gay_comedians \"Gay comedians\")\n[Category:African\\-American comedians](/wiki/Category:African-American_comedians \"African-American comedians\")\n[Category:Comedians from Texas](/wiki/Category:Comedians_from_Texas \"Comedians from Texas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Francisco Vives | {
"id": [
24465790
],
"name": [
"Aadirulez8"
]
} | kom57elem4e6vlu6stdvbam8tf7c5y5 | 2024-10-03T19:34:43Z | 1,239,245,793 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Professional career",
"Presidency of Atlético Madrid",
"Later life",
"Death and legacy",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + \n\t**Francisco Vives Camino** (19 August 1900 – 5 June 1997\\) was a Spanish military aviator, aeronautical engineer, lieutenant general of the Air Force, and the 13th president of [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\").\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nFrancisco Vives was born in [Alcalá de Henares](/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares \"Alcalá de Henares\") on 19 August 1900 as the son of the engineer commander [Pedro Vives](/wiki/Pedro_Vives \"Pedro Vives\") Vich, a pioneer of Spanish military aeronautics and the head of the Aerostation Service created on 24 August 1896 in [Guadalajara](/wiki/Guadalajara \"Guadalajara\"), which he directed from December 1896 until 1916\\.\n\n",
"Professional career\n-------------------\n\nVives received his air baptism in 1910, when he was only a boy of 10, and he entered the Academy of Engineers of Guadalajara on 19 August 1915, his 15th birthday, from which he left as a lieutenant of the Corps, after completing the regulatory studies on 12 July 1920\\. His first destination was the Aerostation Battalion, also located in the Academy of the Army of Engineers, in the city of Guadalajara, where he remained until 1922, the year in which he transferred to the Aviation Service, which would gradually separate from the Corps of Engineers in which he had been born. In his new assignment, he was in charge of the works at the [Tétouan](/wiki/T%C3%A9touan \"Tétouan\") airfield in [Spanish Morocco](/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco \"Spanish protectorate in Morocco\").\n\nVives completed the airplane pilot course in [Getafe](/wiki/Getafe \"Getafe\") in 1922, and on 18 August of the following year, he was promoted to captain of Engineers by a Royal Order. Later that same year, in 1923, he was assigned to operations in the Rif, where he took part in all the operations that were carried out during the [Rif War](/wiki/Rif_War \"Rif War\"). He later obtained the title of Senior Airplane Pilot, becoming the captain of engineers and joining the [Melilla](/wiki/Melilla \"Melilla\") airfield, where he took charge of the *Segunda Escuadrilla* (Second Squadron).\n\nIn 1925, Vives was seriously wounded in combat, but after a long recovery he joined the [Bréguet 14](/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_14 \"Bréguet 14\") Squadron as a pilot, under the command of Captain [Mariano Barberán](/wiki/Mariano_Barber%C3%A1n \"Mariano Barberán\"), with which he took part in the [Alhucemas landing](/wiki/Alhucemas_landing \"Alhucemas landing\"). During the time of the great Spanish aviation raids he was an exceptional witness of these trips, actively participating in the preparation of some of them, such as the flight of the [*Cuatro Vientos*](/wiki/Cuatro_Vientos_%28aircraft%29 \"Cuatro Vientos (aircraft)\"), when he held the position of [Military Attaché](/wiki/Military_Attach%C3%A9 \"Military Attaché\") at the Spanish embassy in [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\").\n\nVives was later assigned to the School of Mechanics, but was again on temporary leave to recover from the injuries suffered in 1925\\. He returned to activity briefly in 1928, becoming a supernumerary worker without pay. In 1931, when the Army reform was promoted by D. Manuel Azaña, he was still in Cuba, and abandoned military life. Two years later he served as a contact on the Cuban island for the preparation of the [Seville\\-Havana flight](/wiki/History_of_Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n \"History of Cubana de Aviación\"), which would be carried out by the Engineer Commander D. Mariano Barberán.\n\nVives returned to Spain in 1934 and two years later, in 1936, he was directing the construction of the San Pablo airport in [Seville](/wiki/Seville \"Seville\"), when the military uprising that led to the outbreak of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") occurred. Having joined the \"national\" side, he was readmitted to the Military Aviation as a commander, actively collaborating in the resolution of technical problems of all kinds that arose, especially in the first days, due to the rebels' lack of means and later throughout the entire contest. In 1936 he worked in Seville as an engineer for a company, joining the military movement at the Tablada base. He then participated in war services while at the same time carrying out important work as head of the Air Force Fuel Service.\n\n### Presidency of Atlético Madrid\n\nVives had been a follower of [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\") since he was a child. In 1937, three aviation officers from the 35th Aviation Automobile Unit decided to create a [football team](/wiki/Football_team \"Football team\"), and Vives, then a Lieutenant colonel of the Air Force, became one of the team's first footballers, thus helping to found [Atlético Aviación](/wiki/Club_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Nacional \"Club Aviación Nacional\").\n\nafter the war, Atlético Madrid was left in very bad shape, so in order to survive, they decided to merge with Aviación. On 4 October, the representatives of both sides signed the absorption agreements and appoint the first Board of Directors with Commander [Francisco Vives Camino](/wiki/Francisco_Vives_Camino \"Francisco Vives Camino\") as president of the now **Athletic\\-Aviation Club**. On October 4, 1939, he eventually became president of the Athletic Aviación Club football club when the merger between the Athletic Club de Madrid and Aviación Nacional football clubs was signed, although he was replaced in that position shortly after, in December, by Lieutenant Colonel Luis Navarro Garnica.\n\n",
"### Presidency of Atlético Madrid\n\nVives had been a follower of [Atlético Madrid](/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid \"Atlético Madrid\") since he was a child. In 1937, three aviation officers from the 35th Aviation Automobile Unit decided to create a [football team](/wiki/Football_team \"Football team\"), and Vives, then a Lieutenant colonel of the Air Force, became one of the team's first footballers, thus helping to found [Atlético Aviación](/wiki/Club_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Nacional \"Club Aviación Nacional\").\n\nafter the war, Atlético Madrid was left in very bad shape, so in order to survive, they decided to merge with Aviación. On 4 October, the representatives of both sides signed the absorption agreements and appoint the first Board of Directors with Commander [Francisco Vives Camino](/wiki/Francisco_Vives_Camino \"Francisco Vives Camino\") as president of the now **Athletic\\-Aviation Club**. On October 4, 1939, he eventually became president of the Athletic Aviación Club football club when the merger between the Athletic Club de Madrid and Aviación Nacional football clubs was signed, although he was replaced in that position shortly after, in December, by Lieutenant Colonel Luis Navarro Garnica.\n\n",
"Later life\n----------\n\nAfter the war, Vives was appointed general director of Infrastructure of the Air Ministry, a position he held for ten years, rising to colonel in 1943\\. In 1942 he obtained the title of Aeronautical Engineer, specializing in Aircraft, and was later appointed professor (airport subject) at the School of Aeronautical Engineers. He was part of the Spanish commission at the [Convention on International Civil Aviation](/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation \"Convention on International Civil Aviation\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") in 1944, working within the aforementioned commission on the creation of airport standards. He was also named head of the last Spanish Savoia\\-Marchetti SM.79 group to be established, 6\\-G\\-28\\.\n\nVives was successively: general secretary of the Ministry of Air (1949\\), general director of Instruction (1954\\), second head of the Pyrenean Region and head of the Zaragoza Sector (1958\\), and, finally, head of the Balearic Air Zone (1962\\). In 1956 he was promoted to brigadier general and in 1964 to lieutenant general, moving to second reserve status in 1970\\. He joined the reserve in 1966, helping to create the Historical Service of the Air Force and actively collaborating with the Institute of Aeronautical History and Culture.\n\nVives actively participated in the creation of the Historical Service of the Air Force, frequently collaborating with the Institute of Aeronautical History and Culture. Throughout his life, Vives was a tireless promoter of all initiatives that led to the development of aviation in all his aspects.\n\n",
"Death and legacy\n----------------\n\nVives died in [Azuqueca de Henares](/wiki/Azuqueca_de_Henares \"Azuqueca de Henares\") on 5 June 1997, at the age of 96\\.\n\nIn October 2023, a unique aeronautical facility in Spain located in Robledillo de Mohernando was renamed as in tribute to Vives. This ground in Robledillo is the only one in Spain equipped with two parallel runways of more than 1,000 meters in length, as well as two other crossed runways, which allows flexibility and an extraordinary level of growth and development in the field of aviation in general.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1900 births](/wiki/Category:1900_births \"1900 births\")\n[Category:1997 deaths](/wiki/Category:1997_deaths \"1997 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Madrid](/wiki/Category:People_from_Madrid \"People from Madrid\")\n[Category:Atlético Madrid presidents](/wiki/Category:Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid_presidents \"Atlético Madrid presidents\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Spanish sportsmen](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Spanish_sportsmen \"20th-century Spanish sportsmen\")\n[Category:Spanish military aviators](/wiki/Category:Spanish_military_aviators \"Spanish military aviators\")\n[Category:Spanish aviation pioneers](/wiki/Category:Spanish_aviation_pioneers \"Spanish aviation pioneers\")\n[Category:Spanish generals](/wiki/Category:Spanish_generals \"Spanish generals\")\n[Category:20th\\-century generals](/wiki/Category:20th-century_generals \"20th-century generals\")\n[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Rif War](/wiki/Category:Spanish_military_personnel_of_the_Rif_War \"Spanish military personnel of the Rif War\")\n[Category:Spanish Civil War pilots](/wiki/Category:Spanish_Civil_War_pilots \"Spanish Civil War pilots\")\n\n"
]
} |
Largo Central Park | {
"id": [
18313966
],
"name": [
"MatthewHoobin"
]
} | psm6kv3wpijb3s9kuidol0swzbs1zcg | 2024-03-19T23:11:25Z | 1,214,597,011 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Largo Central Park** is a 70\\-acre public park located at 101 Central Park Drive in [Largo, Florida](/wiki/Largo%2C_Florida \"Largo, Florida\"), United States. Opened in April 1995, the park features a playground, picnic pavilions, a [miniature railroad](/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway \"Ridable miniature railway\"), a performing arts center, and the James S. Miles and Richard A. Leandri Military Court of Honor. Largo Central Park is situated across the street from the [Largo Public Library](/wiki/Largo_Public_Library \"Largo Public Library\"), and west of the Largo Central Park Nature Preserve, a 31\\-acre [nature park](/wiki/Nature_park \"Nature park\").\n\nA clock tower initially stood at the entrance to the park on the corner of Seminole Boulevard and East Bay Drive, but it was removed in 2009\\.\n\nEach December, Largo Central Park is decorated with [Christmas lights](/wiki/Christmas_lights \"Christmas lights\") and displays; in 2018, over 2 million lights decorated the park.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Parks in Pinellas County, Florida](/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Pinellas_County%2C_Florida \"Parks in Pinellas County, Florida\")\n[Category:1995 establishments in the United States](/wiki/Category:1995_establishments_in_the_United_States \"1995 establishments in the United States\")\n[Category:Miniature railroads in the United States](/wiki/Category:Miniature_railroads_in_the_United_States \"Miniature railroads in the United States\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Sione Anga'aelangi | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | j7wdzcnevkme8j13o49brqx6lxghfbu | 2024-10-06T03:34:03Z | 1,219,298,991 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Sione Anga'aelangi** (born 7 November 1988\\) is a Tongan professional [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") player.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nAnga'aelangi was born in [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") and educated at [Wesley College, Auckland](/wiki/Wesley_College%2C_Auckland \"Wesley College, Auckland\"). He competed for [Counties Manukau](/wiki/Counties_Manukau_Rugby_Football_Union \"Counties Manukau Rugby Football Union\") in provincial matches early in his career and played his club rugby with Karaka, which he captained in 2016\\.\n\nA hooker, Anga'aelangi was first capped for [Tonga](/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team \"Tonga national rugby union team\") in the [2016 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup](/wiki/2016_World_Rugby_Pacific_Nations_Cup \"2016 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup\").\n\nAnga'aelangi moved to France in 2016 and has plied his trade there since, most recently with [Stade Niçois](/wiki/Stade_Ni%C3%A7ois \"Stade Niçois\").\n\nIn 2023, Anga'aelangi was called up by Toutai Kefu as an injury replacement for [Siua Maile](/wiki/Siua_Maile \"Siua Maile\") in the [Rugby World Cup](/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup \"2023 Rugby World Cup\") squad, partway through the group stages, gaining a cap in the final match against Romania.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Tonga national rugby union players](/wiki/List_of_Tonga_national_rugby_union_players \"List of Tonga national rugby union players\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1988 births](/wiki/Category:1988_births \"1988 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Tongan rugby union players](/wiki/Category:Tongan_rugby_union_players \"Tongan rugby union players\")\n[Category:Tonga international rugby union players](/wiki/Category:Tonga_international_rugby_union_players \"Tonga international rugby union players\")\n[Category:Rugby union players from Sydney](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_players_from_Sydney \"Rugby union players from Sydney\")\n[Category:Rugby union hookers](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_hookers \"Rugby union hookers\")\n[Category:People educated at Wesley College, Auckland](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Wesley_College%2C_Auckland \"People educated at Wesley College, Auckland\")\n[Category:Tongan expatriate rugby union players in France](/wiki/Category:Tongan_expatriate_rugby_union_players_in_France \"Tongan expatriate rugby union players in France\")\n[Category:2023 Rugby World Cup players](/wiki/Category:2023_Rugby_World_Cup_players \"2023 Rugby World Cup players\")\n[Category:Counties Manukau rugby union players](/wiki/Category:Counties_Manukau_rugby_union_players \"Counties Manukau rugby union players\")\n[Category:Rugby Club Vannes players](/wiki/Category:Rugby_Club_Vannes_players \"Rugby Club Vannes players\")\n[Category:Biarritz Olympique players](/wiki/Category:Biarritz_Olympique_players \"Biarritz Olympique players\")\n[Category:Stade Français Paris players](/wiki/Category:Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_Paris_players \"Stade Français Paris players\")\n[Category:Union Sportive Bressane players](/wiki/Category:Union_Sportive_Bressane_players \"Union Sportive Bressane players\")\n[Category:Stade Niçois players](/wiki/Category:Stade_Ni%C3%A7ois_players \"Stade Niçois players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Aarnav Patel | {
"id": [
82432
],
"name": [
"Discospinster"
]
} | 7n8t96beyvkvt991v53hm88b4yjf68u | 2024-07-12T15:49:17Z | 1,234,099,909 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"International career",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Aarnav Patel** (born 5 January 2006\\) is a Kenyan cricketer. He is a right handed batsman and a right arm [leg spin](/wiki/Leg_spin \"Leg spin\") bowler. He made his [Twenty20 International](/wiki/Twenty20_International \"Twenty20 International\") debut on 18 March 2024, for [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team \"Kenya national cricket team\") in the [2023 Africa Games](/wiki/Cricket_at_the_2023_African_Games \"Cricket at the 2023 African Games\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nPatel played for Stray Lions Cricket Club in the Nairobi Provincial Cricket Association (NPCA) Super Division in 2024\\.\n\n",
"International career\n--------------------\n\nPlaying for the [Kenya national under\\-19 cricket team](/wiki/Kenya_national_under-19_cricket_team \"Kenya national under-19 cricket team\") in July 2023, Patel took 6\\-15 against Uganda U19 in a qualifying match for the 2024 U19 Cricket World Cup.\n\nHe was called up to the senior [Kenya](/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team \"Kenya national cricket team\") team for the [2023 Africa Games](/wiki/Cricket_at_the_2023_African_Games \"Cricket at the 2023 African Games\"). On his senior Twenty20 debut on 18 March 2024, Patel earned man of the match honours, taking five wickets against University Sport South Africa and finishing with bowling figures of 5\\-15\\. He made his T20I debut on 20 March 2024, against Ghana.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2006 births](/wiki/Category:2006_births \"2006 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Cricketers from Nairobi](/wiki/Category:Cricketers_from_Nairobi \"Cricketers from Nairobi\")\n[Category:Kenyan cricketers](/wiki/Category:Kenyan_cricketers \"Kenyan cricketers\")\n[Category:Kenya Twenty20 International cricketers](/wiki/Category:Kenya_Twenty20_International_cricketers \"Kenya Twenty20 International cricketers\")\n[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent](/wiki/Category:Kenyan_people_of_Indian_descent \"Kenyan people of Indian descent\")\n[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_of_Indian_descent \"Sportspeople of Indian descent\")\n[Category:Cricketers at the 2023 African Games](/wiki/Category:Cricketers_at_the_2023_African_Games \"Cricketers at the 2023 African Games\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kitchener Memorial | {
"id": [
44773059
],
"name": [
"Eakins666..."
]
} | ji0bh1npwkxlp2kgxgimis4y7qdzdfk | 2024-04-24T14:11:46Z | 1,214,710,917 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Kitchener Memorial** is a 48 ft tower [war memorial](/wiki/War_memorial \"War memorial\") in [Birsay](/wiki/Birsay \"Birsay\"), [Orkney Islands](/wiki/Orkney \"Orkney\"), erected after the sinking of British battleship [HMS *Hampshire*](/wiki/HMS_Hampshire_%281903%29 \"HMS Hampshire (1903)\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn June 1916, battleship HMS *Hampshire* was on her way to Russia on a diplomatic mission, by orders of [Lord Horatio Hebert Kitchener](/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener \"Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener\"), field marshal of the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\"). While passing [Birsay](/wiki/Birsay \"Birsay\"), *Hampshire* struck a mine laid by Germany U\\-Boat [*U\\-75*](/wiki/SM_U-75 \"SM U-75\") at 19:40 on 5 June, sinking her, with a loss of 737 on board, including Lord Kitchener. There were only 12 survivors. After the [First World War](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), the people of Orkney raised funds to construct a monument to honour Kitchener, and the other crew members onboard *Hampshire* who were lost that evening. The monument was named Kitchener Memorial, and was officially unveiled on 2 July 1926\\.\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|The Kitchener Memorial in 2011\\.](/wiki/File:Kitchener_Memorial%2C_Marwick_Head_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912289.jpg \"Kitchener Memorial, Marwick Head - geograph.org.uk - 3912289.jpg\")\nOn 5 June 2016, 100 years after the sinking of *Hampshire*, a commemorative wall was unveiled at the base of the tower with the names of all servicemen lost in the disaster inscribed along it.\n\nIn 2020, the Kitchener Memorial was listed as one of the targets during the ['Topple the Racists'](/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_Great_Britain_during_the_George_Floyd_protests \"Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests\") protests, however it was never touched.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1926](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_1926 \"Buildings and structures completed in 1926\")\n[Category:World War I memorials in Scotland](/wiki/Category:World_War_I_memorials_in_Scotland \"World War I memorials in Scotland\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Orkney](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Orkney \"Buildings and structures in Orkney\")\n[Category:Museums in Orkney](/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Orkney \"Museums in Orkney\")\n[Category:Towers completed in 1926](/wiki/Category:Towers_completed_in_1926 \"Towers completed in 1926\")\n\n"
]
} |
Rome, Free City | {
"id": [
11292982
],
"name": [
"EmausBot"
]
} | pdsx7zo3hug5iucbm6lyj1zmjj527wp | 2024-05-30T11:59:16Z | 1,222,790,770 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Cast",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Rome, Free City*** (Italian: ***Roma città libera***) is a 1946 Italian [drama film](/wiki/Drama_film \"Drama film\") directed by [Marcello Pagliero](/wiki/Marcello_Pagliero \"Marcello Pagliero\") and starring [Valentina Cortese](/wiki/Valentina_Cortese \"Valentina Cortese\"), [Andrea Checchi](/wiki/Andrea_Checchi \"Andrea Checchi\"), [Marisa Merlini](/wiki/Marisa_Merlini \"Marisa Merlini\") and [Vittorio De Sica](/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica \"Vittorio De Sica\").Gungle p.185Moliterno p.134 The film's sets were designed by the [art director](/wiki/Art_director \"Art director\") [Gastone Medin](/wiki/Gastone_Medin \"Gastone Medin\").\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [Valentina Cortese](/wiki/Valentina_Cortese \"Valentina Cortese\") as La ragazza\n* [Andrea Checchi](/wiki/Andrea_Checchi \"Andrea Checchi\") as Il giovane\n* [Nando Bruno](/wiki/Nando_Bruno \"Nando Bruno\") as Il ladro\n* [Marisa Merlini](/wiki/Marisa_Merlini \"Marisa Merlini\") as Mara\n* [Gar Moore](/wiki/Gar_Moore \"Gar Moore\") as L'americano\n* [Vittorio De Sica](/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica \"Vittorio De Sica\") as Il signore distanto\n* [Manlio Busoni](/wiki/Manlio_Busoni \"Manlio Busoni\") as Il falsario\n* [Fedele Gentile](/wiki/Fedele_Gentile \"Fedele Gentile\") as Il ricettatore\n* [Francesco Grandjacquet](/wiki/Francesco_Grandjacquet \"Francesco Grandjacquet\") as Il padrone della bisca\n* [Ave Ninchi](/wiki/Ave_Ninchi \"Ave Ninchi\") as L'affittacamere\n* [Ennio Flaiano](/wiki/Ennio_Flaiano \"Ennio Flaiano\") as Il questurino\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* Chiti, Roberto \\& Poppi, Roberto. *Dizionario del cinema italiano: Dal 1945 al 1959*. Gremese Editore, 1991\\.\n* Gundle, Stephen. *Fame Amid the Ruins: Italian Film Stardom in the Age of Neorealism*. Berghahn Books, 2019\\.\n* Moliterno, Gino. *The A to Z of Italian Cinema*. Scarecrow Press, 2009\\.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1946 films](/wiki/Category:1946_films \"1946 films\")\n[Category:Italian drama films](/wiki/Category:Italian_drama_films \"Italian drama films\")\n[Category:1946 drama films](/wiki/Category:1946_drama_films \"1946 drama films\")\n[Category:1940s Italian\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1940s_Italian-language_films \"1940s Italian-language films\")\n[Category:Films directed by Marcello Pagliero](/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Marcello_Pagliero \"Films directed by Marcello Pagliero\")\n[Category:Italian black\\-and\\-white films](/wiki/Category:Italian_black-and-white_films \"Italian black-and-white films\")\n[Category:1940s Italian films](/wiki/Category:1940s_Italian_films \"1940s Italian films\")\n[Category:Films set in Rome](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Rome \"Films set in Rome\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Physcia cinerea | {
"id": [
1461430
],
"name": [
"Headbomb"
]
} | qfc4amtxoc64g86pkykpamuvjkzny2a | 2024-05-21T23:41:28Z | 1,225,036,685 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Physcia cinerea*** is a species of [saxicolous](/wiki/Saxicolous_lichen \"Saxicolous lichen\") (rock\\-dwelling), [foliose lichen](/wiki/Foliose_lichen \"Foliose lichen\") in the family [Physciaceae](/wiki/Physciaceae \"Physciaceae\"). It was [described](/wiki/Species_description \"Species description\") as a new species in 1990 by the Swedish lichenologist Roland Moberg. The lichen is found in Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela at elevations between , typically on sun\\-exposed rocks in [páramo](/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo \"Páramo\") habitat. It has an orbicular to irregularly shaped [thallus](/wiki/Thallus \"Thallus\") up to 3 cm in diameter, comprising narrow up to 1 mm wide. The thallus is grey to dark grey, while the underside is white to brownish, with abundant [rhizines](/wiki/Rhizine \"Rhizine\") of the same colour. [Apothecia](/wiki/Apothecia \"Apothecia\") (fruiting bodies), which are usually abundant, are in form and up to 1\\.5 mm in diameter. They have a dark brown to black that lacks . Both the upper and the [medulla](/wiki/Medulla_%28lichenology%29 \"Medulla (lichenology)\") of the lichen are K\\+ (yellow). [Secondary metabolites](/wiki/Secondary_metabolite \"Secondary metabolite\") ([lichen products](/wiki/Lichen_product \"Lichen product\")) in the species include [atranorin](/wiki/Atranorin \"Atranorin\"), [zeorin](/wiki/Zeorin \"Zeorin\"), and [leucotylin](/wiki/Leucotylin \"Leucotylin\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[cinerea](/wiki/Category:Physcia \"Physcia\")\n[Category:Lichen species](/wiki/Category:Lichen_species \"Lichen species\")\n[Category:Lichens described in 1990](/wiki/Category:Lichens_described_in_1990 \"Lichens described in 1990\")\n[Category:Lichens of Argentina](/wiki/Category:Lichens_of_Argentina \"Lichens of Argentina\")\n[Category:Lichens of Ecuador](/wiki/Category:Lichens_of_Ecuador \"Lichens of Ecuador\")\n[Category:Lichens of Peru](/wiki/Category:Lichens_of_Peru \"Lichens of Peru\")\n[Category:Lichens of Venezuela](/wiki/Category:Lichens_of_Venezuela \"Lichens of Venezuela\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Basketball Champions League Americas All-Star Five | {
"id": [
19040273
],
"name": [
"H-Hurry"
]
} | i5excxtabm8yiwqfa805g5zaqn8kc2k | 2024-04-17T03:15:30Z | 1,219,320,214 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Key",
"Selections",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"The **Basketball Champions League Americas All\\-Star Five** () is an annual honour awarded by the [Basketball Champions League Americas](/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League_Americas \"Basketball Champions League Americas\") (BCLA) to the five most outstanding players of a given season. The selection is composed of five players and was first made after the [2022–23 season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_BCL_Americas \"2022–23 BCL Americas\"). \n\n",
"Key\n---\n\n| ^ | Denotes players who are still active in the BCL Americas |\n| --- | --- |\n| \\* | Elected to the [Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame](/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame \"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame\") |\n| Player (X) | Denotes the number of times the player has been selected |\n| **Player** **(in bold text)** | Indicates the player who won the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the same year |\n| G | [Guard](/wiki/Guard_%28basketball%29 \"Guard (basketball)\") |\n| F | [Forward](/wiki/Forward_%28basketball%29 \"Forward (basketball)\") |\n| C | [Center](/wiki/Center_%28basketball%29 \"Center (basketball)\") |\n\n",
"Selections\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|181x181px\\|[Georginho](/wiki/Georginho \"Georginho\") was on the inaugural All\\-Star Five selection in 2023](/wiki/File:2023-10-07_ratiopharm_Ulm_gegen_ALBA_Berlin_%28Basketball-Bundesliga_2023-24%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93090.jpg \"2023-10-07 ratiopharm Ulm gegen ALBA Berlin (Basketball-Bundesliga 2023-24) by Sandro Halank–090.jpg\")\n\n| Season | | Player | Team | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_BCL_Americas \"2022–23 BCL Americas\") | G | [Alexey Borges](/wiki/Alexey_Borges \"Alexey Borges\") | [Minas](/wiki/Minas_T%C3%AAnis_Clube_%28basketball%29 \"Minas Tênis Clube (basketball)\") | |\n| G | [Georginho](/wiki/Georginho \"Georginho\") | [Sesi Franca](/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube \"Franca Basquetebol Clube\") |\n| F | [Martín Cuello](/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cuello \"Martín Cuello\") | [Flamengo](/wiki/Flamengo_Basketball \"Flamengo Basketball\") |\n| **F** | ** [Lucas Mariano](/wiki/Lucas_Mariano \"Lucas Mariano\")** | ** [Sesi Franca](/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube \"Franca Basquetebol Clube\")** |\n| C | [Lucas Dias](/wiki/Lucas_Dias_%28basketball%29 \"Lucas Dias (basketball)\") | [Sesi Franca](/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube \"Franca Basquetebol Clube\") |\n| [2023–24](/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_BCL_Americas \"2023–24 BCL Americas\") | G | [Juan Brussino](/wiki/Juan_Brussino \"Juan Brussino\") | [Hebraica Macabi](/wiki/Hebraica_Macabi \"Hebraica Macabi\") | |\n| G | [Franco Balbi](/wiki/Franco_Balbi \"Franco Balbi\") | [Flamengo](/wiki/Flamengo_Basketball \"Flamengo Basketball\") |\n| **F** | [**Brandon Robinson**](/wiki/Brandon_Robinson_%28basketball%29 \"Brandon Robinson (basketball)\") | **[Quimsa](/wiki/Quimsa \"Quimsa\")** |\n| F | [Jordan Glynn](/wiki/Jordan_Glynn \"Jordan Glynn\") | [Halcones de Xalapa](/wiki/Halcones_de_Xalapa \"Halcones de Xalapa\") |\n| C | [Jordan Williams](/wiki/Jordan_Williams_%28basketball%2C_born_1992%29 \"Jordan Williams (basketball, born 1992)\") | [Hebraica Macabi](/wiki/Hebraica_Macabi \"Hebraica Macabi\") |\n\n \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Basketball Champions League Americas](/wiki/Category:Basketball_Champions_League_Americas \"Basketball Champions League Americas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Urocystis primulae | {
"id": [
38273405
],
"name": [
"Iacobndg"
]
} | 7d4y05qx2m4yynv6ttn5bhu1w8lsttz | 2024-05-14T15:38:57Z | 1,223,821,233 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gallery",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Urocystis primulae*** is a [fungal](/wiki/Fungus \"Fungus\") [plant pathogen](/wiki/Plant_pathology \"Plant pathology\") that infects several species of *[Primula](/wiki/Primula \"Primula\")*.\n\nThe fungus affects the flowers of the plant, turning the contents of the ovary into a mass of spore balls: clumps of wrapped in a layer of sterile cells. It also produces white, powdery [conidia](/wiki/Conidia \"Conidia\") in the anthers.\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Ustilaginomycotina](/wiki/Category:Ustilaginomycotina \"Ustilaginomycotina\")\n[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases](/wiki/Category:Fungal_plant_pathogens_and_diseases \"Fungal plant pathogens and diseases\")\n[Category:Fungi described in 1985](/wiki/Category:Fungi_described_in_1985 \"Fungi described in 1985\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Puritjarra | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | 3qx4c5jlyj9wgo73vee5u3kw9122hw2 | 2024-07-12T08:29:58Z | 1,230,463,676 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Archaeological findings",
"History of archaeological research",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Puritjarra** is an [archaeological site](/wiki/Archaeological_site \"Archaeological site\") located in the western part of [Central Australia](/wiki/Central_Australia \"Central Australia\") in Cleland Hills, 350 kilometers west of [Alice Springs](/wiki/Alice_Springs \"Alice Springs\"). An ancient rock shelter, this site is located within the traditional [Aboriginal](/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians \"Aboriginal Australians\") lands of the [Kukatja](/wiki/Kukatja_%28Western_Australia%29 \"Kukatja (Western Australia)\") people. The site is significant due to its ancient rock art and the stone artifacts that have been found there.\n\n",
"Archaeological findings\n-----------------------\n\nWith some of the oldest [rock art](/wiki/Rock_art \"Rock art\") in Australia and a [stone artifact](/wiki/Stone_artefact \"Stone artefact\") typology stretching over 30 millennia, Puritjarra is a place in which many archeological excavations have taken place. It dates to at least 32,000 B.P. with findings from the [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene \"Pleistocene\") into the [Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\"). The rock shelter has a sandy floor and a reliable water source nearby. At the site, there are some rock art engravings in stone.\n\nFlaked stone artifacts were found, some made from locally sourced materially (silicified sandstone, clear quartz and ironstone) and some from other materials sourced from further away (white chalcedony, nodular chert, and silcrete). Grey silcrete was used to make the blades for men's knifes at Puritjarra. This silcrete would have been sourced from elsewhere in the Cleland Hills. Archaeologist [Mike Smith](/wiki/Mike_Smith_%28archaeologist%29 \"Mike Smith (archaeologist)\") found that there was little change in the types of resources and materials used throughout the Pleistocene and into the Holocene. Flake and core methods for creating stone tools stayed relatively the same. Tula stone tools as well as thumbnail scrapers that were most likely hafted have also been found at the site.\n\nResearchers have determined that the site was occupied throughout the late Pleistocene and into the last millenium. Some of the rock art at Puritjarra has been dated to the mid\\-Holocene.\n\n",
"History of archaeological research\n----------------------------------\n\nPuritjarra was first excavated between 1986 and 1990 by archaeologist Mike Smith. A series of trenches and grid square excavation pits were dug for the research. Extensive [chronology](/wiki/Chronology \"Chronology\") was done on the site through [radiocarbon dating](/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating \"Radiocarbon dating\") at each excavation which dates the site to 32,000 B.P. or 35,000 B.P. \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Wikipedia Student Program](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Student_Program \"Wikipedia Student Program\")\n[Category:Archaeological sites in the Northern Territory](/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Northern_Territory \"Archaeological sites in the Northern Territory\")\n[Category:Rock shelters in the Northern Territory](/wiki/Category:Rock_shelters_in_the_Northern_Territory \"Rock shelters in the Northern Territory\")\n\n"
]
} |
Veritas (P.O.D. album) | {
"id": [
46496305
],
"name": [
"SoilNerve"
]
} | k7xk6wqkn93fk57xe3w3zyudutugr2g | 2024-10-13T16:03:56Z | 1,250,455,751 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Critical reception",
"Charts",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * \n\n***Veritas*** is the eleventh studio album by American Christian nu metal band [P.O.D.](/wiki/P.O.D. \"P.O.D.\") It was released on May 3, 2024, via [Mascot Records](/wiki/Mascot_Records \"Mascot Records\"), and is the first album by the band not to feature drummer Wuv Bernardo after he went on hiatus in 2021\\. It was produced by production duo Heavy, who had previously produced *[Circles](/wiki/Circles_%28P.O.D._album%29 \"Circles (P.O.D. album)\")* (2018\\), and features guest appearances from [Randy Blythe](/wiki/Randy_Blythe \"Randy Blythe\"), [Tatiana Shmayluk](/wiki/Tatiana_Shmayluk \"Tatiana Shmayluk\"), and [Cove Reber](/wiki/Cove_Reber \"Cove Reber\").\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nIn August 2021, drummer Wuv Bernardo dropped from the band's European leg of the 20th anniversary tour for *[Satellite](/wiki/Satellite_%28P.O.D._album%29 \"Satellite (P.O.D. album)\")* and subsequently left as a result, later clarifying that he would be on hiatus from the band. Former [Suicide Silence](/wiki/Suicide_Silence \"Suicide Silence\") drummer Alex Lopez was recruited as touring drummer. After occasional shows and festivals, the band released the single \"Drop\" featuring [Randy Blythe](/wiki/Randy_Blythe \"Randy Blythe\") on September 21, 2023, announcing the album and its title. On November 30th, 2023, \"Afraid to Die\" featuring Tatiana Shmayluk was released, and when \"I Won't Bow Down\" was released in January 2024, the band announced the release date of the album.\n\nIn an interview with *Loudwire*, Sonny Sandoval suggested that *Veritas* was one of the best albums the band has ever done. Marcos Curiel expressed satisfaction with the album in an interview with *Soundsphere* magazine after the album's release, stating that \"There’s been a few haters here and there, but it’s a beautiful thing. We did our job, and we caused a spark, whether you love it or hate it.\"[https://www.soundspheremag.com/news/p\\-o\\-ds\\-marcos\\-curiel\\-gives\\-the\\-scoop\\-on\\-new\\-album\\-veritas/](https://www.soundspheremag.com/news/p-o-ds-marcos-curiel-gives-the-scoop-on-new-album-veritas/)\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\n*Jesus Freak Hideout*s David Craft gave 4 out of 5 and said, \"*Veritas* ultimately reflects a band that knows its strengths and plays to them, yet occasionally stumbles in its pursuit of growth. The album swings between impactful anthems and moments of predictability, resulting in a solid, if not groundbreaking, addition to P.O.D.'s discography. It serves as a reminder of the band's enduring presence in the rock scene, even as it leaves room for growth and surprises in future projects.\"\n\n*[Kerrang!](/wiki/Kerrang%21 \"Kerrang!\")* was mixed in its review and said, \"Veritas, as the lovers of Latin out there will tell you, means 'truth'. In the interest of full transparency, then, P.O.D.'s 11th studio album is unlikely to win the San Diegans any fans outside of the nu\\-metal firmament. Not because it's bad; it's a frequently punchy and arresting collection. But it's much the same as the band that set the world on fire in the early\\-'00s, then were seemingly snuffed.\"\n\n*[Metal Hammer](/wiki/Metal_Hammer \"Metal Hammer\")*s Sam Coare wrote, \"It was perhaps too much to expect P.O.D. to dramatically reinvent or reinvigorate their sound. Rather than offering anything new or of note, Veritas serves as a poor facsimile of what once conjured excitement around the band’s name all those years ago.\"\n\n*Distorted Sound* was highly unfavorable, stating \"What P.O.D. have achieved across 11 albums cannot be denied, but *Veritas* finds them operating on the level of a token metal entry at the [Eurovision song contest](/wiki/Eurovision_song_contest \"Eurovision song contest\"), and not a particularly good one. When record number 12 rolls around, they might consider having something to prove.\"\n\n[Blabbermouth.net](/wiki/Blabbermouth.net \"Blabbermouth.net\") gave a positive review, stating \"P.O.D. are known for their eclectic mix of sounds, especially incorporating reggae, punk and hip\\-hop into their rock style, But \"Veritas\" is one of the band's most straight\\-forward rock records, with a real basic rock 'n' roll sound. The straight\\-ahead sound works for P.O.D., because it has them relying on their guttural, raw energy and delivering profound lyrics without a lot of competition. *Veritas* is the familiar\\-sounding album that longtime P.O.D. fans should love. It also frees the band to experiment, if they wish, on their next release.\"\n\n*Riff Magazine*s Mike DeWald says, \"The members of P.O.D., or Payable On Death, wear their heart on their sleeve on the band’s 11th album, Veritas, and the result is one of their most urgent, aggressive and heavy statements.\"\n\n*Metal Epidemic**s Ross Bowie said, \"In a world where nu metal nostalgia is all the rage, it makes sense that P.O.D. would release a new album that sounds extremely similar to their heyday. The band are reliable and can turn out new music which will scratch the itch that the band is known for while not quite hitting the highs of their best material. While 2001’s *[Satellite](/wiki/Satellite_%28P.O.D._album%29 \"Satellite (P.O.D. album)\")* was the band’s big moment and saw them have genuine mainstream hits, they have stayed on a steady course since then being a reliable band with the exception of 2012’s *[Murdered Love](/wiki/Murdered_Love \"Murdered Love\")*, which was the bands mid\\-career highlight and while *Veritas* isn’t quite up to that level it has a lot of moments to enjoy.\"***\n\n[AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\")'s Christian Genzel wrote of *Veritas*, \"While the era in which P.O.D. came to full bloom is long gone—their last record to make a dent in the international charts was 2006's *Testify*—the group has simply continued to deliver well\\-made new records...One of P.O.D.'s strengths is that they're not big on sentimentality, and so the songs \\[on *Veritas*] have a matter\\-of\\-factness which keeps them from sounding like the band is trying to recapture their youth: they emphasize the heavier edges, not the passing of time...*Veritas* may not open up new avenues for the band, but it proves that after all these years, P.O.D. can still deliver rousingly defiant underdog anthems in their own style, fittingly described in the lyrics of \"I Got That\" as 'that underground, original, nothing\\-to\\-prove Southtown, don't\\-play\\-around Dago signature groove.' \"\nTrack listing\n-------------\n\nPersonnel\n---------\n\nP.O.D.**[Sonny Sandoval](/wiki/Sonny_Sandoval \"Sonny Sandoval\") – vocals\n [Marcos Curiel](/wiki/Marcos_Curiel \"Marcos Curiel\") – guitars, background vocals\n [Traa Daniels](/wiki/Traa_Daniels \"Traa Daniels\") – bass**Additional contributors'\n* + - * Robin Diaz – drums, percussion\n* Heavy – [production](/wiki/Record_producer \"Record producer\"), background vocals\n* [Howie Weinberg](/wiki/Howie_Weinberg \"Howie Weinberg\") – [mastering](/wiki/Mastering_%28audio%29 \"Mastering (audio)\")\n* Josh Wilbur – [mixing](/wiki/Audio_mixing_%28recorded_music%29 \"Audio mixing (recorded music)\")\n* Sergio Chavez — [engineering](/wiki/Audio_engineer \"Audio engineer\")\n* Chris Chavez – engineering assistance\n* [Ryan Clark](/wiki/Ryan_Clark_%28musician%29 \"Ryan Clark (musician)\") — art direction, design\n* Jeremiah Scott — photography\n* [Randy Blythe](/wiki/Randy_Blythe \"Randy Blythe\") – guest vocals on track 1\n* [Tatiana Shmayluk](/wiki/Tatiana_Shmayluk \"Tatiana Shmayluk\") – guest vocals on track 3\n* [Cove Reber](/wiki/Cove_Reber \"Cove Reber\") – guest vocals on track 8\n",
"Charts\n------\n\n| \\+ Chart performance for *Veritas* | Chart (2024\\) | Peakposition |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|\n\n|\n\n|\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Mascot Records albums](/wiki/Category:Mascot_Records_albums \"Mascot Records albums\")\n[Category:2024 albums](/wiki/Category:2024_albums \"2024 albums\")\n[Category:P.O.D. albums](/wiki/Category:P.O.D._albums \"P.O.D. albums\")\n\n"
]
} |
Cochemiea bullardiana | {
"id": [
33145
],
"name": [
"UtherSRG"
]
} | eqii21eb8cgzktc8pqycyr5nlnwrkot | 2024-06-14T11:50:43Z | 1,229,019,589 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + \n\t\t\t\t***Cochemiea bullardiana*** is a species of *[Cochemiea](/wiki/Cochemiea \"Cochemiea\")* found in Mexico.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[bullardiana](/wiki/Category:Cochemiea \"Cochemiea\")\n[Category:Cacti of Mexico](/wiki/Category:Cacti_of_Mexico \"Cacti of Mexico\")\n\n"
]
} |
2020 Sangareddy Municipal Council election | {
"id": [
20611691
],
"name": [
"Filedelinkerbot"
]
} | jnrbp8m1tvwe9ootqfnta5ez8ofsb6d | 2024-08-26T04:46:37Z | 1,236,819,779 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Results",
"Results by party",
"Results by constituency",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2020 Sangareddy Municipal Council election** was held to elect all 38 members of the [Sangareddy Municipal Council](/wiki/Sangareddy_Municipal_Council \"Sangareddy Municipal Council\"). The election was held on 23 January 2020, and the results were released on 25 January 2020\\. The elections were a part of the [2020 Telangana municipal elections](/wiki/2020_Telangana_local_elections \"2020 Telangana local elections\").\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nIn the previous elections held in 2014, the [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") won 11 of the then\\-31 seats in the council, followed by the [Bharatiya Janata Party](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\") at 4 seats, and the [Telangana Rashtra Samithi](/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithi \"Telangana Rashtra Samithi\") at 2 seats. Other parties won 9 seats, and independents won 5 seats.\n\n",
"Results\n-------\n\n### Results by party\n\n| Parties and Coalitions | | Popular vote | | Seats | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes | % | Won | \\+/\\- |\n| | [Telangana Rashtra Samithi](/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithi \"Telangana Rashtra Samithi\") (TRS) | 17,997 | 35\\.50 | 19 | 17 |\n| | [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") (INC) | 16,632 | 32\\.81 | 11 | |\n| | [Bharatiya Janata Party](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\") (BJP) | 5,636 | 11\\.12 | 3 | 1 |\n| | [All India Majlis\\-e\\-Ittehadul Muslimeen](/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen \"All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen\") (AIMIM) | 3,491 | 6\\.89 | 2 | *TBC* |\n| | [Independents](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | 6,329 | 12\\.48 | 3 | 2 |\n| | Others | 355 | 0\\.70 | 0 | 9 |\n| | None of the above (India) | 256 | 0\\.50 | 0 | |\n| **Source: [Telangana State Election Commission](/wiki/Telangana_State_Election_Commission \"Telangana State Election Commission\")** | | | | | |\n| Valid votes | | 50,696 | 100\\.00 | **38** | |\n| **Rejected votes** | | **516** | | | |\n| **Total votes** | | **51,212** | | | |\n| **Electors** | | **70,405** | | | |\n| **Valid vote turnout** | | **72\\.80** | | | |\n\n### Results by constituency\n\nSource: [Telangana State Election Commission](/wiki/Telangana_State_Election_Commission \"Telangana State Election Commission\")\n\n| Ward | | Winner | | | | Runner Up | | | | Margin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Name | Candidate | Party | | Votes | Candidate | Party | | Votes |\n| 1 | No. 1 | Kasini Rajini | | 451 | Kasini Gnaneshwari | | 397 | 54 |\n| 2 | No. 2 | Naikoti Ramesh Kumar | | 765 | Thota Veerasham | | 472 | 293 |\n| 3 | No. 3 | M. Vishnu Vardhan | | 359 | Jagadeshwar Kondapuram | | 355 | 4 |\n| 4 | No. 4 | M. Vijaya Laxmi | | 810 | Pittala Hymavathi | | 477 | 333 |\n| 5 | No.5 | Mumtaz Begum | | 703 | Nimra Farha Mohammad | | 445 | 258 |\n| 6 | No. 6 | Md. Sohail Ali | | 447 | Torruri Sripathi Rao | | 305 | 142 |\n| 7 | No. 7 | Boini Vijaya Laxmi | | 777 | Padma Balaiah Gari | | 527 | 250 |\n| 8 | No. 8 | Begari Srikanth | | 729 | Ashwanth Kalvakuntla | | 387 | 342 |\n| 9 | No. 9 | Lade Maneela | | 557 | Srilatha | | 490 | 67 |\n| 10 | No. 10 | Pyata Sravanthi | | 666 | Challa Srilatha | | 300 | 366 |\n| 11 | No. 11 | Gaddam Saritha | | 652 | Shankar Annolla Amrutha | | 587 | 65 |\n| 12 | No. 12 | Ponna Rajender Reddy | | 968 | Gattumeedi Srinivas | | 282 | 686 |\n| 13 | No. 13 | Chennaiah Gari Lavanya | | 450 | Mailaram Kalpana | | 359 | 91 |\n| 14 | No. 14 | Manemma Aluri | | 328 | Gopannagari Udya Sri | | 322 | 6 |\n| 15 | No. 15 | Diddi Vijaya Laxmi | | 396 | Dhannaram Sushmita | | 313 | 83 |\n| 16 | No. 16 | Kothapally Srikanth | | 826 | Doddi Shanti Kumar | | 391 | 435 |\n| 17 | No. 17 | Ghousia Begum | | 286 | Ayesha Sultana | | 268 | 18 |\n| 18 | No. 18 | S. Ashwin Kumar | | 470 | Y. Bhikshapathi | | 411 | 59 |\n| 19 | No. 19 | Chakali Swapna | | 510 | M. Pallavi | | 338 | 172 |\n| 20 | No. 20 | Shaik Arif | | 433 | Mohammed Mohtesham | | 374 | 59 |\n| 21 | No. 21 | Mandula Radhakrishna | | 470 | Sudhaker Rudraram | | 377 | 93 |\n| 22 | No. 22 | Turupu Nirmala | | 843 | N. Chandrashekar | | 211 | 632 |\n| 23 | No. 23 | Kuna Vanitha | | 614 | Manoranjani | | 505 | 109 |\n| 24 | No. 24 | Shaik Shafee | | 839 | Mohammed Nazeemuddin | | 572 | 267 |\n| 25 | No. 25 | Anjum | | 1113 | Aliya Begum | | 226 | 887 |\n| 26 | No. 26 | Shaik Saber | | 977 | Mohammed Shahed Ali | | 388 | 589 |\n| 27 | No. 27 | Nakka Manjulatha | | 488 | Puram Santhosh Kumar | | 451 | 37 |\n| 28 | No. 28 | Uma Maheshari | | 613 | Gundelwar Sujatha | | 608 | 5 |\n| 29 | No. 29 | Kethavath Jairam Pavan | | 796 | Rudraraj Sujatha | | 396 | 400 |\n| 30 | No. 30 | Mirdoddi Venkat Raju | | 384 | Ayilreddygari Goutham Reddy | | 360 | 24 |\n| 31 | No. 31 | Shankari Latha | | 898 | Pushpamma Matapathi | | 241 | 657 |\n| 32 | No. 32 | Naikoti Ramappa | | 760 | Jaggari Sathish Reddy | | 573 | 187 |\n| 33 | No. 33 | Nagaraju Navath | | 522 | Chilveri Muralidhar | | 487 | 35 |\n| 34 | No. 34 | Mohd. Sami | | 449 | Mohammad Anwar | | 317 | 132 |\n| 35 | No. 35 | Moti Veena | | 758 | Jagan Mohan Hyderaboini | | 426 | 332 |\n| 36 | No. 36 | Satheli Madhuri | | 468 | A. Vara Lazmi | | 452 | 16 |\n| 37 | No. 37 | Balavanthula Padma | | 394 | M. Elizabeth | | 282 | 112 |\n| 38 | No. 38 | Nazima Tabassum | | 659 | Rabiya Begum | | 536 | 123 |\n\n",
"### Results by party\n\n| Parties and Coalitions | | Popular vote | | Seats | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Votes | % | Won | \\+/\\- |\n| | [Telangana Rashtra Samithi](/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithi \"Telangana Rashtra Samithi\") (TRS) | 17,997 | 35\\.50 | 19 | 17 |\n| | [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") (INC) | 16,632 | 32\\.81 | 11 | |\n| | [Bharatiya Janata Party](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\") (BJP) | 5,636 | 11\\.12 | 3 | 1 |\n| | [All India Majlis\\-e\\-Ittehadul Muslimeen](/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen \"All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen\") (AIMIM) | 3,491 | 6\\.89 | 2 | *TBC* |\n| | [Independents](/wiki/Independent_politician \"Independent politician\") | 6,329 | 12\\.48 | 3 | 2 |\n| | Others | 355 | 0\\.70 | 0 | 9 |\n| | None of the above (India) | 256 | 0\\.50 | 0 | |\n| **Source: [Telangana State Election Commission](/wiki/Telangana_State_Election_Commission \"Telangana State Election Commission\")** | | | | | |\n| Valid votes | | 50,696 | 100\\.00 | **38** | |\n| **Rejected votes** | | **516** | | | |\n| **Total votes** | | **51,212** | | | |\n| **Electors** | | **70,405** | | | |\n| **Valid vote turnout** | | **72\\.80** | | | |\n\n",
"### Results by constituency\n\nSource: [Telangana State Election Commission](/wiki/Telangana_State_Election_Commission \"Telangana State Election Commission\")\n\n| Ward | | Winner | | | | Runner Up | | | | Margin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\# | Name | Candidate | Party | | Votes | Candidate | Party | | Votes |\n| 1 | No. 1 | Kasini Rajini | | 451 | Kasini Gnaneshwari | | 397 | 54 |\n| 2 | No. 2 | Naikoti Ramesh Kumar | | 765 | Thota Veerasham | | 472 | 293 |\n| 3 | No. 3 | M. Vishnu Vardhan | | 359 | Jagadeshwar Kondapuram | | 355 | 4 |\n| 4 | No. 4 | M. Vijaya Laxmi | | 810 | Pittala Hymavathi | | 477 | 333 |\n| 5 | No.5 | Mumtaz Begum | | 703 | Nimra Farha Mohammad | | 445 | 258 |\n| 6 | No. 6 | Md. Sohail Ali | | 447 | Torruri Sripathi Rao | | 305 | 142 |\n| 7 | No. 7 | Boini Vijaya Laxmi | | 777 | Padma Balaiah Gari | | 527 | 250 |\n| 8 | No. 8 | Begari Srikanth | | 729 | Ashwanth Kalvakuntla | | 387 | 342 |\n| 9 | No. 9 | Lade Maneela | | 557 | Srilatha | | 490 | 67 |\n| 10 | No. 10 | Pyata Sravanthi | | 666 | Challa Srilatha | | 300 | 366 |\n| 11 | No. 11 | Gaddam Saritha | | 652 | Shankar Annolla Amrutha | | 587 | 65 |\n| 12 | No. 12 | Ponna Rajender Reddy | | 968 | Gattumeedi Srinivas | | 282 | 686 |\n| 13 | No. 13 | Chennaiah Gari Lavanya | | 450 | Mailaram Kalpana | | 359 | 91 |\n| 14 | No. 14 | Manemma Aluri | | 328 | Gopannagari Udya Sri | | 322 | 6 |\n| 15 | No. 15 | Diddi Vijaya Laxmi | | 396 | Dhannaram Sushmita | | 313 | 83 |\n| 16 | No. 16 | Kothapally Srikanth | | 826 | Doddi Shanti Kumar | | 391 | 435 |\n| 17 | No. 17 | Ghousia Begum | | 286 | Ayesha Sultana | | 268 | 18 |\n| 18 | No. 18 | S. Ashwin Kumar | | 470 | Y. Bhikshapathi | | 411 | 59 |\n| 19 | No. 19 | Chakali Swapna | | 510 | M. Pallavi | | 338 | 172 |\n| 20 | No. 20 | Shaik Arif | | 433 | Mohammed Mohtesham | | 374 | 59 |\n| 21 | No. 21 | Mandula Radhakrishna | | 470 | Sudhaker Rudraram | | 377 | 93 |\n| 22 | No. 22 | Turupu Nirmala | | 843 | N. Chandrashekar | | 211 | 632 |\n| 23 | No. 23 | Kuna Vanitha | | 614 | Manoranjani | | 505 | 109 |\n| 24 | No. 24 | Shaik Shafee | | 839 | Mohammed Nazeemuddin | | 572 | 267 |\n| 25 | No. 25 | Anjum | | 1113 | Aliya Begum | | 226 | 887 |\n| 26 | No. 26 | Shaik Saber | | 977 | Mohammed Shahed Ali | | 388 | 589 |\n| 27 | No. 27 | Nakka Manjulatha | | 488 | Puram Santhosh Kumar | | 451 | 37 |\n| 28 | No. 28 | Uma Maheshari | | 613 | Gundelwar Sujatha | | 608 | 5 |\n| 29 | No. 29 | Kethavath Jairam Pavan | | 796 | Rudraraj Sujatha | | 396 | 400 |\n| 30 | No. 30 | Mirdoddi Venkat Raju | | 384 | Ayilreddygari Goutham Reddy | | 360 | 24 |\n| 31 | No. 31 | Shankari Latha | | 898 | Pushpamma Matapathi | | 241 | 657 |\n| 32 | No. 32 | Naikoti Ramappa | | 760 | Jaggari Sathish Reddy | | 573 | 187 |\n| 33 | No. 33 | Nagaraju Navath | | 522 | Chilveri Muralidhar | | 487 | 35 |\n| 34 | No. 34 | Mohd. Sami | | 449 | Mohammad Anwar | | 317 | 132 |\n| 35 | No. 35 | Moti Veena | | 758 | Jagan Mohan Hyderaboini | | 426 | 332 |\n| 36 | No. 36 | Satheli Madhuri | | 468 | A. Vara Lazmi | | 452 | 16 |\n| 37 | No. 37 | Balavanthula Padma | | 394 | M. Elizabeth | | 282 | 112 |\n| 38 | No. 38 | Nazima Tabassum | | 659 | Rabiya Begum | | 536 | 123 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2020 elections in India](/wiki/Category:2020_elections_in_India \"2020 elections in India\")\n\n"
]
} |
Charles McDonald Renfrew | {
"id": [
43318103
],
"name": [
"Brun164389berd"
]
} | 581f63wlcd8o1au97lwk3dow3l6zapx | 2024-06-14T14:30:33Z | 1,228,555,812 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Charles McDonald Renfrew** (21 June 1929 – 7 February 1992\\) was a [Scottish](/wiki/Scottish_people \"Scottish people\") [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\") [prelate](/wiki/Prelate \"Prelate\") who served as an [Auxiliary bishop](/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop \"Auxiliary bishop\") of [Glasgow](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Glasgow \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nHe was born in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") on 21 June 1929\\. He studied for the [priesthood](/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church \"Priesthood in the Catholic Church\") at the [Pontifical Scots College, Rome](/wiki/Pontifical_Scots_College \"Pontifical Scots College\") and was ordained on 4 April 1953\\. He was [curate](/wiki/Curate \"Curate\") at the parish of the Immaculate Conception, [Maryhill](/wiki/Maryhill \"Maryhill\") 1953–56, a professor at [Blairs College](/wiki/Blairs_College \"Blairs College\") 1956–57, procurator at Blairs 1957–61 and was rector of St Vincent's College, [Langbank](/wiki/Langbank \"Langbank\") 1961–74\\. He was named [Vicar general](/wiki/Vicar_general \"Vicar general\") of Glasgow in 1974\\. He was chaplain to Bon Secours Hospital in Glasgow 1975–89\\.\n\nHe was appointed [Auxiliary bishop](/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop \"Auxiliary bishop\") of [Glasgow](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Glasgow \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow\") and [titular bishop](/wiki/Titular_bishop \"Titular bishop\") of Abula, and was [consecrated](/wiki/Episcopal_consecration \"Episcopal consecration\") to the [Episcopate](/wiki/Episcopate \"Episcopate\") on 31 May 1977 at St Francis Church, [Gorbals](/wiki/Gorbals \"Gorbals\"). The principal [consecrator](/wiki/Consecrator \"Consecrator\") was [Archbishop Thomas Winning](/wiki/Thomas_Winning \"Thomas Winning\") of [Glasgow](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Glasgow \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow\") and the principal co\\-consecrators were [Bishop Francis Thomson](/wiki/Francis_Thomson_%28bishop%29 \"Francis Thomson (bishop)\") of [Motherwell](/wiki/Diocese_of_Motherwell \"Diocese of Motherwell\") and [Bishop Stephen McGill](/wiki/Stephen_McGill \"Stephen McGill\") of [Paisley](/wiki/Diocese_of_Paisley \"Diocese of Paisley\").\n\nHe died on 27 February 1992 at the [Western Infirmary](/wiki/Western_Infirmary \"Western Infirmary\") aged 62\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:20th\\-century Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholic_bishops_in_Scotland \"20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland\")\n[Category:1929 births](/wiki/Category:1929_births \"1929 births\")\n[Category:1992 deaths](/wiki/Category:1992_deaths \"1992 deaths\")\n[Category:Clergy from Glasgow](/wiki/Category:Clergy_from_Glasgow \"Clergy from Glasgow\")\n[Category:Alumni of the Scots College, Rome](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Scots_College%2C_Rome \"Alumni of the Scots College, Rome\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Gezey, Divriği | {
"id": [
7447121
],
"name": [
"Semsûrî"
]
} | hmf5zmff6iuiqv6qhubbsyyoopd8zdj | 2024-06-29T06:54:34Z | null | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gezey** is a village in the [Divriği District](/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi_District \"Divriği District\") of [Sivas Province](/wiki/Sivas_Province \"Sivas Province\") in Turkey. It is populated by [Kurds](/wiki/Kurds \"Kurds\") and had a population of 18 in 2023\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Divriği District](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Divri%C4%9Fi_District \"Villages in Divriği District\")\n[Category:Kurdish settlements in Sivas Province](/wiki/Category:Kurdish_settlements_in_Sivas_Province \"Kurdish settlements in Sivas Province\")\n\n"
]
} |
Parentesi | {
"id": [
11554556
],
"name": [
"Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars"
]
} | ibbovlh05o5i3zao5tibcml9e8umsfb | 2024-07-08T21:19:44Z | 1,229,134,129 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Composition",
"Critical reception",
"Music video",
"Charts",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\"**Parentesi**\" is a duet recorded by Italian singers [Mara Sattei](/wiki/Mara_Sattei \"Mara Sattei\") and [Giorgia](/wiki/Giorgia_%28singer%29 \"Giorgia (singer)\"). The song was released on 14 January 2022 as the third single from Sattei's debout studio album *Universo* through [Sony Music](/wiki/Sony_Music \"Sony Music\").\n\n",
"Composition\n-----------\n\nThe song was written by the two singers with [Tha Supreme](/wiki/Tha_Supreme \"Tha Supreme\"), Sattei's brother, who worked on the trak as music producer. Sattei explained the meaning of the song:Sattei told about her decision to collaborate with Giorgia in an interview for [*Il Fatto Quotidiano*](/wiki/Il_Fatto_Quotidiano \"Il Fatto Quotidiano\"):\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\nFabio Fiume of All Music Italia gave the song a score of 5 out of 10, which although he found the single to have \"personality\" and \"recognizability\" compared to Sattei's previous musical choices, he called it \"monotonous\" in which \"it all sounds like it's about to explode but in the end it doesn't.\"\n\n",
"Music video\n-----------\n\nThe music video for the song, directed by Gaetano Morbioli, was released on July 16, 2011, through the Sattei's YouTube channel.\n\n",
"Charts\n------\n\n| Chart (2016\\) | Peakposition |\n| --- | --- |\n| Italy ([FIMI](/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana \"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana\")) | 56 |\n| Italy Airplay (EarOne) | 24 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:2022 singles](/wiki/Category:2022_singles \"2022 singles\")\n[Category:2022 songs](/wiki/Category:2022_songs \"2022 songs\")\n[Category:Sony Music singles](/wiki/Category:Sony_Music_singles \"Sony Music singles\")\n[Category:Songs in Italian](/wiki/Category:Songs_in_Italian \"Songs in Italian\")\n[Category:Giorgia (singer) songs](/wiki/Category:Giorgia_%28singer%29_songs \"Giorgia (singer) songs\")\n\n"
]
} |
Grčka Glavica necropolis | {
"id": [
3022076
],
"name": [
"Deor"
]
} | gmnpwnyb3cccjw94paapk2ydai15plb | 2024-07-23T14:45:25Z | 1,234,472,635 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Location",
"History",
"Description",
"See also",
"Bibliography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Grčka Glavica necropolis**, in Biskupi hamlet of the [Glavatičevo](/wiki/Glavati%C4%8Devo \"Glavatičevo\") village, Municipality of [Konjic](/wiki/Konjic \"Konjic\"), [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\"), is inscribed on the list of 28 medieval [stećak](/wiki/Ste%C4%87ak \"Stećak\") necropolises that were declared a [UNESCO World Heritage Site](/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site \"UNESCO World Heritage Site\") in 2016\\. The list includes 20 necropolises in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 3 in [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), 3 in [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro \"Montenegro\"), and 2 in [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\").\n\nThe necropolis is also inscribed on the [List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina\") by [KONS](/wiki/KONS \"KONS\").\n\n",
"Location\n--------\n\nBiskup is a hamlet near village of Glavatičevo, about 30 km away from Konjic, in the [Upper Neretva](/wiki/Upper_Neretva \"Upper Neretva\") valley. Next to the macadam road on a small hill known as Grčka Glavica, there are the remains of a church and a necropolis with stećci.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe [Sanković noble family](/wiki/Sankovi%C4%87_noble_family \"Sanković noble family\") (in written sources also mentioned as Bogopanac, Draživojević, Miltenović and Sanković) can be traced from 1306 to 1404\\. At the beginning of the 14th century, they operated in the area of [Nevesinje](/wiki/Nevesinje \"Nevesinje\"), and after 1335 they extended their rule to Zagorje, and later to [Dabar](/wiki/Dabar_%28medieval_%C5%BEupa%29 \"Dabar (medieval župa)\"), [Popovo](/wiki/Popovo_%28%C5%BEupa%29 \"Popovo (župa)\"), [Primorje](/wiki/Primorje_%28medieval_%C5%BEupa%29 \"Primorje (medieval župa)\") in [Bosansko Primorje](/wiki/Bosansko_Primorje \"Bosansko Primorje\"), and [Konavle](/wiki/Konavle \"Konavle\"). As representatives of the [Humska zemlja](/wiki/Humska_zemlja \"Humska zemlja\") (Hum), they regularly participated in the [Stanak](/wiki/Stanak \"Stanak\"), an assembly of Bosnian nobles, especially in the period from 1330 to 1404\\. The family cemetery was located in the hamlet of Biskup, on the territory of the [Kom](/wiki/Kom_%28%C5%BEupa%29 \"Kom (župa)\") *[župa](/wiki/%C5%BDupa \"Župa\")*. The last Sanković was a *[knez](/wiki/Knez_%28title%29 \"Knez (title)\")*, then [Duke](/wiki/Vojvoda \"Vojvoda\") [Radič Sanković](/wiki/Radi%C4%8D_Sankovi%C4%87 \"Radič Sanković\"). His seat was not far from Biskup, in the village of [Zaborani](/wiki/Zaborani \"Zaborani\"), on the northernmost part of [Nevesinjsko polje](/wiki/Nevesinjsko_Polje \"Nevesinjsko Polje\"). [Sandalj Hranić](/wiki/Sandalj_Hrani%C4%87 \"Sandalj Hranić\") captured Radič in 1404 and seized his entire territory.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nFrom 1954 to 1955, archeological research was carried out by [Marko Vego](/wiki/Marko_Vego \"Marko Vego\"). The most important result of this research is the finding that this is the family cemetery of the feudal family of Sanković, who in the 14th century held the leading position in what was then the Hum. Movable archaeological material is stored in the Archaeological Department of the [National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina\").\n\nThe necropolis with stećci consists of 172 stećci and a large number of graves without monuments. One specimen is a gable, while the rest are slabs and chests. The necropolis covers an area of about 1700 m2\\. Two monuments, one chest and one gable, were decorated. At the top of the gable is a [frieze](/wiki/Frieze \"Frieze\") of a series of oblique parallel lines, and on the sides are arcades. At the top of the chest is a frieze of bent [vines](/wiki/Vine \"Vine\") with [trefoils](/wiki/Trefoil \"Trefoil\").\n\nOn one chest there is an inscription, made on two sides in two lines and on the other two sides in one line. On one chest there is an inscription. The script is 14th century [Bosnian Cyrillic](/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic \"Bosnian Cyrillic\"). The inscription reads:\n\n> *Transliterated into Latin script and Serbo\\-Croatian*: Ovdje leži gospođa Goisava, kćer Đurđa Balšića i žena Radiča koja se udala u kuću kaznaca Sanka i župana Bjeljaka sa čašću poštuje svoju vjeru i višnju slavu.\n> \n> \n> *Translated into English*: Here lies Mrs. Goisava, the daughter of Đurđ Balšić and the wife of Radič, who married into the house of the *kazanac* Sanko and the *[župan](/wiki/%C5%BDupan \"Župan\")* Bjeljak, honoring her faith and her highest glory.\n\nThe inscription shows that it is the grave of Goisava, the wife of Duke Radič Sanković. According to its content, the inscription is among the most valuable monuments of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina. An intact skeleton and accessories were found in the grave: silk ribbons, like the rest of the dress, and in the mouth a [Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa \"Republic of Ragusa\")n dinar with a picture of [Sveti Vlaho](/wiki/Sveti_Vlaho \"Sveti Vlaho\"), minted around 1337\\.\n\nIn the stećak next to it, a skeleton was found with artefacts \\- in its mouth was a Ragusan dinar, the same as at Goisava. It is possible that it is the grave of Duke Radič himself.\n\nThe area was neglected before protection process begun, covered with leaves and wild plants. The remains of the church walls and the stećaks in its interior are overgrown with moss and lichen. A large number of stećaks were moved from their original position, sank or slid down the slope.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina\")\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* [Šefik Bešlagić](/wiki/%C5%A0efik_Be%C5%A1lagi%C4%87 \"Šefik Bešlagić\"), *STEĆCI – KULTURA I UMJETNOST*; Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1982\\.\n* [Marko Vego](/wiki/Marko_Vego \"Marko Vego\"), *Nadgrobni spomenici porodice Sankovića u selu Biskupu kod Konjica*; Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu, XII, Sarajevo, 1957; pp. 127–141\\.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata \"Coordinates on Wikidata\")\n[Category:Stećak necropolis](/wiki/Category:Ste%C4%87ak_necropolis \"Stećak necropolis\")\n[Category:National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Category:National_Monuments_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina\")\n[Category:Upper Neretva](/wiki/Category:Upper_Neretva \"Upper Neretva\")\n[Category:Glavatičevo](/wiki/Category:Glavati%C4%8Devo \"Glavatičevo\")\n[Category:Konjic](/wiki/Category:Konjic \"Konjic\")\n\n"
]
} |
Patrick J. Moynihan | {
"id": [
2992972
],
"name": [
"Hirolovesswords"
]
} | mfjyuj80oq4cgeax9yz0yjt5otg70i4 | 2024-07-11T17:34:02Z | 1,233,874,237 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Knights of Columbus",
"Government service",
"Later life",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Patrick J. Moynihan** (1891 – 1969\\) was an Irish–American political and social leader who served as [Massachusetts state deputy](/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_State_Deputies_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus \"List of Massachusetts State Deputies of the Knights of Columbus\") of the [Knights of Columbus](/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus \"Knights of Columbus\") from 1936 to 1938 and chairman of the [state Commission of Administration and Finance](/wiki/Secretary_of_Administration_and_Finance_of_Massachusetts \"Secretary of Administration and Finance of Massachusetts\") from 1937 to 1941\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nMoynihan was born in [Killarney](/wiki/Killarney \"Killarney\") in 1891\\. He graduated from [De La Salle College Waterford](/wiki/De_La_Salle_College_Waterford \"De La Salle College Waterford\") and the [University of Dublin](/wiki/University_of_Dublin \"University of Dublin\") and worked as a schoolteacher. He immigrated to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in 1912\\. Moynihan settled in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and found work as an accountant for *[Collier's](/wiki/Collier%27s \"Collier's\")*. He graduated from the [Pace Institute](/wiki/Pace_University \"Pace University\") [School of Accountancy](/wiki/Lubin_School_of_Business \"Lubin School of Business\") and became a [Certified Public Accountant](/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant \"Certified Public Accountant\"). In 1919, he became a U.S. citizen. The following year, he moved to [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), where he taught at the [South Boston Evening High School](/wiki/South_Boston_High_School \"South Boston High School\") and ran his own accounting firm.\n\n",
"Knights of Columbus\n-------------------\n\nIn 1936, Moynihan was elected state deputy of the Massachusetts State Council of the Knights of Columbus. He was the first person born in Ireland to hold this position. At the 1937 [Supreme Convention](/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus%23Supreme_Conventions_2 \"History of the Knights of Columbus#Supreme Conventions 2\"), Moynihan stunned delegates by nominating Deputy Supreme Knight [Francis P. Matthews](/wiki/Francis_P._Matthews \"Francis P. Matthews\") for Supreme Knight, but Matthews declined the nomination.\n\nAt the 1939 Supreme Convention in [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\"), Moynihan alleged that $787,124\\.04 had been misappropriated from mortuary funds in order to pay the salaries and expenses of supreme officers and supreme directors and called for an investigation into the order's finances. After making the allegations, Moynihan was suspended from the order by Supreme Knight [Francis P. Matthews](/wiki/Francis_P._Matthews \"Francis P. Matthews\").\n\n",
"Government service\n------------------\n\nIn February 1937, Moynihan was appointed executive director of the city of Boston's welfare department. He removed three unqualified relatives of politically connected people from the city's welfare roles, but despite public pressure, refused to name the officials in order to keep his department's records confidential.\n\nThat December, he was appointed chairman of the Commission of Administration and Finance by Governor [Charles F. Hurley](/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley \"Charles F. Hurley\"). In this role, Moynihan and his four fellow commissioners advised the governor on state spending. On June 7, 1938, Moynihan issued an order that granted all state workers the right to organize and engage in collective bargaining, but not strike. Following the [1938 New England hurricane](/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane \"1938 New England hurricane\"), Moynihan chaired the state emergency relief commission. Hurley's Republican successor, [Leverett Saltonstall](/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall \"Leverett Saltonstall\"), chose not to reappoint Moynihan and on December 29, 1941, he was succeeded by [Massachusetts Senate](/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate \"Massachusetts Senate\") President [Angier Goodwin](/wiki/Angier_Goodwin \"Angier Goodwin\").\n\nFrom 1955 to 1962, Moynihan was the state's chief director of bank examiners.\n\n",
"Later life\n----------\n\nIn 1945, Moynihan moved from his longtime home in [Roslindale](/wiki/Roslindale \"Roslindale\") to [Newtonville](/wiki/Newtonville%2C_Massachusetts \"Newtonville, Massachusetts\"). From 1948 to 1955, he was a professor of accounting at [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\") and [Merrimack College](/wiki/Merrimack_College \"Merrimack College\"). His wife, Nellie (O'Donnell) Moynihan, died in 1962\\.\n\nMoynihan died on February 1, 1969, at a nursing home in [West Roxbury](/wiki/West_Roxbury \"West Roxbury\"). His funeral mass was held at St. Theresa Church in West Roxbury and said by Bishop [Jeremiah Francis Minihan](/wiki/Jeremiah_Francis_Minihan \"Jeremiah Francis Minihan\"). He was buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery in [Needham, Massachusetts](/wiki/Needham%2C_Massachusetts \"Needham, Massachusetts\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1891 births](/wiki/Category:1891_births \"1891 births\")\n[Category:1969 deaths](/wiki/Category:1969_deaths \"1969 deaths\")\n[Category:American accountants](/wiki/Category:American_accountants \"American accountants\")\n[Category:Boston College faculty](/wiki/Category:Boston_College_faculty \"Boston College faculty\")\n[Category:Catholics from Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_Massachusetts \"Catholics from Massachusetts\")\n[Category:Irish Catholics](/wiki/Category:Irish_Catholics \"Irish Catholics\")\n[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:Irish_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"Irish emigrants to the United States\")\n[Category:Irish schoolteachers](/wiki/Category:Irish_schoolteachers \"Irish schoolteachers\")\n[Category:Massachusetts Democrats](/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Democrats \"Massachusetts Democrats\")\n[Category:Massachusetts State Deputies of the Knights of Columbus](/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_State_Deputies_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus \"Massachusetts State Deputies of the Knights of Columbus\")\n[Category:Merrimack College faculty](/wiki/Category:Merrimack_College_faculty \"Merrimack College faculty\")\n[Category:Pace University alumni](/wiki/Category:Pace_University_alumni \"Pace University alumni\")\n[Category:People educated at De La Salle College Waterford](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_De_La_Salle_College_Waterford \"People educated at De La Salle College Waterford\")\n[Category:People from Kilkenny (city)](/wiki/Category:People_from_Kilkenny_%28city%29 \"People from Kilkenny (city)\")\n[Category:People from Newton, Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:People_from_Newton%2C_Massachusetts \"People from Newton, Massachusetts\")\n[Category:People from Roslindale](/wiki/Category:People_from_Roslindale \"People from Roslindale\")\n[Category:Schoolteachers from Massachusetts](/wiki/Category:Schoolteachers_from_Massachusetts \"Schoolteachers from Massachusetts\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kingsley Chinkuli | {
"id": [
16416757
],
"name": [
"Neils51"
]
} | swnzh3d8mz5feme0ebetuc5veccvj84 | 2024-10-07T23:23:21Z | 1,242,400,460 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and military career",
"Political roles",
"Personal life",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nGeneral **Kingsley Chinkuli** is a retired Zambian military [general](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") who is the first indigenous [Zambian Army Commander](/wiki/Zambian_Army \"Zambian Army\") and was appointed on 28 December 1970, at the age of 27, by then [President](/wiki/President_of_Zambia \"President of Zambia\") [Kenneth Kaunda](/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda \"Kenneth Kaunda\"), taking over from Major General T.S. Reids after Zambia got its independence. This appointment marked a significant transition in the Zambian military, as leadership roles had previously been predominantly held by officers seconded from the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\").\n\n",
"Early life and military career\n------------------------------\n\nBorn in Liteta Village, [Central Province](/wiki/Central_Province%2C_Zambia \"Central Province, Zambia\"), Chinkuli emerged from the royal family of the Liteta Chieftainship. Despite his regal lineage, his childhood unfolded as a herdsboy, steeped in rural traditions. [Cattle herding](/wiki/Cattle_herding \"Cattle herding\"), [hunting](/wiki/Hunting \"Hunting\"), and [farming](/wiki/Agriculture \"Agriculture\") dominated his early years, punctuated by traditional training that instilled leadership traits and a deep sense of community responsibility. Chinkuli was one of the first three Zambians sent to the [Royal Military Academy Sandhurst](/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst \"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst\") in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") for [officer military training](/wiki/Military_education_and_training \"Military education and training\"). Upon completing his studies, he returned to Zambia and quickly advanced through the [ranks](/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Zambia \"Military ranks of Zambia\"). By 1976, he had become the Commander of the [Zambia National Defence Force](/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force \"Zambian Defence Force\"), overseeing the [Army](/wiki/Zambian_Army \"Zambian Army\"), [Airforce](/wiki/Zambian_Air_Force \"Zambian Air Force\"), and [Zambia National Service](/wiki/Zambia_National_Service \"Zambia National Service\") (ZNS), and also served as Deputy Minister of Defence. For six years, he expanded, grew, and improved the army. During his military career, he led efforts in the liberation struggles in the region, a mission that President Kaunda had committed the country to.\n\n",
"Political roles\n---------------\n\nIn 1977, Chinkuli transitioned to a political career, initially becoming Minister of Mines. In 1978, he was elevated to a full cabinet minister in charge of Power, Transport, and Communications. Throughout the next decade, he served in several ministerial positions, including Minister of Youth and Sport, Minister of Agriculture and Water Development, Minister of Labour, Social Development and Culture, and [Minister of Home Affairs](/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_%28Zambia%29 \"Ministry of Home Affairs (Zambia)\"). He played a crucial role in overseeing Zambia's transition from a one\\-party state to a multi\\-party democracy in the 1990s.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nGeneral Chinkuli continues to contribute to national development. He is the Country Manager of [First Quantum Minerals](/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals \"First Quantum Minerals\") (FQM) in Kalumbila and remains active. Additionally, he has established the General Kingsley Chinkuli Foundation, which aims to provide welfare support and resources for ex\\-servicemen while promoting awareness of Zambia's military history and its connection to national development. The foundation was launched alongside his book, \"Reigning In Chaos: Chinkuli and the Genius of Command,\" which reflects on his experiences and insights from his military career.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1944 births](/wiki/Category:1944_births \"1944 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Zambian generals](/wiki/Category:Zambian_generals \"Zambian generals\")\n[Category:Zambian military personnel](/wiki/Category:Zambian_military_personnel \"Zambian military personnel\")\n\n"
]
} |
Bridges Chapel, Texas | {
"id": [
84417
],
"name": [
"Vsmith"
]
} | 8kwkw40j3dyahxxfzxzxsn3stlgzmuh | 2024-09-09T01:30:06Z | 1,237,087,343 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bridges Chapel** is an [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_community \"Unincorporated community\") in [Titus County](/wiki/Titus_County%2C_Texas \"Titus County, Texas\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), United States.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nBridges Chapel is situated on [U.S. Route 271](/wiki/U.S._Route_271 \"U.S. Route 271\"). It emerged after the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") when a [Methodist](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\") church was constructed. He town was named for Relious Bridges, who donated land for the church. A school was built in 1870, and another was built for Black children by 1932\\. They were later was consolidated with the [Mount Pleasant Independent School District](/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Independent_School_District \"Mount Pleasant Independent School District\"). By [2000](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), the town had a population of 90\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Titus County, Texas](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Titus_County%2C_Texas \"Unincorporated communities in Titus County, Texas\")\n[Category:19th\\-century establishments in Texas](/wiki/Category:19th-century_establishments_in_Texas \"19th-century establishments in Texas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Bamidele Olaseni | {
"id": [
18872885
],
"name": [
"WikiCleanerBot"
]
} | sc4db45m1mi3l1ep3owqhcld1j3hyhr | 2024-09-19T02:08:21Z | 1,246,435,056 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"College career",
"Colege statistics",
"Professional career",
"Las Vegas Raiders",
"Houston Gamblers (USFL)",
"Personal life",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - \n\n**Bamidele Matthew Olaseni**, known as **Bam** (born 12 January 1996\\) is an English\\-[American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") [offensive tackle](/wiki/Offensive_tackle \"Offensive tackle\") who is a free agent. He played [college football](/wiki/College_football \"College football\") for the [Utah Utes](/wiki/Utah_Utes_football \"Utah Utes football\").\n\n",
"College career\n--------------\n\nOlaseni, originally from [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"), began playing football in his homeland in the [London Blitz](/wiki/London_Blitz_%28American_football%29 \"London Blitz (American football)\") under\\-19 team, a franchise whose first team participates in the [British American Football Championship](/wiki/British_American_Football_Association \"British American Football Association\"), and then moved to the United States in 2017, attending [Garden City Community College](/wiki/Garden_City_Community_College \"Garden City Community College\") in [Garden City](/wiki/Garden_City%2C_Kansas \"Garden City, Kansas\"), [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\"), and thus going to play with the [Broncbusters](/wiki/Garden_City_Broncbusters \"Garden City Broncbusters\") who play in the [Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawk_Community_College_Conference \"Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference\") (KJCCC) of the [National Junior College Athletic Association](/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association \"National Junior College Athletic Association\") (NJCAA). In 2018, Olaseni helped the Broncbusters reach the championship final (lost against East Mississippi) and was included among the best players of the season in the entire championship (All\\-America Team).\n\nDue to his performances, Olaseni received offers from various [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") colleges, choosing to enroll in 2019 at the [University of Utah](/wiki/University_of_Utah \"University of Utah\") and playing with the [Utes](/wiki/Utah_Utes_football \"Utah Utes football\") who play in the [Pacific\\-12 Conference (Pac\\-12\\)](/wiki/Pac-12_Conference \"Pac-12 Conference\") of [Division I of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)](/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS \"College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS\"). In his first season at college he was redshirted, meaning he could train but not take part in official matches. He still managed to play right tackle in two games, including one as a starter, without losing his redshirt status. In 2020, he played on [special teams](/wiki/American_football_positions \"American football positions\") in all five games of the championship, shortened by the [Covid\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"). In 2021, he played in all 14 games of the season, 11 as a starter, as left tackle. The 2021 season concluded with the Utes' first [Rose Bowl](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game \"Rose Bowl Game\") appearance in history, losing to [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football \"Ohio State Buckeyes football\"), and then Olaseni was invited to the 97th [East–West Shrine Bowl](/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Shrine_Bowl \"East–West Shrine Bowl\"), a college football [all\\-star game](/wiki/All-star_game \"All-star game\").\n\nAt the end of the season Olaseni declared himself eligible for the [2022 NFL draft](/wiki/2022_NFL_draft \"2022 NFL draft\"). Olaseni was included by the NFL, together with 12 other athletes, in the [International Player Pathway Program](/wiki/International_Player_Pathway_Program \"International Player Pathway Program\"), aimed at encouraging the arrival of players of international origin in the main US professional league.\n\n### Colege statistics\n\n| Season | Games | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| GP | GS |\n| Garden City CC | | |\n| 2017 | 10 | 0 |\n| 2018 | 0 | 0 |\n| Utah | | |\n| [2019](/wiki/2019_Utah_Utes_football_team \"2019 Utah Utes football team\") | 2 | 1 |\n| [2020](/wiki/2020_Utah_Utes_football_team \"2020 Utah Utes football team\") | 5 | 0 |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_Utah_Utes_football_team \"2021 Utah Utes football team\") | 13 | 9 |\n| [Career](https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/bamidele-olaseni-1.html) | 30 | 10 |\n\n*Source: [Football DB](https://www.footballdb.com/players/bamidele-olaseni-olaseba01)*Career personal bests are in bold\n\n",
"### Colege statistics\n\n| Season | Games | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| GP | GS |\n| Garden City CC | | |\n| 2017 | 10 | 0 |\n| 2018 | 0 | 0 |\n| Utah | | |\n| [2019](/wiki/2019_Utah_Utes_football_team \"2019 Utah Utes football team\") | 2 | 1 |\n| [2020](/wiki/2020_Utah_Utes_football_team \"2020 Utah Utes football team\") | 5 | 0 |\n| [2021](/wiki/2021_Utah_Utes_football_team \"2021 Utah Utes football team\") | 13 | 9 |\n| [Career](https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/bamidele-olaseni-1.html) | 30 | 10 |\n\n*Source: [Football DB](https://www.footballdb.com/players/bamidele-olaseni-olaseba01)*Career personal bests are in bold\n\n",
"Professional career\n-------------------\n\n### Las Vegas Raiders\n\nOlaseni was not chosen during the [2022 NFL draft](/wiki/2022_NFL_draft \"2022 NFL draft\"), but on the other hand, was the first choice of the [Calgary Stampeders](/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders \"Calgary Stampeders\") during the [2022 CFL global draft](/wiki/2022_CFL_global_draft \"2022 CFL global draft\") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") (CFL), an event of the Canadian league for the selection of international players. On May 12, 2022, he signed as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") with the [Las Vegas Raiders](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders \"Las Vegas Raiders\").\n\nOn August 30, 2022, Olaseni did not return to the team's initial active roster and was released by the Raiders and then signed with the practice squad the following day but was then released again on September 1, 2022\\.\n\n### Houston Gamblers (USFL)\n\nIn October 2022, Olaseni signed for the [Houston Gamblers](/wiki/Houston_Roughnecks_%282024%29 \"Houston Roughnecks (2024)\") of the [United States Football League](/wiki/United_States_Football_League \"United States Football League\") (USFL), a minor American professional league which, after an experience in the 1980s, had resumed its activities from 2022, with the season scheduled for the spring period.\n\n",
"### Las Vegas Raiders\n\nOlaseni was not chosen during the [2022 NFL draft](/wiki/2022_NFL_draft \"2022 NFL draft\"), but on the other hand, was the first choice of the [Calgary Stampeders](/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders \"Calgary Stampeders\") during the [2022 CFL global draft](/wiki/2022_CFL_global_draft \"2022 CFL global draft\") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") (CFL), an event of the Canadian league for the selection of international players. On May 12, 2022, he signed as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") with the [Las Vegas Raiders](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders \"Las Vegas Raiders\").\n\nOn August 30, 2022, Olaseni did not return to the team's initial active roster and was released by the Raiders and then signed with the practice squad the following day but was then released again on September 1, 2022\\.\n\n",
"### Houston Gamblers (USFL)\n\nIn October 2022, Olaseni signed for the [Houston Gamblers](/wiki/Houston_Roughnecks_%282024%29 \"Houston Roughnecks (2024)\") of the [United States Football League](/wiki/United_States_Football_League \"United States Football League\") (USFL), a minor American professional league which, after an experience in the 1980s, had resumed its activities from 2022, with the season scheduled for the spring period.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nOn March 28, 2023, Olaseni announced that he was in the process of trying out for [Wrestlemania 39](/wiki/Wrestlemania_39 \"Wrestlemania 39\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Garden City Broncbusters bio](https://www.gobroncbusters.com/sports/fball/2018-19/bios/olaseni_bamdele_wmxp)\n* [Utah Utes bio](https://utahutes.com/sports/football/roster/bamidele-olaseni/12727)\n\n[Category:1996 births](/wiki/Category:1996_births \"1996 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:English players of American football](/wiki/Category:English_players_of_American_football \"English players of American football\")\n[Category:Black British sportsmen](/wiki/Category:Black_British_sportsmen \"Black British sportsmen\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from London](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_London \"Sportspeople from London\")\n[Category:American football offensive tackles](/wiki/Category:American_football_offensive_tackles \"American football offensive tackles\")\n[Category:Garden City Broncbusters football players](/wiki/Category:Garden_City_Broncbusters_football_players \"Garden City Broncbusters football players\")\n[Category:Utah Utes football players](/wiki/Category:Utah_Utes_football_players \"Utah Utes football players\")\n[Category:Las Vegas Raiders players](/wiki/Category:Las_Vegas_Raiders_players \"Las Vegas Raiders players\")\n[Category:Houston Gamblers (2022\\) players](/wiki/Category:Houston_Gamblers_%282022%29_players \"Houston Gamblers (2022) players\")\n\n"
]
} |
Sadammo | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"69.158.124.219"
]
} | owqva55cum209x8ypcy119cu7y7fuvn | 2024-10-17T03:59:59Z | 1,242,514,830 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Sadammo** (also **Caitsodammo**, **Sadamon**, **Sadujam**, **Sadamona**, **Sadujames**) were a Native American tribe, possibly [Apache](/wiki/Apache \"Apache\"), living in the region of present\\-day [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\").\n\nThe term appears in documents from the 17th and 18th centuries, which describe the Sadammo as enemies of the [Hasinai](/wiki/Hasinai \"Hasinai\") and [Kadohadacho](/wiki/Kadohadacho \"Kadohadacho\"), and allies of the [Nadamins](/wiki/Nadamins \"Nadamins\"). The Sadammo are most often considered to be Apache, but some writers have identified them with the [Toyals](/wiki/Toyals \"Toyals\"), Nadamins, or Tayos.\n\n17th\\-century documents describe the Sadammo as a numerous people, living in houses covered with buffalo hide. They owned horses, mules, and iron tools.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Native American tribes in Texas](/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_Texas \"Native American tribes in Texas\")\n[Category:Apache tribes](/wiki/Category:Apache_tribes \"Apache tribes\")\n[Category:Athabaskan peoples](/wiki/Category:Athabaskan_peoples \"Athabaskan peoples\")\n\n"
]
} |
Joe Walsh (Australian rugby league) | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | 13whsjfjbjg36k5ppvanu94e493dlvo | 2024-09-26T04:24:13Z | 1,245,329,057 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Joe Walsh** is an Australian former [rugby league](/wiki/Rugby_league \"Rugby league\") player for the [Balmain Tigers](/wiki/Balmain_Tigers \"Balmain Tigers\").\n\nWalsh hails from [Barmedman](/wiki/Barmedman \"Barmedman\"), a village outside West Wyalong in country New South Wales.\n\nA second\\-rower, Walsh was recruited to Balmain from the Queanbeyan Kangaroos. He featured in Balmain's 1969 grand final\\-winning team. After missing the entire [1971 season](/wiki/1971_NSWRFL_season \"1971 NSWRFL season\") with a knee injury, Walsh remained at Balmain for two more seasons, then returned to country rugby league. He coached a young [Royce Simmons](/wiki/Royce_Simmons \"Royce Simmons\") while captain\\-coach of the Cowra Magpies, which he led to a premiership in 1978\\.\n\nWalsh formerly owned the Riverina Hotel in [Wagga Wagga](/wiki/Wagga_Wagga \"Wagga Wagga\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Joe Walsh](https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/joe-walsh/summary.html) at Rugby League Project\n\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Australian rugby league players](/wiki/Category:Australian_rugby_league_players \"Australian rugby league players\")\n[Category:Balmain Tigers players](/wiki/Category:Balmain_Tigers_players \"Balmain Tigers players\")\n[Category:Rugby league second\\-rows](/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_second-rows \"Rugby league second-rows\")\n[Category:Rugby league players from New South Wales](/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_players_from_New_South_Wales \"Rugby league players from New South Wales\")\n[Category:People from the Riverina](/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Riverina \"People from the Riverina\")\n[Category:Queanbeyan Kangaroos players](/wiki/Category:Queanbeyan_Kangaroos_players \"Queanbeyan Kangaroos players\")\n\n"
]
} |
2016 Catalonia International Trophy | {
"id": [
31459575
],
"name": [
"محمد أمين الطرابلسي"
]
} | e4v14bnu48al7m3c3e6p1t5bqiu0opr | 2024-10-07T23:39:31Z | 1,239,767,816 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Match",
"Summary",
"Details",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **2016 Catalonia International Trophy** is the 6th edition of the [Catalonia International Trophy](/wiki/Catalonia_International_Trophy \"Catalonia International Trophy\"), pitted [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team \"Catalonia national football team\") against [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team \"Tunisia national football team\") on 28 December 2016 at the [Estadi Montilivi](/wiki/Estadi_Montilivi \"Estadi Montilivi\") in [Girona](/wiki/Girona \"Girona\"), [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\"), Spain. Tunisia won the title after winning on penalties.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nThe two teams previously faced each other once during the 2011 edition at the [Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys](/wiki/Estadi_Ol%C3%ADmpic_Llu%C3%ADs_Companys \"Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys\") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), Spain. The match ended in a 0−0 draw. Despite the draw, the Catalan team conceded the trophy to Tunisia in a clear display of fair play.\n\n",
"",
"### Summary\n\nIn the first half, [Tunisia](/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team \"Tunisia national football team\") came out much more revolutionized than [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team \"Catalonia national football team\") and in a few minutes was ahead on the scoreboard thanks to two goals in twelve minutes by the same player, [Youssef Msakni](/wiki/Youssef_Msakni \"Youssef Msakni\"), who bravely made the pair of central players suffer, [Andreu Fontàs](/wiki/Andreu_Font%C3%A0s \"Andreu Fontàs\") and [Sergi Gómez](/wiki/Sergi_G%C3%B3mez \"Sergi Gómez\"), and they were anticipated twice to make it 0−2\\. Catalonia, under the baton of [Xavi Hernández](/wiki/Xavi_%28footballer%2C_born_1980%29 \"Xavi (footballer, born 1980)\"), reacted and a step forward resulted in [Gerard Moreno](/wiki/Gerard_Moreno \"Gerard Moreno\")'s goal, with a strong left\\-footed shot from the front of the area.\n\nFar from losing continuity, the wheel of changes after the break has made the game gain dynamism. Xavi received one of the biggest ovations of the evening when Gerard and Sergio replaced him in the second half for [Oriol Riera](/wiki/Oriol_Riera \"Oriol Riera\"). Girona footballer [Pere Pons](/wiki/Pere_Pons \"Pere Pons\"), who played the second 45 minutes, has also been highly acclaimed by Montilivi. Another time Msakni, with a pipe from the front unstoppable for [Edgar Badia](/wiki/Edgar_Badia \"Edgar Badia\"), has put two goals ahead for Tunisia and forced Catalonia to row again against the current.\n\nThe selection, however, has offered a spectacular final stretch of the match and with a great reaction. He got back into the game with the 2−3, made by [Gerard Valentín](/wiki/Gerard_Valent%C3%ADn \"Gerard Valentín\") and signed by [Sergio García](/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa_%28footballer%2C_born_1983%29 \"Sergio García (footballer, born 1983)\"). The goal gave even more spark to Catalonia, which did not take long to make it 3−3, the work of Verdú after a great cross, also from the right, by [Álvaro Vázquez](/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_V%C3%A1zquez \"Álvaro Vázquez\"). In the last few minutes, the selection has been looking for the 4−3 with insistence, but has not found it despite having some very interesting arrivals. He also had the 3−4 Tunisia in the last gasp.\n\n",
"",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Catalonia International Trophy](/wiki/Category:Catalonia_International_Trophy \"Catalonia International Trophy\")\n[results](/wiki/Category:Catalonia_national_football_team \"Catalonia national football team\")\n[Category:Tunisia national football team matches](/wiki/Category:Tunisia_national_football_team_matches \"Tunisia national football team matches\")\n\n"
]
} |
Baron of Lochnaw | {
"id": [
24465790
],
"name": [
"Aadirulez8"
]
} | 3eitqp3k5hqmjiqp9kw8rrb8r96ikvu | 2024-10-17T00:44:02Z | 1,246,925,426 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Modern activities",
"Notable barons",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Baron of Lochnaw** is a title of nobility in the [Baronage of Scotland](/wiki/Baronage_of_Scotland \"Baronage of Scotland\") associated with the historic [Lochnaw Castle](/wiki/Lochnaw_Castle \"Lochnaw Castle\") in [Wigtownshire](/wiki/Wigtownshire \"Wigtownshire\"), Scotland. The title was created in 1699 for the Agnew family, who held the [hereditary sheriffship](/wiki/Hereditary_sheriff \"Hereditary sheriff\") of Galloway for many generations.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe **Barony of Lochnaw** was created in 1699 during the reign of [King William III of England and Scotland](/wiki/William_III_of_England \"William III of England\"). The title was granted to [Sir Andrew Agnew](/wiki/Sir_James_Agnew%2C_4th_Baronet \"Sir James Agnew, 4th Baronet\"), a prominent landowner in the region and a key figure in the Agnew family, who also held the title of hereditary sheriffs of Galloway. The [Agnew family](/wiki/Agnew_baronets \"Agnew baronets\") built [Lochnaw Castle](/wiki/Lochnaw_Castle \"Lochnaw Castle\") in the 14th century, which remained their ancestral home for many centuries.\n\nDespite the title now being separate from the actual castle, Lochnaw Castle remains a historically significant site, and it is now a [Category A listed building](/wiki/Category_A_listed_building \"Category A listed building\") in Scotland, preserving the legacy of the Agnews.\n\nThe current holder of the title is Gordon Prestoungrange, Baron of Lochnaw, the barony being assigned from the Agnew family after previously serving as the 14th Baron of Prestoungrange. With his son becoming the 15th [Baron of Prestoungrange](/wiki/Baron_of_Prestoungrange \"Baron of Prestoungrange\"). His family has been heavily involved in cultural and historical preservation, notably through the Baron Courts of Prestoungrange, Dolphinstoun, and Lochnaw.\n\n",
"Modern activities\n-----------------\n\nToday, the Baron of Lochnaw, alongside the Baron Courts of Prestoungrange and Dolphinstoun, supports various cultural and historical projects across Scotland, focusing on the preservation of the baronial legacy and community development.\n\n",
"Notable barons\n--------------\n\n* **Sir Andrew Agnew, 4th Baronet, 1st Baron of Lochnaw**: The original grantee of the barony in 1426\\.\n* **Gordon Prestoungrange, Baron of Lochnaw, was 14th Baron of Prestoungrange**: The current titleholder, recognised for his contributions to cultural heritage. He was awarded the [Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Order of the British Empire\") (OBE) 'for services to the Community in Prestonpans'.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Baron of Prestoungrange](/wiki/Baron_of_Prestoungrange \"Baron of Prestoungrange\")\n* [Baron of Dolphinstoun](/wiki/Baron_of_Dolphinstoun \"Baron of Dolphinstoun\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Prestoungrange History and Archives](https://prestoungrange.org/prestoungrange/)\n\n[Category:Baronies in the Baronage of Scotland](/wiki/Category:Baronies_in_the_Baronage_of_Scotland \"Baronies in the Baronage of Scotland\")\n\n"
]
} |
Oratory of San Francesco Piccolino | {
"id": [
24902
],
"name": [
"Bearcat"
]
} | 39cw3rekzuiq1ek4iqpfcinubhm1jxt | 2024-10-14T16:54:00Z | 1,250,764,053 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Legend of Francis birth",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Interior of the chapel](/wiki/File:Oratorio_di_San_Francesco_Piccolino_interno.jpg \"Oratorio di San Francesco Piccolino interno.jpg\")\nThe **Oratory of San Francesco Piccolino**, or the **Chapel of Little St Francis** is a small devotional chapel in the centre of [Assisi](/wiki/Assisi \"Assisi\"), near the [Chiesa Nuova](/wiki/Chiesa_Nuova%2C_Assisi \"Chiesa Nuova, Assisi\") held by pious tradition to be the birthplace of [Francis of Assisi](/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi \"Francis of Assisi\"). Many have falsely considered it to be the saints childhood home.\n\nIt was constructed in the late 13th century thanks to the initiative of Piccardo, nephew of the saint. Previously adorned with frescoes dating from the 13th to the 15th century, in 1926 it was restored to its original bare appearance.\n\n",
"Legend of Francis birth\n-----------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Image of the birth of Francis with the animals looking on in the tympanum of the arched passage leading to the Chapel](/wiki/File:San_Francesco_Piccolino_06.JPG \"San Francesco Piccolino 06.JPG\")\nThe arch over the door bares the following inscription in Latin: \n\nWhich in English reads:\n\nThis inscription reflects the legend that Francis was born to his mother in a stable in the presence of livestock, just as the [Gospel according to Luke](/wiki/Gospel_according_to_Luke \"Gospel according to Luke\") depicts the [Nativity of Jesus](/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus%23Gospel_of_Luke \"Nativity of Jesus#Gospel of Luke\"). The story is not part of either [Bonaventure](/wiki/Bonaventure \"Bonaventure\")’s or [Thomas of Celano](/wiki/Thomas_of_Celano \"Thomas of Celano\")’s *Lives* of Francis, nor is it to be found in the famous [Little Flowers of Saint Francis](/wiki/Little_Flowers_of_Saint_Francis \"Little Flowers of Saint Francis\"). It does not appear until at least the late 14th century and the inscription and chapel themselves are the earliest surviving record, dated to between 1316\\-1354\\.\n[thumb\\|Inscription over the door](/wiki/File:San_Francesco_Piccolino_03.JPG \"San Francesco Piccolino 03.JPG\")\nThe legend is part of the broader narrative of Francis total imitation of Christ with a life of poverty and preaching reaching a crescendo in his stigmata of 1224\\. The idea of a Christlike birth, of which there are various other legends appealing to other themes from the Gospel accounts, appealed to the medieval imagination. The idea of a birth among animals also accords well with the image of Francis as a lover of nature and animals.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Oratorio di S. Francesco Piccolino](http://www.assisinforma.it/sez-arte/chiese_9.htm) Assisi Tourist Information (in Italian)\n* [Asís, La Patria de San Francisco](https://www.franciscanos.org/santuarios/bellucci1.htm) On the Holy Sites of Assisi (in Spanish)\n\n \n\n[Category:Chapels in Italy](/wiki/Category:Chapels_in_Italy \"Chapels in Italy\")\n[Category:13th\\-century religious buildings and structures in Italy](/wiki/Category:13th-century_religious_buildings_and_structures_in_Italy \"13th-century religious buildings and structures in Italy\")\n[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Assisi](/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Assisi \"Roman Catholic churches in Assisi\")\n\n"
]
} |
Heath Hardage Lee | {
"id": [
1994682
],
"name": [
"KConWiki"
]
} | mkdb6tuuq40x8llwqrxd9cwvy7c83wt | 2024-10-14T02:31:04Z | 1,247,640,003 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Works",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Heath Hardage Lee** is an American historian.\n\nShe graduated from [Davidson College](/wiki/Davidson_College \"Davidson College\"), and the [University of Virginia](/wiki/University_of_Virginia \"University of Virginia\").\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American historians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_historians \"21st-century American historians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American biographers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_biographers \"21st-century American biographers\")\n[Category:American women biographers](/wiki/Category:American_women_biographers \"American women biographers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Steve Richards (rugby union) | {
"id": [
43452311
],
"name": [
"BsoykaBot"
]
} | jp0pl38bet17fy1ng3hi742pix62u25 | 2024-09-28T12:13:58Z | 1,248,236,248 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Stephen Brookhouse Richards** (born 28 August 1941\\) is an English former international [rugby union](/wiki/Rugby_union \"Rugby union\") player.\n\nBorn in [West Kirby](/wiki/West_Kirby \"West Kirby\"), Richards learned his rugby union while a pupil at [Clifton College](/wiki/Clifton_College \"Clifton College\"), where he one of his coaches was ex\\-England back\\-rower [John Kendall\\-Carpenter](/wiki/John_Kendall-Carpenter \"John Kendall-Carpenter\"). He underwent further studies at the [University of Oxford](/wiki/University_of_Oxford \"University of Oxford\") and was awarded a blue his final year in 1962\\.\n\nRichards was a surprise selection as [England](/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team \"England national rugby union team\") hooker for the [1965 Five Nations](/wiki/1965_Five_Nations \"1965 Five Nations\"). This came only a few months after he had taken the hooker position for his club [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond_F.C. \"Richmond F.C.\"), having been an understudy to Pat Orr. He subsequently took Orr's place in the Middlesex county side and won his England call up following his performances in three trials matches. After featuring in all of England Five Nations fixtures, Richards lost his position to [John Pullin](/wiki/John_Pullin \"John Pullin\").\n\nIn 1967, Richards resumed his England career, playing a match against the [Wallabies](/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team \"Australia national rugby union team\") at Twickenham, followed by the Five Nations and a tour of Canada. Pullin was then able to cement himself as the team's regular hooker and Richards didn't get any further opportunities, finishing with nine caps.\n\nRichards became a solicitor.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of England national rugby union players](/wiki/List_of_England_national_rugby_union_players \"List of England national rugby union players\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1941 births](/wiki/Category:1941_births \"1941 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:English rugby union players](/wiki/Category:English_rugby_union_players \"English rugby union players\")\n[Category:England international rugby union players](/wiki/Category:England_international_rugby_union_players \"England international rugby union players\")\n[Category:Rugby union players from Merseyside](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_players_from_Merseyside \"Rugby union players from Merseyside\")\n[Category:People from West Kirby](/wiki/Category:People_from_West_Kirby \"People from West Kirby\")\n[Category:Rugby union hookers](/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_hookers \"Rugby union hookers\")\n[Category:Richmond F.C. players](/wiki/Category:Richmond_F.C._players \"Richmond F.C. players\")\n[Category:Middlesex County RFU players](/wiki/Category:Middlesex_County_RFU_players \"Middlesex County RFU players\")\n[Category:Oxford University RFC players](/wiki/Category:Oxford_University_RFC_players \"Oxford University RFC players\")\n[Category:People educated at Clifton College](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Clifton_College \"People educated at Clifton College\")\n\n"
]
} |
François Rebecqui | {
"id": [
11096
],
"name": [
"JASpencer"
]
} | juhfnwelgvmwwdvu9n8pd0wgid0m2h4 | 2024-10-16T19:10:49Z | 1,251,553,460 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**François Trophime Rebecqui**, born September 2, 1744 in Marseille, died in the same city on May 1, 1794, was a [Girondin](/wiki/Girondin \"Girondin\") politician.\n\nHe was the deputy for the [Bouches\\-du\\-Rhône](/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne \"Bouches-du-Rhône\") department at the [National Convention](/wiki/National_Convention \"National Convention\") during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\").[https://www2\\.assemblee\\-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num\\_dept%29/13180](https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/%28num_dept%29/13180) After the [insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793](/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793 \"Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793\") he went to [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") to lead the [Federalist revolt](/wiki/Federalist_revolt_in_Marseille \"Federalist revolt in Marseille\") there, and committed suicide the next year after the revolt was suppressed.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Girondins](/wiki/Category:Girondins \"Girondins\")\n\n"
]
} |
1824 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election | {
"id": [
525927
],
"name": [
"Chris the speller"
]
} | 6pgp3nsd8wkd9lpnswlikgg3jlfflud | 2024-10-21T17:26:58Z | 1,252,329,245 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"General election",
"Results",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **1824 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election** was held on 2 August 1824 in order to elect the [lieutenant governor of Missouri](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Missouri \"Lieutenant Governor of Missouri\"). [Democratic\\-Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party \"Democratic-Republican Party\") nominee [Benjamin Harrison Reeves](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_Reeves \"Benjamin Harrison Reeves\") won the election as he ran unopposed. The exact results of the election are unknown.\n\n",
"General election\n----------------\n\nOn election day, 2 August 1824, [Democratic\\-Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party \"Democratic-Republican Party\") nominee [Benjamin Harrison Reeves](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_Reeves \"Benjamin Harrison Reeves\") won the election as he ran unopposed, thereby retaining Democratic\\-Republican control over the office of lieutenant governor. Reeves was sworn in as the 2nd [lieutenant governor of Missouri](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Missouri \"Lieutenant Governor of Missouri\") on 15 November 1824\\.\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [1824 Missouri gubernatorial election](/wiki/1824_Missouri_gubernatorial_election \"1824 Missouri gubernatorial election\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1824 Missouri elections](/wiki/Category:1824_Missouri_elections \"1824 Missouri elections\")\n[Category:1824 in Missouri](/wiki/Category:1824_in_Missouri \"1824 in Missouri\")\n[Category:Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial elections](/wiki/Category:Missouri_lieutenant_gubernatorial_elections \"Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial elections\")\n[Category:1824 elections](/wiki/Category:1824_elections \"1824 elections\")\n[Category:August 1824 events](/wiki/Category:August_1824_events \"August 1824 events\")\n[Category:1824 elections in North America](/wiki/Category:1824_elections_in_North_America \"1824 elections in North America\")\n[Category:1824 elections in the United States](/wiki/Category:1824_elections_in_the_United_States \"1824 elections in the United States\")\n[Category:1820s elections](/wiki/Category:1820s_elections \"1820s elections\")\n[Category:1820s elections in North America](/wiki/Category:1820s_elections_in_North_America \"1820s elections in North America\")\n[Category:1820s elections in the United States](/wiki/Category:1820s_elections_in_the_United_States \"1820s elections in the United States\")\n[Category:1820s Missouri elections](/wiki/Category:1820s_Missouri_elections \"1820s Missouri elections\")\n[Category:1820s in Missouri](/wiki/Category:1820s_in_Missouri \"1820s in Missouri\")\n[Category:Government of Missouri](/wiki/Category:Government_of_Missouri \"Government of Missouri\")\n\n"
]
} |
Siegfried (film director) | {
"id": [
4484456
],
"name": [
"AMCKen"
]
} | ehe2hni9s8g4rnto7vhzavk5r1vue2w | 2024-10-13T23:49:01Z | 1,250,706,224 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Filmography",
"As composer",
"As director",
"Award",
"References",
"External Links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Siegfried Debrebant** (23 January 1973 – 3 October 2024\\), more commonly known as simply **Siegfried**, was a French film director and composer. A graduate of the [Conservatoire de Paris](/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris \"Conservatoire de Paris\"), he worked closely with [Roschdy Zem](/wiki/Roschdy_Zem \"Roschdy Zem\") and produced with him the film *Le Faim*. Siegfried died on 3 October 2024, at the age of 51\\.[https://www.simplifia.fr/avis\\-de\\-deces/siegfried\\-debrebant\\-paris](https://www.simplifia.fr/avis-de-deces/siegfried-debrebant-paris)\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### As composer\n\n* *No happy end* (1996\\)\n* *[For Sale](/wiki/For_Sale_%281998_film%29 \"For Sale (1998 film)\")* (1998\\)\n* *[Louise (Take 2\\)](/wiki/Louise_%28Take_2%29 \"Louise (Take 2)\")* (1998\\)\n* *[Sansa](/wiki/Sansa_%28film%29 \"Sansa (film)\")* (2003\\)\n* *The Recruiter* (2004\\)\n* ** (2005\\)\n* ** (2012\\)\n\n### As director\n\n* *La Toile* (1995\\)\n* *La Dame* (1995\\)\n* *La Faim* (1996\\)\n* *Louise (take 2\\)* (1998\\)\n* *Sansa* (2003\\)\n* *Kinogamma \\- Part 1: East* (2008\\)\n* *Kinogamma \\- Part 2: Far East* (2008\\)\n* ** (2012\\)\n* *Riga (Take 1\\)* (2017\\)\n",
"### As composer\n\n* *No happy end* (1996\\)\n* *[For Sale](/wiki/For_Sale_%281998_film%29 \"For Sale (1998 film)\")* (1998\\)\n* *[Louise (Take 2\\)](/wiki/Louise_%28Take_2%29 \"Louise (Take 2)\")* (1998\\)\n* *[Sansa](/wiki/Sansa_%28film%29 \"Sansa (film)\")* (2003\\)\n* *The Recruiter* (2004\\)\n* ** (2005\\)\n* ** (2012\\)\n",
"### As director\n\n* *La Toile* (1995\\)\n* *La Dame* (1995\\)\n* *La Faim* (1996\\)\n* *Louise (take 2\\)* (1998\\)\n* *Sansa* (2003\\)\n* *Kinogamma \\- Part 1: East* (2008\\)\n* *Kinogamma \\- Part 2: Far East* (2008\\)\n* ** (2012\\)\n* *Riga (Take 1\\)* (2017\\)\n",
"Award\n-----\n\n* Best music for *Deadly Seasons: Crimson Winter* (, 2011\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External Links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1973 births](/wiki/Category:1973_births \"1973 births\")\n[Category:2024 deaths](/wiki/Category:2024_deaths \"2024 deaths\")\n[Category:French film directors](/wiki/Category:French_film_directors \"French film directors\")\n[Category:French composers](/wiki/Category:French_composers \"French composers\")\n\n"
]
} |
List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1970–1979) | {
"id": [
22886046
],
"name": [
"Zwerubae"
]
} | o7r0x73pzmvrlxyehc2vuesil41ivfb | 2024-08-26T03:19:09Z | 1,242,292,000 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Recipients",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe [Param Vishisht Seva Medal](/wiki/Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal \"Param Vishisht Seva Medal\") (PVSM) (IAST: *Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā*, lit. 'supreme distinguished service medal') is the highest peacetime medal of the [Indian Armed Forces](/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces \"Indian Armed Forces\"), and is awarded for \"distinguished service of the most exceptional order.\" The medal was instituted on [Republic Day](/wiki/Republic_Day_%28India%29 \"Republic Day (India)\") 1960 as the highest class of the Vishisht Seva Medal (\"Distinguished Service Medal\") intended to recognise \"distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces.\" All ranks of the Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.\n\nAt its creation, it was designated the Vishisht Seva Medal (Class I). On 27 January 1967, it received its present name. Post\\-nominals for recipients were approved on 19 August 1967\\.\n\n",
"Recipients\n----------\n\n| No. | Rank | Name | Branch | Service Number (Unit) | Date of Award |\n| 56 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Ajit Singh | | IC\\-344 | 26 January 1970 |\n| 57 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | [Jagjit Singh Aurora](/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora \"Jagjit Singh Aurora\") | | IC\\-214 | 26 January 1970 |\n| 58 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice admiral (India)\") | [Nilakanta Krishnan](/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan \"Nilakanta Krishnan\") | | | 26 January 1970 |\n| 59 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Mihirsingh Gehirsingh Hazari | | IC\\-646 | 26 January 1970 |\n| 60 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Naveen Chand Rawlley](/wiki/N._C._Rawlley \"N. C. Rawlley\") | | IC\\-525 | 26 January 1970 |\n| 61 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Sagat Singh](/wiki/Sagat_Singh \"Sagat Singh\") | | IC\\-4295 | 26 January 1970 |\n| 62 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Umrao Singh | | IC\\-361 | 26 January 1970 |\n| 63 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Bansh Raj Singh | | | 26 January 1970 |\n| 64 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Ajit Nath | | 1666 (Medical) | 26 January 1970 |\n| 65 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Ram Adhar Loomba | | IC\\-347 (Engineers) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 66 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Inder Dev Verma | | IC\\-414 (Signals) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 67 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Sailendra Nath Chatterjee | | MR\\-152 (Medical) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 68 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | M. Balakrishna Menon | | MR\\-147 (Medical) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 69 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_Admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice Admiral (India)\") | [Jal Cursetji](/wiki/Jal_Cursetji \"Jal Cursetji\") | | | 26 January 1971 |\n| 70 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Inder Singh | | MR\\-174 (Medical) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 71 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Kartar Singh | | DR\\-10002 (Dental) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 72 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Sri Kanth Korla](/wiki/Sri_Kanth_Korla \"Sri Kanth Korla\") | | IC\\-382 | 26 January 1971 |\n| 73 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Santokh Singh Padda | | IC\\-699 (Armoured Corps) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 74 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Premanghsu Chowdry | | IC\\-902 | 26 January 1971 |\n| 75 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Balwant Singh | | | 26 January 1971 |\n| 76 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Madhukar Mallanah Srinagesh | | 1665 (Medical) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 77 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | [Idris Latif](/wiki/Idris_Latif \"Idris Latif\") | | 1804 GD (P) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 78 | [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore_%28India%29 \"Air commodore (India)\") | Lal Singh Grewal | | 2337 GD (P) | 26 January 1971 |\n| 79 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Edgar George Petengell | | IC\\-795 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 80 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air marshal (India)\") | Hirendra Nath Chatterjee | | 1620 GD(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 81 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Harish Chandra Rai | | IC\\-592 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 82 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Jack Frederick Ralph Jacob](/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob \"J. F. R. Jacob\") | | IC\\-470 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 83 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Biswa Nath Sarkar | | IC\\-1417 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 84 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Gurbaksh Singh | | IC\\-630 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 85 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Dalbir Singh | | IC\\-557 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 86 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Lachhman Singh Lehl](/wiki/Lachhman_Singh_Lehl \"Lachhman Singh Lehl\") | | IC\\-1461 | 20 January 1972 |\n| 87 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Narayanai Pillai Sankaran Nair | | IC\\-2042 (Madras) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 88 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Mohindar Singh Brar | | IC\\-1528 (Artillery) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 89 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Eustace D'Souza | | IC\\-518 (Maratha) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 90 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Kundan Singh | | IC\\-1522 (Raj Rif) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 91 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Suraj Prakash Malhotra | | IC\\-1804 (Guards) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 92 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Raizada Dev Raj Anand | | IC\\-2097 (Armoured Corps) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 93 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Rustom Framji Khambatta | | IC\\-1047 (Artillery) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 94 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Drank Dalton Larkins | | IC\\-482 (Artillery) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 95 | [Honorary Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Sujan Singh Uban (Ret'd) | | IC\\-1003 (Artillery) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 96 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Stanley Leslie Menezes | | IC\\-540 (Grenadiers) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 97 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Walter Anthony Gustave Pinto | | IC\\-605 (Guards) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 98 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Bejoy Mohan Bhattacharjea | | IC\\-1338 ([Garhwal Rifles](/wiki/Garhwal_Rifles \"Garhwal Rifles\")) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 99 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Arun Kumar Biswas | | IC\\-1185(Army Ordnance Corps) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 100 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Ved Parkash | | MR\\-177 (Medical) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 101 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | [Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila](/wiki/Elenjikal_Chandy_Kuruvila \"Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila\") | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 102 | [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28Indian_Navy%29 \"Captain (Indian Navy)\")(Acting [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\")) | [Shree Harilal Sarma](/wiki/S._H._Sarma \"S. H. Sarma\") | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 103 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Bansh Raj Singh | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 104 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Maurice Barker | | 1691 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 105 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Satya Pal Shahi | | 1601 ADM | 20 January 1972 |\n| 106 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Charandas Gurudas Devasher | | 1867 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 107 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Devaiah Subia | | 1866 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 108 | [Brigadier](/wiki/Brigadier_%28India%29 \"Brigadier (India)\") | [Shabeg Singh](/wiki/Shabeg_Singh \"Shabeg Singh\") | | IC\\-778 (Gorkha Rifles) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 109 | [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28India%29 \"Commodore (India)\") | Bishambar Nath Thapar | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 110 | [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28India%29 \"Commodore (India)\") | Dorab Ratanshaw Mehta | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 111 | [Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_%28India%29 \"Commodore (India)\") | [John Thomas Goslin Pereira](/wiki/J._T._G._Pereira \"J. T. G. Pereira\") | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 112 | [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore_%28India%29 \"Air commodore (India)\") | Randhir Singh | | 2135 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 113 | [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore_%28India%29 \"Air commodore (India)\") | John Francis Lazaro | | 2944 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 114 | [Captain](/wiki/Captain_%28Indian_Navy%29 \"Captain (Indian Navy)\") | Mohan Singh Grewal | | | 20 January 1972 |\n| 115 | [Group Captain](/wiki/Group_captain_%28India%29 \"Group captain (India)\") | [Malcolm Shirley Dundas Wollen](/wiki/Malcolm_Wollen \"Malcolm Wollen\") | | 3641 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 116 | [Group Captain](/wiki/Group_captain_%28India%29 \"Group captain (India)\") | Peter Maynard Wilson | | 3590 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 117 | [Group Captain](/wiki/Group_captain_%28India%29 \"Group captain (India)\") | Chandra Kant Viswanath Gole | | 3652 F(P) | 20 January 1972 |\n| 118 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | [Premindra Singh Bhagat](/wiki/Premindra_Singh_Bhagat \"Premindra Singh Bhagat\") | | IC\\-267 | 26 January 1972 |\n| 119 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Jaswant Kishan Khanna | | IC\\-264 | 26 January 1972 |\n| 120 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Har Prasad | | IC\\-242 | 26 January 1972 |\n| 121 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Brij Lall Kapoor | | MR\\-173 (Medical) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 122 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Mohindra Nath Batra | | IC\\-308 (Intelligence Corps) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 123 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Syed Mahdi Hasnain](/wiki/Syed_Mahdi_Hasnain \"Syed Mahdi Hasnain\") | | IC\\-2065 ([Garhwal Rifles](/wiki/Garhwal_Rifles \"Garhwal Rifles\")) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 124 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Mohinder Singh | | IC\\-1021 (Army Service Corps) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 125 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Jonathan Reuben Samson | | IC\\-887 (Engineers) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 126 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | [Pritam Singh Mahindroo](/wiki/P._S._Mahindroo \"P. S. Mahindroo\") | | | 26 January 1972 |\n| 127 | [Surgeon Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Harcharan Lal Bhatia | | | 26 January 1972 |\n| 128 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Bandi Sreeramulu Krishnarao | | 1727 F (P) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 129 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Dadi Ardeshir Mehta | | 1625 F (N) | 26 January 1972 |\n| 130 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Amolak Singh Rikhy | | 2024 A\\&SD | 26 January 1972 |\n| 131 | [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore_%28India%29 \"Air commodore (India)\") | Chandrasekhar Rao Kurpad | | 2414 RAD | 26 January 1972 |\n| 132 | [Air Commodore](/wiki/Air_commodore_%28India%29 \"Air commodore (India)\") | Mondan Bhaskaran | | 2761 ENG | 26 January 1972 |\n| 133 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Ram Dharamdas Hira | | IC\\-2531 (Gorkha Rifles) | 20 March 1972 |\n| 134 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Benjamin Franklin Gonsalves | | IC\\-1884 (Artillery) | 20 March 1972 |\n| 135 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishnarao](/wiki/K._V._Krishna_Rao \"K. V. Krishna Rao\") | | IC\\-1164 ([Mahar Regiment](/wiki/Mahar_Regiment \"Mahar Regiment\")) | 20 March 1972 |\n| 136 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Prature Venkata Ramaniah | | MR\\-183 (Medical) | 20 March 1972 |\n| 137 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | [Vasudeva Anant Kamath](/wiki/V._A._Kamath \"V. A. Kamath\") | | | 20 March 1972 |\n| 138 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Daljit Singh Kalha | | IC\\-615 (Army Service Corps) | 26 January 1973 |\n| 139 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Satinder Singh | | IC\\-444 | 26 January 1973 |\n| 140 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Madhav Rao Rajwade | | IC\\-658 (Engineers) | 26 January 1973 |\n| 141 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Kumar Ranjit Singh | | IC\\-1742 (Armoured Corps) | 26 January 1973 |\n| 142 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Anil Krishna Barat | | MR\\-196 (Medical) | 26 January 1973 |\n| 143 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Trichinopoly Vadival Jagannathan | | IC\\-556 (Engineers) | 26 January 1973 |\n| 144 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Robert George Williams | | IC\\-298 (Artillery) | 26 January 1973 |\n| 145 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Srinivas Kumar Sinha](/wiki/Srinivas_Kumar_Sinha \"Srinivas Kumar Sinha\") | | IC\\-1536 | 26 January 1973 |\n| 146 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Rabinder Nath Batra | | | 26 January 1973 |\n| 147 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Sarosh Jehangir Lalkaka | | 60000N | 26 January 1973 |\n| 148 | [Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | [Kamalakar Laxman Kulkarni](/wiki/K._L._Kulkarni \"K. L. Kulkarni\") | | 00008T | 26 January 1973 |\n| 149 | [Group Captain](/wiki/Group_captain_%28India%29 \"Group captain (India)\") | Prabhu Datt Chopra | | 3497 ENG | 26 January 1973 |\n| 150 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | C. Sundara Rao | | IC\\-2556 (EME) | 26 January 1974 |\n| 151 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Mohan Lal Thapan | | IC\\-286 | 26 January 1974 |\n| 152 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | Krishnamahari Narasimhan | | 2278 SIG | 26 January 1974 |\n| 153 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | T. N. P. Ramachandran Nayar | | IC\\-1295 | 26 January 1974 |\n| 154 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Ravinder Nath Dogra | | DR\\-10003 (Dental) | 26 January 1974 |\n| 155 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | K. Velayadhan Pillai | | MR\\-242 (Medical) | 26 January 1974 |\n| 156 | [Surgeon Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | J. N. Ghosh | | | 26 January 1974 |\n| 157 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Edul Jahangir Dhatigara | | 1899 F(P) | 26 January 1974 |\n| 158 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Brijmohan Narain Das | | IC\\-411 (Engineers) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 159 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Mohinder Singh Sandhu | | IC\\-813 (AOC) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 160 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | [Hrushikesh Moolgavkar](/wiki/Hrushikesh_Moolgavkar \"Hrushikesh Moolgavkar\") | | 1644 F(P) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 161 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Manohar Sadashiv Patankar (Ret'd) | | IC\\-1087 (Infantry) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 162 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Raghunath Singh Hoon | | MR\\-235 (Medical) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 163 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Bhaskar Mahadevan | | MR\\-245 (Medical) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 164 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Ishwar Chand Katoch (Ret'd) | | IC\\-631 (Infantry) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 165 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Jasbir Singh Bawa | | IC\\-438 (Engineers) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 166 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Krishna Datt Vasishta (Ret'd) | | IC\\-627 (Artillery) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 167 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Amreek Singh (Ret'd) | | IC\\-408 (Artillery) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 168 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Harkesh Chandra Gahlaut | | IC\\-911 (Infantry) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 169 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Rajendra Prasad | | IC\\-684 (Artillery) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 170 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Shyam Sunder Kaul | | IC\\-2798 (Infantry) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 171 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Ranjit Lal Chopra | | IC\\-3315 (Armoured Corps) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 172 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Om Prakash Dutta | | IC\\-857 (Engineers) | 26 January 1975 |\n| 173 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | [Om Prakash Malhotra](/wiki/Om_Prakash_Malhotra \"Om Prakash Malhotra\") | | IC\\-478 (Artillery) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 174 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Abhi Manyu Vohra | | IC\\-829 (Infantry) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 175 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | [Zorawar Chand Bakhshi](/wiki/Zorawar_Chand_Bakhshi \"Zorawar Chand Bakhshi\") | | IC\\-1510 (Infantry) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 176 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Kehar Singh Garewal | | IC\\-585 (Signals) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 177 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Noble Adiseshiah | | MR\\-254 (Medical) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 178 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Gurbachan Singh | | IC\\-1191 (Armoured Corps) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 179 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Jagdiswar Singh Nakai | | IC\\-926 (Artillery) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 180 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice admiral (India)\") | Rajendra Tandon | | 40000\\-H | 26 January 1976 |\n| 181 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | Bawa Sampuran Singh Bedi | | 1795 AE(M) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 182 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Krishan Chand Soni (Ret'd) | | IC\\-2053 (Engineers) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 183 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Bantval Ramamohan Prabhu (Ret'd) | | IC\\-720 (Artillery) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 184 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Paida Chandra Sekhara Reddy (Ret'd) | | IC\\-1667 (Artillery) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 185 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Vanic Minas | | IC\\-2587 (EME) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 186 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Ram Singh | | IC\\-3198 (Infantry) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 187 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Gurcharan Singh Sandhu | | IC\\-3234 (Armoured Corps) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 188 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Uma Prasanna Mukherjee | | MR\\-274 (Medical) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 189 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Gajendra Singh Rawat | | IC\\-2281 (Infantry) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 190 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Krishna Kumar Mehta | | IC\\-1011 (EME) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 191 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Percy Harold Alfred | | IC\\-2751 (AOC) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 192 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Jaspal Singh | | 2451 F(P) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 193 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Jafar Zaheer | | 3173 F(P) | 26 January 1976 |\n| 194 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Jemi Harmusji Framji Manekshaw | | 2690 MED | 26 January 1976 |\n| 195 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Puthiya Veetil Ramachandran | | MR\\-264 (Medical) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 196 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Som Dev Gupta | | IC\\-579 (Artillery) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 197 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Madan Mohan Lal Chhabra | | IC\\-3915 (EME) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 198 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Eric Alexander Vas | | IC\\-722 (Infantry) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 199 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Anand Narain Mathur | | IC\\-1446 (Signals) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 200 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Jaswant Singh | | IC\\-604 (Infantry) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 201 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice admiral (India)\") | [Ronald Lynsdale Pereira](/wiki/Ronald_Lynsdale_Pereira \"Ronald Lynsdale Pereira\") | | 00018\\-R | 26 January 1977 |\n| 202 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice admiral (India)\") | [Rustom Khushro Shapoorjee Ghandhi](/wiki/Rustom_Khushro_Shapoorjee_Ghandhi \"Rustom Khushro Shapoorjee Ghandhi\") | | 00021\\-Y | 26 January 1977 |\n| 203 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | Anand Ramdas Pandit | | 1707 F(P) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 204 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | Gian Dev Sharma | | 1742 F(P) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 205 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Lok Nath Budhraja (Ret'd) | | MR\\-315 (Medical) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 206 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Jaswant Mayadas | | IC\\-2145 (Signals) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 207 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Kunwar Surendra Singh | | IC\\-608 (Artillery) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 208 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Sardul Singh Sandhu | | IC\\-1800 (AOC) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 209 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Sushil Kumar | | IC\\-2362 (Infantry) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 210 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Krishan Kumar Tewari (Ret'd) | | IC\\-520 (Signals) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 211 | [Surgeon Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | De Rosario Faust Pinto | | 75001\\-F | 26 January 1977 |\n| 212 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Waman Raghunath Dani (Ret'd) | | 1807 F(P) | 26 January 1977 |\n| 213 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Charanjit Singh | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 214 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Gurbaksh Lal Chopra | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 215 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Rajpall Sapra | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 216 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice admiral (India)\") | [Swaraj Parkash](/wiki/Swaraj_Parkash \"Swaraj Parkash\") | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 217 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | Trilok Nath Ghadiok | | 2354 F(P) | 26 January 1978 |\n| 218 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Aban Naidu | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 219 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Shriniwas Sadashiv Apte | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 220 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Krishnaswamy Sundarji](/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji \"Krishnaswamy Sundarji\") | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 221 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Manohar Lal Chibber](/wiki/Manohar_Lal_Chibber \"Manohar Lal Chibber\") | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 222 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Devendra Nath Gupta | | 2703 MED | 26 January 1978 |\n| 223 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Achutha Viswanathan | | 3607 AE(M) | 26 January 1978 |\n| 224 | [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28India%29 \"Colonel (India)\") | [Narendra Kumar](/wiki/Narendra_Kumar_%28mountaineer%29 \"Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)\") | | | 26 January 1978 |\n| 225 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Diyal Chand Sachdeva (Ret'd) | | MR\\-384 (Medical) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 226 | [Lieutenant General](/wiki/Lieutenant_general_%28India%29 \"Lieutenant general (India)\") | Biradavolu Durga Prasad Rao (Ret'd) | | MR\\-247 (Medical) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 227 | [Vice Admiral](/wiki/Vice_admiral_%28India%29 \"Vice admiral (India)\") | [Nar Pati Datta](/wiki/N._P._Datta \"N. P. Datta\") | | 0024\\-B | 26 January 1979 |\n| 228 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | [Dilbagh Singh](/wiki/Dilbagh_Singh \"Dilbagh Singh\") | | 2998 F(P) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 229 | [Air Marshal](/wiki/Air_Marshal_%28India%29 \"Air Marshal (India)\") | Idandas Werhoma Sabhaney | | 2607 AEM | 26 January 1979 |\n| 230 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Vijay Chander Khanna | | IC\\-1061 (Signals) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 231 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Sat Gur Payara | | IC\\-1479 (Artillery) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 232 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Satnam Singh Opal | | IC\\-1572 (Artillery) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 233 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | [Gertrude Alice Ram](/wiki/Gertrude_Alice_Ram \"Gertrude Alice Ram\") (Ret'd) | | NR\\-680881(Military Nursing Service) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 234 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Mohan Dev Mehra (Ret'd) | | DR\\-10007 (Dental) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 235 | [Major General](/wiki/Major_general_%28India%29 \"Major general (India)\") | Mahesh Chandra Gupta (Ret'd) | | MR\\-419 (Medical) | 26 January 1979 |\n| 236 | [Surgeon Rear Admiral](/wiki/Rear_admiral_%28India%29 \"Rear admiral (India)\") | Gerald Justin Kenneth Peck | | 75007\\-W | 26 January 1979 |\n| 237 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Harkrishan Lal Kapur | | 2165 ADM | 26 January 1979 |\n| 238 | [Air Vice Marshal](/wiki/Air_vice_marshal_%28India%29 \"Air vice marshal (India)\") | Vettakkorumakankav Sivarama Narayanan | | 3549 SIGS | 26 January 1979 |\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1960–1969\\)](/wiki/List_of_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_recipients_%281960%E2%80%931969%29 \"List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1960–1969)\")\n* [List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1980–1989\\)](/wiki/List_of_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_recipients_%281980%E2%80%931989%29 \"List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1980–1989)\")\n* [List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1990–1999\\)](/wiki/List_of_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_recipients_%281990%E2%80%931999%29 \"List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (1990–1999)\")\n* [List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2000–2009\\)](/wiki/List_of_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_recipients_%282000%E2%80%932009%29 \"List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2000–2009)\")\n* [List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2010–2019\\)](/wiki/List_of_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_recipients_%282010%E2%80%932019%29 \"List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2010–2019)\")\n* [List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2020–2029\\)](/wiki/List_of_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_recipients_%282020%E2%80%932029%29 \"List of Param Vishisht Seva Medal recipients (2020–2029)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n[Category:Military awards and decorations of India](/wiki/Category:Military_awards_and_decorations_of_India \"Military awards and decorations of India\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal \"Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal\")\n[Category:Awards established in 1960](/wiki/Category:Awards_established_in_1960 \"Awards established in 1960\")\n\n"
]
} |
Drawing | {
"id": [
7196877
],
"name": [
"Willondon"
]
} | fyyvbz63n1sto3jb8c9gj9pr0eyrcfo | 2024-10-05T15:59:03Z | 1,249,565,740 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"History",
"In communication",
"In manuscripts",
"In science",
"As artistic expression",
"Notable artists and draftsmen",
"Materials",
"Technique",
"Tone",
"Form and proportion",
"Perspective",
"Composition",
"Process",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|[Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\")'s *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man \"Vitruvian Man\")* () [Accademia, Venice](/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia \"Gallerie dell'Accademia\")](/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg \"Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg\")\n**Drawing** is a [visual art](/wiki/Visual_arts \"Visual arts\") that uses an instrument to mark [paper](/wiki/Paper \"Paper\") or another [two\\-dimensional](/wiki/Two-dimensional \"Two-dimensional\") surface. The instruments used to make a drawing are [pencils](/wiki/Pencil \"Pencil\"), [crayons](/wiki/Crayon \"Crayon\"), [pens](/wiki/Pen \"Pen\") with [inks](/wiki/Ink \"Ink\"), [brushes](/wiki/Brush \"Brush\") with [paints](/wiki/Paint \"Paint\"), or combinations of these, and in more modern times, [computer styluses](/wiki/Stylus_%28computing%29 \"Stylus (computing)\") with [graphics tablets](/wiki/Graphics_tablet \"Graphics tablet\") or [gamepads](/wiki/Gamepad \"Gamepad\") in [VR](/wiki/Virtual_reality \"Virtual reality\") drawing software.\n\nA drawing instrument releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is [paper](/wiki/Paper \"Paper\"), although other materials, such as [cardboard](/wiki/Paperboard \"Paperboard\"), [vellum](/wiki/Vellum \"Vellum\"), [wood](/wiki/Wood \"Wood\"), plastic, [leather](/wiki/Leather \"Leather\"), [canvas](/wiki/Canvas \"Canvas\"), and [board](/wiki/Lumber \"Lumber\"), have been used. Temporary drawings may be made on a [blackboard](/wiki/Blackboard \"Blackboard\") or [whiteboard](/wiki/Whiteboard \"Whiteboard\"). Drawing has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating ideas. The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.\n\nIn addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial [illustration](/wiki/Illustration \"Illustration\"), [animation](/wiki/Traditional_animation \"Traditional animation\"), [architecture](/wiki/Architectural_drawing \"Architectural drawing\"), [engineering](/wiki/Engineering_drawing \"Engineering drawing\"), and [technical drawing](/wiki/Technical_drawing \"Technical drawing\"). A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a [sketch](/wiki/Sketch_%28drawing%29 \"Sketch (drawing)\"). An [artist](/wiki/Artist \"Artist\") who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a [drafter](/wiki/Drafter \"Drafter\"), draftsman, or draughtsman.\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|*Madame Palmyre with Her Dog*, 1897\\. [Henri de Toulouse\\-Lautrec](/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec \"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec\")Drawing](/wiki/File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg \"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - Madame Palmyre with Her Dog, 1897.jpg\") is one of the oldest forms of human expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface. Traditional drawings were [monochrome](/wiki/Monochrome_painting \"Monochrome painting\"), or at least had little colour,See [grisaille](/wiki/Grisaille \"Grisaille\") and [chiaroscuro](/wiki/Chiaroscuro \"Chiaroscuro\") while modern colored\\-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and [painting](/wiki/Painting \"Painting\"). In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar [media](/wiki/List_of_artistic_mediums%23Drawing \"List of artistic mediums#Drawing\") often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in [pastel](/wiki/Pastel \"Pastel\") paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Using a brush for drawing is very widespread and here it is more the process of using lines and hatching, that characterises something as a drawing. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an [underdrawing](/wiki/Underdrawing \"Underdrawing\") is drawn first on that same support.\nDrawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem\\-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called sketches.\n\nThere are several categories of drawing, including [figure drawing](/wiki/Figure_drawing \"Figure drawing\"), [cartooning](/wiki/Cartooning \"Cartooning\"), [doodling](/wiki/Doodling \"Doodling\"), and [freehand](/wiki/wikt:Freehand \"Freehand\"). There are also many drawing methods, such as [line drawing](/wiki/Line_art \"Line art\"), stippling, [shading](/wiki/Shading \"Shading\"), the surrealist method of [entopic graphomania](/wiki/Surrealist_techniques%23Entopic_graphomania \"Surrealist techniques#Entopic graphomania\") (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as *[tracing paper](/wiki/Tracing_paper \"Tracing paper\")*, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).\n\nA quick, unrefined drawing may be called a *[sketch](/wiki/Sketch_%28drawing%29 \"Sketch (drawing)\")*.\n\nIn fields outside art, [technical drawings](/wiki/Technical_drawing \"Technical drawing\") or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called \"drawings\" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### In communication\n\nDrawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication. It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invention of the written language, demonstrated by the production of [cave and rock paintings](/wiki/Cave_painting \"Cave painting\") around 30,000 years ago ([Art of the Upper Paleolithic](/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic \"Art of the Upper Paleolithic\")).[Thinking Through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge](http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf) 2011c\nThese drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. The sketches and paintings produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylised and simplified in to symbol systems ([proto\\-writing](/wiki/Proto-writing \"Proto-writing\")) and eventually into early [writing systems](/wiki/Bronze_Age_writing \"Bronze Age writing\").\n\n### In manuscripts\n\nBefore the widespread availability of paper in Europe, [monks](/wiki/Monks \"Monks\") in European monasteries used drawings, either as [underdrawings](/wiki/Underdrawing \"Underdrawing\") for [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript \"Illuminated manuscript\") on vellum or parchment, or as the final image. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation.\n\n### In science\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|[Galileo Galilei](/wiki/Galileo_Galilei \"Galileo Galilei\"), *Phases of the Moon*, 1609 or 1610, brown ink and wash on paper. 208 × 142 mm. [National Central Library (Florence)](/wiki/National_Central_Library_%28Florence%29 \"National Central Library (Florence)\"), Gal. 48, fol. 28rDrawing](/wiki/File:Galileo_moon_phases.jpg \"Galileo moon phases.jpg\") diagrams of observations is an important part of scientific study.\n\nIn 1609, astronomer [Galileo Galilei](/wiki/Galileo_Galilei \"Galileo Galilei\") explained the changing phases of Venus and also the [sunspots](/wiki/Sunspot_drawing \"Sunspot drawing\") through his observational telescopic drawings. In 1924, geophysicist [Alfred Wegener](/wiki/Alfred_Wegener \"Alfred Wegener\") used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.\n\n### As artistic expression\n\nDrawing is one of the easiest ways to visualise ideas and to express one's creativity; therefore it has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practice. Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.See the discussion on erasable drawing boards and 'tafeletten' in Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work. The [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") brought about a great sophistication in drawing techniques, enabling artists to represent things more realistically than before, and revealing an interest in geometry and philosophy.\n\nThe invention of the first widely available form of [photography](/wiki/Photography \"Photography\") led to a shift in the hierarchy of the arts. Photography offered an alternative to drawing as a method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and traditional drawing practice was given less emphasis as an essential skill for artists, particularly so in Western society.\n\n",
"### In communication\n\nDrawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication. It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invention of the written language, demonstrated by the production of [cave and rock paintings](/wiki/Cave_painting \"Cave painting\") around 30,000 years ago ([Art of the Upper Paleolithic](/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic \"Art of the Upper Paleolithic\")).[Thinking Through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge](http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf) 2011c\nThese drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. The sketches and paintings produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylised and simplified in to symbol systems ([proto\\-writing](/wiki/Proto-writing \"Proto-writing\")) and eventually into early [writing systems](/wiki/Bronze_Age_writing \"Bronze Age writing\").\n\n",
"### In manuscripts\n\nBefore the widespread availability of paper in Europe, [monks](/wiki/Monks \"Monks\") in European monasteries used drawings, either as [underdrawings](/wiki/Underdrawing \"Underdrawing\") for [illuminated manuscripts](/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript \"Illuminated manuscript\") on vellum or parchment, or as the final image. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation.\n\n",
"### In science\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|[Galileo Galilei](/wiki/Galileo_Galilei \"Galileo Galilei\"), *Phases of the Moon*, 1609 or 1610, brown ink and wash on paper. 208 × 142 mm. [National Central Library (Florence)](/wiki/National_Central_Library_%28Florence%29 \"National Central Library (Florence)\"), Gal. 48, fol. 28rDrawing](/wiki/File:Galileo_moon_phases.jpg \"Galileo moon phases.jpg\") diagrams of observations is an important part of scientific study.\n\nIn 1609, astronomer [Galileo Galilei](/wiki/Galileo_Galilei \"Galileo Galilei\") explained the changing phases of Venus and also the [sunspots](/wiki/Sunspot_drawing \"Sunspot drawing\") through his observational telescopic drawings. In 1924, geophysicist [Alfred Wegener](/wiki/Alfred_Wegener \"Alfred Wegener\") used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.\n\n",
"### As artistic expression\n\nDrawing is one of the easiest ways to visualise ideas and to express one's creativity; therefore it has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practice. Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.See the discussion on erasable drawing boards and 'tafeletten' in Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work. The [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") brought about a great sophistication in drawing techniques, enabling artists to represent things more realistically than before, and revealing an interest in geometry and philosophy.\n\nThe invention of the first widely available form of [photography](/wiki/Photography \"Photography\") led to a shift in the hierarchy of the arts. Photography offered an alternative to drawing as a method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and traditional drawing practice was given less emphasis as an essential skill for artists, particularly so in Western society.\n\n",
"Notable artists and draftsmen\n-----------------------------\n\nDrawing became significant as an art form around the late 15th century, with artists and master engravers such as [Albrecht Dürer](/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer \"Albrecht Dürer\") and [Martin Schongauer](/wiki/Martin_Schongauer \"Martin Schongauer\") (–1491\\), the first Northern engraver known by name. Schongauer came from Alsace, and was born into a family of goldsmiths. Albrecht Dürer, a master of the next generation, was also the son of a goldsmith.[Hinrich Sieveking, \"German Draughtsmanship in the Ages of Dürer and Goethe\", British Museum](https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/7%20German%20Draughtsmanship%20in%20the%20Ages%20of%20Durer%20and%20Goethe.pdf). Accessed 20 February 2016\n\nOld Master Drawings often reflect the history of the country in which they were produced, and the fundamental characteristics of a nation at that time. In 17th\\-century Holland, a Protestant country, there were almost no religious artworks, and, with no King or court, most art was bought privately. Drawings of landscapes or genre scenes were often viewed not as sketches but as highly finished works of art. Italian drawings, however, show the influence of Catholicism and the Church, which played a major role in artistic patronage. The same is often true of French drawings, although in the 17th century the disciplines of French ClassicismBarbara Hryszko, A Painter as a Draughtsman. Typology and Terminology of Drawings in Academic Didactics and Artistic Practice in France in 17th Century \\[dans:] Metodologia, metoda i terminologia grafiki i rysunku. Teoria i praktyka, ed. Jolanta Talbierska, Warszawa 2014, pp. 169\\-176\\. meant drawings were less Baroque than the more free Italian counterparts, which conveyed a greater sense of movement.\n\nIn the 20th century [Modernism](/wiki/Modernism \"Modernism\") encouraged \"imaginative originality\" and some artists' approach to drawing became less literal, more abstract. World\\-renowned artists such as Pablo Picasso, Andy Warhol and Jean\\-Michel Basquiat helped challenge the status quo, with drawing being very much at the centre of their practice, and often re\\-interpreting traditional technique.\n\nBasquiat's drawings were produced in many different mediums, most commonly ink, pencil, felt\\-tip or marker, and oil\\-stick, and he drew on any surface that came to hand, such as doors, clothing, refrigerators, walls and baseball helmets.\n\nThe centuries have produced a canon of notable artists and draftsmen, each with their own distinct language of drawing, including:\n* 14th, 15th and 16th: [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\")[ArtCyclopedia, February 2003, \"Masterful Leonardo and Graphic Dürer\"](http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2003-02.html). Accessed 20 February 2016 • [Albrecht Dürer](/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer \"Albrecht Dürer\") • [Hans Holbein the Younger](/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger \"Hans Holbein the Younger\") • [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\") • [Pisanello](/wiki/Pisanello \"Pisanello\") • [Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\")\n* 17th: [Claude](/wiki/Claude_Lorrain \"Claude Lorrain\") • [Jacques de Gheyn II](/wiki/Jacques_de_Gheyn_II \"Jacques de Gheyn II\") • [Guercino](/wiki/Guercino \"Guercino\") • [Nicolas Poussin](/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin \"Nicolas Poussin\") • [Rembrandt](/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn \"Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn\") • [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens \"Peter Paul Rubens\") • [Pieter Saenredam](/wiki/Pieter_Saenredam \"Pieter Saenredam\")\n* 18th: [François Boucher](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher \"François Boucher\") • [Jean\\-Honoré Fragonard](/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard \"Jean-Honoré Fragonard\") • [Giovanni Battista Tiepolo](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo \"Giovanni Battista Tiepolo\") • [Antoine Watteau](/wiki/Antoine_Watteau \"Antoine Watteau\")\n* 19th: [Aubrey Beardsley](/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley \"Aubrey Beardsley\") • [Paul Cézanne](/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne \"Paul Cézanne\") • [Jacques\\-Louis David](/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David \"Jacques-Louis David\") • [Honoré Daumier](/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier \"Honoré Daumier\") • [Edgar Degas](/wiki/Edgar_Degas \"Edgar Degas\") • [Théodore Géricault](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault \"Théodore Géricault\") • [Francisco Goya](/wiki/Francisco_Goya \"Francisco Goya\") • [Jean\\-Auguste\\-Dominique Ingres](/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres \"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres\") • [Pierre\\-Paul Prud'hon](/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon \"Pierre-Paul Prud'hon\") • [Odilon Redon](/wiki/Odilon_Redon \"Odilon Redon\") • [John Ruskin](/wiki/John_Ruskin \"John Ruskin\") • [Georges Seurat](/wiki/Georges_Seurat \"Georges Seurat\") • [Henri de Toulouse\\-Lautrec](/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec \"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec\") • [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\")\n* 20th: [Max Beckmann](/wiki/Max_Beckmann \"Max Beckmann\") • [Jean Dubuffet](/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet \"Jean Dubuffet\") • [M. C. Escher](/wiki/M._C._Escher \"M. C. Escher\") • [Arshile Gorky](/wiki/Arshile_Gorky \"Arshile Gorky\") • [George Grosz](/wiki/George_Grosz \"George Grosz\") • [Paul Klee](/wiki/Paul_Klee \"Paul Klee\") • [Oskar Kokoschka](/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka \"Oskar Kokoschka\") • [Käthe Kollwitz](/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz \"Käthe Kollwitz\") • [Alfred Kubin](/wiki/Alfred_Kubin \"Alfred Kubin\") • [André Masson](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson \"André Masson\") • [Alphonse Mucha](/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha \"Alphonse Mucha\") • [Jules Pascin](/wiki/Jules_Pascin \"Jules Pascin\") • [Pablo Picasso](/wiki/Pablo_Picasso \"Pablo Picasso\") • [Egon Schiele](/wiki/Egon_Schiele \"Egon Schiele\") • [Jean\\-Michel Basquiat](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat \"Jean-Michel Basquiat\") • [Andy Warhol](/wiki/Andy_Warhol \"Andy Warhol\")\n\n",
"Materials\n---------\n\nThe *medium* is the means by which ink, pigment, or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media either are dry (e.g. [graphite](/wiki/Graphite \"Graphite\"), [charcoal](/wiki/Charcoal \"Charcoal\"), [pastels](/wiki/Pastels \"Pastels\"), [Conté](/wiki/Cont%C3%A9 \"Conté\"), [silverpoint](/wiki/Silverpoint \"Silverpoint\")), or use a fluid solvent or carrier ([marker](/wiki/Marker_pen \"Marker pen\"), [pen and ink](/wiki/Pen_and_ink \"Pen and ink\")). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) [invisible ink](/wiki/Invisible_ink \"Invisible ink\"). Metalpoint drawing usually employs either silver or lead.lara Broecke, *Cennino Cennini's* Il Libro dell'Arte*: a new English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription*, Archetype 2015 More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.\n\nPaper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets. Papers vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more \"toothy\" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.\n\nNewsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough [sketches](/wiki/Sketch_%28drawing%29 \"Sketch (drawing)\"). [Tracing paper](/wiki/Tracing_paper \"Tracing paper\") is used to experiment over a half\\-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. [Cartridge paper](/wiki/Cartridge_paper \"Cartridge paper\") is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. [Bristol board](/wiki/Bristol_board \"Bristol board\") and even heavier acid\\-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.\n\nAcid\\-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than [wood pulp](/wiki/Wood_pulp \"Wood pulp\") based paper such as [newsprint](/wiki/Newsprint \"Newsprint\"), which turns yellow and becomes brittle much sooner.\n\nThe basic tools are a [drawing board](/wiki/Drawing_board \"Drawing board\") or table, [pencil sharpener](/wiki/Pencil_sharpener \"Pencil sharpener\") and [eraser](/wiki/Eraser \"Eraser\"), and for ink drawing, [blotting paper](/wiki/Blotting_paper \"Blotting paper\"). Other tools used are [circle compass](/wiki/Circle_compass \"Circle compass\"), [ruler](/wiki/Ruler \"Ruler\"), and [set square](/wiki/Set_square \"Set square\"). [Fixative](/wiki/Fixative_%28drawing%29 \"Fixative (drawing)\") is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. [Drafting tape](/wiki/Drafting_tape \"Drafting tape\") is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks, such as sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.\n\n",
"Technique\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Antoine Watteau](/wiki/Antoine_Watteau \"Antoine Watteau\"), *[trois crayons](/wiki/Trois_crayons \"Trois crayons\")* technique](/wiki/File:Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg \"Watteau jeune fille.jpg\")\n\nAlmost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some disabled individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.\n\nPrior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Raphael](/wiki/Raphael \"Raphael\"), study for what became the *[Alba Madonna](/wiki/Alba_Madonna \"Alba Madonna\")*, with other sketches](/wiki/File:Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg \"Raphaël - Étude Madone d'Albe 1.jpg\")\nThe artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use [hatching](/wiki/Hatching \"Hatching\") – groups of parallel lines.This is unrelated to the [hatching system](/wiki/Hatching_system \"Hatching system\") in heraldry that indicates [tincture](/wiki/Tincture_%28heraldry%29 \"Tincture (heraldry)\") (i.e., the color of arms depicted in monochrome.) Cross\\-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones – and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. [Stippling](/wiki/Stipple \"Stipple\") uses dots to produce [tone](/wiki/Artistic_tone \"Artistic tone\"), [texture](/wiki/Texture_%28visual_arts%29 \"Texture (visual arts)\") and [shade](/wiki/Shading \"Shading\"). Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.\n\nDrawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right\\-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. [Erasers](/wiki/Erasers \"Erasers\") can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.\n\nSometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with [masking fluid](/wiki/Masking_%28in_art%29 \"Masking (in art)\") or cut out of a [frisket](/wiki/Frisket \"Frisket\") and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.\n\nAnother method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray\\-on *fixative* to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well\\-ventilated area such as outdoors.\n\nAnother technique is [subtractive drawing](/wiki/Subtractive_drawing \"Subtractive drawing\") in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.South, Helen, *The Everything Drawing Book*, Adams Media, Avon, MA, 2004, pp. 152–53, \n\n",
"Tone\n----\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=.8\\|A pencil portrait by [Henry Macbeth\\-Raeburn](/wiki/Henry_Macbeth-Raeburn \"Henry Macbeth-Raeburn\"), with hatching and shading (1909\\)](/wiki/File:Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg \"Edward Law. Pencil drawing by H. M. Raeburn, 1909. Wellcome V0003431.jpg\")\nShading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.\n\nBlending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately [fix](/wiki/Fixative_%28drawing%29 \"Fixative (drawing)\") itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a [blending stump](/wiki/Tortillon \"Tortillon\"), [tissue](/wiki/Facial_tissue \"Facial tissue\"), a [kneaded eraser](/wiki/Kneaded_eraser \"Kneaded eraser\"), a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of [chamois](/wiki/Chamois_leather \"Chamois leather\") is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.\n\nShading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include [hatching](/wiki/Hatching \"Hatching\") and [stippling](/wiki/Stippling \"Stippling\"). A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.\n\n",
"Form and proportion\n-------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Proportions of the human body](/wiki/File:Human_body_proportions2.svg \"Human body proportions2.svg\")\nMeasuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a [compass](/wiki/Compass_%28drafting%29 \"Compass (drafting)\") can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A [ruler](/wiki/Ruler \"Ruler\") can be used both as a [straightedge](/wiki/Straightedge \"Straightedge\") and a device to compute proportions.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=.4\\|Variation of proportion with age](/wiki/File:Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg \"Male anatomical figure, showing proportions - child to man. Wellcome M0000430.jpg\")\n\nWhen attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive volumes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic volumes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive volumes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.\n\nA more refined art of [figure drawing](/wiki/Figure_drawing \"Figure drawing\") relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.\n\n",
"Perspective\n-----------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Two\\-point [perspective drawing](/wiki/Perspective_drawing \"Perspective drawing\")](/wiki/File:2-punktperspektive.svg \"2-punktperspektive.svg\")\n\nLinear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.\n\nWhen both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two\\-point perspective. Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three\\-point perspective.\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|upright\\|An artist [drawing a figure](/wiki/Figure_drawing \"Figure drawing\") from [worm's\\-eye perspective](/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view \"Worm's-eye view\")](/wiki/File:Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg \"Joeri Van Royen.jpg\")\nDepth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar **size** should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of **texture**. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of **atmospheric** haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.\n\n",
"Composition\n-----------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\|[Study drawing](/wiki/Study_%28drawing%29 \"Study (drawing)\") with white highlights by [William\\-Adolphe Bouguereau](/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau \"William-Adolphe Bouguereau\")](/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png \"William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Study of a Seated Veiled Female Figure (19th Century).png\")\nThe [composition](/wiki/Composition_%28visual_arts%29 \"Composition (visual arts)\") of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of [artistic merit](/wiki/Artistic_merit \"Artistic merit\"). The artist plans element placement in the art to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating.\n\nThe [illumination](/wiki/Illumination_%28image%29 \"Illumination (image)\") of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of [light and shadow](/wiki/Chiaroscuro \"Chiaroscuro\") is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The [placement of the light sources](/wiki/Three-point_lighting \"Three-point lighting\") can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features.\n\nWhen drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the [negative space](/wiki/Negative_space \"Negative space\"), and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed.\n\nA [study](/wiki/Study_%28drawing%29 \"Study (drawing)\") is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well\\-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study.\n\n",
"Process\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|A young woman drawing the [Barberini Faun](/wiki/Barberini_Faun \"Barberini Faun\") in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\")Individuals](/wiki/File:Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg \"Munich - Two young women drawing - 5814.jpg\") display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings. A visually accurate drawing is described as being \"recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with little addition of visual detail that can not be seen in the object represented or with little deletion of visual detail\".\n\nInvestigative studies have aimed to explain the reasons why some individuals draw better than others.\nOne study posited four key abilities in the drawing process: motor skills required for mark\\-making, the drawer's own perception of their drawing, perception of objects being drawn, and the ability to make good representational decisions. Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are most significant in affecting the accuracy of drawings.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Drawing process in the *Academic Study of a Male Torso* by [Jean\\-Auguste\\-Dominique Ingres](/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres \"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres\") (1801, [National Museum, Warsaw](/wiki/National_Museum%2C_Warsaw \"National Museum, Warsaw\"))](/wiki/File:Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg \"Ingres Academic Study (detail) 03.jpg\")\n\n[Motor control](/wiki/Motor_control \"Motor control\")\nMotor control is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process. It has been suggested that motor control plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant.\n[Perception](/wiki/Perception \"Perception\")\nIt has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process. This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability.\nThis evidence acted as the basis of [Betty Edwards](/wiki/Betty_Edwards \"Betty Edwards\")' how\\-to\\-draw book, *[Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain](/wiki/Drawing_on_the_Right_Side_of_the_Brain \"Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain\")*. Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities.\n\nFurthermore, the influential artist and art critic [John Ruskin](/wiki/John_Ruskin \"John Ruskin\") emphasised the importance of perception in the drawing process in his book *The Elements of Drawing*. He stated that \"For I am nearly convinced, that once we see keenly enough, there is very little difficult in drawing what we see\".\n\n[Visual memory](/wiki/Visual_memory \"Visual memory\")\nThis has also been shown to influence one's ability to create visually accurate drawings.\n[Short\\-term memory](/wiki/Short-term_memory \"Short-term memory\") plays an important part in drawing as one's gaze shifts between the object they are drawing and the drawing itself.\n[Decision\\-making](/wiki/Decision-making \"Decision-making\")\nSome studies comparing artists to non\\-artists have found that artists spend more time thinking strategically while drawing. In particular, artists spend more time on 'metacognitive' activities such as considering different hypothetical plans for how they might progress with a drawing.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Academy figure](/wiki/Academy_figure \"Academy figure\")\n* [Architectural drawing](/wiki/Architectural_drawing \"Architectural drawing\")\n* [Composition](/wiki/Composition_%28visual_arts%29 \"Composition (visual arts)\")\n* [Contour drawing](/wiki/Contour_drawing \"Contour drawing\")\n* [Diagram](/wiki/Diagram \"Diagram\")\n* [Digital illustration](/wiki/Digital_illustration \"Digital illustration\")\n* [Engineering drawing](/wiki/Engineering_drawing \"Engineering drawing\")\n* [Figure drawing](/wiki/Figure_drawing \"Figure drawing\")\n* [Geometric drawing](/wiki/Geometric_drawing \"Geometric drawing\")\n* [Graphic design](/wiki/Graphic_design \"Graphic design\")\n* [Illustration](/wiki/Illustration \"Illustration\")\n* [Landscape painting](/wiki/Landscape_painting \"Landscape painting\")\n* [Negro (lead pencil)](/wiki/Negro_%28lead_pencil%29 \"Negro (lead pencil)\")\n* [Painting](/wiki/Painting \"Painting\")\n* [Plumbago drawing](/wiki/Plumbago_drawing \"Plumbago drawing\")\n* [Sketch (drawing)](/wiki/Sketch_%28drawing%29 \"Sketch (drawing)\")\n* [Subtractive drawing](/wiki/Subtractive_drawing \"Subtractive drawing\")\n* [Technical drawing](/wiki/Technical_drawing \"Technical drawing\")\n* [Visual arts](/wiki/Visual_arts \"Visual arts\")\n* [Image](/wiki/Image \"Image\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n**Notes**\n\n**Further reading**\n* Edwards, Betty. *The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain*, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd; 3Rev Ed edition, 2001, \n* Brommer, Gerald F. *Exploring Drawing*. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publications. 1988\\.\n* Bodley Gallery, New York, *Modern master drawings*, 1971, .\n* Hillberry, J.D. *Drawing Realistic Textures in Pencil*, North Light Books, 1999, .\n* Landa, Robin. Take a line for a walk: A Creativity Journal. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011\\. \n* Lohan, Frank. *Pen \\& Ink Techniques*, Contemporary Books, 1978, .\n* Ruskin, J. (1857\\). The Elements of Drawing. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications Inc. \n* Spears, Heather. *The Creative Eye.* London: Arcturus. 2007\\. .\n* World Book, Inc. *The World Book Encyclopedia Volume 5*, 1988, .\n* *Drawing/Thinking: Confronting an Electronic Age*, edited by Marc Treib, 2008, \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Timeline of Drawing Development in Children](https://web.archive.org/web/20080308191041/http://www.learningdesign.com/Portfolio/DrawDev/kiddrawing.html)\n* [On Drawing](https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091043/http://nasonart.com/writing/ondrawing2.html), an essay about the craft of drawing, by artist Norman Nason. Archived from the [original](http://nasonart.com/writing/ondrawing2.html) on April 25, 2012\\.\n* [*Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle*](http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2), exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (a great drawing resource).\n* [*Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman*](http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/90258/rec/1), exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (a great drawing resource).\n* [*Drawing in the Middle Ages*](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/draw/hd_draw.htm) A summary of how drawing was used as part of the artistic process in the Middle Ages.\n* Ganesh [drawing](https://drawingc.com/) is a popular drawing technique used in India that usually involves drawing a full\\-body illustration of Ganesh drawing is often practiced in the presence of Ganesh statues and devotees.\n\n"
]
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Izabella Scorupco | {
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life",
"Career",
"Filmography",
"Discography",
"Studio albums",
"Singles",
"References",
"External links"
],
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"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + \n\n**Izabella Scorupco** (born **Izabela Dorota Skorupko**; 4 June 1970\\) is a Polish\\-Swedish actress, singer and model. She is best known for having played a [Bond girl](/wiki/Bond_girl \"Bond girl\"), [Natalya Simonova](/wiki/Natalya_Simonova \"Natalya Simonova\"), in the 1995 [James Bond](/wiki/James_Bond \"James Bond\") film *[GoldenEye](/wiki/GoldenEye \"GoldenEye\")*. She is also known for her cover of the [Shirley \\& Company](/wiki/Shirley_%26_Company \"Shirley & Company\") song \"[Shame, Shame, Shame](/wiki/Shame%2C_Shame%2C_Shame_%28Shirley_%26_Company_song%29%23Izabella_Scorupco_version \"Shame, Shame, Shame (Shirley & Company song)#Izabella Scorupco version\")\" which was released in 1992 and became a European hit.\n\n",
"Life\n----\n\nScorupco was born to Lech, a musician, and Magdalena Skorupko, a doctor, in [Białystok](/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok \"Białystok\"), Poland, in 1970\\. When she was one year old, her parents separated, and she remained with her mother. In 1978, they moved to [Bredäng](/wiki/Bred%C3%A4ng \"Bredäng\") in Stockholm, Sweden, where Scorupco learned to speak Swedish, English and French.\n\nOn 25 December 1996, Scorupco married Polish [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") player [Mariusz Czerkawski](/wiki/Mariusz_Czerkawski \"Mariusz Czerkawski\"). They had one daughter together, Julia (born 16 September 1997\\). They divorced in 1998\\.\n\nOn 30 January 2003, Scorupco married an American, Jeffrey Raymond; they have a son, Jakob (born 24 July 2003\\). They divorced in 2015\\. She now lives in Los Angeles and New York City.[Izabella Scorupco: Bond girl (GoldenEye)](http://www.nordicreach.com/its_about/people/17/). Nordic Reach. Retrieved 25 January 2010\\. Since 2017, Scorupco has been in a relationship with Karl Rosengren. They married on 6 October 2019\\. In 2014, Scorupco became an American citizen.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nIn the late 1980s, Scorupco travelled throughout Europe working as a model, and appeared on the cover of *[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28magazine%29 \"Vogue (magazine)\")*. In 1987, she was discovered by director Staffan Hildebrand and starred in the film *Ingen kan älska som vi* (\"Nobody can love like us\"). In the early 1990s, she had a brief but successful career as a pop singer, releasing the album *[IZA](/wiki/IZA_%28album%29 \"IZA (album)\")*, which was [certified gold](/wiki/Gold_album \"Gold album\") in Sweden in 1991\\. Her 1992 cover version of \"[Shame, Shame, Shame](/wiki/Shame%2C_Shame%2C_Shame_%28Shirley_%26_Company_song%29%23Izabella_Scorupco_version \"Shame, Shame, Shame (Shirley & Company song)#Izabella Scorupco version\")\" was a hit in several European countries.\n\nIn 2011, Scorupco reprised her singing career, duetting with Swedish musician [Peter Jöback](/wiki/Peter_J%C3%B6back \"Peter Jöback\") in his single *Jag Har Dig Nu* and featuring in the song's music video. She also starred in Jöback's short extension film *La vie, L'amour, La mort*. Scorupco went on to host the spring 2012 series of *[Sweden's Next Top Model](/wiki/Sweden%27s_Next_Top_Model \"Sweden's Next Top Model\")* but did not continue it for a second series.[\"Izabella Scorupco Hosts Top Model Sweden\"](http://jamesbond007.se/events.asp?id=2944). JamesBond007\\.se. 6 January 2012\\. Retrieved 14 February 2012\\.\n\nScorupco moved into comedy in July 2013 when she was named to a lead role in a Swedish romantic comedy film, *Micke \\& Veronica*, alongside [David Hellenius](/wiki/David_Hellenius \"David Hellenius\"). It premiered on 25 December 2014\\.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1988 | *Ingen kan älska som vi* | Annelie | |\n| 1991 | *Bert* | Zindy Dabrowski | |\n| 1991 | *V som i viking* | The Single Mother | TV mini\\-series |\n| 1995 | *Det var en mörk och stormig natt* | Petronella | Short |\n| 1995 | *Petri Tårar* | Carla | |\n| 1995 | *[GoldenEye](/wiki/GoldenEye \"GoldenEye\")* | [Natalya Simonova](/wiki/Natalya_Simonova \"Natalya Simonova\") | |\n| 1999 | *[With Fire and Sword](/wiki/With_Fire_and_Sword_%28film%29 \"With Fire and Sword (film)\")* | Helena Kurcewiczówna | |\n| 2000 | *Dykaren* | Irena Walde | |\n| 2000 | *[Vertical Limit](/wiki/Vertical_Limit \"Vertical Limit\")* | Monique Aubertine | |\n| 2002 | *[Reign of Fire](/wiki/Reign_of_Fire_%28film%29 \"Reign of Fire (film)\")* | Alex Jensen | |\n| 2004 | *[Exorcist: The Beginning](/wiki/Exorcist:The_Beginning \"The Beginning\")* | Sarah Novak | |\n| 2005 | *[Alias](/wiki/Alias_%28TV_series%29 \"Alias (TV series)\")* | Sabina | TV series, Season 4, Episode 15: \"Pandora\" |\n| 2007 | *[Cougar Club](/wiki/Cougar_Club \"Cougar Club\")* | Daniella Stack | |\n| 2007 | *[Solstorm](/wiki/Solstorm_%28film%29 \"Solstorm (film)\")* | Rebecka Martinsson | |\n| 2010 | *Änglavakt* | Cecilia | |\n| 2014 | *Micke \\& Veronica* | Veronica | |\n| 2017 | *[Sleepwalker](/wiki/Sleepwalker_%282017_film%29 \"Sleepwalker (2017 film)\")* | Dr. Cooper | |\n| 2018 | *Hidden* | Eldh | TV series |\n| 2018 | *The Undreaming of Anna Bell Zeigler* | Harriet Zeigler | |\n| 2023 | *[Barracuda Queens](/wiki/Barracuda_Queens \"Barracuda Queens\")* | Margareta Millkvist | TV series |\n|\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Studio albums\n\n| Title | Album details | Peak chart position |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [SWE](/wiki/Sverigetopplistan \"Sverigetopplistan\") |\n| *[IZA](/wiki/IZA_%28album%29 \"IZA (album)\")* | Released: 1991 Label: [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\")/[Warner Music](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") Formats: CD, digital download | 11 |\n\n### Singles\n\n| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [AUS](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") | [AUT](/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40 \"Ö3 Austria Top 40\") | [BEL(FL)](/wiki/Ultratop \"Ultratop\") | [GER](/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts \"GfK Entertainment Charts\") | [NL](/wiki/MegaCharts \"MegaCharts\") | [NOR](/wiki/VG-lista \"VG-lista\") | [SWE](/wiki/Sverigetopplistan \"Sverigetopplistan\") | [SWI](/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade \"Swiss Hitparade\") |\n| \"[Substitute](/wiki/Substitute_%28The_Righteous_Brothers_song%29%23Other_versions \"Substitute (The Righteous Brothers song)#Other versions\")\" | 1990 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | *IZA* |\n| \"[I Write You a Love Song](/wiki/I_Write_You_a_Love_Song \"I Write You a Love Song\")\" | 1991 | 140 | — | — | 93 | — | — | 10 | — |\n| \"[Brando Moves](/wiki/Brando_Moves \"Brando Moves\")\" | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37 | — |\n| \"[Shame, Shame, Shame](/wiki/Shame%2C_Shame%2C_Shame_%28Shirley_%26_Company_song%29%23Izabella_Scorupco_version \"Shame, Shame, Shame (Shirley & Company song)#Izabella Scorupco version\")\" | 1992 | — | 22 | 4 | 37 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 39 |\n| \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n\n",
"### Studio albums\n\n| Title | Album details | Peak chart position |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [SWE](/wiki/Sverigetopplistan \"Sverigetopplistan\") |\n| *[IZA](/wiki/IZA_%28album%29 \"IZA (album)\")* | Released: 1991 Label: [Virgin](/wiki/Virgin_Records \"Virgin Records\")/[Warner Music](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") Formats: CD, digital download | 11 |\n\n",
"### Singles\n\n| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [AUS](/wiki/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") | [AUT](/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40 \"Ö3 Austria Top 40\") | [BEL(FL)](/wiki/Ultratop \"Ultratop\") | [GER](/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts \"GfK Entertainment Charts\") | [NL](/wiki/MegaCharts \"MegaCharts\") | [NOR](/wiki/VG-lista \"VG-lista\") | [SWE](/wiki/Sverigetopplistan \"Sverigetopplistan\") | [SWI](/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade \"Swiss Hitparade\") |\n| \"[Substitute](/wiki/Substitute_%28The_Righteous_Brothers_song%29%23Other_versions \"Substitute (The Righteous Brothers song)#Other versions\")\" | 1990 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | *IZA* |\n| \"[I Write You a Love Song](/wiki/I_Write_You_a_Love_Song \"I Write You a Love Song\")\" | 1991 | 140 | — | — | 93 | — | — | 10 | — |\n| \"[Brando Moves](/wiki/Brando_Moves \"Brando Moves\")\" | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37 | — |\n| \"[Shame, Shame, Shame](/wiki/Shame%2C_Shame%2C_Shame_%28Shirley_%26_Company_song%29%23Izabella_Scorupco_version \"Shame, Shame, Shame (Shirley & Company song)#Izabella Scorupco version\")\" | 1992 | — | 22 | 4 | 37 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 39 |\n| \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1970 births](/wiki/Category:1970_births \"1970 births\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Polish actresses](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_actresses \"20th-century Polish actresses\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Polish actresses](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Polish_actresses \"21st-century Polish actresses\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Swedish actresses](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swedish_actresses \"20th-century Swedish actresses\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Swedish actresses](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Swedish_actresses \"21st-century Swedish actresses\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American actresses](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_actresses \"20th-century American actresses\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American actresses](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_actresses \"21st-century American actresses\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Actresses from Białystok](/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Bia%C5%82ystok \"Actresses from Białystok\")\n[Category:Musicians from Białystok](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Bia%C5%82ystok \"Musicians from Białystok\")\n[Category:Polish emigrants to Sweden](/wiki/Category:Polish_emigrants_to_Sweden \"Polish emigrants to Sweden\")\n[Category:Polish expatriates in the United States](/wiki/Category:Polish_expatriates_in_the_United_States \"Polish expatriates in the United States\")\n[Category:Polish female models](/wiki/Category:Polish_female_models \"Polish female models\")\n[Category:Polish film actresses](/wiki/Category:Polish_film_actresses \"Polish film actresses\")\n[Category:American female models](/wiki/Category:American_female_models \"American female models\")\n[Category:American film actresses](/wiki/Category:American_film_actresses \"American film actresses\")\n[Category:Swedish expatriate actresses in the United States](/wiki/Category:Swedish_expatriate_actresses_in_the_United_States \"Swedish expatriate actresses in the United States\")\n[Category:Swedish female models](/wiki/Category:Swedish_female_models \"Swedish female models\")\n[Category:Swedish film actresses](/wiki/Category:Swedish_film_actresses \"Swedish film actresses\")\n[Category:Naturalized citizens of Sweden](/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_Sweden \"Naturalized citizens of Sweden\")\n[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States](/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_the_United_States \"Naturalized citizens of the United States\")\n[Category:American people of Polish descent](/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Polish_descent \"American people of Polish descent\")\n[Category:American people of Swedish descent](/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Swedish_descent \"American people of Swedish descent\")\n\n"
]
} |
Industry Standard Architecture | {
"id": [
1207711
],
"name": [
"Gmcomp"
]
} | q48uen9fgveccyexrpf9fxipbcpa8hq | 2024-10-03T19:35:16Z | 1,244,890,649 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"ISA bus architecture",
"Number of devices",
"Varying bus speeds",
"8/16-bit incompatibilities",
"Past and current use",
"ATA",
"XT-IDE",
"PCMCIA",
"Emulation by embedded chips",
"Standardization",
"Modern ISA cards",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Industry Standard Architecture** (**ISA**) is the [16\\-bit](/wiki/16-bit \"16-bit\") internal [bus](/wiki/Bus_%28computing%29 \"Bus (computing)\") of [IBM PC/AT](/wiki/IBM_PC/AT \"IBM PC/AT\") and similar computers based on the [Intel 80286](/wiki/Intel_80286 \"Intel 80286\") and its immediate successors during the 1980s. The bus was (largely) [backward compatible](/wiki/Backward_compatible \"Backward compatible\") with the [8\\-bit](/wiki/8-bit \"8-bit\") bus of the [8088](/wiki/8088 \"8088\")\\-based [IBM PC](/wiki/IBM_PC \"IBM PC\"), including the [IBM PC/XT](/wiki/IBM_PC/XT \"IBM PC/XT\") as well as [IBM PC compatibles](/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible \"IBM PC compatible\").\n\nOriginally referred to as the **PC bus** (8\\-bit) or **AT bus** (16\\-bit), it was also termed *I/O Channel* by IBM. The ISA term was coined as a [retronym](/wiki/Retronym \"Retronym\") by IBM PC clone manufacturers in the late 1980s or early 1990s as a reaction to IBM attempts to replace the AT\\-bus with its new and incompatible [Micro Channel architecture](/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture \"Micro Channel architecture\").\n\nThe 16\\-bit ISA bus was also used with 32\\-bit processors for several years. An attempt to extend it to 32 bits, called [Extended Industry Standard Architecture](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture \"Extended Industry Standard Architecture\") (EISA), was not very successful, however. Later buses such as [VESA Local Bus](/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus \"VESA Local Bus\") and [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect \"Peripheral Component Interconnect\") were used instead, often along with ISA slots on the same [mainboard](/wiki/Mainboard \"Mainboard\"). Derivatives of the AT bus structure were and still are used in [ATA/IDE](/wiki/ATA/IDE \"ATA/IDE\"), the [PCMCIA](/wiki/PCMCIA \"PCMCIA\") standard, [CompactFlash](/wiki/CompactFlash \"CompactFlash\"), the [PC/104](/wiki/PC/104 \"PC/104\") bus, and internally within [Super I/O](/wiki/Super_I/O \"Super I/O\") chips.\n\nEven though ISA disappeared from consumer desktops many years ago, it is still used in [industrial PCs](/wiki/Industrial_PC \"Industrial PC\"), where certain specialized expansion cards that never transitioned to PCI and PCI Express are used.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|, , [EISA](/wiki/Extended_ISA \"Extended ISA\") (top to bottom)](/wiki/File:Bussysteme_Extended_ISA_32Bit%2C_ISA_16Bit%2C_XT_8Bit.JPG \"Bussysteme Extended ISA 32Bit, ISA 16Bit, XT 8Bit.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|: Adlib FM Sound card](/wiki/File:Adlib.jpg \"Adlib.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|: Madge 4/16 Mbps [Token Ring](/wiki/Token_Ring \"Token Ring\") [NIC](/wiki/Network_interface_controller \"Network interface controller\")](/wiki/File:ISA_TokenRing_NIC.jpg \"ISA TokenRing NIC.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|: [Ethernet](/wiki/Ethernet \"Ethernet\") 10BASE\\-5/2 NIC](/wiki/File:EISA_Ethernet_NIC.JPG \"EISA Ethernet NIC.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.25\\|: [US Robotics](/wiki/US_Robotics \"US Robotics\") 56k Modem](/wiki/File:Us_robotics_isa_modem-2011-04-11.jpg \"Us robotics isa modem-2011-04-11.jpg\")\n\nThe original PC bus was developed by a team led by [Mark Dean](/wiki/Mark_Dean_%28computer_scientist%29 \"Mark Dean (computer scientist)\") at [IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\") as part of the IBM PC project in 1981\\. It was an 8\\-bit bus based on the I/O bus of the [IBM System/23 Datamaster](/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster \"IBM System/23 Datamaster\") system \\- it used the same physical connector, and a similar signal protocol and pinout. A 16\\-bit version, the [IBM AT](/wiki/IBM_AT \"IBM AT\") bus, was introduced with the release of the IBM PC/AT in 1984\\. The AT bus was a mostly backward compatible extension of the PC bus—the AT bus connector was a superset of the PC bus connector. In 1988, the 32\\-bit EISA standard was proposed by the \"Gang of Nine\" group of PC\\-compatible manufacturers that included Compaq. [Compaq](/wiki/Compaq \"Compaq\") created the term \"Industry Standard Architecture\" (ISA) to replace \"[PC compatible](/wiki/PC_compatible \"PC compatible\")\". In the process, they [retroactively renamed](/wiki/Retronym \"Retronym\") the AT bus to \"ISA\" to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC and PC/AT systems (and to avoid giving their major competitor, IBM, free advertisement). \n\nIBM designed the 8\\-bit version as a buffered interface to the [motherboard](/wiki/Motherboard \"Motherboard\") buses of the [Intel 8088](/wiki/Intel_8088 \"Intel 8088\") (16/8 bit) CPU in the IBM PC and PC/XT, augmented with prioritized interrupts and DMA channels. The 16\\-bit version was an upgrade for the motherboard buses of the Intel [80286](/wiki/80286 \"80286\") CPU (and expanded interrupt and DMA facilities) used in the IBM AT, with improved support for bus mastering. The ISA bus was therefore synchronous with the CPU clock, until sophisticated buffering methods were implemented by [chipsets](/wiki/Chipset \"Chipset\") to interface ISA to much faster CPUs.\n\nISA was designed to connect peripheral cards to the motherboard and allows for [bus mastering](/wiki/Bus_mastering \"Bus mastering\"). Only the first 16 [MB](/wiki/Megabyte \"Megabyte\") of main memory is addressable. The original 8\\-bit bus ran from the 4\\.77 MHz clock of the 8088 CPU in the IBM PC and PC/XT. The original 16\\-bit bus ran from the CPU clock of the 80286 in IBM PC/AT computers, which was 6 MHz in the first models and 8 MHz in later models. The [IBM RT PC](/wiki/IBM_RT_PC \"IBM RT PC\") also used the 16\\-bit bus. ISA was also used in some non\\-IBM compatible machines such as Motorola [68k](/wiki/68k \"68k\")\\-based [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo_Computer \"Apollo Computer\") (68020\\) and [Amiga 3000](/wiki/Amiga_3000 \"Amiga 3000\") (68030\\) workstations, the short\\-lived [AT\\&T Hobbit](/wiki/AT%26T_Hobbit \"AT&T Hobbit\") and the later [PowerPC](/wiki/PowerPC \"PowerPC\")\\-based [BeBox](/wiki/BeBox \"BeBox\").\n\nCompanies like [Dell](/wiki/Dell \"Dell\") improved the AT bus's performance but in 1987, IBM replaced the AT bus with its proprietary [Micro Channel Architecture](/wiki/Micro_Channel_Architecture \"Micro Channel Architecture\") (MCA). MCA overcame many of the limitations then apparent in ISA but was also an effort by IBM to regain control of the PC architecture and the PC market. MCA was far more advanced than ISA and had many features that would later appear in PCI. However, MCA was also a closed standard whereas IBM had released full specifications and circuit schematics for ISA. Computer manufacturers responded to MCA by developing the [Extended Industry Standard Architecture](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture \"Extended Industry Standard Architecture\") (EISA) and the later [VESA Local Bus](/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus \"VESA Local Bus\") (VLB). VLB used some electronic parts originally intended for MCA because component manufacturers already were equipped to manufacture them. Both EISA and VLB were backward compatible expansions of the AT (ISA) bus.\n\nUsers of ISA\\-based machines had to know special information about the hardware they were adding to the system. While a handful of devices were essentially \"[plug\\-n\\-play](/wiki/Plug-n-play \"Plug-n-play\")\", this was rare. Users frequently had to configure parameters when adding a new device, such as the [IRQ](/wiki/Interrupt_request_%28PC_architecture%29 \"Interrupt request (PC architecture)\") line, [I/O address](/wiki/I/O_address \"I/O address\"), or [DMA](/wiki/Direct_memory_access \"Direct memory access\") channel. MCA had done away with this complication and [PCI](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect \"Peripheral Component Interconnect\") actually incorporated many of the ideas first explored with MCA, though it was more directly descended from EISA.\n\nThis trouble with configuration eventually led to the creation of **[ISA PnP](/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play \"Legacy Plug and Play\")**, a plug\\-n\\-play system that used a combination of modifications to hardware, the system [BIOS](/wiki/BIOS \"BIOS\"), and [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\") software to automatically manage resource allocations. In reality, ISA PnP could be troublesome and did not become well\\-supported until the architecture was in its final days.\n\nA PnP ISA, EISA or VLB device may have a 5\\-byte **EISA ID** (3\\-byte manufacturer ID \\+ 2\\-byte hex number) to identify the device. For example, **CTL0044** corresponds to **Creative Sound Blaster 16 / 32 PnP**.\n\nPCI slots were the first physically\\-incompatible expansion ports to directly squeeze ISA off the motherboard. At first, motherboards were largely ISA, including a few PCI slots. By the mid\\-1990s, the two slot types were roughly balanced, and ISA slots soon were in the minority of consumer systems. [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\")'s [PC\\-99](/wiki/PC-99 \"PC-99\") specification recommended that ISA slots be removed entirely, though the system architecture still required ISA to be present in some vestigial way internally to handle the [floppy drive](/wiki/Floppy_drive \"Floppy drive\"), [serial ports](/wiki/Serial_port \"Serial port\"), etc., which was why the software compatible [LPC bus](/wiki/LPC_bus \"LPC bus\") was created. ISA slots remained for a few more years, and towards the turn of the century it was common to see systems with an [Accelerated Graphics Port](/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port \"Accelerated Graphics Port\") (AGP) sitting near the [central processing unit](/wiki/Central_processing_unit \"Central processing unit\"), an array of PCI slots, and one or two ISA slots near the end. In late 2008, even floppy disk drives and serial ports were disappearing, and the extinction of vestigial ISA (by then the LPC bus) from chipsets was on the horizon.\n\nPCI slots are \"rotated\" compared to their ISA counterparts—PCI cards were essentially inserted \"upside\\-down,\" allowing ISA and PCI connectors to squeeze together on the motherboard. Only one of the two connectors can be used in each slot at a time, but this allowed for greater flexibility.\n\nThe [AT Attachment](/wiki/AT_Attachment \"AT Attachment\") (ATA) hard disk interface is directly descended from the 16\\-bit ISA of the PC/AT. ATA has its origins in the IBM Personal Computer Fixed Disk and Diskette Adapter, the standard dual\\-function floppy disk controller and hard disk controller card for the IBM PC AT; the fixed disk controller on this card implemented the register set and the basic command set which became the basis of the ATA interface (and which differed greatly from the interface of IBM's fixed disk controller card for the PC XT). Direct precursors to ATA were third\\-party ISA [hardcards](/wiki/Hardcards \"Hardcards\") that integrated a [hard disk drive](/wiki/Hard_disk_drive \"Hard disk drive\") (HDD) and a [hard disk controller](/wiki/Hard_disk_controller \"Hard disk controller\") (HDC) onto one card. This was at best awkward and at worst damaging to the motherboard, as ISA slots were not designed to support such heavy devices as HDDs. The next generation of [Integrated Drive Electronics](/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics \"Integrated Drive Electronics\") drives moved both the drive and controller to a drive bay and used a ribbon cable and a very simple interface board to connect it to an ISA slot. ATA is basically a standardization of this arrangement plus a uniform command structure for software to interface with the HDC within the drive. ATA has since been separated from the ISA bus and connected directly to the local bus, usually by integration into the chipset, for much higher clock rates and data throughput than ISA could support. ATA has clear characteristics of 16\\-bit ISA, such as a 16\\-bit transfer size, signal timing in the PIO modes and the interrupt and DMA mechanisms.\n\n",
"ISA bus architecture\n--------------------\n\n| [220px\\|right](/wiki/File:XT_Bus_pins.svg \"XT Bus pins.svg\") | [470px\\|right](/wiki/File:ISA_Bus_pins.svg \"ISA Bus pins.svg\") |\n| --- | --- |\n\nThe **PC/XT\\-bus** is an eight\\-[bit](/wiki/Bit \"Bit\") ISA bus used by [Intel 8086](/wiki/Intel_8086 \"Intel 8086\") and [Intel 8088](/wiki/Intel_8088 \"Intel 8088\") systems in the [IBM PC](/wiki/IBM_PC \"IBM PC\") and [IBM PC XT](/wiki/IBM_PC_XT \"IBM PC XT\") in the 1980s. Among its 62 pins were [demultiplexed](/wiki/Demultiplex \"Demultiplex\") and electrically buffered versions of the 8 data and 20 address lines of the 8088 processor, along with power lines, clocks, read/write strobes, interrupt lines, etc. Power lines included −5 V and ±12 V in order to directly support [pMOS](/wiki/PMOS_logic \"PMOS logic\") and enhancement mode [nMOS](/wiki/NMOS_logic \"NMOS logic\") circuits such as dynamic RAMs among other things. The XT bus architecture uses a single [Intel 8259](/wiki/Intel_8259 \"Intel 8259\") [PIC](/wiki/Programmable_Interrupt_Controller \"Programmable Interrupt Controller\"), giving eight vectorized and prioritized interrupt lines. It has four [DMA](/wiki/Direct_memory_access \"Direct memory access\") channels originally provided by the [Intel 8237](/wiki/Intel_8237 \"Intel 8237\"). Three of the DMA channels are brought out to the XT bus expansion slots; of these, 2 are normally already allocated to machine functions (diskette drive and hard disk controller):\n\n| DMA channel | Expansion | Standard function |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | No | [Dynamic random\\-access memory](/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory \"Dynamic random-access memory\") refresh |\n| 1 | Yes | Add\\-on cards |\n| 2 | Yes | [Floppy disk](/wiki/Floppy_disk \"Floppy disk\") controller |\n| 3 | Yes | [Hard disk](/wiki/Hard_disk \"Hard disk\") controller |\n\nThe **PC/AT\\-bus**, a 16\\-[bit](/wiki/Bit \"Bit\") (or 80286\\-) version of the PC/XT bus, was introduced with the [IBM PC/AT](/wiki/IBM_PC/AT \"IBM PC/AT\"). This bus was officially termed *I/O Channel* by IBM. It extends the XT\\-bus by adding a second shorter [edge connector](/wiki/Edge_connector \"Edge connector\") in\\-line with the eight\\-bit XT\\-bus connector, which is unchanged, retaining compatibility with most 8\\-bit cards. The second connector adds four additional address lines for a total of 24, and 8 additional data lines for a total of 16\\. It also adds new interrupt lines connected to a second [8259 PIC](/wiki/Intel_8259 \"Intel 8259\") (connected to one of the lines of the first) and 4 × 16\\-bit DMA channels, as well as control lines to select 8\\- or 16\\-bit transfers.\n\nThe 16\\-bit AT bus slot originally used two standard edge connector sockets in early IBM PC/AT machines. However, with the popularity of the AT\\-architecture and the 16\\-bit ISA bus, manufacturers introduced specialized 98\\-pin connectors that integrated the two sockets into one unit. These can be found in almost every AT\\-class PC manufactured after the mid\\-1980s. The ISA slot connector is typically black (distinguishing it from the brown EISA connectors and white PCI connectors).\n\n### Number of devices\n\nMotherboard devices have dedicated IRQs (not present in the slots). 16\\-bit devices can use either PC\\-bus or PC/AT\\-bus IRQs. It is therefore possible to connect up to 6 devices that use one 8\\-bit IRQ each and up to 5 devices that use one 16\\-bit IRQ each. At the same time, up to 4 devices may use one 8\\-bit DMA channel each, while up to 3 devices can use one 16\\-bit DMA channel each.\n\n### Varying bus speeds\n\nOriginally, the bus clock was synchronous with the CPU clock, resulting in varying bus clock frequencies among the many different IBM \"clones\" on the market (sometimes as high as 16 or 20 MHz), leading to software or electrical timing problems for certain ISA cards at bus speeds they were not designed for. Later motherboards or integrated [chipsets](/wiki/Chipset \"Chipset\") used a separate clock generator, or a clock divider which either fixed the ISA bus frequency at 4, 6, or 8 MHz or allowed the user to adjust the frequency via the [BIOS](/wiki/BIOS \"BIOS\") setup. When used at a higher bus frequency, some ISA cards (certain [Hercules\\-compatible](/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card \"Hercules Graphics Card\") video cards, for instance), could show significant performance improvements.\n\n### 8/16\\-bit incompatibilities\n\nMemory address decoding for the selection of 8 or 16\\-bit transfer mode was limited to 128 KiB sections, leading to problems when mixing 8\\- and 16\\-bit cards as they could not co\\-exist in the same 128 KiB area. This is because the MEMCS16 line is required to be set based on the value of LA17\\-23 only.\n\n",
"### Number of devices\n\nMotherboard devices have dedicated IRQs (not present in the slots). 16\\-bit devices can use either PC\\-bus or PC/AT\\-bus IRQs. It is therefore possible to connect up to 6 devices that use one 8\\-bit IRQ each and up to 5 devices that use one 16\\-bit IRQ each. At the same time, up to 4 devices may use one 8\\-bit DMA channel each, while up to 3 devices can use one 16\\-bit DMA channel each.\n\n",
"### Varying bus speeds\n\nOriginally, the bus clock was synchronous with the CPU clock, resulting in varying bus clock frequencies among the many different IBM \"clones\" on the market (sometimes as high as 16 or 20 MHz), leading to software or electrical timing problems for certain ISA cards at bus speeds they were not designed for. Later motherboards or integrated [chipsets](/wiki/Chipset \"Chipset\") used a separate clock generator, or a clock divider which either fixed the ISA bus frequency at 4, 6, or 8 MHz or allowed the user to adjust the frequency via the [BIOS](/wiki/BIOS \"BIOS\") setup. When used at a higher bus frequency, some ISA cards (certain [Hercules\\-compatible](/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card \"Hercules Graphics Card\") video cards, for instance), could show significant performance improvements.\n\n",
"### 8/16\\-bit incompatibilities\n\nMemory address decoding for the selection of 8 or 16\\-bit transfer mode was limited to 128 KiB sections, leading to problems when mixing 8\\- and 16\\-bit cards as they could not co\\-exist in the same 128 KiB area. This is because the MEMCS16 line is required to be set based on the value of LA17\\-23 only.\n\n",
"Past and current use\n--------------------\n\nISA is still used today for specialized industrial purposes. In 2008, IEI Technologies released a modern motherboard for Intel Core 2 Duo processors which, in addition to other special I/O features, is equipped with two ISA slots. It was marketed to industrial and military users who had invested in expensive specialized ISA bus adaptors, which were not available in [PCI](/wiki/Conventional_PCI \"Conventional PCI\") bus versions.IEI Technology Corp: *IMBA\\-9654ISA User Manual*, Rev. 1\\.00, May 2008\n\nSimilarly, ADEK Industrial Computers released a modern motherboard in early 2013 for Intel Core i3/i5/i7 processors, which contains one (non\\-DMA) ISA slot.ADEK Industrial Computers: *MS\\-98A9 Product Specifications* Also, MSI released a modern motherboard with one ISA slot in 2020\\.\n\nThe [PC/104](/wiki/PC/104 \"PC/104\") bus, used in industrial and embedded applications, is a derivative of the ISA bus, utilizing the same signal lines with different connectors. The [LPC](/wiki/Low_Pin_Count \"Low Pin Count\") bus has replaced the ISA bus as the connection to the legacy I/O devices on current motherboards; while physically quite different, LPC looks just like ISA to software, so that the peculiarities of ISA such as the 16 MiB DMA limit (which corresponds to the full address space of the Intel 80286 CPU used in the original IBM AT) are likely to stick around for a while.\n\n### ATA\n\nAs explained in the *History* section, ISA was the basis for development of the [ATA](/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment \"Advanced Technology Attachment\") interface, used for ATA (a.k.a. IDE) hard disks. Physically, ATA is essentially a simple subset of ISA, with 16 data bits, support for exactly one IRQ and one DMA channel, and 3 address bits. To this ISA subset, ATA adds two IDE address select (\"chip select\") lines (i.e. address decodes, effectively equivalent to address bits) and a few unique signal lines specific to ATA/IDE hard disks (such as the Cable Select/Spindle Sync. line.) In addition to the physical interface channel, ATA goes beyond and far outside the scope of ISA by also specifying a set of physical device registers to be implemented on every ATA (IDE) drive and a full set of protocols and device commands for controlling fixed disk drives using these registers. The ATA device registers are accessed using the address bits and address select signals in the ATA physical interface channel, and all operations of ATA hard disks are performed using the ATA\\-specified protocols through the ATA command set. The earliest versions of the ATA standard featured a few simple protocols and a basic command set comparable to the command sets of MFM and RLL controllers (which preceded ATA controllers), but the latest ATA standards have much more complex protocols and instruction sets that include optional commands and protocols providing such advanced optional\\-use features as sizable hidden system storage areas, password security locking, and programmable geometry translation.\n\nIn mid\\-1990s, the ATA host controller (usually integrated in chipset) was moved to [PCI](/wiki/PCI_bus \"PCI bus\") form. A further deviation between ISA and ATA is that while the ISA bus remained locked into a single standard clock rate (for backward hardware compatibility), the ATA interface offered many different speed modes, could select among them to match the maximum speed supported by the attached drives, and kept adding faster speeds with later versions of the ATA standard (up to 133 MB/s for ATA\\-6, the latest.) In most forms, ATA ran much faster than ISA, provided it was connected directly to a local bus (e.g. southbridge\\-integrated IDE interfaces) faster than the ISA bus.\n\n### XT\\-IDE\n\nBefore the 16\\-bit [ATA/IDE](/wiki/ATA/IDE \"ATA/IDE\") interface, there was an 8\\-bit XT\\-IDE (also known as XTA) interface for hard disks. It was not nearly as popular as ATA has become, and XT\\-IDE hardware is now fairly hard to find. Some XT\\-IDE adapters were available as 8\\-bit ISA cards, and XTA sockets were also present on the motherboards of [Amstrad](/wiki/Amstrad \"Amstrad\")'s later XT clones as well as a short\\-lived line of [Philips](/wiki/Philips \"Philips\") units. The XTA pinout was very similar to ATA, but only eight data lines and two address lines were used, and the physical device registers had completely different meanings. A few hard drives (such as the [Seagate](/wiki/Seagate_Technology \"Seagate Technology\") ST351A/X) could support either type of interface, selected with a jumper.\n\nMany later AT (and AT successor) motherboards had no integrated hard drive interface but relied on a separate hard drive interface plugged into an ISA/EISA/VLB slot. There were even a few 80486 based units shipped with MFM/RLL interfaces and drives instead of the increasingly common AT\\-IDE.\n\n[Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_International \"Commodore International\") built the XT\\-IDE based peripheral hard drive / memory expansion unit A590 for their [Amiga 500](/wiki/Amiga_500 \"Amiga 500\") and 500\\+ computers that also supported a [SCSI](/wiki/SCSI \"SCSI\") drive. Later models – the [A600](/wiki/Amiga_600 \"Amiga 600\"), [A1200](/wiki/A1200 \"A1200\"), and the [Amiga 4000](/wiki/Amiga_4000 \"Amiga 4000\") series – use AT\\-IDE drives.\n\n### PCMCIA\n\nThe [PCMCIA](/wiki/PCMCIA \"PCMCIA\") specification can be seen as a superset of ATA. The standard for PCMCIA hard disk interfaces, which included PCMCIA flash drives, allows for the mutual configuration of the port and the drive in an ATA mode. As a de facto extension, most PCMCIA flash drives additionally allow for a simple ATA mode that is enabled by pulling a single pin low, so that PCMCIA hardware and firmware are unnecessary to use them as an ATA drive connected to an ATA port. PCMCIA flash drive to ATA adapters are thus simple and inexpensive, but are not guaranteed to work with any and every standard PCMCIA flash drive. Further, such adapters cannot be used as generic PCMCIA ports, as the PCMCIA interface is much more complex than ATA.\n\n",
"### ATA\n\nAs explained in the *History* section, ISA was the basis for development of the [ATA](/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment \"Advanced Technology Attachment\") interface, used for ATA (a.k.a. IDE) hard disks. Physically, ATA is essentially a simple subset of ISA, with 16 data bits, support for exactly one IRQ and one DMA channel, and 3 address bits. To this ISA subset, ATA adds two IDE address select (\"chip select\") lines (i.e. address decodes, effectively equivalent to address bits) and a few unique signal lines specific to ATA/IDE hard disks (such as the Cable Select/Spindle Sync. line.) In addition to the physical interface channel, ATA goes beyond and far outside the scope of ISA by also specifying a set of physical device registers to be implemented on every ATA (IDE) drive and a full set of protocols and device commands for controlling fixed disk drives using these registers. The ATA device registers are accessed using the address bits and address select signals in the ATA physical interface channel, and all operations of ATA hard disks are performed using the ATA\\-specified protocols through the ATA command set. The earliest versions of the ATA standard featured a few simple protocols and a basic command set comparable to the command sets of MFM and RLL controllers (which preceded ATA controllers), but the latest ATA standards have much more complex protocols and instruction sets that include optional commands and protocols providing such advanced optional\\-use features as sizable hidden system storage areas, password security locking, and programmable geometry translation.\n\nIn mid\\-1990s, the ATA host controller (usually integrated in chipset) was moved to [PCI](/wiki/PCI_bus \"PCI bus\") form. A further deviation between ISA and ATA is that while the ISA bus remained locked into a single standard clock rate (for backward hardware compatibility), the ATA interface offered many different speed modes, could select among them to match the maximum speed supported by the attached drives, and kept adding faster speeds with later versions of the ATA standard (up to 133 MB/s for ATA\\-6, the latest.) In most forms, ATA ran much faster than ISA, provided it was connected directly to a local bus (e.g. southbridge\\-integrated IDE interfaces) faster than the ISA bus.\n\n",
"### XT\\-IDE\n\nBefore the 16\\-bit [ATA/IDE](/wiki/ATA/IDE \"ATA/IDE\") interface, there was an 8\\-bit XT\\-IDE (also known as XTA) interface for hard disks. It was not nearly as popular as ATA has become, and XT\\-IDE hardware is now fairly hard to find. Some XT\\-IDE adapters were available as 8\\-bit ISA cards, and XTA sockets were also present on the motherboards of [Amstrad](/wiki/Amstrad \"Amstrad\")'s later XT clones as well as a short\\-lived line of [Philips](/wiki/Philips \"Philips\") units. The XTA pinout was very similar to ATA, but only eight data lines and two address lines were used, and the physical device registers had completely different meanings. A few hard drives (such as the [Seagate](/wiki/Seagate_Technology \"Seagate Technology\") ST351A/X) could support either type of interface, selected with a jumper.\n\nMany later AT (and AT successor) motherboards had no integrated hard drive interface but relied on a separate hard drive interface plugged into an ISA/EISA/VLB slot. There were even a few 80486 based units shipped with MFM/RLL interfaces and drives instead of the increasingly common AT\\-IDE.\n\n[Commodore](/wiki/Commodore_International \"Commodore International\") built the XT\\-IDE based peripheral hard drive / memory expansion unit A590 for their [Amiga 500](/wiki/Amiga_500 \"Amiga 500\") and 500\\+ computers that also supported a [SCSI](/wiki/SCSI \"SCSI\") drive. Later models – the [A600](/wiki/Amiga_600 \"Amiga 600\"), [A1200](/wiki/A1200 \"A1200\"), and the [Amiga 4000](/wiki/Amiga_4000 \"Amiga 4000\") series – use AT\\-IDE drives.\n\n",
"### PCMCIA\n\nThe [PCMCIA](/wiki/PCMCIA \"PCMCIA\") specification can be seen as a superset of ATA. The standard for PCMCIA hard disk interfaces, which included PCMCIA flash drives, allows for the mutual configuration of the port and the drive in an ATA mode. As a de facto extension, most PCMCIA flash drives additionally allow for a simple ATA mode that is enabled by pulling a single pin low, so that PCMCIA hardware and firmware are unnecessary to use them as an ATA drive connected to an ATA port. PCMCIA flash drive to ATA adapters are thus simple and inexpensive, but are not guaranteed to work with any and every standard PCMCIA flash drive. Further, such adapters cannot be used as generic PCMCIA ports, as the PCMCIA interface is much more complex than ATA.\n\n",
"Emulation by embedded chips\n---------------------------\n\nAlthough most modern computers do not have physical ISA buses, almost all PCs — [IA\\-32](/wiki/IA-32 \"IA-32\"), and [x86\\-64](/wiki/X86-64 \"X86-64\") — have ISA buses allocated in physical address space. Some [Southbridges](/wiki/Southbridge_%28computing%29 \"Southbridge (computing)\") and some [CPUs](/wiki/CPU \"CPU\") themselves provide services such as temperature monitoring and voltage readings through ISA buses as ISA devices.\n\n",
"Standardization\n---------------\n\nIEEE started a standardization of the ISA bus in 1985, called the P996 specification. However, despite books being published on the P996 specification, it never officially progressed past draft status.\n\n",
"Modern ISA cards\n----------------\n\nThere still is an existing user base with old computers, so some ISA cards are still manufactured, e.g. with [USB](/wiki/USB \"USB\") ports or complete [single\\-board computers](/wiki/Single-board_computer \"Single-board computer\") based on modern processors, [USB 3\\.0](/wiki/USB_3.0 \"USB 3.0\"), and [SATA](/wiki/SATA \"SATA\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [PC/104](/wiki/PC/104 \"PC/104\") \\- Embedded variant of ISA\n* [Low Pin Count](/wiki/Low_Pin_Count \"Low Pin Count\") (LPC)\n* [Extended Industry Standard Architecture](/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture \"Extended Industry Standard Architecture\") (EISA)\n* [Micro Channel architecture](/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture \"Micro Channel architecture\") (MCA)\n* [VESA Local Bus](/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus \"VESA Local Bus\") (VLB)\n* [Peripheral Component Interconnect](/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect \"Peripheral Component Interconnect\") (PCI)\n* [Accelerated Graphics Port](/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port \"Accelerated Graphics Port\") (AGP)\n* [PCI\\-X](/wiki/PCI-X \"PCI-X\")\n* [PCI Express](/wiki/PCI_Express \"PCI Express\") (PCI\\-E or PCIe)\n* [List of computer bus interfaces](/wiki/List_of_computer_bus_interfaces \"List of computer bus interfaces\")\n* [Amiga Zorro II](/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II \"Amiga Zorro II\")\n* [NuBus](/wiki/NuBus \"NuBus\")\n* [Switched fabric](/wiki/Switched_fabric \"Switched fabric\")\n* [List of device bandwidths](/wiki/List_of_device_bandwidths \"List of device bandwidths\")\n* [CompactPCI](/wiki/CompactPCI \"CompactPCI\")\n* [PC card](/wiki/PC_card \"PC card\")\n* [Universal Serial Bus](/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus \"Universal Serial Bus\") (USB)\n* [Legacy port](/wiki/Legacy_port \"Legacy port\")\n* [Backplane](/wiki/Backplane \"Backplane\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* *[Intel ISA Bus Specification and Application Notes \\- Rev 2\\.01](https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_intelbusSpep89_3342148/)*; Intel; 73 pages; 1989\\.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Computer\\-related introductions in 1981](/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1981 \"Computer-related introductions in 1981\")\n[Category:Computer buses](/wiki/Category:Computer_buses \"Computer buses\")\n[Category:Motherboard expansion slot](/wiki/Category:Motherboard_expansion_slot \"Motherboard expansion slot\")\n[Category:X86 IBM personal computers](/wiki/Category:X86_IBM_personal_computers \"X86 IBM personal computers\")\n[Category:IBM PC compatibles](/wiki/Category:IBM_PC_compatibles \"IBM PC compatibles\")\n[Category:Legacy hardware](/wiki/Category:Legacy_hardware \"Legacy hardware\")\n[Category:Computer hardware standards](/wiki/Category:Computer_hardware_standards \"Computer hardware standards\")\n\n"
]
} |
Anarchism | {
"id": [
244263
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"name": [
"Czar"
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} | e3ypyapiut9p8curhuop19c8m0yb107 | 2024-10-15T12:29:54Z | 1,251,294,820 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Etymology, terminology, and definition",
"History",
"Pre-modern era",
"Modern era",
"Post-WWII",
"Schools of thought",
"Classical",
"Post-classical and contemporary",
"Tactics",
"Classical era",
"Revolutionary",
"Evolutionary",
"Key issues",
"The state",
"Gender, sexuality, and free love",
"Education",
"The arts",
"Criticism",
"See also",
"References",
"Explanatory notes",
"Citations",
"General and cited sources",
"Primary sources",
"Secondary sources",
"Tertiary sources",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
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2,
2,
3,
3,
4,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
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"content": [
"\n\n**Anarchism** is a [political philosophy](/wiki/Political_philosophy \"Political philosophy\") and [movement](/wiki/Political_movement \"Political movement\") that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and [hierarchy](/wiki/Social_hierarchy \"Social hierarchy\"), typically including the [state](/wiki/State_%28polity%29 \"State (polity)\") and [capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism \"Capitalism\"). Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with [stateless societies](/wiki/Stateless_society \"Stateless society\") and voluntary [free associations](/wiki/Free_association_%28communism_and_anarchism%29 \"Free association (communism and anarchism)\"). A historically left\\-wing movement, anarchism is usually described as the [libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian \"Libertarian\") wing of the [socialist movement](/wiki/Socialist_movement \"Socialist movement\") ([libertarian socialism](/wiki/Libertarian_socialism \"Libertarian socialism\")).\n\nAlthough traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\"). During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in [workers' struggles](/wiki/Labour_movement \"Labour movement\") for [emancipation](/wiki/Emancipation \"Emancipation\"). [Various anarchist schools of thought](/wiki/%23Schools_of_thought \"#Schools of thought\") formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in [several revolutions](/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions \"List of revolutions and rebellions\"), most notably in the [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\"), the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\") and the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"), whose end marked the end of the [classical era of anarchism](/wiki/Classical_era_of_anarchism \"Classical era of anarchism\"). In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more, growing in popularity and influence within [anti\\-capitalist](/wiki/Anti-capitalist \"Anti-capitalist\"), [anti\\-war](/wiki/Anti-war \"Anti-war\") and [anti\\-globalisation](/wiki/Anti-globalisation \"Anti-globalisation\") movements.\n\nAnarchists employ [diverse approaches](/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics \"Diversity of tactics\"), which may be generally divided into [revolutionary](/wiki/Revolutionary \"Revolutionary\") and [evolutionary strategies](/wiki/Evolutionary_strategies \"Evolutionary strategies\"); there is significant overlap between the two. Evolutionary methods try to simulate what an anarchist society might be like, but revolutionary tactics, which have historically taken a [violent](/wiki/Violent_extremism \"Violent extremism\") turn, aim to overthrow authority and the state. Many facets of [human civilization](/wiki/Civilization \"Civilization\") have been influenced by anarchist theory, critique, and [praxis](/wiki/Praxis_%28process%29 \"Praxis (process)\").\n\n",
"Etymology, terminology, and definition\n--------------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|[Wilhelm Weitling](/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling \"Wilhelm Weitling\") is an example of a writer who added to anarchist theory without using the exact term.](/wiki/File:WilhelmWeitling.jpg \"WilhelmWeitling.jpg\")\nThe [etymological](/wiki/Etymology \"Etymology\") origin of *anarchism* is from the [Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\") *anarkhia* (ἀναρχία), meaning \"without a ruler\", composed of the [prefix](/wiki/Prefix \"Prefix\") *an\\-* (\"without\") and the word *arkhos* (\"leader\" or \"ruler\"). The [suffix](/wiki/Suffix \"Suffix\") *[\\-ism](/wiki/-ism \"-ism\")* denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy. *Anarchism* appears in English from 1642 as *anarchisme* and *anarchy* from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder. Various factions within the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") labelled their opponents as *anarchists*, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists. Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as [William Godwin](/wiki/William_Godwin \"William Godwin\") (1756–1836\\) and [Wilhelm Weitling](/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling \"Wilhelm Weitling\") (1808–1871\\) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use *anarchist* or *anarchism* in describing themselves or their beliefs.\n\nThe first [political philosopher](/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers \"List of political philosophers\") to call himself an *anarchist* () was [Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon](/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon \"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\") (1809–1865\\), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid\\-19th century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France, *[libertarianism](/wiki/Libertarianism \"Libertarianism\")* has often been used as a synonym for anarchism; its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States. Some usages of *libertarianism* refer to [individualistic](/wiki/Individualistic \"Individualistic\") [free\\-market](/wiki/Free-market \"Free-market\") philosophy only, and [free\\-market anarchism](/wiki/Free-market_anarchism \"Free-market anarchism\") in particular is termed *libertarian anarchism*.\n\nWhile the term *libertarian* has been largely synonymous with anarchism, its meaning has more recently been diluted by wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups, including both the [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\") and [libertarian Marxists](/wiki/Libertarian_Marxists \"Libertarian Marxists\"), who do not associate themselves with [authoritarian socialists](/wiki/Authoritarian_socialists \"Authoritarian socialists\") or a [vanguard party](/wiki/Vanguard_party \"Vanguard party\"), and extreme [cultural liberals](/wiki/Cultural_liberals \"Cultural liberals\"), who are primarily concerned with [civil liberties](/wiki/Civil_liberties \"Civil liberties\"). Additionally, some anarchists use *[libertarian socialist](/wiki/Libertarian_socialist \"Libertarian socialist\")* to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\"). *Anarchism* is broadly used to describe the [anti\\-authoritarian](/wiki/Anti-authoritarian \"Anti-authoritarian\") wing of the [socialist movement](/wiki/Socialist_movement \"Socialist movement\"). Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which are [state\\-oriented](/wiki/State_socialism \"State socialism\") or from above. Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two. Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism, and being both liberal and socialist but more so. Many scholars reject [anarcho\\-capitalism](/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism \"Anarcho-capitalism\") as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles.\n\nWhile [opposition to the state](/wiki/Anti-statism \"Anti-statism\") is central to anarchist thought, defining *anarchism* is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently. Major definitional elements include the will for a non\\-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that [human nature](/wiki/Human_nature \"Human nature\") allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non\\-coercive society, and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Pre\\-modern era\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=.7\\|[Zeno of Citium](/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium \"Zeno of Citium\") (), whose *[Republic](/wiki/Republic_%28Zeno%29 \"Republic (Zeno)\")* inspired [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\")](/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg \"Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg\")\nThe most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in [China](/wiki/History_of_China%23Ancient_China \"History of China#Ancient China\") and [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\"). In China, [philosophical anarchism](/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism \"Philosophical anarchism\") (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") philosophers [Zhuang Zhou](/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou \"Zhuang Zhou\") and [Laozi](/wiki/Laozi \"Laozi\"). Alongside [Stoicism](/wiki/Stoicism \"Stoicism\"), Taoism has been said to have had \"significant anticipations\" of anarchism.\n\nAnarchic attitudes were also articulated by [tragedians](/wiki/Tragedy \"Tragedy\") and [philosophers](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") in Greece. [Aeschylus](/wiki/Aeschylus \"Aeschylus\") and [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\") used the myth of [Antigone](/wiki/Antigone \"Antigone\") to illustrate the conflict between laws imposed by the state and personal [autonomy](/wiki/Autonomy \"Autonomy\"). [Socrates](/wiki/Socrates \"Socrates\") questioned [Athenian](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual [freedom of conscience](/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience \"Freedom of conscience\"). [Cynics](/wiki/Cynicism_%28philosophy%29 \"Cynicism (philosophy)\") dismissed human law (*[nomos](/wiki/Nomos_%28sociology%29 \"Nomos (sociology)\")*) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (*[physis](/wiki/Physis \"Physis\")*). [Stoics](/wiki/Stoics \"Stoics\") were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.\n\nIn [medieval Europe](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to [religious anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion \"Anarchism and religion\"). In the [Sasanian Empire](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\"), [Mazdak](/wiki/Mazdak \"Mazdak\") called for an [egalitarian](/wiki/Egalitarian \"Egalitarian\") society and the [abolition of monarchy](/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy \"Abolition of monarchy\"), only to be soon executed by Emperor [Kavad I](/wiki/Kavad_I \"Kavad I\"). In [Basra](/wiki/Basra \"Basra\"), religious sects preached against the state. In Europe, various religious sects developed anti\\-state and libertarian tendencies. \n\nRenewed interest in antiquity during the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") and in private judgment during the [Reformation](/wiki/Reformation \"Reformation\") restored elements of anti\\-authoritarian [secularism](/wiki/Secularism \"Secularism\") in Europe, particularly in France. [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\") challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the [revolutions of the 1790s and 1848](/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions \"List of revolutions and rebellions\") all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.\n\n### Modern era\n\nDuring the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), partisan groups such as the [Enragés](/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s \"Enragés\") and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti\\-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as [William Godwin](/wiki/William_Godwin \"William Godwin\") espoused [philosophical anarchism](/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism \"Philosophical anarchism\") [in England](/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Anarchism in the United Kingdom\"), morally delegitimising the state, [Max Stirner](/wiki/Max_Stirner \"Max Stirner\")'s thinking paved the way to [individualism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\") and [Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon](/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon \"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\")'s theory of [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\") found fertile soil [in France](/wiki/Anarchism_in_France \"Anarchism in France\"). By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well\\-defined and a wave of then\\-unprecedented [globalisation](/wiki/Globalisation \"Globalisation\") occurred from 1880 to 1914\\. This era of [classical anarchism](/wiki/Classical_anarchism \"Classical anarchism\") lasted until the end of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and is considered the golden age of anarchism.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of [dictatorship of the proletariat](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat \"Dictatorship of the proletariat\") and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.](/wiki/File:Bakunin.png \"Bakunin.png\")\nDrawing from mutualism, [Mikhail Bakunin](/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin \"Mikhail Bakunin\") founded [collectivist anarchism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\") and entered the [International Workingmen's Association](/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association \"International Workingmen's Association\"), a class [worker](/wiki/Working_class \"Working class\") [union](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\") later known as the [First International](/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association \"International Workingmen's Association\") that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\") being a leading figure and a member of its General Council. Bakunin's faction (the [Jura Federation](/wiki/Jura_Federation \"Jura Federation\")) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed [state socialism](/wiki/State_socialism \"State socialism\"), advocating political [abstentionism](/wiki/Abstentionism \"Abstentionism\") and small property holdings. After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the [Marxists](/wiki/Marxists \"Marxists\") at the [1872 Hague Congress](/wiki/1872_Hague_Congress \"1872 Hague Congress\"). Anarchists were treated similarly in the [Second International](/wiki/Second_International \"Second International\"), being ultimately expelled in 1896\\. Bakunin predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the [new tyrants of workers](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat \"Dictatorship of the proletariat\"). In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the [St. Imier International](/wiki/St._Imier_International \"St. Imier International\"). Under the influence of [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), a Russian philosopher and scientist, [anarcho\\-communism](/wiki/Anarcho-communism \"Anarcho-communism\") overlapped with [collectivism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\"). Anarcho\\-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\"), advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods [according to one's needs](/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability%2C_to_each_according_to_his_needs \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs\").\n\nBy the turn of the 20th century, anarchism had spread all over the world. It was a notable feature of the international [syndicalist](/wiki/Syndicalism \"Syndicalism\") movement. In [China](/wiki/Anarchism_in_China \"Anarchism in China\"), small groups of students imported the [humanistic](/wiki/Humanism \"Humanism\") pro\\-science version of anarcho\\-communism. [Tokyo](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan \"Anarchism in Japan\") was a hotspot for [rebellious](/wiki/Rebellion \"Rebellion\") youth from East Asian countries, who moved to the Japanese capital to study. In Latin America, [Argentina](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina \"Anarchism in Argentina\") was a stronghold for [anarcho\\-syndicalism](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism \"Anarcho-syndicalism\"), where it became the most prominent left\\-wing ideology. During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary [political violence](/wiki/Political_violence \"Political violence\"), known as [propaganda of the deed](/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed \"Propaganda of the deed\"). The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many [Communards](/wiki/Communards \"Communards\") to [penal colonies](/wiki/Penal_colony \"Penal colony\") following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts. Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to prevent [anarchists immigrating to the US](/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States \"Anarchism in the United States\"), including the [Immigration Act of 1903](/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903 \"Immigration Act of 1903\"), also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act. [Illegalism](/wiki/Illegalism \"Illegalism\") was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period.\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Nestor Makhno seen with members of the anarchist [Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine](/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine \"Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine\")](/wiki/File:Makhno_group.jpg \"Makhno group.jpg\")\nDespite concerns, [anarchists](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia \"Anarchism in Russia\") enthusiastically participated in the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\") in opposition to the [White movement](/wiki/White_movement \"White movement\"), especially in the [Makhnovshchina](/wiki/Makhnovshchina \"Makhnovshchina\"); however, they met harsh suppression after the [Bolshevik government](/wiki/Bolshevik_government \"Bolshevik government\") had stabilised, including during the [Kronstadt rebellion](/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion \"Kronstadt rebellion\"). Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, before the Bolsheviks crushed the [anarchist movement there](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine \"Anarchism in Ukraine\") too. With the anarchists being repressed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely [platformism](/wiki/Platformism \"Platformism\") and [synthesis anarchism](/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism \"Synthesis anarchism\"). The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party. Seeing the victories of the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks \"Bolsheviks\") in the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") and the resulting [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), many workers and activists turned to [communist parties](/wiki/Communist_parties \"Communist parties\"), which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the [General Confederation of Labour](/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_%28France%29 \"General Confederation of Labour (France)\") and the [Industrial Workers of the World](/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World \"Industrial Workers of the World\") left their organisations and joined the [Communist International](/wiki/Communist_International \"Communist International\").\n\nIn the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") of 1936–39, anarchists and syndicalists ([CNT](/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo \"Confederación Nacional del Trabajo\") and [FAI](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica \"Federación Anarquista Ibérica\")) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. A long tradition of [Spanish anarchism](/wiki/Spanish_anarchism \"Spanish anarchism\") led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war, and particularly in the [Spanish Revolution of 1936](/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936 \"Spanish Revolution of 1936\"). In response to the army [rebellion](/wiki/Rebellion \"Rebellion\"), an [anarchist\\-inspired movement](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain \"Anarchism in Spain\") of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") and of large areas of rural Spain, where they [collectivised](/wiki/Collectivised \"Collectivised\") the land. The [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight between communists and other leftists in a series of events known as the [May Days](/wiki/May_Days \"May Days\"), as [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\") asserted Soviet control of the [Republican](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)\") government, ending in another defeat of anarchists at the hands of the communists.\n\n#### Post\\-WWII\n\n[thumb\\|[Rojava's](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\") support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.](/wiki/File:Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg \"Rojava Sewing Cooperative.jpg\")\nBy the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the anarchist movement had been severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of [Marxism–Leninism](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism \"Marxism–Leninism\") and tensions built by the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement \"Anti-nuclear movement\"), [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_movement \"Environmental movement\"), and [peace movements](/wiki/Peace_movement \"Peace movement\"), the [counterculture of the 1960s](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s \"Counterculture of the 1960s\"), and the [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\"). It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative [anti\\-capitalist reformism](/wiki/Anti-capitalist_reform \"Anti-capitalist reform\"). Anarchism became associated with [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\") as exemplified by bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\") and the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"). The established [feminist](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\") tendencies of [anarcha\\-feminism](/wiki/Anarcha-feminism \"Anarcha-feminism\") returned with vigour during the [second wave of feminism](/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism \"Second wave of feminism\"). [Black anarchism](/wiki/Black_anarchism \"Black anarchism\") began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a [Eurocentric](/wiki/Eurocentric \"Eurocentric\") demographic. This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.\n\nAround the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti\\-capitalist, [anti\\-war](/wiki/Anti-war_movement \"Anti-war movement\") and [anti\\-globalisation](/wiki/Anti-globalisation \"Anti-globalisation\") movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") (WTO), the [Group of Eight](/wiki/Group_of_Eight \"Group of Eight\") and the [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum \"World Economic Forum\"). During the [protests](/wiki/Protest \"Protest\"), *ad hoc* [leaderless](/wiki/Leaderless_resistance \"Leaderless resistance\") anonymous cadres known as [black blocs](/wiki/Black_bloc \"Black bloc\") engaged in rioting, [property destruction](/wiki/Property_destruction \"Property destruction\") and [violent](/wiki/Violence \"Violence\") confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include [affinity groups](/wiki/Affinity_group \"Affinity group\"), [security culture](/wiki/Security_culture \"Security culture\") and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the [1999 Seattle WTO conference](/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_conference \"1999 Seattle WTO conference\"). Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the [Zapatistas](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation \"Zapatista Army of National Liberation\") in [Mexico](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico \"Anarchism in Mexico\") and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as [Rojava](/wiki/Rojava \"Rojava\"), a *de facto* [autonomous region](/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone \"Permanent autonomous zone\") in northern [Syria](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria \"Anarchism in Syria\").\n\nWhile having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are not confrontational. Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of [social organization](/wiki/Social_organization \"Social organization\") (following the theories of [dual power](/wiki/Dual_power \"Dual power\")), based on [mutual interdependence](/wiki/Mutual_aid \"Mutual aid\") and voluntary cooperation. Scholar Carissa Honeywell takes the example of [Food Not Bombs](/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs \"Food Not Bombs\") group of collectives, to highlight some features of how contemporary anarchist groups work: [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), working together and in solidarity with those left behind. While doing so, Food Not Bombs provides [consciousness raising](/wiki/Consciousness_raising \"Consciousness raising\") about the rising rates of world [hunger](/wiki/Hunger \"Hunger\") and suggest policies to tackle hunger, ranging from [de\\-funding](/wiki/Funding \"Funding\") the [arms industry](/wiki/Arms_industry \"Arms industry\") to addressing [Monsanto](/wiki/Monsanto \"Monsanto\") [seed\\-saving](/wiki/Seed_saving \"Seed saving\") policies and [patents](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\"), helping [farmers](/wiki/Farmer \"Farmer\"), and resisting the [commodification](/wiki/Commodification \"Commodification\") of food and housing. Honeywell also emphasizes that contemporary anarchists are interested in the flourishing not only of [humans](/wiki/Human \"Human\"), but [non\\-humans](/wiki/Animal \"Animal\") and the [environment](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\") as well. Honeywell argues that their analysis of capitalism and governments results in anarchists [rejecting](/wiki/Anti-politics \"Anti-politics\") [representative democracy](/wiki/Representative_democracy \"Representative democracy\") and the state as a whole.\n\n",
"### Pre\\-modern era\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=.7\\|[Zeno of Citium](/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium \"Zeno of Citium\") (), whose *[Republic](/wiki/Republic_%28Zeno%29 \"Republic (Zeno)\")* inspired [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\")](/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg \"Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg\")\nThe most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in [China](/wiki/History_of_China%23Ancient_China \"History of China#Ancient China\") and [Greece](/wiki/Ancient_Greece \"Ancient Greece\"). In China, [philosophical anarchism](/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism \"Philosophical anarchism\") (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by [Taoist](/wiki/Taoism \"Taoism\") philosophers [Zhuang Zhou](/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou \"Zhuang Zhou\") and [Laozi](/wiki/Laozi \"Laozi\"). Alongside [Stoicism](/wiki/Stoicism \"Stoicism\"), Taoism has been said to have had \"significant anticipations\" of anarchism.\n\nAnarchic attitudes were also articulated by [tragedians](/wiki/Tragedy \"Tragedy\") and [philosophers](/wiki/Philosophy \"Philosophy\") in Greece. [Aeschylus](/wiki/Aeschylus \"Aeschylus\") and [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\") used the myth of [Antigone](/wiki/Antigone \"Antigone\") to illustrate the conflict between laws imposed by the state and personal [autonomy](/wiki/Autonomy \"Autonomy\"). [Socrates](/wiki/Socrates \"Socrates\") questioned [Athenian](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\") authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual [freedom of conscience](/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience \"Freedom of conscience\"). [Cynics](/wiki/Cynicism_%28philosophy%29 \"Cynicism (philosophy)\") dismissed human law (*[nomos](/wiki/Nomos_%28sociology%29 \"Nomos (sociology)\")*) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (*[physis](/wiki/Physis \"Physis\")*). [Stoics](/wiki/Stoics \"Stoics\") were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.\n\nIn [medieval Europe](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\"), there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to [religious anarchism](/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion \"Anarchism and religion\"). In the [Sasanian Empire](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\"), [Mazdak](/wiki/Mazdak \"Mazdak\") called for an [egalitarian](/wiki/Egalitarian \"Egalitarian\") society and the [abolition of monarchy](/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy \"Abolition of monarchy\"), only to be soon executed by Emperor [Kavad I](/wiki/Kavad_I \"Kavad I\"). In [Basra](/wiki/Basra \"Basra\"), religious sects preached against the state. In Europe, various religious sects developed anti\\-state and libertarian tendencies. \n\nRenewed interest in antiquity during the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") and in private judgment during the [Reformation](/wiki/Reformation \"Reformation\") restored elements of anti\\-authoritarian [secularism](/wiki/Secularism \"Secularism\") in Europe, particularly in France. [Enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\") challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the [revolutions of the 1790s and 1848](/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions \"List of revolutions and rebellions\") all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.\n\n",
"### Modern era\n\nDuring the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), partisan groups such as the [Enragés](/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s \"Enragés\") and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti\\-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as [William Godwin](/wiki/William_Godwin \"William Godwin\") espoused [philosophical anarchism](/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism \"Philosophical anarchism\") [in England](/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Anarchism in the United Kingdom\"), morally delegitimising the state, [Max Stirner](/wiki/Max_Stirner \"Max Stirner\")'s thinking paved the way to [individualism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\") and [Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon](/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon \"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\")'s theory of [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\") found fertile soil [in France](/wiki/Anarchism_in_France \"Anarchism in France\"). By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well\\-defined and a wave of then\\-unprecedented [globalisation](/wiki/Globalisation \"Globalisation\") occurred from 1880 to 1914\\. This era of [classical anarchism](/wiki/Classical_anarchism \"Classical anarchism\") lasted until the end of the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") and is considered the golden age of anarchism.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of [dictatorship of the proletariat](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat \"Dictatorship of the proletariat\") and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.](/wiki/File:Bakunin.png \"Bakunin.png\")\nDrawing from mutualism, [Mikhail Bakunin](/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin \"Mikhail Bakunin\") founded [collectivist anarchism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\") and entered the [International Workingmen's Association](/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association \"International Workingmen's Association\"), a class [worker](/wiki/Working_class \"Working class\") [union](/wiki/Trade_union \"Trade union\") later known as the [First International](/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association \"International Workingmen's Association\") that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\") being a leading figure and a member of its General Council. Bakunin's faction (the [Jura Federation](/wiki/Jura_Federation \"Jura Federation\")) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed [state socialism](/wiki/State_socialism \"State socialism\"), advocating political [abstentionism](/wiki/Abstentionism \"Abstentionism\") and small property holdings. After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the [Marxists](/wiki/Marxists \"Marxists\") at the [1872 Hague Congress](/wiki/1872_Hague_Congress \"1872 Hague Congress\"). Anarchists were treated similarly in the [Second International](/wiki/Second_International \"Second International\"), being ultimately expelled in 1896\\. Bakunin predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the [new tyrants of workers](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat \"Dictatorship of the proletariat\"). In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the [St. Imier International](/wiki/St._Imier_International \"St. Imier International\"). Under the influence of [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), a Russian philosopher and scientist, [anarcho\\-communism](/wiki/Anarcho-communism \"Anarcho-communism\") overlapped with [collectivism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\"). Anarcho\\-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 [Paris Commune](/wiki/Paris_Commune \"Paris Commune\"), advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods [according to one's needs](/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability%2C_to_each_according_to_his_needs \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs\").\n\nBy the turn of the 20th century, anarchism had spread all over the world. It was a notable feature of the international [syndicalist](/wiki/Syndicalism \"Syndicalism\") movement. In [China](/wiki/Anarchism_in_China \"Anarchism in China\"), small groups of students imported the [humanistic](/wiki/Humanism \"Humanism\") pro\\-science version of anarcho\\-communism. [Tokyo](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan \"Anarchism in Japan\") was a hotspot for [rebellious](/wiki/Rebellion \"Rebellion\") youth from East Asian countries, who moved to the Japanese capital to study. In Latin America, [Argentina](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina \"Anarchism in Argentina\") was a stronghold for [anarcho\\-syndicalism](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism \"Anarcho-syndicalism\"), where it became the most prominent left\\-wing ideology. During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary [political violence](/wiki/Political_violence \"Political violence\"), known as [propaganda of the deed](/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed \"Propaganda of the deed\"). The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many [Communards](/wiki/Communards \"Communards\") to [penal colonies](/wiki/Penal_colony \"Penal colony\") following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts. Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to prevent [anarchists immigrating to the US](/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States \"Anarchism in the United States\"), including the [Immigration Act of 1903](/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903 \"Immigration Act of 1903\"), also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act. [Illegalism](/wiki/Illegalism \"Illegalism\") was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period.\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Nestor Makhno seen with members of the anarchist [Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine](/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine \"Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine\")](/wiki/File:Makhno_group.jpg \"Makhno group.jpg\")\nDespite concerns, [anarchists](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia \"Anarchism in Russia\") enthusiastically participated in the [Russian Revolution](/wiki/Russian_Revolution \"Russian Revolution\") in opposition to the [White movement](/wiki/White_movement \"White movement\"), especially in the [Makhnovshchina](/wiki/Makhnovshchina \"Makhnovshchina\"); however, they met harsh suppression after the [Bolshevik government](/wiki/Bolshevik_government \"Bolshevik government\") had stabilised, including during the [Kronstadt rebellion](/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion \"Kronstadt rebellion\"). Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, before the Bolsheviks crushed the [anarchist movement there](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine \"Anarchism in Ukraine\") too. With the anarchists being repressed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely [platformism](/wiki/Platformism \"Platformism\") and [synthesis anarchism](/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism \"Synthesis anarchism\"). The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party. Seeing the victories of the [Bolsheviks](/wiki/Bolsheviks \"Bolsheviks\") in the [October Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") and the resulting [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), many workers and activists turned to [communist parties](/wiki/Communist_parties \"Communist parties\"), which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the [General Confederation of Labour](/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_%28France%29 \"General Confederation of Labour (France)\") and the [Industrial Workers of the World](/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World \"Industrial Workers of the World\") left their organisations and joined the [Communist International](/wiki/Communist_International \"Communist International\").\n\nIn the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\") of 1936–39, anarchists and syndicalists ([CNT](/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo \"Confederación Nacional del Trabajo\") and [FAI](/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica \"Federación Anarquista Ibérica\")) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. A long tradition of [Spanish anarchism](/wiki/Spanish_anarchism \"Spanish anarchism\") led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war, and particularly in the [Spanish Revolution of 1936](/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936 \"Spanish Revolution of 1936\"). In response to the army [rebellion](/wiki/Rebellion \"Rebellion\"), an [anarchist\\-inspired movement](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain \"Anarchism in Spain\") of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") and of large areas of rural Spain, where they [collectivised](/wiki/Collectivised \"Collectivised\") the land. The [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight between communists and other leftists in a series of events known as the [May Days](/wiki/May_Days \"May Days\"), as [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\") asserted Soviet control of the [Republican](/wiki/Republican_faction_%28Spanish_Civil_War%29 \"Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)\") government, ending in another defeat of anarchists at the hands of the communists.\n\n#### Post\\-WWII\n\n[thumb\\|[Rojava's](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\") support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.](/wiki/File:Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg \"Rojava Sewing Cooperative.jpg\")\nBy the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the anarchist movement had been severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of [Marxism–Leninism](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism \"Marxism–Leninism\") and tensions built by the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement \"Anti-nuclear movement\"), [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_movement \"Environmental movement\"), and [peace movements](/wiki/Peace_movement \"Peace movement\"), the [counterculture of the 1960s](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s \"Counterculture of the 1960s\"), and the [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\"). It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative [anti\\-capitalist reformism](/wiki/Anti-capitalist_reform \"Anti-capitalist reform\"). Anarchism became associated with [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\") as exemplified by bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\") and the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"). The established [feminist](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\") tendencies of [anarcha\\-feminism](/wiki/Anarcha-feminism \"Anarcha-feminism\") returned with vigour during the [second wave of feminism](/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism \"Second wave of feminism\"). [Black anarchism](/wiki/Black_anarchism \"Black anarchism\") began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a [Eurocentric](/wiki/Eurocentric \"Eurocentric\") demographic. This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.\n\nAround the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti\\-capitalist, [anti\\-war](/wiki/Anti-war_movement \"Anti-war movement\") and [anti\\-globalisation](/wiki/Anti-globalisation \"Anti-globalisation\") movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") (WTO), the [Group of Eight](/wiki/Group_of_Eight \"Group of Eight\") and the [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum \"World Economic Forum\"). During the [protests](/wiki/Protest \"Protest\"), *ad hoc* [leaderless](/wiki/Leaderless_resistance \"Leaderless resistance\") anonymous cadres known as [black blocs](/wiki/Black_bloc \"Black bloc\") engaged in rioting, [property destruction](/wiki/Property_destruction \"Property destruction\") and [violent](/wiki/Violence \"Violence\") confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include [affinity groups](/wiki/Affinity_group \"Affinity group\"), [security culture](/wiki/Security_culture \"Security culture\") and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the [1999 Seattle WTO conference](/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_conference \"1999 Seattle WTO conference\"). Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the [Zapatistas](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation \"Zapatista Army of National Liberation\") in [Mexico](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico \"Anarchism in Mexico\") and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as [Rojava](/wiki/Rojava \"Rojava\"), a *de facto* [autonomous region](/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone \"Permanent autonomous zone\") in northern [Syria](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria \"Anarchism in Syria\").\n\nWhile having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are not confrontational. Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of [social organization](/wiki/Social_organization \"Social organization\") (following the theories of [dual power](/wiki/Dual_power \"Dual power\")), based on [mutual interdependence](/wiki/Mutual_aid \"Mutual aid\") and voluntary cooperation. Scholar Carissa Honeywell takes the example of [Food Not Bombs](/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs \"Food Not Bombs\") group of collectives, to highlight some features of how contemporary anarchist groups work: [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), working together and in solidarity with those left behind. While doing so, Food Not Bombs provides [consciousness raising](/wiki/Consciousness_raising \"Consciousness raising\") about the rising rates of world [hunger](/wiki/Hunger \"Hunger\") and suggest policies to tackle hunger, ranging from [de\\-funding](/wiki/Funding \"Funding\") the [arms industry](/wiki/Arms_industry \"Arms industry\") to addressing [Monsanto](/wiki/Monsanto \"Monsanto\") [seed\\-saving](/wiki/Seed_saving \"Seed saving\") policies and [patents](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\"), helping [farmers](/wiki/Farmer \"Farmer\"), and resisting the [commodification](/wiki/Commodification \"Commodification\") of food and housing. Honeywell also emphasizes that contemporary anarchists are interested in the flourishing not only of [humans](/wiki/Human \"Human\"), but [non\\-humans](/wiki/Animal \"Animal\") and the [environment](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\") as well. Honeywell argues that their analysis of capitalism and governments results in anarchists [rejecting](/wiki/Anti-politics \"Anti-politics\") [representative democracy](/wiki/Representative_democracy \"Representative democracy\") and the state as a whole.\n\n",
"#### Post\\-WWII\n\n[thumb\\|[Rojava's](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\") support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.](/wiki/File:Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg \"Rojava Sewing Cooperative.jpg\")\nBy the end of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the anarchist movement had been severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of [Marxism–Leninism](/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism \"Marxism–Leninism\") and tensions built by the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\"). During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the [anti\\-nuclear](/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement \"Anti-nuclear movement\"), [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_movement \"Environmental movement\"), and [peace movements](/wiki/Peace_movement \"Peace movement\"), the [counterculture of the 1960s](/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s \"Counterculture of the 1960s\"), and the [New Left](/wiki/New_Left \"New Left\"). It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative [anti\\-capitalist reformism](/wiki/Anti-capitalist_reform \"Anti-capitalist reform\"). Anarchism became associated with [punk subculture](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\") as exemplified by bands such as [Crass](/wiki/Crass \"Crass\") and the [Sex Pistols](/wiki/Sex_Pistols \"Sex Pistols\"). The established [feminist](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\") tendencies of [anarcha\\-feminism](/wiki/Anarcha-feminism \"Anarcha-feminism\") returned with vigour during the [second wave of feminism](/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism \"Second wave of feminism\"). [Black anarchism](/wiki/Black_anarchism \"Black anarchism\") began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a [Eurocentric](/wiki/Eurocentric \"Eurocentric\") demographic. This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.\n\nAround the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti\\-capitalist, [anti\\-war](/wiki/Anti-war_movement \"Anti-war movement\") and [anti\\-globalisation](/wiki/Anti-globalisation \"Anti-globalisation\") movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the [World Trade Organization](/wiki/World_Trade_Organization \"World Trade Organization\") (WTO), the [Group of Eight](/wiki/Group_of_Eight \"Group of Eight\") and the [World Economic Forum](/wiki/World_Economic_Forum \"World Economic Forum\"). During the [protests](/wiki/Protest \"Protest\"), *ad hoc* [leaderless](/wiki/Leaderless_resistance \"Leaderless resistance\") anonymous cadres known as [black blocs](/wiki/Black_bloc \"Black bloc\") engaged in rioting, [property destruction](/wiki/Property_destruction \"Property destruction\") and [violent](/wiki/Violence \"Violence\") confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include [affinity groups](/wiki/Affinity_group \"Affinity group\"), [security culture](/wiki/Security_culture \"Security culture\") and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the [1999 Seattle WTO conference](/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_conference \"1999 Seattle WTO conference\"). Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the [Zapatistas](/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation \"Zapatista Army of National Liberation\") in [Mexico](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico \"Anarchism in Mexico\") and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as [Rojava](/wiki/Rojava \"Rojava\"), a *de facto* [autonomous region](/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone \"Permanent autonomous zone\") in northern [Syria](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria \"Anarchism in Syria\").\n\nWhile having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are not confrontational. Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of [social organization](/wiki/Social_organization \"Social organization\") (following the theories of [dual power](/wiki/Dual_power \"Dual power\")), based on [mutual interdependence](/wiki/Mutual_aid \"Mutual aid\") and voluntary cooperation. Scholar Carissa Honeywell takes the example of [Food Not Bombs](/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs \"Food Not Bombs\") group of collectives, to highlight some features of how contemporary anarchist groups work: [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), working together and in solidarity with those left behind. While doing so, Food Not Bombs provides [consciousness raising](/wiki/Consciousness_raising \"Consciousness raising\") about the rising rates of world [hunger](/wiki/Hunger \"Hunger\") and suggest policies to tackle hunger, ranging from [de\\-funding](/wiki/Funding \"Funding\") the [arms industry](/wiki/Arms_industry \"Arms industry\") to addressing [Monsanto](/wiki/Monsanto \"Monsanto\") [seed\\-saving](/wiki/Seed_saving \"Seed saving\") policies and [patents](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\"), helping [farmers](/wiki/Farmer \"Farmer\"), and resisting the [commodification](/wiki/Commodification \"Commodification\") of food and housing. Honeywell also emphasizes that contemporary anarchists are interested in the flourishing not only of [humans](/wiki/Human \"Human\"), but [non\\-humans](/wiki/Animal \"Animal\") and the [environment](/wiki/Environmentalism \"Environmentalism\") as well. Honeywell argues that their analysis of capitalism and governments results in anarchists [rejecting](/wiki/Anti-politics \"Anti-politics\") [representative democracy](/wiki/Representative_democracy \"Representative democracy\") and the state as a whole.\n\n",
"Schools of thought\n------------------\n\nAnarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, [social anarchism](/wiki/Social_anarchism \"Social anarchism\") and [individualist anarchism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\"), owing to their different origins, [values](/wiki/Value_%28ethics_and_social_sciences%29 \"Value (ethics and social sciences)\") and evolution. The individualist current emphasises [negative liberty](/wiki/Negative_liberty \"Negative liberty\") in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises [positive liberty](/wiki/Positive_liberty \"Positive liberty\") in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and [social ownership](/wiki/Social_ownership \"Social ownership\"). In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post\\-classical currents ([anarcha\\-feminism](/wiki/Anarcha-feminism \"Anarcha-feminism\"), [green anarchism](/wiki/Green_anarchism \"Green anarchism\"), and [post\\-anarchism](/wiki/Post-anarchism \"Post-anarchism\")) developed thereafter.\n\nBeyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks [moral legitimacy](/wiki/Legitimacy_%28political%29 \"Legitimacy (political)\"), without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it. A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a [minimal state](/wiki/Minimal_state \"Minimal state\") but claims that citizens have no [moral obligation](/wiki/Moral_obligation \"Moral obligation\") to obey government when it conflicts with individual [autonomy](/wiki/Autonomy \"Autonomy\"). Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy. Anarchism's emphasis on [anti\\-capitalism](/wiki/Anti-capitalism \"Anti-capitalism\"), [egalitarianism](/wiki/Egalitarianism \"Egalitarianism\"), and for the extension of community and [individuality](/wiki/Individual \"Individual\") sets it apart from anarcho\\-capitalism and other types of [economic libertarianism](/wiki/Economic_libertarian \"Economic libertarian\").\n\nAnarchism is usually placed on the far\\-left of the political spectrum. Much of its [economics](/wiki/Anarchist_economics \"Anarchist economics\") and [legal philosophy](/wiki/Anarchist_law \"Anarchist law\") reflect [anti\\-authoritarian](/wiki/Anti-authoritarian \"Anti-authoritarian\"), [anti\\-statist](/wiki/Anti-statist \"Anti-statist\"), [libertarian](/wiki/Libertarian \"Libertarian\"), and [radical](/wiki/Radical_politics \"Radical politics\") interpretations of left\\-wing and [socialist](/wiki/Socialist \"Socialist\") politics such as [collectivism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\"), [communism](/wiki/Anarchist_communism \"Anarchist communism\"), [individualism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\"), [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\"), and [syndicalism](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism \"Anarcho-syndicalism\"), among other [libertarian socialist](/wiki/Libertarian_socialist \"Libertarian socialist\") economic theories. As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of [doctrine](/wiki/Doctrine \"Doctrine\") from a single particular [worldview](/wiki/Worldview \"Worldview\"), many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely. One reaction against [sectarianism](/wiki/Sectarianism \"Sectarianism\") within the anarchist milieu was [anarchism without adjectives](/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives \"Anarchism without adjectives\"), a call for [toleration](/wiki/Toleration \"Toleration\") and unity among anarchists first adopted by [Fernando Tarrida del Mármol](/wiki/Fernando_Tarrida_del_M%C3%A1rmol \"Fernando Tarrida del Mármol\") in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time. Belief in political [nihilism](/wiki/Nihilism \"Nihilism\") has been espoused by anarchists. Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of shared principles such as autonomy, [mutual aid](/wiki/Mutual_aid \"Mutual aid\"), [anti\\-authoritarianism](/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism \"Anti-authoritarianism\") and [decentralisation](/wiki/Decentralization \"Decentralization\").\n\n### Classical\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon](/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon \"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\") is the primary proponent of [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\") and influenced many future [individualist anarchist](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\") and [social anarchist](/wiki/Social_anarchism \"Social anarchism\") thinkers.](/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg \"Portrait of Pierre Joseph Proudhon 1865.jpg\")\nInceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\") and [individualism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\"). They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism ([collectivist](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\"), [communist](/wiki/Anarchist_communism \"Anarchist communism\") and [syndicalist](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism \"Anarcho-syndicalism\")). They differ on [organisational](/wiki/Organization \"Organization\") and economic aspects of their ideal society.\n\nMutualism is an 18th\\-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon. Its aims include \"abolishing the state\", [reciprocity](/wiki/Reciprocity_%28cultural_anthropology%29 \"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)\"), [free association](/wiki/Free_association_%28Marxism_and_anarchism%29 \"Free association (Marxism and anarchism)\"), voluntary contract, federation and [monetary reform](/wiki/Monetary_reform \"Monetary reform\") of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people. Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism. In *[What Is Property?](/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F \"What Is Property?\")* (1840\\), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a \"third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property.\" Collectivist anarchism is a [revolutionary socialist](/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist \"Revolutionary socialist\") form of anarchism commonly associated with [Mikhail Bakunin](/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin \"Mikhail Bakunin\"). Collectivist anarchists advocate [collective ownership](/wiki/Collective_ownership \"Collective ownership\") of the [means of production](/wiki/Means_of_production \"Means of production\") which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as in communism. Collectivist anarchism arose alongside [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") but rejected the [dictatorship of the proletariat](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat \"Dictatorship of the proletariat\") despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist [stateless society](/wiki/Stateless_society \"Stateless society\").\n\nAnarcho\\-communism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a [communist society](/wiki/Communist_society \"Communist society\") with [common ownership](/wiki/Common_ownership \"Common ownership\") of the means of production, held by a [federal](/wiki/Federalism \"Federalism\") network of [voluntary associations](/wiki/Voluntary_association \"Voluntary association\"), with production and consumption based on the guiding principle \"[From each according to his ability, to each according to his need](/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability%2C_to_each_according_to_his_need \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need\").\" Anarcho\\-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") but was first formulated as such in the [Italian](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy \"Anarchism in Italy\") section of the [First International](/wiki/First_International \"First International\"). It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century. Anarcho\\-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views [labour syndicates](/wiki/Labour_syndicate \"Labour syndicate\") as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self\\-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho\\-syndicalism are [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), workers' [solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity \"Solidarity\") and [workers' self\\-management](/wiki/Workers%27_self-management \"Workers' self-management\").\n\nIndividualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the [individual](/wiki/Individual \"Individual\") and their [will](/wiki/Will_%28philosophy%29 \"Will (philosophy)\") over any kinds of external determinants. Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include [William Godwin](/wiki/William_Godwin \"William Godwin\"), [Max Stirner](/wiki/Max_Stirner \"Max Stirner\"), and [Henry David Thoreau](/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\"). Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as [illegalism](/wiki/Illegalism \"Illegalism\") and [individual reclamation](/wiki/Individual_reclamation \"Individual reclamation\").\n\n### Post\\-classical and contemporary\n\n[thumb\\|Lawrence Jarach (left) and [John Zerzan](/wiki/John_Zerzan \"John Zerzan\") (right) are two prominent contemporary anarchist authors, with Zerzan being a prominent voice within [anarcho\\-primitivism](/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism \"Anarcho-primitivism\") and Jarach a notable advocate of [post\\-left anarchy](/wiki/Post-left_anarchy \"Post-left anarchy\").](/wiki/File:Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG \"Jarach and Zerzan.JPG\")\nAnarchist principles undergird contemporary radical [social movements](/wiki/Social_movement \"Social movement\") of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti\\-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation. As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest. Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and [combining disparate concepts](/wiki/Syncretic \"Syncretic\") to create new philosophical approaches. The anti\\-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents.\n\nContemporary news coverage which emphasizes [black bloc](/wiki/Black_bloc \"Black bloc\") demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence. Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as [anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\") and [history](/wiki/Historian \"Historian\") to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over [academic](/wiki/Academy \"Academy\") theory. Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement. While theorists and activists have established \"relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles\", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple *anarchisms*, rather than a singular *anarchism*, in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently. [Gender equality](/wiki/Gender_equality \"Gender equality\") can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha\\-feminists than anarcho\\-communists.\n\nAnarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely \"all centralized and [hierarchical](/wiki/Hierarchical_organization \"Hierarchical organization\") forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, [Bolshevism](/wiki/Bolshevism \"Bolshevism\"), [feudalism](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\"), [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\"), etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., [fundamentalist Islam](/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism \"Islamic fundamentalism\"), [Roman Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\"), etc.), [patriarchy](/wiki/Patriarchy \"Patriarchy\"), [heterosexism](/wiki/Heterosexism \"Heterosexism\"), [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy \"White supremacy\"), and [imperialism](/wiki/Imperialism \"Imperialism\").\" Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed. The principle of [equal liberty](/wiki/Equal_liberty \"Equal liberty\") is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions. This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy.\n\n",
"### Classical\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon](/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon \"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\") is the primary proponent of [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\") and influenced many future [individualist anarchist](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\") and [social anarchist](/wiki/Social_anarchism \"Social anarchism\") thinkers.](/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg \"Portrait of Pierre Joseph Proudhon 1865.jpg\")\nInceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were [mutualism](/wiki/Mutualism_%28economic_theory%29 \"Mutualism (economic theory)\") and [individualism](/wiki/Individualist_anarchism \"Individualist anarchism\"). They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism ([collectivist](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\"), [communist](/wiki/Anarchist_communism \"Anarchist communism\") and [syndicalist](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism \"Anarcho-syndicalism\")). They differ on [organisational](/wiki/Organization \"Organization\") and economic aspects of their ideal society.\n\nMutualism is an 18th\\-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon. Its aims include \"abolishing the state\", [reciprocity](/wiki/Reciprocity_%28cultural_anthropology%29 \"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)\"), [free association](/wiki/Free_association_%28Marxism_and_anarchism%29 \"Free association (Marxism and anarchism)\"), voluntary contract, federation and [monetary reform](/wiki/Monetary_reform \"Monetary reform\") of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people. Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism. In *[What Is Property?](/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F \"What Is Property?\")* (1840\\), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a \"third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property.\" Collectivist anarchism is a [revolutionary socialist](/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist \"Revolutionary socialist\") form of anarchism commonly associated with [Mikhail Bakunin](/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin \"Mikhail Bakunin\"). Collectivist anarchists advocate [collective ownership](/wiki/Collective_ownership \"Collective ownership\") of the [means of production](/wiki/Means_of_production \"Means of production\") which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as in communism. Collectivist anarchism arose alongside [Marxism](/wiki/Marxism \"Marxism\") but rejected the [dictatorship of the proletariat](/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat \"Dictatorship of the proletariat\") despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist [stateless society](/wiki/Stateless_society \"Stateless society\").\n\nAnarcho\\-communism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a [communist society](/wiki/Communist_society \"Communist society\") with [common ownership](/wiki/Common_ownership \"Common ownership\") of the means of production, held by a [federal](/wiki/Federalism \"Federalism\") network of [voluntary associations](/wiki/Voluntary_association \"Voluntary association\"), with production and consumption based on the guiding principle \"[From each according to his ability, to each according to his need](/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability%2C_to_each_according_to_his_need \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need\").\" Anarcho\\-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\") but was first formulated as such in the [Italian](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy \"Anarchism in Italy\") section of the [First International](/wiki/First_International \"First International\"). It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of [Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century. Anarcho\\-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views [labour syndicates](/wiki/Labour_syndicate \"Labour syndicate\") as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self\\-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho\\-syndicalism are [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), workers' [solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity \"Solidarity\") and [workers' self\\-management](/wiki/Workers%27_self-management \"Workers' self-management\").\n\nIndividualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the [individual](/wiki/Individual \"Individual\") and their [will](/wiki/Will_%28philosophy%29 \"Will (philosophy)\") over any kinds of external determinants. Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include [William Godwin](/wiki/William_Godwin \"William Godwin\"), [Max Stirner](/wiki/Max_Stirner \"Max Stirner\"), and [Henry David Thoreau](/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\"). Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as [illegalism](/wiki/Illegalism \"Illegalism\") and [individual reclamation](/wiki/Individual_reclamation \"Individual reclamation\").\n\n",
"### Post\\-classical and contemporary\n\n[thumb\\|Lawrence Jarach (left) and [John Zerzan](/wiki/John_Zerzan \"John Zerzan\") (right) are two prominent contemporary anarchist authors, with Zerzan being a prominent voice within [anarcho\\-primitivism](/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism \"Anarcho-primitivism\") and Jarach a notable advocate of [post\\-left anarchy](/wiki/Post-left_anarchy \"Post-left anarchy\").](/wiki/File:Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG \"Jarach and Zerzan.JPG\")\nAnarchist principles undergird contemporary radical [social movements](/wiki/Social_movement \"Social movement\") of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti\\-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation. As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest. Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and [combining disparate concepts](/wiki/Syncretic \"Syncretic\") to create new philosophical approaches. The anti\\-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents.\n\nContemporary news coverage which emphasizes [black bloc](/wiki/Black_bloc \"Black bloc\") demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence. Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as [anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\") and [history](/wiki/Historian \"Historian\") to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over [academic](/wiki/Academy \"Academy\") theory. Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement. While theorists and activists have established \"relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles\", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple *anarchisms*, rather than a singular *anarchism*, in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently. [Gender equality](/wiki/Gender_equality \"Gender equality\") can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha\\-feminists than anarcho\\-communists.\n\nAnarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely \"all centralized and [hierarchical](/wiki/Hierarchical_organization \"Hierarchical organization\") forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, [Bolshevism](/wiki/Bolshevism \"Bolshevism\"), [feudalism](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\"), [slavery](/wiki/Slavery \"Slavery\"), etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., [fundamentalist Islam](/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism \"Islamic fundamentalism\"), [Roman Catholicism](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\"), etc.), [patriarchy](/wiki/Patriarchy \"Patriarchy\"), [heterosexism](/wiki/Heterosexism \"Heterosexism\"), [white supremacy](/wiki/White_supremacy \"White supremacy\"), and [imperialism](/wiki/Imperialism \"Imperialism\").\" Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed. The principle of [equal liberty](/wiki/Equal_liberty \"Equal liberty\") is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions. This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy.\n\n",
"Tactics\n-------\n\nAnarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose [the Establishment](/wiki/The_Establishment \"The Establishment\") and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the [unity of means and ends](/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value \"Instrumental and intrinsic value\"). A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other. Evolutionary tactics embrace [nonviolence](/wiki/Nonviolence \"Nonviolence\") and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two.\n\nAnarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century. Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a [broader array of approaches](/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics \"Diversity of tactics\").\n\n### Classical era\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|The relationship between [anarchism and violence](/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence \"Anarchism and violence\") is a controversial subject among anarchists as shown by anarchist [Leon Czolgosz](/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz \"Leon Czolgosz\") [assassinating](/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley \"Assassination of William McKinley\") [William McKinley](/wiki/William_McKinley \"William McKinley\").](/wiki/File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg \"McKinleyAssassination.jpg\")\nDuring the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as [propaganda of the deed](/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed \"Propaganda of the deed\"). Assassination attempts were carried out against [heads of state](/wiki/Head_of_state \"Head of state\"), some of which were successful. Anarchists also took part in revolutions. Many anarchists, especially the [Galleanists](/wiki/Galleanists \"Galleanists\"), believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state. Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s. Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and of targeting and cataloging by state institutions.\n\nAnarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial. [Anarcho\\-pacifists](/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism \"Anarcho-pacifism\") advocate for non\\-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends. Other anarchist groups advocate [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), a tactic which can include acts of [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\") or [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism \"Terrorism\"). This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a [tyrant](/wiki/Tyrant \"Tyrant\") and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible. [Emma Goldman](/wiki/Emma_Goldman \"Emma Goldman\") and [Errico Malatesta](/wiki/Errico_Malatesta \"Errico Malatesta\"), who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a [necessary evil](/wiki/Necessary_evil \"Necessary evil\").\n\nAnarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal [syndicalism](/wiki/Syndicalism \"Syndicalism\"), seeing it as [reformist](/wiki/Reformist \"Reformist\"). They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism. Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda [within the arts](/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts \"Anarchism and the arts\"), some of whom practiced [naturism](/wiki/Naturism \"Naturism\") and [nudism](/wiki/Nudism \"Nudism\"). Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media.\n\n### Revolutionary\n\n[thumb\\|Black bloc protesters parading anarcho\\-communism imagery such as the motto \"[No War but the Class War](/wiki/No_War_but_the_Class_War \"No War but the Class War\")\"](/wiki/File:Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg \"Black bloc at RNC running.jpg\")\nIn the current era, [Italian anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy \"Anarchism in Italy\") [Alfredo Bonanno](/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno \"Alfredo Bonanno\"), a proponent of [insurrectionary anarchism](/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism \"Insurrectionary anarchism\"), has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group [The Invisible Committee](/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee \"The Invisible Committee\") advocate for small, informal affiliation groups, where each member is responsible for their own actions but works together to bring down oppression using [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\") and other violent means against state, capitalism, and other enemies. [Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008](/wiki/Tarnac_Nine \"Tarnac Nine\") on various charges, terrorism included.\n\nOverall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors. They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as [Canada](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada \"Anarchism in Canada\"), [Greece](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece \"Anarchism in Greece\"), and [Mexico](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico \"Anarchism in Mexico\"). Militant black bloc protest groups are known for clashing with the police; however, anarchists not only clash with state operators, they also engage in the struggle against [fascists](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\") and [racists](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), taking [anti\\-fascist](/wiki/Anti-fascist \"Anti-fascist\") action and mobilizing to prevent hate rallies from happening.\n\n### Evolutionary\n\nAnarchists commonly employ [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"). This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self\\-managing their lives through the creation of counter\\-institutions such as [communes](/wiki/Intentional_community \"Intentional community\") and non\\-hierarchical collectives. Decision\\-making is often handled in an anti\\-authoritarian way, with everyone having [equal say in each decision](/wiki/Group_decision-making \"Group decision-making\"), an approach known as [horizontalism](/wiki/Horizontalidad \"Horizontalidad\"). Contemporary\\-era anarchists have been engaging with various [grassroots](/wiki/Grassroots \"Grassroots\") movements that are more or less based on horizontalism, although not explicitly anarchist, respecting personal autonomy and participating in mass activism such as strikes and demonstrations. In contrast with the \"big\\-A Anarchism\" of the classical era, the newly coined term \"small\\-a anarchism\" signals their tendency not to base their thoughts and actions on classical\\-era anarchism or to refer to classical anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin and Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon to justify their opinions. Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience, which they will later theorize.\n\nThe concept of [prefigurative politics](/wiki/Prefigurative_politics \"Prefigurative politics\") is enacted by many contemporary anarchist groups, striving to embody the principles, organization and tactics of the changed social structure they hope to bring about. As part of this the decision\\-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role. Anarchists have employed various methods to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group. One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of [facilitator](/wiki/Facilitator \"Facilitator\") to help achieve a [consensus](/wiki/Consensus_decision-making \"Consensus decision-making\") without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point. Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values. Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members. These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks. Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially [wildcat strikes](/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action \"Wildcat strike action\") as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate.\n\nAs in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online to spread their message. Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals. Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free. The way these [hacktivists](/wiki/Hacktivism \"Hacktivism\") work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from [state surveillance](/wiki/Mass_surveillance \"Mass surveillance\").\n\nAnarchists organize themselves to [squat](/wiki/Squatting \"Squatting\") and reclaim [public spaces](/wiki/Public_space \"Public space\"). During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called [Temporary Autonomous Zones](/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone \"Temporary Autonomous Zone\") (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and [surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\") are blended to display the anarchist ideal. As seen by anarchists, [squatting](/wiki/Squatting \"Squatting\") is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action. Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds. Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a [carnivalesque](/wiki/Carnivalesque \"Carnivalesque\") atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity.\n\n",
"### Classical era\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|The relationship between [anarchism and violence](/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence \"Anarchism and violence\") is a controversial subject among anarchists as shown by anarchist [Leon Czolgosz](/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz \"Leon Czolgosz\") [assassinating](/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley \"Assassination of William McKinley\") [William McKinley](/wiki/William_McKinley \"William McKinley\").](/wiki/File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg \"McKinleyAssassination.jpg\")\nDuring the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as [propaganda of the deed](/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed \"Propaganda of the deed\"). Assassination attempts were carried out against [heads of state](/wiki/Head_of_state \"Head of state\"), some of which were successful. Anarchists also took part in revolutions. Many anarchists, especially the [Galleanists](/wiki/Galleanists \"Galleanists\"), believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state. Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s. Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and of targeting and cataloging by state institutions.\n\nAnarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial. [Anarcho\\-pacifists](/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism \"Anarcho-pacifism\") advocate for non\\-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends. Other anarchist groups advocate [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"), a tactic which can include acts of [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\") or [terrorism](/wiki/Terrorism \"Terrorism\"). This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a [tyrant](/wiki/Tyrant \"Tyrant\") and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible. [Emma Goldman](/wiki/Emma_Goldman \"Emma Goldman\") and [Errico Malatesta](/wiki/Errico_Malatesta \"Errico Malatesta\"), who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a [necessary evil](/wiki/Necessary_evil \"Necessary evil\").\n\nAnarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal [syndicalism](/wiki/Syndicalism \"Syndicalism\"), seeing it as [reformist](/wiki/Reformist \"Reformist\"). They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism. Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda [within the arts](/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts \"Anarchism and the arts\"), some of whom practiced [naturism](/wiki/Naturism \"Naturism\") and [nudism](/wiki/Nudism \"Nudism\"). Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media.\n\n",
"### Revolutionary\n\n[thumb\\|Black bloc protesters parading anarcho\\-communism imagery such as the motto \"[No War but the Class War](/wiki/No_War_but_the_Class_War \"No War but the Class War\")\"](/wiki/File:Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg \"Black bloc at RNC running.jpg\")\nIn the current era, [Italian anarchist](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy \"Anarchism in Italy\") [Alfredo Bonanno](/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno \"Alfredo Bonanno\"), a proponent of [insurrectionary anarchism](/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism \"Insurrectionary anarchism\"), has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group [The Invisible Committee](/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee \"The Invisible Committee\") advocate for small, informal affiliation groups, where each member is responsible for their own actions but works together to bring down oppression using [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\") and other violent means against state, capitalism, and other enemies. [Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008](/wiki/Tarnac_Nine \"Tarnac Nine\") on various charges, terrorism included.\n\nOverall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors. They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as [Canada](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada \"Anarchism in Canada\"), [Greece](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece \"Anarchism in Greece\"), and [Mexico](/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico \"Anarchism in Mexico\"). Militant black bloc protest groups are known for clashing with the police; however, anarchists not only clash with state operators, they also engage in the struggle against [fascists](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\") and [racists](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), taking [anti\\-fascist](/wiki/Anti-fascist \"Anti-fascist\") action and mobilizing to prevent hate rallies from happening.\n\n",
"### Evolutionary\n\nAnarchists commonly employ [direct action](/wiki/Direct_action \"Direct action\"). This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self\\-managing their lives through the creation of counter\\-institutions such as [communes](/wiki/Intentional_community \"Intentional community\") and non\\-hierarchical collectives. Decision\\-making is often handled in an anti\\-authoritarian way, with everyone having [equal say in each decision](/wiki/Group_decision-making \"Group decision-making\"), an approach known as [horizontalism](/wiki/Horizontalidad \"Horizontalidad\"). Contemporary\\-era anarchists have been engaging with various [grassroots](/wiki/Grassroots \"Grassroots\") movements that are more or less based on horizontalism, although not explicitly anarchist, respecting personal autonomy and participating in mass activism such as strikes and demonstrations. In contrast with the \"big\\-A Anarchism\" of the classical era, the newly coined term \"small\\-a anarchism\" signals their tendency not to base their thoughts and actions on classical\\-era anarchism or to refer to classical anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin and Pierre\\-Joseph Proudhon to justify their opinions. Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience, which they will later theorize.\n\nThe concept of [prefigurative politics](/wiki/Prefigurative_politics \"Prefigurative politics\") is enacted by many contemporary anarchist groups, striving to embody the principles, organization and tactics of the changed social structure they hope to bring about. As part of this the decision\\-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role. Anarchists have employed various methods to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group. One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of [facilitator](/wiki/Facilitator \"Facilitator\") to help achieve a [consensus](/wiki/Consensus_decision-making \"Consensus decision-making\") without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point. Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values. Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members. These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks. Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially [wildcat strikes](/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action \"Wildcat strike action\") as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate.\n\nAs in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online to spread their message. Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals. Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free. The way these [hacktivists](/wiki/Hacktivism \"Hacktivism\") work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from [state surveillance](/wiki/Mass_surveillance \"Mass surveillance\").\n\nAnarchists organize themselves to [squat](/wiki/Squatting \"Squatting\") and reclaim [public spaces](/wiki/Public_space \"Public space\"). During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called [Temporary Autonomous Zones](/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone \"Temporary Autonomous Zone\") (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and [surrealism](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\") are blended to display the anarchist ideal. As seen by anarchists, [squatting](/wiki/Squatting \"Squatting\") is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action. Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds. Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a [carnivalesque](/wiki/Carnivalesque \"Carnivalesque\") atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity.\n\n",
"Key issues\n----------\n\nAs anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought, disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and [tactics](/wiki/Tactic_%28method%29 \"Tactic (method)\") is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of [definitional concerns in anarchist theory](/wiki/Definitional_concerns_in_anarchist_theory \"Definitional concerns in anarchist theory\"). The compatibility of [capitalism](/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism \"Anarchism and capitalism\"), [nationalism](/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism \"Anarchism and nationalism\"), and [religion](/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion \"Anarchism and religion\") with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as communism, [collectivism](/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism \"Collectivist anarchism\"), Marxism, and [trade unionism](/wiki/Trade_unionism \"Trade unionism\"). Anarchists may be motivated by [humanism](/wiki/Humanism \"Humanism\"), [divine authority](/wiki/God \"God\"), [enlightened self\\-interest](/wiki/Enlightened_self-interest \"Enlightened self-interest\"), [veganism](/wiki/Veganarchism \"Veganarchism\"), or any number of alternative ethical doctrines. Phenomena such as [civilisation](/wiki/Civilisation \"Civilisation\"), technology (e.g. within anarcho\\-primitivism), and the [democratic process](/wiki/Anarchism_and_statist_democracy \"Anarchism and statist democracy\") may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others.\n\n### The state\n\n[thumb\\|Anarchist protesters in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") opposing state\\-waged war](/wiki/File:Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg \"Fight the state, not wars.jpg\")\nObjection to the [state](/wiki/State_%28polity%29 \"State (polity)\") and its institutions is a *[sine qua non](/wiki/Sine_qua_non \"Sine qua non\")* of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite. Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is [open](/wiki/Open_government \"Open government\") or [transparent](/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29 \"Transparency (behavior)\"), as it still has the ability to coerce people. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the [ruling class](/wiki/Ruling_class \"Ruling class\") is distinct from the rest of society.\n\nSpecific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary. [Robert Paul Wolff](/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff \"Robert Paul Wolff\") believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate. Bakunin saw the state as meaning \"coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be.\" [A. John Simmons](/wiki/A._John_Simmons \"A. John Simmons\") and [Leslie Green](/wiki/Leslie_Green_%28philosopher%29 \"Leslie Green (philosopher)\"), who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely. Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.\n\n### Gender, sexuality, and free love\n\nAs [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") and [sexuality](/wiki/Human_sexuality \"Human sexuality\") carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Collection of [anarcha\\-feminist](/wiki/Anarcha-feminist \"Anarcha-feminist\") protests, symbols, and flags](/wiki/File:AnarchaFeminism.png \"AnarchaFeminism.png\")\nSexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing. Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as [Benjamin Tucker](/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker \"Benjamin Tucker\"), who opposed [age of consent laws](/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform \"Age of consent reform\"), believing they would benefit predatory men. A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was [free love](/wiki/Free_love \"Free love\"). In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support [polyamory](/wiki/Polyamory \"Polyamory\"), [relationship anarchy](/wiki/Relationship_anarchy \"Relationship anarchy\"), and [queer anarchism](/wiki/Queer_anarchism \"Queer anarchism\"). Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men. The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure. Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together. Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love. Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and [pro\\-choice](/wiki/Abortion-rights_movement \"Abortion-rights movement\") (using a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda. Anarchist and non\\-anarchist feminists differed on [suffrage](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage \"Women's suffrage\") but were supportive of one another.\n\nDuring the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the [second wave of feminism](/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism \"Second wave of feminism\"), radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well. By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents. With the [third wave of feminism](/wiki/Third_wave_of_feminism \"Third wave of feminism\"), sexual identity and [compulsory heterosexuality](/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality \"Compulsory heterosexuality\") became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a [post\\-structuralist](/wiki/Post-structuralist \"Post-structuralist\") critique of [sexual normality](/wiki/Heteronormativity \"Heteronormativity\"). Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.\n\n### Education\n\n| \\+ Anarchist vs. statist perspectives on education |\n\n|\n\nAnarchist education\n\nState education\n\n| Concept | Education as self\\-mastery | Education as service |\n| Management | Community based | State run |\n| Methods | Practice\\-based learning | Vocational training |\n| Aims | Being a critical member of society | Being a productive member of society |\n\nThe interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism. Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of [mutual aid](/wiki/Mutual_aid_%28organization_theory%29 \"Mutual aid (organization theory)\"). Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (*[Political Justice](/wiki/Political_Justice \"Political Justice\")*) and Max Stirner (\"[The False Principle of Our Education](/wiki/The_False_Principle_of_Our_Education \"The False Principle of Our Education\")\") attacked both [state education](/wiki/State_school \"State school\") and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.\n\nIn 1901, [Catalan](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\") anarchist and free thinker [Francisco Ferrer](/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer \"Francisco Ferrer\") established the [Escuela Moderna](/wiki/Escuela_Moderna \"Escuela Moderna\") in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church. Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process while giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance. Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster [class consciousness](/wiki/Class_consciousness \"Class consciousness\") among students. The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested. Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of [modern schools](/wiki/Modern_School_%28United_States%29 \"Modern School (United States)\") around the world. [Christian anarchist](/wiki/Christian_anarchism \"Christian anarchism\") [Leo Tolstoy](/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy \"Leo Tolstoy\"), who published the essay *Education and Culture*, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that \"for education to be effective it had to be free.\" In a similar token, [A. S. Neill](/wiki/A._S._Neill \"A. S. Neill\") founded what became the [Summerhill School](/wiki/Summerhill_School \"Summerhill School\") in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.\n\nAnarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes [manipulation](/wiki/Manipulation_%28psychology%29 \"Manipulation (psychology)\"). Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and [social justice](/wiki/Social_justice \"Social justice\") were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.\n\nLate 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers ([Paul Goodman](/wiki/Paul_Goodman \"Paul Goodman\"), [Herbert Read](/wiki/Herbert_Read \"Herbert Read\"), and [Colin Ward](/wiki/Colin_Ward \"Colin Ward\")) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of [state education](/wiki/State_school \"State school\"), largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in [consumerism](/wiki/Consumerism \"Consumerism\") as part of a consumer society. Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate [socioeconomic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\").\n\nWhile few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern\\-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for [child autonomy](/wiki/Children%27s_rights_movement \"Children's rights movement\") and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions. Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists' schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American\\-Canadian network of schools, the Self\\-Managed Learning College in [Brighton, England](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), and the Paideia School in Spain.\n\n### The arts\n\n[thumb\\|340px\\|*Les chataigniers a Osny* (1888\\) by anarchist painter [Camille Pissarro](/wiki/Camille_Pissarro \"Camille Pissarro\") is a notable example of blending anarchism and the arts.](/wiki/File:Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg \"Apple Harvest by Camille Pissarro.jpg\")\nThe connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others. In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the [New Apocalyptics](/wiki/New_Apocalyptics \"New Apocalyptics\") and the [neo\\-romanticism](/wiki/Neo-romanticism \"Neo-romanticism\") movement. In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as [punk](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\"). Anarchists such as [Leo Tolstoy](/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy \"Leo Tolstoy\") and [Herbert Read](/wiki/Herbert_Read \"Herbert Read\") stated that the border between the artist and the non\\-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.\n\nOther anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends. In his book *Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas*, Chris Robé claims that \"anarchist\\-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement\\-based video activism.\" Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists ([Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), [Emma Goldman](/wiki/Emma_Goldman \"Emma Goldman\"), [Gustav Landauer](/wiki/Gustav_Landauer \"Gustav Landauer\") and [Camillo Berneri](/wiki/Camillo_Berneri \"Camillo Berneri\")) and publications such as *[Anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy_%28magazine%29 \"Anarchy (magazine)\")* wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.\n\nThree overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists. It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests. As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect. The 19th\\-century [neo\\-impressionist](/wiki/Neo-impressionist \"Neo-impressionist\") movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism. In *Les chataigniers a Osny* by anarchist painter [Camille Pissarro](/wiki/Camille_Pissarro \"Camille Pissarro\"), the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.\n\n",
"### The state\n\n[thumb\\|Anarchist protesters in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") opposing state\\-waged war](/wiki/File:Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg \"Fight the state, not wars.jpg\")\nObjection to the [state](/wiki/State_%28polity%29 \"State (polity)\") and its institutions is a *[sine qua non](/wiki/Sine_qua_non \"Sine qua non\")* of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite. Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is [open](/wiki/Open_government \"Open government\") or [transparent](/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29 \"Transparency (behavior)\"), as it still has the ability to coerce people. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the [ruling class](/wiki/Ruling_class \"Ruling class\") is distinct from the rest of society.\n\nSpecific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary. [Robert Paul Wolff](/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff \"Robert Paul Wolff\") believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate. Bakunin saw the state as meaning \"coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be.\" [A. John Simmons](/wiki/A._John_Simmons \"A. John Simmons\") and [Leslie Green](/wiki/Leslie_Green_%28philosopher%29 \"Leslie Green (philosopher)\"), who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely. Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.\n\n",
"### Gender, sexuality, and free love\n\nAs [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") and [sexuality](/wiki/Human_sexuality \"Human sexuality\") carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|Collection of [anarcha\\-feminist](/wiki/Anarcha-feminist \"Anarcha-feminist\") protests, symbols, and flags](/wiki/File:AnarchaFeminism.png \"AnarchaFeminism.png\")\nSexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing. Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as [Benjamin Tucker](/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker \"Benjamin Tucker\"), who opposed [age of consent laws](/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform \"Age of consent reform\"), believing they would benefit predatory men. A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was [free love](/wiki/Free_love \"Free love\"). In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support [polyamory](/wiki/Polyamory \"Polyamory\"), [relationship anarchy](/wiki/Relationship_anarchy \"Relationship anarchy\"), and [queer anarchism](/wiki/Queer_anarchism \"Queer anarchism\"). Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men. The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure. Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together. Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love. Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and [pro\\-choice](/wiki/Abortion-rights_movement \"Abortion-rights movement\") (using a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda. Anarchist and non\\-anarchist feminists differed on [suffrage](/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage \"Women's suffrage\") but were supportive of one another.\n\nDuring the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the [second wave of feminism](/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism \"Second wave of feminism\"), radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well. By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents. With the [third wave of feminism](/wiki/Third_wave_of_feminism \"Third wave of feminism\"), sexual identity and [compulsory heterosexuality](/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality \"Compulsory heterosexuality\") became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a [post\\-structuralist](/wiki/Post-structuralist \"Post-structuralist\") critique of [sexual normality](/wiki/Heteronormativity \"Heteronormativity\"). Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.\n\n",
"### Education\n\n| \\+ Anarchist vs. statist perspectives on education |\n\n|\n\nAnarchist education\n\nState education\n\n| Concept | Education as self\\-mastery | Education as service |\n| Management | Community based | State run |\n| Methods | Practice\\-based learning | Vocational training |\n| Aims | Being a critical member of society | Being a productive member of society |\n\nThe interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism. Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of [mutual aid](/wiki/Mutual_aid_%28organization_theory%29 \"Mutual aid (organization theory)\"). Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (*[Political Justice](/wiki/Political_Justice \"Political Justice\")*) and Max Stirner (\"[The False Principle of Our Education](/wiki/The_False_Principle_of_Our_Education \"The False Principle of Our Education\")\") attacked both [state education](/wiki/State_school \"State school\") and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.\n\nIn 1901, [Catalan](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\") anarchist and free thinker [Francisco Ferrer](/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer \"Francisco Ferrer\") established the [Escuela Moderna](/wiki/Escuela_Moderna \"Escuela Moderna\") in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church. Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process while giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance. Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster [class consciousness](/wiki/Class_consciousness \"Class consciousness\") among students. The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested. Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of [modern schools](/wiki/Modern_School_%28United_States%29 \"Modern School (United States)\") around the world. [Christian anarchist](/wiki/Christian_anarchism \"Christian anarchism\") [Leo Tolstoy](/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy \"Leo Tolstoy\"), who published the essay *Education and Culture*, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that \"for education to be effective it had to be free.\" In a similar token, [A. S. Neill](/wiki/A._S._Neill \"A. S. Neill\") founded what became the [Summerhill School](/wiki/Summerhill_School \"Summerhill School\") in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.\n\nAnarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes [manipulation](/wiki/Manipulation_%28psychology%29 \"Manipulation (psychology)\"). Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and [social justice](/wiki/Social_justice \"Social justice\") were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.\n\nLate 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers ([Paul Goodman](/wiki/Paul_Goodman \"Paul Goodman\"), [Herbert Read](/wiki/Herbert_Read \"Herbert Read\"), and [Colin Ward](/wiki/Colin_Ward \"Colin Ward\")) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of [state education](/wiki/State_school \"State school\"), largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in [consumerism](/wiki/Consumerism \"Consumerism\") as part of a consumer society. Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate [socioeconomic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\").\n\nWhile few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern\\-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for [child autonomy](/wiki/Children%27s_rights_movement \"Children's rights movement\") and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions. Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists' schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American\\-Canadian network of schools, the Self\\-Managed Learning College in [Brighton, England](/wiki/Brighton \"Brighton\"), and the Paideia School in Spain.\n\n",
"### The arts\n\n[thumb\\|340px\\|*Les chataigniers a Osny* (1888\\) by anarchist painter [Camille Pissarro](/wiki/Camille_Pissarro \"Camille Pissarro\") is a notable example of blending anarchism and the arts.](/wiki/File:Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg \"Apple Harvest by Camille Pissarro.jpg\")\nThe connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others. In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the [New Apocalyptics](/wiki/New_Apocalyptics \"New Apocalyptics\") and the [neo\\-romanticism](/wiki/Neo-romanticism \"Neo-romanticism\") movement. In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as [punk](/wiki/Punk_subculture \"Punk subculture\"). Anarchists such as [Leo Tolstoy](/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy \"Leo Tolstoy\") and [Herbert Read](/wiki/Herbert_Read \"Herbert Read\") stated that the border between the artist and the non\\-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.\n\nOther anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends. In his book *Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas*, Chris Robé claims that \"anarchist\\-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement\\-based video activism.\" Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists ([Peter Kropotkin](/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin \"Peter Kropotkin\"), [Emma Goldman](/wiki/Emma_Goldman \"Emma Goldman\"), [Gustav Landauer](/wiki/Gustav_Landauer \"Gustav Landauer\") and [Camillo Berneri](/wiki/Camillo_Berneri \"Camillo Berneri\")) and publications such as *[Anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy_%28magazine%29 \"Anarchy (magazine)\")* wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.\n\nThree overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists. It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests. As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect. The 19th\\-century [neo\\-impressionist](/wiki/Neo-impressionist \"Neo-impressionist\") movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism. In *Les chataigniers a Osny* by anarchist painter [Camille Pissarro](/wiki/Camille_Pissarro \"Camille Pissarro\"), the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.\n\n",
"Criticism\n---------\n\nThe most common critique of anarchism is the assertion that humans cannot [self\\-govern](/wiki/Self-governance \"Self-governance\") and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher [Bertrand Russell](/wiki/Bertrand_Russell \"Bertrand Russell\") supported this critique, stating that \"\\[p]eace and war, [tariffs](/wiki/Tariff \"Tariff\"), regulations of [sanitary](/wiki/Sanitation \"Sanitation\") conditions and the sale of noxious [drugs](/wiki/Drug \"Drug\"), the preservation of a just system of distribution: these, among others, are functions which could hardly be performed in a community in which there was no central government.\" Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of [isolation](/wiki/Isolationism \"Isolationism\") in which only the small enough entities can be self\\-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism.\n\nAnother criticism of anarchism is the belief that it is inherently unstable: that an anarchist society would inevitably evolve back into a state. [Thomas Hobbes](/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes \"Thomas Hobbes\") and other early social contract theorists argued that the state emerges in response to natural anarchy to protect the people's interests and keep order. Philosopher [Robert Nozick](/wiki/Robert_Nozick \"Robert Nozick\") argued that a \"[night\\-watchman state](/wiki/Night-watchman_state \"Night-watchman state\")\", or minarchy, would emerge from anarchy through the process of an [invisible hand](/wiki/Invisible_hand \"Invisible hand\"), in which people would exercise their liberty and buy protection from protection agencies, evolving into a minimal state. Anarchists reject these criticisms by arguing that humans in a [state of nature](/wiki/State_of_nature \"State of nature\") would not just be in a state of war. [Anarcho\\-primitivists](/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism \"Anarcho-primitivism\") in particular argue that humans were better off in a state of nature in small tribes living close to the land, while anarchists in general argue that the negatives of state organization, such as hierarchies, monopolies and inequality, outweigh the benefits.\n\nPhilosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well. Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically. This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it. The third argument is that anarchism is self\\-contradictory as a ruling theory that has no ruling theory. Anarchism also calls for collective action while endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken. Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.\n\nPhilosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro\\-anarchist books such as [A. John Simmons](/wiki/A._John_Simmons \"A. John Simmons\")' *Moral Principles and Political Obligations*. Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious. Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate. In *The Problem of Political Authority*, [Michael Huemer](/wiki/Michael_Huemer \"Michael Huemer\") defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that \"political authority is a moral illusion.\"\n\nOne of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority. [Joseph Raz](/wiki/Joseph_Raz \"Joseph Raz\") states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success. Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction. Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment. Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively. Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.\n\n[Friedrich Engels](/wiki/Friedrich_Engels \"Friedrich Engels\"), considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti\\-authoritarianism as inherently counter\\-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian. Academic [John Molyneux](/wiki/John_Molyneux_%28academic%29 \"John Molyneux (academic)\") writes in his book *Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism* that \"anarchism cannot win\", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas. The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values. According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence. Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act. In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Outline of anarchism](/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism \"Outline of anarchism\")\n* [List of anarchist movements by region](/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region \"List of anarchist movements by region\")\n* [List of anarchist political ideologies](/wiki/List_of_anarchist_political_ideologies \"List of anarchist political ideologies\")\n* [List of books about anarchism](/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism \"List of books about anarchism\")\n* [List of films dealing with anarchism](/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism \"List of films dealing with anarchism\")\n**Anarchist communities**\n* [List of stateless societies](/wiki/List_of_stateless_societies \"List of stateless societies\")\n* [List of intentional communities](/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities \"List of intentional communities\")\n* [List of self\\-managed social centers](/wiki/List_of_self-managed_social_centers \"List of self-managed social centers\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Explanatory notes\n\n### Citations\n\n### General and cited sources\n\n#### Primary sources\n\n#### Secondary sources\n\n#### Tertiary sources\n\n",
"### Explanatory notes\n\n",
"### Citations\n\n",
"### General and cited sources\n\n#### Primary sources\n\n#### Secondary sources\n\n#### Tertiary sources\n\n",
"#### Primary sources\n\n",
"#### Secondary sources\n\n",
"#### Tertiary sources\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Criticism of philosophical anarchism.\n* A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that \"both kinds of 'anarchism' \\[i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims.\"\n* Anarchistic popular fiction novel.\n* An argument for philosophical anarchism.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Anarchy Archives](http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu) – an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism.\n\n[Category:Anti\\-capitalism](/wiki/Category:Anti-capitalism \"Anti-capitalism\")\n[Category:Anti\\-fascism](/wiki/Category:Anti-fascism \"Anti-fascism\")\n[Category:Economic ideologies](/wiki/Category:Economic_ideologies \"Economic ideologies\")\n[Category:Far\\-left politics](/wiki/Category:Far-left_politics \"Far-left politics\")\n[Category:Left\\-wing politics](/wiki/Category:Left-wing_politics \"Left-wing politics\")\n[Category:Libertarian socialism](/wiki/Category:Libertarian_socialism \"Libertarian socialism\")\n[Category:Libertarianism](/wiki/Category:Libertarianism \"Libertarianism\")\n[Category:Political culture](/wiki/Category:Political_culture \"Political culture\")\n[Category:Political ideologies](/wiki/Category:Political_ideologies \"Political ideologies\")\n[Category:Political movements](/wiki/Category:Political_movements \"Political movements\")\n[Category:Social theories](/wiki/Category:Social_theories \"Social theories\")\n[Category:Socialism](/wiki/Category:Socialism \"Socialism\")\n\n"
]
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"Etymology",
"Terminology",
"Life cycle",
"Description",
"Feeding",
"Species",
"Extant species",
"Extinct species"
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"\n\n**Otters** are carnivorous [mammals](/wiki/Mammal \"Mammal\") in the [subfamily](/wiki/Rank_%28zoology%29 \"Rank (zoology)\") **Lutrinae**. The 13 extant otter [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") are all [semiaquatic](/wiki/Semiaquatic \"Semiaquatic\"), [aquatic](/wiki/Aquatic_animal \"Aquatic animal\"), or [marine](/wiki/Marine_ecology \"Marine ecology\"). Lutrinae is a branch of the [Mustelidae](/wiki/Mustelidae \"Mustelidae\") [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\"), which includes [weasels](/wiki/Weasel \"Weasel\"), [badgers](/wiki/Badger \"Badger\"), [mink](/wiki/Mink \"Mink\"), and [wolverines](/wiki/Wolverine \"Wolverine\"), among other animals.\n\nOtters' habitats include dens known as holts or couches, with their social structure described by terms such as dogs or boars for males, bitches or sows for females, and pups or cubs for offspring. Groups of otters can be referred to as a bevy, family, lodge, romp, or raft when in water, indicating their social and playful characteristics. Otters are known for their distinct feces, termed [spraints](/wiki/Spraint \"Spraint\"), which can vary in smell from freshly mown hay to putrefied fish.\n\nOtters exhibit a varied life cycle with a [gestation](/wiki/Gestation \"Gestation\") period of about 60–86 days, and offspring typically stay with their family for a year. They can live up to 16 years, with their diet mainly consisting of fish and sometimes [frogs](/wiki/Frog \"Frog\"), birds, or [shellfish](/wiki/Shellfish \"Shellfish\"), depending on the species. Otters are distinguished by their long, slim bodies, powerful [webbed feet](/wiki/Webbed_feet \"Webbed feet\") for swimming, and their dense fur, which keeps them warm and buoyant in water. They are playful animals, engaging in activities like sliding into water on natural slides and playing with stones.\n\nThere are 13 known species of otters, ranging in size and habitat preferences, with some species adapted to cold waters requiring a high [metabolic](/wiki/Metabolic \"Metabolic\") rate for warmth. Otter\\-human interactions have varied over time, with otters being hunted for their [pelts](/wiki/Pelt \"Pelt\"), used in [fishing practices](/wiki/Otter_fishing \"Otter fishing\") in southern Bangladesh, and occasionally attacking humans, though such incidents are rare and often a result of provocation. Otters hold a place in various cultures' mythology and religion, symbolizing different attributes and stories, from [Norse mythology](/wiki/Norse_mythology \"Norse mythology\") to [Native American](/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas \"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\") [totems](/wiki/Totem \"Totem\") and Asian folklore, where they are sometimes believed to possess shapeshifting abilities.\n\n",
"Etymology\n---------\n\nThe word *otter* derives from the [Old English](/wiki/Old_English_language \"Old English language\") word or . This and cognate words in other [Indo\\-European languages](/wiki/Indo-European_languages \"Indo-European languages\") ultimately stem from the [Proto\\-Indo\\-European](/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language \"Proto-Indo-European language\") root , which also gave rise to the English word \"water\".\n\n",
"Terminology\n-----------\n\nAn otter's den is called a holt, or couch. Male otters are called dogs or boars; females are called bitches or sows; and their offspring are called pups or cubs. The [collective nouns](/wiki/Collective_noun \"Collective noun\") for otters are bevy, family, lodge, romp (being descriptive of their often playful nature), or, when in water, raft.M \\& P Briggs, *The Natural History of British Isles*, pp. 334–35\n\nThe [feces](/wiki/Feces \"Feces\") of otters are typically identified by their distinctive aroma, the smell of which has been described as ranging from freshly mown hay to putrefied fish; these are known as [spraints](/wiki/Spraint \"Spraint\").\n\n[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=0\\|A [sea otter](/wiki/Sea_otter \"Sea otter\") playing in captivity.](/wiki/File:Otter_playing_-_2015_11_08.ogv \"Otter playing - 2015 11 08.ogv\")\n\n",
"Life cycle\n----------\n\nThe [gestation](/wiki/Gestation \"Gestation\") period in otters is about 60 to 86 days. The newborn pup is cared for by the bitch, dog, and older offspring. Female otters reach [sexual maturity](/wiki/Sexual_maturity \"Sexual maturity\") at approximately two years of age and males at approximately three years. The holt is built under tree roots or a rocky cairn, more common in Scotland. It is lined with moss and grass.\n\nAfter one month, the pup can leave the holt and after two months, it is able to swim. The pup lives with its family for approximately one year. Otters live up to 16 years; they are by nature playful, and frolic in the water with their pups. Its usual source of food is fish, and further downriver, eels, but it may sample frogs and birds.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nOtters have long, slim bodies and relatively short limbs. Their most striking anatomical features are the powerful [webbed feet](/wiki/Webbed_foot \"Webbed foot\") used to swim, and their seal\\-like abilities for holding breath underwater. Most have sharp claws on their feet and all except the sea otter have long, muscular tails. The 13 species range in adult size from in length and in weight. The [Asian small\\-clawed otter](/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter \"Asian small-clawed otter\") is the smallest otter species and the [giant otter](/wiki/Giant_otter \"Giant otter\") and [sea otter](/wiki/Sea_otter \"Sea otter\") are the largest. They have very soft, insulated underfur, which is protected by an outer layer of long [guard hairs](/wiki/Guard_hairs \"Guard hairs\"). This traps a layer of air which keeps them dry, warm, and somewhat [buoyant](/wiki/Buoyant \"Buoyant\") under water.\n\nSeveral otter species live in cold waters and have high [metabolic rates](/wiki/Metabolic_rate \"Metabolic rate\") to help keep them warm. [Eurasian otters](/wiki/Eurasian_otter \"Eurasian otter\") must eat 15% of their body weight each day, and [sea otters](/wiki/Sea_otter \"Sea otter\") 20 to 25%, depending on the temperature. In water as warm as , an otter needs to catch of fish per hour to survive. Most [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") hunt for three to five hours each day and [nursing](/wiki/Nursing \"Nursing\") mothers up to eight hours each day.\n\n",
"Feeding\n-------\n\nFor most otters, fish is the staple of their diet. This is often supplemented by frogs, [crayfish](/wiki/Crayfish \"Crayfish\") and [crabs](/wiki/Crabs \"Crabs\"). Some otters are experts at opening [shellfish](/wiki/Shellfish \"Shellfish\"), and others will feed on available small mammals or birds. Prey\\-dependence leaves otters very vulnerable to prey depletion. Sea otters are hunters of [clams](/wiki/Clams \"Clams\"), [sea urchins](/wiki/Sea_urchins \"Sea urchins\") and other shelled creatures. They are notable for their ability to use stones to break open shellfish on their bellies. This skill must be learned by the young.\n\nOtters are active hunters, chasing prey in the water or searching the beds of rivers, lakes or the seas. Most species live beside water, but river otters usually enter it only to hunt or travel, otherwise spending much of their time on land to prevent their fur becoming waterlogged. Sea otters are considerably more aquatic and live in the ocean for most of their lives.\n\nOtters are playful animals and appear to engage in various behaviors for sheer enjoyment, such as making waterslides and sliding on them into the water. They may also find and play with small stones. Different species vary in their social structure, some being largely solitary, while others live in groups – in a few species these groups may be fairly large.\n\n",
"",
"",
"### Extinct species\n\nSubfamily **Lutrinae**\n* Genus *[Lutra](/wiki/Lutra \"Lutra\")* \n\t+ †*[Lutra castiglionis](/wiki/Lutra_castiglionis \"Lutra castiglionis\")* – [Corsica](/wiki/Corsica \"Corsica\"), [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene \"Pleistocene\")\n\t+ †*[Lutra euxena](/wiki/Lutra_euxena \"Lutra euxena\")* – [Malta](/wiki/Malta \"Malta\"), Pleistocene\n\t+ †[Japanese otter](/wiki/Japanese_otter \"Japanese otter\") (*Lutra nippon*) – Japan, extinct c. 1979*Genus*\n* [Lutrogale](/wiki/Lutrogale \"Lutrogale\")*†*\n\t+ [Lutrogale cretensis](/wiki/Lutrogale_cretensis \"Lutrogale cretensis\")*Genus*\n* [Enhydra](/wiki/Enhydra \"Enhydra\")*†*\n\t+ [Enhydra macrodonta](/wiki/Enhydra_macrodonta \"Enhydra macrodonta\")*†*\n\t+ [Enhydra reevei](/wiki/Enhydra_reevei \"Enhydra reevei\")*Genus †*\n* [Algarolutra](/wiki/Algarolutra \"Algarolutra\") *– Corsica and [Sardinia](/wiki/Sardinia \"Sardinia\"), Pleistocene\n Genus †*\n* [Cyrnaonyx](/wiki/Cyrnaonyx \"Cyrnaonyx\") *– Europe, Pleistocene\n Genus †*\n* [Enhydriodon](/wiki/Enhydriodon \"Enhydriodon\") *– Ethiopia, Late [Miocene](/wiki/Miocene \"Miocene\") to [Pliocene](/wiki/Pliocene \"Pliocene\")\n Genus †*\n* [Enhydritherium](/wiki/Enhydritherium \"Enhydritherium\") *– North America, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene*\n\n Genus †* [Lutraeximia](/wiki/Lutraeximia \"Lutraeximia\") *– Italy, Pleistocene\n Genus †*\n* [Limnonyx](/wiki/Limnonyx \"Limnonyx\") *– Germany, Late Miocene\n Genus †*\n* [Megalenhydris](/wiki/Megalenhydris \"Megalenhydris\") *– Sardinia, Pleistocene\n Genus †*\n* [Paludolutra](/wiki/Paludolutra \"Paludolutra\") *– Italy, Late Miocene\n Genus †*\n* [Sardolutra](/wiki/Sardolutra \"Sardolutra\") *– Sardinia, Pleistocene\n Genus †*\n* [Siamogale](/wiki/Siamogale \"Siamogale\") *– eastern Asia, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene\n Genus †*\n* [Sivaonyx](/wiki/Sivaonyx \"Sivaonyx\") *– Asia and Africa, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene\n Genus †*\n* [Teruelictis](/wiki/Teruelictis \"Teruelictis\") *– Spain, Late Miocene\n Genus †*\n* [Torolutra](/wiki/Torolutra \"Torolutra\") *– Africa, Pliocene\n Genus †*\n* [Tyrrhenolutra](/wiki/Tyrrhenolutra \"Tyrrhenolutra\") *– Italy, Late Miocene\n Genus †*\n* [Vishnuonyx](/wiki/Vishnuonyx \"Vishnuonyx\") *– Europe, Asia and Africa, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene*\n\nRelation with humans\n--------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Sign warning drivers in [Benbecula](/wiki/Benbecula \"Benbecula\") in the [Outer Hebrides](/wiki/Outer_Hebrides \"Outer Hebrides\") to beware of otters on the road](/wiki/File:Otters_Crossing_sign_at_Benbecula.jpg \"Otters Crossing sign at Benbecula.jpg\")\n### Hunting\n\nOtters have been hunted for their [pelts](/wiki/Fur \"Fur\") from at least the 1700s, although it may have begun well before then. Early hunting methods included darts, arrows, nets and snares but later, traps were set on land and guns used.\nThere has been a long history of otter pelts being worn around the world. In China it was standard for the royalty to wear robes made from them. People that were financially high in status also wore them. The tails of otters were often made into items for men to wear. These included hats and belts. Even some types of mittens for children have been made from the fur of otters.\nOtters have also been hunted using dogs, especially the [otterhound](/wiki/Otterhound \"Otterhound\"). From 1958 to 1963, the 11 otter hunts in England and Wales killed 1,065 otters between them. In such hunts, the hunters notched their poles after every kill. The prized trophy that hunters would take from the otters was the [baculum](/wiki/Baculum \"Baculum\"), which would be worn as a [tie\\-pin](/wiki/Tie_clip \"Tie clip\").\n[Traffic](/wiki/Traffic_%28conservation_programme%29 \"Traffic (conservation programme)\") (the wildlife trade monitoring network) reported that otters are at serious risk in Southeast Asia and have disappeared from parts of their former range. This decline in populations is due to hunting to supply the demand for skins.\n### Fishing for humans\n\nFor many generations, fishermen in southern Bangladesh have bred [smooth\\-coated otters](/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter \"Smooth-coated otter\") and used them to chase fish into their nets. Once a widespread practice, passed down from father to son throughout many communities in Asia, this traditional use of domesticated wild animals is still in practice in the district of [Narail](/wiki/Narail \"Narail\"), Bangladesh.\n### Attacks on humans\n\nA 2011 review by the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group showed that otter attacks reported between 1875 and 2010 occurred most often in [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), where human and otter populations have substantially increased since 2000, with the majority involving the North American otter. At least 42 instances of attack were found, including one resulting in death and another case of serious injury. Attacking otters had [rabies](/wiki/Rabies \"Rabies\") in 36% of anecdotal reports. 80% of otter bite victims do not seek medical treatment.\nAnimal welfare groups say that, unless threatened, otters rarely attack humans. In November 2021, about 20 otters ambushed a British man in his 60s during an early morning walk in [Singapore Botanic Gardens](/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens \"Singapore Botanic Gardens\"). Despite weighing over 200 pounds, he was trampled and bitten and could not stand up without help from a nearby rescuer. The man speculated that another runner might have stepped on one of the animals earlier, and wished that there could be more lighting installed at that location.\n### Religion and mythology\n\n[Norse mythology](/wiki/Norse_mythology \"Norse mythology\") tells of the [dwarf](/wiki/Norse_dwarves \"Norse dwarves\") [Ótr](/wiki/%C3%93tr \"Ótr\") habitually taking the form of an otter. The myth of \"Otter's Ransom\" is the starting point of the [Volsunga saga](/wiki/Volsunga_saga \"Volsunga saga\").\nIn [Irish mythology](/wiki/Irish_mythology \"Irish mythology\"), the character [Lí Ban](/wiki/L%C3%AD_Ban_%28mermaid%29 \"Lí Ban (mermaid)\") was turned from a woman into a mermaid, half human and half salmon, and given three hundred years of life to roam the oceans. Her lapdog assumed the form of an otter and shared her prolonged lifetime and her extensive wanderings.\nIn some Native American cultures, otters are considered [totem animals](/wiki/Totem_animals \"Totem animals\").\nThe otter is held to be a clean animal belonging to [Ahura Mazda](/wiki/Ahura_Mazda \"Ahura Mazda\") in [Zoroastrian](/wiki/Zoroastrianism \"Zoroastrianism\") belief, and taboo to kill.\nIn popular Korean mythology, it is told that people who see an otter (soodal*) will attract 'rain clouds' for the rest of their lives.*\n\nIn the Buddhist Jataka tales, The Otters and The Wolf, two otters agreed to let a wolf settle their dispute in dividing their caught fish but it was taken away by the cunning wolf.Jataka Tales: The Otters and The Wolf [https://mocomi.com/jataka\\-tales\\-the\\-otters\\-and\\-the\\-wolf/](https://mocomi.com/jataka-tales-the-otters-and-the-wolf/) \n#### Japanese folklore\n\n[thumb\\|\"Kawauso\" () from the [Gazu Hyakki Yagyō](/wiki/Gazu_Hyakki_Yagy%C5%8D \"Gazu Hyakki Yagyō\") by [Sekien Toriyama](/wiki/Sekien_Toriyama \"Sekien Toriyama\")](/wiki/File:SekienKawauso.jpg \"SekienKawauso.jpg\")\nIn Japanese, otters are called \"kawauso\" (). In Japanese folklore, they fool humans in the same way as foxes ([kitsune](/wiki/Kitsune \"Kitsune\")) and [tanuki](/wiki/Bake-danuki \"Bake-danuki\").\nIn the [Noto region](/wiki/Noto%2C_Ishikawa_%28Fugeshi%29 \"Noto, Ishikawa (Fugeshi)\"), [Ishikawa Prefecture](/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture \"Ishikawa Prefecture\"), there are stories where they shapeshift into beautiful women or children wearing checker\\-patterned clothing. If a human attempts to speak to one, they will answer \"oraya\" and then answer \"araya,\" and if anybody asks them anything, they say cryptic things like \"kawai.\" There are darker stories, such as one from [Kaga Province](/wiki/Kaga_Province \"Kaga Province\") (now [Ishikawa Prefecture](/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture \"Ishikawa Prefecture\")) in which an otter that lives in the castle's moat shapeshifts into a woman, invites males, and then kills and eats them.\nIn the [kaidan](/wiki/Kaidan_%28parapsychology%29 \"Kaidan (parapsychology)\"), essays, and legends of the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period \"Edo period\") like the \"Urami Kanawa\" (), \"Taihei Hyaku Monogatari\" (), and the \"Shifu Goroku\" (), there are tales about strange occurrences like otters that shapeshift into beautiful women and kill men.\nIn the town of Numatachi, Asa District, [Hiroshima Prefecture](/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture \"Hiroshima Prefecture\") (now [Hiroshima](/wiki/Hiroshima \"Hiroshima\")), they are called \"tomo no kawauso\" () and \"ato no kawauso\" (). It is said that they shapeshift into [bōzu](/wiki/Bhikkhu \"Bhikkhu\") (a kind of monk) and appear before passers\\-by, and if the passer\\-by tries to get close and look up, its height steadily increases until it becomes a large bōzu.\nIn the Tsugaru region, [Aomori Prefecture](/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture \"Aomori Prefecture\"), they are said to possess humans. It is said that those possessed by otters lose their stamina as if their soul has been extracted. They are also said to shapeshift into severed heads and get caught in fishing nets.\nIn the [Kashima District](/wiki/Kashima_District%2C_Ishikawa \"Kashima District, Ishikawa\") and the [Hakui District](/wiki/Hakui_District%2C_Ishikawa \"Hakui District, Ishikawa\") in [Ishikawa Prefecture](/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture \"Ishikawa Prefecture\"), they are seen as a yōkai under the name kabuso *or* kawaso*. They perform pranks like extinguishing the fire of the paper lanterns of people who walk on roads at night, shapeshifting into a beautiful woman of 18 or 19 years of age and fooling people, or tricking people and making them try to engage in sumo against a rock or a tree stump. It is said that they speak human words, and sometimes people are called and stopped while walking on roads.*\n\nIn the Ishikawa and Kochi Prefectures, they are said to be a type of kappa, and there are stories told about how they engage in sumo with otters. In places like the [Hokuriku region](/wiki/Hokuriku_region \"Hokuriku region\"), [Kii](/wiki/Kii_Province \"Kii Province\"), and [Shikoku](/wiki/Shikoku \"Shikoku\"), the otters are seen as a type of kappa. In the [Kagakushū](/wiki/Kagakush%C5%AB \"Kagakushū\"), a dictionary from the [Muromachi period](/wiki/Muromachi_period \"Muromachi period\"), an otter that grew old becomes a kappa.\nIn an Ainu folktale, in Urashibetsu (in [Abashiri](/wiki/Abashiri%2C_Hokkaido \"Abashiri, Hokkaido\"), [Hokkaido](/wiki/Hokkaido \"Hokkaido\")), there are stories where monster otters shapeshift into humans, go into homes where there are beautiful girls, and try to kill the girl and make her its wife.\nIn China, like in Japan, there are stories where otters shapeshift into beautiful women in old books like [In Search of the Supernatural](/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Supernatural \"In Search of the Supernatural\") *and the* Zhenyizhi *().*\n\nSee also\n--------\n\n[Reniculate kidney](/wiki/Reniculate_kidney \"Reniculate kidney\")\nReferences\n----------\n\nExternal links\n--------------\n\n [IUCN SSC Otter Specialist Group](http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/)\n[ARKive](https://web.archive.org/web/20080509084301/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Lutra_lutra/) Photographs and videos of Eurasian otters. On the same site are photos and videos of the marine otter (* + - * Lontra felina*), sea otter (*Enhydra lutris*), smooth\\-coated otter (*Lutrogale perspicillata*) and giant otter (*Pteronura brasiliensis'').\n* [International Otter Survival Fund](http://www.otter.org/)\n\n[Category:Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips \"Articles containing video clips\")\n[Category:Carnivorans of Europe](/wiki/Category:Carnivorans_of_Europe \"Carnivorans of Europe\")\n[Category:Semiaquatic animals](/wiki/Category:Semiaquatic_animals \"Semiaquatic animals\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte \"Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte\")\n[Category:Tool\\-using mammals](/wiki/Category:Tool-using_mammals \"Tool-using mammals\")\n\n"
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Roman Polanski | {
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196446
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"World War II and the Holocaust",
"After the war",
"Introduction to movies",
"Early career in Poland",
"Film director",
"1962–1976: Breakthrough and stardom",
"1979–2004",
"2005–present",
"Personal life",
"Legal history",
"Sexual abuse",
"Documentary films",
"''Vanity Fair'' libel case",
"Matan Uziel libel case",
"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences case",
"Charlotte Lewis",
"2024 civil charges",
"Other allegations",
"Filmography",
"Awards and nominations",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
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"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + \n\n**Raymond Roman Thierry Polański** (;Paul Werner, *Polański. Biografia*, Poznań: Rebis, 2013, p. 12\\. born 18 August 1933\\) is a French and Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and convicted sex offender. He is the recipient of [numerous accolades](/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Roman_Polanski \"List of awards and nominations received by Roman Polanski\"), including an [Academy Award](/wiki/Academy_Award \"Academy Award\"), two [British Academy Film Awards](/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards \"British Academy Film Awards\"), ten [César Awards](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards \"César Awards\"), two [Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards \"Golden Globe Awards\"), as well as the [Golden Bear](/wiki/Golden_Bear \"Golden Bear\") and a [Palme d'Or](/wiki/Palme_d%27Or \"Palme d'Or\").\n\nIn 1977, Polanski was arrested for [drugging and raping a 13\\-year\\-old girl](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\"). He pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of [unlawful sex with a minor](/wiki/Statutory_rape \"Statutory rape\") in exchange for a probation\\-only sentence. The night before his sentencing hearing in 1978, he learned that the judge would likely reject the proffered [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargain \"Plea bargain\"), so he fled the U.S. to Europe, where he continued his career. He remains a fugitive from the U.S. justice system. Further allegations of abuse have been made by other women.\n\nPolanski's [Polish Jewish](/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland \"History of the Jews in Poland\") parents moved the family from his birthplace in Paris back to [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") in 1937\\.Paul Werner, *Polański. Biografia*, Poznań: Rebis, 2013, p. 13\\. Two years later, the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\") by [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") started World War II, and the family found themselves trapped in the [Kraków Ghetto](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto \"Kraków Ghetto\"). After his mother and father were taken in raids, Polanski spent his formative years in foster homes, surviving [the Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\") by adopting a false identity and concealing his Jewish heritage. In 1969, Polanski's pregnant wife, actress [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\"), [was murdered, along with four friends](/wiki/Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders \"Tate–LaBianca murders\") by members of the [Manson Family](/wiki/Manson_Family \"Manson Family\") in an internationally notorious case.\n\nPolanski's first feature\\-length film, *Knife in the Water* (1962\\), made in Poland, was nominated for the United States [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film \"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film\"). After living in France for a few years, he moved to the United Kingdom, where he directed his first three English\\-language feature\\-length films: *[Repulsion](/wiki/Repulsion_%28film%29 \"Repulsion (film)\")* (1965\\), *[Cul\\-de\\-sac](/wiki/Cul-de-sac_%281966_film%29 \"Cul-de-sac (1966 film)\")* (1966\\), and *[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")* (1967\\). In 1968, he moved to the United States and cemented his status in the film industry by directing the horror film *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28film%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (film)\")* (1968\\). He made *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281971_film%29 \"Macbeth (1971 film)\")* (1971\\) in England and *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* (1974\\) back in Hollywood. His other critically acclaimed films include *[The Tenant](/wiki/The_Tenant \"The Tenant\")* (1976\\), *[Tess](/wiki/Tess_%281979_film%29 \"Tess (1979 film)\")* (1979\\), *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")* (2002\\) which won him the [Academy Award for Best Director](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director \"Academy Award for Best Director\"), *[The Ghost Writer](/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_%28film%29 \"The Ghost Writer (film)\")* (2010\\), *[Venus in Fur](/wiki/Venus_in_Fur_%28film%29 \"Venus in Fur (film)\")* (2013\\), and *[An Officer and a Spy](/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Spy_%28film%29 \"An Officer and a Spy (film)\")* (2019\\). Polanski has made 23 feature films to date.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nRoman Polanski was born on 18 August 1933, in [interbellum](/wiki/Paris_between_the_Wars_%281918%E2%80%931939%29 \"Paris between the Wars (1918–1939)\") Paris. He was the son of Bula (aka \"Bella\") Katz\\-Przedborska and Mojżesz (or Maurycy) Liebling (later Polański), a painter and manufacturer of sculptures, who after World War II was known as Ryszard Polański.Paul Werner, *Polański. Biografia*, Poznań: Rebis, 2013, p. 12\\-18\\. Polanski's father was Jewish and originally from Poland. Polanski's mother was born in Russia. Her own father was Jewish and mother was a [Gentile](/wiki/Gentile \"Gentile\"), but Bula had been raised in the Catholic faith.Paul Werner, *Polański. Biografia*, Poznań: Rebis, 2013, p. 12\\-13\\. She had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette survived [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz \"Auschwitz\"), where her mother was murdered, and left Poland forever for France. Polanski's parents were both agnostics. Polanski later stated that he was an atheist.\n\n### World War II and the Holocaust\n\nThe Polański family moved back to Kraków, Poland, in early 1937, and were living there when World War II began with the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\"). [Kraków was soon occupied](/wiki/General_Government \"General Government\") by the German forces, and the racist and anti\\-Semitic [Nuremberg Laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws \"Nuremberg Laws\") made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the [Kraków Ghetto](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto \"Kraków Ghetto\"), along with [thousands of the city's Jews](/wiki/Holocaust_in_Poland \"Holocaust in Poland\"). Around the age of six, Polanski attended primary school for only a few weeks, until \"all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled\", writes biographer [Christopher Sandford](/wiki/Christopher_Sandford_%28biographer%29 \"Christopher Sandford (biographer)\"). That initiative was soon followed by the requirement that all Jewish children over the age of twelve wear white armbands, with a blue [Star of David](/wiki/Star_of_David \"Star of David\") imprinted, for visual identification. After he was expelled, Polanski would not be allowed to enter another classroom for six years.\n\nPolanski witnessed both the ghettoization of Kraków's Jews into a compact area of the city, and the subsequent deportation of all the ghetto's Jews to [German death camps](/wiki/Extermination_camp \"Extermination camp\"). He watched as his father was taken away. He remembers from age six, one of his first experiences of the terrors to follow:\n\nPolanski's father was transferred, along with thousands of other Jews, to [Mauthausen](/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp \"Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp\"), a group of 49 German concentration camps in Austria. His mother, who was four months pregnant at the time, was taken to [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz \"Auschwitz\") and killed in the [gas chamber](/wiki/Gas_chamber \"Gas chamber\") soon after arriving. The forced exodus took place immediately after the German liquidation of the [Warsaw Ghetto](/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto \"Warsaw Ghetto\"), a real\\-life backdrop to Polanski's film *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")* (2002\\). Polanski, who was then hiding from the Germans, saw his father being marched off with a long line of people. Polanski tried getting closer to his father to ask him what was happening and got within a few yards. His father saw him, but afraid his son might be spotted by the German soldiers, whispered (in Polish), \"Get lost!\"\n\nPolanski escaped the Kraków Ghetto in 1943 and survived with [the help](/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust \"Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust\") of some Polish Roman Catholics, including a woman who had promised Polanski's father that she would shelter the boy. Polanski attended church, learned to recite Catholic prayers by heart, and behaved outwardly as a Roman Catholic, although he was never baptized. His efforts to blend into a Catholic household failed miserably at least once, when the parish priest visiting the family posed questions to him one\\-on\\-one about the [catechism](/wiki/Catechism \"Catechism\"), and ultimately said, \"You aren't one of us\". The punishment for helping a Jew in German\\-occupied Poland was death.\n\nAs Polanski roamed the countryside trying to survive in a Poland now occupied by German troops, he witnessed many horrors, such as being \"forced to take part in a cruel and sadistic game in which German soldiers took shots at him for target practice\". The author [Ian Freer](/wiki/Ian_Freer \"Ian Freer\") concludes that Polanski's constant childhood fears and dread of violence have contributed to the \"tangible atmospheres he conjures up on film\". By the time the war ended in 1945, a [fifth of the Polish population](/wiki/Poland%23World_War_II \"Poland#World War II\") had been killed, the vast majority being civilians. Of those deaths, 3 million were Polish Jews, which accounted for 90% of the country's Jewish population. According to Sandford, Polanski would use the memory of his mother, her dress and makeup style, as a physical model for [Faye Dunaway](/wiki/Faye_Dunaway \"Faye Dunaway\")'s character in his film *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* (1974\\).\n\nIn October 2020, Polanski went back to Poland and paid respects to a Polish couple who helped him hide and escape the Nazis. Stefania and Jan Buchala were recognized by [Yad Vashem](/wiki/Yad_Vashem \"Yad Vashem\"), Israel's Holocaust memorial, as \"Righteous Among the Nations\". Polanski recalled Stefania Buchala as being an \"extremely noble\" and courageous person.\n\n### After the war\n\nAfter the war, Polanski was reunited with his father and moved back to Kraków. His father remarried on 21 December 1946 to Wanda Zajączkowska (whom Polanski had never liked) and died of cancer in 1984\\. Time repaired the family contacts; Polanski visited them in Kraków, and relatives visited him in Hollywood and Paris. Polanski recalls the villages and families he lived with as relatively primitive by European standards:\n\nPolanski stated that \"you must live in a Communist country to really understand how bad it can be. Then you will appreciate capitalism.\" He also remembered events at the war's end and his reintroduction to mainstream society when he was 12, forming friendships with other children, such as [Roma Ligocka](/wiki/Roma_Ligocka \"Roma Ligocka\"), [Ryszard Horowitz](/wiki/Ryszard_Horowitz \"Ryszard Horowitz\") and his family.\n\n### Introduction to movies\n\nPolanski's fascination with cinema began very early when he was around age four or five. He recalls this period in an interview:\n\nAfter the war, Polanski watched films, either at school or at a local cinema, using whatever pocket money he had. Polanski writes, \"Most of this went on the movies, but movie seats were dirt cheap, so a little went a long way. I lapped up every kind of film.\" As time went on, movies became more than an escape into entertainment, as he explains:\n\nPolanski was above all influenced by [Carol Reed](/wiki/Carol_Reed \"Carol Reed\")'s *[Odd Man Out](/wiki/Odd_Man_Out \"Odd Man Out\")* (1947\\) – \"I still consider it as one of the best movies I've ever seen and a film which made me want to pursue this career more than anything else ... I always dreamt of doing things of this sort or that style. To a certain extent I must say that I somehow perpetuate the ideas of that movie in what I do.\"\n\n",
"### World War II and the Holocaust\n\nThe Polański family moved back to Kraków, Poland, in early 1937, and were living there when World War II began with the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland \"Invasion of Poland\"). [Kraków was soon occupied](/wiki/General_Government \"General Government\") by the German forces, and the racist and anti\\-Semitic [Nuremberg Laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws \"Nuremberg Laws\") made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the [Kraków Ghetto](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto \"Kraków Ghetto\"), along with [thousands of the city's Jews](/wiki/Holocaust_in_Poland \"Holocaust in Poland\"). Around the age of six, Polanski attended primary school for only a few weeks, until \"all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled\", writes biographer [Christopher Sandford](/wiki/Christopher_Sandford_%28biographer%29 \"Christopher Sandford (biographer)\"). That initiative was soon followed by the requirement that all Jewish children over the age of twelve wear white armbands, with a blue [Star of David](/wiki/Star_of_David \"Star of David\") imprinted, for visual identification. After he was expelled, Polanski would not be allowed to enter another classroom for six years.\n\nPolanski witnessed both the ghettoization of Kraków's Jews into a compact area of the city, and the subsequent deportation of all the ghetto's Jews to [German death camps](/wiki/Extermination_camp \"Extermination camp\"). He watched as his father was taken away. He remembers from age six, one of his first experiences of the terrors to follow:\n\nPolanski's father was transferred, along with thousands of other Jews, to [Mauthausen](/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp \"Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp\"), a group of 49 German concentration camps in Austria. His mother, who was four months pregnant at the time, was taken to [Auschwitz](/wiki/Auschwitz \"Auschwitz\") and killed in the [gas chamber](/wiki/Gas_chamber \"Gas chamber\") soon after arriving. The forced exodus took place immediately after the German liquidation of the [Warsaw Ghetto](/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto \"Warsaw Ghetto\"), a real\\-life backdrop to Polanski's film *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")* (2002\\). Polanski, who was then hiding from the Germans, saw his father being marched off with a long line of people. Polanski tried getting closer to his father to ask him what was happening and got within a few yards. His father saw him, but afraid his son might be spotted by the German soldiers, whispered (in Polish), \"Get lost!\"\n\nPolanski escaped the Kraków Ghetto in 1943 and survived with [the help](/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust \"Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust\") of some Polish Roman Catholics, including a woman who had promised Polanski's father that she would shelter the boy. Polanski attended church, learned to recite Catholic prayers by heart, and behaved outwardly as a Roman Catholic, although he was never baptized. His efforts to blend into a Catholic household failed miserably at least once, when the parish priest visiting the family posed questions to him one\\-on\\-one about the [catechism](/wiki/Catechism \"Catechism\"), and ultimately said, \"You aren't one of us\". The punishment for helping a Jew in German\\-occupied Poland was death.\n\nAs Polanski roamed the countryside trying to survive in a Poland now occupied by German troops, he witnessed many horrors, such as being \"forced to take part in a cruel and sadistic game in which German soldiers took shots at him for target practice\". The author [Ian Freer](/wiki/Ian_Freer \"Ian Freer\") concludes that Polanski's constant childhood fears and dread of violence have contributed to the \"tangible atmospheres he conjures up on film\". By the time the war ended in 1945, a [fifth of the Polish population](/wiki/Poland%23World_War_II \"Poland#World War II\") had been killed, the vast majority being civilians. Of those deaths, 3 million were Polish Jews, which accounted for 90% of the country's Jewish population. According to Sandford, Polanski would use the memory of his mother, her dress and makeup style, as a physical model for [Faye Dunaway](/wiki/Faye_Dunaway \"Faye Dunaway\")'s character in his film *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* (1974\\).\n\nIn October 2020, Polanski went back to Poland and paid respects to a Polish couple who helped him hide and escape the Nazis. Stefania and Jan Buchala were recognized by [Yad Vashem](/wiki/Yad_Vashem \"Yad Vashem\"), Israel's Holocaust memorial, as \"Righteous Among the Nations\". Polanski recalled Stefania Buchala as being an \"extremely noble\" and courageous person.\n\n",
"### After the war\n\nAfter the war, Polanski was reunited with his father and moved back to Kraków. His father remarried on 21 December 1946 to Wanda Zajączkowska (whom Polanski had never liked) and died of cancer in 1984\\. Time repaired the family contacts; Polanski visited them in Kraków, and relatives visited him in Hollywood and Paris. Polanski recalls the villages and families he lived with as relatively primitive by European standards:\n\nPolanski stated that \"you must live in a Communist country to really understand how bad it can be. Then you will appreciate capitalism.\" He also remembered events at the war's end and his reintroduction to mainstream society when he was 12, forming friendships with other children, such as [Roma Ligocka](/wiki/Roma_Ligocka \"Roma Ligocka\"), [Ryszard Horowitz](/wiki/Ryszard_Horowitz \"Ryszard Horowitz\") and his family.\n\n",
"### Introduction to movies\n\nPolanski's fascination with cinema began very early when he was around age four or five. He recalls this period in an interview:\n\nAfter the war, Polanski watched films, either at school or at a local cinema, using whatever pocket money he had. Polanski writes, \"Most of this went on the movies, but movie seats were dirt cheap, so a little went a long way. I lapped up every kind of film.\" As time went on, movies became more than an escape into entertainment, as he explains:\n\nPolanski was above all influenced by [Carol Reed](/wiki/Carol_Reed \"Carol Reed\")'s *[Odd Man Out](/wiki/Odd_Man_Out \"Odd Man Out\")* (1947\\) – \"I still consider it as one of the best movies I've ever seen and a film which made me want to pursue this career more than anything else ... I always dreamt of doing things of this sort or that style. To a certain extent I must say that I somehow perpetuate the ideas of that movie in what I do.\"\n\n",
"Early career in Poland\n----------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski's star on the [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Łódź\") walk of fame](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski_gwiazda_Lodz.jpg \"Roman Polanski gwiazda Lodz.jpg\")\nPolanski attended the [National Film School in Łódź](/wiki/National_Film_School_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"National Film School in Łódź\"), the third\\-largest city in Poland. In the 1950s, Polanski took up acting, appearing in [Andrzej Wajda](/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda \"Andrzej Wajda\")'s *[Pokolenie](/wiki/Pokolenie \"Pokolenie\")* (*A Generation*, 1954\\) and in the same year in Silik Sternfeld's *[Zaczarowany rower](/wiki/Zaczarowany_rower \"Zaczarowany rower\")* (*Enchanted Bicycle* or *Magical Bicycle*). Polanski's directorial debut was also in 1955 with a short film, *Rower* (*Bicycle*). *Rower* is a semi\\-autobiographical feature film, believed to be lost, which also starred Polanski. It refers to his real\\-life violent altercation with a notorious Kraków felon, Janusz Dziuba, who arranged to sell Polanski a bicycle, but instead beat him badly and stole his money. In real life, the offender was arrested while fleeing after fracturing Polanski's skull, and executed for three murders, out of eight prior such assaults which he had committed. Several other short films made during his study at Łódź gained him considerable recognition, particularly *[Two Men and a Wardrobe](/wiki/Two_Men_and_a_Wardrobe \"Two Men and a Wardrobe\")* (1958\\) and *[When Angels Fall](/wiki/When_Angels_Fall \"When Angels Fall\")* (1959\\). He graduated in 1959\\.\n\n",
"Film director\n-------------\n\n### 1962–1976: Breakthrough and stardom\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski in 1969](/wiki/File:Polanski_1969.png \"Polanski 1969.png\")\n\n ***Knife in the Water* (1962\\)**\nPolanski's first feature\\-length film, *[Knife in the Water](/wiki/Knife_in_the_Water \"Knife in the Water\")*, was also one of the first significant Polish films after the Second World War that did not have a war theme. Scripted by [Jerzy Skolimowski](/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski \"Jerzy Skolimowski\"), [Jakub Goldberg](/wiki/Jakub_Goldberg \"Jakub Goldberg\"), and Polanski, *Knife in the Water* is about a wealthy, unhappily married couple who decide to take a mysterious hitchhiker with them on a weekend boating excursion. *Knife in the Water* was a major commercial success in the West and gave Polanski an international reputation. The film also earned its director his first Academy Award nomination (Best Foreign Language Film) in 1963\\. [Leon Niemczyk](/wiki/Leon_Niemczyk \"Leon Niemczyk\"), who played Andrzej, was the only professional actor in the film. Jolanta Umecka, who played Krystyna, was discovered by Polanski at a swimming pool.\n\nPolanski left then\\-communist Poland and moved to France, where he had already made two notable short films in 1961: *[The Fat and the Lean](/wiki/The_Fat_and_the_Lean \"The Fat and the Lean\")* and *[Mammals](/wiki/Ssaki \"Ssaki\")*. While in France, Polanski contributed one segment (\"La rivière de diamants\") to the French\\-produced omnibus film, *[Les plus belles escroqueries du monde](/wiki/The_World%27s_Most_Beautiful_Swindlers \"The World's Most Beautiful Swindlers\")* (English title: *The Beautiful Swindlers*) in 1964\\. (He has since had the segment removed from all releases of the film.) However, Polanski found that in the early 1960s, the French film industry was [xenophobic](/wiki/Xenophobia \"Xenophobia\") and generally unwilling to support a rising filmmaker of foreign origin.\n\n ***Repulsion* (1965\\)**\nPolanski made three feature films in England, based on original scripts written by himself and [Gérard Brach](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Brach \"Gérard Brach\"), a frequent collaborator. *[Repulsion](/wiki/Repulsion_%28film%29 \"Repulsion (film)\")* (1965\\) is a psychological horror film focusing on a young [Belgian](/wiki/Belgians \"Belgians\") woman named Carol ([Catherine Deneuve](/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve \"Catherine Deneuve\")).\n\nThe film's themes, situations, visual motifs, and effects clearly reflect the influence of early [surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist \"Surrealist\") cinema as well as horror movies of the 1950s—particularly [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel \"Luis Buñuel\")'s *[Un chien Andalou](/wiki/Un_chien_Andalou \"Un chien Andalou\")*, [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\")'s *[The Blood of a Poet](/wiki/The_Blood_of_a_Poet \"The Blood of a Poet\")*, [Henri\\-Georges Clouzot](/wiki/Henri-Georges_Clouzot \"Henri-Georges Clouzot\")'s *[Diabolique](/wiki/Les_Diaboliques_%28film%29 \"Les Diaboliques (film)\")* and [Alfred Hitchcock](/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock \"Alfred Hitchcock\")'s *[Psycho](/wiki/Psycho_%281960_film%29 \"Psycho (1960 film)\")*.\n\n ***Cul\\-de\\-sac* (1966\\)**\n*[Cul\\-de\\-sac](/wiki/Cul-de-sac_%281966_film%29 \"Cul-de-sac (1966 film)\")* (1966\\) is a bleak [nihilist](/wiki/Nihilism \"Nihilism\") [tragicomedy](/wiki/Tragicomedy \"Tragicomedy\") filmed on location in [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland \"Northumberland\"). The tone and premise of the film owe a great deal to [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett \"Samuel Beckett\")'s *[Waiting for Godot](/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot \"Waiting for Godot\")*, along with aspects of [Harold Pinter](/wiki/Harold_Pinter \"Harold Pinter\")'s *[The Birthday Party](/wiki/The_Birthday_Party_%28play%29 \"The Birthday Party (play)\")*.\n\n ***The Fearless Vampire Killers/Dance of the Vampires* (1967\\)**\n[thumb\\|Roman Polanski with [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\") in \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\", 1967](/wiki/File:Sharon_Tate_and_Roman_Polanski_in_The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers_%281967%29.jpg \"Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski in The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967).jpg\")\n*[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")* (1967\\) (known by its original title, \"Dance of the Vampires\" in most countries outside the United States) is a parody of vampire films. The plot concerns a buffoonish professor and his clumsy assistant, Alfred (played by Polanski), who are traveling through [Transylvania](/wiki/Transylvania \"Transylvania\") in search of vampires. *The Fearless Vampire Killers* was Polanski's first feature to be photographed in color with the use of [Panavision](/wiki/Panavision \"Panavision\") lenses, and included a striking visual style with snow\\-covered, fairy\\-tale landscapes, similar to the work of Soviet fantasy filmmakers. In addition, the richly textured color schemes of the settings evoke the paintings of the Belarusian\\-Jewish artist [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall \"Marc Chagall\"), who provides the namesake for the innkeeper in the film. The film was written for [Jack MacGowran](/wiki/Jack_MacGowran \"Jack MacGowran\"), who played the lead role of Professor Abronsius.\n\nPolanski met [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\") while making the film; she played the role of the local innkeeper's daughter. They were married in London on 1968\\. Shortly after they married, Polanski, with Tate at his side during a documentary film, described the demands of young movie viewers who he said always wanted to see something \"new\" and \"different\".video: [*The New Cinema* (1968\\)](https://vimeo.com/135750398#t=8m4s) , fair use clip\n\n ***Rosemary's Baby* (1968\\)**\nParamount studio head [Robert Evans](/wiki/Robert_Evans \"Robert Evans\") brought Polanski to America ostensibly to direct the film *[Downhill Racer](/wiki/Downhill_Racer%23Development_and_writing \"Downhill Racer#Development and writing\")*, but told Polanski that he really wanted him to read the horror novel *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28novel%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (novel)\")* by [Ira Levin](/wiki/Ira_Levin \"Ira Levin\") to see if a film could be made out of it. Polanski read it non\\-stop through the night and the following morning decided he wanted to write as well as direct it. He wrote the 272\\-page screenplay in just over three weeks. The film, *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28film%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (film)\")* (1968\\), was a box\\-office success and became his first Hollywood production, thereby establishing his reputation as a major commercial filmmaker. The film, a horror\\-thriller set in trendy Manhattan, is about Rosemary Woodhouse ([Mia Farrow](/wiki/Mia_Farrow \"Mia Farrow\")), a young housewife who is impregnated by the devil. Polanski's screenplay adaptation earned him a second Academy Award nomination.\n\nOn 9 August 1969, while Polanski was working in London, his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, and four other people were murdered at the Polanskis' residence in Los Angeles by cult leader [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson \"Charles Manson\")'s [followers](/wiki/Manson_family \"Manson family\").\n\n ***Macbeth* (1971\\)**\nPolanski adapted *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth \"Macbeth\")* into a screenplay with the [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare \"Shakespeare\") expert [Kenneth Tynan](/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan \"Kenneth Tynan\"). [Jon Finch](/wiki/Jon_Finch \"Jon Finch\") and [Francesca Annis](/wiki/Francesca_Annis \"Francesca Annis\") played the main characters. [Hugh Hefner](/wiki/Hugh_Hefner \"Hugh Hefner\") and Playboy Productions funded [the 1971 film](/wiki/Macbeth_%281971_film%29 \"Macbeth (1971 film)\"), which opened in New York and was screened in Playboy Theater. Hefner was credited as executive producer, and the film was listed as a \"Playboy Production\". It was controversial because of Lady Macbeth's being nude in a scene, and received an X rating because of its graphic violence and nudity. In his autobiography, Polanski wrote that he wanted to be true to the violent nature of the work and that he had been aware that his first project following Tate's murder would be subject to scrutiny and probable criticism regardless of the subject matter; if he had made a comedy he would have been perceived as callous.\n\n ***What?* (1972\\)**\nWritten by Polanski and previous collaborator [Gérard Brach](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Brach \"Gérard Brach\"), *[What?](/wiki/What%3F_%28film%29 \"What? (film)\")* (1972\\) is a mordant [absurdist](/wiki/Absurdist_fiction \"Absurdist fiction\") comedy loosely based on the themes of *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland \"Alice in Wonderland\")* and [Henry James](/wiki/Henry_James \"Henry James\"). The film is a rambling [shaggy dog story](/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story \"Shaggy dog story\") about the sexual indignities that befall a winsome young American hippie woman hitchhiking through Europe.\n\n ***Chinatown* (1974\\)**\n\nPolanski returned to Hollywood in 1973 to direct *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* (1974\\) for [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\"). The film is widely considered to be one of the finest American mystery crime movies, inspired by the real\\-life [California Water Wars](/wiki/California_Water_Wars \"California Water Wars\"), a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century.\n\nIt was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including those for actors [Jack Nicholson](/wiki/Jack_Nicholson \"Jack Nicholson\") and Faye Dunaway. [Robert Towne](/wiki/Robert_Towne \"Robert Towne\") won for Best Original Screenplay. It also had actor\\-director [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston \"John Huston\") in a supporting role,[John Huston Retrospective Trailer: \"Chinatown\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnptsyyut6A) , *Film Society of Lincoln Center* and was the last film Polanski directed in the United States. In 1991, the film was selected by the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\") for preservation in the United States [National Film Registry](/wiki/National_Film_Registry \"National Film Registry\") as being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\" and it is frequently listed as among [the best in world cinema](/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best \"List of films considered the best\").\n\n ***The Tenant* (1976\\)**\nPolanski returned to Paris for his next film, *[The Tenant](/wiki/The_Tenant \"The Tenant\")* (1976\\), which was based on a 1964 novel by [Roland Topor](/wiki/Roland_Topor \"Roland Topor\"), a French writer of Polish\\-Jewish origin. In addition to directing the film, Polanski also played a leading role of a timid Polish immigrant living in Paris. Together with *Repulsion* and *Rosemary's Baby*, *The Tenant* can be seen as the third installment in a loose trilogy of films called the \"Apartment Trilogy\" that explores the themes of social alienation and psychic and emotional breakdown.\n\nIn 1978, Polanski [became a fugitive](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\") from American justice and could no longer work in countries where he might face arrest or extradition.\n\n### 1979–2004\n\n ***Tess* (1979\\)**\nHe dedicated his next film, *[Tess](/wiki/Tess_%281979_film%29 \"Tess (1979 film)\")* (1979\\), to the memory of his late wife, [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\"). It was Tate who first suggested he read *[Tess of the d'Urbervilles](/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\")*, which she thought would make a good film; he subsequently expected her to star in it.[\"After 'tess' and Roman Polanski, Nastassia Kinski Trades Notoriety for L.a. Propriety\"](http://people.com/archive/after-tess-and-roman-polanski-nastassia-kinski-trades-notoriety-for-l-a-propriety-vol-15-no-14/) , *People*, 12 April 1981 Nearly a decade after Tate's death, he met [Nastassja Kinski](/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski \"Nastassja Kinski\"), a model and aspiring young actress who had already been in a number of European films. He offered her the starring role, which she accepted. Her father was [Klaus Kinski](/wiki/Klaus_Kinski \"Klaus Kinski\"), a leading German actor, who had introduced her to films.\n\nBecause the role required having a local dialect, Polanski sent her to London for five months of study and to spend time in the Dorset countryside to get a flavor of the region. In the film, Kinski starred opposite [Peter Firth](/wiki/Peter_Firth \"Peter Firth\") and [Leigh Lawson](/wiki/Leigh_Lawson \"Leigh Lawson\").\n\n*Tess* was shot in the north of France instead of Hardy's England and became the most expensive film made in France up to that time. Ultimately, it proved a financial success and was well received by both critics and the public. Polanski won France's César Awards for [Best Picture](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Picture \"César Award for Best Picture\") and [Best Director](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Director \"César Award for Best Director\") and received his fourth Academy Award nomination (and his second nomination for Best Director). The film received three Oscars: best cinematography, best art direction, best costume design, and was nominated for best picture.\n\nAt the time, there were rumors that Polanski and Kinski became romantically involved, which he confirmed in a 1994 interview with [Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer \"Diane Sawyer\"), but Nastassja says the rumors are untrue; they were never lovers or had an affair.[\"Nastassja Kinski interview: 'I've had such low self\\-esteem'\"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11394696/Nastassja-Kinski-interview-Ive-had-such-low-self-esteem.html) , *The Telegraph*, U.K., 6 February 2015 She admits that \"there was a flirtation. There *could* have been a seduction, but there was not. He had respect for me.\"[\"Daddy's girl\"](https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/jul/03/weekend7.weekend3) , *The Guardian*, 2 July 1999 She also recalls his influence on her while filming: \"He was really a gentleman, not at all like the things I had heard. He introduced me to beautiful books, plays, movies. He educated me.\" On an emotional level, she said years later that \"he was one of the people in my life who cared, ... who took me seriously and gave me a lot of strength.\" She told [David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\") more about her experience working with Polanski during an interview.\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski in Italy in 1984](/wiki/File:Grazia_02.jpg \"Grazia 02.jpg\")\n\nIn 1981, Polanski directed and co\\-starred (as [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\")) in a stage production of [Peter Shaffer](/wiki/Peter_Shaffer \"Peter Shaffer\")'s play *[Amadeus](/wiki/Amadeus_%28play%29 \"Amadeus (play)\")*, first in Warsaw, then in Paris. The play was again directed by Polanski, in Milan, in 1999\\.\n\n ***Pirates* (1986\\)**\nNearly seven years passed before Polanski's next film, *[Pirates](/wiki/Pirates_%281986_film%29 \"Pirates (1986 film)\")*, a lavish period piece starring [Walter Matthau](/wiki/Walter_Matthau \"Walter Matthau\") as Captain Red, which the director intended as an homage to the beloved [Errol Flynn](/wiki/Errol_Flynn \"Errol Flynn\") swashbucklers of his childhood. Captain Red's henchman, Jean Baptiste, was played by Cris Campion. The film is about a rebellion the two led on a ship called the *Neptune*, in the seventeenth century. The screenplay was written by Polanski, Gérard Brach, and John Brownjohn. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, using a full\\-sized pirate vessel constructed for the production. It was a financial and critical failure, recovering a small fraction of its production budget and garnering a single Academy Award nomination.\n\n ***Frantic* (1988\\)**\n*[Frantic](/wiki/Frantic_%28film%29 \"Frantic (film)\")* (1988\\) was a [Hitchcockian](/wiki/Hitchcockian \"Hitchcockian\") suspense\\-thriller starring [Harrison Ford](/wiki/Harrison_Ford \"Harrison Ford\") and the actress/model [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\"), who later became Polanski's wife. The film follows an ordinary tourist in Paris whose wife is kidnapped. He attempts, hopelessly, to go through the Byzantine bureaucratic channels to deal with her disappearance, but finally takes matters into his own hands. The film was a commercial failure but received positive reviews from critics.\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski with wife [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") at the [1992 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1992_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1992 Cannes Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski_Emmanuelle_Seigner_Cannes.jpg \"Roman Polanski Emmanuelle Seigner Cannes.jpg\")\n\n ***Bitter Moon* (1992\\)**\nIn 1992 Polanski followed with the dark psycho\\-sexual film *[Bitter Moon](/wiki/Bitter_Moon \"Bitter Moon\")*. The film starred Seigner, [Hugh Grant](/wiki/Hugh_Grant \"Hugh Grant\"), and [Kristin Scott Thomas](/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas \"Kristin Scott Thomas\"). Film critic [Janet Maslin](/wiki/Janet_Maslin \"Janet Maslin\") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* wrote, \"Whatever else Mr. Polanski may be – nasty, mocking, darkly subversive in his view of the world – he definitely isn't dull. *Bitter Moon* is the kind of world\\-class, defiantly bad film that has a life of its own.\"\n\n ***Death and the Maiden* (1994\\)**\nIn 1994 Polanski directed a film of the acclaimed play *[Death and the Maiden](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%28film%29 \"Death and the Maiden (film)\")* starring [Ben Kingsley](/wiki/Ben_Kingsley \"Ben Kingsley\") and [Sigourney Weaver](/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver \"Sigourney Weaver\"). The film is based on the [Ariel Dorfman](/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman \"Ariel Dorfman\") [play of the same name](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%28play%29 \"Death and the Maiden (play)\"). [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") of the *[Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")* praised Polanski on his directing writing, \"Death and the Maiden is all about acting. In other hands, even given the same director, this might have been a dreary slog.\"\n\n ***The Fearless Vampire Killers* (1997\\)**\n\nIn 1997, Polanski directed a stage version of his 1967 film *[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")*, which debuted in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") followed by successful runs in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\"), Hamburg, Berlin, and Budapest.\n\nOn 1998, Polanski was elected a member of the [Académie des Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts \"Académie des Beaux-Arts\").\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Polanski at the [2002 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2002 Cannes Film Festival\") for *The Pianist*](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski..jpg \"Roman Polanski..jpg\")\n\n ***The Ninth Gate* (1999\\)**\n\n*[The Ninth Gate](/wiki/The_Ninth_Gate \"The Ninth Gate\")* is a thriller based on the novel *[El Club Dumas](/wiki/El_Club_Dumas \"El Club Dumas\")* by [Arturo Perez\\-Reverte](/wiki/Arturo_Perez-Reverte \"Arturo Perez-Reverte\") and starring [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\"). The movie's plot is based on the idea that an ancient text called \"The Nine Gates of the Kingdom of Shadows\", authored by Aristide Torchia along with Lucifer, is the key to raising Satan.\n\n ***The Pianist* (2002\\)**\n\nIn 2001, Polanski filmed *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")*, an adaptation of the World War II [autobiography of the same name](/wiki/The_Pianist_%28memoir%29 \"The Pianist (memoir)\") by Polish\\-Jewish musician [Władysław Szpilman](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman \"Władysław Szpilman\"). Szpilman's experiences as a persecuted Jew in Poland during World War II were reminiscent of those of Polanski and his family. While Szpilman and Polanski escaped the [concentration camps](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\"), their families did not, eventually perishing.\n\nWhen Warsaw, Poland, was chosen for the 2002 premiere of *The Pianist*, \"the country exploded with pride.\" According to reports, numerous former communists came to the screening and \"agreed that it was a fantastic film.\" In May 2002, the film won the (Golden Palm) award at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2002 Cannes Film Festival\"), as well as [Césars](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards \"César Awards\") for [Best Film](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Film \"César Award for Best Film\") and [Best Director](/wiki/Cesar_Award_for_Best_Director \"Cesar Award for Best Director\").\n\nThe film was released in North America to critical acclaim. [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") praised his the film in particular Polanski, writing, \"\\[His] direction is masterful.\" and added \"Polanski is reflecting, I believe, his own deepest feelings: that he survived, but need not have, and that his mother died and left a wound that had never healed.\" Polanski later won the 2002 [Academy Award for Best Director](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director \"Academy Award for Best Director\"). Because Polanski would have been arrested in the United States, he did not attend the Academy Awards ceremony in Hollywood. After the announcement of the Best Director Award, Polanski received a standing ovation from most of those present in the theater. Actor [Harrison Ford](/wiki/Harrison_Ford \"Harrison Ford\") accepted the award for Polanski and then presented the Oscar to him at the [Deauville Film Festival](/wiki/Deauville_Film_Festival \"Deauville Film Festival\") five months later in a public ceremony. Polanski later received the [Crystal Globe](/wiki/Crystal_Globe_%28Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival%29 \"Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)\") award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the [Karlovy Vary International Film Festival](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival \"Karlovy Vary International Film Festival\") in 2004\\.\n\n### 2005–present\n\n ***Oliver Twist* (2005\\)**\n\n*[Oliver Twist](/wiki/Oliver_Twist_%282005_film%29 \"Oliver Twist (2005 film)\")* is an adaptation of [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens \"Charles Dickens\")' [novel](/wiki/Oliver_Twist \"Oliver Twist\"), written by *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")*s [Ronald Harwood](/wiki/Ronald_Harwood \"Ronald Harwood\") and shot in Prague. Polanski said in interviews that he made the film as something he could show his children and that the life of the young scavenger mirrored his own life, fending for himself in World War II Poland.\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski and Spanish writer Diego Moldes, Madrid 2005](/wiki/File:Roman-Polanski-y-Diego-Moldes%2C-Madrid%2C-.29.11.2005.jpg \"Roman-Polanski-y-Diego-Moldes,-Madrid,-.29.11.2005.jpg\")\n\n ***The Ghost Writer* (2010\\)**\n\n*[The Ghost Writer](/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_%28film%29 \"The Ghost Writer (film)\")*, a thriller focusing on a ghostwriter working on the memoirs of a character based loosely on former British prime minister [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\"), swept the [European Film Awards](/wiki/European_Film_Awards \"European Film Awards\") in 2010, winning six awards, including best movie, director, actor and screenplay. When it premiered at the [60th Berlinale](/wiki/60th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"60th Berlin International Film Festival\") in February 2010, Polanski won a [Silver Bear for Best Director](/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Director \"Silver Bear for Best Director\"), and in February 2011, it won four [César Awards](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards \"César Awards\"), France's version of the Academy Awards.\n\nThe film is based on the novel by British writer [Robert Harris](/wiki/Robert_Harris_%28novelist%29 \"Robert Harris (novelist)\"). Harris and Polanski had previously worked for many months on a film of Harris's earlier novel *Pompeii*, a novel that was actually inspired by Polanski's *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")*. They had completed a script for *Pompeii* and were nearing production when the film was cancelled due to a looming actors' strike in September 2007\\. After that film fell apart, they moved on to Harris's novel, [The Ghost](/wiki/The_Ghost_%28novel%29 \"The Ghost (novel)\"), and adapted it for the screen together.\n\nThe cast includes [Ewan McGregor](/wiki/Ewan_McGregor \"Ewan McGregor\") as the writer and [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan \"Pierce Brosnan\") as former British Prime Minister Adam Lang. The film was shot on locations in Germany.\n\nIn the United States, film critic Roger Ebert included it in his top 10 picks for 2010 and states that \"this movie is the work of a man who knows how to direct a thriller. Smooth, calm, confident, it builds suspense instead of depending on shock and action.\" Co\\-star Ewan McGregor agreed, having said about Polanski that \"he's a legend ... I've never examined a director and the way that they work so much before. He's brilliant, just brilliant, and absolutely warrants his reputation as a great director.\"\n[thumb\\|Polanski and [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") at the César Awards in 2011](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski_Emmanuelle_Seigner_C%C3%A9sars_2011.jpg \"Roman Polanski Emmanuelle Seigner Césars 2011.jpg\")\n\n ***Carnage* (2011\\)**\n\nPolanski shot *[Carnage](/wiki/Carnage_%282011_film%29 \"Carnage (2011 film)\")* in February/March 2011\\. The film is a screen version of [Yasmina Reza](/wiki/Yasmina_Reza \"Yasmina Reza\")'s play *[God of Carnage](/wiki/God_of_Carnage \"God of Carnage\")*, a comedy about two couples who meet after their children get in a fight at school, and how their initially civilized conversation devolves into chaos. It stars [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet \"Kate Winslet\"), [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\"), [Christoph Waltz](/wiki/Christoph_Waltz \"Christoph Waltz\") and [John C. Reilly](/wiki/John_C._Reilly \"John C. Reilly\"). Though set in New York, it was shot in Paris. The film had its world premiere on 9 September 2011 at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\") and was released in the United States by [Sony Pictures Classics](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics \"Sony Pictures Classics\") on 16 December 2011\\.\n\nCo\\-stars Jodie Foster and Kate Winslet commented about Polanski's directing style. According to Foster, \"He has a very, very definitive style about how he likes it done. He decides everything. He decided every lens. Every prop. Everything. It's all him.\" Winslet adds that \"Roman is one of the most extraordinary men I've ever met. The guy is 77 years old. He has an effervescent quality to him. He's very joyful about his work, which is infectious. He likes to have a small crew, to the point that, when I walked on the set, my thought was, 'My God, this is it?'\" Also noting that style of directing, [New York Film Festival](/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival \"New York Film Festival\") director [Richard Pena](/wiki/Richard_Pena \"Richard Pena\"), during the American premiere of the film, called Polanski \"a poet of small spaces ... in just a couple of rooms he can conjure up an entire world, an entire society.\"\n\nPolanski makes an uncredited cameo appearance as a neighbor.\n\n ***Venus in Fur* (2013\\)**\n\n[thumb\\|Roman Polanski, [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") and [Mathieu Amalric](/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric \"Mathieu Amalric\") promoting *Venus in Fur* at the Cannes Film Festival in 2013](/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_en_fourrure_Cannes_2013.jpg \"Vénus en fourrure Cannes 2013.jpg\")\nPolanski's French\\-language adaptation of the play *[Venus in Fur](/wiki/Venus_in_Fur_%28film%29 \"Venus in Fur (film)\")*, stars his wife [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") and [Mathieu Amalric](/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric \"Mathieu Amalric\"). Polanski worked with the play's author, [David Ives](/wiki/David_Ives \"David Ives\"), on the screenplay. The film was shot from December 2012 to February 2013 in French and is Polanski's first non\\-English\\-language feature film in forty years. The film premiered in competition at the [2013 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2013_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2013 Cannes Film Festival\") on 25 May 2013\\.\n\n ***Based on a True Story* (2017\\)**\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski promoting *Based on a True Story* at the [2017 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2017 Cannes Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:Cannes_2017_38.jpg \"Cannes 2017 38.jpg\")\nPolanski's *[Based on a True Story](/wiki/Based_on_a_True_Story_%28film%29 \"Based on a True Story (film)\")* is an adaptation of the French novel by bestselling author Delphine de Vignan. The film follows a writer (Emmanuelle Seigner) struggling to complete a new novel, while followed by an obsessed fan ([Eva Green](/wiki/Eva_Green \"Eva Green\")). It started production in November 2016 from a script adapted by Polanski and [Olivier Assayas](/wiki/Olivier_Assayas \"Olivier Assayas\"). It premiered out of competition at the [2017 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2017 Cannes Film Festival\") on 27 May 2017 and opened in France on 1 November 2017\\.\n\n**Expulsion from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences**\n\nIn May 2018, the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\") voted to expel [Bill Cosby](/wiki/Bill_Cosby \"Bill Cosby\") and Polanski from its membership saying that the board \"has voted to expel actor Bill Cosby and director Roman Polanski from its membership in accordance with the organisation's Standards of Conduct.\" Polanski is one of only four members to have been expelled from the Academy. The Academy's Standards of Conduct had recently been rewritten as a result of the [metoo movement](/wiki/Metoo_movement \"Metoo movement\") and the Times Up movement. The same year, his wife Emmanuelle Seigner rejected the invitation to join the Academy, denouncing the \"hypocrisy\" of a group that expelled Polanski.\n\n***An Officer and a Spy* (2019\\)**\n\nPolanski's 2019 film *[An Officer and a Spy](/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Spy_%28film%29 \"An Officer and a Spy (film)\")*, centers on the notorious 19th century [Dreyfus affair](/wiki/Dreyfus_affair \"Dreyfus affair\"). The film stars [Jean Dujardin](/wiki/Jean_Dujardin \"Jean Dujardin\") as French officer [Georges Picquart](/wiki/Georges_Picquart \"Georges Picquart\") and follows his struggle from 1896–1906 to expose the truth about the doctored evidence that led to [Alfred Dreyfus](/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus \"Alfred Dreyfus\"), one of the few Jewish members of the French Army's general staff, being wrongly convicted of passing military secrets to the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") and sent to [Devil's Island](/wiki/Devil%27s_Island \"Devil's Island\"). The film is written by [Robert Harris](/wiki/Robert_Harris_%28novelist%29 \"Robert Harris (novelist)\"), who was working with Polanski for the third time. It co\\-stars [Louis Garrel](/wiki/Louis_Garrel \"Louis Garrel\") as Dreyfus, [Mathieu Amalric](/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric \"Mathieu Amalric\") and Polanski's wife Emmanuelle Seigner. It was produced by [Alain Goldman](/wiki/Alain_Goldman \"Alain Goldman\")'s Legende Films and distributed by [Gaumont](/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company \"Gaumont Film Company\"). Filming began on 26 November 2018 and was completed on 28 April 2019\\.\n\nAlthough set in Paris, the film was first scheduled to shoot in Warsaw in 2014, for economic reasons. However, production was postponed after Polanski moved to Poland for filming and the U.S. Government filed extradition papers. The Polish government eventually rejected them, by which time new French film tax credits had been introduced, allowing the film to shoot on location in Paris. It was budgeted at [€](/wiki/Euro_sign \"Euro sign\")60m and was again set to start production in July 2016, however its production was postponed as Polanski waited on the availability of a star, whose name was not announced. In a 2017 interview Polanski discussed the difficulty of the project:\n\nIt had its world premiere at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\") on 30 August 2019\\. It received a standing ovation and won the [Grand Jury Prize](/wiki/Grand_Jury_Prize_%28Venice_Film_Festival%29 \"Grand Jury Prize (Venice Film Festival)\"). It was released in France on 13 November 2019, by Gaumont. The film has received backlash due to the plot of the film relating to [Polanski's sexual abuse case](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\") and further accusations of harassment and assault.\n\nPolanski caused outrage by comparing his own experience's to Dreyfus's. In an interview to promote the film, Polanski said: \"I am familiar with many of the workings of the apparatus of persecution shown in the film... I can see the same determination to deny the facts and condemn me for things I have not done. Most of the people who harass me do not know me and know nothing about the case.\" Aside from Polanski's involvement, the film was not controversial and was generally well reviewed.\n\nIn February 2020, Polanski won [Best Director](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Director \"César Award for Best Director\") at France's 2020 Cesar Awards. Neither Polanski nor the cast and crew of *An Officer and a Spy* (*J'accuse*) attended the awards ceremony hosted at the Salle Pleyel in Paris. Polanski said that he will not submit himself to a \"public lynching\" over rape accusations he denies. Addressing the accusations of sexual assault leveled at him, he said, \"Fantasies of unhealthy minds are now treated as proven facts.\" This is Polanski's fifth Best Director Cesar win, the record for a single director; he previously won for *Tess*, *The Pianist*, *The Ghost Writer*, and *Venus in Fur*. Polanski's wife Emmanuelle Seigner accepted the award on his behalf.\n\nPrior to the awards ceremony, Polanski released a statement, saying, \"For several days, people have asked me this question: Will I or won't I attend the Cesar ceremony? The question I ask in turn is this: How could I?. \\[...] The way the night will unfold, we already know in advance,\" he continued. \"Activists have already threatened me with a public lynching, some have announced protests in front of the Salle Pleyel. Others intend to make it a platform to denounce (the) governing body. It promises to look more like a symposium than a celebration of cinema.\" Polanski said he was skipping the ceremony in order to protect his team as well as his wife and children, who \"have been made to suffer injuries and affronts.\" Making reference to the recent media scandal that led to the Cesar board's mass resignation, Polanski added: \"The press and social media have presented our 12 nominations as if they were gifts offered to us by the academy's board of directors, as some authoritarian gesture that had forced their resignations. Doing so undermines the secret vote of the 4,313 professionals who alone decide the nominations and the more than 1\\.5 million viewers who came to see the film.\"\n\nDespite Polanski's absence from the awards ceremony, his nomination and win sparked protests due to the rape charges that he still faces. The protestors held up signs with slogans like \"Shame on an industry that protects rapists.\" Police clashed with protestors, even firing tear gas upon them. Actions were also taken by celebrities, such as [Adèle Haenel](/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Haenel \"Adèle Haenel\"), [Noémie Merlant](/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Merlant \"Noémie Merlant\"), and [Celine Sciamma](/wiki/Celine_Sciamma \"Celine Sciamma\") who walked out of the awards. Many other celebrities and feminists spoke out against Polanski online, such as NousToutes, a French feminist collective, who called the win \"shameful\", and [Jessica Chastain](/wiki/Jessica_Chastain \"Jessica Chastain\") tweeted, \"I Fucking Stan\" in regard to the protests. At the same time some celebrities came to his defense, like actress [Fanny Ardant](/wiki/Fanny_Ardant \"Fanny Ardant\"), who said, \"When I love someone, I love them passionately. And I love Roman Polanski a lot... a lot... So I'm very happy for him. Then, I understand that not everyone agrees but long live freedom!\" and actress [Brigitte Bardot](/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot \"Brigitte Bardot\") who said, \"Thankfully Polanski exists and he is saving cinema from its mediocrity! I judge him on his talent and not on his private life! I regret never having shot with him!\" The actor [Lambert Wilson](/wiki/Lambert_Wilson \"Lambert Wilson\") called the protest campaign against Polanski \"abominable public lynching\", as did [Isabelle Huppert](/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert \"Isabelle Huppert\"), who stated that \"lynching is a form of pornography\". Likewise, Polanski's alleged victim Samantha Geimer criticized the protesters as \"very opportunistic\", and said that \"If you want to change the world today, you do it by... demanding people be held accountable today, not by picking someone who is famous and thinking that if you demonise him for things that happened decades ago that somehow that has any value in protecting people and changing society\".\n\n***The Palace* (2023\\)**\n\n*[The Palace](/wiki/The_Palace_%282023_film%29 \"The Palace (2023 film)\")* began filming in February 2022 in [Gstaad](/wiki/Gstaad \"Gstaad\"), Switzerland. The film stars [Mickey Rourke](/wiki/Mickey_Rourke \"Mickey Rourke\"), [Fanny Ardant](/wiki/Fanny_Ardant \"Fanny Ardant\"), and [Oliver Masucci](/wiki/Oliver_Masucci \"Oliver Masucci\"), and is a black comedy about the guests at a Swiss luxury hotel on New Year's Eve 1999\\. Polanski co\\-wrote the screenplay with fellow Polish director [Jerzy Skolimowski](/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski \"Jerzy Skolimowski\"), who also co\\-wrote Polanski's first feature, *Knife in the Water*, in 1962\\. The film was unable to find financing in France due to souring French public opinion of Polanski following a new round of sexual assault allegations, and ended up being primarily funded by the Italian company, [RAI Cinema](/wiki/RAI_Cinema \"RAI Cinema\"). Polanski's reputation also brought casting challenges, with a number of actors turning down roles for fear of tarnishing their careers. RAI Cinema and Eliseo Entertainment produced the film. The film had its world premiere at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/80th_Venice_International_Film_Festival \"80th Venice International Film Festival\") on 2 September 2023, before it was released theatrically in Italy by [01 Distribution](/wiki/01_Distribution \"01 Distribution\") on 28 September 2023\\.\n\n**2023 Venice Film Festival controversy**\n\nThe inclusion of films from Polanski, [Woody Allen](/wiki/Woody_Allen \"Woody Allen\"), and [Luc Besson](/wiki/Luc_Besson \"Luc Besson\") at the [2023 Venice Film Festival](/wiki/2023_Venice_Film_Festival \"2023 Venice Film Festival\") was controversial and brought significant criticism to its organizers due to the various sex abuse allegations against all three. Festival head [Alberto Barbera](/wiki/Alberto_Barbera \"Alberto Barbera\") defended their inclusion, saying of Polanski specifically, \"I don't understand why one cannot distinguish between the responsibilities of the man and those of the artist. Polanski is 90 years old, he is one of the few working masters, he made an extraordinary film. It may be the last film of his career, although I hope he does like [De Oliveira](/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira \"Manoel de Oliveira\"), who made films until he was 105\\. I stand firmly among those who in the debate distinguish between the responsibility of the man and that of the artist.\"\n\n",
"### 1962–1976: Breakthrough and stardom\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski in 1969](/wiki/File:Polanski_1969.png \"Polanski 1969.png\")\n\n ***Knife in the Water* (1962\\)**\nPolanski's first feature\\-length film, *[Knife in the Water](/wiki/Knife_in_the_Water \"Knife in the Water\")*, was also one of the first significant Polish films after the Second World War that did not have a war theme. Scripted by [Jerzy Skolimowski](/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski \"Jerzy Skolimowski\"), [Jakub Goldberg](/wiki/Jakub_Goldberg \"Jakub Goldberg\"), and Polanski, *Knife in the Water* is about a wealthy, unhappily married couple who decide to take a mysterious hitchhiker with them on a weekend boating excursion. *Knife in the Water* was a major commercial success in the West and gave Polanski an international reputation. The film also earned its director his first Academy Award nomination (Best Foreign Language Film) in 1963\\. [Leon Niemczyk](/wiki/Leon_Niemczyk \"Leon Niemczyk\"), who played Andrzej, was the only professional actor in the film. Jolanta Umecka, who played Krystyna, was discovered by Polanski at a swimming pool.\n\nPolanski left then\\-communist Poland and moved to France, where he had already made two notable short films in 1961: *[The Fat and the Lean](/wiki/The_Fat_and_the_Lean \"The Fat and the Lean\")* and *[Mammals](/wiki/Ssaki \"Ssaki\")*. While in France, Polanski contributed one segment (\"La rivière de diamants\") to the French\\-produced omnibus film, *[Les plus belles escroqueries du monde](/wiki/The_World%27s_Most_Beautiful_Swindlers \"The World's Most Beautiful Swindlers\")* (English title: *The Beautiful Swindlers*) in 1964\\. (He has since had the segment removed from all releases of the film.) However, Polanski found that in the early 1960s, the French film industry was [xenophobic](/wiki/Xenophobia \"Xenophobia\") and generally unwilling to support a rising filmmaker of foreign origin.\n\n ***Repulsion* (1965\\)**\nPolanski made three feature films in England, based on original scripts written by himself and [Gérard Brach](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Brach \"Gérard Brach\"), a frequent collaborator. *[Repulsion](/wiki/Repulsion_%28film%29 \"Repulsion (film)\")* (1965\\) is a psychological horror film focusing on a young [Belgian](/wiki/Belgians \"Belgians\") woman named Carol ([Catherine Deneuve](/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve \"Catherine Deneuve\")).\n\nThe film's themes, situations, visual motifs, and effects clearly reflect the influence of early [surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist \"Surrealist\") cinema as well as horror movies of the 1950s—particularly [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel \"Luis Buñuel\")'s *[Un chien Andalou](/wiki/Un_chien_Andalou \"Un chien Andalou\")*, [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\")'s *[The Blood of a Poet](/wiki/The_Blood_of_a_Poet \"The Blood of a Poet\")*, [Henri\\-Georges Clouzot](/wiki/Henri-Georges_Clouzot \"Henri-Georges Clouzot\")'s *[Diabolique](/wiki/Les_Diaboliques_%28film%29 \"Les Diaboliques (film)\")* and [Alfred Hitchcock](/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock \"Alfred Hitchcock\")'s *[Psycho](/wiki/Psycho_%281960_film%29 \"Psycho (1960 film)\")*.\n\n ***Cul\\-de\\-sac* (1966\\)**\n*[Cul\\-de\\-sac](/wiki/Cul-de-sac_%281966_film%29 \"Cul-de-sac (1966 film)\")* (1966\\) is a bleak [nihilist](/wiki/Nihilism \"Nihilism\") [tragicomedy](/wiki/Tragicomedy \"Tragicomedy\") filmed on location in [Northumberland](/wiki/Northumberland \"Northumberland\"). The tone and premise of the film owe a great deal to [Samuel Beckett](/wiki/Samuel_Beckett \"Samuel Beckett\")'s *[Waiting for Godot](/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot \"Waiting for Godot\")*, along with aspects of [Harold Pinter](/wiki/Harold_Pinter \"Harold Pinter\")'s *[The Birthday Party](/wiki/The_Birthday_Party_%28play%29 \"The Birthday Party (play)\")*.\n\n ***The Fearless Vampire Killers/Dance of the Vampires* (1967\\)**\n[thumb\\|Roman Polanski with [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\") in \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\", 1967](/wiki/File:Sharon_Tate_and_Roman_Polanski_in_The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers_%281967%29.jpg \"Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski in The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967).jpg\")\n*[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")* (1967\\) (known by its original title, \"Dance of the Vampires\" in most countries outside the United States) is a parody of vampire films. The plot concerns a buffoonish professor and his clumsy assistant, Alfred (played by Polanski), who are traveling through [Transylvania](/wiki/Transylvania \"Transylvania\") in search of vampires. *The Fearless Vampire Killers* was Polanski's first feature to be photographed in color with the use of [Panavision](/wiki/Panavision \"Panavision\") lenses, and included a striking visual style with snow\\-covered, fairy\\-tale landscapes, similar to the work of Soviet fantasy filmmakers. In addition, the richly textured color schemes of the settings evoke the paintings of the Belarusian\\-Jewish artist [Marc Chagall](/wiki/Marc_Chagall \"Marc Chagall\"), who provides the namesake for the innkeeper in the film. The film was written for [Jack MacGowran](/wiki/Jack_MacGowran \"Jack MacGowran\"), who played the lead role of Professor Abronsius.\n\nPolanski met [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\") while making the film; she played the role of the local innkeeper's daughter. They were married in London on 1968\\. Shortly after they married, Polanski, with Tate at his side during a documentary film, described the demands of young movie viewers who he said always wanted to see something \"new\" and \"different\".video: [*The New Cinema* (1968\\)](https://vimeo.com/135750398#t=8m4s) , fair use clip\n\n ***Rosemary's Baby* (1968\\)**\nParamount studio head [Robert Evans](/wiki/Robert_Evans \"Robert Evans\") brought Polanski to America ostensibly to direct the film *[Downhill Racer](/wiki/Downhill_Racer%23Development_and_writing \"Downhill Racer#Development and writing\")*, but told Polanski that he really wanted him to read the horror novel *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28novel%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (novel)\")* by [Ira Levin](/wiki/Ira_Levin \"Ira Levin\") to see if a film could be made out of it. Polanski read it non\\-stop through the night and the following morning decided he wanted to write as well as direct it. He wrote the 272\\-page screenplay in just over three weeks. The film, *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28film%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (film)\")* (1968\\), was a box\\-office success and became his first Hollywood production, thereby establishing his reputation as a major commercial filmmaker. The film, a horror\\-thriller set in trendy Manhattan, is about Rosemary Woodhouse ([Mia Farrow](/wiki/Mia_Farrow \"Mia Farrow\")), a young housewife who is impregnated by the devil. Polanski's screenplay adaptation earned him a second Academy Award nomination.\n\nOn 9 August 1969, while Polanski was working in London, his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, and four other people were murdered at the Polanskis' residence in Los Angeles by cult leader [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson \"Charles Manson\")'s [followers](/wiki/Manson_family \"Manson family\").\n\n ***Macbeth* (1971\\)**\nPolanski adapted *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth \"Macbeth\")* into a screenplay with the [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare \"Shakespeare\") expert [Kenneth Tynan](/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan \"Kenneth Tynan\"). [Jon Finch](/wiki/Jon_Finch \"Jon Finch\") and [Francesca Annis](/wiki/Francesca_Annis \"Francesca Annis\") played the main characters. [Hugh Hefner](/wiki/Hugh_Hefner \"Hugh Hefner\") and Playboy Productions funded [the 1971 film](/wiki/Macbeth_%281971_film%29 \"Macbeth (1971 film)\"), which opened in New York and was screened in Playboy Theater. Hefner was credited as executive producer, and the film was listed as a \"Playboy Production\". It was controversial because of Lady Macbeth's being nude in a scene, and received an X rating because of its graphic violence and nudity. In his autobiography, Polanski wrote that he wanted to be true to the violent nature of the work and that he had been aware that his first project following Tate's murder would be subject to scrutiny and probable criticism regardless of the subject matter; if he had made a comedy he would have been perceived as callous.\n\n ***What?* (1972\\)**\nWritten by Polanski and previous collaborator [Gérard Brach](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Brach \"Gérard Brach\"), *[What?](/wiki/What%3F_%28film%29 \"What? (film)\")* (1972\\) is a mordant [absurdist](/wiki/Absurdist_fiction \"Absurdist fiction\") comedy loosely based on the themes of *[Alice in Wonderland](/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland \"Alice in Wonderland\")* and [Henry James](/wiki/Henry_James \"Henry James\"). The film is a rambling [shaggy dog story](/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story \"Shaggy dog story\") about the sexual indignities that befall a winsome young American hippie woman hitchhiking through Europe.\n\n ***Chinatown* (1974\\)**\n\nPolanski returned to Hollywood in 1973 to direct *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* (1974\\) for [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\"). The film is widely considered to be one of the finest American mystery crime movies, inspired by the real\\-life [California Water Wars](/wiki/California_Water_Wars \"California Water Wars\"), a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century.\n\nIt was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including those for actors [Jack Nicholson](/wiki/Jack_Nicholson \"Jack Nicholson\") and Faye Dunaway. [Robert Towne](/wiki/Robert_Towne \"Robert Towne\") won for Best Original Screenplay. It also had actor\\-director [John Huston](/wiki/John_Huston \"John Huston\") in a supporting role,[John Huston Retrospective Trailer: \"Chinatown\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnptsyyut6A) , *Film Society of Lincoln Center* and was the last film Polanski directed in the United States. In 1991, the film was selected by the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\") for preservation in the United States [National Film Registry](/wiki/National_Film_Registry \"National Film Registry\") as being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\" and it is frequently listed as among [the best in world cinema](/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best \"List of films considered the best\").\n\n ***The Tenant* (1976\\)**\nPolanski returned to Paris for his next film, *[The Tenant](/wiki/The_Tenant \"The Tenant\")* (1976\\), which was based on a 1964 novel by [Roland Topor](/wiki/Roland_Topor \"Roland Topor\"), a French writer of Polish\\-Jewish origin. In addition to directing the film, Polanski also played a leading role of a timid Polish immigrant living in Paris. Together with *Repulsion* and *Rosemary's Baby*, *The Tenant* can be seen as the third installment in a loose trilogy of films called the \"Apartment Trilogy\" that explores the themes of social alienation and psychic and emotional breakdown.\n\nIn 1978, Polanski [became a fugitive](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\") from American justice and could no longer work in countries where he might face arrest or extradition.\n\n",
"### 1979–2004\n\n ***Tess* (1979\\)**\nHe dedicated his next film, *[Tess](/wiki/Tess_%281979_film%29 \"Tess (1979 film)\")* (1979\\), to the memory of his late wife, [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\"). It was Tate who first suggested he read *[Tess of the d'Urbervilles](/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\")*, which she thought would make a good film; he subsequently expected her to star in it.[\"After 'tess' and Roman Polanski, Nastassia Kinski Trades Notoriety for L.a. Propriety\"](http://people.com/archive/after-tess-and-roman-polanski-nastassia-kinski-trades-notoriety-for-l-a-propriety-vol-15-no-14/) , *People*, 12 April 1981 Nearly a decade after Tate's death, he met [Nastassja Kinski](/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski \"Nastassja Kinski\"), a model and aspiring young actress who had already been in a number of European films. He offered her the starring role, which she accepted. Her father was [Klaus Kinski](/wiki/Klaus_Kinski \"Klaus Kinski\"), a leading German actor, who had introduced her to films.\n\nBecause the role required having a local dialect, Polanski sent her to London for five months of study and to spend time in the Dorset countryside to get a flavor of the region. In the film, Kinski starred opposite [Peter Firth](/wiki/Peter_Firth \"Peter Firth\") and [Leigh Lawson](/wiki/Leigh_Lawson \"Leigh Lawson\").\n\n*Tess* was shot in the north of France instead of Hardy's England and became the most expensive film made in France up to that time. Ultimately, it proved a financial success and was well received by both critics and the public. Polanski won France's César Awards for [Best Picture](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Picture \"César Award for Best Picture\") and [Best Director](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Director \"César Award for Best Director\") and received his fourth Academy Award nomination (and his second nomination for Best Director). The film received three Oscars: best cinematography, best art direction, best costume design, and was nominated for best picture.\n\nAt the time, there were rumors that Polanski and Kinski became romantically involved, which he confirmed in a 1994 interview with [Diane Sawyer](/wiki/Diane_Sawyer \"Diane Sawyer\"), but Nastassja says the rumors are untrue; they were never lovers or had an affair.[\"Nastassja Kinski interview: 'I've had such low self\\-esteem'\"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11394696/Nastassja-Kinski-interview-Ive-had-such-low-self-esteem.html) , *The Telegraph*, U.K., 6 February 2015 She admits that \"there was a flirtation. There *could* have been a seduction, but there was not. He had respect for me.\"[\"Daddy's girl\"](https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/jul/03/weekend7.weekend3) , *The Guardian*, 2 July 1999 She also recalls his influence on her while filming: \"He was really a gentleman, not at all like the things I had heard. He introduced me to beautiful books, plays, movies. He educated me.\" On an emotional level, she said years later that \"he was one of the people in my life who cared, ... who took me seriously and gave me a lot of strength.\" She told [David Letterman](/wiki/David_Letterman \"David Letterman\") more about her experience working with Polanski during an interview.\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski in Italy in 1984](/wiki/File:Grazia_02.jpg \"Grazia 02.jpg\")\n\nIn 1981, Polanski directed and co\\-starred (as [Mozart](/wiki/Mozart \"Mozart\")) in a stage production of [Peter Shaffer](/wiki/Peter_Shaffer \"Peter Shaffer\")'s play *[Amadeus](/wiki/Amadeus_%28play%29 \"Amadeus (play)\")*, first in Warsaw, then in Paris. The play was again directed by Polanski, in Milan, in 1999\\.\n\n ***Pirates* (1986\\)**\nNearly seven years passed before Polanski's next film, *[Pirates](/wiki/Pirates_%281986_film%29 \"Pirates (1986 film)\")*, a lavish period piece starring [Walter Matthau](/wiki/Walter_Matthau \"Walter Matthau\") as Captain Red, which the director intended as an homage to the beloved [Errol Flynn](/wiki/Errol_Flynn \"Errol Flynn\") swashbucklers of his childhood. Captain Red's henchman, Jean Baptiste, was played by Cris Campion. The film is about a rebellion the two led on a ship called the *Neptune*, in the seventeenth century. The screenplay was written by Polanski, Gérard Brach, and John Brownjohn. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, using a full\\-sized pirate vessel constructed for the production. It was a financial and critical failure, recovering a small fraction of its production budget and garnering a single Academy Award nomination.\n\n ***Frantic* (1988\\)**\n*[Frantic](/wiki/Frantic_%28film%29 \"Frantic (film)\")* (1988\\) was a [Hitchcockian](/wiki/Hitchcockian \"Hitchcockian\") suspense\\-thriller starring [Harrison Ford](/wiki/Harrison_Ford \"Harrison Ford\") and the actress/model [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\"), who later became Polanski's wife. The film follows an ordinary tourist in Paris whose wife is kidnapped. He attempts, hopelessly, to go through the Byzantine bureaucratic channels to deal with her disappearance, but finally takes matters into his own hands. The film was a commercial failure but received positive reviews from critics.\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski with wife [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") at the [1992 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/1992_Cannes_Film_Festival \"1992 Cannes Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski_Emmanuelle_Seigner_Cannes.jpg \"Roman Polanski Emmanuelle Seigner Cannes.jpg\")\n\n ***Bitter Moon* (1992\\)**\nIn 1992 Polanski followed with the dark psycho\\-sexual film *[Bitter Moon](/wiki/Bitter_Moon \"Bitter Moon\")*. The film starred Seigner, [Hugh Grant](/wiki/Hugh_Grant \"Hugh Grant\"), and [Kristin Scott Thomas](/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas \"Kristin Scott Thomas\"). Film critic [Janet Maslin](/wiki/Janet_Maslin \"Janet Maslin\") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* wrote, \"Whatever else Mr. Polanski may be – nasty, mocking, darkly subversive in his view of the world – he definitely isn't dull. *Bitter Moon* is the kind of world\\-class, defiantly bad film that has a life of its own.\"\n\n ***Death and the Maiden* (1994\\)**\nIn 1994 Polanski directed a film of the acclaimed play *[Death and the Maiden](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%28film%29 \"Death and the Maiden (film)\")* starring [Ben Kingsley](/wiki/Ben_Kingsley \"Ben Kingsley\") and [Sigourney Weaver](/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver \"Sigourney Weaver\"). The film is based on the [Ariel Dorfman](/wiki/Ariel_Dorfman \"Ariel Dorfman\") [play of the same name](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%28play%29 \"Death and the Maiden (play)\"). [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") of the *[Chicago Sun\\-Times](/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times \"Chicago Sun-Times\")* praised Polanski on his directing writing, \"Death and the Maiden is all about acting. In other hands, even given the same director, this might have been a dreary slog.\"\n\n ***The Fearless Vampire Killers* (1997\\)**\n\nIn 1997, Polanski directed a stage version of his 1967 film *[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")*, which debuted in [Vienna](/wiki/Vienna \"Vienna\") followed by successful runs in [Stuttgart](/wiki/Stuttgart \"Stuttgart\"), Hamburg, Berlin, and Budapest.\n\nOn 1998, Polanski was elected a member of the [Académie des Beaux\\-Arts](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts \"Académie des Beaux-Arts\").\n[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Polanski at the [2002 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2002 Cannes Film Festival\") for *The Pianist*](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski..jpg \"Roman Polanski..jpg\")\n\n ***The Ninth Gate* (1999\\)**\n\n*[The Ninth Gate](/wiki/The_Ninth_Gate \"The Ninth Gate\")* is a thriller based on the novel *[El Club Dumas](/wiki/El_Club_Dumas \"El Club Dumas\")* by [Arturo Perez\\-Reverte](/wiki/Arturo_Perez-Reverte \"Arturo Perez-Reverte\") and starring [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\"). The movie's plot is based on the idea that an ancient text called \"The Nine Gates of the Kingdom of Shadows\", authored by Aristide Torchia along with Lucifer, is the key to raising Satan.\n\n ***The Pianist* (2002\\)**\n\nIn 2001, Polanski filmed *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")*, an adaptation of the World War II [autobiography of the same name](/wiki/The_Pianist_%28memoir%29 \"The Pianist (memoir)\") by Polish\\-Jewish musician [Władysław Szpilman](/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman \"Władysław Szpilman\"). Szpilman's experiences as a persecuted Jew in Poland during World War II were reminiscent of those of Polanski and his family. While Szpilman and Polanski escaped the [concentration camps](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\"), their families did not, eventually perishing.\n\nWhen Warsaw, Poland, was chosen for the 2002 premiere of *The Pianist*, \"the country exploded with pride.\" According to reports, numerous former communists came to the screening and \"agreed that it was a fantastic film.\" In May 2002, the film won the (Golden Palm) award at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2002 Cannes Film Festival\"), as well as [Césars](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards \"César Awards\") for [Best Film](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Film \"César Award for Best Film\") and [Best Director](/wiki/Cesar_Award_for_Best_Director \"Cesar Award for Best Director\").\n\nThe film was released in North America to critical acclaim. [Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") praised his the film in particular Polanski, writing, \"\\[His] direction is masterful.\" and added \"Polanski is reflecting, I believe, his own deepest feelings: that he survived, but need not have, and that his mother died and left a wound that had never healed.\" Polanski later won the 2002 [Academy Award for Best Director](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director \"Academy Award for Best Director\"). Because Polanski would have been arrested in the United States, he did not attend the Academy Awards ceremony in Hollywood. After the announcement of the Best Director Award, Polanski received a standing ovation from most of those present in the theater. Actor [Harrison Ford](/wiki/Harrison_Ford \"Harrison Ford\") accepted the award for Polanski and then presented the Oscar to him at the [Deauville Film Festival](/wiki/Deauville_Film_Festival \"Deauville Film Festival\") five months later in a public ceremony. Polanski later received the [Crystal Globe](/wiki/Crystal_Globe_%28Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival%29 \"Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)\") award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the [Karlovy Vary International Film Festival](/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival \"Karlovy Vary International Film Festival\") in 2004\\.\n\n",
"### 2005–present\n\n ***Oliver Twist* (2005\\)**\n\n*[Oliver Twist](/wiki/Oliver_Twist_%282005_film%29 \"Oliver Twist (2005 film)\")* is an adaptation of [Charles Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens \"Charles Dickens\")' [novel](/wiki/Oliver_Twist \"Oliver Twist\"), written by *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")*s [Ronald Harwood](/wiki/Ronald_Harwood \"Ronald Harwood\") and shot in Prague. Polanski said in interviews that he made the film as something he could show his children and that the life of the young scavenger mirrored his own life, fending for himself in World War II Poland.\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski and Spanish writer Diego Moldes, Madrid 2005](/wiki/File:Roman-Polanski-y-Diego-Moldes%2C-Madrid%2C-.29.11.2005.jpg \"Roman-Polanski-y-Diego-Moldes,-Madrid,-.29.11.2005.jpg\")\n\n ***The Ghost Writer* (2010\\)**\n\n*[The Ghost Writer](/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_%28film%29 \"The Ghost Writer (film)\")*, a thriller focusing on a ghostwriter working on the memoirs of a character based loosely on former British prime minister [Tony Blair](/wiki/Tony_Blair \"Tony Blair\"), swept the [European Film Awards](/wiki/European_Film_Awards \"European Film Awards\") in 2010, winning six awards, including best movie, director, actor and screenplay. When it premiered at the [60th Berlinale](/wiki/60th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival \"60th Berlin International Film Festival\") in February 2010, Polanski won a [Silver Bear for Best Director](/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Director \"Silver Bear for Best Director\"), and in February 2011, it won four [César Awards](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Awards \"César Awards\"), France's version of the Academy Awards.\n\nThe film is based on the novel by British writer [Robert Harris](/wiki/Robert_Harris_%28novelist%29 \"Robert Harris (novelist)\"). Harris and Polanski had previously worked for many months on a film of Harris's earlier novel *Pompeii*, a novel that was actually inspired by Polanski's *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")*. They had completed a script for *Pompeii* and were nearing production when the film was cancelled due to a looming actors' strike in September 2007\\. After that film fell apart, they moved on to Harris's novel, [The Ghost](/wiki/The_Ghost_%28novel%29 \"The Ghost (novel)\"), and adapted it for the screen together.\n\nThe cast includes [Ewan McGregor](/wiki/Ewan_McGregor \"Ewan McGregor\") as the writer and [Pierce Brosnan](/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan \"Pierce Brosnan\") as former British Prime Minister Adam Lang. The film was shot on locations in Germany.\n\nIn the United States, film critic Roger Ebert included it in his top 10 picks for 2010 and states that \"this movie is the work of a man who knows how to direct a thriller. Smooth, calm, confident, it builds suspense instead of depending on shock and action.\" Co\\-star Ewan McGregor agreed, having said about Polanski that \"he's a legend ... I've never examined a director and the way that they work so much before. He's brilliant, just brilliant, and absolutely warrants his reputation as a great director.\"\n[thumb\\|Polanski and [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") at the César Awards in 2011](/wiki/File:Roman_Polanski_Emmanuelle_Seigner_C%C3%A9sars_2011.jpg \"Roman Polanski Emmanuelle Seigner Césars 2011.jpg\")\n\n ***Carnage* (2011\\)**\n\nPolanski shot *[Carnage](/wiki/Carnage_%282011_film%29 \"Carnage (2011 film)\")* in February/March 2011\\. The film is a screen version of [Yasmina Reza](/wiki/Yasmina_Reza \"Yasmina Reza\")'s play *[God of Carnage](/wiki/God_of_Carnage \"God of Carnage\")*, a comedy about two couples who meet after their children get in a fight at school, and how their initially civilized conversation devolves into chaos. It stars [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet \"Kate Winslet\"), [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\"), [Christoph Waltz](/wiki/Christoph_Waltz \"Christoph Waltz\") and [John C. Reilly](/wiki/John_C._Reilly \"John C. Reilly\"). Though set in New York, it was shot in Paris. The film had its world premiere on 9 September 2011 at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\") and was released in the United States by [Sony Pictures Classics](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics \"Sony Pictures Classics\") on 16 December 2011\\.\n\nCo\\-stars Jodie Foster and Kate Winslet commented about Polanski's directing style. According to Foster, \"He has a very, very definitive style about how he likes it done. He decides everything. He decided every lens. Every prop. Everything. It's all him.\" Winslet adds that \"Roman is one of the most extraordinary men I've ever met. The guy is 77 years old. He has an effervescent quality to him. He's very joyful about his work, which is infectious. He likes to have a small crew, to the point that, when I walked on the set, my thought was, 'My God, this is it?'\" Also noting that style of directing, [New York Film Festival](/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival \"New York Film Festival\") director [Richard Pena](/wiki/Richard_Pena \"Richard Pena\"), during the American premiere of the film, called Polanski \"a poet of small spaces ... in just a couple of rooms he can conjure up an entire world, an entire society.\"\n\nPolanski makes an uncredited cameo appearance as a neighbor.\n\n ***Venus in Fur* (2013\\)**\n\n[thumb\\|Roman Polanski, [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") and [Mathieu Amalric](/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric \"Mathieu Amalric\") promoting *Venus in Fur* at the Cannes Film Festival in 2013](/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_en_fourrure_Cannes_2013.jpg \"Vénus en fourrure Cannes 2013.jpg\")\nPolanski's French\\-language adaptation of the play *[Venus in Fur](/wiki/Venus_in_Fur_%28film%29 \"Venus in Fur (film)\")*, stars his wife [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\") and [Mathieu Amalric](/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric \"Mathieu Amalric\"). Polanski worked with the play's author, [David Ives](/wiki/David_Ives \"David Ives\"), on the screenplay. The film was shot from December 2012 to February 2013 in French and is Polanski's first non\\-English\\-language feature film in forty years. The film premiered in competition at the [2013 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2013_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2013 Cannes Film Festival\") on 25 May 2013\\.\n\n ***Based on a True Story* (2017\\)**\n\n[thumb\\|Polanski promoting *Based on a True Story* at the [2017 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2017 Cannes Film Festival\")](/wiki/File:Cannes_2017_38.jpg \"Cannes 2017 38.jpg\")\nPolanski's *[Based on a True Story](/wiki/Based_on_a_True_Story_%28film%29 \"Based on a True Story (film)\")* is an adaptation of the French novel by bestselling author Delphine de Vignan. The film follows a writer (Emmanuelle Seigner) struggling to complete a new novel, while followed by an obsessed fan ([Eva Green](/wiki/Eva_Green \"Eva Green\")). It started production in November 2016 from a script adapted by Polanski and [Olivier Assayas](/wiki/Olivier_Assayas \"Olivier Assayas\"). It premiered out of competition at the [2017 Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/2017_Cannes_Film_Festival \"2017 Cannes Film Festival\") on 27 May 2017 and opened in France on 1 November 2017\\.\n\n**Expulsion from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences**\n\nIn May 2018, the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\") voted to expel [Bill Cosby](/wiki/Bill_Cosby \"Bill Cosby\") and Polanski from its membership saying that the board \"has voted to expel actor Bill Cosby and director Roman Polanski from its membership in accordance with the organisation's Standards of Conduct.\" Polanski is one of only four members to have been expelled from the Academy. The Academy's Standards of Conduct had recently been rewritten as a result of the [metoo movement](/wiki/Metoo_movement \"Metoo movement\") and the Times Up movement. The same year, his wife Emmanuelle Seigner rejected the invitation to join the Academy, denouncing the \"hypocrisy\" of a group that expelled Polanski.\n\n***An Officer and a Spy* (2019\\)**\n\nPolanski's 2019 film *[An Officer and a Spy](/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Spy_%28film%29 \"An Officer and a Spy (film)\")*, centers on the notorious 19th century [Dreyfus affair](/wiki/Dreyfus_affair \"Dreyfus affair\"). The film stars [Jean Dujardin](/wiki/Jean_Dujardin \"Jean Dujardin\") as French officer [Georges Picquart](/wiki/Georges_Picquart \"Georges Picquart\") and follows his struggle from 1896–1906 to expose the truth about the doctored evidence that led to [Alfred Dreyfus](/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus \"Alfred Dreyfus\"), one of the few Jewish members of the French Army's general staff, being wrongly convicted of passing military secrets to the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\") and sent to [Devil's Island](/wiki/Devil%27s_Island \"Devil's Island\"). The film is written by [Robert Harris](/wiki/Robert_Harris_%28novelist%29 \"Robert Harris (novelist)\"), who was working with Polanski for the third time. It co\\-stars [Louis Garrel](/wiki/Louis_Garrel \"Louis Garrel\") as Dreyfus, [Mathieu Amalric](/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric \"Mathieu Amalric\") and Polanski's wife Emmanuelle Seigner. It was produced by [Alain Goldman](/wiki/Alain_Goldman \"Alain Goldman\")'s Legende Films and distributed by [Gaumont](/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company \"Gaumont Film Company\"). Filming began on 26 November 2018 and was completed on 28 April 2019\\.\n\nAlthough set in Paris, the film was first scheduled to shoot in Warsaw in 2014, for economic reasons. However, production was postponed after Polanski moved to Poland for filming and the U.S. Government filed extradition papers. The Polish government eventually rejected them, by which time new French film tax credits had been introduced, allowing the film to shoot on location in Paris. It was budgeted at [€](/wiki/Euro_sign \"Euro sign\")60m and was again set to start production in July 2016, however its production was postponed as Polanski waited on the availability of a star, whose name was not announced. In a 2017 interview Polanski discussed the difficulty of the project:\n\nIt had its world premiere at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival \"Venice Film Festival\") on 30 August 2019\\. It received a standing ovation and won the [Grand Jury Prize](/wiki/Grand_Jury_Prize_%28Venice_Film_Festival%29 \"Grand Jury Prize (Venice Film Festival)\"). It was released in France on 13 November 2019, by Gaumont. The film has received backlash due to the plot of the film relating to [Polanski's sexual abuse case](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\") and further accusations of harassment and assault.\n\nPolanski caused outrage by comparing his own experience's to Dreyfus's. In an interview to promote the film, Polanski said: \"I am familiar with many of the workings of the apparatus of persecution shown in the film... I can see the same determination to deny the facts and condemn me for things I have not done. Most of the people who harass me do not know me and know nothing about the case.\" Aside from Polanski's involvement, the film was not controversial and was generally well reviewed.\n\nIn February 2020, Polanski won [Best Director](/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Director \"César Award for Best Director\") at France's 2020 Cesar Awards. Neither Polanski nor the cast and crew of *An Officer and a Spy* (*J'accuse*) attended the awards ceremony hosted at the Salle Pleyel in Paris. Polanski said that he will not submit himself to a \"public lynching\" over rape accusations he denies. Addressing the accusations of sexual assault leveled at him, he said, \"Fantasies of unhealthy minds are now treated as proven facts.\" This is Polanski's fifth Best Director Cesar win, the record for a single director; he previously won for *Tess*, *The Pianist*, *The Ghost Writer*, and *Venus in Fur*. Polanski's wife Emmanuelle Seigner accepted the award on his behalf.\n\nPrior to the awards ceremony, Polanski released a statement, saying, \"For several days, people have asked me this question: Will I or won't I attend the Cesar ceremony? The question I ask in turn is this: How could I?. \\[...] The way the night will unfold, we already know in advance,\" he continued. \"Activists have already threatened me with a public lynching, some have announced protests in front of the Salle Pleyel. Others intend to make it a platform to denounce (the) governing body. It promises to look more like a symposium than a celebration of cinema.\" Polanski said he was skipping the ceremony in order to protect his team as well as his wife and children, who \"have been made to suffer injuries and affronts.\" Making reference to the recent media scandal that led to the Cesar board's mass resignation, Polanski added: \"The press and social media have presented our 12 nominations as if they were gifts offered to us by the academy's board of directors, as some authoritarian gesture that had forced their resignations. Doing so undermines the secret vote of the 4,313 professionals who alone decide the nominations and the more than 1\\.5 million viewers who came to see the film.\"\n\nDespite Polanski's absence from the awards ceremony, his nomination and win sparked protests due to the rape charges that he still faces. The protestors held up signs with slogans like \"Shame on an industry that protects rapists.\" Police clashed with protestors, even firing tear gas upon them. Actions were also taken by celebrities, such as [Adèle Haenel](/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Haenel \"Adèle Haenel\"), [Noémie Merlant](/wiki/No%C3%A9mie_Merlant \"Noémie Merlant\"), and [Celine Sciamma](/wiki/Celine_Sciamma \"Celine Sciamma\") who walked out of the awards. Many other celebrities and feminists spoke out against Polanski online, such as NousToutes, a French feminist collective, who called the win \"shameful\", and [Jessica Chastain](/wiki/Jessica_Chastain \"Jessica Chastain\") tweeted, \"I Fucking Stan\" in regard to the protests. At the same time some celebrities came to his defense, like actress [Fanny Ardant](/wiki/Fanny_Ardant \"Fanny Ardant\"), who said, \"When I love someone, I love them passionately. And I love Roman Polanski a lot... a lot... So I'm very happy for him. Then, I understand that not everyone agrees but long live freedom!\" and actress [Brigitte Bardot](/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot \"Brigitte Bardot\") who said, \"Thankfully Polanski exists and he is saving cinema from its mediocrity! I judge him on his talent and not on his private life! I regret never having shot with him!\" The actor [Lambert Wilson](/wiki/Lambert_Wilson \"Lambert Wilson\") called the protest campaign against Polanski \"abominable public lynching\", as did [Isabelle Huppert](/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert \"Isabelle Huppert\"), who stated that \"lynching is a form of pornography\". Likewise, Polanski's alleged victim Samantha Geimer criticized the protesters as \"very opportunistic\", and said that \"If you want to change the world today, you do it by... demanding people be held accountable today, not by picking someone who is famous and thinking that if you demonise him for things that happened decades ago that somehow that has any value in protecting people and changing society\".\n\n***The Palace* (2023\\)**\n\n*[The Palace](/wiki/The_Palace_%282023_film%29 \"The Palace (2023 film)\")* began filming in February 2022 in [Gstaad](/wiki/Gstaad \"Gstaad\"), Switzerland. The film stars [Mickey Rourke](/wiki/Mickey_Rourke \"Mickey Rourke\"), [Fanny Ardant](/wiki/Fanny_Ardant \"Fanny Ardant\"), and [Oliver Masucci](/wiki/Oliver_Masucci \"Oliver Masucci\"), and is a black comedy about the guests at a Swiss luxury hotel on New Year's Eve 1999\\. Polanski co\\-wrote the screenplay with fellow Polish director [Jerzy Skolimowski](/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski \"Jerzy Skolimowski\"), who also co\\-wrote Polanski's first feature, *Knife in the Water*, in 1962\\. The film was unable to find financing in France due to souring French public opinion of Polanski following a new round of sexual assault allegations, and ended up being primarily funded by the Italian company, [RAI Cinema](/wiki/RAI_Cinema \"RAI Cinema\"). Polanski's reputation also brought casting challenges, with a number of actors turning down roles for fear of tarnishing their careers. RAI Cinema and Eliseo Entertainment produced the film. The film had its world premiere at the [Venice Film Festival](/wiki/80th_Venice_International_Film_Festival \"80th Venice International Film Festival\") on 2 September 2023, before it was released theatrically in Italy by [01 Distribution](/wiki/01_Distribution \"01 Distribution\") on 28 September 2023\\.\n\n**2023 Venice Film Festival controversy**\n\nThe inclusion of films from Polanski, [Woody Allen](/wiki/Woody_Allen \"Woody Allen\"), and [Luc Besson](/wiki/Luc_Besson \"Luc Besson\") at the [2023 Venice Film Festival](/wiki/2023_Venice_Film_Festival \"2023 Venice Film Festival\") was controversial and brought significant criticism to its organizers due to the various sex abuse allegations against all three. Festival head [Alberto Barbera](/wiki/Alberto_Barbera \"Alberto Barbera\") defended their inclusion, saying of Polanski specifically, \"I don't understand why one cannot distinguish between the responsibilities of the man and those of the artist. Polanski is 90 years old, he is one of the few working masters, he made an extraordinary film. It may be the last film of his career, although I hope he does like [De Oliveira](/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira \"Manoel de Oliveira\"), who made films until he was 105\\. I stand firmly among those who in the debate distinguish between the responsibility of the man and that of the artist.\"\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\n[thumb\\|Roman Polanski with [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\") in 1968](/wiki/File:Sharon_Tate_and_Roman_Polanski_wedding_in_1968.jpg \"Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski wedding in 1968.jpg\")\nIn 1959, Polanski married actress [Barbara Kwiatkowska\\-Lass](/wiki/Barbara_Kwiatkowska-Lass \"Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass\"). She starred in his short film *[When Angels Fall](/wiki/When_Angels_Fall \"When Angels Fall\")*. The couple separated in 1961 and divorced the next year.\n\nThroughout the 1960s, Polanski dated a succession of actresses including [Carol Lynley](/wiki/Carol_Lynley \"Carol Lynley\"), [Jacqueline Bisset](/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset \"Jacqueline Bisset\"), [Jill St. John](/wiki/Jill_St._John \"Jill St. John\") and [Michelle Phillips](/wiki/Michelle_Phillips \"Michelle Phillips\").\n\nPolanski met actress [Sharon Tate](/wiki/Sharon_Tate \"Sharon Tate\") while filming *[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")*, and during the production, the two of them began dating. On 1968, Polanski and Tate married in London.\n\nIn February 1969, Polanski and Tate began renting the home at [10050 Cielo Drive](/wiki/10050_Cielo_Drive \"10050 Cielo Drive\") in the [Benedict Canyon](/wiki/Benedict_Canyon%2C_Los_Angeles \"Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles\") region of Los Angeles. In August, while Polanski was in Europe working on a film, Tate remained home, eight\\-and\\-a\\-half months pregnant. The [Manson Family](/wiki/Manson_Family \"Manson Family\") cult broke into the home late in the evening of 8 August and proceeded to [murder Tate and four others](/wiki/Tate_murders \"Tate murders\"). Tate's unborn child was posthumously named Paul Richard Polanski. [Charles Manson](/wiki/Charles_Manson \"Charles Manson\"), along with members of the cult, was arrested in late 1969, eventually tried, and found guilty in 1971 of first\\-degree murder.\n\nPolanski has said that his absence on the night of the murders is the greatest regret of his life. He wrote in his autobiography: \"Sharon's death is the only watershed in my life that really matters\", and commented that her murder changed his personality from a \"boundless, untroubled sea of expectations and optimism\" to one of \"ingrained pessimism... eternal dissatisfaction with life\". Polanski was left with a negative impression of the press, which he felt was interested in sensationalizing the lives of the victims, and indirectly himself, to attract readers. He was shocked by the lack of sympathy expressed in various news stories:\n\nIn 1989, Polanski married actress [Emmanuelle Seigner](/wiki/Emmanuelle_Seigner \"Emmanuelle Seigner\"). They have two children, daughter [Morgane](/wiki/Morgane_Polanski \"Morgane Polanski\") and son Elvis. Polanski and his children speak Polish at home.\n\n",
"Legal history\n-------------\n\nIn 1977, Polanski was arrested and charged with [drugging and raping a 13\\-year\\-old girl](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\"). As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, after learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, he fled to Paris. A number of other women have later accused Polanski of raping them when they were teenagers. An [Interpol red notice](/wiki/Interpol_notice \"Interpol notice\") was issued for his arrest, and he rarely leaves France.\n\n### Sexual abuse\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Mugshot of Polanski following his 1977 arrest](/wiki/File:Mug_shot_of_Roman_Polanski.png \"Mug shot of Roman Polanski.png\")\nOn 11 March 1977, three years after making *Chinatown*, Polanski was arrested at the [Beverly Wilshire Hotel](/wiki/Beverly_Wilshire_Hotel \"Beverly Wilshire Hotel\") for the [sexual assault](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\") of 13\\-year\\-old Samantha Gailey. Gailey had modeled for Polanski during a *Vogue* photoshoot the previous day around the swimming pool at the [Bel Air](/wiki/Bel_Air%2C_Los_Angeles \"Bel Air, Los Angeles\") home of Polanski was indicted on six counts of criminal behavior, including rape. At his arraignment, he pleaded not guilty to all charges. Many executives in Hollywood came to his defense. Gailey's attorney arranged a [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargain \"Plea bargain\") in which five of the six charges would be dismissed, and Polanski accepted.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Polanski in 2007](/wiki/File:Roman_Pola%C5%84ski.jpg \"Roman Polański.jpg\")\nAs a result of the plea bargain, Polanski pleaded guilty to the charge of \"unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor\", and was ordered to undergo 90 days of psychiatric evaluation at [California Institution for Men](/wiki/California_Institution_for_Men \"California Institution for Men\") at Chino. Upon release from prison after 42 days, Polanski agreed to the plea bargain, his penalty to be [time served](/wiki/Time_served \"Time served\") along with [probation](/wiki/Probation \"Probation\"). However, he learned afterward that the judge, [Laurence J. Rittenband](/wiki/Laurence_J._Rittenband \"Laurence J. Rittenband\"), had told some friends that he was going to disregard the plea bargain and sentence Polanski to 50 years in prison: \"I'll see this man never gets out of jail\", he told Polanski's friend, screenwriter [Howard E. Koch](/wiki/Howard_E._Koch \"Howard E. Koch\").Douglas, Edward. *Jack: The Great Seducer*, Harper Collins (2004\\) p. 183 Gailey's attorney confirmed the judge changed his mind after he met the judge in his chambers:\n\nPolanski was told by his attorney that \"the judge could no longer be trusted\" and that the judge's representations were \"worthless\". Polanski decided not to appear at his sentencing. He told his friend, producer [Dino De Laurentiis](/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis \"Dino De Laurentiis\"), \"I've made up my mind. I'm getting out of here.\" the day before sentencing, Polanski left the country on a flight to where he had a home. One day later, he left for As a French [citizen](/wiki/Citizenship \"Citizenship\"), he has been protected from extradition and has lived mostly in France since then.\n\nIn 1979, Polanski gave a controversial interview with novelist [Martin Amis](/wiki/Martin_Amis \"Martin Amis\") in which, discussing the case, he said \"If I had killed somebody, it wouldn't have had so much appeal to the press, you see? But ... fucking, you see, and the young girls. Judges want to fuck young girls. Juries want to fuck young girls. Everyone wants to fuck young girls!\"\n\nIn 1988, Gailey sued Polanski. Among other things, the suit alleged sexual assault, [false imprisonment](/wiki/False_imprisonment \"False imprisonment\"), seduction of a minor, and [intentional infliction of emotional distress](/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress \"Intentional infliction of emotional distress\"). In 1993, Polanski agreed to settle with his victim. In August 1996, Polanski still owed her $604,416; court filings confirm that the settlement was completed by 1997 via a confidential financial arrangement. The victim, now married and going by the name Samantha Geimer, stated in a 2003 interview with [Larry King](/wiki/Larry_King \"Larry King\") that the police and media had been slow at the time of the assault to believe her account, which she attributed to the social climate of the era. In 2008, she stated, \"I don't wish for him to be held to further punishment or consequences.\"\n\nOn 26 September 2009, Polanski was arrested while in Switzerland at the request of United States authorities. The arrest brought renewed attention to the case and stirred controversy, particularly in the United States and Europe. Polanski was defended by many prominent individuals, [including Hollywood celebrities](/wiki/2009_Roman_Polanski_Petition \"2009 Roman Polanski Petition\") and European artists and politicians, who called for his release. American public opinion was reported to run against him, and polls in France and Poland showed that strong majorities favored his [extradition](/wiki/Extradition \"Extradition\") to the United States.\n\nPolanski was jailed near Zürich for two months, then put under [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\") at his home in [Gstaad](/wiki/Gstaad \"Gstaad\") while awaiting the results of his extradition appeals. On 12 July 2010, the Swiss rejected the United States' request, declared Polanski a \"free man\" and released him from custody. A year later, he was invited to the 2011 [Zurich Film Festival](/wiki/Zurich_Film_Festival \"Zurich Film Festival\") where he received a lifetime achievement award.[Roman Polanski gets Zurich film festival award after two\\-year wait](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/sep/28/roman-polanski-zurich-film-festival) *The Guardian*. 27 Sep 2011\\. Accessed 15 April 2023\\. An [Interpol red notice](/wiki/Interpol_notice \"Interpol notice\") was issued in 1978 after he fled the United States, limiting his movements to France, Switzerland, and Poland.\n\nHowever, his name is no longer found on Interpol's wanted list.\n\nDuring a television interview on 10 March 2011, Geimer blamed the media, reporters, the court, and the judge for having caused \"way more damage to me and my family than anything Roman Polanski has ever done\", and opined that the judge was using her and Polanski for media exposure.\n\nIn January 2014, newly uncovered emails from 2008 by a Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge, Larry P. Fidler, indicated that if Polanski returned to the United States for a hearing, the conduct of the judge who had originally presided over the case, Laurence A. Rittenband, might require that Polanski be freed. These emails were related to a 2008 documentary film by [Marina Zenovich](/wiki/Marina_Zenovich \"Marina Zenovich\").\n\nIn late October 2014, Polanski was questioned by Polish prosecutors in Kraków. On 30 October 2015, Polish judge Dariusz Mazur denied a request by the United States to extradite Polanski, who has dual French–Polish citizenship, for a full trial, claiming that it would be \"obviously unlawful\". The Kraków prosecutor's office declined to challenge the court's ruling, agreeing that Polanski had served his punishment and did not need to face an American court ever again.\n\nPoland's national justice ministry appealed, arguing that sexual abuse of minors should be prosecuted regardless of the suspect's accomplishments or the length of time since the suspected crime took place. In a December 2016 decision, the Supreme Court of Poland dismissed the government's appeal, holding that the prosecutor general had failed to prove misconduct or flagrant legal error on the part of the lower court.\n\nPreparations for *An Officer and a Spy* had been stalled by the extradition request.\n\nOn 3 May 2018, Polanski was removed from the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\"), with the decision referencing the case.\n\nPolanski has blamed [Harvey Weinstein](/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein \"Harvey Weinstein\") for the renewed focus on his sexual abuse case in the 2000s and claimed that Weinstein tried to brand him a \"child rapist\" to stop him from winning an Oscar in 2003\\.\n\nIn March 2023, Geimer and her husband met with Polanski and his wife Seigner for a French magazine cover interview. Geimer states in the interview: \"Let me be very clear: what happened with Polanski was never a big problem for me. I didn't even know it was illegal, that someone could be arrested for it. I was fine, I'm still fine. It was so unfair and so in opposition to justice ... Everyone should know by now that Roman has served his sentence. Which was ... long if you want my opinion. Anyone who thinks that he deserves to be in prison is wrong. It isn't the case today and it wasn't the case yesterday.\"\n\n#### Documentary films\n\nIn 2008, the documentary film by [Marina Zenovich](/wiki/Marina_Zenovich \"Marina Zenovich\"), *[Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired](/wiki/Roman_Polanski:Wanted_and_Desired \"Wanted and Desired\")*, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards. The film focuses on the judge in the case and the possible reasons why he changed his mind. It includes interviews with people involved in the case, including the victim, Geimer, and the prosecutor, Roger Gunson. Geimer said that the judge \"didn't care what happened\" to her or Polanski, but \"was orchestrating some little show\", while Gunson added, \"I'm not surprised that Polanski left under those circumstances, ... it was going to be a real circus.\"\n\nFormer Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney David Wells, whose statements were the most damning evidence in the movie, and who said he advised the judge to imprison Polanski, admitted that he lied about those statements, and said that to the documentary makers to \"play up\" his own role.\n\nIn December 2009, a California appellate court discussed the film's allegations as it denied Polanski's request to have the case dismissed. While saying it was \"deeply concerned\" by the allegations, and that the allegations were \"in many cases supported by considerable evidence\", it also found that \"Even in light of our fundamental concern about the misconduct ... flight was not Polanski's only option. It was not even his best option.\" It said dismissal of the case, which would erase Polanski's guilty plea, would not be an \"appropriate result\", and that he still had other legal options.\n\nIn September 2011, the documentary film *[Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir](/wiki/Roman_Polanski:A_Film_Memoir \"A Film Memoir\")* had its world premiere in [Zürich, Switzerland](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%2C_Switzerland \"Zürich, Switzerland\"). During an interview in the film, he offers his apology to Geimer: \"She is a double victim: My victim, and a victim of the press.\" On this occasion, he collected the lifetime achievement award he was to have received at the time of his arrest two years earlier.\n\n### *Vanity Fair* libel case\n\nIn 2004, Polanski sued *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_magazine \"Vanity Fair magazine\")* magazine in London for libel. A 2002 article in the magazine claimed that Polanski promised he would \"make another Sharon Tate out of you\" in an attempt to seduce a Scandinavian model while he was travelling to Tate's funeral. He received supporting testimony from Mia Farrow, and *Vanity Fair* \"was unable to prove that the incident occurred\". Polanski was awarded [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")50,000 in damages plus some of his legal costs.\n\n### Matan Uziel libel case\n\nIn December 2017, Polanski filed a [₪](/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel \"Israeli new shekel\")1\\.5 million suit in [Herzliya](/wiki/Herzliya \"Herzliya\") Magistrates' Court against Israeli journalist and filmmaker [Matan Uziel](/wiki/Matan_Uziel \"Matan Uziel\"). Polanski maintained that Uziel, through his website, www.imetpolanski.com, falsely reported that five women had come forward to accuse him of raping them. Polanski was suing for libel and defamation of character. Herzliya Magistrates' Court rejected Polanski's request to be exempt from appearing in court after filing the libel suit. While Polanski gave various reasons for his inability to appear, the presiding judge, Gilad Hess, dismissed them one by one and ordered Polanski to pay Uziel ₪10,000 in costs. In November 2018, it was published that Polanski decided to drop the lawsuit, and was ordered by the court to pay Uziel ₪30,000 (US$8,000\\) for court costs. The court accepted Uziel's request that the suit not be dropped, but rather that it be rejected, making Polanski unable to sue Uziel again over the same issue in the future.\n\nIn late December 2019, in Polanski's interviews with *[Paris Match](/wiki/Paris_Match \"Paris Match\")* and , the latter accused Matan Uziel of carefully orchestrating the attacks on his character and for playing a major role in designing an international campaign to besmirch his name and reputation in order to make his career fall from grace.\n\nIn November 2022, Polanski filed a [cybersquatting](/wiki/Cybersquatting \"Cybersquatting\") dispute with [World Intellectual Property Organization](/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization \"World Intellectual Property Organization\") against the domain name imetpolanski.com. Polanski asked World Intellectual Property Organization to rule that the site was cybersquatting. However, the three\\-person panel ruled that Polanski did not show the domain was registered and used in bad faith, nor did he show that the registrant, Matan Uziel, lacked rights or legitimate interests in the domain name.\n\n### Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences case\n\nIn April 2019, following his expulsion from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Polanski filed a lawsuit against the Academy alleging that the decision to expel him was not appropriately supported and demanding his reinstatement. In August 2020 his expulsion was upheld by the court with the judge finding that the Academy's board had given Polanski a fair hearing and that they had cause to expel him.\n\n### Charlotte Lewis\n\nIn 2010, British actress [Charlotte Lewis](/wiki/Charlotte_Lewis \"Charlotte Lewis\") said that Polanski had \"forced himself\" on her while she was auditioning for a role in Paris in 1983, when she was 16 and he was 50\\. In 1999, Lewis had given a different account of events in an interview with the UK's *[News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World \"News of the World\")*, which was unearthed by the French daily . In that interview, Lewis asserted that she had a six\\-month tryst with Polanski when she was 17: \"I knew that Roman had done something bad in the United States, but I wanted to be his mistress\", Lewis said, according to . \"I wanted him probably more than he wanted me.\" Lewis never mentioned any sexual abuse, and she said that their relationship ended when Polanski introduced her to [Warren Beatty](/wiki/Warren_Beatty \"Warren Beatty\"), and she claimed that they soon began an affair. She was cast in Polanski's 1986 film *[Pirates](/wiki/Pirates_%281986_film%29 \"Pirates (1986 film)\")*, appeared at the Cannes film festival on his arm years after the alleged incident, and in an interview the year of the film's release, Lewis stated, \"I'd love to have had a romantic relationship with \\[Polanski], and a physical one. You can't help falling in love with him. But he didn't want me that way.\"\n\nIn September 2022, Polanski was ordered to stand trial in France for Lewis' defamation case. Polanski was acquitted of this defamation on 14 May 2024\\. He was not present in court for the verdict, which related to Polanski referencing Lewis' interview with [News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World \"News of the World\"), while speaking with [Paris Match](/wiki/Paris_Match \"Paris Match\") magazine.\n\n### 2024 civil charges\n\nIn March 2024, Polanski was sued in the Los Angeles Superior Court by a woman who alleged that he raped her at his home in 1973 after supplying her with tequila shots. The woman was said to be under the age of 18 at the time. Polanski, who is facing a civil trial for this allegation, had his trial date set for August 2025\\.\n\n### Other allegations\n\nIn October 2017, German actress [Renate Langer](/wiki/Renate_Langer \"Renate Langer\") told Swiss police that Polanski raped her in [Gstaad](/wiki/Gstaad \"Gstaad\") when she was 15, in 1972\\. The same month, American artist [Marianne Barnard](/wiki/Marianne_Barnard \"Marianne Barnard\") accused Polanski of having sexually assaulted her in 1975, when she was 10 years old.\n\nIn November 2019, French actress [Valentine Monnier](/wiki/Valentine_Monnier \"Valentine Monnier\") said Polanski violently raped her at a ski chalet in Gstaad in 1975\\.\n\n",
"### Sexual abuse\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Mugshot of Polanski following his 1977 arrest](/wiki/File:Mug_shot_of_Roman_Polanski.png \"Mug shot of Roman Polanski.png\")\nOn 11 March 1977, three years after making *Chinatown*, Polanski was arrested at the [Beverly Wilshire Hotel](/wiki/Beverly_Wilshire_Hotel \"Beverly Wilshire Hotel\") for the [sexual assault](/wiki/Roman_Polanski_sexual_abuse_case \"Roman Polanski sexual abuse case\") of 13\\-year\\-old Samantha Gailey. Gailey had modeled for Polanski during a *Vogue* photoshoot the previous day around the swimming pool at the [Bel Air](/wiki/Bel_Air%2C_Los_Angeles \"Bel Air, Los Angeles\") home of Polanski was indicted on six counts of criminal behavior, including rape. At his arraignment, he pleaded not guilty to all charges. Many executives in Hollywood came to his defense. Gailey's attorney arranged a [plea bargain](/wiki/Plea_bargain \"Plea bargain\") in which five of the six charges would be dismissed, and Polanski accepted.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Polanski in 2007](/wiki/File:Roman_Pola%C5%84ski.jpg \"Roman Polański.jpg\")\nAs a result of the plea bargain, Polanski pleaded guilty to the charge of \"unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor\", and was ordered to undergo 90 days of psychiatric evaluation at [California Institution for Men](/wiki/California_Institution_for_Men \"California Institution for Men\") at Chino. Upon release from prison after 42 days, Polanski agreed to the plea bargain, his penalty to be [time served](/wiki/Time_served \"Time served\") along with [probation](/wiki/Probation \"Probation\"). However, he learned afterward that the judge, [Laurence J. Rittenband](/wiki/Laurence_J._Rittenband \"Laurence J. Rittenband\"), had told some friends that he was going to disregard the plea bargain and sentence Polanski to 50 years in prison: \"I'll see this man never gets out of jail\", he told Polanski's friend, screenwriter [Howard E. Koch](/wiki/Howard_E._Koch \"Howard E. Koch\").Douglas, Edward. *Jack: The Great Seducer*, Harper Collins (2004\\) p. 183 Gailey's attorney confirmed the judge changed his mind after he met the judge in his chambers:\n\nPolanski was told by his attorney that \"the judge could no longer be trusted\" and that the judge's representations were \"worthless\". Polanski decided not to appear at his sentencing. He told his friend, producer [Dino De Laurentiis](/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis \"Dino De Laurentiis\"), \"I've made up my mind. I'm getting out of here.\" the day before sentencing, Polanski left the country on a flight to where he had a home. One day later, he left for As a French [citizen](/wiki/Citizenship \"Citizenship\"), he has been protected from extradition and has lived mostly in France since then.\n\nIn 1979, Polanski gave a controversial interview with novelist [Martin Amis](/wiki/Martin_Amis \"Martin Amis\") in which, discussing the case, he said \"If I had killed somebody, it wouldn't have had so much appeal to the press, you see? But ... fucking, you see, and the young girls. Judges want to fuck young girls. Juries want to fuck young girls. Everyone wants to fuck young girls!\"\n\nIn 1988, Gailey sued Polanski. Among other things, the suit alleged sexual assault, [false imprisonment](/wiki/False_imprisonment \"False imprisonment\"), seduction of a minor, and [intentional infliction of emotional distress](/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress \"Intentional infliction of emotional distress\"). In 1993, Polanski agreed to settle with his victim. In August 1996, Polanski still owed her $604,416; court filings confirm that the settlement was completed by 1997 via a confidential financial arrangement. The victim, now married and going by the name Samantha Geimer, stated in a 2003 interview with [Larry King](/wiki/Larry_King \"Larry King\") that the police and media had been slow at the time of the assault to believe her account, which she attributed to the social climate of the era. In 2008, she stated, \"I don't wish for him to be held to further punishment or consequences.\"\n\nOn 26 September 2009, Polanski was arrested while in Switzerland at the request of United States authorities. The arrest brought renewed attention to the case and stirred controversy, particularly in the United States and Europe. Polanski was defended by many prominent individuals, [including Hollywood celebrities](/wiki/2009_Roman_Polanski_Petition \"2009 Roman Polanski Petition\") and European artists and politicians, who called for his release. American public opinion was reported to run against him, and polls in France and Poland showed that strong majorities favored his [extradition](/wiki/Extradition \"Extradition\") to the United States.\n\nPolanski was jailed near Zürich for two months, then put under [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\") at his home in [Gstaad](/wiki/Gstaad \"Gstaad\") while awaiting the results of his extradition appeals. On 12 July 2010, the Swiss rejected the United States' request, declared Polanski a \"free man\" and released him from custody. A year later, he was invited to the 2011 [Zurich Film Festival](/wiki/Zurich_Film_Festival \"Zurich Film Festival\") where he received a lifetime achievement award.[Roman Polanski gets Zurich film festival award after two\\-year wait](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/sep/28/roman-polanski-zurich-film-festival) *The Guardian*. 27 Sep 2011\\. Accessed 15 April 2023\\. An [Interpol red notice](/wiki/Interpol_notice \"Interpol notice\") was issued in 1978 after he fled the United States, limiting his movements to France, Switzerland, and Poland.\n\nHowever, his name is no longer found on Interpol's wanted list.\n\nDuring a television interview on 10 March 2011, Geimer blamed the media, reporters, the court, and the judge for having caused \"way more damage to me and my family than anything Roman Polanski has ever done\", and opined that the judge was using her and Polanski for media exposure.\n\nIn January 2014, newly uncovered emails from 2008 by a Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge, Larry P. Fidler, indicated that if Polanski returned to the United States for a hearing, the conduct of the judge who had originally presided over the case, Laurence A. Rittenband, might require that Polanski be freed. These emails were related to a 2008 documentary film by [Marina Zenovich](/wiki/Marina_Zenovich \"Marina Zenovich\").\n\nIn late October 2014, Polanski was questioned by Polish prosecutors in Kraków. On 30 October 2015, Polish judge Dariusz Mazur denied a request by the United States to extradite Polanski, who has dual French–Polish citizenship, for a full trial, claiming that it would be \"obviously unlawful\". The Kraków prosecutor's office declined to challenge the court's ruling, agreeing that Polanski had served his punishment and did not need to face an American court ever again.\n\nPoland's national justice ministry appealed, arguing that sexual abuse of minors should be prosecuted regardless of the suspect's accomplishments or the length of time since the suspected crime took place. In a December 2016 decision, the Supreme Court of Poland dismissed the government's appeal, holding that the prosecutor general had failed to prove misconduct or flagrant legal error on the part of the lower court.\n\nPreparations for *An Officer and a Spy* had been stalled by the extradition request.\n\nOn 3 May 2018, Polanski was removed from the [Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences \"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\"), with the decision referencing the case.\n\nPolanski has blamed [Harvey Weinstein](/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein \"Harvey Weinstein\") for the renewed focus on his sexual abuse case in the 2000s and claimed that Weinstein tried to brand him a \"child rapist\" to stop him from winning an Oscar in 2003\\.\n\nIn March 2023, Geimer and her husband met with Polanski and his wife Seigner for a French magazine cover interview. Geimer states in the interview: \"Let me be very clear: what happened with Polanski was never a big problem for me. I didn't even know it was illegal, that someone could be arrested for it. I was fine, I'm still fine. It was so unfair and so in opposition to justice ... Everyone should know by now that Roman has served his sentence. Which was ... long if you want my opinion. Anyone who thinks that he deserves to be in prison is wrong. It isn't the case today and it wasn't the case yesterday.\"\n\n#### Documentary films\n\nIn 2008, the documentary film by [Marina Zenovich](/wiki/Marina_Zenovich \"Marina Zenovich\"), *[Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired](/wiki/Roman_Polanski:Wanted_and_Desired \"Wanted and Desired\")*, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards. The film focuses on the judge in the case and the possible reasons why he changed his mind. It includes interviews with people involved in the case, including the victim, Geimer, and the prosecutor, Roger Gunson. Geimer said that the judge \"didn't care what happened\" to her or Polanski, but \"was orchestrating some little show\", while Gunson added, \"I'm not surprised that Polanski left under those circumstances, ... it was going to be a real circus.\"\n\nFormer Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney David Wells, whose statements were the most damning evidence in the movie, and who said he advised the judge to imprison Polanski, admitted that he lied about those statements, and said that to the documentary makers to \"play up\" his own role.\n\nIn December 2009, a California appellate court discussed the film's allegations as it denied Polanski's request to have the case dismissed. While saying it was \"deeply concerned\" by the allegations, and that the allegations were \"in many cases supported by considerable evidence\", it also found that \"Even in light of our fundamental concern about the misconduct ... flight was not Polanski's only option. It was not even his best option.\" It said dismissal of the case, which would erase Polanski's guilty plea, would not be an \"appropriate result\", and that he still had other legal options.\n\nIn September 2011, the documentary film *[Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir](/wiki/Roman_Polanski:A_Film_Memoir \"A Film Memoir\")* had its world premiere in [Zürich, Switzerland](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%2C_Switzerland \"Zürich, Switzerland\"). During an interview in the film, he offers his apology to Geimer: \"She is a double victim: My victim, and a victim of the press.\" On this occasion, he collected the lifetime achievement award he was to have received at the time of his arrest two years earlier.\n\n",
"#### Documentary films\n\nIn 2008, the documentary film by [Marina Zenovich](/wiki/Marina_Zenovich \"Marina Zenovich\"), *[Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired](/wiki/Roman_Polanski:Wanted_and_Desired \"Wanted and Desired\")*, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards. The film focuses on the judge in the case and the possible reasons why he changed his mind. It includes interviews with people involved in the case, including the victim, Geimer, and the prosecutor, Roger Gunson. Geimer said that the judge \"didn't care what happened\" to her or Polanski, but \"was orchestrating some little show\", while Gunson added, \"I'm not surprised that Polanski left under those circumstances, ... it was going to be a real circus.\"\n\nFormer Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney David Wells, whose statements were the most damning evidence in the movie, and who said he advised the judge to imprison Polanski, admitted that he lied about those statements, and said that to the documentary makers to \"play up\" his own role.\n\nIn December 2009, a California appellate court discussed the film's allegations as it denied Polanski's request to have the case dismissed. While saying it was \"deeply concerned\" by the allegations, and that the allegations were \"in many cases supported by considerable evidence\", it also found that \"Even in light of our fundamental concern about the misconduct ... flight was not Polanski's only option. It was not even his best option.\" It said dismissal of the case, which would erase Polanski's guilty plea, would not be an \"appropriate result\", and that he still had other legal options.\n\nIn September 2011, the documentary film *[Roman Polanski: A Film Memoir](/wiki/Roman_Polanski:A_Film_Memoir \"A Film Memoir\")* had its world premiere in [Zürich, Switzerland](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%2C_Switzerland \"Zürich, Switzerland\"). During an interview in the film, he offers his apology to Geimer: \"She is a double victim: My victim, and a victim of the press.\" On this occasion, he collected the lifetime achievement award he was to have received at the time of his arrest two years earlier.\n\n",
"### *Vanity Fair* libel case\n\nIn 2004, Polanski sued *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_magazine \"Vanity Fair magazine\")* magazine in London for libel. A 2002 article in the magazine claimed that Polanski promised he would \"make another Sharon Tate out of you\" in an attempt to seduce a Scandinavian model while he was travelling to Tate's funeral. He received supporting testimony from Mia Farrow, and *Vanity Fair* \"was unable to prove that the incident occurred\". Polanski was awarded [£](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\")50,000 in damages plus some of his legal costs.\n\n",
"### Matan Uziel libel case\n\nIn December 2017, Polanski filed a [₪](/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel \"Israeli new shekel\")1\\.5 million suit in [Herzliya](/wiki/Herzliya \"Herzliya\") Magistrates' Court against Israeli journalist and filmmaker [Matan Uziel](/wiki/Matan_Uziel \"Matan Uziel\"). Polanski maintained that Uziel, through his website, www.imetpolanski.com, falsely reported that five women had come forward to accuse him of raping them. Polanski was suing for libel and defamation of character. Herzliya Magistrates' Court rejected Polanski's request to be exempt from appearing in court after filing the libel suit. While Polanski gave various reasons for his inability to appear, the presiding judge, Gilad Hess, dismissed them one by one and ordered Polanski to pay Uziel ₪10,000 in costs. In November 2018, it was published that Polanski decided to drop the lawsuit, and was ordered by the court to pay Uziel ₪30,000 (US$8,000\\) for court costs. The court accepted Uziel's request that the suit not be dropped, but rather that it be rejected, making Polanski unable to sue Uziel again over the same issue in the future.\n\nIn late December 2019, in Polanski's interviews with *[Paris Match](/wiki/Paris_Match \"Paris Match\")* and , the latter accused Matan Uziel of carefully orchestrating the attacks on his character and for playing a major role in designing an international campaign to besmirch his name and reputation in order to make his career fall from grace.\n\nIn November 2022, Polanski filed a [cybersquatting](/wiki/Cybersquatting \"Cybersquatting\") dispute with [World Intellectual Property Organization](/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization \"World Intellectual Property Organization\") against the domain name imetpolanski.com. Polanski asked World Intellectual Property Organization to rule that the site was cybersquatting. However, the three\\-person panel ruled that Polanski did not show the domain was registered and used in bad faith, nor did he show that the registrant, Matan Uziel, lacked rights or legitimate interests in the domain name.\n\n",
"### Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences case\n\nIn April 2019, following his expulsion from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Polanski filed a lawsuit against the Academy alleging that the decision to expel him was not appropriately supported and demanding his reinstatement. In August 2020 his expulsion was upheld by the court with the judge finding that the Academy's board had given Polanski a fair hearing and that they had cause to expel him.\n\n",
"### Charlotte Lewis\n\nIn 2010, British actress [Charlotte Lewis](/wiki/Charlotte_Lewis \"Charlotte Lewis\") said that Polanski had \"forced himself\" on her while she was auditioning for a role in Paris in 1983, when she was 16 and he was 50\\. In 1999, Lewis had given a different account of events in an interview with the UK's *[News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World \"News of the World\")*, which was unearthed by the French daily . In that interview, Lewis asserted that she had a six\\-month tryst with Polanski when she was 17: \"I knew that Roman had done something bad in the United States, but I wanted to be his mistress\", Lewis said, according to . \"I wanted him probably more than he wanted me.\" Lewis never mentioned any sexual abuse, and she said that their relationship ended when Polanski introduced her to [Warren Beatty](/wiki/Warren_Beatty \"Warren Beatty\"), and she claimed that they soon began an affair. She was cast in Polanski's 1986 film *[Pirates](/wiki/Pirates_%281986_film%29 \"Pirates (1986 film)\")*, appeared at the Cannes film festival on his arm years after the alleged incident, and in an interview the year of the film's release, Lewis stated, \"I'd love to have had a romantic relationship with \\[Polanski], and a physical one. You can't help falling in love with him. But he didn't want me that way.\"\n\nIn September 2022, Polanski was ordered to stand trial in France for Lewis' defamation case. Polanski was acquitted of this defamation on 14 May 2024\\. He was not present in court for the verdict, which related to Polanski referencing Lewis' interview with [News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World \"News of the World\"), while speaking with [Paris Match](/wiki/Paris_Match \"Paris Match\") magazine.\n\n",
"### 2024 civil charges\n\nIn March 2024, Polanski was sued in the Los Angeles Superior Court by a woman who alleged that he raped her at his home in 1973 after supplying her with tequila shots. The woman was said to be under the age of 18 at the time. Polanski, who is facing a civil trial for this allegation, had his trial date set for August 2025\\.\n\n",
"### Other allegations\n\nIn October 2017, German actress [Renate Langer](/wiki/Renate_Langer \"Renate Langer\") told Swiss police that Polanski raped her in [Gstaad](/wiki/Gstaad \"Gstaad\") when she was 15, in 1972\\. The same month, American artist [Marianne Barnard](/wiki/Marianne_Barnard \"Marianne Barnard\") accused Polanski of having sexually assaulted her in 1975, when she was 10 years old.\n\nIn November 2019, French actress [Valentine Monnier](/wiki/Valentine_Monnier \"Valentine Monnier\") said Polanski violently raped her at a ski chalet in Gstaad in 1975\\.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n| \\+Directed features | Year | Title | Distribution |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1962 | *[Knife in the Water](/wiki/Knife_in_the_Water \"Knife in the Water\")* | Zespół Filmowy \"Kamera\" |\n| 1965 | *[Repulsion](/wiki/Repulsion_%28film%29 \"Repulsion (film)\")* | Compton Films |\n| 1966 | *[Cul\\-de\\-sac](/wiki/Cul-de-sac_%281966_film%29 \"Cul-de-sac (1966 film)\")* | Compton\\-Cameo Films |\n| 1967 | *[The Fearless Vampire Killers](/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\")* | [Metro\\-Goldwyn\\-Mayer](/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") |\n| 1968 | *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28film%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (film)\")* | [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\") |\n| 1971 | *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281971_film%29 \"Macbeth (1971 film)\")* | [Columbia Pictures](/wiki/Columbia_Pictures \"Columbia Pictures\") |\n| 1972 | *[What?](/wiki/What%3F_%28film%29 \"What? (film)\")* | |\n| 1974 | *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* | Paramount Pictures |\n| 1976 | *[The Tenant](/wiki/The_Tenant \"The Tenant\")* |\n| 1979 | *[Tess](/wiki/Tess_%281979_film%29 \"Tess (1979 film)\")* | Columbia Pictures |\n| 1986 | *[Pirates](/wiki/Pirates_%281986_film%29 \"Pirates (1986 film)\")* | [The Cannon Group, Inc.](/wiki/The_Cannon_Group%2C_Inc. \"The Cannon Group, Inc.\") |\n| 1988 | *[Frantic](/wiki/Frantic_%28film%29 \"Frantic (film)\")* | [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\") |\n| 1992 | *[Bitter Moon](/wiki/Bitter_Moon \"Bitter Moon\")* | [Fine Line Features](/wiki/Fine_Line_Features \"Fine Line Features\") |\n| 1994 | *[Death and the Maiden](/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_%28film%29 \"Death and the Maiden (film)\")* |\n| 1999 | *[The Ninth Gate](/wiki/The_Ninth_Gate \"The Ninth Gate\")* | BAC Films / Araba Films |\n| 2002 | *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")* | [Focus Features](/wiki/Focus_Features \"Focus Features\") |\n| 2005 | *[Oliver Twist](/wiki/Oliver_Twist_%282005_film%29 \"Oliver Twist (2005 film)\")* | [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 \"Pathé\") |\n| 2010 | *[The Ghost Writer](/wiki/The_Ghost_Writer_%28film%29 \"The Ghost Writer (film)\")* | [StudioCanal UK](/wiki/StudioCanal_UK \"StudioCanal UK\") |\n| 2011 | *[Carnage](/wiki/Carnage_%282011_film%29 \"Carnage (2011 film)\")* | [Sony Pictures Classics](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics \"Sony Pictures Classics\") |\n| 2013 | *[Venus in Fur](/wiki/Venus_in_Fur_%28film%29 \"Venus in Fur (film)\")* | [BAC Films](/wiki/BAC_Films \"BAC Films\") |\n| 2017 | *[Based on a True Story](/wiki/Based_on_a_True_Story_%28film%29 \"Based on a True Story (film)\")* |\n| 2019 | *[An Officer and a Spy](/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Spy_%28film%29 \"An Officer and a Spy (film)\")* | [Gaumont](/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company \"Gaumont Film Company\") / [01 Distribution](/wiki/01_Distribution \"01 Distribution\") |\n| 2023 | *[The Palace](/wiki/The_Palace_%282023_film%29 \"The Palace (2023 film)\")* | 01 Distribution |\n\n",
"Awards and nominations\n----------------------\n\n| Year | Title | [Academy Awards](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\") | | [BAFTA Awards](/wiki/BAFTA_Awards \"BAFTA Awards\") | | [Golden Globe Awards](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards \"Golden Globe Awards\") | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins |\n| 1962 | *[Knife in the Water](/wiki/Knife_in_the_Water \"Knife in the Water\")* | 1 | | 1 | | | |\n| 1965 | *[Repulsion](/wiki/Repulsion_%28film%29 \"Repulsion (film)\")* | | | 1 | | | |\n| 1966 | *[Cul\\-de\\-sac](/wiki/Cul-de-sac_%281966_film%29 \"Cul-de-sac (1966 film)\")* | | | 1 | | | |\n| 1968 | *[Rosemary's Baby](/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_%28film%29 \"Rosemary's Baby (film)\")* | 2 | 1 | 1 | | 4 | 1 |\n| 1971 | *[Macbeth](/wiki/Macbeth_%281971_film%29 \"Macbeth (1971 film)\")* | | | 2 | 1 | | |\n| 1974 | *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* | 11 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 7 | 4 |\n| 1979 | *[Tess](/wiki/Tess_%281979_film%29 \"Tess (1979 film)\")* | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |\n| 1986 | *[Pirates](/wiki/Pirates_%281986_film%29 \"Pirates (1986 film)\")* | 1 | | | | | |\n| 2002 | *[The Pianist](/wiki/The_Pianist_%282002_film%29 \"The Pianist (2002 film)\")* | 7 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | |\n| 2011 | *[Carnage](/wiki/Carnage_%282011_film%29 \"Carnage (2011 film)\")* | | | | | 2 | |\n|Total\n\n28\n\n8\n\n27\n\n6\n\n19\n\n7\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* Polanski, Roman (1973\\) *Roman Polanski's What? From the original screenplay*, London: Lorrimer. 91p. \n* Polanski, Roman (1973\\) *What?*, New York: Third press, 91p, \n* Polanski, Roman (1975\\) *Three film scripts: Knife in the water* \\[original screenplay by Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg and Roman Polanski; translated by Boleslaw Sulik]; *Repulsion* \\[original screenplay by Roman Polanski and Gerard Brach]; *Cul\\-de\\-sac* \\[original screenplay by Roman Polanski and Gerard Brach]*, introduction by Boleslaw Sulik, New York: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 275p, \n Polanski, Roman (1984\\)*\n* Knife in the water, Repulsion and Cul\\-de\\-sac: three filmscripts by Roman Polanski*, London: Lorrimer, 214p, (hbk) (pbk)\n Polanski, Roman (1984, 1985\\)*\n* Roman by Polanski*, New York: Morrow. , London: Heinemann. London: Pan. 456p. (hbk) (pbk)\n Polanski, Roman (2003\\)*\n* Le pianiste*, Paris: Avant\\-Scene, 126p, \nNotes\n-----\n\nReferences\n----------\n\nFurther reading\n---------------\n\n Visser, John J. 2008 * Satan\\-el: Fallen Mourning Star (Chapter 5\\)*. Covenant People's Books. \n Young, Jordan R. (1987\\)*\n* The Beckett Actor: Jack MacGowran, Beginning to End*. Beverly Hills, CA: Moonstone Press \nFurther reading\n---------------\n\n Bugliosi, Vincent, with Gentry, Kurt, * Helter Skelter, The Shocking Story of the Manson Murders*, London: Arrow, 1974\\. \n Cronin, Paul (2005\\)*\n* Roman Polanski: Interviews*, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. 200p\n Farrow, Mia (1997\\).*\n* What Falls Away: A Memoir*, New York: Bantam.\n Feeney, F.X. (text); Duncan, Paul (visual design). (2006\\).*\n* Roman Polanski*, Koln: Taschen. \n Jacke, Andreas,*\n* Roman Polanski—Traumatische Seelenlandschaften*, Gießen: Psychosozial\\-Verlag, 2010\\. , \n Kael, Pauline,*\n* 5001 Nights At The Movies*, Zenith Books, 1982\\. \n King, Greg,*\n* Sharon Tate and The Manson Murders*, Barricade Books, New York, 2000\\. \n\n Moldes, Diego,* \n\t+ Roman Polanski. La fantasía del atormentado'', Ediciones JC Clementine, Madrid, 2005\\. . (Spanish)\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1933 births](/wiki/Category:1933_births \"1933 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:20th\\-century atheists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_atheists \"20th-century atheists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French criminals](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_criminals \"20th-century French criminals\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_male_actors \"20th-century French male actors\")\n[Category:20th\\-century French male writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_male_writers \"20th-century French male writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Polish criminals](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_criminals \"20th-century Polish criminals\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Polish male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_male_actors \"20th-century Polish male actors\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Polish male 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]
} |
Ezra Pound | {
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null
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"name": [
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} | qe33ib67y466ef7wga980a1ir8c0jx8 | 2024-10-05T17:21:33Z | 1,249,221,201 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education (1885–1908)",
"Family background",
"Early education",
"University",
"Teaching",
"London (1908–1914)",
"''A Lume Spento''",
"Move to London",
"Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, ''Personae''",
"''The Spirit of Romance'', ''Canzoni'', the ''New Age''",
"''Poetry'' magazine, ''Ripostes'', Imagism",
"James Joyce, Pound's unpopularity",
"Marriage",
"''Des Imagistes'', dispute with Amy Lowell",
"World War I and leaving England (1914–1921)",
"Meeting Eliot, ''Cathay'', translation{{anchor|Translations from Japanese and Chinese}}",
"\"Three Cantos\", resignation from ''Poetry''",
"''Hugh Selwyn Mauberley''",
"Paris (1921–1924)",
"Meeting Hemingway, editing ''The Waste Land''",
"Meeting Olga Rudge",
"Restarting ''The Cantos''{{anchor|The Cantos}}",
"Italy (1924–1939)",
"Birth of the children",
"''The Exile'', ''Dial'' poetry award",
"Antisemitism, social credit",
"Meeting Mussolini",
"Visit to America",
"World War II and radio broadcasts (1939–1945)",
"Letter-writing campaign",
"Radio broadcasts",
"Arrest for treason",
"United States (1945–1958)",
"St. Elizabeths Hospital",
"''The Pisan Cantos'', Bollingen Prize",
"Diagnosis",
"Mullins and Kasper",
"''New Times'' articles",
"Release",
"Italy (1958–1972)",
"Depression",
"Meeting Ginsberg, Reck, and Russell",
"Death",
"Critical reception",
"Rehabilitation efforts, scholarship",
"Legacy",
"Selected works",
"See also",
"Explanatory notes",
"Citations",
"Works cited",
"Further reading",
"Articles",
"Audio and video",
"Books",
"External links"
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"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|alt\\=photograph of Ezra H. Pound\\|Pound photographed in 1913 by [Alvin Langdon Coburn](/wiki/Alvin_Langdon_Coburn \"Alvin Langdon Coburn\")](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg \"Ezra Pound by Alvin Langdon Coburn, 1913.jpg\")\n\n**Ezra Weston Loomis Pound** (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972\\) was an [expatriate](/wiki/Expatriate \"Expatriate\") American poet and critic, a major figure in the early [modernist poetry](/wiki/Modernist_poetry \"Modernist poetry\") movement, and a [collaborator](/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy \"Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy\") in [Fascist Italy](/wiki/Fascist_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931943%29 \"Fascist Italy (1922–1943)\") and the [Salò Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\") during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). His works include *[Ripostes](/wiki/Ripostes \"Ripostes\")* (1912\\), *[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley](/wiki/Hugh_Selwyn_Mauberley \"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\")* (1920\\), and his 800\\-page [epic poem](/wiki/Epic_poetry \"Epic poetry\") *[The Cantos](/wiki/The_Cantos \"The Cantos\")* (–1962\\).Stoicheff (1995\\), 6; Beach (2003\\), 32\\. The first cantos were published in 1917, and the final complete canto was first published in 1962\\.\n\nPound's contribution to poetry began in the early 20th century with his role in developing [Imagism](/wiki/Imagism \"Imagism\"), a movement stressing precision and economy of language. Working in London as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, he helped discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as [H. D.](/wiki/H.%C2%A0D. \"H. D.\"), [Robert Frost](/wiki/Robert_Frost \"Robert Frost\"), [T. S. Eliot](/wiki/T.%C2%A0S.%C2%A0Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\"), [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), and [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\"). He was responsible for the 1914 serialization of Joyce's *[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man](/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\")*, the 1915 publication of Eliot's \"[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock](/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J.%C2%A0Alfred_Prufrock \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\")\", and the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's *[Ulysses](/wiki/Ulysses_%28novel%29 \"Ulysses (novel)\")*. Hemingway wrote in 1932 that, for poets born in the late 19th or early 20th century, not to be influenced by Pound would be \"like passing through a great blizzard and not feeling its cold\".\n\nAngered by the carnage of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Pound blamed the war on [finance capitalism](/wiki/Finance_capitalism \"Finance capitalism\"), which he called \"[usury](/wiki/Usury \"Usury\")\".Preda (2005b), 90\\. He moved to Italy in 1924 and through the 1930s and 1940s promoted an economic theory known as [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit \"Social credit\"), wrote for publications owned by the British fascist Sir [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\"), embraced [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\")'s [fascism](/wiki/Italian_fascism \"Italian fascism\"), and expressed support for [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\"). During [World War II](/wiki/World_War%C2%A0II \"World War II\"), Pound recorded hundreds of paid [radio propaganda broadcasts](/wiki/Ezra_Pound%27s_radio_broadcasts%2C_1941%E2%80%931945 \"Ezra Pound's radio broadcasts, 1941–1945\") for the [fascist Italian government](/wiki/Fascist_Italy \"Fascist Italy\") and its later incarnation as a German [puppet state](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\"), in which he attacked the [United States federal government](/wiki/United_States_federal_government \"United States federal government\"), [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/wiki/Franklin_D.%C2%A0Roosevelt \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\"), [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), international finance, [munitions makers](/wiki/Arms_maker \"Arms maker\"), [arms dealers](/wiki/Arms_dealer \"Arms dealer\"), [Jews](/wiki/Jew \"Jew\"), and others, as abettors and prolongers of the war. He also praised both [eugenics](/wiki/Eugenics \"Eugenics\") and the [Holocaust in Italy](/wiki/Holocaust_in_Italy \"Holocaust in Italy\"), while urging American [GIs](/wiki/GIs \"GIs\") to throw down their rifles and surrender. In 1945, Pound was captured by the [Italian Resistance](/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement \"Italian resistance movement\") and handed over to the [U.S. Army](/wiki/U.S._Army \"U.S. Army\")'s [Counterintelligence Corps](/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps \"Counterintelligence Corps\"), who held him pending [extradition](/wiki/Extradition \"Extradition\") and prosecution based on an [indictment](/wiki/Indictment \"Indictment\") for [treason](/wiki/Treason_in_the_United_States \"Treason in the United States\"). He spent months in a U.S. military detention camp near [Pisa](/wiki/Pisa \"Pisa\"), including three weeks in an outdoor steel cage. Ruled [mentally unfit](/wiki/Non_compos_mentis \"Non compos mentis\") to stand trial, Pound was incarcerated for over 12 years at [St. Elizabeths](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital \"St. Elizabeths Hospital\") psychiatric hospital in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), whose doctors viewed Pound as a [narcissist](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder \"Narcissistic personality disorder\") and a [psychopath](/wiki/Psychopathy \"Psychopathy\"), but otherwise completely sane.\n\nWhile in custody in Italy, Pound began work on sections of *The Cantos*, which were published as *[The Pisan Cantos](/wiki/The_Pisan_Cantos \"The Pisan Cantos\")* (1948\\), for which he was awarded the [Bollingen Prize for Poetry](/wiki/Bollingen_Prize \"Bollingen Prize\") in 1949 by the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\"), causing enormous controversy. After a campaign by his fellow writers, he was released from St. Elizabeth's in 1958 and returned to Italy, where he posed for the press giving the [Fascist salute](/wiki/Fascist_salute \"Fascist salute\") and called America \"an insane asylum\". Pound remained in Italy until his death in 1972\\. His economic and political views have ensured that his life and literary legacy remain highly controversial.\n\n",
"Early life and education (1885–1908\\)\n-------------------------------------\n\n### Family background\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[Thaddeus Coleman Pound](/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Pound \"Thaddeus C. Pound\"), Pound's paternal grandfather, in the late 1880s](/wiki/File:Thaddeus_C._Pound_-_Brady-Handy.jpg \"Thaddeus C. Pound - Brady-Handy.jpg\")\nPound was born in 1885 in a two\\-story [clapboard](/wiki/Clapboard \"Clapboard\") house in [Hailey](/wiki/Hailey%2C_Idaho \"Hailey, Idaho\"), Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound and Isabel Weston, who married in 1884\\. Homer had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the [United States General Land Office](/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office \"United States General Land Office\").Moody (2007\\), 4; Wilson (2014\\), 14 Pound's grandfather, [Thaddeus Coleman Pound](/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Pound \"Thaddeus C. Pound\"), a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") Congressman and the 10th [Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin](/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Wisconsin \"List of lieutenant governors of Wisconsin\"), had secured him the appointment. Homer had previously worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business.Kavka (1991\\), 145–148; Moody (2007\\), 4\n\nBoth sides of Pound's family emigrated from England in the 17th century. On his father's side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") who arrived from England around 1650\\. Ezra's paternal grandmother, [Susan Angevine Loomis](/wiki/Loomis_Homestead \"Loomis Homestead\"),Wilhelm (1985a), 14; Wilhelm (1985b), 380; Kavka (1991\\), 145–146 married Thaddeus Coleman Pound. On his mother's side, Pound was descended from [William Wadsworth](/wiki/William_Wadsworth_%28patriarch%29 \"William Wadsworth (patriarch)\"), a [Puritan](/wiki/Puritanism \"Puritanism\") who immigrated to [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") on the *[Lion](/wiki/English_ship_Lion_%281557%29 \"English ship Lion (1557)\")* in 1632\\. Captain Joseph Wadsworth helped to write the [first Connecticut constitution](/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut \"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut\").Tytell (1987\\), 11 The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York; Harding Weston and Mary Parker were Pound's maternal grandparents.Moody (2007\\), xiii After serving in the military, Harding remained unemployed, so his brother Ezra Weston and Ezra's wife, Frances Amelia Wessells Freer (Aunt Frank), helped to look after Isabel, Pound's mother.Cockram (2005\\), 238; for Aunt Frank's name, Wallace (2010\\), 205\n\n### Early education\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|In his Cheltenham Military Academy uniform with his mother, 1898](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_and_Isabel_Pound_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Ezra Pound and Isabel Pound (cropped).jpg\")\n\nIsabel Pound was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887 when he was 18 months old.Cockram (2005\\), 239; Moody (2007\\), 4\\. Her husband followed and found a job as an [assayer](/wiki/Metallurgical_assay \"Metallurgical assay\") at the [Philadelphia Mint](/wiki/Philadelphia_Mint \"Philadelphia Mint\"). After a move to 417 Walnut Street in [Jenkintown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Jenkintown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Jenkintown, Pennsylvania\"), the family bought a six\\-bedroom house in 1893 at 166 Fernbrook Avenue, [Wyncote](/wiki/Wyncote%2C_Pennsylvania \"Wyncote, Pennsylvania\"). Pound's education began in [dame schools](/wiki/Dame_school \"Dame school\"): Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892 and the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893\\. Known as \"Ra\" (pronounced \"Ray\"), he attended Wyncote Public School from September 1894\\.Carpenter (1988\\), 26–27\\. His first publication was on 7 November 1896 in the *Jenkintown Times\\-Chronicle* (\"by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years\"), a [limerick](/wiki/Limerick_%28poetry%29 \"Limerick (poetry)\") about [William Jennings Bryan](/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan \"William Jennings Bryan\"), who had just lost the [1896 presidential election](/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election \"1896 United States presidential election\").\n\nIn 1897, aged 12, he transferred to Cheltenham Military Academy (CMA), where he wore an [American Civil War\\-style](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") uniform and was taught drilling and how to shoot.Carpenter (1988\\), 30\\. The following year he made his first trip overseas, a three\\-month tour with his mother and Aunt Frank, who took him to England, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Morocco.Carpenter (1988\\), 32–33; Moody (2007\\), 10\\. He attended CMA until 1900, at times as a boarder, but it seems he did not graduate.Carpenter (1988\\), 30, 33–34\\.\n\n### University\n\n[thumb\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[Hilda Doolittle (H.D.)](/wiki/H.D. \"H.D.\"), ](/wiki/File:Hilda_Doolittle%2C_1921_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Hilda Doolittle, 1921 (cropped).jpg\")\nIn 1901, at 15 years old, Pound was admitted to the College of Liberal Arts at the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\").Moody (2007\\), 14; Carpenter (1988\\), 35 Years later he said his aim was to avoid drill at the military academy. His one distinction in first year was in geometry,Carpenter (1988\\), 37 but otherwise his grades were mostly poor, including in Latin, his major; he achieved a B in English composition and a pass in English literature.Moody (2007\\), 15–16 In his second year he switched from the degree course to \"non\\-degree special student status\", he said \"to avoid irrelevant subjects\".Moody (2007\\), 14, 15 He was not elected to a [fraternity](/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities \"Fraternities and sororities\") at Penn, but it seemed not to bother him.Carpenter (1988\\), 39\n\nHis parents and Aunt Frank took him on another three\\-month European tour in 1902, and the following year he transferred to [Hamilton College](/wiki/Hamilton_College_%28New_York%29 \"Hamilton College (New York)\") in [Clinton, New York](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Oneida_County%2C_New_York \"Clinton, Oneida County, New York\"), possibly because of his grades.Moody (2007\\), 20 Again he was not invited to join a fraternity, but this time he had hoped to do so, according to letters home, because he wanted to live in a [fraternity house](/wiki/Fraternity_house \"Fraternity house\"), and by April 1904 he regarded the move as a mistake.Carpenter (1988\\), 47 Signed up for the Latin–Scientific course, he appears to have avoided some classes; his transcript is short of credits. He studied the [Provençal dialect](/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect \"Provençal dialect\") and read [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\") and [Anglo\\-Saxon poetry](/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_poetry \"Anglo-Saxon poetry\"), including *[Beowulf](/wiki/Beowulf \"Beowulf\")* and the 8th\\-century [Old English](/wiki/Old_English_literature \"Old English literature\") poem *[The Seafarer](/wiki/The_Seafarer_%28poem%29 \"The Seafarer (poem)\")*.Moody (2007\\), 21, 23–24\n\nAfter graduating from Hamilton in 1905 with a [PhB](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy \"Bachelor of Philosophy\"), he returned to Penn, where he fell in love with Hilda Doolittle (who later wrote under the name \"[H.D.](/wiki/H.D. \"H.D.\")\"). She was then a student at [Bryn Mawr College](/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College \"Bryn Mawr College\"), and he hand\\-bound 25 of his poems for her, calling it *Hilda's Book*.Doolittle (1979\\), 67–68; Tytell (1987\\), 24–27 After receiving his MA in [Romance languages](/wiki/Romance_languages \"Romance languages\") in 1906, he registered to write a PhD thesis on the [jesters](/wiki/Gracioso \"Gracioso\") in [Lope de Vega](/wiki/Lope_de_Vega \"Lope de Vega\")'s plays; a two\\-year Harrison fellowship covered his tuition and a $500 grant, with which he sailed again to Europe.Moody (2007\\), 19, 28; Tytell (1987\\), 30; for the announcement of a fellowship to Ezra Weston Pound, see \"Old Penn gives out honor list\". *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, 10 June 1906, 2 He spent three weeks in Madrid in various libraries, including in the [Royal Library](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid%23Royal_Library \"Royal Palace of Madrid#Royal Library\"). On 31 May 1906 he was standing outside the palace during the [attempted assassination](/wiki/Morral_affair \"Morral affair\") of [King Alfonso](/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain \"Alfonso XIII of Spain\") and left the city for fear of being mistaken for an anarchist.Moody (2007\\), 28 After Spain he visited Paris and London, returning to the United States in July 1906\\.Moody (2007\\), 29 His first essay, \"Raphaelite Latin\", was published in the *Book News Monthly* that September.\"September Magazines\". *Reading Times*, 11 September 1906, 4; Moody (2007\\), 31; Slatin (1955\\), 75 He took courses in English in 1907, where he fell out with just about everyone, including the department head, [Felix Schelling](/wiki/Felix_Emanuel_Schelling \"Felix Emanuel Schelling\"), with silly remarks during lectures and by winding an enormous tin watch very slowly while Schelling spoke.Moody (2007\\), 29–30 In the spring of 1907 he learned that his fellowship would not be renewed.Tytell (1987\\), 30 Schelling told him he was wasting everyone's time, and he left without finishing his doctorate.Moody (2007\\), 30\n\n### Teaching\n\nFrom September 1907 Pound taught French and Spanish at [Wabash College](/wiki/Wabash_College \"Wabash College\"),\"Professor Pound goes to Wabash\". *The Indianapolis News*, 9 August 1907, 11\\. a [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian \"Presbyterian\") college with 345 students in [Crawfordsville, Indiana](/wiki/Crawfordsville%2C_Indiana \"Crawfordsville, Indiana\"),Carpenter (1988\\), 71–73; Moody (2007\\), 56 which he called \"the [sixth circle of hell](/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29%23Sixth_Circle_%28Heresy%29 \"Inferno (Dante)#Sixth Circle (Heresy)\")\".Moody (2007\\), 59 One former student remembered him as a breath of fresh air; another said he was \"exhibitionist, egotistic, self\\-centered and self\\-indulgent\".Carpenter (1988\\), 74\n\nHe was dismissed after a few months. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke [cigarillos](/wiki/Cigarillo \"Cigarillo\") in his room in the same corridor as the president's office.Moody (2007\\), 58 He was asked to leave the college in January 1908 when his landladies, Ida and Belle Hall, found a woman in his room.Tytell (1987\\), 34; Carpenter (1988\\), 80–81; Moody (2007\\), 60–61 Shocked at having been expelled,Tytell (1987\\), 34 he left for Europe soon after, sailing from New York in March on the [RMS *Slavonia*](/wiki/RMS_Slavonia \"RMS Slavonia\").Carpenter (1988\\), 83; Moody (2007\\), 62\n\n",
"### Family background\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[Thaddeus Coleman Pound](/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Pound \"Thaddeus C. Pound\"), Pound's paternal grandfather, in the late 1880s](/wiki/File:Thaddeus_C._Pound_-_Brady-Handy.jpg \"Thaddeus C. Pound - Brady-Handy.jpg\")\nPound was born in 1885 in a two\\-story [clapboard](/wiki/Clapboard \"Clapboard\") house in [Hailey](/wiki/Hailey%2C_Idaho \"Hailey, Idaho\"), Idaho Territory, the only child of Homer Loomis Pound and Isabel Weston, who married in 1884\\. Homer had worked in Hailey since 1883 as registrar of the [United States General Land Office](/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office \"United States General Land Office\").Moody (2007\\), 4; Wilson (2014\\), 14 Pound's grandfather, [Thaddeus Coleman Pound](/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Pound \"Thaddeus C. Pound\"), a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\") Congressman and the 10th [Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin](/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Wisconsin \"List of lieutenant governors of Wisconsin\"), had secured him the appointment. Homer had previously worked for Thaddeus in the lumber business.Kavka (1991\\), 145–148; Moody (2007\\), 4\n\nBoth sides of Pound's family emigrated from England in the 17th century. On his father's side, the immigrant ancestor was John Pound, a [Quaker](/wiki/Quaker \"Quaker\") who arrived from England around 1650\\. Ezra's paternal grandmother, [Susan Angevine Loomis](/wiki/Loomis_Homestead \"Loomis Homestead\"),Wilhelm (1985a), 14; Wilhelm (1985b), 380; Kavka (1991\\), 145–146 married Thaddeus Coleman Pound. On his mother's side, Pound was descended from [William Wadsworth](/wiki/William_Wadsworth_%28patriarch%29 \"William Wadsworth (patriarch)\"), a [Puritan](/wiki/Puritanism \"Puritanism\") who immigrated to [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") on the *[Lion](/wiki/English_ship_Lion_%281557%29 \"English ship Lion (1557)\")* in 1632\\. Captain Joseph Wadsworth helped to write the [first Connecticut constitution](/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut \"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut\").Tytell (1987\\), 11 The Wadsworths married into the Westons of New York; Harding Weston and Mary Parker were Pound's maternal grandparents.Moody (2007\\), xiii After serving in the military, Harding remained unemployed, so his brother Ezra Weston and Ezra's wife, Frances Amelia Wessells Freer (Aunt Frank), helped to look after Isabel, Pound's mother.Cockram (2005\\), 238; for Aunt Frank's name, Wallace (2010\\), 205\n\n",
"### Early education\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|In his Cheltenham Military Academy uniform with his mother, 1898](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_and_Isabel_Pound_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Ezra Pound and Isabel Pound (cropped).jpg\")\n\nIsabel Pound was unhappy in Hailey and took Ezra with her to New York in 1887 when he was 18 months old.Cockram (2005\\), 239; Moody (2007\\), 4\\. Her husband followed and found a job as an [assayer](/wiki/Metallurgical_assay \"Metallurgical assay\") at the [Philadelphia Mint](/wiki/Philadelphia_Mint \"Philadelphia Mint\"). After a move to 417 Walnut Street in [Jenkintown, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Jenkintown%2C_Pennsylvania \"Jenkintown, Pennsylvania\"), the family bought a six\\-bedroom house in 1893 at 166 Fernbrook Avenue, [Wyncote](/wiki/Wyncote%2C_Pennsylvania \"Wyncote, Pennsylvania\"). Pound's education began in [dame schools](/wiki/Dame_school \"Dame school\"): Miss Elliott's school in Jenkintown in 1892 and the Heathcock family's Chelten Hills School in Wyncote in 1893\\. Known as \"Ra\" (pronounced \"Ray\"), he attended Wyncote Public School from September 1894\\.Carpenter (1988\\), 26–27\\. His first publication was on 7 November 1896 in the *Jenkintown Times\\-Chronicle* (\"by E. L. Pound, Wyncote, aged 11 years\"), a [limerick](/wiki/Limerick_%28poetry%29 \"Limerick (poetry)\") about [William Jennings Bryan](/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan \"William Jennings Bryan\"), who had just lost the [1896 presidential election](/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election \"1896 United States presidential election\").\n\nIn 1897, aged 12, he transferred to Cheltenham Military Academy (CMA), where he wore an [American Civil War\\-style](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") uniform and was taught drilling and how to shoot.Carpenter (1988\\), 30\\. The following year he made his first trip overseas, a three\\-month tour with his mother and Aunt Frank, who took him to England, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Morocco.Carpenter (1988\\), 32–33; Moody (2007\\), 10\\. He attended CMA until 1900, at times as a boarder, but it seems he did not graduate.Carpenter (1988\\), 30, 33–34\\.\n\n",
"### University\n\n[thumb\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[Hilda Doolittle (H.D.)](/wiki/H.D. \"H.D.\"), ](/wiki/File:Hilda_Doolittle%2C_1921_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Hilda Doolittle, 1921 (cropped).jpg\")\nIn 1901, at 15 years old, Pound was admitted to the College of Liberal Arts at the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\").Moody (2007\\), 14; Carpenter (1988\\), 35 Years later he said his aim was to avoid drill at the military academy. His one distinction in first year was in geometry,Carpenter (1988\\), 37 but otherwise his grades were mostly poor, including in Latin, his major; he achieved a B in English composition and a pass in English literature.Moody (2007\\), 15–16 In his second year he switched from the degree course to \"non\\-degree special student status\", he said \"to avoid irrelevant subjects\".Moody (2007\\), 14, 15 He was not elected to a [fraternity](/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities \"Fraternities and sororities\") at Penn, but it seemed not to bother him.Carpenter (1988\\), 39\n\nHis parents and Aunt Frank took him on another three\\-month European tour in 1902, and the following year he transferred to [Hamilton College](/wiki/Hamilton_College_%28New_York%29 \"Hamilton College (New York)\") in [Clinton, New York](/wiki/Clinton%2C_Oneida_County%2C_New_York \"Clinton, Oneida County, New York\"), possibly because of his grades.Moody (2007\\), 20 Again he was not invited to join a fraternity, but this time he had hoped to do so, according to letters home, because he wanted to live in a [fraternity house](/wiki/Fraternity_house \"Fraternity house\"), and by April 1904 he regarded the move as a mistake.Carpenter (1988\\), 47 Signed up for the Latin–Scientific course, he appears to have avoided some classes; his transcript is short of credits. He studied the [Provençal dialect](/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect \"Provençal dialect\") and read [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\") and [Anglo\\-Saxon poetry](/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_poetry \"Anglo-Saxon poetry\"), including *[Beowulf](/wiki/Beowulf \"Beowulf\")* and the 8th\\-century [Old English](/wiki/Old_English_literature \"Old English literature\") poem *[The Seafarer](/wiki/The_Seafarer_%28poem%29 \"The Seafarer (poem)\")*.Moody (2007\\), 21, 23–24\n\nAfter graduating from Hamilton in 1905 with a [PhB](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy \"Bachelor of Philosophy\"), he returned to Penn, where he fell in love with Hilda Doolittle (who later wrote under the name \"[H.D.](/wiki/H.D. \"H.D.\")\"). She was then a student at [Bryn Mawr College](/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College \"Bryn Mawr College\"), and he hand\\-bound 25 of his poems for her, calling it *Hilda's Book*.Doolittle (1979\\), 67–68; Tytell (1987\\), 24–27 After receiving his MA in [Romance languages](/wiki/Romance_languages \"Romance languages\") in 1906, he registered to write a PhD thesis on the [jesters](/wiki/Gracioso \"Gracioso\") in [Lope de Vega](/wiki/Lope_de_Vega \"Lope de Vega\")'s plays; a two\\-year Harrison fellowship covered his tuition and a $500 grant, with which he sailed again to Europe.Moody (2007\\), 19, 28; Tytell (1987\\), 30; for the announcement of a fellowship to Ezra Weston Pound, see \"Old Penn gives out honor list\". *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, 10 June 1906, 2 He spent three weeks in Madrid in various libraries, including in the [Royal Library](/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid%23Royal_Library \"Royal Palace of Madrid#Royal Library\"). On 31 May 1906 he was standing outside the palace during the [attempted assassination](/wiki/Morral_affair \"Morral affair\") of [King Alfonso](/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain \"Alfonso XIII of Spain\") and left the city for fear of being mistaken for an anarchist.Moody (2007\\), 28 After Spain he visited Paris and London, returning to the United States in July 1906\\.Moody (2007\\), 29 His first essay, \"Raphaelite Latin\", was published in the *Book News Monthly* that September.\"September Magazines\". *Reading Times*, 11 September 1906, 4; Moody (2007\\), 31; Slatin (1955\\), 75 He took courses in English in 1907, where he fell out with just about everyone, including the department head, [Felix Schelling](/wiki/Felix_Emanuel_Schelling \"Felix Emanuel Schelling\"), with silly remarks during lectures and by winding an enormous tin watch very slowly while Schelling spoke.Moody (2007\\), 29–30 In the spring of 1907 he learned that his fellowship would not be renewed.Tytell (1987\\), 30 Schelling told him he was wasting everyone's time, and he left without finishing his doctorate.Moody (2007\\), 30\n\n",
"### Teaching\n\nFrom September 1907 Pound taught French and Spanish at [Wabash College](/wiki/Wabash_College \"Wabash College\"),\"Professor Pound goes to Wabash\". *The Indianapolis News*, 9 August 1907, 11\\. a [Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian \"Presbyterian\") college with 345 students in [Crawfordsville, Indiana](/wiki/Crawfordsville%2C_Indiana \"Crawfordsville, Indiana\"),Carpenter (1988\\), 71–73; Moody (2007\\), 56 which he called \"the [sixth circle of hell](/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29%23Sixth_Circle_%28Heresy%29 \"Inferno (Dante)#Sixth Circle (Heresy)\")\".Moody (2007\\), 59 One former student remembered him as a breath of fresh air; another said he was \"exhibitionist, egotistic, self\\-centered and self\\-indulgent\".Carpenter (1988\\), 74\n\nHe was dismissed after a few months. Smoking was forbidden, but he would smoke [cigarillos](/wiki/Cigarillo \"Cigarillo\") in his room in the same corridor as the president's office.Moody (2007\\), 58 He was asked to leave the college in January 1908 when his landladies, Ida and Belle Hall, found a woman in his room.Tytell (1987\\), 34; Carpenter (1988\\), 80–81; Moody (2007\\), 60–61 Shocked at having been expelled,Tytell (1987\\), 34 he left for Europe soon after, sailing from New York in March on the [RMS *Slavonia*](/wiki/RMS_Slavonia \"RMS Slavonia\").Carpenter (1988\\), 83; Moody (2007\\), 62\n\n",
"London (1908–1914\\)\n-------------------\n\n### *A Lume Spento*\n\nPound arrived in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") on 23 March 1908, where he earned $15 a day working as a guide for an American family there and in Spain.Carpenter (1988\\), 88; Moody (2007\\), 62 After stops in Seville, Grenada, and Genoa, by the end of April he was in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge.Carpenter (1988\\), 89; Moody (2007\\), 63; for the bakery, Tytell (1987\\), 36 In the summer he decided to self\\-publish his first collection of 44 poems in the 72\\-page *[A Lume Spento](/wiki/A_Lume_Spento \"A Lume Spento\")* (\"With Tapers Quenched\"), 150 copies of which were printed in July 1908\\.Witemeyer (2005a), 185; Moody (2007\\), 66 The title is from the third canto of [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\")'s *[Purgatorio](/wiki/Purgatorio \"Purgatorio\")*, alluding to the death of [Manfred, King of Sicily](/wiki/Manfred%2C_King_of_Sicily \"Manfred, King of Sicily\"). Pound dedicated the book to the Philadelphia artist [William Brooke Smith](/wiki/William_Brooke_Smith \"William Brooke Smith\"), a friend from university who had recently died of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\").Witemeyer (2005a), 185; Wilhelm (1990\\), xiii, 299\n\nIn \"Canto LXXVI\" of *[The Pisan Cantos](/wiki/The_Pisan_Cantos \"The Pisan Cantos\")*, he records that he considered throwing the proofs into the [Grand Canal](/wiki/Grand_Canal_%28Venice%29 \"Grand Canal (Venice)\"), abandoning the book and poetry altogether: \"by the soap\\-smooth stone posts where San Vio / meets with il Canal Grande / between Salviati and the house that was of Don Carlos / shd/I chuck the lot into the tide\\-water? / [le bozze](/wiki/Galley_proof \"Galley proof\") \"A Lume Spento\"/ / and by the column of Todero / shd/I shift to the other side / or wait 24 hours\".Pound (1947\\); Pound (1996\\), 480; Pound (2003b), 38, lines 259–263; Terrell (1993\\), 398\n\n### Move to London\n\n[thumb\\|alt\\=photograph\\|48 Langham Street, [Fitzrovia](/wiki/Fitzrovia \"Fitzrovia\"), London W1](/wiki/File:48_Langham_Street%2C_London_W1.jpg \"48 Langham Street, London W1.jpg\")\nIn August 1908 Pound moved to London, carrying 60 copies of *A Lume Spento*.Baumann (1984\\), 357 English poets such as [Maurice Hewlett](/wiki/Maurice_Hewlett \"Maurice Hewlett\"), [Rudyard Kipling](/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling \"Rudyard Kipling\"), and [Alfred Tennyson](/wiki/Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\") had made a particular kind of [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") verse—stirring, pompous, and propagandistic—popular. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as \"versified moral essay\"; he wanted to focus on the individual experience, the concrete rather than the abstract.Knapp (1979\\), 25–27\n\nPound at first stayed in a boarding house at 8 Duchess Street, near the [British Museum Reading Room](/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room \"British Museum Reading Room\"); he had met the landlady during his travels in Europe in 1906\\.Wilhelm (1990\\), 3 He soon moved to [Islington](/wiki/Islington \"Islington\") (cheaper at [12s 6d](/wiki/%C2%A3sd \"£sd\") a week [board and lodging](/wiki/Room_and_board \"Room and board\")), but his father sent him £4, and he was able to move back into central London, to 48 Langham Street, near [Great Titchfield Street](/wiki/Great_Titchfield_Street \"Great Titchfield Street\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 4 The house sat across an alley from the Yorkshire Grey pub, which made an appearance in \"Canto LXXX\" (*The Pisan Cantos*), \"concerning the landlady's *doings* / with a lodger unnamed / az waz near Gt Tichfield St. next door to the pub\".Pound (2003b), 80, lines 334–336; Wilhelm (1990\\), 4\n\nPound persuaded the bookseller [Elkin Mathews](/wiki/Charles_Elkin_Mathews \"Charles Elkin Mathews\") on [Vigo Street](/wiki/Vigo_Street \"Vigo Street\") to display *A Lume Spento*, and in an unsigned article on 26 November 1908, Pound reviewed it himself in the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")*: \"The unseizable magic of poetry is in this queer paper book; and words are no good in describing it.\"Tytell (1987\\), 38–39; for the *Evening Standard*, Erkkila (2011\\), 3 The following month he self\\-published a second collection, *[A Quinzaine for this Yule](/wiki/A_Quinzaine_for_this_Yule \"A Quinzaine for this Yule\")*.Witemeyer (2005b), 249 It was his first book to have commercial success, and Elkin Matthews had another 100 copies printed. In January and February 1909, after the death of [John Churton Collins](/wiki/John_Churton_Collins \"John Churton Collins\") left a vacancy, Pound lectured for an hour a week in the evenings on \"The Development of Literature in Southern Europe\" at the [Regent Street Polytechnic](/wiki/University_of_Westminster \"University of Westminster\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 5–11; Baumann (1984\\), 360* + - * + - Mornings might be spent in the British Museum Reading Room, followed by lunch at the [Vienna Café](/wiki/Vienna_Caf%C3%A9 \"Vienna Café\") on [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street \"Oxford Street\"), where Pound first met [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\") in 1910\\.Wilhelm (1990\\), 7 \"There were mysterious figures / that emerged from recondite recesses / and ate at the WIENER CAFÉ\".Pound (2003\\), Canto 80, 84; Kenner (1971\\), 236 [Ford Madox Ford](/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford \"Ford Madox Ford\") described Pound as \"approach\\[ing] with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent\":Ford (1931\\), 370; Moody (2007\\), 113\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t> He would wear trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand\\-painted by a Japanese friend, an immense sombrero, a flaming beard cut to a point, and a single, large blue earring.\n\n### Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, *Personae*\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Pound married [Dorothy Shakespear](/wiki/Dorothy_Shakespear \"Dorothy Shakespear\") in 1914](/wiki/File:DorothyPound.jpg \"DorothyPound.jpg\")\n\nAt a literary [salon](/wiki/Salon_%28gathering%29 \"Salon (gathering)\") in 1909, Pound met the novelist [Olivia Shakespear](/wiki/Olivia_Shakespear \"Olivia Shakespear\")Carpenter (1988\\), 103 and later at the Shakespears' home at 12 Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, was introduced to her daughter, [Dorothy](/wiki/Dorothy_Shakespear \"Dorothy Shakespear\"), who became Pound's wife in 1914\\.Carpenter (1988\\), 103; Wilhelm (1990\\), 13–14 The critic [Iris Barry](/wiki/Iris_Barry \"Iris Barry\") described her as \"carrying herself delicately with the air, always, of a young Victorian lady out skating, and a profile as clear and lovely as that of a porcelain Kuan\\-yin\".Crunden (1993\\), [272](https://books.google.com/books?id=qzC_Qehx_NAC&pg=PA272) \"Listen to it—Ezra! Ezra!—And a third time—Ezra!\", Dorothy wrote in her diary on 16 February 1909\\.Pound and Litz (1984\\), 3\n\nPound mixed with the cream of London's literary circle, including Hewlett, [Laurence Binyon](/wiki/Laurence_Binyon \"Laurence Binyon\"), [Frederic Manning](/wiki/Frederic_Manning \"Frederic Manning\"), [Ernest Rhys](/wiki/Ernest_Rhys \"Ernest Rhys\"), [May Sinclair](/wiki/May_Sinclair \"May Sinclair\"), [Ellen Terry](/wiki/Ellen_Terry \"Ellen Terry\"), [George Bernard Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\"), [Hilaire Belloc](/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc \"Hilaire Belloc\"), [T. E. Hulme](/wiki/T.%C2%A0E.%C2%A0Hulme \"T. E. Hulme\"), and [F. S. Flint](/wiki/F.%C2%A0S.%C2%A0Flint \"F. S. Flint\").Tytell (1987\\), 42–45 Through the Shakespears, he was introduced to the poet [W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W.%C2%A0B.%C2%A0Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\"), Olivia Shakespear's former lover. He had already sent Yeats a copy of *A Lume Spento*, and Yeats had apparently found it \"charming\".Tytell (1987\\), 46 Pound wrote to [William Carlos Williams](/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams \"William Carlos Williams\") on 3 February 1909: \"Am by way of falling into the crowd that does things here. London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy.\"Pound (1971\\), 7 According to [Richard Aldington](/wiki/Richard_Aldington \"Richard Aldington\"), London found Pound amusing. The newspapers interviewed him,Aldington (1941\\), 105\\. and he was mentioned in *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 \"Punch (magazine)\")* magazine, which on 23 June 1909 described \"Mr. Ezekiel Ton\" as \"the most remarkable thing in poetry since [Robert Browning](/wiki/Robert_Browning \"Robert Browning\") ... \\[blending] the imagery of the unfettered West, the vocabulary of [Wardour Street](/wiki/Wardour_Street \"Wardour Street\"), and the sinister abandon of Borgiac Italy\".[*Punch*, 23 June 1909](https://archive.org/details/punchvol136a137lemouoft), 449; Nadel (2010\\), 159\n\nIn April 1909 Elkin Mathews published *Personae of Ezra Pound* (half the poems were from *A Lume Spento*)Baumann (1984\\), 358 and in October a further 27 poems (16 new) as *Exultations*.Gery (2005\\), 114 [Edward Thomas](/wiki/Edward_Thomas_%28poet%29 \"Edward Thomas (poet)\") described *Personae* in *English Review* as \"full of human passion and natural magic\".Erkkila (2011\\), 10 [Rupert Brooke](/wiki/Rupert_Brooke \"Rupert Brooke\") complained in the *Cambridge Review* that Pound had fallen under the influence of [Walt Whitman](/wiki/Walt_Whitman \"Walt Whitman\"), writing in \"unmetrical sprawling lengths that, in his hands, have nothing to commend them\". But he did acknowledge that Pound had \"great talents\".Erkkila (2011\\), 14\n\nIn or around September, Pound moved into new rooms at Church Walk, off [Kensington High Street](/wiki/Kensington_High_Street \"Kensington High Street\"), where he lived most of the time until 1914\\.Moody (2007\\), 180 He visited a friend, [Walter Rummel](/wiki/Walter_Morse_Rummel \"Walter Morse Rummel\"), in Paris in March 1910 and was introduced to the American heiress and pianist Margaret Lanier Cravens. Although they had only just met, she offered to become a patron to the tune of $1,000 a year, and from then until her death in 1912 she apparently sent him money regularly.Spoo (2005\\), 67; Moody (2007\\), 124–125\n\n### *The Spirit of Romance*, *Canzoni*, the *New Age*\n\nIn June 1910 Pound returned for eight months to the United States; his arrival coincided with the publication in London of his first book of literary criticism, *[The Spirit of Romance](/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Romance \"The Spirit of Romance\")*, based on his lecture notes from the polytechnic.Moody (2007\\), 117, 123 *Patria Mia*, his essays on the United States, were written at this time.Wilhelm (1990\\), 64–65 In August he moved to New York, renting rooms on [Waverly Place](/wiki/Waverly_Place \"Waverly Place\") and [Park Avenue South](/wiki/Park_Avenue_South \"Park Avenue South\"), facing [Gramercy Square](/wiki/Gramercy_Park \"Gramercy Park\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 57, 65 Although he loved New York, he felt alienated by the commercialism and newcomers from Eastern and Southern Europe who were displacing the white Anglo\\-Saxon Protestants.Wilhelm (1990\\), 65 The recently built [New York Public Library Main Branch](/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch \"New York Public Library Main Branch\") he found especially offensive.Carpenter (1988\\), 152; Wilhelm (1990\\), 65 During this period his antisemitism became apparent; he referred in *Patria Mia* to the \"detestable qualities\" of Jews. After persuading his parents to finance his passage back to Europe, he sailed from New York on the [RMS *Mauretania*](/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_%281906%29 \"RMS Mauretania (1906)\") on 22 February 1911\\. It was nearly 30 years—April 1939—before he visited the U.S. again.Wilhelm (1990\\), 65–66; Moody (2007\\), 150\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|First floor of the [Vienna Café](/wiki/Vienna_Caf%C3%A9 \"Vienna Café\") with its mirrored ceiling, [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street \"Oxford Street\"), in 1897\\. The room became a meeting place for Pound, [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), and other writers.](/wiki/File:Vienna_Caf%C3%A9%2C_London%2C_1897.jpg \"Vienna Café, London, 1897.jpg\")\n\nAfter three days in London he went to Paris,Moody (2007\\), 150 where he worked on a new collection of poetry, *Canzoni* (1911\\),Wilhelm (1990\\), 69–71 panned by the *[Westminster Gazette](/wiki/Westminster_Gazette \"Westminster Gazette\")* as \"affectation combined with pedantry\".Erkkila (2011\\), 45 He wrote in Ford Madox Ford's obituary that Ford had rolled on the floor with laughter at its \"stilted language\".Wilhelm (1990\\), 74 When he returned to London in August, he rented a room in [Marylebone](/wiki/Marylebone \"Marylebone\") at 2A Granville Place, then shared a house at 39 [Addison Road North](/wiki/Addison_Road%2C_London \"Addison Road, London\"), [W11](/wiki/W_postcode_area \"W postcode area\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 76 By November [A. R. Orage](/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage \"Alfred Richard Orage\"), editor of the socialist journal the *[New Age](/wiki/The_New_Age \"The New Age\"),* had hired him to write a weekly column.Redman (1991\\), 17; for Fabian Society, Carswell (1978\\), 35 Orage appears in *The Cantos* ([Possum](/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats \"Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats\") is T. S. Eliot): \"but the lot of 'em, Yeats, Possum and Wyndham / had no ground beneath 'em. / Orage had.\"\"Canto XCVIII\", Pound (1996\\), 705; Wilhelm (1990\\), 84\n\nPound contributed to the *New Age* from 30 November 1911 to 13 January 1921, attending editorial meetings in the basement of a grimy [ABC tearoom](/wiki/Aerated_Bread_Company \"Aerated Bread Company\") in [Chancery Lane](/wiki/Chancery_Lane \"Chancery Lane\").Hutchins (1965\\), 107, citing Pound's letter to her of August 1953; Wilhelm (1990\\), 83; Redman (1991\\), 17 There and at other meetings he met [Arnold Bennett](/wiki/Arnold_Bennett \"Arnold Bennett\"), [Cecil Chesterton](/wiki/Cecil_Chesterton \"Cecil Chesterton\"), [Beatrice Hastings](/wiki/Beatrice_Hastings \"Beatrice Hastings\"), [S. G. Hobson](/wiki/S._G._Hobson \"S. G. Hobson\"), Hulme, [Katherine Mansfield](/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield \"Katherine Mansfield\"), and [H. G. Wells](/wiki/H.%C2%A0G.%C2%A0Wells \"H. G. Wells\"). In the *New Age* office in 1918, he also met [C. H. Douglas](/wiki/C._H._Douglas \"C. H. Douglas\"), a British engineer who was developing his economic theory of [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit \"Social credit\"), which Pound found attractive. Douglas reportedly believed that Jews were a problem and needed to abandon a [Messianic](/wiki/Messianism \"Messianism\") view of themselves as the \"dominating race\".Holmes (2015\\), 209, citing Douglas, C. H. (26 August 1938\\). \"The Jews\". *Social Credit*, 8\\. Holmes also cites Finlay, J. L. (1972\\). *Social Credit: The English Origins*. Montreal: McGill\\-Queens University Press. According to [Colin Holmes](/wiki/Colin_Holmes_%28historian%29 \"Colin Holmes (historian)\"), the *New Age* itself published antisemitic material.Holmes (2015\\), 210 It was within this environment, not in Italy, according to [Tim Redman](/wiki/Tim_Redman \"Tim Redman\"), that Pound first encountered antisemitic ideas about \"usury\".Redman (1991\\), 17 \"In Douglas's program,\" [Christopher Hitchens](/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens \"Christopher Hitchens\") wrote in 2008, \"Pound had found his true muse: a blend of folkloric Celtic twilight with a paranoid hatred of the money economy and a dire suspicion about an ancient faith.\"\n\n### *Poetry* magazine, *Ripostes*, Imagism\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|10 Church Walk, [Kensington](/wiki/Kensington \"Kensington\"), London W8\\. Pound lived on the first floor (far left) in 1909–1910 and 1911–1914\\.](/wiki/File:EZRA_POUND_-_10_Kensington_Church_Walk_Holland_Park_London_W8_4NB.jpg \"EZRA POUND - 10 Kensington Church Walk Holland Park London W8 4NB.jpg\")\n\nIn May 1911, H.D. left Philadelphia for London. She was accompanied by the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September, H.D. stayed on. Pound introduced her to his friends, including Aldington, who became her husband in 1913\\. Before that, the three of them lived in Church Walk, Kensington—Pound at no. 10, Aldington at no. 8, and Doolittle at no. 6—and worked daily in the British Museum Reading Room.\n\nAt the British Museum, Laurence Binyon introduced Pound to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts Pound used in his later poetry, including Japanese [ukiyo\\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e \"Ukiyo-e\") prints.Arrowsmith (2011\\), 100, 106–107; Qian (2000\\), 101 The visitors' book first shows Pound in the Prints and Drawings Students' Room (known as the Print Room)Arrowsmith (2011\\), 106–107 on 9 February 1909, and later in 1912 and 1913, with Dorothy Shakespear, examining Chinese and Japanese art.Huang (2015\\), [108](https://books.google.com/books?id=_xElDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108), note 4 Pound was working at the time on the poems that became *Ripostes* (1912\\), trying to move away from his earlier work.Witemeyer (1981\\), 112\\. \"I hadn't in 1910 made a language\", he wrote years later. \"I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in.\"\n\nIn August 1912 [Harriet Monroe](/wiki/Harriet_Monroe \"Harriet Monroe\") hired Pound as foreign correspondent of *[Poetry: A Magazine of Verse](/wiki/Poetry_%28magazine%29 \"Poetry (magazine)\")*, a new magazine in Chicago.Carpenter (1988\\), 185; Moody (2007\\), 213 The first edition, in October, featured two of his own poems—\"To Whistler, American\" and \"Middle Aged\". Also that month Stephen Swift and Co. in London published *[Ripostes of Ezra Pound](/wiki/Ripostes \"Ripostes\")*, a collection of 25 poems, including a contentious translation of *The Seafarer*,For the original, see [\"The Seafarer\"](http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=text&id=Sfr), Anglo\\-Saxons.net; for Pound's, [\"The Seafarer\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085717/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1664.html), University of Toronto. that demonstrate his shift toward minimalist language. In addition to Pound's work, the collection contains five poems by Hulme.[Pound (1912\\)](https://archive.org/stream/ripostesofezrapo00pounrich).\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|alt\\=book cover\\|First edition of *[Poetry](/wiki/Poetry_%28magazine%29 \"Poetry (magazine)\")*, October 1912](/wiki/File:Poetry_cover1.jpg \"Poetry cover1.jpg\")\n\n*Ripostes* includes the first mention of *Les Imagistes*: \"As for the future, *Les Imagistes*, the descendants of the forgotten school of 1909, have that in their keeping.\"Pound (1912\\), 59; Moody (2007\\), 180, 222 While in the British Museum tearoom one afternoon with Doolittle and Aldington, Pound edited one of Doolittle's poems and wrote \"H.D. Imagiste\" underneath;Doolittle (1979\\), 18 he described this later as the founding of a movement in poetry, *[Imagisme](/wiki/Imagism \"Imagism\")*.Moody (2007\\), 180, 222 In the spring or early summer of 1912, they agreed, Pound wrote in 1918, on three principles:Pound (1918\\), 95\n1. 1. 1. \n\n*Poetry* published Pound's \"A Few Don'ts by an Imagist\" in March 1913\\. Superfluous words, particularly adjectives, should be avoided, as well as expressions like \"dim lands of peace\". He wrote: \"It dulls the image. It mixes an abstraction with the concrete. It comes from the writer's not realizing that the natural object is always the *adequate* symbol.\" Poets should \"go in fear of abstractions\".[Pound (1913\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=1&issue=6&page=29), 201 He wanted \"to stand for hard light, clear edges\", he wrote later to [Amy Lowell](/wiki/Amy_Lowell \"Amy Lowell\").Thacker (2018\\), 5\n\nAn example of Imagist poetry is Pound's \"[In a Station of the Metro](/wiki/In_a_Station_of_the_Metro \"In a Station of the Metro\")\", published in *Poetry* in April 1913 and inspired by an experience on the [Paris Underground](/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro \"Paris Métro\"). \"I got out of a train at, I think, [La Concorde](/wiki/Concorde_%28Paris_M%C3%A9tro%29 \"Concorde (Paris Métro)\")\", he wrote in \"How I began\" in *[T. P.'s Weekly](/wiki/T.%C2%A0P.%27s_Weekly \"T. P.'s Weekly\")* on 6 June 1913, \"and in the jostle I saw a beautiful face, and then, turning suddenly, another and another, and then a beautiful child's face, and then another beautiful face. All that day I tried to find words for what this made me feel. ... I could get nothing but spots of colour.\" A year later he reduced it to its essence in the style of a Japanese [haiku](/wiki/Haiku \"Haiku\").Pound (1974\\), 26\n\n### James Joyce, Pound's unpopularity\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\"), ](/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg \"Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg\")\nIn the summer of 1913 Pound became literary editor of *[The Egoist](/wiki/The_Egoist_%28periodical%29 \"The Egoist (periodical)\")*, a journal founded by the [suffragette](/wiki/Suffragette \"Suffragette\") [Dora Marsden](/wiki/Dora_Marsden \"Dora Marsden\").Monk (2005\\), 94 At the suggestion of [W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W.%C2%A0B.%C2%A0Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\"), Pound encouraged [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\") in December of that year to submit his work.Pound (1970\\), 17–18; Carpenter (1988\\), 224 The previous month Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, had rented Stone Cottage in [Coleman's Hatch](/wiki/Coleman%27s_Hatch \"Coleman's Hatch\"), Sussex, inviting Pound to accompany him as his secretary, and it was during this visit that Yeats introduced Pound to Joyce's *[Chamber Music](/wiki/Chamber_Music_%28poetry_collection%29 \"Chamber Music (poetry collection)\")* and his \"I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land\".Carpenter (1988\\), 225; Moody (2007\\), 240 This was the first of three winters Pound and Yeats spent at Stone Cottage, including two with Dorothy after she and Ezra married in 1914\\.Moody (2007\\), 240; Longenbach (1988\\); also see Longenbach (1990\\). \"Canto LXXXIII\" records a visit: \"so that I recalled the noise in the chimney / as it were the wind in the chimney / but was in reality [Uncle William](/wiki/W._B._Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\") / downstairs composing / that had made a great Peeeeacock / in the proide ov his oiye.\"Pound (1996\\), 553–554; Borstein (2001\\), 26\n\nIn his reply to Pound, Joyce gave permission to use \"I hear an Army\" and enclosed *[Dubliners](/wiki/Dubliners \"Dubliners\")* and the first chapter of his novel *[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man](/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\")*. Pound wrote to Joyce that the novel was \"damn fine stuff\".Pound (1970\\), 24 [Harriet Shaw Weaver](/wiki/Harriet_Shaw_Weaver \"Harriet Shaw Weaver\") accepted it for *The Egoist*, which serialized it from 2 February 1914, despite the printers objecting to words like \"fart\" and \"ballocks\", and fearing prosecution over [Stephen Dedalus](/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus \"Stephen Dedalus\")'s thoughts about prostitutes. On the basis of the serialization, the publisher that had rejected *Dubliners* reconsidered. Joyce wrote to Yeats: \"I can never thank you enough for having brought me into relation with your friend Ezra Pound who is indeed a miracle worker.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 226–227\n\nAround this time, Pound's articles in the *New Age* began to make him unpopular, to the alarm of Orage.Moody (2007\\), 209 [Samuel Putnam](/wiki/Samuel_Putnam \"Samuel Putnam\") knew Pound in Paris in the 1920s and described him as stubborn, contrary, cantankerous, bossy, touchy, and \"devoid of humor\"; he was \"an American small\\-towner\", in Putnam's view. His attitude caused him trouble in both London and Paris.Putnam (1947\\), 150, 152 English women, with their \"preponderantly derivative\" minds, were inferior to American women who had minds of their own, he wrote in the *New Age*. The English sense of what was right was based on respect for property, not morality. \"\\[P]erched on the rotten shell of a crumbling empire\", London had lost its energy. England's best authors—[Conrad](/wiki/Joseph_Conrad \"Joseph Conrad\"), [Hudson](/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson \"William Henry Hudson\"), [James](/wiki/Henry_James \"Henry James\"), and Yeats—were not English. English writers and critics were ignorant, he wrote in 1913\\.Moody (2007\\), 209, 210–211\n\n### Marriage\n\nEzra and Dorothy were married on 20 April 1914 at [St Mary Abbots](/wiki/St_Mary_Abbots \"St Mary Abbots\") in Kensington,\"Marriages of the Week\". *The Times*. Issue 40502, 20 April 1914, 11\\. the Shakespears' parish church, despite opposition from her parents, who worried about Ezra's income. His concession to marry in church had helped. Dorothy's annual income was £50, with another £150 from her family, and Ezra's was £200\\.Tytell (1987\\), 74 Her father, Henry Hope Shakespear, had him prepare a financial statement in 1911, which showed that his main source of income was his father.Wilhelm (1990\\), 81 After the wedding the couple moved into an apartment with no bathroom at 5 Holland Place Chambers, Kensington, next door to the newly wed H.D. and Aldington.Moody (2007\\), 246–249 This arrangement did not last. H.D. had been alarmed to find Ezra looking for a place to live outside the apartment building the day before his wedding. Once Dorothy and Ezra had moved into the building, Ezra would arrive unannounced at H.D.'s to discuss his writing, a habit that upset her, in part because his writing touched on private aspects of their relationship. She and Aldington decided to move several miles away to [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead \"Hampstead\").Doyle (2016\\), 32–33; some details in Doolittle (1979\\), 5; for Pound arriving at the apartment unannounced, Doyle, 332, n. 27, cites \"H.D. to Amy Lowell, 23 November 1914 (Harvard)\".\n\n### *Des Imagistes*, dispute with Amy Lowell\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Pound by [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), 1919\\. The portrait is lost.](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg \"Ezra Pound by Wyndham Lewis, 1919.jpeg\")\n\nThe appearance of *[Des Imagistes, An Anthology](/wiki/Des_Imagistes \"Des Imagistes\")* (1914\\), edited by Pound, \"confirmed the importance\" of *Imagisme*, according to [Ira Nadel](/wiki/Ira_Nadel \"Ira Nadel\").Nadel (2001\\), 2 Published in the American magazine *[The Glebe](/wiki/The_Glebe \"The Glebe\")* in February 1914 and the following month as a book, it was the first of five Imagist anthologies and the only one to contain work by Pound.Thacker (2018\\), 3 It included ten poems by [Richard Aldington](/wiki/Richard_Aldington \"Richard Aldington\"), seven by [H. D.](/wiki/H._D. \"H. D.\"), followed by Flint, [Skipwith Cannell](/wiki/Skipwith_Cannell \"Skipwith Cannell\"), Lowell, Carlos Williams, [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\") (\"I Hear an Army\", not an example of Imagism), six by Pound, then Hueffer (as he was known as the time), [Allen Upward](/wiki/Allen_Upward \"Allen Upward\") and [John Cournos](/wiki/John_Cournos \"John Cournos\").Pound (1914\\), 5–6; for Joyce, see Thacker (2018\\), 5–6\n\nShortly after its publication, an advertisement for Lewis's new magazine, *[Blast](/wiki/Blast_%28British_magazine%29 \"Blast (British magazine)\")* promised it would cover \"[Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\"), [Futurism](/wiki/Futurism \"Futurism\"), Imagisme and all Vital Forms of Modern Art.\" Described by Pound as \"mostly a painter's magazine with me to do the poems,\" and bearing the heavy influence of Futurism, *Blast* was the magazine of a London art movement formed by Lewis with Pound's collaboration. Pound named the movement [Vorticism](/wiki/Vorticism \"Vorticism\"). Vorticism included all the arts, and in *Blast* \"the Imagist propaganda merged into the Vorticist.\"\nIn the end, *Blast* was published only twice, in 1914 and 1915\\. In June 1914 *The Times* announced Lewis's new Rebel Arts Centre for Vorticist art at 38 [Great Ormond Street](/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street \"Great Ormond Street\").\"'Vorticist' Art\". *The Times*. 13 June 1914\\. Issue 40549, 5\\. \n\nLowell, who was to win the [Pulitzer Prize for Poetry](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Poetry \"Pulitzer Prize for Poetry\") in 1926, was unhappy that only one of her poems had appeared in *Des Imagistes*. She arrived in London in July 1914 to attend two dinners at the Dieudonné restaurant in Ryder Street, the first to celebrate the publication of *Blast* and the second, on 17 July, the publication of *Des Imagistes*. At the second, Ford Madox Hueffer announced that he had been an Imagiste long before Lowell and Pound, and that he doubted their qualifications; only Aldington and H.D. could lay claim to the title, in his view. During the subsequent row, Pound left the table and returned with a tin bathtub on his head, suggesting it as a symbol of what he called *Les Nagistes*, a school created by Lowell's poem \"In a Garden\", which ends with \"Night, and the water, and you in your whiteness, bathing!\" Apparently his behavior helped Lowell win people over to her point of view, as did her offer to fund future work.Doyle (2016\\), 31–32; Moody (2007\\), 225; for the line, Lowell (1955\\), 74\n\nH.D. and Aldington were moving away from Pound's understanding of *Imagisme* anyway, as he aligned himself with Lewis's ideas.Aldington (1941\\), 139; Moody (2007\\), 223 Lowell agreed to finance an annual anthology of *Imagiste* poets, but she insisted on democracy; according to Aldington, she \"proposed a [Boston Tea Party](/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\") for Ezra\" and an end to his despotic rule.Aldington (1941\\), 139; Thacker (2018\\), 6 Upset at Lowell, Pound began to call *Imagisme* \"Amygism\";Moody (2007\\), 223 he declared the movement dead and asked the group not to call themselves *Imagistes*. Not accepting that it was Pound's invention, they refused and Anglicized the term.Moody (2007\\), 224; Thacker (2018\\), 2, 5–6\n\n",
"### *A Lume Spento*\n\nPound arrived in [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") on 23 March 1908, where he earned $15 a day working as a guide for an American family there and in Spain.Carpenter (1988\\), 88; Moody (2007\\), 62 After stops in Seville, Grenada, and Genoa, by the end of April he was in [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"), living over a bakery near the San Vio bridge.Carpenter (1988\\), 89; Moody (2007\\), 63; for the bakery, Tytell (1987\\), 36 In the summer he decided to self\\-publish his first collection of 44 poems in the 72\\-page *[A Lume Spento](/wiki/A_Lume_Spento \"A Lume Spento\")* (\"With Tapers Quenched\"), 150 copies of which were printed in July 1908\\.Witemeyer (2005a), 185; Moody (2007\\), 66 The title is from the third canto of [Dante](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\")'s *[Purgatorio](/wiki/Purgatorio \"Purgatorio\")*, alluding to the death of [Manfred, King of Sicily](/wiki/Manfred%2C_King_of_Sicily \"Manfred, King of Sicily\"). Pound dedicated the book to the Philadelphia artist [William Brooke Smith](/wiki/William_Brooke_Smith \"William Brooke Smith\"), a friend from university who had recently died of [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\").Witemeyer (2005a), 185; Wilhelm (1990\\), xiii, 299\n\nIn \"Canto LXXVI\" of *[The Pisan Cantos](/wiki/The_Pisan_Cantos \"The Pisan Cantos\")*, he records that he considered throwing the proofs into the [Grand Canal](/wiki/Grand_Canal_%28Venice%29 \"Grand Canal (Venice)\"), abandoning the book and poetry altogether: \"by the soap\\-smooth stone posts where San Vio / meets with il Canal Grande / between Salviati and the house that was of Don Carlos / shd/I chuck the lot into the tide\\-water? / [le bozze](/wiki/Galley_proof \"Galley proof\") \"A Lume Spento\"/ / and by the column of Todero / shd/I shift to the other side / or wait 24 hours\".Pound (1947\\); Pound (1996\\), 480; Pound (2003b), 38, lines 259–263; Terrell (1993\\), 398\n\n",
"### Move to London\n\n[thumb\\|alt\\=photograph\\|48 Langham Street, [Fitzrovia](/wiki/Fitzrovia \"Fitzrovia\"), London W1](/wiki/File:48_Langham_Street%2C_London_W1.jpg \"48 Langham Street, London W1.jpg\")\nIn August 1908 Pound moved to London, carrying 60 copies of *A Lume Spento*.Baumann (1984\\), 357 English poets such as [Maurice Hewlett](/wiki/Maurice_Hewlett \"Maurice Hewlett\"), [Rudyard Kipling](/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling \"Rudyard Kipling\"), and [Alfred Tennyson](/wiki/Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson \"Alfred, Lord Tennyson\") had made a particular kind of [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") verse—stirring, pompous, and propagandistic—popular. According to modernist scholar James Knapp, Pound rejected the idea of poetry as \"versified moral essay\"; he wanted to focus on the individual experience, the concrete rather than the abstract.Knapp (1979\\), 25–27\n\nPound at first stayed in a boarding house at 8 Duchess Street, near the [British Museum Reading Room](/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room \"British Museum Reading Room\"); he had met the landlady during his travels in Europe in 1906\\.Wilhelm (1990\\), 3 He soon moved to [Islington](/wiki/Islington \"Islington\") (cheaper at [12s 6d](/wiki/%C2%A3sd \"£sd\") a week [board and lodging](/wiki/Room_and_board \"Room and board\")), but his father sent him £4, and he was able to move back into central London, to 48 Langham Street, near [Great Titchfield Street](/wiki/Great_Titchfield_Street \"Great Titchfield Street\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 4 The house sat across an alley from the Yorkshire Grey pub, which made an appearance in \"Canto LXXX\" (*The Pisan Cantos*), \"concerning the landlady's *doings* / with a lodger unnamed / az waz near Gt Tichfield St. next door to the pub\".Pound (2003b), 80, lines 334–336; Wilhelm (1990\\), 4\n\nPound persuaded the bookseller [Elkin Mathews](/wiki/Charles_Elkin_Mathews \"Charles Elkin Mathews\") on [Vigo Street](/wiki/Vigo_Street \"Vigo Street\") to display *A Lume Spento*, and in an unsigned article on 26 November 1908, Pound reviewed it himself in the *[Evening Standard](/wiki/Evening_Standard \"Evening Standard\")*: \"The unseizable magic of poetry is in this queer paper book; and words are no good in describing it.\"Tytell (1987\\), 38–39; for the *Evening Standard*, Erkkila (2011\\), 3 The following month he self\\-published a second collection, *[A Quinzaine for this Yule](/wiki/A_Quinzaine_for_this_Yule \"A Quinzaine for this Yule\")*.Witemeyer (2005b), 249 It was his first book to have commercial success, and Elkin Matthews had another 100 copies printed. In January and February 1909, after the death of [John Churton Collins](/wiki/John_Churton_Collins \"John Churton Collins\") left a vacancy, Pound lectured for an hour a week in the evenings on \"The Development of Literature in Southern Europe\" at the [Regent Street Polytechnic](/wiki/University_of_Westminster \"University of Westminster\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 5–11; Baumann (1984\\), 360* + - * + - Mornings might be spent in the British Museum Reading Room, followed by lunch at the [Vienna Café](/wiki/Vienna_Caf%C3%A9 \"Vienna Café\") on [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street \"Oxford Street\"), where Pound first met [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\") in 1910\\.Wilhelm (1990\\), 7 \"There were mysterious figures / that emerged from recondite recesses / and ate at the WIENER CAFÉ\".Pound (2003\\), Canto 80, 84; Kenner (1971\\), 236 [Ford Madox Ford](/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford \"Ford Madox Ford\") described Pound as \"approach\\[ing] with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent\":Ford (1931\\), 370; Moody (2007\\), 113\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t> He would wear trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand\\-painted by a Japanese friend, an immense sombrero, a flaming beard cut to a point, and a single, large blue earring.\n\n",
"### Meeting Dorothy Shakespear, *Personae*\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Pound married [Dorothy Shakespear](/wiki/Dorothy_Shakespear \"Dorothy Shakespear\") in 1914](/wiki/File:DorothyPound.jpg \"DorothyPound.jpg\")\n\nAt a literary [salon](/wiki/Salon_%28gathering%29 \"Salon (gathering)\") in 1909, Pound met the novelist [Olivia Shakespear](/wiki/Olivia_Shakespear \"Olivia Shakespear\")Carpenter (1988\\), 103 and later at the Shakespears' home at 12 Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, was introduced to her daughter, [Dorothy](/wiki/Dorothy_Shakespear \"Dorothy Shakespear\"), who became Pound's wife in 1914\\.Carpenter (1988\\), 103; Wilhelm (1990\\), 13–14 The critic [Iris Barry](/wiki/Iris_Barry \"Iris Barry\") described her as \"carrying herself delicately with the air, always, of a young Victorian lady out skating, and a profile as clear and lovely as that of a porcelain Kuan\\-yin\".Crunden (1993\\), [272](https://books.google.com/books?id=qzC_Qehx_NAC&pg=PA272) \"Listen to it—Ezra! Ezra!—And a third time—Ezra!\", Dorothy wrote in her diary on 16 February 1909\\.Pound and Litz (1984\\), 3\n\nPound mixed with the cream of London's literary circle, including Hewlett, [Laurence Binyon](/wiki/Laurence_Binyon \"Laurence Binyon\"), [Frederic Manning](/wiki/Frederic_Manning \"Frederic Manning\"), [Ernest Rhys](/wiki/Ernest_Rhys \"Ernest Rhys\"), [May Sinclair](/wiki/May_Sinclair \"May Sinclair\"), [Ellen Terry](/wiki/Ellen_Terry \"Ellen Terry\"), [George Bernard Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\"), [Hilaire Belloc](/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc \"Hilaire Belloc\"), [T. E. Hulme](/wiki/T.%C2%A0E.%C2%A0Hulme \"T. E. Hulme\"), and [F. S. Flint](/wiki/F.%C2%A0S.%C2%A0Flint \"F. S. Flint\").Tytell (1987\\), 42–45 Through the Shakespears, he was introduced to the poet [W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W.%C2%A0B.%C2%A0Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\"), Olivia Shakespear's former lover. He had already sent Yeats a copy of *A Lume Spento*, and Yeats had apparently found it \"charming\".Tytell (1987\\), 46 Pound wrote to [William Carlos Williams](/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams \"William Carlos Williams\") on 3 February 1909: \"Am by way of falling into the crowd that does things here. London, deah old Lundon, is the place for poesy.\"Pound (1971\\), 7 According to [Richard Aldington](/wiki/Richard_Aldington \"Richard Aldington\"), London found Pound amusing. The newspapers interviewed him,Aldington (1941\\), 105\\. and he was mentioned in *[Punch](/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29 \"Punch (magazine)\")* magazine, which on 23 June 1909 described \"Mr. Ezekiel Ton\" as \"the most remarkable thing in poetry since [Robert Browning](/wiki/Robert_Browning \"Robert Browning\") ... \\[blending] the imagery of the unfettered West, the vocabulary of [Wardour Street](/wiki/Wardour_Street \"Wardour Street\"), and the sinister abandon of Borgiac Italy\".[*Punch*, 23 June 1909](https://archive.org/details/punchvol136a137lemouoft), 449; Nadel (2010\\), 159\n\nIn April 1909 Elkin Mathews published *Personae of Ezra Pound* (half the poems were from *A Lume Spento*)Baumann (1984\\), 358 and in October a further 27 poems (16 new) as *Exultations*.Gery (2005\\), 114 [Edward Thomas](/wiki/Edward_Thomas_%28poet%29 \"Edward Thomas (poet)\") described *Personae* in *English Review* as \"full of human passion and natural magic\".Erkkila (2011\\), 10 [Rupert Brooke](/wiki/Rupert_Brooke \"Rupert Brooke\") complained in the *Cambridge Review* that Pound had fallen under the influence of [Walt Whitman](/wiki/Walt_Whitman \"Walt Whitman\"), writing in \"unmetrical sprawling lengths that, in his hands, have nothing to commend them\". But he did acknowledge that Pound had \"great talents\".Erkkila (2011\\), 14\n\nIn or around September, Pound moved into new rooms at Church Walk, off [Kensington High Street](/wiki/Kensington_High_Street \"Kensington High Street\"), where he lived most of the time until 1914\\.Moody (2007\\), 180 He visited a friend, [Walter Rummel](/wiki/Walter_Morse_Rummel \"Walter Morse Rummel\"), in Paris in March 1910 and was introduced to the American heiress and pianist Margaret Lanier Cravens. Although they had only just met, she offered to become a patron to the tune of $1,000 a year, and from then until her death in 1912 she apparently sent him money regularly.Spoo (2005\\), 67; Moody (2007\\), 124–125\n\n",
"### *The Spirit of Romance*, *Canzoni*, the *New Age*\n\nIn June 1910 Pound returned for eight months to the United States; his arrival coincided with the publication in London of his first book of literary criticism, *[The Spirit of Romance](/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Romance \"The Spirit of Romance\")*, based on his lecture notes from the polytechnic.Moody (2007\\), 117, 123 *Patria Mia*, his essays on the United States, were written at this time.Wilhelm (1990\\), 64–65 In August he moved to New York, renting rooms on [Waverly Place](/wiki/Waverly_Place \"Waverly Place\") and [Park Avenue South](/wiki/Park_Avenue_South \"Park Avenue South\"), facing [Gramercy Square](/wiki/Gramercy_Park \"Gramercy Park\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 57, 65 Although he loved New York, he felt alienated by the commercialism and newcomers from Eastern and Southern Europe who were displacing the white Anglo\\-Saxon Protestants.Wilhelm (1990\\), 65 The recently built [New York Public Library Main Branch](/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_Main_Branch \"New York Public Library Main Branch\") he found especially offensive.Carpenter (1988\\), 152; Wilhelm (1990\\), 65 During this period his antisemitism became apparent; he referred in *Patria Mia* to the \"detestable qualities\" of Jews. After persuading his parents to finance his passage back to Europe, he sailed from New York on the [RMS *Mauretania*](/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_%281906%29 \"RMS Mauretania (1906)\") on 22 February 1911\\. It was nearly 30 years—April 1939—before he visited the U.S. again.Wilhelm (1990\\), 65–66; Moody (2007\\), 150\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.3\\|First floor of the [Vienna Café](/wiki/Vienna_Caf%C3%A9 \"Vienna Café\") with its mirrored ceiling, [Oxford Street](/wiki/Oxford_Street \"Oxford Street\"), in 1897\\. The room became a meeting place for Pound, [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), and other writers.](/wiki/File:Vienna_Caf%C3%A9%2C_London%2C_1897.jpg \"Vienna Café, London, 1897.jpg\")\n\nAfter three days in London he went to Paris,Moody (2007\\), 150 where he worked on a new collection of poetry, *Canzoni* (1911\\),Wilhelm (1990\\), 69–71 panned by the *[Westminster Gazette](/wiki/Westminster_Gazette \"Westminster Gazette\")* as \"affectation combined with pedantry\".Erkkila (2011\\), 45 He wrote in Ford Madox Ford's obituary that Ford had rolled on the floor with laughter at its \"stilted language\".Wilhelm (1990\\), 74 When he returned to London in August, he rented a room in [Marylebone](/wiki/Marylebone \"Marylebone\") at 2A Granville Place, then shared a house at 39 [Addison Road North](/wiki/Addison_Road%2C_London \"Addison Road, London\"), [W11](/wiki/W_postcode_area \"W postcode area\").Wilhelm (1990\\), 76 By November [A. R. Orage](/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage \"Alfred Richard Orage\"), editor of the socialist journal the *[New Age](/wiki/The_New_Age \"The New Age\"),* had hired him to write a weekly column.Redman (1991\\), 17; for Fabian Society, Carswell (1978\\), 35 Orage appears in *The Cantos* ([Possum](/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats \"Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats\") is T. S. Eliot): \"but the lot of 'em, Yeats, Possum and Wyndham / had no ground beneath 'em. / Orage had.\"\"Canto XCVIII\", Pound (1996\\), 705; Wilhelm (1990\\), 84\n\nPound contributed to the *New Age* from 30 November 1911 to 13 January 1921, attending editorial meetings in the basement of a grimy [ABC tearoom](/wiki/Aerated_Bread_Company \"Aerated Bread Company\") in [Chancery Lane](/wiki/Chancery_Lane \"Chancery Lane\").Hutchins (1965\\), 107, citing Pound's letter to her of August 1953; Wilhelm (1990\\), 83; Redman (1991\\), 17 There and at other meetings he met [Arnold Bennett](/wiki/Arnold_Bennett \"Arnold Bennett\"), [Cecil Chesterton](/wiki/Cecil_Chesterton \"Cecil Chesterton\"), [Beatrice Hastings](/wiki/Beatrice_Hastings \"Beatrice Hastings\"), [S. G. Hobson](/wiki/S._G._Hobson \"S. G. Hobson\"), Hulme, [Katherine Mansfield](/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield \"Katherine Mansfield\"), and [H. G. Wells](/wiki/H.%C2%A0G.%C2%A0Wells \"H. G. Wells\"). In the *New Age* office in 1918, he also met [C. H. Douglas](/wiki/C._H._Douglas \"C. H. Douglas\"), a British engineer who was developing his economic theory of [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit \"Social credit\"), which Pound found attractive. Douglas reportedly believed that Jews were a problem and needed to abandon a [Messianic](/wiki/Messianism \"Messianism\") view of themselves as the \"dominating race\".Holmes (2015\\), 209, citing Douglas, C. H. (26 August 1938\\). \"The Jews\". *Social Credit*, 8\\. Holmes also cites Finlay, J. L. (1972\\). *Social Credit: The English Origins*. Montreal: McGill\\-Queens University Press. According to [Colin Holmes](/wiki/Colin_Holmes_%28historian%29 \"Colin Holmes (historian)\"), the *New Age* itself published antisemitic material.Holmes (2015\\), 210 It was within this environment, not in Italy, according to [Tim Redman](/wiki/Tim_Redman \"Tim Redman\"), that Pound first encountered antisemitic ideas about \"usury\".Redman (1991\\), 17 \"In Douglas's program,\" [Christopher Hitchens](/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens \"Christopher Hitchens\") wrote in 2008, \"Pound had found his true muse: a blend of folkloric Celtic twilight with a paranoid hatred of the money economy and a dire suspicion about an ancient faith.\"\n\n",
"### *Poetry* magazine, *Ripostes*, Imagism\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|10 Church Walk, [Kensington](/wiki/Kensington \"Kensington\"), London W8\\. Pound lived on the first floor (far left) in 1909–1910 and 1911–1914\\.](/wiki/File:EZRA_POUND_-_10_Kensington_Church_Walk_Holland_Park_London_W8_4NB.jpg \"EZRA POUND - 10 Kensington Church Walk Holland Park London W8 4NB.jpg\")\n\nIn May 1911, H.D. left Philadelphia for London. She was accompanied by the poet Frances Gregg and Gregg's mother; when they returned in September, H.D. stayed on. Pound introduced her to his friends, including Aldington, who became her husband in 1913\\. Before that, the three of them lived in Church Walk, Kensington—Pound at no. 10, Aldington at no. 8, and Doolittle at no. 6—and worked daily in the British Museum Reading Room.\n\nAt the British Museum, Laurence Binyon introduced Pound to the East Asian artistic and literary concepts Pound used in his later poetry, including Japanese [ukiyo\\-e](/wiki/Ukiyo-e \"Ukiyo-e\") prints.Arrowsmith (2011\\), 100, 106–107; Qian (2000\\), 101 The visitors' book first shows Pound in the Prints and Drawings Students' Room (known as the Print Room)Arrowsmith (2011\\), 106–107 on 9 February 1909, and later in 1912 and 1913, with Dorothy Shakespear, examining Chinese and Japanese art.Huang (2015\\), [108](https://books.google.com/books?id=_xElDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108), note 4 Pound was working at the time on the poems that became *Ripostes* (1912\\), trying to move away from his earlier work.Witemeyer (1981\\), 112\\. \"I hadn't in 1910 made a language\", he wrote years later. \"I don't mean a language to use, but even a language to think in.\"\n\nIn August 1912 [Harriet Monroe](/wiki/Harriet_Monroe \"Harriet Monroe\") hired Pound as foreign correspondent of *[Poetry: A Magazine of Verse](/wiki/Poetry_%28magazine%29 \"Poetry (magazine)\")*, a new magazine in Chicago.Carpenter (1988\\), 185; Moody (2007\\), 213 The first edition, in October, featured two of his own poems—\"To Whistler, American\" and \"Middle Aged\". Also that month Stephen Swift and Co. in London published *[Ripostes of Ezra Pound](/wiki/Ripostes \"Ripostes\")*, a collection of 25 poems, including a contentious translation of *The Seafarer*,For the original, see [\"The Seafarer\"](http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=text&id=Sfr), Anglo\\-Saxons.net; for Pound's, [\"The Seafarer\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085717/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1664.html), University of Toronto. that demonstrate his shift toward minimalist language. In addition to Pound's work, the collection contains five poems by Hulme.[Pound (1912\\)](https://archive.org/stream/ripostesofezrapo00pounrich).\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|alt\\=book cover\\|First edition of *[Poetry](/wiki/Poetry_%28magazine%29 \"Poetry (magazine)\")*, October 1912](/wiki/File:Poetry_cover1.jpg \"Poetry cover1.jpg\")\n\n*Ripostes* includes the first mention of *Les Imagistes*: \"As for the future, *Les Imagistes*, the descendants of the forgotten school of 1909, have that in their keeping.\"Pound (1912\\), 59; Moody (2007\\), 180, 222 While in the British Museum tearoom one afternoon with Doolittle and Aldington, Pound edited one of Doolittle's poems and wrote \"H.D. Imagiste\" underneath;Doolittle (1979\\), 18 he described this later as the founding of a movement in poetry, *[Imagisme](/wiki/Imagism \"Imagism\")*.Moody (2007\\), 180, 222 In the spring or early summer of 1912, they agreed, Pound wrote in 1918, on three principles:Pound (1918\\), 95\n1. 1. 1. \n\n*Poetry* published Pound's \"A Few Don'ts by an Imagist\" in March 1913\\. Superfluous words, particularly adjectives, should be avoided, as well as expressions like \"dim lands of peace\". He wrote: \"It dulls the image. It mixes an abstraction with the concrete. It comes from the writer's not realizing that the natural object is always the *adequate* symbol.\" Poets should \"go in fear of abstractions\".[Pound (1913\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=1&issue=6&page=29), 201 He wanted \"to stand for hard light, clear edges\", he wrote later to [Amy Lowell](/wiki/Amy_Lowell \"Amy Lowell\").Thacker (2018\\), 5\n\nAn example of Imagist poetry is Pound's \"[In a Station of the Metro](/wiki/In_a_Station_of_the_Metro \"In a Station of the Metro\")\", published in *Poetry* in April 1913 and inspired by an experience on the [Paris Underground](/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro \"Paris Métro\"). \"I got out of a train at, I think, [La Concorde](/wiki/Concorde_%28Paris_M%C3%A9tro%29 \"Concorde (Paris Métro)\")\", he wrote in \"How I began\" in *[T. P.'s Weekly](/wiki/T.%C2%A0P.%27s_Weekly \"T. P.'s Weekly\")* on 6 June 1913, \"and in the jostle I saw a beautiful face, and then, turning suddenly, another and another, and then a beautiful child's face, and then another beautiful face. All that day I tried to find words for what this made me feel. ... I could get nothing but spots of colour.\" A year later he reduced it to its essence in the style of a Japanese [haiku](/wiki/Haiku \"Haiku\").Pound (1974\\), 26\n\n",
"### James Joyce, Pound's unpopularity\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\"), ](/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg \"Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg\")\nIn the summer of 1913 Pound became literary editor of *[The Egoist](/wiki/The_Egoist_%28periodical%29 \"The Egoist (periodical)\")*, a journal founded by the [suffragette](/wiki/Suffragette \"Suffragette\") [Dora Marsden](/wiki/Dora_Marsden \"Dora Marsden\").Monk (2005\\), 94 At the suggestion of [W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W.%C2%A0B.%C2%A0Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\"), Pound encouraged [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\") in December of that year to submit his work.Pound (1970\\), 17–18; Carpenter (1988\\), 224 The previous month Yeats, whose eyesight was failing, had rented Stone Cottage in [Coleman's Hatch](/wiki/Coleman%27s_Hatch \"Coleman's Hatch\"), Sussex, inviting Pound to accompany him as his secretary, and it was during this visit that Yeats introduced Pound to Joyce's *[Chamber Music](/wiki/Chamber_Music_%28poetry_collection%29 \"Chamber Music (poetry collection)\")* and his \"I hear an Army Charging Upon the Land\".Carpenter (1988\\), 225; Moody (2007\\), 240 This was the first of three winters Pound and Yeats spent at Stone Cottage, including two with Dorothy after she and Ezra married in 1914\\.Moody (2007\\), 240; Longenbach (1988\\); also see Longenbach (1990\\). \"Canto LXXXIII\" records a visit: \"so that I recalled the noise in the chimney / as it were the wind in the chimney / but was in reality [Uncle William](/wiki/W._B._Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\") / downstairs composing / that had made a great Peeeeacock / in the proide ov his oiye.\"Pound (1996\\), 553–554; Borstein (2001\\), 26\n\nIn his reply to Pound, Joyce gave permission to use \"I hear an Army\" and enclosed *[Dubliners](/wiki/Dubliners \"Dubliners\")* and the first chapter of his novel *[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man](/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\")*. Pound wrote to Joyce that the novel was \"damn fine stuff\".Pound (1970\\), 24 [Harriet Shaw Weaver](/wiki/Harriet_Shaw_Weaver \"Harriet Shaw Weaver\") accepted it for *The Egoist*, which serialized it from 2 February 1914, despite the printers objecting to words like \"fart\" and \"ballocks\", and fearing prosecution over [Stephen Dedalus](/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus \"Stephen Dedalus\")'s thoughts about prostitutes. On the basis of the serialization, the publisher that had rejected *Dubliners* reconsidered. Joyce wrote to Yeats: \"I can never thank you enough for having brought me into relation with your friend Ezra Pound who is indeed a miracle worker.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 226–227\n\nAround this time, Pound's articles in the *New Age* began to make him unpopular, to the alarm of Orage.Moody (2007\\), 209 [Samuel Putnam](/wiki/Samuel_Putnam \"Samuel Putnam\") knew Pound in Paris in the 1920s and described him as stubborn, contrary, cantankerous, bossy, touchy, and \"devoid of humor\"; he was \"an American small\\-towner\", in Putnam's view. His attitude caused him trouble in both London and Paris.Putnam (1947\\), 150, 152 English women, with their \"preponderantly derivative\" minds, were inferior to American women who had minds of their own, he wrote in the *New Age*. The English sense of what was right was based on respect for property, not morality. \"\\[P]erched on the rotten shell of a crumbling empire\", London had lost its energy. England's best authors—[Conrad](/wiki/Joseph_Conrad \"Joseph Conrad\"), [Hudson](/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson \"William Henry Hudson\"), [James](/wiki/Henry_James \"Henry James\"), and Yeats—were not English. English writers and critics were ignorant, he wrote in 1913\\.Moody (2007\\), 209, 210–211\n\n",
"### Marriage\n\nEzra and Dorothy were married on 20 April 1914 at [St Mary Abbots](/wiki/St_Mary_Abbots \"St Mary Abbots\") in Kensington,\"Marriages of the Week\". *The Times*. Issue 40502, 20 April 1914, 11\\. the Shakespears' parish church, despite opposition from her parents, who worried about Ezra's income. His concession to marry in church had helped. Dorothy's annual income was £50, with another £150 from her family, and Ezra's was £200\\.Tytell (1987\\), 74 Her father, Henry Hope Shakespear, had him prepare a financial statement in 1911, which showed that his main source of income was his father.Wilhelm (1990\\), 81 After the wedding the couple moved into an apartment with no bathroom at 5 Holland Place Chambers, Kensington, next door to the newly wed H.D. and Aldington.Moody (2007\\), 246–249 This arrangement did not last. H.D. had been alarmed to find Ezra looking for a place to live outside the apartment building the day before his wedding. Once Dorothy and Ezra had moved into the building, Ezra would arrive unannounced at H.D.'s to discuss his writing, a habit that upset her, in part because his writing touched on private aspects of their relationship. She and Aldington decided to move several miles away to [Hampstead](/wiki/Hampstead \"Hampstead\").Doyle (2016\\), 32–33; some details in Doolittle (1979\\), 5; for Pound arriving at the apartment unannounced, Doyle, 332, n. 27, cites \"H.D. to Amy Lowell, 23 November 1914 (Harvard)\".\n\n",
"### *Des Imagistes*, dispute with Amy Lowell\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Pound by [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), 1919\\. The portrait is lost.](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg \"Ezra Pound by Wyndham Lewis, 1919.jpeg\")\n\nThe appearance of *[Des Imagistes, An Anthology](/wiki/Des_Imagistes \"Des Imagistes\")* (1914\\), edited by Pound, \"confirmed the importance\" of *Imagisme*, according to [Ira Nadel](/wiki/Ira_Nadel \"Ira Nadel\").Nadel (2001\\), 2 Published in the American magazine *[The Glebe](/wiki/The_Glebe \"The Glebe\")* in February 1914 and the following month as a book, it was the first of five Imagist anthologies and the only one to contain work by Pound.Thacker (2018\\), 3 It included ten poems by [Richard Aldington](/wiki/Richard_Aldington \"Richard Aldington\"), seven by [H. D.](/wiki/H._D. \"H. D.\"), followed by Flint, [Skipwith Cannell](/wiki/Skipwith_Cannell \"Skipwith Cannell\"), Lowell, Carlos Williams, [James Joyce](/wiki/James_Joyce \"James Joyce\") (\"I Hear an Army\", not an example of Imagism), six by Pound, then Hueffer (as he was known as the time), [Allen Upward](/wiki/Allen_Upward \"Allen Upward\") and [John Cournos](/wiki/John_Cournos \"John Cournos\").Pound (1914\\), 5–6; for Joyce, see Thacker (2018\\), 5–6\n\nShortly after its publication, an advertisement for Lewis's new magazine, *[Blast](/wiki/Blast_%28British_magazine%29 \"Blast (British magazine)\")* promised it would cover \"[Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\"), [Futurism](/wiki/Futurism \"Futurism\"), Imagisme and all Vital Forms of Modern Art.\" Described by Pound as \"mostly a painter's magazine with me to do the poems,\" and bearing the heavy influence of Futurism, *Blast* was the magazine of a London art movement formed by Lewis with Pound's collaboration. Pound named the movement [Vorticism](/wiki/Vorticism \"Vorticism\"). Vorticism included all the arts, and in *Blast* \"the Imagist propaganda merged into the Vorticist.\"\nIn the end, *Blast* was published only twice, in 1914 and 1915\\. In June 1914 *The Times* announced Lewis's new Rebel Arts Centre for Vorticist art at 38 [Great Ormond Street](/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street \"Great Ormond Street\").\"'Vorticist' Art\". *The Times*. 13 June 1914\\. Issue 40549, 5\\. \n\nLowell, who was to win the [Pulitzer Prize for Poetry](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Poetry \"Pulitzer Prize for Poetry\") in 1926, was unhappy that only one of her poems had appeared in *Des Imagistes*. She arrived in London in July 1914 to attend two dinners at the Dieudonné restaurant in Ryder Street, the first to celebrate the publication of *Blast* and the second, on 17 July, the publication of *Des Imagistes*. At the second, Ford Madox Hueffer announced that he had been an Imagiste long before Lowell and Pound, and that he doubted their qualifications; only Aldington and H.D. could lay claim to the title, in his view. During the subsequent row, Pound left the table and returned with a tin bathtub on his head, suggesting it as a symbol of what he called *Les Nagistes*, a school created by Lowell's poem \"In a Garden\", which ends with \"Night, and the water, and you in your whiteness, bathing!\" Apparently his behavior helped Lowell win people over to her point of view, as did her offer to fund future work.Doyle (2016\\), 31–32; Moody (2007\\), 225; for the line, Lowell (1955\\), 74\n\nH.D. and Aldington were moving away from Pound's understanding of *Imagisme* anyway, as he aligned himself with Lewis's ideas.Aldington (1941\\), 139; Moody (2007\\), 223 Lowell agreed to finance an annual anthology of *Imagiste* poets, but she insisted on democracy; according to Aldington, she \"proposed a [Boston Tea Party](/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party \"Boston Tea Party\") for Ezra\" and an end to his despotic rule.Aldington (1941\\), 139; Thacker (2018\\), 6 Upset at Lowell, Pound began to call *Imagisme* \"Amygism\";Moody (2007\\), 223 he declared the movement dead and asked the group not to call themselves *Imagistes*. Not accepting that it was Pound's invention, they refused and Anglicized the term.Moody (2007\\), 224; Thacker (2018\\), 2, 5–6\n\n",
"World War I and leaving England (1914–1921\\)\n--------------------------------------------\n\n### Meeting Eliot, *Cathay*, translation\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[T. S. Eliot](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\"), 1923](/wiki/File:T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG \"T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG\")\nWhen war was declared in August 1914, opportunities for writers were immediately reduced; poems were now expected to be patriotic.Aldington (1941\\), 165 Pound's income from October 1914 to October 1915 was £42\\.10\\.0, apparently five times less than the year before.Tytell (1987\\), 120–121\\.\n\nOn 22 September 1914 [T. S. Eliot](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\") traveled from [Merton College, Oxford](/wiki/Merton_College%2C_Oxford \"Merton College, Oxford\"), with an introduction from [Conrad Aiken](/wiki/Conrad_Aiken \"Conrad Aiken\"), to have Pound read Eliot's unpublished \"[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock](/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\")\".Moody (2007\\), 319; Carpenter (1988\\), 258 Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe, editor of *Poetry*, on 30 September to say that Eliot—who was at Oxford on a fellowship from [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\")—had \"sent in the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American ... He has actually trained himself *and* modernized himself *on his own*.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 258 Monroe did not like Prufrock's \"very European world\\-weariness\", according to [Humphrey Carpenter](/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter \"Humphrey Carpenter\"), but she published it anyway, in June 1915\\.Carpenter (1988\\), 260, 262; [Eliot (1915\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=44212), 130–135\n\nThe 1915 poem *[Cathay](/wiki/Cathay_%28poetry_collection%29 \"Cathay (poetry collection)\")* contains 25 examples of [Classical Chinese poetry](/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry \"Classical Chinese poetry\") that Pound translated into English based on the notes of the [Orientalist](/wiki/Oriental_studies \"Oriental studies\") [Ernest Fenollosa](/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa \"Ernest Fenollosa\"). Fenollosa's widow, [Mary McNeill Fenollosa](/wiki/Sidney_McCall \"Sidney McCall\"), had given Pound her husband's notes in 1913,Moody (2007\\), 239 after Laurence Binyon introduced them.Qian (2000\\), 105 [Michael Alexander](/wiki/Michael_J._Alexander \"Michael J. Alexander\") saw *Cathay* as the most attractive of Pound's work.Alexander (1979\\), 95 There is a debate about whether the poems should be viewed primarily as translations or as contributions to Imagism and the modernization of English poetry.Twitchell\\-Waas (2020\\), 157–158 English professor Steven Yao argued that *Cathay* shows that translation does not need a thorough knowledge of the source language.\n\nPound's translations from Old English, Latin, Italian, French and Chinese were highly disputed. According to Alexander, they made him more unpopular in some circles than the treason charge.Alexander (1979\\), 62 [Robert Graves](/wiki/Robert_Graves \"Robert Graves\") wrote in 1955: \"\\[Pound] knew little Latin, yet he translated Propertius; and less Greek, but he translated Alcaeus; and still less Anglo\\-Saxon, yet he translated *The Seafarer*. I once asked [Arthur Waley](/wiki/Arthur_Waley \"Arthur Waley\") how much Chinese Pound knew; Waley shook his head despondently.\"Graves (1955\\), 138\n\nPound was devastated when [Henri Gaudier\\-Brzeska](/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska \"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska\"), from whom he had commissioned [a sculpture of himself](/wiki/Hieratic_Head_of_Ezra_Pound \"Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound\") two years earlier, was killed in the trenches in June 1915\\. In response, he published *Gaudier\\-Brzeska: A Memoir* (1916\\), writing \"A great spirit has been among us, and a great artist has gone.\"Pound (1916\\), 3; Redman (1991\\), 27 Two months before he died, Gaudier\\-Brzeska had written to Pound to say that he kept *Cathay* in his pocket \"to put courage in my fellows\".Pound (1916\\), 76; Tytell (1987\\), 123\n\n### \"Three Cantos\", resignation from *Poetry*\n\nAfter the publication of *Cathay*, Pound mentioned that he was working on a long poem. He described it in September 1915 as a \"cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore\".Pound to Milton Bronner, an American reporter, cited in Moody (2007\\), 306\\. In February 1916, when Pound was 30, the poet [Carl Sandburg](/wiki/Carl_Sandburg \"Carl Sandburg\") paid tribute to him in *Poetry* magazine. Pound \"stains darkly and touches softly\", he wrote:\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Pound by [E. O. Hoppé](/wiki/E._O._Hopp%C3%A9 \"E. O. Hoppé\") on the cover of *Pavannes and Divisions* (1918\\)](/wiki/File:EzraPound_Pavannes.JPG \"EzraPound Pavannes.JPG\")\n\n> All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned. ...In the cool and purple meantime, Pound goes ahead producing new poems having the slogan, \"Guts and Efficiency,\" emblazoned above his daily program of work. His genius runs to various schools and styles. He acquires traits and then throws them away. One characteristic is that he has no characteristics. He is a new roamer of the beautiful, a new fetcher of wild shapes, in each new handful of writings offered us.Sandburg (1916\\)\n\nIn June, July and August 1917 Pound had the first three cantos published, as \"Three Cantos\", in *Poetry*.Moody (2007\\), 306–307 He was now a regular contributor to three literary magazines. From 1917 he wrote music reviews for the *New Age* as William Atheling and art reviews as B. H. Dias.Tytell (1987\\), 71; Carpenter (1988\\), 314–316 In May 1917 [Margaret Anderson](/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson \"Margaret C. Anderson\") hired him as foreign editor of the *Little Review*.Moody (2007\\), 325 He also wrote weekly pieces for *The Egoist* and the *Little Review*; many of the latter complained about provincialism, which included the ringing of church bells.Moody (2007\\), 332–333 (When Pound lived near St Mary Abbots he had \"engaged in a fierce, guerrilla warfare of letters\" about the bells with the vicar, Reverend R. E. Pennefather, according to Richard Aldington.)Aldington (1941\\), 103; for the vicar's name, Hutchins (1965\\), 82–83 The volume of writing exhausted him.Moody (2007\\), 330–331, 342 In 1918, after a bout of illness which was presumably the [Spanish flu](/wiki/Spanish_flu \"Spanish flu\"),Moody (2007\\), 341 he decided to stop writing for the *Little Review*. He had asked the publisher for a raise to hire a typist, the 23\\-year\\-old [Iseult Gonne](/wiki/Iseult_Gonne \"Iseult Gonne\"), causing rumors that they were having an affair, but he was turned down.Moody (2007\\), 339\n\nA suspicion arose in June 1918 that Pound himself had written an article in *The Egoist* praising his own work, and it was clear from the response that he had acquired enemies. The poet [F. S. Flint](/wiki/F._S._Flint \"F. S. Flint\") told *The Egoist* editor that \"we are all tired of Mr. Pound\". British literary circles were \"tired of his antics\" and of him \"puffing and swelling himself and his friends\", Flint wrote. \"His work has deteriorated from book to book; his manners have become more and more offensive; and we wish he would go back to America.\"Crunden (1993\\), 271\n\nThe March 1919 issue of *Poetry* published Pound's *Poems from the Propertius Series*,Pound (1919\\) which appeared to be a translation of the Latin poet [Sextus Propertius](/wiki/Sextus_Propertius \"Sextus Propertius\"). Harriet Monroe, editor of *Poetry*, published a letter in April 1919 from a professor of Latin, [W. G. Hale](/wiki/William_Gardner_Hale \"William Gardner Hale\"), who found \"about three\\-score errors\" in the text; he said Pound was \"incredibly ignorant of Latin\", that \"much of what he makes his author say is unintelligible\", and that \"If Mr. Pound were a professor of Latin, there would be nothing left for him but suicide\" (adding \"I do not counsel this\").[Hale (1919\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=59167), 52, 55; Kenner (1973\\), 286; Moody (2007\\), 353 Pound replied to Monroe: \"Cat\\-piss and porcupines!! The thing is no more a translation than my 'Altaforte' is a translation, or than [Fitzgerald](/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_%28poet%29 \"Edward FitzGerald (poet)\")'s [Omar](/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam \"Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam\") is a translation.\" His letter ended \"In final commiseration\". Monroe interpreted his silence after that as his resignation from *Poetry* magazine.Kenner (1973\\), 286; Moody (2007\\), 354\n\n### *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley*\n\nBy 1919 Pound felt there was no reason to stay in England. He had become \"violently hostile\" to England, according to Aldington,Aldington (1941\\), 217 feeling he was being \"frozen out of everything\" except the *New Age*,Moody (2007\\), 399 and concluding that the British were insensitive to \"mental agility in any and every form\".Moody (2007\\), 402 He had \"muffed his chances of becoming literary director of London—to which he undoubtedly aspired,\" Aldington wrote in 1941, \"by his own enormous conceit, folly, and bad manners.\"\n\nPublished by [John Rodker](/wiki/John_Rodker \"John Rodker\")'s The Ovid Press in June 1920,Moody (2017\\), 378, note 2 Pound's poem *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley* marked his farewell to London, and by December the Pounds were subletting their apartment and preparing to move to France.Moody (2007\\), 387, 409 Consisting of 18 short parts, *Mauberley* describes a poet whose life has become sterile and meaningless. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene before turning to social criticism, economics, and the war. Here the word *[usury](/wiki/Usury \"Usury\")* first appears in his work. Just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, Pound denied he was Mauberley.Adams (2005\\), 150 In 1932 the critic [F. R. Leavis](/wiki/F._R._Leavis \"F. R. Leavis\"), then director of studies in English at [Downing College, Cambridge](/wiki/Downing_College%2C_Cambridge \"Downing College, Cambridge\"), called *Mauberley* \"great poetry, at once traditional and original. Mr. Pound's standing as a poet rests on it, and rests securely\".Leavis (1942\\), 150\n\nOn 13 January 1921 Orage wrote in the *New Age*: \"Mr. Pound has shaken the dust of London from his feet with not too emphatic a gesture of disgust, but, at least, without gratitude to this country. ... \\[He] has been an exhilarating influence for culture in England; he has left his mark upon more than one of the arts, upon literature, music, poetry and sculpture; and quite a number of men and movements owe their initiation to his self\\-sacrificing stimulus ...\"\n\n> With all this, however, Mr. Pound, like so many others who have striven for advancement of intelligence and culture in England, has made more enemies than friends, and far more powerful enemies than friends. Much of the Press has been deliberately closed by cabal to him; his books have for some time been ignored or written down; and he himself has been compelled to live on much less than would support a navvy. His fate, as I have said, is not unusual ... Taken by and large, England hates men of culture until they are dead.[Orage (1921\\)](https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/), 126–127; Moody (2007\\), 410\n\n",
"### Meeting Eliot, *Cathay*, translation\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[T. S. Eliot](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\"), 1923](/wiki/File:T.S._Eliot%2C_1923.JPG \"T.S. Eliot, 1923.JPG\")\nWhen war was declared in August 1914, opportunities for writers were immediately reduced; poems were now expected to be patriotic.Aldington (1941\\), 165 Pound's income from October 1914 to October 1915 was £42\\.10\\.0, apparently five times less than the year before.Tytell (1987\\), 120–121\\.\n\nOn 22 September 1914 [T. S. Eliot](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\") traveled from [Merton College, Oxford](/wiki/Merton_College%2C_Oxford \"Merton College, Oxford\"), with an introduction from [Conrad Aiken](/wiki/Conrad_Aiken \"Conrad Aiken\"), to have Pound read Eliot's unpublished \"[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock](/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\")\".Moody (2007\\), 319; Carpenter (1988\\), 258 Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe, editor of *Poetry*, on 30 September to say that Eliot—who was at Oxford on a fellowship from [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\")—had \"sent in the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American ... He has actually trained himself *and* modernized himself *on his own*.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 258 Monroe did not like Prufrock's \"very European world\\-weariness\", according to [Humphrey Carpenter](/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter \"Humphrey Carpenter\"), but she published it anyway, in June 1915\\.Carpenter (1988\\), 260, 262; [Eliot (1915\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=44212), 130–135\n\nThe 1915 poem *[Cathay](/wiki/Cathay_%28poetry_collection%29 \"Cathay (poetry collection)\")* contains 25 examples of [Classical Chinese poetry](/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry \"Classical Chinese poetry\") that Pound translated into English based on the notes of the [Orientalist](/wiki/Oriental_studies \"Oriental studies\") [Ernest Fenollosa](/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa \"Ernest Fenollosa\"). Fenollosa's widow, [Mary McNeill Fenollosa](/wiki/Sidney_McCall \"Sidney McCall\"), had given Pound her husband's notes in 1913,Moody (2007\\), 239 after Laurence Binyon introduced them.Qian (2000\\), 105 [Michael Alexander](/wiki/Michael_J._Alexander \"Michael J. Alexander\") saw *Cathay* as the most attractive of Pound's work.Alexander (1979\\), 95 There is a debate about whether the poems should be viewed primarily as translations or as contributions to Imagism and the modernization of English poetry.Twitchell\\-Waas (2020\\), 157–158 English professor Steven Yao argued that *Cathay* shows that translation does not need a thorough knowledge of the source language.\n\nPound's translations from Old English, Latin, Italian, French and Chinese were highly disputed. According to Alexander, they made him more unpopular in some circles than the treason charge.Alexander (1979\\), 62 [Robert Graves](/wiki/Robert_Graves \"Robert Graves\") wrote in 1955: \"\\[Pound] knew little Latin, yet he translated Propertius; and less Greek, but he translated Alcaeus; and still less Anglo\\-Saxon, yet he translated *The Seafarer*. I once asked [Arthur Waley](/wiki/Arthur_Waley \"Arthur Waley\") how much Chinese Pound knew; Waley shook his head despondently.\"Graves (1955\\), 138\n\nPound was devastated when [Henri Gaudier\\-Brzeska](/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska \"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska\"), from whom he had commissioned [a sculpture of himself](/wiki/Hieratic_Head_of_Ezra_Pound \"Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound\") two years earlier, was killed in the trenches in June 1915\\. In response, he published *Gaudier\\-Brzeska: A Memoir* (1916\\), writing \"A great spirit has been among us, and a great artist has gone.\"Pound (1916\\), 3; Redman (1991\\), 27 Two months before he died, Gaudier\\-Brzeska had written to Pound to say that he kept *Cathay* in his pocket \"to put courage in my fellows\".Pound (1916\\), 76; Tytell (1987\\), 123\n\n",
"### \"Three Cantos\", resignation from *Poetry*\n\nAfter the publication of *Cathay*, Pound mentioned that he was working on a long poem. He described it in September 1915 as a \"cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore\".Pound to Milton Bronner, an American reporter, cited in Moody (2007\\), 306\\. In February 1916, when Pound was 30, the poet [Carl Sandburg](/wiki/Carl_Sandburg \"Carl Sandburg\") paid tribute to him in *Poetry* magazine. Pound \"stains darkly and touches softly\", he wrote:\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Pound by [E. O. Hoppé](/wiki/E._O._Hopp%C3%A9 \"E. O. Hoppé\") on the cover of *Pavannes and Divisions* (1918\\)](/wiki/File:EzraPound_Pavannes.JPG \"EzraPound Pavannes.JPG\")\n\n> All talk on modern poetry, by people who know, ends with dragging in Ezra Pound somewhere. He may be named only to be cursed as wanton and mocker, poseur, trifler and vagrant. Or he may be classed as filling a niche today like that of Keats in a preceding epoch. The point is, he will be mentioned. ...In the cool and purple meantime, Pound goes ahead producing new poems having the slogan, \"Guts and Efficiency,\" emblazoned above his daily program of work. His genius runs to various schools and styles. He acquires traits and then throws them away. One characteristic is that he has no characteristics. He is a new roamer of the beautiful, a new fetcher of wild shapes, in each new handful of writings offered us.Sandburg (1916\\)\n\nIn June, July and August 1917 Pound had the first three cantos published, as \"Three Cantos\", in *Poetry*.Moody (2007\\), 306–307 He was now a regular contributor to three literary magazines. From 1917 he wrote music reviews for the *New Age* as William Atheling and art reviews as B. H. Dias.Tytell (1987\\), 71; Carpenter (1988\\), 314–316 In May 1917 [Margaret Anderson](/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson \"Margaret C. Anderson\") hired him as foreign editor of the *Little Review*.Moody (2007\\), 325 He also wrote weekly pieces for *The Egoist* and the *Little Review*; many of the latter complained about provincialism, which included the ringing of church bells.Moody (2007\\), 332–333 (When Pound lived near St Mary Abbots he had \"engaged in a fierce, guerrilla warfare of letters\" about the bells with the vicar, Reverend R. E. Pennefather, according to Richard Aldington.)Aldington (1941\\), 103; for the vicar's name, Hutchins (1965\\), 82–83 The volume of writing exhausted him.Moody (2007\\), 330–331, 342 In 1918, after a bout of illness which was presumably the [Spanish flu](/wiki/Spanish_flu \"Spanish flu\"),Moody (2007\\), 341 he decided to stop writing for the *Little Review*. He had asked the publisher for a raise to hire a typist, the 23\\-year\\-old [Iseult Gonne](/wiki/Iseult_Gonne \"Iseult Gonne\"), causing rumors that they were having an affair, but he was turned down.Moody (2007\\), 339\n\nA suspicion arose in June 1918 that Pound himself had written an article in *The Egoist* praising his own work, and it was clear from the response that he had acquired enemies. The poet [F. S. Flint](/wiki/F._S._Flint \"F. S. Flint\") told *The Egoist* editor that \"we are all tired of Mr. Pound\". British literary circles were \"tired of his antics\" and of him \"puffing and swelling himself and his friends\", Flint wrote. \"His work has deteriorated from book to book; his manners have become more and more offensive; and we wish he would go back to America.\"Crunden (1993\\), 271\n\nThe March 1919 issue of *Poetry* published Pound's *Poems from the Propertius Series*,Pound (1919\\) which appeared to be a translation of the Latin poet [Sextus Propertius](/wiki/Sextus_Propertius \"Sextus Propertius\"). Harriet Monroe, editor of *Poetry*, published a letter in April 1919 from a professor of Latin, [W. G. Hale](/wiki/William_Gardner_Hale \"William Gardner Hale\"), who found \"about three\\-score errors\" in the text; he said Pound was \"incredibly ignorant of Latin\", that \"much of what he makes his author say is unintelligible\", and that \"If Mr. Pound were a professor of Latin, there would be nothing left for him but suicide\" (adding \"I do not counsel this\").[Hale (1919\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=59167), 52, 55; Kenner (1973\\), 286; Moody (2007\\), 353 Pound replied to Monroe: \"Cat\\-piss and porcupines!! The thing is no more a translation than my 'Altaforte' is a translation, or than [Fitzgerald](/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_%28poet%29 \"Edward FitzGerald (poet)\")'s [Omar](/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam \"Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam\") is a translation.\" His letter ended \"In final commiseration\". Monroe interpreted his silence after that as his resignation from *Poetry* magazine.Kenner (1973\\), 286; Moody (2007\\), 354\n\n",
"### *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley*\n\nBy 1919 Pound felt there was no reason to stay in England. He had become \"violently hostile\" to England, according to Aldington,Aldington (1941\\), 217 feeling he was being \"frozen out of everything\" except the *New Age*,Moody (2007\\), 399 and concluding that the British were insensitive to \"mental agility in any and every form\".Moody (2007\\), 402 He had \"muffed his chances of becoming literary director of London—to which he undoubtedly aspired,\" Aldington wrote in 1941, \"by his own enormous conceit, folly, and bad manners.\"\n\nPublished by [John Rodker](/wiki/John_Rodker \"John Rodker\")'s The Ovid Press in June 1920,Moody (2017\\), 378, note 2 Pound's poem *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley* marked his farewell to London, and by December the Pounds were subletting their apartment and preparing to move to France.Moody (2007\\), 387, 409 Consisting of 18 short parts, *Mauberley* describes a poet whose life has become sterile and meaningless. It begins with a satirical analysis of the London literary scene before turning to social criticism, economics, and the war. Here the word *[usury](/wiki/Usury \"Usury\")* first appears in his work. Just as Eliot denied he was Prufrock, Pound denied he was Mauberley.Adams (2005\\), 150 In 1932 the critic [F. R. Leavis](/wiki/F._R._Leavis \"F. R. Leavis\"), then director of studies in English at [Downing College, Cambridge](/wiki/Downing_College%2C_Cambridge \"Downing College, Cambridge\"), called *Mauberley* \"great poetry, at once traditional and original. Mr. Pound's standing as a poet rests on it, and rests securely\".Leavis (1942\\), 150\n\nOn 13 January 1921 Orage wrote in the *New Age*: \"Mr. Pound has shaken the dust of London from his feet with not too emphatic a gesture of disgust, but, at least, without gratitude to this country. ... \\[He] has been an exhilarating influence for culture in England; he has left his mark upon more than one of the arts, upon literature, music, poetry and sculpture; and quite a number of men and movements owe their initiation to his self\\-sacrificing stimulus ...\"\n\n> With all this, however, Mr. Pound, like so many others who have striven for advancement of intelligence and culture in England, has made more enemies than friends, and far more powerful enemies than friends. Much of the Press has been deliberately closed by cabal to him; his books have for some time been ignored or written down; and he himself has been compelled to live on much less than would support a navvy. His fate, as I have said, is not unusual ... Taken by and large, England hates men of culture until they are dead.[Orage (1921\\)](https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/), 126–127; Moody (2007\\), 410\n\n",
"Paris (1921–1924\\)\n------------------\n\n### Meeting Hemingway, editing *The Waste Land*\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|Pound's passport photograph, c. 1919](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_passport_photograph_undated.jpg \"Ezra Pound passport photograph undated.jpg\")\n\nThe Pounds settled in Paris around April 1921 and in December moved to an inexpensive ground\\-floor apartment at 70 *bis* [:fr:Rue Notre\\-Dame\\-des\\-Champs](/wiki/Rue_Notre-Dame-des-Champs \"Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs\").Carpenter (1988\\), 402–403; Wilhelm (1990\\), 287\\. Pound became friendly with [Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp \"Marcel Duchamp\"), [Fernand Léger](/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger \"Fernand Léger\"), [Tristan Tzara](/wiki/Tristan_Tzara \"Tristan Tzara\"), and others of the [Dada](/wiki/Dada \"Dada\") and [Surrealist](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\") movements, as well as [Basil Bunting](/wiki/Basil_Bunting \"Basil Bunting\").Meyers (1985\\), 70–74 He was introduced to the American writer [Gertrude Stein](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein \"Gertrude Stein\"), who was living in Paris. She wrote years later that she liked him but did not find him amusing; he was \"a village explainer, excellent if you were a village, but if you were not, not\".Stein (1933\\), 246; Carpenter (1988\\), 400\n\nPound's collection *Poems 1918–1921* was published in New York by Boni and Liveright in 1921\\. In December that year [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), then aged 22, moved to Paris with his wife, [Hadley Richardson](/wiki/Hadley_Richardson \"Hadley Richardson\"), and letters of introduction from [Sherwood Anderson](/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson \"Sherwood Anderson\").Cohassey (2014\\), 6 In February 1922 the Hemingways visited the Pounds for tea.Cohassey (2014\\), 7–8 Although Pound was 14 years older, the men became friends; Hemingway assumed the status of pupil and asked Pound to [edit](/wiki/Blue_pencil_%28editing%29 \"Blue pencil (editing)\") his short stories.Meyers (1985\\), 74–75 Pound introduced him to his contacts, including Lewis, Ford, [John Peale Bishop](/wiki/John_Peale_Bishop \"John Peale Bishop\"), [Malcolm Cowley](/wiki/Malcolm_Cowley \"Malcolm Cowley\"), and [Derek Patmore](/wiki/Derek_Patmore \"Derek Patmore\"), while Hemingway tried to teach Pound to box.Meyers (1985\\), 74 Unlike Hemingway, Pound was not a drinker and preferred to spend his time in salonsCohassey (2014\\), 12 or building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for [Sylvia Beach](/wiki/Sylvia_Beach \"Sylvia Beach\")'s [Shakespeare and Company](/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Company_%281919%E2%80%931941%29 \"Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)\") bookstore.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[Olga Rudge](/wiki/Olga_Rudge \"Olga Rudge\"), 1920](/wiki/File:Olga_Rudge_advertisement.jpg \"Olga Rudge advertisement.jpg\")\nEliot sent Pound the manuscript of *[The Waste Land](/wiki/The_Waste_Land \"The Waste Land\")* in 1922\\. Pound edited it with comments like \"make up yr. mind\",Bornstein (2001\\), 33–34 and reduced it by about half. Eliot wrote in 1946: \"I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius.\"[Eliot (1946\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=68&issue=6&page=34), 330 His dedication in *The Waste Land* was \"For Ezra Pound / *il miglior fabbro*\" (the \"better craftsman\"), from Canto 26 of Dante's *Purgatorio*.Bornstein (2001\\), 34\n\n### Meeting Olga Rudge\n\nPound was 36 when he met the 26\\-year\\-old American violinist [Olga Rudge](/wiki/Olga_Rudge \"Olga Rudge\") in Paris in the summer of 1922\\.Cohassey (2014\\), 31 They were introduced at a salon hosted by the American heiress [Natalie Barney](/wiki/Natalie_Barney \"Natalie Barney\") at her 300\\-year\\-old house at 20 Rue Jacob, near the [Boulevard Saint\\-Germain](/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germain \"Boulevard Saint-Germain\").Cohassey (2014\\), 30 The two moved in different social circles: Rudge was the daughter of a wealthy [Youngstown, Ohio](/wiki/Youngstown%2C_Ohio \"Youngstown, Ohio\"), steel family, living in her mother's Parisian apartment on the [Right Bank](/wiki/Rive_Droite \"Rive Droite\"), socializing with aristocrats, while Pound's friends were mostly impoverished writers of the [Left Bank](/wiki/Rive_Gauche \"Rive Gauche\").Tytell (1987\\), 180; Wilhelm (1990\\), [251](https://books.google.com/books?id=UpmBwzOT7hwC&pg=PA251)\n\n### Restarting *The Cantos*\n\nTwice the length of *[Paradise Lost](/wiki/Paradise_Lost \"Paradise Lost\")* and 50 times longer than *The Waste Land*, Pound's 800\\-page *The Cantos* (\"Canto I\" to \"Canto CXVI\", c. 1917–1962\\) became his life's work. His obituary in *The Times* described it as not a great poem, because of the lack of structure, but a great improvisation: \"\\[T]he exasperating form permits the occasional, and in the early *Cantos* and in *The Pisan Cantos* not so occasional, irruption of passages of great poetry, hot and burning lava breaking through the cracks in piles of boring [scree](/wiki/Scree \"Scree\").\"\"Mr Ezra Pound: Poet who helped to create modernism\". *The Times*. Issue 58621, 2 November 1972, 18\\.\n\nThe first three [cantos](/wiki/Canto \"Canto\") had been published in *Poetry* magazine in June, July, and August 1917,Bush (1976\\), 184; [Pound (June 1917\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13723), 113–121]; [Pound (July 1917\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13764), 180–188; [Pound (August 1917\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13810), 248–254 but in 1922 Pound abandoned most of his work and began again.Terrell (1993\\), [vii](https://books.google.com/books?id=Eok0KBk63z4C&pg=PR7); Albright (2001\\), 75 The early cantos, the \"Ur\\-Cantos\", became \"Canto I\" of the new work.[\"Three Cantos\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/13764/canto-iii). Poetry Foundation. In letters to his father in 1924 and 1927, Pound said *The Cantos* was like the medley of voices you hear when you turn the radio dial, and \"\\[r]ather like or unlike subject and response and counter subject in [fugue](/wiki/Fugue \"Fugue\")\":\n\n> A.A. Live man goes down into world of Dead.\n> C.B. The 'repeat in history'.\n> B.C. The 'magic moment' or moment of metamorphosis, bust thru from quotidien into 'divine or permanent world.' Gods., etc.Terrell (1993\\), vii; also see [\"Ezra Pound\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ezra-pound). Poetry Foundation; Laughlin (1986\\), 13–14; Karachalios (1995\\), 95\n\nAlluding to American, European and Oriental art, history and literature, the work is also autobiographical.Beach (2003\\), 32–33; Bacigalupo (2020\\), 3 In the view of Pound scholar Carroll F. Terrell, it is a great religious poem, describing humanity's journey from hell to paradise, a \"revelation of how divinity is manifested in the universe ... the kind of intelligence that makes the cherrystone become a cherry tree.\"Terrell (1993\\), viii The poet [Allen Tate](/wiki/Allen_Tate \"Allen Tate\") argued in 1949 that it is \"about nothing at all ... a voice but no subject\".Tate (1955\\), 264–265 Responding to *A Draft of XXX Cantos* (1930\\), [F. R. Leavis](/wiki/F._R._Leavis \"F. R. Leavis\") criticized its \"lack of form, grammar, principle and direction\".Leavis (1942\\), 156 The lack of form became a common criticism.Nadel (2001\\), 9 Pound wrote in the final complete canto, \"Canto CXVI\" (116, first published in the *[Paris Review](/wiki/The_Paris_Review \"The Paris Review\")* in 1962\\), that he could not \"make it cohere\",[Pound (1962\\)](https://www.theparisreview.org/poetry/7347/canto-116-a-href-authors-3793-ezra-poundezra-pound-a); Pound (1996\\), 816 although a few lines later, referring to the universe: \"it coheres all right / even if my notes do not cohere.\"Pound (1962\\); Pound (1996\\), 817; Baumann (1983\\), 207–208; Nicholls (2001\\), 144; Dennis (2001\\), 282 According to Pound scholar Walter Baumann, the [demigod](/wiki/Demigod \"Demigod\") of \"Canto CXVI\"—\"And I am not a demigod\"—is [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles \"Heracles\") of [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\")' *[Women of Trachis](/wiki/Women_of_Trachis \"Women of Trachis\")* (450–425 BCE), who exclaims before he dies (based on Pound's translation): \"SPLENDOUR, / IT ALL COHERES\". \"Canto CXVI\" ends with the lines \"a little light, like a [rushlight](/wiki/Rushlight \"Rushlight\") / to lead back to splendour.\"Pound (1996\\), 817\n\n",
"### Meeting Hemingway, editing *The Waste Land*\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|Pound's passport photograph, c. 1919](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_passport_photograph_undated.jpg \"Ezra Pound passport photograph undated.jpg\")\n\nThe Pounds settled in Paris around April 1921 and in December moved to an inexpensive ground\\-floor apartment at 70 *bis* [:fr:Rue Notre\\-Dame\\-des\\-Champs](/wiki/Rue_Notre-Dame-des-Champs \"Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs\").Carpenter (1988\\), 402–403; Wilhelm (1990\\), 287\\. Pound became friendly with [Marcel Duchamp](/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp \"Marcel Duchamp\"), [Fernand Léger](/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger \"Fernand Léger\"), [Tristan Tzara](/wiki/Tristan_Tzara \"Tristan Tzara\"), and others of the [Dada](/wiki/Dada \"Dada\") and [Surrealist](/wiki/Surrealism \"Surrealism\") movements, as well as [Basil Bunting](/wiki/Basil_Bunting \"Basil Bunting\").Meyers (1985\\), 70–74 He was introduced to the American writer [Gertrude Stein](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein \"Gertrude Stein\"), who was living in Paris. She wrote years later that she liked him but did not find him amusing; he was \"a village explainer, excellent if you were a village, but if you were not, not\".Stein (1933\\), 246; Carpenter (1988\\), 400\n\nPound's collection *Poems 1918–1921* was published in New York by Boni and Liveright in 1921\\. In December that year [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\"), then aged 22, moved to Paris with his wife, [Hadley Richardson](/wiki/Hadley_Richardson \"Hadley Richardson\"), and letters of introduction from [Sherwood Anderson](/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson \"Sherwood Anderson\").Cohassey (2014\\), 6 In February 1922 the Hemingways visited the Pounds for tea.Cohassey (2014\\), 7–8 Although Pound was 14 years older, the men became friends; Hemingway assumed the status of pupil and asked Pound to [edit](/wiki/Blue_pencil_%28editing%29 \"Blue pencil (editing)\") his short stories.Meyers (1985\\), 74–75 Pound introduced him to his contacts, including Lewis, Ford, [John Peale Bishop](/wiki/John_Peale_Bishop \"John Peale Bishop\"), [Malcolm Cowley](/wiki/Malcolm_Cowley \"Malcolm Cowley\"), and [Derek Patmore](/wiki/Derek_Patmore \"Derek Patmore\"), while Hemingway tried to teach Pound to box.Meyers (1985\\), 74 Unlike Hemingway, Pound was not a drinker and preferred to spend his time in salonsCohassey (2014\\), 12 or building furniture for his apartment and bookshelves for [Sylvia Beach](/wiki/Sylvia_Beach \"Sylvia Beach\")'s [Shakespeare and Company](/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Company_%281919%E2%80%931941%29 \"Shakespeare and Company (1919–1941)\") bookstore.\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[Olga Rudge](/wiki/Olga_Rudge \"Olga Rudge\"), 1920](/wiki/File:Olga_Rudge_advertisement.jpg \"Olga Rudge advertisement.jpg\")\nEliot sent Pound the manuscript of *[The Waste Land](/wiki/The_Waste_Land \"The Waste Land\")* in 1922\\. Pound edited it with comments like \"make up yr. mind\",Bornstein (2001\\), 33–34 and reduced it by about half. Eliot wrote in 1946: \"I should like to think that the manuscript, with the suppressed passages, had disappeared irrecoverably; yet, on the other hand, I should wish the blue pencilling on it to be preserved as irrefutable evidence of Pound's critical genius.\"[Eliot (1946\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=68&issue=6&page=34), 330 His dedication in *The Waste Land* was \"For Ezra Pound / *il miglior fabbro*\" (the \"better craftsman\"), from Canto 26 of Dante's *Purgatorio*.Bornstein (2001\\), 34\n\n",
"### Meeting Olga Rudge\n\nPound was 36 when he met the 26\\-year\\-old American violinist [Olga Rudge](/wiki/Olga_Rudge \"Olga Rudge\") in Paris in the summer of 1922\\.Cohassey (2014\\), 31 They were introduced at a salon hosted by the American heiress [Natalie Barney](/wiki/Natalie_Barney \"Natalie Barney\") at her 300\\-year\\-old house at 20 Rue Jacob, near the [Boulevard Saint\\-Germain](/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germain \"Boulevard Saint-Germain\").Cohassey (2014\\), 30 The two moved in different social circles: Rudge was the daughter of a wealthy [Youngstown, Ohio](/wiki/Youngstown%2C_Ohio \"Youngstown, Ohio\"), steel family, living in her mother's Parisian apartment on the [Right Bank](/wiki/Rive_Droite \"Rive Droite\"), socializing with aristocrats, while Pound's friends were mostly impoverished writers of the [Left Bank](/wiki/Rive_Gauche \"Rive Gauche\").Tytell (1987\\), 180; Wilhelm (1990\\), [251](https://books.google.com/books?id=UpmBwzOT7hwC&pg=PA251)\n\n",
"### Restarting *The Cantos*\n\nTwice the length of *[Paradise Lost](/wiki/Paradise_Lost \"Paradise Lost\")* and 50 times longer than *The Waste Land*, Pound's 800\\-page *The Cantos* (\"Canto I\" to \"Canto CXVI\", c. 1917–1962\\) became his life's work. His obituary in *The Times* described it as not a great poem, because of the lack of structure, but a great improvisation: \"\\[T]he exasperating form permits the occasional, and in the early *Cantos* and in *The Pisan Cantos* not so occasional, irruption of passages of great poetry, hot and burning lava breaking through the cracks in piles of boring [scree](/wiki/Scree \"Scree\").\"\"Mr Ezra Pound: Poet who helped to create modernism\". *The Times*. Issue 58621, 2 November 1972, 18\\.\n\nThe first three [cantos](/wiki/Canto \"Canto\") had been published in *Poetry* magazine in June, July, and August 1917,Bush (1976\\), 184; [Pound (June 1917\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13723), 113–121]; [Pound (July 1917\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13764), 180–188; [Pound (August 1917\\)](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13810), 248–254 but in 1922 Pound abandoned most of his work and began again.Terrell (1993\\), [vii](https://books.google.com/books?id=Eok0KBk63z4C&pg=PR7); Albright (2001\\), 75 The early cantos, the \"Ur\\-Cantos\", became \"Canto I\" of the new work.[\"Three Cantos\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/13764/canto-iii). Poetry Foundation. In letters to his father in 1924 and 1927, Pound said *The Cantos* was like the medley of voices you hear when you turn the radio dial, and \"\\[r]ather like or unlike subject and response and counter subject in [fugue](/wiki/Fugue \"Fugue\")\":\n\n> A.A. Live man goes down into world of Dead.\n> C.B. The 'repeat in history'.\n> B.C. The 'magic moment' or moment of metamorphosis, bust thru from quotidien into 'divine or permanent world.' Gods., etc.Terrell (1993\\), vii; also see [\"Ezra Pound\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ezra-pound). Poetry Foundation; Laughlin (1986\\), 13–14; Karachalios (1995\\), 95\n\nAlluding to American, European and Oriental art, history and literature, the work is also autobiographical.Beach (2003\\), 32–33; Bacigalupo (2020\\), 3 In the view of Pound scholar Carroll F. Terrell, it is a great religious poem, describing humanity's journey from hell to paradise, a \"revelation of how divinity is manifested in the universe ... the kind of intelligence that makes the cherrystone become a cherry tree.\"Terrell (1993\\), viii The poet [Allen Tate](/wiki/Allen_Tate \"Allen Tate\") argued in 1949 that it is \"about nothing at all ... a voice but no subject\".Tate (1955\\), 264–265 Responding to *A Draft of XXX Cantos* (1930\\), [F. R. Leavis](/wiki/F._R._Leavis \"F. R. Leavis\") criticized its \"lack of form, grammar, principle and direction\".Leavis (1942\\), 156 The lack of form became a common criticism.Nadel (2001\\), 9 Pound wrote in the final complete canto, \"Canto CXVI\" (116, first published in the *[Paris Review](/wiki/The_Paris_Review \"The Paris Review\")* in 1962\\), that he could not \"make it cohere\",[Pound (1962\\)](https://www.theparisreview.org/poetry/7347/canto-116-a-href-authors-3793-ezra-poundezra-pound-a); Pound (1996\\), 816 although a few lines later, referring to the universe: \"it coheres all right / even if my notes do not cohere.\"Pound (1962\\); Pound (1996\\), 817; Baumann (1983\\), 207–208; Nicholls (2001\\), 144; Dennis (2001\\), 282 According to Pound scholar Walter Baumann, the [demigod](/wiki/Demigod \"Demigod\") of \"Canto CXVI\"—\"And I am not a demigod\"—is [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles \"Heracles\") of [Sophocles](/wiki/Sophocles \"Sophocles\")' *[Women of Trachis](/wiki/Women_of_Trachis \"Women of Trachis\")* (450–425 BCE), who exclaims before he dies (based on Pound's translation): \"SPLENDOUR, / IT ALL COHERES\". \"Canto CXVI\" ends with the lines \"a little light, like a [rushlight](/wiki/Rushlight \"Rushlight\") / to lead back to splendour.\"Pound (1996\\), 817\n\n",
"Italy (1924–1939\\)\n------------------\n\n### Birth of the children\n\nThe Pounds were unhappy in Paris. Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor.Tytell (1987\\), 191–192 At one dinner in the [Place de l'Odéon](/wiki/Rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on \"Rue de l'Odéon\"), a [Surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist \"Surrealist\") guest high on drugs had tried to stab Pound in the back; [Robert McAlmon](/wiki/Robert_McAlmon \"Robert McAlmon\") had wrestled with the attacker, and the guests had managed to leave before the police arrived.Putnam (1947\\), 89–90; Tytell (1987\\), 193 For Pound the event underlined that their time in France was over.Tytell (1987\\), 193 They decided to move to a quieter place, leaving in October 1924 for the seaside town of [Rapallo](/wiki/Rapallo \"Rapallo\") in northern Italy.Tytell (1987\\), 197–198; Nadel (2007\\), 13 Hemingway wrote in a letter that Pound had \"indulged in a small nervous breakdown\" during the packing, leading to two days at the [American Hospital of Paris](/wiki/American_Hospital_of_Paris \"American Hospital of Paris\") in [Neuilly](/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine \"Neuilly-sur-Seine\").Baker (1981\\), 127 During this period the Pounds lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock she had invested in.Tytell (1987\\), 225\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|[Olga Rudge](/wiki/Olga_Rudge \"Olga Rudge\")'s home in Venice, from 1928, at Calle Querini 252\\. The plaque can be translated as: Without ever stopping loving Venice, Ezra Pound, titan of poetry, lived in this house for half a century.](/wiki/File:Home_of_Olga_Rudge%2C_Venice.jpg \"Home of Olga Rudge, Venice.jpg\")\nPregnant by Pound, Olga Rudge followed the couple to Italy, and in July 1925 she gave birth to a daughter, [Maria](/wiki/Mary_de_Rachewiltz \"Mary de Rachewiltz\"), in a hospital in [Brixen](/wiki/Brixen \"Brixen\"). Rudge and Pound placed the baby with a German\\-speaking peasant woman in [Gais, South Tyrol](/wiki/Gais%2C_South_Tyrol \"Gais, South Tyrol\"), whose own child had died and who agreed to raise Maria for 200 lire a month.Tytell (1987\\), 198; Carpenter (1988\\), 448 Pound reportedly believed that artists ought not to have children, because in his view motherhood ruined women. According to [Hadley Richardson](/wiki/Hadley_Richardson \"Hadley Richardson\"), he took her aside before she and Hemingway left Paris for Toronto to have their child, telling her: \"Well, I might as well say goodbye to you here and now because \\[the baby] is going to change you completely.\"Cohassey (2014\\), 48\n\nAt the end of December 1925 Dorothy went on holiday to Egypt, returning on 1 March,Carpenter (1988\\), 449–450 and in May the Pounds and Olga Rudge left Rapallo for Paris to attend a semi\\-private concert performance at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\") of *Le Testament de Villon*, a one\\-act opera Pound had composed (\"nearly tuneless\", according to Carpenter) with the musicians Agnes Bedford and [George Antheil](/wiki/George_Antheil \"George Antheil\").Carpenter (1988\\), 450–451; Moody (2014\\), 18, 23, 69 Pound had hired two singers for the performance; Rudge was on violin, Pound played percussion, and Joyce, Eliot and Hemingway were in the audience.Carpenter (1988\\), 450–451; Moody (2014\\), 23\n\nThe couple stayed on in Paris after the performance; Dorothy was pregnant and wanted the baby to be born at the American hospital. Hemingway accompanied her there in a taxi for the birth of a son, [Omar Pound](/wiki/Omar_Pound \"Omar Pound\"), on 10 September 1926\\. (Ezra was an admirer of [Fitzgerald](/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_%28poet%29 \"Edward FitzGerald (poet)\")'s translation of [Omar Khayyam](/wiki/Omar_Khayyam \"Omar Khayyam\").)Conover, (2001\\), 68 Ezra signed the birth certificate the following day at Neuilly town hall and wrote to his father, \"next generation (male) arrived. Both D \\& it appear to be doing well.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 452–453 Ezra ended up in the American hospital himself for tests and, he told Olga, a \"small operation\".Moody (2014\\), 69 Dorothy took Omar to England, where she stayed for a year and thereafter visited him every summer. He was sent to live at first in [Felpham](/wiki/Felpham \"Felpham\"), Sussex, with a former superintendent of [Norland College](/wiki/Norland_College \"Norland College\"), which trains nannies,Carpenter (1988\\), 455–456 and later became a boarder at [Charterhouse](/wiki/Charterhouse_School \"Charterhouse School\").Carpenter (1988\\), 554 When Dorothy was in England with Omar during the summers, Ezra would spend the time with Olga.Tytell (1987\\), 198; [Van Gelder (1996\\)](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/19/nyregion/olga-rudge-101-ezra-pound-s-companion-dies.html) Olga's father helped her buy a house in Venice in 1928,Conover (2001\\), 83 and from 1930 she also rented the top floor of a house in Sant'Ambrogio, Caso 60, near the Pounds in Rapallo.Marsh (2011\\), 102\n\n### *The Exile*, *Dial* poetry award\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|Pound in 1920 by [E. O. Hoppe](/wiki/E._O._Hoppe \"E. O. Hoppe\")](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_EO_Hoppe_1920.jpg \"Ezra Pound by EO Hoppe 1920.jpg\")\nIn 1925 a new literary magazine, *This Quarter*, dedicated its first issue to Pound, including tributes from Hemingway and Joyce.Tytell (1987\\), 201 In Hemingway's contribution, \"Homage to Ezra\", he wrote that Pound \"devotes perhaps one fifth of his working time to writing poetry and in this twenty per cent of effort writes a large and distinguished share of the really great poetry that has been written by any American living or dead—or any Englishman living or dead or any Irishman who ever wrote English.\"\n\n> With the rest of his time he tries to advance the fortunes, both material and artistic, of his friends. He defends them when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail. He loans them money. He sells their pictures. He arranges concerts for them. He writes articles about them. He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying and he witnesses their wills. He advances them hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide. And in the end a few of them refrain from knifing him at the first opportunity.Hemingway (1925\\)\n\nAgainst Hemingway's positive view of Pound, Richard Aldington told Amy Lowell that year that Pound had been almost forgotten in England: \"as the rest of us go up, he goes down\", he wrote.Nadel (2007\\), 14 In the U.S., Pound won the $2,000 *[Dial](/wiki/The_Dial \"The Dial\")* poetry award in 1927Marsh (2011\\), 103 for his translation of the [Confucian classic](/wiki/Confucian_classic \"Confucian classic\") *[Great Learning](/wiki/Great_Learning \"Great Learning\")*.Moody (2014\\), xiv Using the prize money, he launched his own literary magazine, *The Exile*, in March, but only four issues appeared. It did well in the first year, with contributions from Hemingway, [E. E. Cummings](/wiki/E._E._Cummings \"E. E. Cummings\"), Basil Bunting, Yeats, William Carlos Williams, and [Robert McAlmon](/wiki/Robert_McAlmon \"Robert McAlmon\").Wilhelm (1994\\), [22–24](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA22) Some of the poorest work consisted of Pound's rambling editorials on [Confucianism](/wiki/Confucianism \"Confucianism\") or in praise of Lenin, according to biographer J. J. Wilhelm.Wilhelm (1994\\), [24](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA24) His parents visited him in Rapallo that year, seeing him for the first time since 1914\\. His father had retired, so they moved to Rapallo themselves, taking a small house, Villa Raggio, on a hill above the town.Tytell (1987\\), 215\n\n### Antisemitism, social credit\n\nPound's [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") can be traced to at least 1910, when he wrote in *Patria Mia*, his essays for the *New Age*: \"The Jew alone can retain his detestable qualities, despite climatic conditions.\" The sentence was removed from the 1950 edition.Surrette (1999\\), 242 In 1922 he apparently disliked that so many Jews were contributing to *[The Dial](/wiki/The_Dial \"The Dial\")*,Julius (1995\\), 182, citing Corrigan (1977\\), 466, and note 17, 479; Corrigan cites a letter from Pound to [Jeanne Robert Foster](/wiki/Jeanne_Robert_Foster \"Jeanne Robert Foster\"), 2 February 1922, Houghton Library, Harvard University. and in 1939, when he read his poetry at [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard \"Harvard\"), he was said to have included antisemitic poems in the program because he believed there were [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") in the audience.Tytell (1987\\), 268–269\n\nA friend of Pound's, the writer Lina Caico, wrote to him in March 1937 asking him to use his musical contacts to help a German\\-Jewish pianist in Berlin who did not have enough money to live on because of the [Nuremberg Laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws \"Nuremberg Laws\"). Normally willing to help fellow artists, Pound replied (at length): \"You hit a nice sore spot ... Let her try Rothschild and some of the bastards who are murdering 10 million anglo saxons in England.\"Moody (2014\\), 242–243; Redman (1991\\), 177 He nevertheless denied being an antisemite; he said he liked [Spinoza](/wiki/Spinoza \"Spinoza\"), [Montaigne](/wiki/Montaigne \"Montaigne\"), and [Alexander del Mar](/wiki/Alexander_del_Mar \"Alexander del Mar\"). \"What I am driving at\", he wrote to [Jackson Mac Low](/wiki/Jackson_Mac_Low \"Jackson Mac Low\"), \"is that some kike might manage to pin an antisem label on me IF he neglected the mass of my writing.\"Julius (1995\\), 184–185\n\nPound came to believe that World War I had been caused by finance capitalism, which he called \"usury\", and that the Jews had been to blame. He believed the solution lay in [C. H. Douglas](/wiki/C._H._Douglas \"C. H. Douglas\")'s idea of [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit \"Social credit\").Preda (2005a), 87 Pound several times used the term *Leihkapital* (loan capital), equating it with Jews.Casillo (1988\\), 193; Feldman (2013\\), 52 Hitler had used the same term in *[Mein Kampf](/wiki/Mein_Kampf \"Mein Kampf\")* (1926\\).Feldman (2013\\), 52 \"Your enemy is Das Leihkapital,\" Pound wrote in a 1942 radio script aimed at the UK, \"international, wandering Loan Capital. Your enemy is not Germany, your enemy is money on loan. And it would be better to be infected with typhus ... than to be infected with this blindness which prevents you from understanding HOW you are undermined ... The big Jew is so bound up with this Leihkapital that no one is able to unscramble that omelet.\"Doob (1978\\), 59 The argument ran that without \"usury\" and Jews, there would be no class conflict.Casillo (1988\\), 193\n\nIn addition to presenting his economic ideas in hundreds of articles and in *The Cantos*, Pound wrote more than 1,000 letters a year throughout the 1930s.Tytell (1987\\), 254; Julius (1995\\), 183 From 1932, he wrote 180 articles for *The New English Weekly*, a social\\-credit journal founded by A. R. Orage, and 60 for *Il Mare*, a Rapallo newspaper.Tytell (1987\\), 227 He wrote to [Bill Bird](/wiki/Bill_Bird \"Bill Bird\") that the press in Paris was controlled by the [Comité des forges](/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_des_forges \"Comité des forges\"). He also came under the influence of [Charles Maurras](/wiki/Charles_Maurras \"Charles Maurras\"), who led the far\\-right *[Action Française](/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise \"Action Française\")*.Tytell (1987\\), 228\n\n### Meeting Mussolini\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|[Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") in 1922](/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_1922.jpeg \"Benito Mussolini 1922.jpeg\")\n\nIn December 1932 Pound requested a meeting with [Mussolini](/wiki/Mussolini \"Mussolini\") after being hired to work on a film script about [Italian fascism](/wiki/Italian_fascism \"Italian fascism\"). Pound had asked to see Mussolini previously—Olga Rudge had played privately for Mussolini on 19 February 1927—but this time he was given an audience.Moody (2014\\), 129–130 They met on 30 January 1933 at the [Palazzo Venezia](/wiki/Palazzo_Venezia \"Palazzo Venezia\") in Rome, the day Hitler was appointed [Chancellor of Germany](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany \"Chancellor of Germany\").Moody (2014\\), 136–137\n\nWhen Pound handed Mussolini a copy of *A Draft of XXX Cantos*, Mussolini reportedly said of a passage Pound highlighted that it was not English. Pound said: \"No, it's my idea of the way a continental Jew would speak English\", to which Mussolini replied \"How entertaining\" (*divertente*).Moody (2014\\), 137 Pound tried to discuss an 18\\-point draft of his economic theories. (Daniel Swift writes that this story has been \"told and retold, and in each version, the details shift\".)Swift (2017\\), 216 Pound recorded the meeting in \"Canto XLI\".Pound (1996\\), 202; Redman (1991\\), 95\n\nPound wrote to C. H. Douglas that he had \"never met anyone who seemed to *get* my ideas so quickly as the boss\".Tytell (1987\\), 230 The meeting left him feeling that he had become a person of influence, Redman writes, someone who had been consulted by a head of state.Redman (1991\\), 98 When he returned to Rapallo, he was greeted at the station by the town band.\n\nImmediately after the meeting Pound began writing *The ABC of Economics* and *[Jefferson and/or Mussolini: L'Idea Statale Fascism as I Have Seen It](/wiki/Jefferson_and/or_Mussolini \"Jefferson and/or Mussolini\")* (1935\\). The latter was ready by the end of February,Redman (2001\\), 101, 256; Moody (2014\\), 137 although he had trouble finding a publisher. In 1942 Pound told Italy's Royal Finance Office that he had written the book for propaganda purposes in Italy's interests.Feldman (2013\\), 115 He wrote articles praising Mussolini and fascism for T. S. Eliot's *[The Criterion](/wiki/The_Criterion \"The Criterion\")* in July 1933, the *[New York World Telegram](/wiki/New_York_World_Telegram \"New York World Telegram\")* in November 1933, the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")* on 9 April 1934,Feldman (2013\\), 19 and in 65 articles for the *British\\-Italian Bulletin*, published by the Italian Embassy in London.Feldman (2013\\), 53, 115\n\nPound's antisemitism deepened with the introduction in Italy of the [racial laws](/wiki/Italian_racial_laws \"Italian racial laws\") in 1938, preceded by the publication in July that year of the [Manifesto of Race](/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race \"Manifesto of Race\"). Mussolini instituted restrictions against Jews, who had to register. Foreign Jews lost their Italian citizenship, and on 18 September 1938 Mussolini declared [Judaism](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") \"an irreconcilable enemy of fascism\".Sarfatti (2006\\), 138–139\n\n### Visit to America\n\nWhen Olivia Shakespear died in October 1938 in London, Dorothy asked Ezra to organize the funeral, where he saw their 12\\-year\\-old son, Omar, for the first time in eight years. He visited Eliot and [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), who produced [a famous portrait of Pound reclining](/wiki/Ezra_Pound_%28Lewis%29 \"Ezra Pound (Lewis)\").Tytell (1987\\), 250\n\nBelieving he could stop America's involvement in World War II, Pound sailed for New York in April 1939 on the [SS *Rex*](/wiki/SS_Rex \"SS Rex\") in a first\\-class suite. Giving interviews on the deck in a tweed jacket, he told reporters that Mussolini wanted peace.Tytell (1987\\), 251 In Washington, D.C., he attended a session of Congress, sitting in a section of the gallery reserved for relatives (because of [Thaddeus Coleman Pound](/wiki/Thaddeus_Coleman_Pound \"Thaddeus Coleman Pound\")).Carpenter (1988\\), 560 He lobbied senators and congressmen,Tytell (1987\\), 252; Carpenter (1988\\), 560 had lunch with the Polish ambassador, warning him not to trust the English or Winston Churchill,Tytell (1987\\), 254 and asked to see the President but was told it could not be done.\n\nHe took part in a poetry reading at Harvard, where he agreed to be recorded by the Department of Speech,Carpenter (1988\\), 563 and in July he received an honorary doctorate from Hamilton College, along with the radio commentator [H. V. Kaltenborn](/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn \"H. V. Kaltenborn\"). Kaltenborn, whom Pound referred to at the time as Kaltenstein, gave an anti\\-fascist speech after lunch (\"dictatorships shall die, but democracies shall live\"), which Pound interrupted loudly to the point where, according to one account, the college president had to intervene.Carpenter (1988\\), 565; also see Tytell (1987\\), 253 Pound described this years later to Wyndham Lewis: \"That was a music hall day, with a stage set/ only at a Kawledg Komencement wd/ one git in mouth\\-shot at that sort of wind\\-bag/ that fahrt Kaltenbourne.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 565 Pound sailed back to Italy a few days later on the [SS *Conte di Savoia*](/wiki/SS_Conte_di_Savoia \"SS Conte di Savoia\").Carpenter (1988\\), 566\n\nBetween May and September 1939 Pound wrote 12 articles for the *[Japan Times](/wiki/The_Japan_Times \"The Japan Times\")* (he became their \"Italian correspondent\"),Corkill, Edan (28 March 2020\\). [\"Our man, Mr. Pound\"](https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/28/national/history/our-man-mr-pound/) . *The Japan Times*. which included the claim that \"Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a 'country run by Jews.Tytell (1987\\), 257 He discussed the \"essential fairness of Hitler's war aims\" and wrote that Churchill was a senile front for the Rothschilds.\n\n",
"### Birth of the children\n\nThe Pounds were unhappy in Paris. Dorothy complained about the winters and Ezra's health was poor.Tytell (1987\\), 191–192 At one dinner in the [Place de l'Odéon](/wiki/Rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on \"Rue de l'Odéon\"), a [Surrealist](/wiki/Surrealist \"Surrealist\") guest high on drugs had tried to stab Pound in the back; [Robert McAlmon](/wiki/Robert_McAlmon \"Robert McAlmon\") had wrestled with the attacker, and the guests had managed to leave before the police arrived.Putnam (1947\\), 89–90; Tytell (1987\\), 193 For Pound the event underlined that their time in France was over.Tytell (1987\\), 193 They decided to move to a quieter place, leaving in October 1924 for the seaside town of [Rapallo](/wiki/Rapallo \"Rapallo\") in northern Italy.Tytell (1987\\), 197–198; Nadel (2007\\), 13 Hemingway wrote in a letter that Pound had \"indulged in a small nervous breakdown\" during the packing, leading to two days at the [American Hospital of Paris](/wiki/American_Hospital_of_Paris \"American Hospital of Paris\") in [Neuilly](/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine \"Neuilly-sur-Seine\").Baker (1981\\), 127 During this period the Pounds lived on Dorothy's income, supplemented by dividends from stock she had invested in.Tytell (1987\\), 225\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|[Olga Rudge](/wiki/Olga_Rudge \"Olga Rudge\")'s home in Venice, from 1928, at Calle Querini 252\\. The plaque can be translated as: Without ever stopping loving Venice, Ezra Pound, titan of poetry, lived in this house for half a century.](/wiki/File:Home_of_Olga_Rudge%2C_Venice.jpg \"Home of Olga Rudge, Venice.jpg\")\nPregnant by Pound, Olga Rudge followed the couple to Italy, and in July 1925 she gave birth to a daughter, [Maria](/wiki/Mary_de_Rachewiltz \"Mary de Rachewiltz\"), in a hospital in [Brixen](/wiki/Brixen \"Brixen\"). Rudge and Pound placed the baby with a German\\-speaking peasant woman in [Gais, South Tyrol](/wiki/Gais%2C_South_Tyrol \"Gais, South Tyrol\"), whose own child had died and who agreed to raise Maria for 200 lire a month.Tytell (1987\\), 198; Carpenter (1988\\), 448 Pound reportedly believed that artists ought not to have children, because in his view motherhood ruined women. According to [Hadley Richardson](/wiki/Hadley_Richardson \"Hadley Richardson\"), he took her aside before she and Hemingway left Paris for Toronto to have their child, telling her: \"Well, I might as well say goodbye to you here and now because \\[the baby] is going to change you completely.\"Cohassey (2014\\), 48\n\nAt the end of December 1925 Dorothy went on holiday to Egypt, returning on 1 March,Carpenter (1988\\), 449–450 and in May the Pounds and Olga Rudge left Rapallo for Paris to attend a semi\\-private concert performance at the [Salle Pleyel](/wiki/Salle_Pleyel \"Salle Pleyel\") of *Le Testament de Villon*, a one\\-act opera Pound had composed (\"nearly tuneless\", according to Carpenter) with the musicians Agnes Bedford and [George Antheil](/wiki/George_Antheil \"George Antheil\").Carpenter (1988\\), 450–451; Moody (2014\\), 18, 23, 69 Pound had hired two singers for the performance; Rudge was on violin, Pound played percussion, and Joyce, Eliot and Hemingway were in the audience.Carpenter (1988\\), 450–451; Moody (2014\\), 23\n\nThe couple stayed on in Paris after the performance; Dorothy was pregnant and wanted the baby to be born at the American hospital. Hemingway accompanied her there in a taxi for the birth of a son, [Omar Pound](/wiki/Omar_Pound \"Omar Pound\"), on 10 September 1926\\. (Ezra was an admirer of [Fitzgerald](/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_%28poet%29 \"Edward FitzGerald (poet)\")'s translation of [Omar Khayyam](/wiki/Omar_Khayyam \"Omar Khayyam\").)Conover, (2001\\), 68 Ezra signed the birth certificate the following day at Neuilly town hall and wrote to his father, \"next generation (male) arrived. Both D \\& it appear to be doing well.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 452–453 Ezra ended up in the American hospital himself for tests and, he told Olga, a \"small operation\".Moody (2014\\), 69 Dorothy took Omar to England, where she stayed for a year and thereafter visited him every summer. He was sent to live at first in [Felpham](/wiki/Felpham \"Felpham\"), Sussex, with a former superintendent of [Norland College](/wiki/Norland_College \"Norland College\"), which trains nannies,Carpenter (1988\\), 455–456 and later became a boarder at [Charterhouse](/wiki/Charterhouse_School \"Charterhouse School\").Carpenter (1988\\), 554 When Dorothy was in England with Omar during the summers, Ezra would spend the time with Olga.Tytell (1987\\), 198; [Van Gelder (1996\\)](https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/19/nyregion/olga-rudge-101-ezra-pound-s-companion-dies.html) Olga's father helped her buy a house in Venice in 1928,Conover (2001\\), 83 and from 1930 she also rented the top floor of a house in Sant'Ambrogio, Caso 60, near the Pounds in Rapallo.Marsh (2011\\), 102\n\n",
"### *The Exile*, *Dial* poetry award\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|Pound in 1920 by [E. O. Hoppe](/wiki/E._O._Hoppe \"E. O. Hoppe\")](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_EO_Hoppe_1920.jpg \"Ezra Pound by EO Hoppe 1920.jpg\")\nIn 1925 a new literary magazine, *This Quarter*, dedicated its first issue to Pound, including tributes from Hemingway and Joyce.Tytell (1987\\), 201 In Hemingway's contribution, \"Homage to Ezra\", he wrote that Pound \"devotes perhaps one fifth of his working time to writing poetry and in this twenty per cent of effort writes a large and distinguished share of the really great poetry that has been written by any American living or dead—or any Englishman living or dead or any Irishman who ever wrote English.\"\n\n> With the rest of his time he tries to advance the fortunes, both material and artistic, of his friends. He defends them when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail. He loans them money. He sells their pictures. He arranges concerts for them. He writes articles about them. He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying and he witnesses their wills. He advances them hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide. And in the end a few of them refrain from knifing him at the first opportunity.Hemingway (1925\\)\n\nAgainst Hemingway's positive view of Pound, Richard Aldington told Amy Lowell that year that Pound had been almost forgotten in England: \"as the rest of us go up, he goes down\", he wrote.Nadel (2007\\), 14 In the U.S., Pound won the $2,000 *[Dial](/wiki/The_Dial \"The Dial\")* poetry award in 1927Marsh (2011\\), 103 for his translation of the [Confucian classic](/wiki/Confucian_classic \"Confucian classic\") *[Great Learning](/wiki/Great_Learning \"Great Learning\")*.Moody (2014\\), xiv Using the prize money, he launched his own literary magazine, *The Exile*, in March, but only four issues appeared. It did well in the first year, with contributions from Hemingway, [E. E. Cummings](/wiki/E._E._Cummings \"E. E. Cummings\"), Basil Bunting, Yeats, William Carlos Williams, and [Robert McAlmon](/wiki/Robert_McAlmon \"Robert McAlmon\").Wilhelm (1994\\), [22–24](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA22) Some of the poorest work consisted of Pound's rambling editorials on [Confucianism](/wiki/Confucianism \"Confucianism\") or in praise of Lenin, according to biographer J. J. Wilhelm.Wilhelm (1994\\), [24](https://books.google.com/books?id=s3mw-IZom4sC&pg=PA24) His parents visited him in Rapallo that year, seeing him for the first time since 1914\\. His father had retired, so they moved to Rapallo themselves, taking a small house, Villa Raggio, on a hill above the town.Tytell (1987\\), 215\n\n",
"### Antisemitism, social credit\n\nPound's [antisemitism](/wiki/Antisemitism \"Antisemitism\") can be traced to at least 1910, when he wrote in *Patria Mia*, his essays for the *New Age*: \"The Jew alone can retain his detestable qualities, despite climatic conditions.\" The sentence was removed from the 1950 edition.Surrette (1999\\), 242 In 1922 he apparently disliked that so many Jews were contributing to *[The Dial](/wiki/The_Dial \"The Dial\")*,Julius (1995\\), 182, citing Corrigan (1977\\), 466, and note 17, 479; Corrigan cites a letter from Pound to [Jeanne Robert Foster](/wiki/Jeanne_Robert_Foster \"Jeanne Robert Foster\"), 2 February 1922, Houghton Library, Harvard University. and in 1939, when he read his poetry at [Harvard](/wiki/Harvard \"Harvard\"), he was said to have included antisemitic poems in the program because he believed there were [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") in the audience.Tytell (1987\\), 268–269\n\nA friend of Pound's, the writer Lina Caico, wrote to him in March 1937 asking him to use his musical contacts to help a German\\-Jewish pianist in Berlin who did not have enough money to live on because of the [Nuremberg Laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws \"Nuremberg Laws\"). Normally willing to help fellow artists, Pound replied (at length): \"You hit a nice sore spot ... Let her try Rothschild and some of the bastards who are murdering 10 million anglo saxons in England.\"Moody (2014\\), 242–243; Redman (1991\\), 177 He nevertheless denied being an antisemite; he said he liked [Spinoza](/wiki/Spinoza \"Spinoza\"), [Montaigne](/wiki/Montaigne \"Montaigne\"), and [Alexander del Mar](/wiki/Alexander_del_Mar \"Alexander del Mar\"). \"What I am driving at\", he wrote to [Jackson Mac Low](/wiki/Jackson_Mac_Low \"Jackson Mac Low\"), \"is that some kike might manage to pin an antisem label on me IF he neglected the mass of my writing.\"Julius (1995\\), 184–185\n\nPound came to believe that World War I had been caused by finance capitalism, which he called \"usury\", and that the Jews had been to blame. He believed the solution lay in [C. H. Douglas](/wiki/C._H._Douglas \"C. H. Douglas\")'s idea of [social credit](/wiki/Social_credit \"Social credit\").Preda (2005a), 87 Pound several times used the term *Leihkapital* (loan capital), equating it with Jews.Casillo (1988\\), 193; Feldman (2013\\), 52 Hitler had used the same term in *[Mein Kampf](/wiki/Mein_Kampf \"Mein Kampf\")* (1926\\).Feldman (2013\\), 52 \"Your enemy is Das Leihkapital,\" Pound wrote in a 1942 radio script aimed at the UK, \"international, wandering Loan Capital. Your enemy is not Germany, your enemy is money on loan. And it would be better to be infected with typhus ... than to be infected with this blindness which prevents you from understanding HOW you are undermined ... The big Jew is so bound up with this Leihkapital that no one is able to unscramble that omelet.\"Doob (1978\\), 59 The argument ran that without \"usury\" and Jews, there would be no class conflict.Casillo (1988\\), 193\n\nIn addition to presenting his economic ideas in hundreds of articles and in *The Cantos*, Pound wrote more than 1,000 letters a year throughout the 1930s.Tytell (1987\\), 254; Julius (1995\\), 183 From 1932, he wrote 180 articles for *The New English Weekly*, a social\\-credit journal founded by A. R. Orage, and 60 for *Il Mare*, a Rapallo newspaper.Tytell (1987\\), 227 He wrote to [Bill Bird](/wiki/Bill_Bird \"Bill Bird\") that the press in Paris was controlled by the [Comité des forges](/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_des_forges \"Comité des forges\"). He also came under the influence of [Charles Maurras](/wiki/Charles_Maurras \"Charles Maurras\"), who led the far\\-right *[Action Française](/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise \"Action Française\")*.Tytell (1987\\), 228\n\n",
"### Meeting Mussolini\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|[Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\") in 1922](/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_1922.jpeg \"Benito Mussolini 1922.jpeg\")\n\nIn December 1932 Pound requested a meeting with [Mussolini](/wiki/Mussolini \"Mussolini\") after being hired to work on a film script about [Italian fascism](/wiki/Italian_fascism \"Italian fascism\"). Pound had asked to see Mussolini previously—Olga Rudge had played privately for Mussolini on 19 February 1927—but this time he was given an audience.Moody (2014\\), 129–130 They met on 30 January 1933 at the [Palazzo Venezia](/wiki/Palazzo_Venezia \"Palazzo Venezia\") in Rome, the day Hitler was appointed [Chancellor of Germany](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany \"Chancellor of Germany\").Moody (2014\\), 136–137\n\nWhen Pound handed Mussolini a copy of *A Draft of XXX Cantos*, Mussolini reportedly said of a passage Pound highlighted that it was not English. Pound said: \"No, it's my idea of the way a continental Jew would speak English\", to which Mussolini replied \"How entertaining\" (*divertente*).Moody (2014\\), 137 Pound tried to discuss an 18\\-point draft of his economic theories. (Daniel Swift writes that this story has been \"told and retold, and in each version, the details shift\".)Swift (2017\\), 216 Pound recorded the meeting in \"Canto XLI\".Pound (1996\\), 202; Redman (1991\\), 95\n\nPound wrote to C. H. Douglas that he had \"never met anyone who seemed to *get* my ideas so quickly as the boss\".Tytell (1987\\), 230 The meeting left him feeling that he had become a person of influence, Redman writes, someone who had been consulted by a head of state.Redman (1991\\), 98 When he returned to Rapallo, he was greeted at the station by the town band.\n\nImmediately after the meeting Pound began writing *The ABC of Economics* and *[Jefferson and/or Mussolini: L'Idea Statale Fascism as I Have Seen It](/wiki/Jefferson_and/or_Mussolini \"Jefferson and/or Mussolini\")* (1935\\). The latter was ready by the end of February,Redman (2001\\), 101, 256; Moody (2014\\), 137 although he had trouble finding a publisher. In 1942 Pound told Italy's Royal Finance Office that he had written the book for propaganda purposes in Italy's interests.Feldman (2013\\), 115 He wrote articles praising Mussolini and fascism for T. S. Eliot's *[The Criterion](/wiki/The_Criterion \"The Criterion\")* in July 1933, the *[New York World Telegram](/wiki/New_York_World_Telegram \"New York World Telegram\")* in November 1933, the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")* on 9 April 1934,Feldman (2013\\), 19 and in 65 articles for the *British\\-Italian Bulletin*, published by the Italian Embassy in London.Feldman (2013\\), 53, 115\n\nPound's antisemitism deepened with the introduction in Italy of the [racial laws](/wiki/Italian_racial_laws \"Italian racial laws\") in 1938, preceded by the publication in July that year of the [Manifesto of Race](/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race \"Manifesto of Race\"). Mussolini instituted restrictions against Jews, who had to register. Foreign Jews lost their Italian citizenship, and on 18 September 1938 Mussolini declared [Judaism](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") \"an irreconcilable enemy of fascism\".Sarfatti (2006\\), 138–139\n\n",
"### Visit to America\n\nWhen Olivia Shakespear died in October 1938 in London, Dorothy asked Ezra to organize the funeral, where he saw their 12\\-year\\-old son, Omar, for the first time in eight years. He visited Eliot and [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), who produced [a famous portrait of Pound reclining](/wiki/Ezra_Pound_%28Lewis%29 \"Ezra Pound (Lewis)\").Tytell (1987\\), 250\n\nBelieving he could stop America's involvement in World War II, Pound sailed for New York in April 1939 on the [SS *Rex*](/wiki/SS_Rex \"SS Rex\") in a first\\-class suite. Giving interviews on the deck in a tweed jacket, he told reporters that Mussolini wanted peace.Tytell (1987\\), 251 In Washington, D.C., he attended a session of Congress, sitting in a section of the gallery reserved for relatives (because of [Thaddeus Coleman Pound](/wiki/Thaddeus_Coleman_Pound \"Thaddeus Coleman Pound\")).Carpenter (1988\\), 560 He lobbied senators and congressmen,Tytell (1987\\), 252; Carpenter (1988\\), 560 had lunch with the Polish ambassador, warning him not to trust the English or Winston Churchill,Tytell (1987\\), 254 and asked to see the President but was told it could not be done.\n\nHe took part in a poetry reading at Harvard, where he agreed to be recorded by the Department of Speech,Carpenter (1988\\), 563 and in July he received an honorary doctorate from Hamilton College, along with the radio commentator [H. V. Kaltenborn](/wiki/H._V._Kaltenborn \"H. V. Kaltenborn\"). Kaltenborn, whom Pound referred to at the time as Kaltenstein, gave an anti\\-fascist speech after lunch (\"dictatorships shall die, but democracies shall live\"), which Pound interrupted loudly to the point where, according to one account, the college president had to intervene.Carpenter (1988\\), 565; also see Tytell (1987\\), 253 Pound described this years later to Wyndham Lewis: \"That was a music hall day, with a stage set/ only at a Kawledg Komencement wd/ one git in mouth\\-shot at that sort of wind\\-bag/ that fahrt Kaltenbourne.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 565 Pound sailed back to Italy a few days later on the [SS *Conte di Savoia*](/wiki/SS_Conte_di_Savoia \"SS Conte di Savoia\").Carpenter (1988\\), 566\n\nBetween May and September 1939 Pound wrote 12 articles for the *[Japan Times](/wiki/The_Japan_Times \"The Japan Times\")* (he became their \"Italian correspondent\"),Corkill, Edan (28 March 2020\\). [\"Our man, Mr. Pound\"](https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/28/national/history/our-man-mr-pound/) . *The Japan Times*. which included the claim that \"Democracy is now currently defined in Europe as a 'country run by Jews.Tytell (1987\\), 257 He discussed the \"essential fairness of Hitler's war aims\" and wrote that Churchill was a senile front for the Rothschilds.\n\n",
"World War II and radio broadcasts (1939–1945\\)\n----------------------------------------------\n\n### Letter\\-writing campaign\n\nWhen war broke out in September 1939, Pound began a letter\\-writing campaign to the politicians he had petitioned months earlier.Tytell (1987\\), 257–258 On 18 June 1940, after the [fall of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"), he wrote to Senator [Burton K. Wheeler](/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler \"Burton K. Wheeler\"): \"I have read a regulation that only those foreigners are to be admitted to the U.S. who are deemed to be useful etc/. The dirtiest jews from Paris, Blum??\" He explained that they were all a pox.Redman (1991\\), 201–202 To his publisher, [James Laughlin](/wiki/James_Laughlin \"James Laughlin\"), he wrote that \"Roosevelt represents Jewry\" and signed off with \"Heil Hitler\". He began calling Roosevelt \"Jewsfeldt\" or \"Stinky Rooosenstein\". In *[Meridiano di Roma](/wiki/Meridiano_di_Roma \"Meridiano di Roma\")* he compared Hitler and Mussolini to [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\").Tytell (1987\\), 259 In [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\")'s newspaper, *[Action](/wiki/Action_%28newspaper%29 \"Action (newspaper)\")*, he wrote that the English were \"a slave race governed by the [House of Rothschild](/wiki/Rothschild_family \"Rothschild family\") since Waterloo\". By May 1940, according to the historian [Matthew Feldman](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman_%28historian%29 \"Matthew Feldman (historian)\"), the British government regarded Pound as \"a principal supplier of information to the BUF \\[[British Union of Fascists](/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists \"British Union of Fascists\")] from abroad\".Feldman (2013\\), 4 His literary agent in New York, [John J. Slocum](/wiki/John_J._Slocum \"John J. Slocum\"), urged him to return to writing poetry and literary criticism; instead, Pound sent Slocum political manifestos, which he declined to attempt to publish in the United States.\n\n### Radio broadcasts\n\nBetween 23 January 1941Feldman (2013\\), 94 and 28 March 1945, including during the [Holocaust in Italy](/wiki/Holocaust_in_Italy \"Holocaust in Italy\"), Pound recorded or composed hundreds of broadcasts for Italian radio, mostly for [EIAR](/wiki/Ente_Italiano_per_le_Audizioni_Radiofoniche \"Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche\") (Radio Rome) and later for a radio station in the [Italian Social Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\"), a [puppet state](/wiki/Puppet_state \"Puppet state\") of [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") in northern and central Italy.Feldman (2013\\), 99; Tytell (1987\\), 261 Broadcast in English, and sometimes in Italian, German, and French,Feldman (2013\\), 83–84 the EIAR program was transmitted to England, central Europe, and the United States.Tytell (1987\\), 261\n\nStyling himself \"Dr Ezra Pound\" (his only doctorate was the honorary one from Hamilton College),Swift (2017\\), 232 he attacked the United States, Roosevelt, Roosevelt's family, Churchill, and the Jews. He praised Hitler, recommended [eugenics](/wiki/Eugenics \"Eugenics\") to \"conserve the best of the race\",[Pound radio broadcasts](https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/ezra-pound-p1.pdf). DOJ, 12–13\\. and referred to Jews as \"filth\".Tytell (1987\\), 266 The broadcasts were monitored by the United States [Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service](/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Monitoring_Service \"Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service\"), and on 26 July 1943 the [United States District Court for the District of Columbia](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia \"United States District Court for the District of Columbia\") indicted Pound *in absentia* for [treason](/wiki/Treason_in_the_United_States \"Treason in the United States\").Tytell (1987\\), 269–270 According to Feldman, the Pound archives at Yale contain receipts for 195 payments from the Italian [Ministry of Popular Culture](/wiki/Ministry_of_Popular_Culture \"Ministry of Popular Culture\") from 22 April 1941 to 26 January 1944\\. Over 33 months, Pound received 250,000 lire (then equivalent to $12,500; $185,000 as of 2013\\).Feldman (2013\\), 107\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|[Italian Social Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\"), September 1943 – May 1945](/wiki/File:Italian-social-republic-and-civil-war.svg \"Italian-social-republic-and-civil-war.svg\")\nOn 9–10 September 1943, the German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") occupied northern and central Italy. Hitler appointed Mussolini head of a fascist puppet state, the [Italian Social Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\") or Salò Republic.Sarfatti (2006\\), 180 Pound called it the \"Republic of Utopia\".Feldman (2013\\), 144 [SS](/wiki/Schutzstaffel \"Schutzstaffel\") officers began concentrating Jews in transit camps before deporting them to [Auschwitz\\-Birkenau](/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp \"Auschwitz concentration camp\").Sarfatti (2006\\), 180–181 In Rome when the German occupation began, Pound headed north to [Gais](/wiki/Gais%2C_South_Tyrol \"Gais, South Tyrol\"), on foot and by train, to visit his daughter, a journey of about .Carpenter (1988\\), 627 On or around 23 November 1943, he met [Fernando Mezzasoma](/wiki/Fernando_Mezzasoma \"Fernando Mezzasoma\"), the new Minister of Popular Culture, in [Salò](/wiki/Sal%C3%B2 \"Salò\"). Pound wrote to Dorothy from Salò asking if she could obtain a radio confiscated from the Jews to give to Rudge, so that Rudge could help with his work.Moody (2015\\), 72\n\nFrom 1 December 1943 Pound began writing scripts for the state's new radio station.Carpenter (1988\\), 632–633; Tytell (1987\\), 274 The following day he suggested to [Alessandro Pavolini](/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini \"Alessandro Pavolini\"), secretary of the [Republican Fascist Party](/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party \"Republican Fascist Party\"), that book stores be legally obliged to showcase certain books, including *[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion](/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion \"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion\")* (1903\\), a [Okhrana](/wiki/Okhrana \"Okhrana\") hoax document purporting to be a Jewish plan to dominate the world. \"The arrest of Jews will create a wave of useless mercy,\" Pound wrote, \"thus the need to disseminate the Protocols. The intellectuals are capable of a passion more durable than emotional, but they need to understand the reasons for a conflict.\"Feldman (2013\\), 159; Moody (2015\\), 74 On 26 January 1945, in a script called \"Corpses of Course\" for the program *Jerry's Front Calling*, Pound wrote: \"Why shouldn't there be one grand beano; wiping out Sieff and Kuhn and Loeb and Guggenheim and Stinkenfinger and the rest of the nazal bleaters?\"Feldman (2013\\), 159\n\n### Arrest for treason\n\nIn May 1944 the German military, trying to secure the coast against the Allies, forced the Pounds to evacuate their seafront apartment in Rapallo. From then until the end of the war, the couple lived with Rudge in her home above Rapallo at Sant' Ambrogio.Moody (2015\\), 85 There were food shortages, no coffee, and no newspapers, telephones, or letters.Tytell (1987\\), 272 According to Rudge, Ezra and Dorothy would spend their nights listening to the [BBC](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\").Conover (2001\\), 154; Moody (2015\\), 86 In addition to the radio scripts, Pound was writing for the newspaper *Il Popolo di Alessandria*. He wanted to write for the more reputable *[Corriere della Sera](/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera \"Corriere della Sera\")* in Milan, but the editor regarded his Italian as \"incomprehensible\".Moody (2015\\), 88\n\nMussolini and his mistress, [Clara Petacci](/wiki/Clara_Petacci \"Clara Petacci\"), were shot by Italian [partisans](/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement \"Italian resistance movement\") on 28 April 1945\\. Their bodies were displayed in the [Piazzale Loreto](/wiki/Piazzale_Loreto \"Piazzale Loreto\") in Milan, abused by the crowd, then left hanging upside down.Sieburth (2003\\), referenced in Canto LXXIV as ix \"Thus Ben and la Clara *a Milano* / by the heels at Milano\".\"Canto LXXIV\", Pound (2003b), 3, lines 4–5 On 3 May armed partisans arrived at Rudge's home to find Pound alone. He picked up the Confucian text *[Four Books](/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics \"Four Books and Five Classics\")* and a Chinese–English dictionary and was taken to their headquarters in [Zoagli](/wiki/Zoagli \"Zoagli\"),Sieburth (2003\\), ix; Moody (2015\\), 100 then at his request to the U.S. [Counter Intelligence Corps](/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Counterintelligence Corps (United States Army)\") headquarters in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"), where he was interrogated by FBI agent Frank L. Amprin.Tytell (1987\\), 276; Sieburth (2003\\), x\n\nPound asked to send a cable to [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") to help negotiate a \"just peace\" with Japan. He wanted to make a final broadcast called \"Ashes of Europe Calling\", in which he would recommend not only peace with Japan, but American management of Italy, the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, and leniency toward Germany. His requests were denied and the script was forwarded to [J. Edgar Hoover](/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover \"J. Edgar Hoover\").Sieburth (2003\\), x A few days later Amprin removed over 7,000 letters, articles and other documents from Rudge's home as evidence.Tytell (1987\\), 276; Sieburth (2003\\), xii On 8 May, the day [Germany surrendered](/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender \"German Instrument of Surrender\"), Pound gave the Americans a further statement:\n\n[upright\\|thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Toilet paper showing start of Canto LXXIVSieburth (2003\\), [xxxvi](https://books.google.com/books?id=TubCKx3F6UQC&pg=PR36)](/wiki/File:Toilet_paper%2C_Pisan_Cantos.JPG \"Toilet paper, Pisan Cantos.JPG\")\n\nLater that day he told an American reporter, Edd Johnson, that Hitler was \"a Jeanne d'Arc ... Like many martyrs, he held extreme views\". Mussolini was \"a very human, imperfect character who lost his head\".Johnson (1945\\); Sieburth (2003\\), xi; Moody (2007\\), 113–114 On 24 May he was transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center north of Pisa, where he was placed in one of the camp's outdoor steel cages, with tar paper covers, lit up at night by floodlights. Engineers reinforced his cage the night before he arrived in fear that fascist sympathizers might try to break him out.Tytell (1987\\), 277\n\nPound lived in isolation in the heat, sleeping on the concrete, denied exercise and communication, apart from daily access to the chaplain.Sieburth (2003\\), xiii After three weeks, he stopped eating. He recorded what seemed to be a breakdown in \"Canto LXXX\", where [Odysseus](/wiki/Odysseus \"Odysseus\") is saved from drowning by [Leucothea](/wiki/Leucothea \"Leucothea\"): \"hast'ou swum in a sea of air strip / through an aeon of nothingness, / when the raft broke and the waters went over me\".Pound (1996\\), 533; Sieburth (2003\\), xiii Medical staff moved him out of the cage the following week. On 14 and 15 June he was examined by psychiatrists, after which he was transferred to his own tent.Sieburth (2003\\), xiv He began to write, drafting what became known as *[The Pisan Cantos](/wiki/The_Pisan_Cantos \"The Pisan Cantos\")*.Sieburth (2003\\), xv The existence of two sheets of toilet paper showing the first ten lines of \"Canto LXXIV\" in pencil suggests he started it while in the cage.Kimpel and Eaves (1981\\), 474; Sieburth (2003\\), frontispiece; Moody (2015\\), 117–118\n\n",
"### Letter\\-writing campaign\n\nWhen war broke out in September 1939, Pound began a letter\\-writing campaign to the politicians he had petitioned months earlier.Tytell (1987\\), 257–258 On 18 June 1940, after the [fall of France](/wiki/Battle_of_France \"Battle of France\"), he wrote to Senator [Burton K. Wheeler](/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler \"Burton K. Wheeler\"): \"I have read a regulation that only those foreigners are to be admitted to the U.S. who are deemed to be useful etc/. The dirtiest jews from Paris, Blum??\" He explained that they were all a pox.Redman (1991\\), 201–202 To his publisher, [James Laughlin](/wiki/James_Laughlin \"James Laughlin\"), he wrote that \"Roosevelt represents Jewry\" and signed off with \"Heil Hitler\". He began calling Roosevelt \"Jewsfeldt\" or \"Stinky Rooosenstein\". In *[Meridiano di Roma](/wiki/Meridiano_di_Roma \"Meridiano di Roma\")* he compared Hitler and Mussolini to [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\").Tytell (1987\\), 259 In [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\")'s newspaper, *[Action](/wiki/Action_%28newspaper%29 \"Action (newspaper)\")*, he wrote that the English were \"a slave race governed by the [House of Rothschild](/wiki/Rothschild_family \"Rothschild family\") since Waterloo\". By May 1940, according to the historian [Matthew Feldman](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman_%28historian%29 \"Matthew Feldman (historian)\"), the British government regarded Pound as \"a principal supplier of information to the BUF \\[[British Union of Fascists](/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists \"British Union of Fascists\")] from abroad\".Feldman (2013\\), 4 His literary agent in New York, [John J. Slocum](/wiki/John_J._Slocum \"John J. Slocum\"), urged him to return to writing poetry and literary criticism; instead, Pound sent Slocum political manifestos, which he declined to attempt to publish in the United States.\n\n",
"### Radio broadcasts\n\nBetween 23 January 1941Feldman (2013\\), 94 and 28 March 1945, including during the [Holocaust in Italy](/wiki/Holocaust_in_Italy \"Holocaust in Italy\"), Pound recorded or composed hundreds of broadcasts for Italian radio, mostly for [EIAR](/wiki/Ente_Italiano_per_le_Audizioni_Radiofoniche \"Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche\") (Radio Rome) and later for a radio station in the [Italian Social Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\"), a [puppet state](/wiki/Puppet_state \"Puppet state\") of [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") in northern and central Italy.Feldman (2013\\), 99; Tytell (1987\\), 261 Broadcast in English, and sometimes in Italian, German, and French,Feldman (2013\\), 83–84 the EIAR program was transmitted to England, central Europe, and the United States.Tytell (1987\\), 261\n\nStyling himself \"Dr Ezra Pound\" (his only doctorate was the honorary one from Hamilton College),Swift (2017\\), 232 he attacked the United States, Roosevelt, Roosevelt's family, Churchill, and the Jews. He praised Hitler, recommended [eugenics](/wiki/Eugenics \"Eugenics\") to \"conserve the best of the race\",[Pound radio broadcasts](https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/ezra-pound-p1.pdf). DOJ, 12–13\\. and referred to Jews as \"filth\".Tytell (1987\\), 266 The broadcasts were monitored by the United States [Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service](/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Monitoring_Service \"Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service\"), and on 26 July 1943 the [United States District Court for the District of Columbia](/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia \"United States District Court for the District of Columbia\") indicted Pound *in absentia* for [treason](/wiki/Treason_in_the_United_States \"Treason in the United States\").Tytell (1987\\), 269–270 According to Feldman, the Pound archives at Yale contain receipts for 195 payments from the Italian [Ministry of Popular Culture](/wiki/Ministry_of_Popular_Culture \"Ministry of Popular Culture\") from 22 April 1941 to 26 January 1944\\. Over 33 months, Pound received 250,000 lire (then equivalent to $12,500; $185,000 as of 2013\\).Feldman (2013\\), 107\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=0\\.9\\|[Italian Social Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\"), September 1943 – May 1945](/wiki/File:Italian-social-republic-and-civil-war.svg \"Italian-social-republic-and-civil-war.svg\")\nOn 9–10 September 1943, the German [Wehrmacht](/wiki/Wehrmacht \"Wehrmacht\") occupied northern and central Italy. Hitler appointed Mussolini head of a fascist puppet state, the [Italian Social Republic](/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic \"Italian Social Republic\") or Salò Republic.Sarfatti (2006\\), 180 Pound called it the \"Republic of Utopia\".Feldman (2013\\), 144 [SS](/wiki/Schutzstaffel \"Schutzstaffel\") officers began concentrating Jews in transit camps before deporting them to [Auschwitz\\-Birkenau](/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp \"Auschwitz concentration camp\").Sarfatti (2006\\), 180–181 In Rome when the German occupation began, Pound headed north to [Gais](/wiki/Gais%2C_South_Tyrol \"Gais, South Tyrol\"), on foot and by train, to visit his daughter, a journey of about .Carpenter (1988\\), 627 On or around 23 November 1943, he met [Fernando Mezzasoma](/wiki/Fernando_Mezzasoma \"Fernando Mezzasoma\"), the new Minister of Popular Culture, in [Salò](/wiki/Sal%C3%B2 \"Salò\"). Pound wrote to Dorothy from Salò asking if she could obtain a radio confiscated from the Jews to give to Rudge, so that Rudge could help with his work.Moody (2015\\), 72\n\nFrom 1 December 1943 Pound began writing scripts for the state's new radio station.Carpenter (1988\\), 632–633; Tytell (1987\\), 274 The following day he suggested to [Alessandro Pavolini](/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini \"Alessandro Pavolini\"), secretary of the [Republican Fascist Party](/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party \"Republican Fascist Party\"), that book stores be legally obliged to showcase certain books, including *[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion](/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion \"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion\")* (1903\\), a [Okhrana](/wiki/Okhrana \"Okhrana\") hoax document purporting to be a Jewish plan to dominate the world. \"The arrest of Jews will create a wave of useless mercy,\" Pound wrote, \"thus the need to disseminate the Protocols. The intellectuals are capable of a passion more durable than emotional, but they need to understand the reasons for a conflict.\"Feldman (2013\\), 159; Moody (2015\\), 74 On 26 January 1945, in a script called \"Corpses of Course\" for the program *Jerry's Front Calling*, Pound wrote: \"Why shouldn't there be one grand beano; wiping out Sieff and Kuhn and Loeb and Guggenheim and Stinkenfinger and the rest of the nazal bleaters?\"Feldman (2013\\), 159\n\n",
"### Arrest for treason\n\nIn May 1944 the German military, trying to secure the coast against the Allies, forced the Pounds to evacuate their seafront apartment in Rapallo. From then until the end of the war, the couple lived with Rudge in her home above Rapallo at Sant' Ambrogio.Moody (2015\\), 85 There were food shortages, no coffee, and no newspapers, telephones, or letters.Tytell (1987\\), 272 According to Rudge, Ezra and Dorothy would spend their nights listening to the [BBC](/wiki/BBC_World_Service \"BBC World Service\").Conover (2001\\), 154; Moody (2015\\), 86 In addition to the radio scripts, Pound was writing for the newspaper *Il Popolo di Alessandria*. He wanted to write for the more reputable *[Corriere della Sera](/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera \"Corriere della Sera\")* in Milan, but the editor regarded his Italian as \"incomprehensible\".Moody (2015\\), 88\n\nMussolini and his mistress, [Clara Petacci](/wiki/Clara_Petacci \"Clara Petacci\"), were shot by Italian [partisans](/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement \"Italian resistance movement\") on 28 April 1945\\. Their bodies were displayed in the [Piazzale Loreto](/wiki/Piazzale_Loreto \"Piazzale Loreto\") in Milan, abused by the crowd, then left hanging upside down.Sieburth (2003\\), referenced in Canto LXXIV as ix \"Thus Ben and la Clara *a Milano* / by the heels at Milano\".\"Canto LXXIV\", Pound (2003b), 3, lines 4–5 On 3 May armed partisans arrived at Rudge's home to find Pound alone. He picked up the Confucian text *[Four Books](/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics \"Four Books and Five Classics\")* and a Chinese–English dictionary and was taken to their headquarters in [Zoagli](/wiki/Zoagli \"Zoagli\"),Sieburth (2003\\), ix; Moody (2015\\), 100 then at his request to the U.S. [Counter Intelligence Corps](/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29 \"Counterintelligence Corps (United States Army)\") headquarters in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"), where he was interrogated by FBI agent Frank L. Amprin.Tytell (1987\\), 276; Sieburth (2003\\), x\n\nPound asked to send a cable to [Harry S. Truman](/wiki/Harry_S._Truman \"Harry S. Truman\") to help negotiate a \"just peace\" with Japan. He wanted to make a final broadcast called \"Ashes of Europe Calling\", in which he would recommend not only peace with Japan, but American management of Italy, the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, and leniency toward Germany. His requests were denied and the script was forwarded to [J. Edgar Hoover](/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover \"J. Edgar Hoover\").Sieburth (2003\\), x A few days later Amprin removed over 7,000 letters, articles and other documents from Rudge's home as evidence.Tytell (1987\\), 276; Sieburth (2003\\), xii On 8 May, the day [Germany surrendered](/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender \"German Instrument of Surrender\"), Pound gave the Americans a further statement:\n\n[upright\\|thumb\\|left\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Toilet paper showing start of Canto LXXIVSieburth (2003\\), [xxxvi](https://books.google.com/books?id=TubCKx3F6UQC&pg=PR36)](/wiki/File:Toilet_paper%2C_Pisan_Cantos.JPG \"Toilet paper, Pisan Cantos.JPG\")\n\nLater that day he told an American reporter, Edd Johnson, that Hitler was \"a Jeanne d'Arc ... Like many martyrs, he held extreme views\". Mussolini was \"a very human, imperfect character who lost his head\".Johnson (1945\\); Sieburth (2003\\), xi; Moody (2007\\), 113–114 On 24 May he was transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center north of Pisa, where he was placed in one of the camp's outdoor steel cages, with tar paper covers, lit up at night by floodlights. Engineers reinforced his cage the night before he arrived in fear that fascist sympathizers might try to break him out.Tytell (1987\\), 277\n\nPound lived in isolation in the heat, sleeping on the concrete, denied exercise and communication, apart from daily access to the chaplain.Sieburth (2003\\), xiii After three weeks, he stopped eating. He recorded what seemed to be a breakdown in \"Canto LXXX\", where [Odysseus](/wiki/Odysseus \"Odysseus\") is saved from drowning by [Leucothea](/wiki/Leucothea \"Leucothea\"): \"hast'ou swum in a sea of air strip / through an aeon of nothingness, / when the raft broke and the waters went over me\".Pound (1996\\), 533; Sieburth (2003\\), xiii Medical staff moved him out of the cage the following week. On 14 and 15 June he was examined by psychiatrists, after which he was transferred to his own tent.Sieburth (2003\\), xiv He began to write, drafting what became known as *[The Pisan Cantos](/wiki/The_Pisan_Cantos \"The Pisan Cantos\")*.Sieburth (2003\\), xv The existence of two sheets of toilet paper showing the first ten lines of \"Canto LXXIV\" in pencil suggests he started it while in the cage.Kimpel and Eaves (1981\\), 474; Sieburth (2003\\), frontispiece; Moody (2015\\), 117–118\n\n",
"United States (1945–1958\\)\n--------------------------\n\n### St. Elizabeths Hospital\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[St. Elizabeths Hospital](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital \"St. Elizabeths Hospital\") Center Building, [Anacostia](/wiki/Anacostia \"Anacostia\"), Washington, D.C., 2006](/wiki/File:Center_building_at_Saint_Elizabeths%2C_August_23%2C_2006.jpg \"Center building at Saint Elizabeths, August 23, 2006.jpg\")\n\nPound arrived back in Washington, D.C., on 18 November 1945, two days before the start of the [Nuremberg trials](/wiki/Nuremberg_trials \"Nuremberg trials\").Tytell (1987\\), 284 Lt. Col. P. V. Holder, one of the escorting officers, wrote in an affidavit that Pound was \"an intellectual 'crackpot who intended to conduct his own defense.Kimpel and Eaves (1981\\), 475–476 Dorothy would not allow it; Pound wrote in a letter: \"Tell [Omar](/wiki/Omar_Pound \"Omar Pound\") I favour a defender who has written a life of [J. Adams](/wiki/John_Adams \"John Adams\") and translated [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\"). Otherwise how CAN he know what it is about?\"Pound and Spoo (1999\\), 19–20; Moody (2015\\), 127\n\nHe was arraigned on 27 November on charges of treason, and on 4 December he was placed in a locked room in the psychiatric ward of [Gallinger Hospital](/wiki/Gallinger_Hospital \"Gallinger Hospital\").Moody (2015\\), 185 Three court\\-appointed psychiatrists, including [Winfred Overholser](/wiki/Winfred_Overholser \"Winfred Overholser\"), superintendent of [St. Elizabeths Hospital](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital \"St. Elizabeths Hospital\"), decided that he was mentally unfit to stand trial. They found him \"abnormally [grandiose](/wiki/Grandiosity \"Grandiosity\") ... expansive and exuberant in manner, exhibiting [pressure of speech](/wiki/Pressure_of_speech \"Pressure of speech\"), [discursiveness](/wiki/Repetition_%28rhetorical_device%29 \"Repetition (rhetorical device)\") and [distractibility](/wiki/Distraction \"Distraction\").\"Moody (2015\\), 177–178 A fourth psychiatrist appointed by Pound's lawyer initially thought he was a [psychopath](/wiki/Psychopathy \"Psychopathy\"), which would have made him fit to stand trial.Torrey (1992\\), 193 and 317, n. 54, citing \"FBI interview with Dr. Wendell Muncie, February 20, 1956, in the FBI file on Pound\"; Moody (2015\\), 179\n\nOn 21 December 1945, as case no. 58,102, he was transferred to Howard Hall, St. Elizabeths' maximum security ward, where he was held in a single cell with peepholes.Moody (2015\\), 192 Visitors were admitted to the waiting room for 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming.Tytell (1987\\), 294; Moody (2015\\), 194 A hearing on 13 February 1946 concluded that he was of \"unsound mind\"; he shouted in court: \"I never did believe in Fascism, God damn it; I am opposed to Fascism.\"Moody (2015\\), 213\\. Pound's lawyer, [Julien Cornell](/wiki/Julien_Cornell \"Julien Cornell\"), requested his release at a hearing in January 1947\\.[\"Julien Cornell, 83, The Defense Lawyer In Ezra Pound Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/07/obituaries/julien-cornell-83-the-defense-lawyer-in-ezra-pound-case.html). *The New York Times*, 7 December 1994; Moody (2015\\), 242 As a compromise, Overholser moved him to the more comfortable Cedar Ward on the third floor of the east wing of St. Elizabeths' Center Building.Moody (2015\\), 244, 246; Swift (2017\\), 79 In early 1948 he was moved again, this time to a larger room in Chestnut Ward.Moody (2015\\), 247\n\nTytell writes that Pound was in his element in Chestnut Ward. At last provided for, he was allowed to read, write, and receive visitors, including Dorothy for several hours a day. (In October 1946 Dorothy had been placed in charge of his \"person and property\".)Moody (2015\\), 234 His room had a typewriter, floor\\-to\\-ceiling book shelves, and bits of paper hanging on string from the ceiling with ideas for *The Cantos*. He had turned a small alcove on the ward into his living room, where he entertained friends and literary figures.Tytell (1987\\), 309 It reached the point where he refused to discuss any attempt to have him released.Kutler (1982\\), 81; Tytell (1987\\), 305\n\n### *The Pisan Cantos*, Bollingen Prize\n\n[James Laughlin](/wiki/James_Laughlin \"James Laughlin\") of [New Directions](/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing \"New Directions Publishing\") had Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV, known as *The Pisan Cantos*, ready for publication in 1946 and gave Pound an advance copy,Tytell (1987\\), 293 but Laughlin held back, waiting for the right time to publish. A group of Pound's friends—T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cummings, [W. H. Auden](/wiki/W._H._Auden \"W. H. Auden\"), Allen Tate, and [Joseph Cornell](/wiki/Joseph_Cornell \"Joseph Cornell\")—met Laughlin in June 1948 to discuss how to get Pound released. They planned to have him awarded the first [Bollingen Prize](/wiki/Bollingen_Prize \"Bollingen Prize\"), a new national poetry award with $1,000 prize money donated by the [Mellon family](/wiki/Mellon_family \"Mellon family\").Tytell (1987\\), 302\n\nThe awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\"), including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, [Katherine Anne Porter](/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter \"Katherine Anne Porter\"), and [Theodore Spencer](/wiki/Theodore_Spencer \"Theodore Spencer\"). The idea was that the Justice Department would be in an untenable position if Pound won a major award and was not released. Laughlin published *The Pisan Cantos* on 20 July 1948,Carpenter (1988\\), 787 and the following February the prize went to Pound.Carpenter (1988\\), 791 There were two dissenting voices, [Katherine Garrison Chapin](/wiki/Katherine_Garrison_Chapin \"Katherine Garrison Chapin\") and [Karl Shapiro](/wiki/Karl_Shapiro \"Karl Shapiro\"); the latter said he could not vote for an antisemite because he was Jewish himself.Tytell (1987\\), 303 Pound had apparently prepared a statement—\"No comment from the Bug House\"—but decided instead to stay silent.Carpenter (1988\\), 793\n\nThere was uproar.Carpenter (1988\\), 792 The *Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette* quoted critics who said that poetry cannot \"convert words into maggots that eat at human dignity and still be good poetry\".\"Canto Controversy\". *Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette*, 22 August 1949, 6\\. [Robert Hillyer](/wiki/Robert_Hillyer \"Robert Hillyer\"), a Pulitzer Prize winner and president of the [Poetry Society of America](/wiki/Poetry_Society_of_America \"Poetry Society of America\"), attacked the committee in *The Saturday Review of Literature*,Hillyer (11 June 1949 and 18 June 1949\\); Tytell (1987\\), 303; McGuire (2020\\), 213–214 telling journalists that he \"never saw anything to admire, not one line, in Pound\".McGuire (2020\\), 212 Congressman [Jacob K. Javits](/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits \"Jacob K. Javits\") demanded an investigation into the awards committee. It was the last time the Library of Congress administered the prize.\n\n### Diagnosis\n\nDuring a case conference at St. Elizabeths on 28 January 1946, six psychiatrists had concluded that Pound had [psychopathic personality disorder](/wiki/Psychopathic_personality_disorder \"Psychopathic personality disorder\") but was not [psychotic](/wiki/Psychosis \"Psychosis\"). Present during the meeting, he decided to lie on the floor while the psychiatrists interviewed him.Torrey (1992\\), 202–204 In 1952 the American Psychiatric Association published its first *[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders](/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders \"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\")* (DSM\\-1\\), and St. Elizabeths began diagnosing patients according to its definitions. In July 1953 a psychiatrist added to Pound's notes that he probably had [narcissistic personality disorder](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder \"Narcissistic personality disorder\"). The main feature of Pound's personality, he wrote, was his \"profound, incredible, over\\-weaning *(sic)* narcissism\". A [personality disorder](/wiki/Personality_disorder \"Personality disorder\"), unlike conditions that give rise to psychosis, is not regarded as a [mental illness](/wiki/Mental_illness \"Mental illness\"), and the diagnosis would have made Pound fit to stand trial. On 31 May 1955, at the request of the hospital's superintendent Winfred Overholser, the diagnosis was changed to \"psychotic disorder, undifferentiated\", which is classified as mental illness.Torrey (1992\\), 248–249 In 1966, after his release from St. Elizabeths, Pound was diagnosed with [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\").\n\n### Mullins and Kasper\n\nWhile in St. Elizabeths, Pound would often decline to talk to psychiatrists with names he deemed Jewish (he called psychiatrists \"kikiatrists\"),Cohassey (2014\\), 142 and he apparently told [Charles Olson](/wiki/Charles_Olson \"Charles Olson\"): \"I was a Zionist in Italy, but now I'm for pogroms, after what I've experienced in here (SLiz).\"Olson (1991\\), 93 He advised visitors to read the *[Protocols of the Elders of Zion](/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion \"Protocols of the Elders of Zion\")*, and he referred to any visitor he happened not to like as Jewish.Tytell (1987\\), 303–304 In November 1953 he wrote to [Olivia Rossetti Agresti](/wiki/Olivia_Rossetti_Agresti \"Olivia Rossetti Agresti\") that Hitler was \"bit by dirty Jew mania for World Domination, as yu used to point out/ this WORST of German diseases was got from yr/ idiolized and filthy biblical bastards. Adolf clear on the baccilus of kikism/ that is on nearly all the other poisons.\\[sic] but failed to get a vaccine against that.\"Tryphonopoulous and Surette (1998\\), 131–132; Kimpel and Eaves (1983\\), 50\n\nPound struck up a friendship with [Eustace Mullins](/wiki/Eustace_Mullins \"Eustace Mullins\"), apparently associated with the Aryan League of America and author of the 1961 biography *This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound*.Tytell (1987\\), 304; Wilhelm (1994\\), 286, 306 Even more damaging was his friendship with [John Kasper](/wiki/John_Kasper \"John Kasper\"), a [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\") member who, after *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education \"Brown v. Board of Education\")* (a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision mandating racial desegregation in public schools), set up a [Citizens' Council](/wiki/Citizens%27_Council \"Citizens' Council\") chapter, the Seaboard White Citizens' Council in Washington.Tytell (1987\\), 306; Barnhisel (1998\\), 283; Marsh (2015\\), 93 Members had to be white, supportive of racial segregation, and believers in the divinity of Jesus.Marsh (2015\\), 135–136 Kasper wrote to Pound after admiring him at university, and the two became friends.Tytell (1987\\), 306 In 1953 Kasper opened a far\\-right bookstore, \"Make it New\", at 169 [Bleecker Street](/wiki/Bleecker_Street \"Bleecker Street\"), [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\"),Swift (2017\\), 198 that displayed Pound's work in the window.Tytell (1987\\), 307; Hickman (2005\\), 127 With Pound's cooperation, he and another Pound admirer, T. David Horton, set up Square Dollar Series, a publishing imprint that reprinted Pound's books and others he approved of.Tytell (1987\\), 307; Barnhisel (1998\\), 276ff; Moody (2015\\), 295\n\nIt became increasingly clear that Pound was schooling Kasper in the latter's pro\\-segregation activism.Tytell (1987\\), 308 In January and February 1957 the *[New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune \"New York Herald Tribune\")* ran a series of articles on their relationship, after which the FBI began photographing Pound's visitors.Barnhisel (1998\\), 287–288; Moody (2017\\), 378 One article alleged that some of Kasper's pamphlets had, as [John Tytell](/wiki/John_Tytell \"John Tytell\") put it, \"a distinctly Poundian ring\" to them.Tytell (1987\\), 306; Kasper was jailed in 1956 over a speech he made in Clinton, Tennessee,Tytell (1987\\), 308; [\"Jail term upheld for bias leader\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/02/archives/jail-term-upheld-for-bias-leader-kasper-foe-of-integration-loses.html). *The New York Times*, 2 June 1957 and he was questioned about the [1957 bombing of the Hattie Cotton School](/wiki/Hattie_Cotton_Elementary_School_bombing \"Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing\") in Nashville.Tytell (1987\\), 308; Carpenter (1988\\), 829; Webb (2011\\), [88–89](https://books.google.com/books?id=-dDQ6ZWRTzYC&pg=PA88); Marsh (2015\\), 203; \"Police Firmness in Nashville\". *Life* magazine, 23 September 1957, [34](https://books.google.com/books?id=PD8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34) After Pound left hospital in 1958, the men kept in touch; he wrote to Kasper on 17 April 1959: \"Antisemitism is a card in the enemy program, don't play it. ... They RELY ON YOUR PLAYING IT.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 829; Marsh (2015\\), 229\n\n### *New Times* articles\n\nBetween late 1955 and early 1957,Stock (1970\\), 442–443 Pound wrote at least 80 unsigned or pseudonymous articles—\"often ugly\", Swift notes—for the *New Times* of Melbourne, a newspaper connected to the [social\\-credit](/wiki/Douglas_Credit_Party \"Douglas Credit Party\") movement. Noel Stock, one of Pound's correspondents and early biographers, worked for the paper and published Pound's articles there.Swift (2017\\), 27, 199; Stock (1970\\), xiii, 443 A 24\\-year\\-old radio reporter at the time, Stock first wrote to Pound in hospital after reading *The Pisan Cantos*.Carpenter (1988\\), 815\n\nIn the *New Times* in April 1956, Pound wrote: \"Our Victorian forebears would have been greatly scandalized at the idea that one might not be free to study inherited racial characteristics,\" and \"Some races are retentive, mainly of the least desirable bits of their barbaric past.\" There was a \"Jewish\\-Communist plot\", which he compared to syphilis. Equality was dismissed as \"anti\\-biological nonsense\". \"There were no gas ovens in Italy\", he wrote in April 1956; a month later he referred to the \"fuss about Hitler\".Swift (2017\\), 218 On 10 August 1956: \"It is perfectly well known that the fuss about 'de\\-segregation' in the United States has been started by Jews.\" Instead, America needed \"race pride\".Swift (2017\\), 200 Using pseudonyms, he sent his articles directly to Stock, so that the newspaper's editor may not have realized they had all been written by Pound. Stock sent Pound copies of the published articles, which he would distribute to his followers.Stock (1970\\), 443 He contributed similar material to other publications, including *Edge*,Swift (2017\\), 199 which Stock founded in October 1956\\.Stock (1970\\), xiii, 443 Stock called *Edge* the magazine of the \"international Poundian underground\".\n\n### Release\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Pound photographed on a walk in Venice, 1963](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_1963b.jpg \"Ezra Pound 1963b.jpg\")\n\nPound's friends continued to try to get him out of St. Elizabeths. In 1948, in an effort to present his radio broadcasts as harmless, Olga Rudge self\\-published six of them (on cultural topics only) as *[If This Be Treason](/wiki/If_This_Be_Treason \"If This Be Treason\")*.Carpenter (1988\\), 786; Gill (2005\\), 155 She visited him twice, in 1952 and 1955, but could not convince him to be more assertive about his release.Tytell (1987\\), 305 In 1950 she had written to Hemingway to complain that Pound's friends had not done enough. Hemingway and Rudge did not like each other.Cohassey (2014\\), 147 He told Dorothy in 1951 that \"the person who makes least sense ...in all this is Olga Rudge\".Baker (2003\\), 742 In what John Cohassey called a \"controlled, teeth\\-gritting response\", Hemingway replied to Rudge that he would pardon Pound if he could, but that Pound had \"made the rather serious mistake of being a traitor to his country, and temporarily he must lie in the bed he made\". He ended by saying \"To be even more blunt, I have always loved Dorothy, and still do.\"\n\nFour years later, shortly after he won the [Nobel Prize in Literature](/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature \"List of Nobel laureates in Literature\") in 1954, Hemingway told [*Time* magazine](/wiki/Time_magazine \"Time magazine\") ...\"I believe this would be a good year to release poets.\"\"Books: An American Storyteller\". *Time* magazine, 13 December 1954, [6/11](http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,935439-6,00.html) The poet [Archibald MacLeish](/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish \"Archibald MacLeish\") asked him in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf. Hemingway believed Pound would not stop making inappropriate statements and friendships, but he signed MacLeish's letter anyway and pledged $1,500 to be handed to Pound upon his release.Reynolds (2000\\), 305 In an interview for the *Paris Review* in early 1958, Hemingway said that Pound should be released and Kasper jailed.Plimpton (1958\\)\n\nSeveral publications began campaigning in 1957\\. *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")* published an appeal titled \"The Lunatic at St Elizabeths\". *The New Republic*, *Esquire*, and *The Nation* followed suit. *The Nation* argued that Pound was a \"sick and vicious old man\", but that he had rights.Tytell (1987\\), 322 In 1958 MacLeish hired [Thurman Arnold](/wiki/Thurman_Arnold \"Thurman Arnold\"), a prestigious lawyer who ended up charging no fee, to file a motion to dismiss the 1945 indictment. Overholser, the hospital's superintendent, supported the application with an affidavit stating Pound was permanently and incurably insane, and that confinement served no therapeutic purpose.Tytell (1987\\), 325; Lewis (1958\\) The motion was heard on 18 April 1958 by Chief Judge [Bolitha Laws](/wiki/Bolitha_Laws \"Bolitha Laws\"), who had committed Pound to St. Elizabeths in 1945\\. The Justice Department did not oppose the motion,Tytell (1987\\), 325–326 and Pound was discharged on 7 May.Swift (2017\\), 27\n\n",
"### St. Elizabeths Hospital\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|alt\\=photograph\\|[St. Elizabeths Hospital](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital \"St. Elizabeths Hospital\") Center Building, [Anacostia](/wiki/Anacostia \"Anacostia\"), Washington, D.C., 2006](/wiki/File:Center_building_at_Saint_Elizabeths%2C_August_23%2C_2006.jpg \"Center building at Saint Elizabeths, August 23, 2006.jpg\")\n\nPound arrived back in Washington, D.C., on 18 November 1945, two days before the start of the [Nuremberg trials](/wiki/Nuremberg_trials \"Nuremberg trials\").Tytell (1987\\), 284 Lt. Col. P. V. Holder, one of the escorting officers, wrote in an affidavit that Pound was \"an intellectual 'crackpot who intended to conduct his own defense.Kimpel and Eaves (1981\\), 475–476 Dorothy would not allow it; Pound wrote in a letter: \"Tell [Omar](/wiki/Omar_Pound \"Omar Pound\") I favour a defender who has written a life of [J. Adams](/wiki/John_Adams \"John Adams\") and translated [Confucius](/wiki/Confucius \"Confucius\"). Otherwise how CAN he know what it is about?\"Pound and Spoo (1999\\), 19–20; Moody (2015\\), 127\n\nHe was arraigned on 27 November on charges of treason, and on 4 December he was placed in a locked room in the psychiatric ward of [Gallinger Hospital](/wiki/Gallinger_Hospital \"Gallinger Hospital\").Moody (2015\\), 185 Three court\\-appointed psychiatrists, including [Winfred Overholser](/wiki/Winfred_Overholser \"Winfred Overholser\"), superintendent of [St. Elizabeths Hospital](/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital \"St. Elizabeths Hospital\"), decided that he was mentally unfit to stand trial. They found him \"abnormally [grandiose](/wiki/Grandiosity \"Grandiosity\") ... expansive and exuberant in manner, exhibiting [pressure of speech](/wiki/Pressure_of_speech \"Pressure of speech\"), [discursiveness](/wiki/Repetition_%28rhetorical_device%29 \"Repetition (rhetorical device)\") and [distractibility](/wiki/Distraction \"Distraction\").\"Moody (2015\\), 177–178 A fourth psychiatrist appointed by Pound's lawyer initially thought he was a [psychopath](/wiki/Psychopathy \"Psychopathy\"), which would have made him fit to stand trial.Torrey (1992\\), 193 and 317, n. 54, citing \"FBI interview with Dr. Wendell Muncie, February 20, 1956, in the FBI file on Pound\"; Moody (2015\\), 179\n\nOn 21 December 1945, as case no. 58,102, he was transferred to Howard Hall, St. Elizabeths' maximum security ward, where he was held in a single cell with peepholes.Moody (2015\\), 192 Visitors were admitted to the waiting room for 15 minutes at a time, while patients wandered around screaming.Tytell (1987\\), 294; Moody (2015\\), 194 A hearing on 13 February 1946 concluded that he was of \"unsound mind\"; he shouted in court: \"I never did believe in Fascism, God damn it; I am opposed to Fascism.\"Moody (2015\\), 213\\. Pound's lawyer, [Julien Cornell](/wiki/Julien_Cornell \"Julien Cornell\"), requested his release at a hearing in January 1947\\.[\"Julien Cornell, 83, The Defense Lawyer In Ezra Pound Case\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/07/obituaries/julien-cornell-83-the-defense-lawyer-in-ezra-pound-case.html). *The New York Times*, 7 December 1994; Moody (2015\\), 242 As a compromise, Overholser moved him to the more comfortable Cedar Ward on the third floor of the east wing of St. Elizabeths' Center Building.Moody (2015\\), 244, 246; Swift (2017\\), 79 In early 1948 he was moved again, this time to a larger room in Chestnut Ward.Moody (2015\\), 247\n\nTytell writes that Pound was in his element in Chestnut Ward. At last provided for, he was allowed to read, write, and receive visitors, including Dorothy for several hours a day. (In October 1946 Dorothy had been placed in charge of his \"person and property\".)Moody (2015\\), 234 His room had a typewriter, floor\\-to\\-ceiling book shelves, and bits of paper hanging on string from the ceiling with ideas for *The Cantos*. He had turned a small alcove on the ward into his living room, where he entertained friends and literary figures.Tytell (1987\\), 309 It reached the point where he refused to discuss any attempt to have him released.Kutler (1982\\), 81; Tytell (1987\\), 305\n\n",
"### *The Pisan Cantos*, Bollingen Prize\n\n[James Laughlin](/wiki/James_Laughlin \"James Laughlin\") of [New Directions](/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing \"New Directions Publishing\") had Cantos LXXIV–LXXXIV, known as *The Pisan Cantos*, ready for publication in 1946 and gave Pound an advance copy,Tytell (1987\\), 293 but Laughlin held back, waiting for the right time to publish. A group of Pound's friends—T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cummings, [W. H. Auden](/wiki/W._H._Auden \"W. H. Auden\"), Allen Tate, and [Joseph Cornell](/wiki/Joseph_Cornell \"Joseph Cornell\")—met Laughlin in June 1948 to discuss how to get Pound released. They planned to have him awarded the first [Bollingen Prize](/wiki/Bollingen_Prize \"Bollingen Prize\"), a new national poetry award with $1,000 prize money donated by the [Mellon family](/wiki/Mellon_family \"Mellon family\").Tytell (1987\\), 302\n\nThe awards committee consisted of 15 fellows of the [Library of Congress](/wiki/Library_of_Congress \"Library of Congress\"), including several of Pound's supporters, such as Eliot, Tate, Conrad Aiken, [Katherine Anne Porter](/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter \"Katherine Anne Porter\"), and [Theodore Spencer](/wiki/Theodore_Spencer \"Theodore Spencer\"). The idea was that the Justice Department would be in an untenable position if Pound won a major award and was not released. Laughlin published *The Pisan Cantos* on 20 July 1948,Carpenter (1988\\), 787 and the following February the prize went to Pound.Carpenter (1988\\), 791 There were two dissenting voices, [Katherine Garrison Chapin](/wiki/Katherine_Garrison_Chapin \"Katherine Garrison Chapin\") and [Karl Shapiro](/wiki/Karl_Shapiro \"Karl Shapiro\"); the latter said he could not vote for an antisemite because he was Jewish himself.Tytell (1987\\), 303 Pound had apparently prepared a statement—\"No comment from the Bug House\"—but decided instead to stay silent.Carpenter (1988\\), 793\n\nThere was uproar.Carpenter (1988\\), 792 The *Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette* quoted critics who said that poetry cannot \"convert words into maggots that eat at human dignity and still be good poetry\".\"Canto Controversy\". *Pittsburgh Post\\-Gazette*, 22 August 1949, 6\\. [Robert Hillyer](/wiki/Robert_Hillyer \"Robert Hillyer\"), a Pulitzer Prize winner and president of the [Poetry Society of America](/wiki/Poetry_Society_of_America \"Poetry Society of America\"), attacked the committee in *The Saturday Review of Literature*,Hillyer (11 June 1949 and 18 June 1949\\); Tytell (1987\\), 303; McGuire (2020\\), 213–214 telling journalists that he \"never saw anything to admire, not one line, in Pound\".McGuire (2020\\), 212 Congressman [Jacob K. Javits](/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits \"Jacob K. Javits\") demanded an investigation into the awards committee. It was the last time the Library of Congress administered the prize.\n\n",
"### Diagnosis\n\nDuring a case conference at St. Elizabeths on 28 January 1946, six psychiatrists had concluded that Pound had [psychopathic personality disorder](/wiki/Psychopathic_personality_disorder \"Psychopathic personality disorder\") but was not [psychotic](/wiki/Psychosis \"Psychosis\"). Present during the meeting, he decided to lie on the floor while the psychiatrists interviewed him.Torrey (1992\\), 202–204 In 1952 the American Psychiatric Association published its first *[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders](/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders \"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\")* (DSM\\-1\\), and St. Elizabeths began diagnosing patients according to its definitions. In July 1953 a psychiatrist added to Pound's notes that he probably had [narcissistic personality disorder](/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder \"Narcissistic personality disorder\"). The main feature of Pound's personality, he wrote, was his \"profound, incredible, over\\-weaning *(sic)* narcissism\". A [personality disorder](/wiki/Personality_disorder \"Personality disorder\"), unlike conditions that give rise to psychosis, is not regarded as a [mental illness](/wiki/Mental_illness \"Mental illness\"), and the diagnosis would have made Pound fit to stand trial. On 31 May 1955, at the request of the hospital's superintendent Winfred Overholser, the diagnosis was changed to \"psychotic disorder, undifferentiated\", which is classified as mental illness.Torrey (1992\\), 248–249 In 1966, after his release from St. Elizabeths, Pound was diagnosed with [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\").\n\n",
"### Mullins and Kasper\n\nWhile in St. Elizabeths, Pound would often decline to talk to psychiatrists with names he deemed Jewish (he called psychiatrists \"kikiatrists\"),Cohassey (2014\\), 142 and he apparently told [Charles Olson](/wiki/Charles_Olson \"Charles Olson\"): \"I was a Zionist in Italy, but now I'm for pogroms, after what I've experienced in here (SLiz).\"Olson (1991\\), 93 He advised visitors to read the *[Protocols of the Elders of Zion](/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion \"Protocols of the Elders of Zion\")*, and he referred to any visitor he happened not to like as Jewish.Tytell (1987\\), 303–304 In November 1953 he wrote to [Olivia Rossetti Agresti](/wiki/Olivia_Rossetti_Agresti \"Olivia Rossetti Agresti\") that Hitler was \"bit by dirty Jew mania for World Domination, as yu used to point out/ this WORST of German diseases was got from yr/ idiolized and filthy biblical bastards. Adolf clear on the baccilus of kikism/ that is on nearly all the other poisons.\\[sic] but failed to get a vaccine against that.\"Tryphonopoulous and Surette (1998\\), 131–132; Kimpel and Eaves (1983\\), 50\n\nPound struck up a friendship with [Eustace Mullins](/wiki/Eustace_Mullins \"Eustace Mullins\"), apparently associated with the Aryan League of America and author of the 1961 biography *This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound*.Tytell (1987\\), 304; Wilhelm (1994\\), 286, 306 Even more damaging was his friendship with [John Kasper](/wiki/John_Kasper \"John Kasper\"), a [Ku Klux Klan](/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan \"Ku Klux Klan\") member who, after *[Brown v. Board of Education](/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education \"Brown v. Board of Education\")* (a 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision mandating racial desegregation in public schools), set up a [Citizens' Council](/wiki/Citizens%27_Council \"Citizens' Council\") chapter, the Seaboard White Citizens' Council in Washington.Tytell (1987\\), 306; Barnhisel (1998\\), 283; Marsh (2015\\), 93 Members had to be white, supportive of racial segregation, and believers in the divinity of Jesus.Marsh (2015\\), 135–136 Kasper wrote to Pound after admiring him at university, and the two became friends.Tytell (1987\\), 306 In 1953 Kasper opened a far\\-right bookstore, \"Make it New\", at 169 [Bleecker Street](/wiki/Bleecker_Street \"Bleecker Street\"), [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\"),Swift (2017\\), 198 that displayed Pound's work in the window.Tytell (1987\\), 307; Hickman (2005\\), 127 With Pound's cooperation, he and another Pound admirer, T. David Horton, set up Square Dollar Series, a publishing imprint that reprinted Pound's books and others he approved of.Tytell (1987\\), 307; Barnhisel (1998\\), 276ff; Moody (2015\\), 295\n\nIt became increasingly clear that Pound was schooling Kasper in the latter's pro\\-segregation activism.Tytell (1987\\), 308 In January and February 1957 the *[New York Herald Tribune](/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune \"New York Herald Tribune\")* ran a series of articles on their relationship, after which the FBI began photographing Pound's visitors.Barnhisel (1998\\), 287–288; Moody (2017\\), 378 One article alleged that some of Kasper's pamphlets had, as [John Tytell](/wiki/John_Tytell \"John Tytell\") put it, \"a distinctly Poundian ring\" to them.Tytell (1987\\), 306; Kasper was jailed in 1956 over a speech he made in Clinton, Tennessee,Tytell (1987\\), 308; [\"Jail term upheld for bias leader\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/02/archives/jail-term-upheld-for-bias-leader-kasper-foe-of-integration-loses.html). *The New York Times*, 2 June 1957 and he was questioned about the [1957 bombing of the Hattie Cotton School](/wiki/Hattie_Cotton_Elementary_School_bombing \"Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing\") in Nashville.Tytell (1987\\), 308; Carpenter (1988\\), 829; Webb (2011\\), [88–89](https://books.google.com/books?id=-dDQ6ZWRTzYC&pg=PA88); Marsh (2015\\), 203; \"Police Firmness in Nashville\". *Life* magazine, 23 September 1957, [34](https://books.google.com/books?id=PD8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34) After Pound left hospital in 1958, the men kept in touch; he wrote to Kasper on 17 April 1959: \"Antisemitism is a card in the enemy program, don't play it. ... They RELY ON YOUR PLAYING IT.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 829; Marsh (2015\\), 229\n\n",
"### *New Times* articles\n\nBetween late 1955 and early 1957,Stock (1970\\), 442–443 Pound wrote at least 80 unsigned or pseudonymous articles—\"often ugly\", Swift notes—for the *New Times* of Melbourne, a newspaper connected to the [social\\-credit](/wiki/Douglas_Credit_Party \"Douglas Credit Party\") movement. Noel Stock, one of Pound's correspondents and early biographers, worked for the paper and published Pound's articles there.Swift (2017\\), 27, 199; Stock (1970\\), xiii, 443 A 24\\-year\\-old radio reporter at the time, Stock first wrote to Pound in hospital after reading *The Pisan Cantos*.Carpenter (1988\\), 815\n\nIn the *New Times* in April 1956, Pound wrote: \"Our Victorian forebears would have been greatly scandalized at the idea that one might not be free to study inherited racial characteristics,\" and \"Some races are retentive, mainly of the least desirable bits of their barbaric past.\" There was a \"Jewish\\-Communist plot\", which he compared to syphilis. Equality was dismissed as \"anti\\-biological nonsense\". \"There were no gas ovens in Italy\", he wrote in April 1956; a month later he referred to the \"fuss about Hitler\".Swift (2017\\), 218 On 10 August 1956: \"It is perfectly well known that the fuss about 'de\\-segregation' in the United States has been started by Jews.\" Instead, America needed \"race pride\".Swift (2017\\), 200 Using pseudonyms, he sent his articles directly to Stock, so that the newspaper's editor may not have realized they had all been written by Pound. Stock sent Pound copies of the published articles, which he would distribute to his followers.Stock (1970\\), 443 He contributed similar material to other publications, including *Edge*,Swift (2017\\), 199 which Stock founded in October 1956\\.Stock (1970\\), xiii, 443 Stock called *Edge* the magazine of the \"international Poundian underground\".\n\n",
"### Release\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Pound photographed on a walk in Venice, 1963](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_1963b.jpg \"Ezra Pound 1963b.jpg\")\n\nPound's friends continued to try to get him out of St. Elizabeths. In 1948, in an effort to present his radio broadcasts as harmless, Olga Rudge self\\-published six of them (on cultural topics only) as *[If This Be Treason](/wiki/If_This_Be_Treason \"If This Be Treason\")*.Carpenter (1988\\), 786; Gill (2005\\), 155 She visited him twice, in 1952 and 1955, but could not convince him to be more assertive about his release.Tytell (1987\\), 305 In 1950 she had written to Hemingway to complain that Pound's friends had not done enough. Hemingway and Rudge did not like each other.Cohassey (2014\\), 147 He told Dorothy in 1951 that \"the person who makes least sense ...in all this is Olga Rudge\".Baker (2003\\), 742 In what John Cohassey called a \"controlled, teeth\\-gritting response\", Hemingway replied to Rudge that he would pardon Pound if he could, but that Pound had \"made the rather serious mistake of being a traitor to his country, and temporarily he must lie in the bed he made\". He ended by saying \"To be even more blunt, I have always loved Dorothy, and still do.\"\n\nFour years later, shortly after he won the [Nobel Prize in Literature](/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature \"List of Nobel laureates in Literature\") in 1954, Hemingway told [*Time* magazine](/wiki/Time_magazine \"Time magazine\") ...\"I believe this would be a good year to release poets.\"\"Books: An American Storyteller\". *Time* magazine, 13 December 1954, [6/11](http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,935439-6,00.html) The poet [Archibald MacLeish](/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish \"Archibald MacLeish\") asked him in June 1957 to write a letter on Pound's behalf. Hemingway believed Pound would not stop making inappropriate statements and friendships, but he signed MacLeish's letter anyway and pledged $1,500 to be handed to Pound upon his release.Reynolds (2000\\), 305 In an interview for the *Paris Review* in early 1958, Hemingway said that Pound should be released and Kasper jailed.Plimpton (1958\\)\n\nSeveral publications began campaigning in 1957\\. *[Le Figaro](/wiki/Le_Figaro \"Le Figaro\")* published an appeal titled \"The Lunatic at St Elizabeths\". *The New Republic*, *Esquire*, and *The Nation* followed suit. *The Nation* argued that Pound was a \"sick and vicious old man\", but that he had rights.Tytell (1987\\), 322 In 1958 MacLeish hired [Thurman Arnold](/wiki/Thurman_Arnold \"Thurman Arnold\"), a prestigious lawyer who ended up charging no fee, to file a motion to dismiss the 1945 indictment. Overholser, the hospital's superintendent, supported the application with an affidavit stating Pound was permanently and incurably insane, and that confinement served no therapeutic purpose.Tytell (1987\\), 325; Lewis (1958\\) The motion was heard on 18 April 1958 by Chief Judge [Bolitha Laws](/wiki/Bolitha_Laws \"Bolitha Laws\"), who had committed Pound to St. Elizabeths in 1945\\. The Justice Department did not oppose the motion,Tytell (1987\\), 325–326 and Pound was discharged on 7 May.Swift (2017\\), 27\n\n",
"Italy (1958–1972\\)\n------------------\n\n### Depression\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Pound with Congressman [Usher Burdick](/wiki/Usher_Burdick \"Usher Burdick\") just after his release from St. Elizabeth's in 1958\\. Burdick had helped to secure the release.Carpenter (1988\\), 832](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_in_1958%2C_with_Usher_Burdick_3.jpg \"Ezra Pound in 1958, with Usher Burdick 3.jpg\")\n\nPound and Dorothy arrived in Naples on the on 9 July 1958, where Pound was photographed giving a [fascist salute](/wiki/Roman_salute%23Italy \"Roman salute#Italy\") to the waiting press.Carpenter (1988\\), 848 When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: \"I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum.\"[\"Pound, in Italy, Gives Fascist Salute; Calls United States an 'Insane Asylum](https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0E12FF3C5F117B93C2A8178CD85F4C8585F9). *The New York Times*, 10 July 1958 They were accompanied by a young teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, ostensibly acting as his secretary.Tytell (1987\\), 305, 327–328; Carpenter (1988\\), 848 Disembarking at Genoa, the group arrived three days later at [Schloss Brunnenburg](/wiki/Schloss_Brunnenburg \"Schloss Brunnenburg\"), near [Merano](/wiki/Merano \"Merano\") in [South Tyrol](/wiki/South_Tyrol \"South Tyrol\"), to live with his daughter Maria,Carpenter (1988\\), 848; Moody (2015\\), xxxvii where Pound met his grandchildren for the first time.Tytell (1987\\), 328 Dorothy had usually ignored his affairs, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Spann was seen off, sent back to the United States in October 1959\\.Tytell (1987\\), 332; Stoicheff (1995\\), 40\n\nBy December 1959 Pound was mired in depression.Tytell (1987\\), 347 According to the writer Michael Reck, who visited him several times at St. Elizabeths,Reck (1986\\) Pound was a changed man; he said little and called his work \"worthless\".Reck (1968\\), 27 In a 1960 interview in Rome with [Donald Hall](/wiki/Donald_Hall \"Donald Hall\") for *Paris Review*, he said: \"You—find me—in fragments.\" He paced up and down during the three days it took to complete the interview, never finishing a sentence, bursting with energy one minute, then sagging, and at one point seemed about to collapse. Hall said it was clear that he \"doubted the value of everything he had done in his life\".[Hall (1962\\)](https://archive.today/20130416003348/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound); Tytell (1987\\), 333\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|left\\|In 1958 Ezra and Dorothy lived with Mary at [Brunnenburg](/wiki/Brunnenburg \"Brunnenburg\").](/wiki/File:Tirol_Brunnenburg.jpg \"Tirol Brunnenburg.jpg\")\n\nThose close to him thought he had dementia, and in mid\\-1960 he spent time in a clinic when his weight dropped. He picked up again, but by early 1961 he had a urinary tract infection. Dorothy felt unable to look after him, so he went to live with Olga Rudge, first in Rapallo then in Venice; Dorothy mostly stayed in London after that with Omar.Tytell (1987\\), 334–335 In 1961 Pound attended a meeting in Rome in honor of [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\"), who was visiting Italy.Redman (2001\\), 260 His health continued to decline, and his friends were dying: Wyndham Lewis in 1957, Ernest Hemingway in 1961 (Hemingway shot himself), E. E. Cummings in 1962, William Carlos Williams in 1963, and T. S. Eliot in 1965\\.Tytell (1987\\), 335 In 1963 he told an interviewer, Grazia Livi: \"I spoil everything I touch. ... All my life I believed I knew nothing, yes, knew nothing. And so words became devoid of meaning.\" He attended Eliot's funeral in London and visited [W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W._B._Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\")' widow in Dublin (Yeats died in 1939\\).\n\nIn 1966 he was admitted to the [Genoa School of Medicine](/wiki/University_of_Genoa \"University of Genoa\")'s psychiatric hospital for an evaluation after prostate surgery. His notes said he had [psychomotor retardation](/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation \"Psychomotor retardation\"), insomnia, depression, and he believed he had been \"contaminated by microbes\".Rossi (2008\\), 144 According to a psychiatrist who treated him, Pound had previously been treated with [electroconvulsive therapy](/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy \"Electroconvulsive therapy\"). This time he was given [imipramine](/wiki/Imipramine \"Imipramine\") and responded well. The doctors diagnosed [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\").Rossi (2008\\), 145–146 Two years later he attended the opening of an exhibition in New York featuring his blue\\-inked version of Eliot's *The Waste Land*.Nadel (2007\\), 18 He went on to Hamilton College and received a standing ovation.Tytell (1987\\), 337\n\n### Meeting Ginsberg, Reck, and Russell\n\nPound's biographer, Michael Reck, claimed to have had an encounter with Pound at the restaurant of the Pensione Cici in Venice in 1967, during which Pound told [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\") and [Peter Russell](/wiki/Peter_Russell_%28poet%29 \"Peter Russell (poet)\") that his own poems were \"a lot of double talk\" and made no sense, and that his writing was \"a mess\", \"stupid and ignorant all the way through\". Reck wrote about the meeting in *[Evergreen Review](/wiki/Evergreen_Review \"Evergreen Review\")* the following year. \"At seventy I realized that instead of being a lunatic, I was a moron,\" Pound reportedly said. He \"looked very morose\" and barely spoke: \"There is nothing harder than conversing with Pound nowadays,\" Reck wrote.Reck (1968\\), 28–29, 84\\.\n\nPound had offered a carefully worded rejection of his antisemitism, according to Reck. When Ginsberg reassured Pound that he had \"shown us the way\", he is said to have replied: \"Any good I've done has been spoiled by bad intentions—the preoccupation with irrelevant and stupid things.\" Reck continued: \"Then very slowly, with emphasis, surely conscious of Ginsberg's being Jewish: 'But the worst mistake I made was that stupid, suburban prejudice of anti\\-Semitism.Reck (1968\\), 29; Carpenter (1988\\), 898–899\n\n[Matthias Koehl](/wiki/Matthias_Koehl \"Matthias Koehl\"), an American neo\\-Nazi who claimed to have met with Pound during the latter's incarceration at St. Elizabeths Hospital, cast doubt on these claims, writing in 1990 that:\n\n### Death\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|alt\\=photograph\\|left\\|The graves of Pound and Olga Rudge at [San Michele cemetery](/wiki/San_Michele_Cemetery%2C_Venice \"San Michele Cemetery, Venice\") on the [Isola di San Michele](/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele \"Isola di San Michele\")](/wiki/File:Gravesite_of_Ezra_Pound_%26_Olga_Rudge.jpg \"Gravesite of Ezra Pound & Olga Rudge.jpg\")\nShortly before his death in 1972, an [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\") committee, which included his publisher James Laughlin, proposed that Pound be awarded the [Emerson\\-Thoreau Medal](/wiki/Emerson-Thoreau_Medal \"Emerson-Thoreau Medal\"). After a storm of protest, the academy's council opposed it by 13 to 9\\.Tytell (1987\\), 337–338; Carpenter (1988\\), 908 In the foreword of a [Faber \\& Faber](/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber \"Faber & Faber\") volume of his prose, he wrote in July: \"In sentences referring to groups or races 'they' should be used with great care. re USURY: / I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. / The cause is AVARICE.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 909\n\nOn his 87th birthday, on 30 October 1972, he was too weak to leave his bedroom. The next night he was admitted to the San Giovanni e Paolo Civil Hospital in Venice, where he died in his sleep on 1 November of \"sudden [blockage of the intestine](/wiki/Intestinal_blockage \"Intestinal blockage\")\".Carpenter (1988\\), 910 Alerted by telegram, Dorothy Pound, who was living in a care home near Cambridge, England, requested a Protestant funeral in Venice. Telegrams were sent via American embassies in Rome and London, and the consulate in Milan, but Rudge would not change the plans she had already made for the morning of 3 November. Omar Pound flew to Venice as soon as he could, with Peter du Sautoy of Faber \\& Faber, but he arrived too late.Moody (2015\\), 487–488; Swift (2017\\), 244 Four [gondoliers](/wiki/Gondolier \"Gondolier\") dressed in black rowed Pound's body to Venice's municipal cemetery, the [San Michele cemetery](/wiki/San_Michele_Cemetery%2C_Venice \"San Michele Cemetery, Venice\"), where, after a Protestant service, he was buried in the Protestant section of the cemetery, near [Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev \"Sergei Diaghilev\") and [Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\") who rest at the adjoining Orthodox section, with other non\\-Catholic Christians.Tytell (1987\\), 339; Carpenter (1988\\), 911; Cohassey (2014\\), 162; [\"Ezra Pound Dies in Venice at Age of 87\"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/11/02/79477128.pdf). *The New York Times*, 2 November 1972\\. According to [Hugh Kenner](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\"), Pound had wanted to be buried in Idaho with his bust by [Henri Gaudier\\-Brzeska](/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska \"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska\") on his grave.Kenner (1973\\), 259; Carpenter (1988\\), 911 Dorothy Pound died in England the following year, aged 87\\. Olga Rudge died in 1996, aged 100, and was buried next to Pound.\n\n",
"### Depression\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.2\\|alt\\=photograph\\|Pound with Congressman [Usher Burdick](/wiki/Usher_Burdick \"Usher Burdick\") just after his release from St. Elizabeth's in 1958\\. Burdick had helped to secure the release.Carpenter (1988\\), 832](/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_in_1958%2C_with_Usher_Burdick_3.jpg \"Ezra Pound in 1958, with Usher Burdick 3.jpg\")\n\nPound and Dorothy arrived in Naples on the on 9 July 1958, where Pound was photographed giving a [fascist salute](/wiki/Roman_salute%23Italy \"Roman salute#Italy\") to the waiting press.Carpenter (1988\\), 848 When asked when he had been released from the mental hospital, he replied: \"I never was. When I left the hospital I was still in America, and all America is an insane asylum.\"[\"Pound, in Italy, Gives Fascist Salute; Calls United States an 'Insane Asylum](https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0E12FF3C5F117B93C2A8178CD85F4C8585F9). *The New York Times*, 10 July 1958 They were accompanied by a young teacher Pound had met in hospital, Marcella Spann, ostensibly acting as his secretary.Tytell (1987\\), 305, 327–328; Carpenter (1988\\), 848 Disembarking at Genoa, the group arrived three days later at [Schloss Brunnenburg](/wiki/Schloss_Brunnenburg \"Schloss Brunnenburg\"), near [Merano](/wiki/Merano \"Merano\") in [South Tyrol](/wiki/South_Tyrol \"South Tyrol\"), to live with his daughter Maria,Carpenter (1988\\), 848; Moody (2015\\), xxxvii where Pound met his grandchildren for the first time.Tytell (1987\\), 328 Dorothy had usually ignored his affairs, but she used her legal power over his royalties to make sure Spann was seen off, sent back to the United States in October 1959\\.Tytell (1987\\), 332; Stoicheff (1995\\), 40\n\nBy December 1959 Pound was mired in depression.Tytell (1987\\), 347 According to the writer Michael Reck, who visited him several times at St. Elizabeths,Reck (1986\\) Pound was a changed man; he said little and called his work \"worthless\".Reck (1968\\), 27 In a 1960 interview in Rome with [Donald Hall](/wiki/Donald_Hall \"Donald Hall\") for *Paris Review*, he said: \"You—find me—in fragments.\" He paced up and down during the three days it took to complete the interview, never finishing a sentence, bursting with energy one minute, then sagging, and at one point seemed about to collapse. Hall said it was clear that he \"doubted the value of everything he had done in his life\".[Hall (1962\\)](https://archive.today/20130416003348/http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4598/the-art-of-poetry-no-5-ezra-pound); Tytell (1987\\), 333\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|left\\|In 1958 Ezra and Dorothy lived with Mary at [Brunnenburg](/wiki/Brunnenburg \"Brunnenburg\").](/wiki/File:Tirol_Brunnenburg.jpg \"Tirol Brunnenburg.jpg\")\n\nThose close to him thought he had dementia, and in mid\\-1960 he spent time in a clinic when his weight dropped. He picked up again, but by early 1961 he had a urinary tract infection. Dorothy felt unable to look after him, so he went to live with Olga Rudge, first in Rapallo then in Venice; Dorothy mostly stayed in London after that with Omar.Tytell (1987\\), 334–335 In 1961 Pound attended a meeting in Rome in honor of [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\"), who was visiting Italy.Redman (2001\\), 260 His health continued to decline, and his friends were dying: Wyndham Lewis in 1957, Ernest Hemingway in 1961 (Hemingway shot himself), E. E. Cummings in 1962, William Carlos Williams in 1963, and T. S. Eliot in 1965\\.Tytell (1987\\), 335 In 1963 he told an interviewer, Grazia Livi: \"I spoil everything I touch. ... All my life I believed I knew nothing, yes, knew nothing. And so words became devoid of meaning.\" He attended Eliot's funeral in London and visited [W. B. Yeats](/wiki/W._B._Yeats \"W. B. Yeats\")' widow in Dublin (Yeats died in 1939\\).\n\nIn 1966 he was admitted to the [Genoa School of Medicine](/wiki/University_of_Genoa \"University of Genoa\")'s psychiatric hospital for an evaluation after prostate surgery. His notes said he had [psychomotor retardation](/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation \"Psychomotor retardation\"), insomnia, depression, and he believed he had been \"contaminated by microbes\".Rossi (2008\\), 144 According to a psychiatrist who treated him, Pound had previously been treated with [electroconvulsive therapy](/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy \"Electroconvulsive therapy\"). This time he was given [imipramine](/wiki/Imipramine \"Imipramine\") and responded well. The doctors diagnosed [bipolar disorder](/wiki/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\").Rossi (2008\\), 145–146 Two years later he attended the opening of an exhibition in New York featuring his blue\\-inked version of Eliot's *The Waste Land*.Nadel (2007\\), 18 He went on to Hamilton College and received a standing ovation.Tytell (1987\\), 337\n\n",
"### Meeting Ginsberg, Reck, and Russell\n\nPound's biographer, Michael Reck, claimed to have had an encounter with Pound at the restaurant of the Pensione Cici in Venice in 1967, during which Pound told [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\") and [Peter Russell](/wiki/Peter_Russell_%28poet%29 \"Peter Russell (poet)\") that his own poems were \"a lot of double talk\" and made no sense, and that his writing was \"a mess\", \"stupid and ignorant all the way through\". Reck wrote about the meeting in *[Evergreen Review](/wiki/Evergreen_Review \"Evergreen Review\")* the following year. \"At seventy I realized that instead of being a lunatic, I was a moron,\" Pound reportedly said. He \"looked very morose\" and barely spoke: \"There is nothing harder than conversing with Pound nowadays,\" Reck wrote.Reck (1968\\), 28–29, 84\\.\n\nPound had offered a carefully worded rejection of his antisemitism, according to Reck. When Ginsberg reassured Pound that he had \"shown us the way\", he is said to have replied: \"Any good I've done has been spoiled by bad intentions—the preoccupation with irrelevant and stupid things.\" Reck continued: \"Then very slowly, with emphasis, surely conscious of Ginsberg's being Jewish: 'But the worst mistake I made was that stupid, suburban prejudice of anti\\-Semitism.Reck (1968\\), 29; Carpenter (1988\\), 898–899\n\n[Matthias Koehl](/wiki/Matthias_Koehl \"Matthias Koehl\"), an American neo\\-Nazi who claimed to have met with Pound during the latter's incarceration at St. Elizabeths Hospital, cast doubt on these claims, writing in 1990 that:\n\n",
"### Death\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.1\\|alt\\=photograph\\|left\\|The graves of Pound and Olga Rudge at [San Michele cemetery](/wiki/San_Michele_Cemetery%2C_Venice \"San Michele Cemetery, Venice\") on the [Isola di San Michele](/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele \"Isola di San Michele\")](/wiki/File:Gravesite_of_Ezra_Pound_%26_Olga_Rudge.jpg \"Gravesite of Ezra Pound & Olga Rudge.jpg\")\nShortly before his death in 1972, an [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\") committee, which included his publisher James Laughlin, proposed that Pound be awarded the [Emerson\\-Thoreau Medal](/wiki/Emerson-Thoreau_Medal \"Emerson-Thoreau Medal\"). After a storm of protest, the academy's council opposed it by 13 to 9\\.Tytell (1987\\), 337–338; Carpenter (1988\\), 908 In the foreword of a [Faber \\& Faber](/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber \"Faber & Faber\") volume of his prose, he wrote in July: \"In sentences referring to groups or races 'they' should be used with great care. re USURY: / I was out of focus, taking a symptom for a cause. / The cause is AVARICE.\"Carpenter (1988\\), 909\n\nOn his 87th birthday, on 30 October 1972, he was too weak to leave his bedroom. The next night he was admitted to the San Giovanni e Paolo Civil Hospital in Venice, where he died in his sleep on 1 November of \"sudden [blockage of the intestine](/wiki/Intestinal_blockage \"Intestinal blockage\")\".Carpenter (1988\\), 910 Alerted by telegram, Dorothy Pound, who was living in a care home near Cambridge, England, requested a Protestant funeral in Venice. Telegrams were sent via American embassies in Rome and London, and the consulate in Milan, but Rudge would not change the plans she had already made for the morning of 3 November. Omar Pound flew to Venice as soon as he could, with Peter du Sautoy of Faber \\& Faber, but he arrived too late.Moody (2015\\), 487–488; Swift (2017\\), 244 Four [gondoliers](/wiki/Gondolier \"Gondolier\") dressed in black rowed Pound's body to Venice's municipal cemetery, the [San Michele cemetery](/wiki/San_Michele_Cemetery%2C_Venice \"San Michele Cemetery, Venice\"), where, after a Protestant service, he was buried in the Protestant section of the cemetery, near [Diaghilev](/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev \"Sergei Diaghilev\") and [Stravinsky](/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky \"Igor Stravinsky\") who rest at the adjoining Orthodox section, with other non\\-Catholic Christians.Tytell (1987\\), 339; Carpenter (1988\\), 911; Cohassey (2014\\), 162; [\"Ezra Pound Dies in Venice at Age of 87\"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/11/02/79477128.pdf). *The New York Times*, 2 November 1972\\. According to [Hugh Kenner](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\"), Pound had wanted to be buried in Idaho with his bust by [Henri Gaudier\\-Brzeska](/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska \"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska\") on his grave.Kenner (1973\\), 259; Carpenter (1988\\), 911 Dorothy Pound died in England the following year, aged 87\\. Olga Rudge died in 1996, aged 100, and was buried next to Pound.\n\n",
"Critical reception\n------------------\n\n### Rehabilitation efforts, scholarship\n\nAfter the Bollingen Prize in 1949, Pound's friends sought to rehabilitate him.Barnhisel (1998\\), 273–274; Erkkila (2011\\), xlvii James Laughlin's [New Directions Publishing](/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing \"New Directions Publishing\") published his *Selected Poems*, with an introduction by Eliot, and a censored selection of *The Cantos*. [Ralph Fletcher Seymour](/wiki/Ralph_Fletcher_Seymour \"Ralph Fletcher Seymour\") published *Patria Mia* (written around 1912\\) to show that Pound was an American patriot. In advertisements, magazine articles, and critical introductions, Pound's friends and publishers attributed his antisemitism and fascism to mental illness.Barnhisel (1998\\), 273–274\n\nLiterary scholar Betsy Erkkila writes that no one was more important to Pound's rehabilitation than [Hugh Kenner](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\"),Erkkila (2011\\), xlviii who was introduced to Pound by [Marshall McLuhan](/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan \"Marshall McLuhan\") in St. Elizabeths in May 1948, when Kenner was 25\\.Tremblay (1998\\), 110–111 Kenner's *The Poetry of Ezra Pound* (1951\\) adopted a [New Critical](/wiki/New_Criticism \"New Criticism\") approach, where all that mattered was the work itself.Erkkila (2011\\), xliii\n\nNew Directions and [Faber \\& Faber](/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber \"Faber & Faber\") published *Ezra Pound: Translations* in 1953, introduced by Kenner, and the following year *Literary Essays of Ezra Pound*, introduced by Eliot.Erkkila (2011\\), xlvii The first PhD dissertation on Pound was completed in 1948, and by 1970 there were around ten a year. Kenner's *[The Pound Era](/wiki/The_Pound_Era \"The Pound Era\")* (1971\\), which overlooked the fascism, antisemitism, World War II, treason, and the Bollingen Award, effectively equated Pound with modernism.Erkkila (2011\\), xlviii, liv Pound scholar Leon Surette argued that Kenner's approach was [hagiographic](/wiki/Hagiography \"Hagiography\"). He included in this approach Caroll F. Terrell's *Paideuma: A Journal Devoted to Ezra Pound Scholarship*,Surette and Tryphonopoulos (2005\\) founded in 1972 and edited by Kenner and [Eva Hesse](/wiki/Eva_Hesse \"Eva Hesse\"), and Terrell's two\\-volume *A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound* (1980–1984\\). In 1971 Terrell founded the [National Poetry Foundation](/wiki/National_Poetry_Foundation \"National Poetry Foundation\") to focus on Pound, and organized conferences on Pound in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990\\.[\"Carroll Franklin Terrell '38\"](https://obituaries.bowdoin.edu/carroll-franklin-terrell-38/). *Bowdowin* magazine, undated.\n\nFollowing [Eustace Mullins](/wiki/Eustace_Mullins \"Eustace Mullins\")' biography, *This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound* (1961\\), was *Life of Ezra Pound* (1970\\) by Noel Stock. A former reporter, Stock was one of the publishers of Pound's newspaper articles in the 1950s, including his antisemitism.Nadel (2010\\), 162; Swift (2017\\), 199 Ronald Bush's *The Genesis of Ezra Pound's Cantos* (1976\\) became the first critical study of *The Cantos*.Nadel (2001\\), 12 Several significant biographies appeared in the 1980s: J. J. Wilhelm's three\\-volume work (1985–1994\\), beginning with *The American Roots of Ezra Pound*; [John Tytell](/wiki/John_Tytell \"John Tytell\")'s *Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano* (1987\\); and [Humphrey Carpenter](/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter \"Humphrey Carpenter\")'s 1005\\-page *A Serious Character* (1988\\). A. David Moody's three\\-volume *Ezra Pound: Poet* (2007–2015\\) combines biography with literary criticism.Nadel (2010\\), 162–165\n\nStudies that examine Pound's relationships with the [far right](/wiki/Far-right_politics \"Far-right politics\") include Robert Casillo's *The Genealogy of Demons* (1988\\); [Tim Redman](/wiki/Tim_Redman \"Tim Redman\")'s *Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism* (1999\\); Leon Surette's *Pound in Purgatory* (1999\\);Coats (2009\\), 81 [Matthew Feldman](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman_%28historian%29 \"Matthew Feldman (historian)\")'s *Ezra Pound's Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45* (2013\\); and Alec Marsh's *John Kasper and Ezra Pound* (2015\\).\n\n### Legacy\n\nMuch of Pound's legacy lies in his advancement of some of the best\\-known modernist writers of the early 20th century, particularly between 1910 and 1925\\.[Menand (2008\\)](https://archive.today/20141003035358/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/09/the-pound-error); [Montgomery (1972\\)](https://archive.today/20190903045718/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/02/archives/ezra-pound-a-man-of-contradictions.html) In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway, H.D., Aldington, and Aiken, he befriended and helped Cummings, Bunting, Ford, [Marianne Moore](/wiki/Marianne_Moore \"Marianne Moore\"), [Louis Zukofsky](/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky \"Louis Zukofsky\"), [Jacob Epstein](/wiki/Jacob_Epstein \"Jacob Epstein\"), [Margaret Anderson](/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson \"Margaret C. Anderson\"), [George Oppen](/wiki/George_Oppen \"George Oppen\"), and [Charles Olson](/wiki/Charles_Olson \"Charles Olson\").Bornstein (2001\\), 22–23; [Menand (2008\\)](https://archive.today/20141003035358/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/09/the-pound-error)\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Ezra Pound in marble by [Henri Gaudier\\-Brzeska](/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska \"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska\") (1914\\)](/wiki/File:Hieratic_Head_of_Ezra_Pound_01_%28brightened%29.jpg \"Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound 01 (brightened).jpg\")\n\nBeyond this, his legacy is mixed. He was a strong lyricist with an \"ear\" for words;Ingham (2001\\), 236–237 his *Times* obituary said he had a \"faultless sense of [cadence](/wiki/Cadence \"Cadence\")\". According to [Ira Nadel](/wiki/Ira_Nadel \"Ira Nadel\"), he \"overturned poetic meter, literary style, and the state of the long poem\". Nadel cited the importance of Pound's editing of *The Waste Land*, the publication of *Ulysses*, and his role in developing of Imagism.Nadel (2005\\), ix Hugh Witemeyer argued that Imagism was \"probably the most important single movement\" in 20th\\-century English\\-language poetry, because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him.Witemeyer (2001\\), 48 According to [Hugh Kenner](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\") in 1951, although no great contemporary writer was less read than Pound, there was no one who could \"over and over again appeal more surely, through sheer beauty of language\" to people who would otherwise rather talk about poets than read them.Kenner (1951\\), 16\n\nAgainst this, [Robert Conquest](/wiki/Robert_Conquest \"Robert Conquest\") argued in 1979 that critics were responsible for having promoted Pound despite his \"minimal talent\", which was \"grossly exaggerated\".Conquest (1979\\), 236 \"This is an accusation less against the fantastic arrogance of Pound\", he wrote, \"than against the narrow\\-minded obscurantism of the departments of English and the critical establishment who have set up a system of apologetics which the slyest Jesuit of the seventeenth century would have baulked at.\"Conquest (1979\\), 243 According to [Samuel Putnam](/wiki/Samuel_Putnam \"Samuel Putnam\"), those who respected Pound's poetry were less likely to respect his prose or work as a critic.Putnam (1947\\), 141\n\nThe outrage over his collaboration with the [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") was so deep that it dominated the discussion. \"A greater calamity cannot befall the art\", [Arthur Miller](/wiki/Arthur_Miller \"Arthur Miller\") wrote in December 1945, \"than that Ezra Pound, the Mussolini mouthpiece, should be welcomed back as an arbiter of American letters ...\"Bigsby (2009\\), 252 Over the decades, according to Redman, critics argued that Pound was not really a poet or not really a fascist, or that he was a fascist but his poetry is not fascistic, or that there was an evil Pound and a good Pound.Redman (1991\\), 2–3 The American poet [Elizabeth Bishop](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop \"Elizabeth Bishop\"), 1956 [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_in_Poetry \"Pulitzer Prize in Poetry\") winner and one of his hospital visitors—Pound called her \"Liz Bish\"—reflected the ambivalence in her poem \"[Visits to St. Elizabeths](/wiki/Visits_to_St._Elizabeths \"Visits to St. Elizabeths\")\" (1957\\).Moody (2015\\), 251; Swift (2017\\), 14–15 \"This is the time / of the tragic man / that lies in the house of Bedlam.\" As the poem progresses, the tragic man, never named, becomes the talkative man; the honored man; the old, brave man; the cranky man; the cruel man; the busy man; the tedious man; the poet, the man; and, finally, the wretched man.\n\n",
"### Rehabilitation efforts, scholarship\n\nAfter the Bollingen Prize in 1949, Pound's friends sought to rehabilitate him.Barnhisel (1998\\), 273–274; Erkkila (2011\\), xlvii James Laughlin's [New Directions Publishing](/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing \"New Directions Publishing\") published his *Selected Poems*, with an introduction by Eliot, and a censored selection of *The Cantos*. [Ralph Fletcher Seymour](/wiki/Ralph_Fletcher_Seymour \"Ralph Fletcher Seymour\") published *Patria Mia* (written around 1912\\) to show that Pound was an American patriot. In advertisements, magazine articles, and critical introductions, Pound's friends and publishers attributed his antisemitism and fascism to mental illness.Barnhisel (1998\\), 273–274\n\nLiterary scholar Betsy Erkkila writes that no one was more important to Pound's rehabilitation than [Hugh Kenner](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\"),Erkkila (2011\\), xlviii who was introduced to Pound by [Marshall McLuhan](/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan \"Marshall McLuhan\") in St. Elizabeths in May 1948, when Kenner was 25\\.Tremblay (1998\\), 110–111 Kenner's *The Poetry of Ezra Pound* (1951\\) adopted a [New Critical](/wiki/New_Criticism \"New Criticism\") approach, where all that mattered was the work itself.Erkkila (2011\\), xliii\n\nNew Directions and [Faber \\& Faber](/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber \"Faber & Faber\") published *Ezra Pound: Translations* in 1953, introduced by Kenner, and the following year *Literary Essays of Ezra Pound*, introduced by Eliot.Erkkila (2011\\), xlvii The first PhD dissertation on Pound was completed in 1948, and by 1970 there were around ten a year. Kenner's *[The Pound Era](/wiki/The_Pound_Era \"The Pound Era\")* (1971\\), which overlooked the fascism, antisemitism, World War II, treason, and the Bollingen Award, effectively equated Pound with modernism.Erkkila (2011\\), xlviii, liv Pound scholar Leon Surette argued that Kenner's approach was [hagiographic](/wiki/Hagiography \"Hagiography\"). He included in this approach Caroll F. Terrell's *Paideuma: A Journal Devoted to Ezra Pound Scholarship*,Surette and Tryphonopoulos (2005\\) founded in 1972 and edited by Kenner and [Eva Hesse](/wiki/Eva_Hesse \"Eva Hesse\"), and Terrell's two\\-volume *A Companion to the Cantos of Ezra Pound* (1980–1984\\). In 1971 Terrell founded the [National Poetry Foundation](/wiki/National_Poetry_Foundation \"National Poetry Foundation\") to focus on Pound, and organized conferences on Pound in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990\\.[\"Carroll Franklin Terrell '38\"](https://obituaries.bowdoin.edu/carroll-franklin-terrell-38/). *Bowdowin* magazine, undated.\n\nFollowing [Eustace Mullins](/wiki/Eustace_Mullins \"Eustace Mullins\")' biography, *This Difficult Individual, Ezra Pound* (1961\\), was *Life of Ezra Pound* (1970\\) by Noel Stock. A former reporter, Stock was one of the publishers of Pound's newspaper articles in the 1950s, including his antisemitism.Nadel (2010\\), 162; Swift (2017\\), 199 Ronald Bush's *The Genesis of Ezra Pound's Cantos* (1976\\) became the first critical study of *The Cantos*.Nadel (2001\\), 12 Several significant biographies appeared in the 1980s: J. J. Wilhelm's three\\-volume work (1985–1994\\), beginning with *The American Roots of Ezra Pound*; [John Tytell](/wiki/John_Tytell \"John Tytell\")'s *Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano* (1987\\); and [Humphrey Carpenter](/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter \"Humphrey Carpenter\")'s 1005\\-page *A Serious Character* (1988\\). A. David Moody's three\\-volume *Ezra Pound: Poet* (2007–2015\\) combines biography with literary criticism.Nadel (2010\\), 162–165\n\nStudies that examine Pound's relationships with the [far right](/wiki/Far-right_politics \"Far-right politics\") include Robert Casillo's *The Genealogy of Demons* (1988\\); [Tim Redman](/wiki/Tim_Redman \"Tim Redman\")'s *Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism* (1999\\); Leon Surette's *Pound in Purgatory* (1999\\);Coats (2009\\), 81 [Matthew Feldman](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman_%28historian%29 \"Matthew Feldman (historian)\")'s *Ezra Pound's Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45* (2013\\); and Alec Marsh's *John Kasper and Ezra Pound* (2015\\).\n\n",
"### Legacy\n\nMuch of Pound's legacy lies in his advancement of some of the best\\-known modernist writers of the early 20th century, particularly between 1910 and 1925\\.[Menand (2008\\)](https://archive.today/20141003035358/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/09/the-pound-error); [Montgomery (1972\\)](https://archive.today/20190903045718/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/02/archives/ezra-pound-a-man-of-contradictions.html) In addition to Eliot, Joyce, Lewis, Frost, Williams, Hemingway, H.D., Aldington, and Aiken, he befriended and helped Cummings, Bunting, Ford, [Marianne Moore](/wiki/Marianne_Moore \"Marianne Moore\"), [Louis Zukofsky](/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky \"Louis Zukofsky\"), [Jacob Epstein](/wiki/Jacob_Epstein \"Jacob Epstein\"), [Margaret Anderson](/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson \"Margaret C. Anderson\"), [George Oppen](/wiki/George_Oppen \"George Oppen\"), and [Charles Olson](/wiki/Charles_Olson \"Charles Olson\").Bornstein (2001\\), 22–23; [Menand (2008\\)](https://archive.today/20141003035358/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/09/the-pound-error)\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Ezra Pound in marble by [Henri Gaudier\\-Brzeska](/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska \"Henri Gaudier-Brzeska\") (1914\\)](/wiki/File:Hieratic_Head_of_Ezra_Pound_01_%28brightened%29.jpg \"Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound 01 (brightened).jpg\")\n\nBeyond this, his legacy is mixed. He was a strong lyricist with an \"ear\" for words;Ingham (2001\\), 236–237 his *Times* obituary said he had a \"faultless sense of [cadence](/wiki/Cadence \"Cadence\")\". According to [Ira Nadel](/wiki/Ira_Nadel \"Ira Nadel\"), he \"overturned poetic meter, literary style, and the state of the long poem\". Nadel cited the importance of Pound's editing of *The Waste Land*, the publication of *Ulysses*, and his role in developing of Imagism.Nadel (2005\\), ix Hugh Witemeyer argued that Imagism was \"probably the most important single movement\" in 20th\\-century English\\-language poetry, because it affected all the leading poets of Pound's generation and the two generations after him.Witemeyer (2001\\), 48 According to [Hugh Kenner](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\") in 1951, although no great contemporary writer was less read than Pound, there was no one who could \"over and over again appeal more surely, through sheer beauty of language\" to people who would otherwise rather talk about poets than read them.Kenner (1951\\), 16\n\nAgainst this, [Robert Conquest](/wiki/Robert_Conquest \"Robert Conquest\") argued in 1979 that critics were responsible for having promoted Pound despite his \"minimal talent\", which was \"grossly exaggerated\".Conquest (1979\\), 236 \"This is an accusation less against the fantastic arrogance of Pound\", he wrote, \"than against the narrow\\-minded obscurantism of the departments of English and the critical establishment who have set up a system of apologetics which the slyest Jesuit of the seventeenth century would have baulked at.\"Conquest (1979\\), 243 According to [Samuel Putnam](/wiki/Samuel_Putnam \"Samuel Putnam\"), those who respected Pound's poetry were less likely to respect his prose or work as a critic.Putnam (1947\\), 141\n\nThe outrage over his collaboration with the [Axis powers](/wiki/Axis_powers \"Axis powers\") was so deep that it dominated the discussion. \"A greater calamity cannot befall the art\", [Arthur Miller](/wiki/Arthur_Miller \"Arthur Miller\") wrote in December 1945, \"than that Ezra Pound, the Mussolini mouthpiece, should be welcomed back as an arbiter of American letters ...\"Bigsby (2009\\), 252 Over the decades, according to Redman, critics argued that Pound was not really a poet or not really a fascist, or that he was a fascist but his poetry is not fascistic, or that there was an evil Pound and a good Pound.Redman (1991\\), 2–3 The American poet [Elizabeth Bishop](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop \"Elizabeth Bishop\"), 1956 [Pulitzer Prize](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_in_Poetry \"Pulitzer Prize in Poetry\") winner and one of his hospital visitors—Pound called her \"Liz Bish\"—reflected the ambivalence in her poem \"[Visits to St. Elizabeths](/wiki/Visits_to_St._Elizabeths \"Visits to St. Elizabeths\")\" (1957\\).Moody (2015\\), 251; Swift (2017\\), 14–15 \"This is the time / of the tragic man / that lies in the house of Bedlam.\" As the poem progresses, the tragic man, never named, becomes the talkative man; the honored man; the old, brave man; the cranky man; the cruel man; the busy man; the tedious man; the poet, the man; and, finally, the wretched man.\n\n",
"Selected works\n--------------\n\n* (1908\\). *[A Lume Spento](/wiki/A_Lume_Spento \"A Lume Spento\")*. Venice: A. Antonini (poems, privately printed).\n* (1908\\). *A Quinzaine for This Yule*. London: Pollock (poems, privately printed); and [Elkin Mathews](/wiki/Elkin_Mathews \"Elkin Mathews\").\n* (1909\\). *Personae*. London: Elkin Mathews (poems).\n* (1909\\). *Exultations*. London: Elkin Mathews (poems).\n* (1910\\). *[The Spirit of Romance](/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Romance \"The Spirit of Romance\")*. London: [J. M. Dent \\& Sons](/wiki/J._M._Dent \"J. M. Dent\") (prose).\n* (1910\\). *Provenca*. Boston: Small, Maynard and Company (poems).\n* (1911\\). *Canzoni*. London: Elkin Mathews (poems)\n* (1912\\). *The Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti* Boston: Small, Maynard and Company (translations; cheaper edition destroyed by fire, London: Swift \\& Co).\n* (1912\\). *[Ripostes](/wiki/Ripostes \"Ripostes\")*. S. Swift, London, (poems; first mention of Imagism)\n* (1915\\). *[Cathay](/wiki/Cathay_%28poetry_collection%29 \"Cathay (poetry collection)\")*. Elkin Mathews (poems; translations)\n* (1916\\). *Gaudier\\-Brzeska. A Memoir*. London: [John Lane](/wiki/John_Lane_%28publisher%29 \"John Lane (publisher)\") (prose).\n* (1916\\). *Certain Noble Plays of Japan: From the Manuscripts of Ernest Fenollosa*, chosen by Ezra Pound.\n* (1916\\) with [Ernest Fenollosa](/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa \"Ernest Fenollosa\"). *\"Noh\", or, Accomplishment: A Study of the Classical Stage of Japan*. London: Macmillan and Co.\n* (1916\\). *Lustra*. London: Elkin Mathews (poems).\n* (1917\\). *Twelve Dialogues of Fontenelle* (translations).\n* (1917\\). *Lustra*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (poems, with the first \"Three Cantos\").\n* (1918\\). *Pavannes and Divisions* New York: Alfred A. Knopf (prose).\n* (1918\\). *Quia Pauper Amavi* London: Egoist Press (poems).\n* (1919\\). *The Fourth Canto*. London: Ovid Press (poem).\n* (1920\\). *[Hugh Selwyn Mauberley](/wiki/Hugh_Selwyn_Mauberley \"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\")*. London: Ovid Press (poem).\n* (1920\\). *Umbra*. London: Elkin Mathews (poems and translations).\n* (1920\\) with Ernest Fenollosa. *Instigations: Together with an Essay on the Chinese Written Character*. New York: Boni \\& Liveright (prose).\n* (1921\\). *Poems, 1918–1921*. New York: Boni \\& Liveright.\n* (1922\\). [Remy de Gourmont](/wiki/Remy_de_Gourmont \"Remy de Gourmont\"): *The Natural Philosophy of Love*. New York: Boni \\& Liveright (translation).\n* (1923\\). *Indiscretions, or, Une revue des deux mondes*. Paris: Three Mountains Press.\n* (1924\\) as William Atheling. *Antheil and the Treatise on Harmony*. Paris (essays).\n* (1925\\). *A Draft of XVI Cantos*. Paris: Three Mountains Press. The first collection of *The Cantos*.\n* (1926\\). *Personae: The Collected Poems of Ezra Pound*. New York: Boni \\& Liveright.\n* (1928\\). *A Draft of the Cantos 17–27*. London: John Rodker.\n* (1928\\). *Selected Poems*. Edited and with an introduction by T. S. Eliot. London: Faber \\& Faber.\n* (1928\\). *Ta Hio: The Great Learning, newly rendered into the American language*. Seattle: University of Washington Bookstore (translation).\n* (1930\\). *A Draft of XXX Cantos*. Paris: Nancy Cunard's Hours Press.\n* (1930\\). *Imaginary Letters*. Paris: Black Sun Press. Eight essays from the *Little Review*, 1917–18\\.\n* (1931\\). *How to Read*. Harmsworth (essays).\n* (1932\\). *Guido Cavalcanti Rime*. Genoa: Edizioni Marsano (translations).\n* (1933\\). *ABC of Economics*. London: Faber \\& Faber (essays).\n* (1934\\). *Eleven New Cantos: XXXI–XLI*. New York: Farrar \\& Rinehart (poems).\n* (1934\\). *Homage to Sextus Propertius*. London: Faber \\& Faber (poems).\n* (1934\\). *[ABC of Reading](/wiki/ABC_of_Reading \"ABC of Reading\")*. New Haven: Yale University Press (essays).\n* (1934\\). *Make It New*. London: Faber \\& Faber (essays).\n* (1935\\). *Alfred Venison's Poems: Social Credit Themes by the Poet of Titchfield Street*. London: Stanley Nott, Ltd. *Pamphlets on the New Economics*, No. 9 (essays).\n* (1935\\). *Jefferson and/or Mussolini*. London: Stanley Nott. (essays).\n* (1935\\). *Social Credit: An Impact*. London: Stanley Nott. (essays). Repr.: [Peter Russell](/wiki/Peter_Russell_%28poet%29 \"Peter Russell (poet)\") (1951\\). *Money Pamphlets by Pound*, no. 5, London.\n* (1936\\) with Ernest Fenollosa. *The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry*. London: Stanley Nott.\n* (1937\\). *The Fifth Decade of Cantos*. New York: Farrar \\& Rinehart (poems).\n* (1937\\). *Polite Essays*. London: Faber \\& Faber (essays).\n* (1937\\). Confucius: *Digest of the Analects*, edited and published by Giovanni Scheiwiller, (translations)\n* (1938\\). *Guide to Kulchur*. New York: New Directions.\n* (1939\\). *What Is Money For?*. Greater Britain Publications (essays). *Money Pamphlets by Pound*, no. 3\\. London: Peter Russell.\n* (1940\\). *Cantos LXII–LXXI*. New Directions, New York (*John Adams* Cantos 62–71\\).\n* (1942\\). *Carta da Visita di Ezra Pound*. Edizioni di lettere d'oggi. Rome. English translation by John Drummond: *A Visiting Card*. *Money Pamphlets by Pound*, no. 4\\. London: Peter Russell, 1952 (essays).\n* (1944\\). *L'America, Roosevelt e le cause della guerra presente*. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari, Venice. English translation, by John Drummond: *America, Roosevelt and the Causes of the Present War*, *Money Pamphlets by Pound*, no. 6, Peter Russell, London 1951\n* (1944\\). *Introduzione alla Natura Economica degli S.U.A.*. Casa editrice della edizioni popolari. Venice. English translation *An Introduction to the Economic Nature of the United States*, by Carmine Amore. Repr.: Peter Russell, *Money Pamphlets by Pound*, London 1950 (essay)\n* (1944\\). *Orientamenti*. Casa editrice dalla edizioni popolari. Venice (prose)\n* (1944\\). *Oro et lavoro: alla memoria di Aurelio Baisi*. Moderna, Rapallo. English translation: *Gold and Work*, *Money Pamphlets by Pound*, no. 2, Peter Russell, London 1952 (essays)\n* (1948\\). *[If This Be Treason](/wiki/If_This_Be_Treason \"If This Be Treason\")*. Siena: privately printed for Olga Rudge by Tip Nuova (original drafts of six of Pound's Radio Rome broadcasts)\n* (1948\\). *The Pisan Cantos*. New York: New Directions Publishing (Cantos 74–84\\)\n* (1948\\). *The Cantos of Ezra Pound* (includes *The Pisan Cantos*). New Directions, poems\n* (1949\\). *Elektra* (started in 1949, first performed 1987\\), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming\n* (1950\\). *Seventy Cantos*. London: Faber \\& Faber. \n* (1950\\). *Patria Mia*. Chicago: R. F. Seymour (reworked *New Age* articles, 1912–1913\\). \n* (1951\\). *Confucius: The Great Digest and Unwobbling Pivot*. New York: New Directions (translation). . [(John) Kaspar](/wiki/John_Kasper \"John Kasper\") \\& (David) Horton, *Square $ Series*, New York (translation)\n* (1951\\). Confucius: *Analects* [(John) Kaspar](/wiki/John_Kasper \"John Kasper\") \\& (David) Horton, *Square $ Series*, New York (translation).\n* (1954\\). *The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius*. Harvard University Press (translations)\n* (1954\\). *Lavoro ed Usura*. All'insegna del pesce d'oro. Milan (essays)\n* (1955\\). *Section: Rock\\-Drill, 85–95 de los Cantares*. All'insegna del pesce d'oro, Milan (poems)\n* (1956\\). *Sophocles: The Women of Trachis. A Version by Ezra Pound*. Neville Spearman, London (translation)\n* (1957\\). *Brancusi*. Milan (essay)\n* (1959\\). *Thrones: 96–109 de los Cantares*. New York: New Directions (poems).\n* (1968\\). *Drafts and Fragments: Cantos CX–CXVII*. New York: New Directions (poems).\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [John Amery](/wiki/John_Amery \"John Amery\")\n* [Axis Sally](/wiki/Axis_Sally \"Axis Sally\") ([Mildred Gillars](/wiki/Mildred_Gillars \"Mildred Gillars\"), [Susan Sweney](/wiki/Susan_Sweney \"Susan Sweney\"), [Rita Zucca](/wiki/Rita_Zucca \"Rita Zucca\"))\n* [Lord Haw\\-Haw](/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw \"Lord Haw-Haw\")/[William Joyce](/wiki/William_Joyce \"William Joyce\")\n",
"Explanatory notes\n-----------------\n\n",
"Citations\n---------\n\n",
"Works cited\n-----------\n\n* Adams, Stephen J. (2005\\). [\"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=ttMlqGMYCsIC&pg=PA149). In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood. \n* [Albright, Daniel](/wiki/Daniel_Albright \"Daniel Albright\") (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Early Cantos: I–XLI\", in Ira Nadel (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59–91\\. \n* [Aldington, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Aldington \"Richard Aldington\") (1941\\). *[Life for Life's Sake: A Book of Reminiscences](https://archive.org/details/lifeforlifessake0000aldi)*. New York: The Viking Press. \n* Alexander, Michael (1979\\). [*The Poetic Achievement of Ezra Pound*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PS5ViNfdDCoC). Berkeley: University of California Press. \n* Alexander, Michael (1997\\). \"Ezra Pound as Translator\". *Translation and Literature*. 6(1\\), 23–30\\. \n* Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2011\\). [*Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant\\-Garde*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MIBNXScRj3QC). Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* [Bacigalupo, Massimo](/wiki/Massimo_Bacigalupo \"Massimo Bacigalupo\") (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Pound as Critic\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 188–203\\. \n* Bacigalupo, Massimo (2020\\). *Ezra Pound, Italy, and the Cantos*. Clemson, SC: Clemson University Press. \n* [Baker, Carlos](/wiki/Carlos_Baker \"Carlos Baker\") (1981\\). *Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961*. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. \n* Baumann, Walter (Fall \\& Winter 1983\\). \"But to affirm the gold thread in the patten \\[116/797]: An examination of Canto 116\". *Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics*. 12(2/3\\), 199–221\\. \n* Baumann, Walter (Winter 1984\\). \"Ezra Pound's Metamorphosis during his London Years: From Late\\-Romanticism to Modernism\". *Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics*. 13(3\\), 357–373\\. \n* Beach, Christopher (2003\\). *[The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth\\-Century American Poetry](https://archive.org/details/0521814693CUPTheCambridgeIntroductionToTwentiethCenturyAmericanPoetry2003)*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \n* Beasley, Rebecca (2010\\). \"Pound's New Criticism\". *Textual Practice*. 24(4\\), 649–668\\. \n* [Bishop, Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop \"Elizabeth Bishop\") (Spring 1957\\). \"Visits to St. Elizabeths\". *Partisan Review*, 185–187\\. Also in Bishop, Elizabeth (1965\\). [*Questions of Travel*](https://archive.org/details/questionsoftrave00bish). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 92–95\\. [Courtesy link](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/53008/visits-to-st-elizabeths), Poetry Foundation.\n* Bornstein, George (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Pound and the making of modernism\". In Ira B. Nadel (ed.) *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [22–42](https://books.google.com/books?id=_KquVlGYA0EC&pg=PA22). \n* Bush, Ronald (1976\\). [*The Genesis of Ezra Pound's Cantos*](https://archive.org/details/genesisofezrapou0000bush). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.\n* [Carpenter, Humphrey](/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter \"Humphrey Carpenter\") (1988\\). [*A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound*](https://archive.org/details/seriouscharacter0000carp). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. \n* [Carswell, John](/wiki/J._P._Carswell \"J. P. Carswell\") (1978\\). *Lives and Letters: A. R. Orage, Beatrice Hastings, Katherine Mansfield, John Middleton Murry, S. S. Koteliansky, 1906–1957*. New York: New Directions Publishing. \n* Casillo, Robert (1988\\). *The Genealogy of Demons: Anti\\-Semitism, Fascism, and the Myths of Ezra Pound*. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. \n* Coats, Jason M. (Spring 2009\\). \"'Part of the War Waste': Pound, Imagism, and Rhetorical Excess\". *Twentieth Century Literature*. 55(1\\), 80–113\\. \n* Cohassey, John (2014\\). *Hemingway and Pound: A Most Unlikely Friendship*. Jefferson, NC: McFarland \\& Company. \n* Cockram, Patricia (2005\\). \"Pound, Isabel Weston\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 238–239\\. \n* Conover, Anne (2001\\). *Olga Rudge and Ezra Pound: \"What Thou Lovest Well ...\"*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. \n* [Conquest, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Conquest \"Robert Conquest\") (1979\\). \"Ezra Pound\". In *The Abomination of Moab*. London: Temple Smith, 236–256\\. \n* [Corrigan, Robert A.](/wiki/Robert_A._Corrigan \"Robert A. Corrigan\") (October 1977\\). \"Literature and Politics: The Case of Ezra Pound Reconsidered\". *Prospects*, 2, 463–482\\. \n* Dennis, Helen May (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Pound, Women and Gender\". In Ira Nadel (ed.) *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 264–283\\. \n* [H.D.](/wiki/H.D. \"H.D.\") (1979\\). [*End to Torment*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ByMcSasOnFUC). New York: New Directions Publishing. \n* Doyle, Charles (2016\\) {1989]. *Richard Aldington: A Biography*. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan. \n* [Eliot, T. S.](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\") (June 1915\\). [\"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=44212). *Poetry*. VI(III), 130–135\\.\n* Eliot, T. S. (September 1946\\). [\"Ezra Pound\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=91912). *Poetry*. LXVIII(VI), 326–338\\.\n* Erkkila, Betsy (ed.) (2011\\). *Ezra Pound: The Contemporary Reviews*. New York: Cambridge University Press. \n* [Feldman, Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman \"Matthew Feldman\") (Winter 2012\\). \"The 'Pound Case' in Historical Perspective: An Archival Overview\". *Journal of Modern Literature*. 35(2\\), 83–97\\. \n* Feldman, Matthew (2013\\). *Ezra Pound's Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. \n* Feldman, Matthew (2016\\). \\[2014]. \"Pound and Radio Treason: An Empirical Reassessment\". In Matthew Feldman, Henry Mead, Erik Tonning (eds.). *Broadcasting in the Modernist Era*. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 213–244\\. \n* [Ford, Ford Madox](/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford \"Ford Madox Ford\") (1931\\). *[Return to Yesterday: Reminiscences 1894–1914](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.524559)*. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.\n* Gery, John (2005\\). \"Exultations\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 114–115\\. \n* Gill, Jonathan P. (2005\\). \"Ezra Pound Speaking: Radio Speeches on World War II\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 115–116\\. \n* Gill, Jonathan P. (2005\\). \"If This Be Treason ...\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 155\\. \n* [Graves, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Graves \"Robert Graves\") (1 April 1955\\). \"These Be Your Gods, O Israel!\" *Essays in Criticism*. V(2\\), 129–150\\. \n* [Hale, William Gardner](/wiki/William_Gardner_Hale \"William Gardner Hale\") (April 1919\\). [\"Pegasus Impounded\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=14&issue=1&page=63). *Poetry*. XIV(I), 53–55\\.\n* Haller, Evelyn (2005\\). \"Mosley, Sir Oswald\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood. \n* [Hemingway, Ernest](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\") (Spring 1925\\). \"Homage to Ezra\". *This Quarter*. 1, 221–225\\.\n* Hemingway, Ernest. [Bruccoli, Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_J._Bruccoli \"Matthew J. Bruccoli\") and Baughman, Judith (eds.) (2006\\). *[Hemingway and the Mechanism of Fame](https://books.google.com/books?id=0iCYVqAMnfkC)*. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. \n* Hickman, Miranda B. (2005\\). [*The Geometry of Modernism: The Vorticist Idiom in Lewis, Pound, H.D., and Yeats*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qS_A_vwONMkC). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. \n* [Hillyer, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Hillyer \"Robert Hillyer\") (11 June 1949\\). \"Treason's Strange Fruit: The Case of Ezra Pound and the Bollingen Award\". *The Saturday Review of Literature*. xxxii/24, 9–11, 28\\.\n* Hillyer, Robert (18 June 1949\\). \"Poetry's New Priesthood\". *The Saturday Review of Literature*, 7–9, 38\\.\n* [Holmes, Colin](/wiki/Colin_Holmes_%28historian%29 \"Colin Holmes (historian)\") (2016\\) \\[1979]. *Anti\\-Semitism in British Society, 1876–1939*. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. \n* Houen, Alex (2010\\). \"Antisemitism\". In Ira B. Nadel (ed.). *Ezra Pound in Context*. New York: Cambridge University Press. \n* Huang, Michelle Ling\\-Ying (2015\\). \"Chinese Artistic Influences on the Vorticists in London\". In Anne Witchard (ed.). *British Modernism and Chinoiserie*. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. \n* Ingham, Michael (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Pound and Music\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 236–248\\. \n* Johnson, Edd (9 May 1945\\). \"Confucius and Kindred Subjects/Pound, Accused of Treason, Calls Hitler, Saint, Martyr\". *Chicago Sun*. Also in *Philadelphia Record* as \"Poet\\-Prisoner Pound Calls Hitler Saint\".\n* [Julius, Anthony](/wiki/Anthony_Julius \"Anthony Julius\") (1997\\) \\[1995]. *[T. S. Eliot, anti\\-semitism, and literary form](https://archive.org/details/tseliotantisemit0000juli)*. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. \n* Karachalios, Evan R. (Spring 1995\\). \"Sacrifice and Selectivity in Ezra Pound's First Canto\". *Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics*. 24(1\\), 95–106\\. \n* Kavka, Jerome (Spring \\& Fall 1991\\). \"Ezra Pound's Personal History: A Transcript\". *Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics*. 20(1/2\\), 143–185\\. \n* Kearns, George (1989\\). *Pound: The Cantos*. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. \n* [Kenner, Hugh](/wiki/Hugh_Kenner \"Hugh Kenner\"). (Winter 1949\\). \"Review: In the Caged Panther's Eyes\". *The Hudson Review*. 1(4\\), 580–586\\. \n* Kenner, Hugh. (1951\\). [*The Poetry of Ezra Pound*](https://archive.org/details/poetryofezrapoun0000kenn_h8p2). London: Faber \\& Faber.\n* Kenner, Hugh. (November 1952\\). [\"Gold in the Gloom\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=63781). *Poetry*. 81(2\\), 127–132\\.\n* Kenner, Hugh (1973\\) \\[1971]. *[The Pound Era](/wiki/The_Pound_Era \"The Pound Era\")*. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. \n* Kimpel, Ben D. and Eaves, T. C. Duncan (November 1981\\). \"More on Pound's Prison Experience\". *American Literature*. 53(1\\), 469–476\\. \n* Kimpel, Ben D. and Eaves, T. C. Duncan (March 1983\\). \"Ezra Pound on Hitler's Economic Policies\"]. *American Literature*. 55(1\\), 48–54\\. \n* Knapp, James F. (1979\\). [*Ezra Pound*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapound0348knap). Boston: Twayne Publishers. \n* Kutler, Stanley I. (1983\\). [*American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War*](https://archive.org/details/americaninquisit0000kutl). New York: Hill \\& Wang.\n* [Laughlin, James](/wiki/James_Laughlin \"James Laughlin\") (Fall 1986\\). [\"Ez as Wuz\"](https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=sanjosestudies_80s). *San José Studies*. XII(3\\), 6–28\\.\n* [Leavis, F. R.](/wiki/F._R._Leavis \"F. R. Leavis\") (1942\\) (1932\\). [*New Bearings in English Poetry: A Study of the Contemporary Situation*](https://archive.org/details/newbearingsineng0000unse). London: Chatto \\& Windus.\n* Lewis, Anthony (14 April 1958\\). [\"U.S. asked to end Pound indictment\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1958/04/15/archives/u-s-asked-to-end-pound-indictment-court-told-poets-insanity-is.html). *The New York Times*.\n* [Lewis, Wyndham](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\") (1931\\). *[Hitler](https://archive.org/details/Hitler_Lewis)*. London: Chatto \\& Windus.\n* [Longenbach, James](/wiki/James_Longenbach \"James Longenbach\") (10 January 1988\\). [\"The Odd Couple: Pound and Yeats Together\"](https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/10/books/the-odd-couple-pound-and-yeats-together.html). *The New York Times*.\n* Longenbach, James (1990\\) \\[1988]. *Stone Cottage: Pound, Yeats and Modernism*. New York: Oxford University Press. \n* [Lowell, Amy](/wiki/Amy_Lowell \"Amy Lowell\") (1955\\). *[The Complete Poetical Works of Amy Lowell](https://archive.org/details/trent_0116301750257)*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.\n* Marsh, Alec (2011\\). *Ezra Pound*. London: Reaktion Books. \n* McDonald, Gail (2005\\). \"Education: Personal\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 90–92 \n* McGuire, William (2020\\) \\[1982]. *Bollingen: An Adventure in Collecting the Past*. Princeton and Guilford: Princeton University Press. \n* Meyers, Jeffrey (1985\\). *Hemingway: A Biography*. New York: Macmillan. \n* Moody, A. David (2007\\). *Ezra Pound: Poet. A Portrait of the Man and His Work. I: The Young Genius 1885–1920*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* Moody, A. David (2014\\). *Ezra Pound: Poet. A Portrait of the Man and His Work. II: The Epic Years 1921–1939*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* Moody, A. David (2015\\). *Ezra Pound: Poet. A Portrait of the Man and His Work. III: The Tragic Years 1939–1972*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* [Nadel, Ira](/wiki/Ira_Nadel \"Ira Nadel\") (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Introduction\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–21\\. \n* Nadel, Ira (2005\\). \"Introduction\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *Ezra Pound. Early Writings: Poems and Prose*. London: Penguin Books. \n* Nadel, Ira (2007\\). [*The Cambridge Introduction to Ezra Pound*](https://archive.org/details/cambridgeintrodu0000nade). New York: Cambridge University Press. \n* Nadel, Ira (2010\\). \"The Lives of Pound\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *Ezra Pound in Context*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \n* Nicholls, Peter (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Beyond *The Cantos*: Ezra Pound and recent American poetry\". In Ira Nadel (ed.) *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 139–160\\.\n* [Orage, A. R.](/wiki/A._R._Orage \"A. R. Orage\") as R.H.C. (31 January 1921\\). [\"Readers and Writers\"](https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:450919/PDF/). *The New Age*. xxviii, 126–127\\.\n* [Olson, Charles](/wiki/Charles_Olson \"Charles Olson\") (1991\\) \\[1975]. *Charles Olson \\& Ezra Pound: An Encounter at St. Elizabeths*. Edited by Catherine Seelye. New York: Paragon House. \n* Pound, Ezra (April 1909\\). [*Personae*](https://archive.org/details/personaepoems00pounrich). London: Elkin Mathews.\n* Pound, Ezra (1910\\). *[The Spirit of Romance](/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Romance \"The Spirit of Romance\")*. London: J. M. Dent \\& Sons.\n* Pound, Ezra (1912\\). [*Ripostes*](https://archive.org/stream/ripostesofezrapo00pounrich). London: Stephen Swift \\& Co Ltd.\n* Pound, Ezra (March 1913\\). [\"A Few Don'ts by an Imagiste\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=1&issue=6&page=29). *Poetry*. I(6\\), 200–206\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (April 1913\\). [\"In a Station of the Metro\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=12675). *Poetry*. II(1\\), 40\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (ed.) (1914\\). [*Des Imagistes*](https://archive.org/details/desimagistesanan00alberich). New York: Albert and Charles Boni.\n* Pound, Ezra (June 1914\\). [\"Vortex\"](https://issuu.com/dylan_k/docs/blast_-_a_vorticist_journal_1/199). *BLAST*, edited by [Wyndham Lewis](/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis \"Wyndham Lewis\"), no. 1\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (1915\\). *[Cathay](https://archive.org/details/cathayezrapound00pounrich)*. London: Elkin Mathews.\n* Pound, Ezra (1916\\). *[Gaudier\\-Brzeska: A Memoir](https://archive.org/details/gaudierbrzeskame00poun)*. London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head.\n* Pound, Ezra (June 1917\\). [\"Three Cantos: I\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13723). *Poetry*. X(III), 113–121\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (July 1917\\). [\"Three Cantos: II\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13764). *Poetry*. X(IV), 180–188\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (August 1917\\)]. [\"Three Cantos: III\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?contentId=13810). *Poetry*. X(V), 248–254\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (1918\\). \"A Retrospect\". *[Pavannes and Divisions](https://archive.org/details/pavannesdivision00poun)*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 95–111\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (1920\\). [\"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley\"](https://archive.org/details/hughselwynmauber00pounrich). London: The Ovid Press.\n* Pound, Ezra (1934\\). \"Cavalcanti\". *[Make It New](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185999)*. London: Faber \\& Faber, 345–407\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (Jan–Mar 1947\\). \"Canto LXXVI\". *The Sewanee Review*. 55(1\\), 56–67\\. \n* Pound, Ezra (Summer Fall 1962\\). [\"Canto 116\"](https://www.theparisreview.org/poetry/7347/canto-116-a-href-authors-3793-ezra-poundezra-pound-a). *Paris Review*. 28, 14–16\\.\n* Pound, Ezra (1970\\) \\[1967]. *Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce*. Edited by Forrest Read. New York: New Directions Publishing. \n* Pound, Ezra (1974\\) \\[June 1914]. \"How I Began\". In Grace Schulman (ed.). *[Ezra Pound: A Collection of Criticism](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundcollect00schu)*. New York: McGraw\\-Hill Book Company, 23–26\\. \n* Pound, Ezra (1990\\) \\[1926]. *Personae: The Shorter Poems of Ezra Pound*. Revised edition. Edited by Lea Baechler and A. Walter Litz. New York: New Directions Publishing.\n* Pound, Ezra (1996\\) \\[1970]. *The Cantos of Ezra Pound*. New York: New Directions Publishing. \n* Pound, Ezra (2003a). *[Poems and Translations](https://archive.org/details/poemstranslation0000poun)*. New York: Library of America. \n* Pound, Ezra (2003b) \\[1948]. *The Pisan Cantos*. Edited by [Richard Sieburth](/wiki/Richard_Sieburth \"Richard Sieburth\"). New York: New Directions Books. \n* [Pound, Omar](/wiki/Omar_Pound \"Omar Pound\") and Litz, A. Walton (1984\\). *Ezra Pound and Dorothy Shakespear. Their Letters: 1909–1914*. New York: New Directions Publishing. \n* Pound, Omar and [Spoo, Robert](/wiki/Robert_Spoo \"Robert Spoo\") (1999\\). *Ezra and Dorothy Pound: Letters in Captivity, 1945–1946*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* Preda, Roxana (2005a). \"Economics\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 87–89\\. \n* Preda, Roxana (2005b). \"Economics: Usury\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 89–90\\. \n* [*Punch* magazine](https://archive.org/details/punchvol136a137lemouoft) (January–June 1909\\). Volume 136\\.\n* [Putnam, Samuel](/wiki/Samuel_Putnam \"Samuel Putnam\") (1947\\). [*Paris Was Our Mistress: Memoirs of a Lost and Found Generation*](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80890). New York: Viking Press. \n* Qian, Zhaoming (2000\\). \"Pound and Chinese Art in the 'British Museum Era. In Dennis, Helen M. (ed). [*Ezra Pound and Poetic Influence*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BYCet6O78_sC). The Official Proceedings of the 17th International Ezra Pound Conference. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, pp. 100–113\\. \n* Reck, Michael (June 1968\\). \"A Conversation between Ezra Pound and Allen Ginsberg\". *[Evergreen Review](/wiki/Evergreen_Review \"Evergreen Review\")*. 12 (55\\): 27–29, 84\\.\n* Reck, Michael (9 October 1986\\). [\"An Exchange on Ezra Pound\"](https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/10/09/an-exchange-on-ezra-pound/). *The New York Review of Books*.\n* [Redman, Tim](/wiki/Tim_Redman \"Tim Redman\") (1991\\). *Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \n* Redman, Tim (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Pound's politics and economics\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 249–263\\. \n* Reynolds, Michael (2000\\) \\[1999]. *Hemingway: The Final Years*. New York: W. W. Norton \\& Company. \n* [Ricks, Christopher](/wiki/Christopher_Ricks \"Christopher Ricks\") (1988\\). [*T. S. Eliot and Prejudice*](https://archive.org/details/tseliotprejudice0000rick_c6n8). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. \n* Rossi, Romolo (2008\\). [\"A Psychiatrist's Recollections of Ezra Pound\"](http://www.lcm.unige.it/ricerca/pub/15/09.pdf). *Quaderni di Palazzo Serra*. 15, 144–149\\.\n* Sarfatti, Michele (2006\\). *The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution*. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. \n* Sandburg, Carl (February 1916\\). [\"The Work of Ezra Pound\"](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/articles/59005/the-work-of-ezra-pound). *Poetry*.\n* [Sieburth, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Sieburth \"Richard Sieburth\") (August 1979\\). \"Review: He Do the Enemy in Different Voices\". *Poetry*. 134(5\\), 292–302\\. \n* Sieburth, Richard (2003\\). \"Introduction\". In Ezra Pound. *The Pisan Cantos*. New York: New Directions Books, ix–xliii. \n* Slatin, Myles (October 1955\\). \"More by Ezra Pound\". *The Yale University Library Gazette*. 30(2\\), 74–80\\. \n* Spoo, Robert (2005\\). \"Cravens, Margaret (1881–1912\\)\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.). [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 67\\. \n* [Stein, Gertrude](/wiki/Gertrude_Stein \"Gertrude Stein\") (1933\\). *[The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.58613)*. New York: The Literary Guild. \n* [Stoicheff, Peter](/wiki/Peter_Stoicheff \"Peter Stoicheff\") (Spring 1986\\).\"The Composition and Publication History of Ezra Pound's Drafts \\& Fragments\"]. *Twentieth Century Literature*. 32(1\\), 78–94\\. \n* Stoicheff, Peter (1995\\). *[The Hall of Mirrors: Drafts \\& Fragments and the End of Ezra Pound's Cantos](https://archive.org/details/hallofmirrorsdra0000stoi)*. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. \n* Stock, Noel (1970\\). [*The Life of Ezra Pound*](https://archive.org/details/lifeofezrapound0000unse). New York: Pantheon Books. \n* Surette, Leon and Tryphonopoulos, Demetres (2005\\). [\"'With usura hath no man a house of good stone' (Pound, Canto 45\\): An Interview with Leon Surette\"](https://www.academia.edu/19430516/With_usura_hath_no_man_a_house_of_good_stone_and_quot_Pound_Canto_45_An_Interview_with_Leon_Surette). *ESC: English Studies in Canada*.\n* Swift, Daniel (2017\\). *The Bughouse: The Poetry, Politics, and Madness of Ezra Pound*. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. \n* [Tate, Allen](/wiki/Allen_Tate \"Allen Tate\") (1955\\). \"Ezra Pound and the Bollingen Prize\". In Allen Tate (ed.). *The Man Of Letters In The Modern World*. New York: Meridian Books, 264–267\\.\n* Terrell, Carroll F. (1993\\) \\[1980–1984]. *A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound*. Berkeley: University of California Press. \n* Thacker, Andrew (2018\\) \\[2010]. *The Imagist Poets*. Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers. \n* [Torrey, Edwin Fuller](/wiki/E._Fuller_Torrey \"E. Fuller Torrey\") (1992\\) \\[1984]. *[The Roots of Treason and the Secret of St. Elizabeths](https://archive.org/details/rootsoftreasonez0000torr)*. Bethesda, MD: Lucas Books. \n* Tremblay, Tony (Fall \\& Winter 1998\\). \"The Literary Occult in the Letters of Marshall McLuhan and Ezra Pound\"]. *Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics*. 27(2/3\\), 107–127\\. \n* Tryphonopoulous, Demetres and Dunton, Sara (2019\\). \"To Translate or Not To Translate? Pound's Prosodic Provocations in *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley*\". In Lynn Kozak, Miranda Hickman (eds.). *The Classics in Modernist Translation*. London and New York: Bloomsbury. \n* [Tytell, John](/wiki/John_Tytell \"John Tytell\") (1987\\). [*Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundsolitar00tyte_0). New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday. \n* Wallace, Emily Mitchell (2010\\). \"America\". In Ira B. Nadel (ed.). *Ezra Pound in Context*. New York: Cambridge University Press, 202–220\\. \n* Webb, Clive (2011\\). *Rabble Rousers: The American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era*. Athens: University of Georgia Press.\n* Wilhelm, James J. (1985a). [*The American Roots of Ezra Pound*](https://archive.org/details/americanrootsofe0000wilh). New York: Garland Publishing, 1985\\. \n* Wilhelm, James J. (1985b). \"Pounds's four fascinating grandparents\". *Paideuma: Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics*. 14(2/3\\), Fall \\& Winter, 377–384\\. \n* Wilhelm, James J. (1990\\). *Ezra Pound in London and Paris, 1908–1925*. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. \n* Wilhelm, James J. (1994\\). *Ezra Pound: The Tragic Years 1925–1972*. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. \n* Wilson, Peter (2014\\) \\[1997]. *A Preface to Ezra Pound*. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. \n* Witemeyer, Hugh (1981\\) \\[1969]. [*The Poetry of Ezra Pound: Forms and Renewal 1908–1920*](https://archive.org/details/poetryofezrapoun0000wite). Berkeley: University of California Press. \n* Witemeyer, Hugh (2001\\) \\[1999]. \"Early Poetry 1908–1920\". In Ira Nadel (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Ezra Pound*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 43–58\\. \n* Witemeyer, Hugh (2005a). \"A Lume Spento\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 185–186\\. \n* Witemeyer, Hugh (2005b). \"A Quinzaine for This Yule\". In Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams (eds.) [*The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia*](https://archive.org/details/ezrapoundencyclo0000unse). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 249\\. \n* Yao, Steven G. (2010\\). \"Translation\", Ira B. Nadel (ed.) in *Ezra Pound in Context*. New York: Cambridge University Press. \n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n### Articles\n\n* [Caldwell, Christopher](/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_%28journalist%29 \"Christopher Caldwell (journalist)\") (15 March 1999\\). [\"The Poet as Con Artist\"](https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-poet-as-con-artist). *The Weekly Standard*.\n* [Campbell, James](/wiki/James_Campbell_%28author%29 \"James Campbell (author)\") (17 May 2008\\). [\"Home from home\"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3). *The Guardian*.\n* Ellison, Michael (27 October 1999\\). [\"Jew\\-hating Ezra Pound barred from poets' corner\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/27/michaelellison). *The Guardian*.\n* [Feldman, Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman_%28historian%29 \"Matthew Feldman (historian)\") (2009\\). \"Make It Crude: Ezra Pound's Antisemitic Propaganda for the BUF and PNF\". *Holocaust Studies*. 15(1–2\\), 59–77\\. \n* Mertens, Richard (April 2001\\). [\"Letter by letter\"](http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0108/features/letter.html). *University of Chicago Magazine*.\n* Ormsby, Eric (7 July 2017\\). [\"Bedlam salon\"](https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/ezra-pound-daniel-swift/). *Times Literary Supplement*.\n* [Orwell, George](/wiki/George_Orwell \"George Orwell\") (May 1949\\). \"The Question of the Pound Award\". *The Partisan Review*, 517\\.\n\t+ Also in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Ian (eds.). (1968\\). *[George Orwell: In Front of Your Nose: 1945–1950](https://archive.org/details/infrontofyournos0000unse)*. Volume IV. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 490–491\\. \n* Sokol, B. J. (December 1976\\). \"What Went Wrong between Robert Frost and Ezra Pound\". *The New England Quarterly*. 49(4\\), 521–541\\. \n* [Wertham, Fredric](/wiki/Fredric_Wertham \"Fredric Wertham\") (Winter 2000\\) \\[1949]. [\"The Road to Rapallo: A Psychiatric Study\"](https://psychotherapy.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.1.102). *American Journal of Psychotherapy*. 54(1\\), 102–115\\.\n* [Wheatley, David](/wiki/David_Wheatley_%28poet%29 \"David Wheatley (poet)\") (13 May 2006\\). [\"The vain theories of a village explainer\"](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-vain-theories-of-a-village-explainer-1.1002751). *The Irish Times*.\n\n### Audio and video\n\n* [Ezra Pound recordings](http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Pound.html). PennSound. University of Pennsylvania.\n* [\"The Four Steps\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20021229075926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/pounde1.shtml) (recording of Pound). BBC Home Service, 21 June 1958\\.\n* Hammer, Langdon (February 2007\\). [Lecture on Ezra Pound](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYQ7dWVI_I8). Yale University.\n* [Sieburth, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Sieburth \"Richard Sieburth\") (15 March 2013\\). [\"The Voice in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbNGjTwdktQ) (discusses recordings of Pound). Woodberry Poetry Room. Harvard University.\n* [Pier Paolo Pasolini](/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini \"Pier Paolo Pasolini\") interviews Ezra Pound [Pasolini incontra Ezra Pound](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3v2t5LYP-8)\n\n### Books\n\n* [Desai, Meghnad](/wiki/Meghnad_Desai%2C_Baron_Desai \"Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai\") (2006\\). *[The Route of All Evil: The Political Economy of Ezra Pound](https://archive.org/details/routeofallevilpo0000desa)*. London: Faber \\& Faber. \n* [Eliot, T. S.](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\") (1917\\). *[Ezra Pound: His Metric and his Poetry](http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7275)*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. \n* McDiarmid, Lucy (2014\\). *Poets \\& the Peacock Dinner: The Literary History of a Meal*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* Russell, Peter (ed.) (1950\\). *[An Examination of Ezra Pound](https://archive.org/details/examinationofezr0000russ)*. New York: New Directions (essays by Eliot, Sitwell, Tate, Hemingway, and others).\n* Surette, Leon (1999\\). *Pound in Purgatory: From Economic Radicalism to Anti\\-Semitism*. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. \n* Witemeyer, Hugh (ed.) (1996\\). [*Pound/Williams: Selected letters of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiWN1zaoCgC&pg=PA123). New York: New Directions. \n\n",
"### Articles\n\n* [Caldwell, Christopher](/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_%28journalist%29 \"Christopher Caldwell (journalist)\") (15 March 1999\\). [\"The Poet as Con Artist\"](https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-poet-as-con-artist). *The Weekly Standard*.\n* [Campbell, James](/wiki/James_Campbell_%28author%29 \"James Campbell (author)\") (17 May 2008\\). [\"Home from home\"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3). *The Guardian*.\n* Ellison, Michael (27 October 1999\\). [\"Jew\\-hating Ezra Pound barred from poets' corner\"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/27/michaelellison). *The Guardian*.\n* [Feldman, Matthew](/wiki/Matthew_Feldman_%28historian%29 \"Matthew Feldman (historian)\") (2009\\). \"Make It Crude: Ezra Pound's Antisemitic Propaganda for the BUF and PNF\". *Holocaust Studies*. 15(1–2\\), 59–77\\. \n* Mertens, Richard (April 2001\\). [\"Letter by letter\"](http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0108/features/letter.html). *University of Chicago Magazine*.\n* Ormsby, Eric (7 July 2017\\). [\"Bedlam salon\"](https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/ezra-pound-daniel-swift/). *Times Literary Supplement*.\n* [Orwell, George](/wiki/George_Orwell \"George Orwell\") (May 1949\\). \"The Question of the Pound Award\". *The Partisan Review*, 517\\.\n\t+ Also in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Ian (eds.). (1968\\). *[George Orwell: In Front of Your Nose: 1945–1950](https://archive.org/details/infrontofyournos0000unse)*. Volume IV. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 490–491\\. \n* Sokol, B. J. (December 1976\\). \"What Went Wrong between Robert Frost and Ezra Pound\". *The New England Quarterly*. 49(4\\), 521–541\\. \n* [Wertham, Fredric](/wiki/Fredric_Wertham \"Fredric Wertham\") (Winter 2000\\) \\[1949]. [\"The Road to Rapallo: A Psychiatric Study\"](https://psychotherapy.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.1.102). *American Journal of Psychotherapy*. 54(1\\), 102–115\\.\n* [Wheatley, David](/wiki/David_Wheatley_%28poet%29 \"David Wheatley (poet)\") (13 May 2006\\). [\"The vain theories of a village explainer\"](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-vain-theories-of-a-village-explainer-1.1002751). *The Irish Times*.\n\n",
"### Audio and video\n\n* [Ezra Pound recordings](http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Pound.html). PennSound. University of Pennsylvania.\n* [\"The Four Steps\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20021229075926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/pounde1.shtml) (recording of Pound). BBC Home Service, 21 June 1958\\.\n* Hammer, Langdon (February 2007\\). [Lecture on Ezra Pound](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYQ7dWVI_I8). Yale University.\n* [Sieburth, Richard](/wiki/Richard_Sieburth \"Richard Sieburth\") (15 March 2013\\). [\"The Voice in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbNGjTwdktQ) (discusses recordings of Pound). Woodberry Poetry Room. Harvard University.\n* [Pier Paolo Pasolini](/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini \"Pier Paolo Pasolini\") interviews Ezra Pound [Pasolini incontra Ezra Pound](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3v2t5LYP-8)\n",
"### Books\n\n* [Desai, Meghnad](/wiki/Meghnad_Desai%2C_Baron_Desai \"Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai\") (2006\\). *[The Route of All Evil: The Political Economy of Ezra Pound](https://archive.org/details/routeofallevilpo0000desa)*. London: Faber \\& Faber. \n* [Eliot, T. S.](/wiki/T._S._Eliot \"T. S. Eliot\") (1917\\). *[Ezra Pound: His Metric and his Poetry](http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7275)*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. \n* McDiarmid, Lucy (2014\\). *Poets \\& the Peacock Dinner: The Literary History of a Meal*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \n* Russell, Peter (ed.) (1950\\). *[An Examination of Ezra Pound](https://archive.org/details/examinationofezr0000russ)*. New York: New Directions (essays by Eliot, Sitwell, Tate, Hemingway, and others).\n* Surette, Leon (1999\\). *Pound in Purgatory: From Economic Radicalism to Anti\\-Semitism*. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. \n* Witemeyer, Hugh (ed.) (1996\\). [*Pound/Williams: Selected letters of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jSiWN1zaoCgC&pg=PA123). New York: New Directions. \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The Ezra Pound Society](http://ezrapoundsociety.org)\n* [Ezra Pound papers](https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/ezra-pound-papers); [photographs](http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Search/Results?lookfor=ezra+pound&type=AllFields&filter%5B%5D=genre_facet%3A%22Photographs%22); and [William Bird Ezra Pound papers](https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/1439). Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Yale University.\n* [\"Selected World War II Broadcasts\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100420000337/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/pound/radio.htm). University of Illinois at Urbana\\-Champaign.\n* [\"Ezra Pound collection\"](http://atom.archives.sfu.ca/index.php/ezra-pound-collection). Simon Fraser University.\n* [\"Ezra Pound collection, 1911–1920\"](http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zs8p). Emory University.\n* [Ezra Pound papers, 1915–1959](https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079578). Columbia University Libraries.\n* [\"Ezra Pound\"](https://archive.org/details/EzraPoundFBI). Federal Bureau of Investigation.\n* [\"Frequently requested records: Ezra Pound\"](https://www.justice.gov/criminal/foia/ezra-pound.html). United States Department of Justice.\n* [Archives of the *New Age*](https://modjourn.org/journal/new-age/).\n\n[Category:1885 births](/wiki/Category:1885_births \"1885 births\")\n[Category:1972 deaths](/wiki/Category:1972_deaths \"1972 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American essayists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_essayists \"20th-century American essayists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male musicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_musicians \"20th-century American male musicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers \"20th-century American male writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American poets](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_poets \"20th-century American poets\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American translators](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_translators \"20th-century American translators\")\n[Category:American anti\\-capitalists](/wiki/Category:American_anti-capitalists \"American anti-capitalists\")\n[Category:American art critics](/wiki/Category:American_art_critics \"American art critics\")\n[Category:American art historians](/wiki/Category:American_art_historians \"American art historians\")\n[Category:American classical composers](/wiki/Category:American_classical_composers \"American classical composers\")\n[Category:American broadcasters for Nazi Germany](/wiki/Category:American_broadcasters_for_Nazi_Germany \"American broadcasters for Nazi Germany\")\n[Category:American collaborators with Fascist Italy](/wiki/Category:American_collaborators_with_Fascist_Italy \"American collaborators with Fascist Italy\")\n[Category:American conspiracy theorists](/wiki/Category:American_conspiracy_theorists \"American conspiracy theorists\")\n[Category:American expatriates in England](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_England \"American expatriates in England\")\n[Category:American expatriates in France](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_France 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]
} |
Planctae | {
"id": [
38270910
],
"name": [
"AryKun"
]
} | njnho3dwqv5sup7um5f5lo1e3d8zo76 | 2023-07-27T10:19:21Z | 1,142,390,062 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nIn [Greek mythology](/wiki/Greek_mythology \"Greek mythology\"), the **Planctae** (, *Planktai*, \"Wanderers\") or **Wandering Rocks** were a group of rocks, between which the sea was mercilessly violent. The [Argo](/wiki/Argo \"Argo\") (led by [Jason](/wiki/Jason \"Jason\")) was the only ship to navigate them successfully (with divine help from [Hera](/wiki/Hera \"Hera\"), [Thetis](/wiki/Thetis \"Thetis\"), and the [Nereids](/wiki/Nereids \"Nereids\")). Jason chose to brave the Planctae instead of braving [Scylla](/wiki/Scylla \"Scylla\") and [Charybdis](/wiki/Charybdis \"Charybdis\").\n\nIn the *[Odyssey](/wiki/Odyssey \"Odyssey\")* of [Homer](/wiki/Homer \"Homer\"), the sorceress [Circe](/wiki/Circe \"Circe\") tells [Odysseus](/wiki/Odysseus \"Odysseus\") of the \"Wandering Rocks\" or \"Roving Rocks\" that have only been successfully passed by the *[Argo](/wiki/Argo \"Argo\")* when *homeward* bound. These rocks smash ships and the remaining timbers are scattered by the sea or destroyed by flames. The rocks lie on one of two potential routes to [Ithaca](/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca \"Homer's Ithaca\"); the alternative, which is taken by Odysseus, leads to [Scylla and Charybdis](/wiki/Scylla_and_Charybdis \"Scylla and Charybdis\"). Furthermore, in the *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")*, it was [Hera](/wiki/Hera \"Hera\"), for her love of [Jason](/wiki/Jason \"Jason\"), who sped the Argo through the [Symplegades](/wiki/Symplegades \"Symplegades\") safely.Homer, \"The Odyssey\", XII, 60–80\\.\n\nThe rocks also appear on the journey in the *[Argonautica](/wiki/Argonautica \"Argonautica\")* by [Apollonius of Rhodes](/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes \"Apollonius of Rhodes\"), who also locates them near Scylla and Charybdis, but beyond them rather than as an alternative route.Apollonius, The Argonautica, 4\\.782\\-788 Apollonius distinguishes between two sets of dangerous rocks, the Symplegades and the Planctae. The Symplegades were encountered on the way to the [Golden Fleece](/wiki/Golden_Fleece \"Golden Fleece\") and the Planctae were encountered on the return voyage. Which god or goddess helped the Argonauts safely sail through the Clashing Rocks is unclear in the text. [Athena](/wiki/Athena \"Athena\") helped in the former task, while [Thetis](/wiki/Thetis \"Thetis\") and her sisters the [Nereids](/wiki/Nereids \"Nereids\") helped in the latter one. However, the plans to help Jason pass these obstacles were ultimately orchestrated by Hera according to Apollonius, thus agreeing with Homer.Apollonius of Rhodes, \"Jason and the Golden Fleece\", Trans. Richard Hunter, [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), [Great Clarendon Street](/wiki/Great_Clarendon_Street \"Great Clarendon Street\"), Oxford, 1993, p. 158, note 117\\. Book II, 597–598 and Book IV, 859–958\\.\n\nThe similarities and differences between the Wandering Rocks and the [Symplegades](/wiki/Symplegades \"Symplegades\") has been much debated by scholars, as have potential locations for them. (See also *[Geography of the Odyssey](/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey \"Geography of the Odyssey\")*.) As [Scylla and Charybdis](/wiki/Scylla_and_Charybdis \"Scylla and Charybdis\") have often been located in the [Straits of Messina](/wiki/Straits_of_Messina \"Straits of Messina\"), this has led some (like [E. V. Rieu](/wiki/E._V._Rieu \"E. V. Rieu\")) to suggest the Wandering Rocks were located around [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\"), with their flames and smoke coming from [Mount Etna](/wiki/Mount_Etna \"Mount Etna\"). An alternative theory of the geography of the *Odyssey* places Circe, the [Sirens](/wiki/Siren_%28mythology%29 \"Siren (mythology)\"), Scylla \\& Charybdis and the Wandering Rocks, all mentioned in the stories of both Jason and Odysseus, in [northwest Greece](/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey%23Around_Greece \"Geography of the Odyssey#Around Greece\"). [Tim Severin](/wiki/Tim_Severin \"Tim Severin\") noted that the island of [Sesola](/wiki/Sesola \"Sesola\") off the coast of [Lefkada](/wiki/Lefkada \"Lefkada\") looked very similar to the rocks from the Argo story, and also that the area is near a geological fault; he hypothesises that, due to both its similarity with the legends of the Symplegades and the stories of the *Argo* sailing home via the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea \"Adriatic Sea\") and [Ionian Seas](/wiki/Ionian_Sea \"Ionian Sea\"), the original legend was copied to the area. Severin also supports his theory with locations for Scylla and Charybdis being located on the other side of Levkas, noting that the name \"[Cape Skilla](/wiki/Cape_Skilla \"Cape Skilla\")\" is still used for a nearby headland on the mainland.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Mythological islands](/wiki/Category:Mythological_islands \"Mythological islands\")\n[Category:Locations in Greek mythology](/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Greek_mythology \"Locations in Greek mythology\")\n\n"
]
} |
Album (disambiguation) | {
"id": [
41562515
],
"name": [
"Ratnahastin"
]
} | oof0d7t2rev1ma9mjc8rydq6csba4uk | 2024-10-10T09:08:38Z | 1,250,399,947 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Music",
"Film and television",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nAn **[album](/wiki/Album \"Album\")** is a collection of audio and video recordings.\n\n**Album** may also refer to:\n\n",
"Music\n-----\n\n* *[Album – Generic Flipper](/wiki/Album_%E2%80%93_Generic_Flipper \"Album – Generic Flipper\")*, by the band Flipper\n* [*Album* (Girls album)](/wiki/Album_%28Girls_album%29 \"Album (Girls album)\")\n* [*Album* (Joan Jett album)](/wiki/Album_%28Joan_Jett_album%29 \"Album (Joan Jett album)\")\n* [*Álbum* (Lu album)](/wiki/%C3%81lbum_%28Lu_album%29 \"Álbum (Lu album)\")\n* [*Album* (Dave Pike Set album)](/wiki/Album_%28Dave_Pike_Set_album%29 \"Album (Dave Pike Set album)\")\n* [*Album* (Public Image Ltd. album)](/wiki/Album_%28Public_Image_Ltd_album%29 \"Album (Public Image Ltd album)\")\n* [*Album* (Quorthon album)](/wiki/Album_%28Quorthon_album%29 \"Album (Quorthon album)\")\n* [*Album* (Ghali album)](/wiki/Album_%28Ghali_album%29 \"Album (Ghali album)\")\n",
"Film and television\n-------------------\n\n* [*Album* (2002 film)](/wiki/Album_%282002_film%29 \"Album (2002 film)\"), a 2002 Indian film\n* [*Album* (2016 film)](/wiki/Album_%282016_film%29 \"Album (2016 film)\"), a 2016 Turkish film\n* [\"Album\" (*Land of the Lost*)](/wiki/Album_%28Land_of_the_Lost%29 \"Album (Land of the Lost)\"), a television episode\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Album (Ancient Rome)](/wiki/Album_%28Ancient_Rome%29 \"Album (Ancient Rome)\"), a board chalked or painted white, on which public notices were inscribed in black.\n* [*Album* (magazine)](/wiki/Album_%28magazine%29 \"Album (magazine)\"), a photography magazine\n* [Autograph book](/wiki/Autograph_book \"Autograph book\"), a book in which autographs are kept\n* [Comics album](/wiki/Comics_album \"Comics album\"), a common format for publishing Franco\\-Belgian comics\n* [Confession album](/wiki/Confession_album \"Confession album\"), used to record the opinions of friends\n* [Muraqqa](/wiki/Muraqqa \"Muraqqa\"), containing Islamic miniature paintings and calligraphy\n* [Photo album](/wiki/Photo_album \"Photo album\"), a book of related photographs\n* [Stamp album](/wiki/Stamp_album \"Stamp album\"), a book in which a collection of postage stamps may be stored and displayed\n* [Sticker album](/wiki/Sticker_album \"Sticker album\"), a book in which a collection of stickers may be stored and displayed\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [*The Album* (disambiguation)](/wiki/The_Album_%28disambiguation%29 \"The Album (disambiguation)\")\n* [Alba (disambiguation)](/wiki/Alba_%28disambiguation%29 \"Alba (disambiguation)\")\n* [Albus (disambiguation)](/wiki/Albus_%28disambiguation%29 \"Albus (disambiguation)\")\n* *[C. album (disambiguation)](/wiki/C._album_%28disambiguation%29 \"C. album (disambiguation)\")*\n* *[V. album (disambiguation)](/wiki/V._album_%28disambiguation%29 \"V. album (disambiguation)\")*\n\n"
]
} |
Syriac language | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"91.116.3.71"
]
} | 9fu2zgg9egbzpywrb8bs6k4ml9x41aq | 2024-10-06T11:21:14Z | 1,243,588,096 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Name",
"Endonyms and exonyms",
"Wider and narrower meanings",
"Geographic distribution",
"History",
"Origins",
"Literary Syriac",
"Current status",
"Grammar",
"Nouns",
"Verbs",
"Phonology",
"Consonants",
"Vowels",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Syriac language** ( ; ), also known natively in its spoken form in early [Syriac literature](/wiki/Syriac_literature \"Syriac literature\") as **Edessan** (), the **Mesopotamian language** () and **Aramaic** (), is an [Eastern Middle Aramaic](/wiki/Aramaic%23Eastern_Middle_Aramaic \"Aramaic#Eastern Middle Aramaic\") dialect. **Classical Syriac** is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'. In its [West\\-Syriac](/wiki/West-Syriac_Rite \"West-Syriac Rite\") tradition, Classical Syriac is often known as () or simply , or , while in its [East\\-Syriac](/wiki/East-Syriac_Rite \"East-Syriac Rite\") tradition, it is known as () or ().\n\nIt emerged during the first century AD from a local [Eastern Aramaic](/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages \"Eastern Aramaic languages\") dialect that was spoken in the ancient region of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\"), centered in the city of [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"). During the [Early Christian](/wiki/Early_Christian \"Early Christian\") period, it became the main [literary language](/wiki/Literary_language \"Literary language\") of various Aramaic\\-speaking Christian communities in the historical region of [Ancient Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 \"Syria (region)\") and throughout the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\"). As a [liturgical language](/wiki/Liturgical_language \"Liturgical language\") of [Syriac Christianity](/wiki/Syriac_Christianity \"Syriac Christianity\"), it gained a prominent role among [Eastern Christian](/wiki/Eastern_Christian \"Eastern Christian\") communities that used both [Eastern Syriac](/wiki/Eastern_Syriac_Rite \"Eastern Syriac Rite\") and [Western Syriac](/wiki/Western_Syriac_Rite \"Western Syriac Rite\") rites. Following the spread of Syriac Christianity, it also became a liturgical language of eastern Christian communities as far as [India](/wiki/India_%28East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province%29 \"India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)\") and [China](/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China \"Church of the East in China\"). It flourished from the 4th to the 8th century, and continued to have an important role during the next centuries, but by the end of the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") it was gradually reduced to liturgical use, since the role of [vernacular language](/wiki/Vernacular_language \"Vernacular language\") among its native speakers was overtaken by several emerging [Neo\\-Aramaic languages](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages \"Neo-Aramaic languages\").\n\nClassical Syriac is written in the [Syriac alphabet](/wiki/Syriac_alphabet \"Syriac alphabet\"), a derivation of the [Aramaic alphabet](/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet \"Aramaic alphabet\"). The language is preserved in a large body of [Syriac literature](/wiki/Syriac_literature \"Syriac literature\"), that comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature. Along with [Greek](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") and [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language \"Latin language\"), Syriac became one of the three most important languages of [Early Christianity](/wiki/Early_Christianity \"Early Christianity\"). Already from the first and second centuries AD, the inhabitants of the region of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\") began to embrace [Christianity](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\"), and by the third and fourth centuries, local Edessan Aramaic language became the vehicle of the specific Christian culture that came to be known as the [Syriac Christianity](/wiki/Syriac_Christianity \"Syriac Christianity\"). Because of theological differences, Syriac\\-speaking Christians diverged during the 5th century into the [Church of the East](/wiki/Church_of_the_East \"Church of the East\") that followed the [East Syriac Rite](/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite \"East Syriac Rite\") under the [Persian](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\") rule, and the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\") that followed the [West Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\") under the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") rule.\n\nAs a liturgical language of [Syriac Christianity](/wiki/Syriac_Christianity \"Syriac Christianity\"), Classical Syriac spread throughout [Asia](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") as far as the South Indian [Malabar Coast](/wiki/Malabar_Coast \"Malabar Coast\"), and [Eastern China](/wiki/Eastern_China \"Eastern China\"), and became the medium of communication and cultural dissemination for the later [Arabs](/wiki/Arabs \"Arabs\"), and (to a lesser extent) the other peoples of [Parthian](/wiki/Parthian_Empire \"Parthian Empire\") and [Sasanian](/wiki/Sasanian_Empire \"Sasanian Empire\") empires. Primarily a [Christian](/wiki/Christians \"Christians\") medium of expression, Syriac had a fundamental cultural and literary influence on the development of [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"), which largely replaced it during the later medieval period.\n\nSyriac remains the [sacred language](/wiki/Sacred_language \"Sacred language\") of [Syriac Christianity](/wiki/Syriac_Christianity \"Syriac Christianity\") to this day. It is used as liturgical language of several denominations, like those who follow the [East Syriac Rite](/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite \"East Syriac Rite\"), including the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East \"Assyrian Church of the East\"), the [Ancient Church of the East](/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East \"Ancient Church of the East\"), the [Chaldean Catholic Church](/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church \"Chaldean Catholic Church\"), the [Syro\\-Malabar Catholic Church](/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church \"Syro-Malabar Catholic Church\"), and the [Assyrian Pentecostal Church](/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church \"Assyrian Pentecostal Church\"), and also those who follow the [West Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\"), including: [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\"), the [Syriac Catholic Church](/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church \"Syriac Catholic Church\"), the [Maronite Catholic Church](/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church \"Maronite Catholic Church\"), the [Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church](/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church \"Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church\"), the [Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church](/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church \"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church\") and the [Syro\\-Malankara Catholic Church](/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church \"Syro-Malankara Catholic Church\"). Classical Syriac was originally the liturgical language of the Syriac [Melkites](/wiki/Melkite \"Melkite\") within the [Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch](/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch \"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch\") in [Antioch](/wiki/Antioch \"Antioch\") and parts of [ancient Syria](/wiki/Syria_Prima \"Syria Prima\"). The Syriac Melkites changed their church's [West Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\") to that of [Constantinople](/wiki/Byzantine_Rite \"Byzantine Rite\") in the 9th\\-11th centuries, necessitating new translations of all their Syriac liturgical books.\"JACOB BARCLAY, Melkite Orthodox Syro\\-Byzantine Manuscripts in Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic\" quote from the German book Internationale Zeitschriftenschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete, p. 291\"The west Syriac tradition covers the Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, and Melkite churches, though the Melkites changed their Church's rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th\\-11th centuries, which required new translations of all its liturgical books.\", quote from the book The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, p.917\n\n",
"Name\n----\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|An 11th\\-century Syriac [manuscript](/wiki/Manuscript \"Manuscript\")](/wiki/File:Syriac_Sert%C3%A2_book_script.jpg \"Syriac Sertâ book script.jpg\")\n\nIn the [English language](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), the term \"Syriac\" is used as a [linguonym](/wiki/Linguonym \"Linguonym\") (language name) designating a specific variant of the [Aramaic language](/wiki/Aramaic_language \"Aramaic language\") in relation to its regional origin in northeastern parts of [Ancient Syria](/wiki/Ancient_Syria \"Ancient Syria\"), around [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), which lay outside of the provincial borders of [Roman Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\"). Since Aramaic was used by various Middle Eastern peoples, having several variants ([dialects](/wiki/Dialects \"Dialects\")), this specific dialect that originated in northeastern Syria became known under its regional (Syrian/Syriac) designation (*Suryaya*).\n\nIn English [scholarly literature](/wiki/Scholarly_literature \"Scholarly literature\"), the term \"Syriac\" is preferred over the alternative form \"Syrian\", since the latter is much more [polysemic](/wiki/Polysemic \"Polysemic\") and commonly relates to [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") in general. That distinction is used in English as a [convention](/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29 \"Convention (norm)\") and does not exist on the ancient [endonymic](/wiki/Endonymic \"Endonymic\") level. Several compound terms like \"Syriac Aramaic\", \"Syrian Aramaic\" or \"Syro\\-Aramaic\" are also used, thus emphasizing both the Aramaic nature of the language and its Syrian/Syriac regional origin.\n\n### Endonyms and exonyms\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The Syriac alphabet](/wiki/File:Aramaic_alphabet.jpg \"Aramaic alphabet.jpg\")\n\nEarly native speakers and writers used several [endonymic](/wiki/Endonymic \"Endonymic\") terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the [Aramaic language](/wiki/Aramaic_language \"Aramaic language\") in general (*Aramaya*), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as *Urhaya*, a term derived directly from the native Aramaic name for the city of [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\") (*Urhay*). Among similar endonymic names with regional connotations, term *Nahraya* was also used. It was derived from [choronym](/wiki/Choronym \"Choronym\") (regional name) [Bet\\-Nahrain](/wiki/Bet-Nahrain \"Bet-Nahrain\"), an Aramaic name for [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") in general.\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|Late Syriac text, written in *Madnhāyā* script, from [Thrissur](/wiki/Thrissur \"Thrissur\"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), 1799](/wiki/File:East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg \"East Syriac Script Thaksa.jpg\")\n\nOriginal endonymic (native) designations, for Aramaic in general (*Aramaya*), and Edessan Aramaic in particular (*Urhaya*), were later (starting from the 5th century) accompanied by another term, [exonymic](/wiki/Exonymic \"Exonymic\") (foreign) in origin: *Suryaya* (Syrian/Syriac), adopted under the influence of a long\\-standing Greek custom of referring to speakers of Aramaic as *Syrians*. Among ancient Greeks, term \"Syrian language\" was used as a common designation for Aramaic language in general, and such usage was also reflected in Aramaic, by subsequent (acquired) use of the term \"Suryaya\" as the most preferred [synonym](/wiki/Synonym \"Synonym\") for \"Aramaya\" (Aramaic).\n\nPractice of interchangeable naming (Aramaya, Urhaya, Nahraya, and Suryaya) persisted for centuries, in common use and also in works of various prominent writers. One of those who used various terms was theologian [Jacob of Edessa](/wiki/Jacob_of_Edessa \"Jacob of Edessa\") (d. 708\\), who was referring to the language as \"*Syrian or Aramaic*\" (Suryāyā awkēt Ārāmāyā), and also as *Urhāyā*, when referring to Edessan Aramaic, or *Naḥrāyā* when pointing to the region of [Bet\\-Nahrain](/wiki/Bet-Nahrain \"Bet-Nahrain\") (Aramaic term for [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") in general).\n\nPlurality of terms among native speakers (ārāmāyā, urhāyā, naḥrāyā, and suryāyā) was not reflected in Greek and Latin terminology, that preferred Syrian/Syriac designation, and the same preference was adopted by later scholars, with one important distinction: in western scholarly use, Syrian/Syriac label was subsequently reduced from the original Greek designation for Aramaic language in general to a more specific (narrower) designation for Edessan Aramaic language, that in its literary and liturgical form came to be known as *Classical Syriac*. That reduction resulted in the creation of a specific field of [Syriac studies](/wiki/Syriac_studies \"Syriac studies\"), within [Aramaic studies](/wiki/Aramaic_studies \"Aramaic studies\").\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\") in Syriac language](/wiki/File:Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png \"Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png\")\n\nPreference of early scholars towards the use of the Syrian/Syriac label was also relied upon its notable use as an alternative designation for Aramaic language in the \"*[Cave of Treasures](/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures \"Cave of Treasures\")*\", long held to be the 4th century work of an authoritative writer and revered Christian saint [Ephrem of Edessa](/wiki/Ephrem_of_Edessa \"Ephrem of Edessa\") (d. 373\\), who was thus believed to be proponent of various linguistic notions and tendencies expressed in the mentioned work. Since modern scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later ( 600\\) by an unknown author, several questions had to be reexamined. In regard to the scope and usage of Syrian/Syriac labels in linguistic terminology, some modern scholars have noted that diversity of Aramaic dialects in the wider historical [region of Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 \"Syria (region)\") should not be overlooked by improper and unspecific use of Syrian/Syriac labels.\n\nDiversity of Aramaic dialects was recorded by [Theodoret of Cyrus](/wiki/Theodoret_of_Cyrus \"Theodoret of Cyrus\") (d. 466\\), who accepted Syrian/Syriac labels as common Greek designations for the Aramaic language in general, stating that \"*the Osroënians, the Syrians, the people of the Euphrates, the Palestinians, and the Phoenicians all speak Syriac, but with many differences in pronunciation*\". Theodoret's regional (provincial) differentiation of Aramaic dialects included an explicit distinction between the \"Syrians\" (as Aramaic speakers of [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\") proper, western of [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\")), and the \"Osroenians\" as Aramaic speakers of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\") (eastern region, centered in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\")), thus showing that dialect of the \"Syrians\" (Aramaic speakers of proper Syria) was known to be different from that of the \"Osroenians\" (speakers of Edessan Aramaic).\n\nNative ([endonymic](/wiki/Endonymic \"Endonymic\")) use of the term *Aramaic language* (Aramaya/Oromoyo) among its speakers has continued throughout the medieval period, as attested by the works of prominent writers, including the Oriental Orthodox Patriarch [Michael of Antioch](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Antioch \"Michael I of Antioch\") (d. 1199\\).\n\n### Wider and narrower meanings\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|An ancient mosaic from [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (*Old Syriac*)](/wiki/File:Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg \"Roman Orpheus Taming Wild Animals.jpg\")\n\nSince the proper dating of the *[Cave of Treasures](/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures \"Cave of Treasures\")*, modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as designations for Aramaic language in general, including its various dialects (both eastern and western), thus challenging the conventional scholarly reduction of the term \"Syriac language\" to a specific designation for Edessan Aramaic. Such use, that excludes non\\-Edessan dialects, and particularly those of [Western Aramaic](/wiki/Western_Aramaic_language \"Western Aramaic language\") provenience, persist as an accepted convention, but in the same time stands in contradiction both with original Greek, and later native (acquired) uses of Syrian/Syriac labels as common designations for [Aramaic language](/wiki/Aramaic_language \"Aramaic language\") in general.\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|Syriac \"Codex Ambrosianus\" (F. 128\\) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive)](/wiki/File:Ambrosianus_F128.png \"Ambrosianus F128.png\")\n\nThose problems were addressed by prominent scholars, including [Theodor Nöldeke](/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke \"Theodor Nöldeke\") (d. 1930\\) who noted on several occasions that term \"*Syriac language*\" has come to have two distinctive meanings, wider and narrower, with first (historical and wider) serving as a common [synonym](/wiki/Synonym \"Synonym\") for Aramaic language in general, while other (conventional and narrower) designating only the Edessan Aramaic, also referred to more specifically as the \"*Classical Syriac*\".\n\nNoting the problem, scholars have tried to resolve the issue by being more consistent in their use of the term \"*Classical Syriac*\" as a strict and clear scientific designation for the old literary and liturgical language, but the consistency of such use was never achieved within the field.\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|A bilingual Syriac and Neo\\-Persian [psalter](/wiki/Psalter \"Psalter\"), in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th century](/wiki/File:Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG \"Bilingual Syriac-New Persian psalter in Syriac script, Bulayik, 12th-13th century AD, paper - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01760.JPG\")\n\nInconsistent use of \"Syrian/Syriac\" labels in scholarly literature has led some researchers to raise additional questions, related not only to terminological issues but also to some more fundamental (methodological) problems, that were undermining the integrity of the field. Attempts to resolve those issues were unsuccessful, and in many scholarly works, related to the old literary and liturgical language, reduction of the term \"*Classical Syriac*\" to \"*Syriac*\" (only) remained a manner of convenience, even in titles of works, including encyclopedic entries, thus creating a large body of unspecific references, that became a base for the emergence of several new classes of terminological problems at the advent of the [informational era](/wiki/Informational_era \"Informational era\"). Those problems culminated during the process of [international standardization](/wiki/International_standardization \"International standardization\") of the terms \"*Syriac*\" and \"*Classical Syriac*\" within the [ISO 639](/wiki/ISO_639 \"ISO 639\") and [MARC](/wiki/MARC_standards \"MARC standards\") systems.\n\nThe term \"*Classical Syriac*\" was accepted in 2007 and codified (ISO code: [syc](https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=511)) as a designation for the old literary and liturgical language, thus confirming the proper use of the term. In the same time, within the MARC standard, code syc was accepted as designation for *Classical Syriac*, but under the name \"*Syriac*\", while the existing general code syr, that was until then named \"*Syriac*\", was renamed to \"*Syriac, Modern*\". Within ISO 639 system, large body of unspecific references related to various linguistic uses of the term \"*Syriac*\" remained related to the original [ISO 639\\-2](/wiki/ISO_639-2 \"ISO 639-2\") code syr (*Syriac*), but its scope is defined within the [ISO 639\\-3](/wiki/ISO_639-3 \"ISO 639-3\") standard as a [macrolanguage](/wiki/Macrolanguage \"Macrolanguage\") that currently includes only some of the [Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic \"Neo-Aramaic\") languages. Such differences in classification, both terminological and substantial, within systems and between systems (ISO and MARC), led to the creation of several additional problems, that remain unresolved.\n\nWithin linguistics, mosaic of terminological ambiguities related to Syrian/Syriac labels was additionally enriched by introduction of the term \"*Palaeo\\-Syrian language*\" as a variant designation for the ancient [Eblaite language](/wiki/Eblaite_language \"Eblaite language\") from the third millennium BC, that is unrelated to the much later Edessan Aramaic, and its early phases, that were commonly labeled as Old/Proto\\- or even Paleo/Palaeo\\-Syrian/Syriac in scholarly literature. Newest addition to the terminological mosaic occurred 2014, when it was proposed, also by a scholar, that one of regional dialects of the [Old Aramaic](/wiki/Old_Aramaic \"Old Aramaic\") language from the first centuries of the [1st millennium BC](/wiki/1st_millennium_BC \"1st millennium BC\") should be called \"*Central Syrian Aramaic*\", thus introducing another ambiguous term, that can be used, in its generic meaning, to any local variant of Aramaic that occurred in central regions of Syria during any period in history.\n\nAfter more than five centuries of [Syriac studies](/wiki/Syriac_studies \"Syriac studies\"), which were founded by western scholars at the end of the 15th century, main terminological issues related to the name and classification of the language known as Edessan Aramaic, and also referred to by several other names combined of Syrian/Syriac labels, remain opened and unsolved. Some of those issues have special [sociolinguistic](/wiki/Sociolinguistic \"Sociolinguistic\") and [ethnolinguistic](/wiki/Ethnolinguistic \"Ethnolinguistic\") significance for the remaining [Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic \"Neo-Aramaic\") speaking communities.\n\nSince the occurrence of major political changes in the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\") (2003\\), those issues have acquired additional complexity, related to legal recognition of the language and its name. In the [Constitution of Iraq](/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq \"Constitution of Iraq\") (Article 4\\), adopted in 2005, and also in subsequent legislation, term \"*Syriac*\" () is used as official designation for the language of [Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic \"Neo-Aramaic\")\\-speaking communities, thus opening additional questions related to linguistic and cultural identity of those communities. Legal and other practical (educational and informational) aspects of the linguistic [self\\-identification](/wiki/Self-identification \"Self-identification\") also arose throughout Syriac\\-speaking [diaspora](/wiki/Diaspora \"Diaspora\"), particularly in European countries (Germany, Sweden, Netherlands).\n\n",
"### Endonyms and exonyms\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The Syriac alphabet](/wiki/File:Aramaic_alphabet.jpg \"Aramaic alphabet.jpg\")\n\nEarly native speakers and writers used several [endonymic](/wiki/Endonymic \"Endonymic\") terms as designations for their language. In addition to common endonym (native name) for the [Aramaic language](/wiki/Aramaic_language \"Aramaic language\") in general (*Aramaya*), another endonymic term was also used, designating more specifically the local Edessan dialect, known as *Urhaya*, a term derived directly from the native Aramaic name for the city of [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\") (*Urhay*). Among similar endonymic names with regional connotations, term *Nahraya* was also used. It was derived from [choronym](/wiki/Choronym \"Choronym\") (regional name) [Bet\\-Nahrain](/wiki/Bet-Nahrain \"Bet-Nahrain\"), an Aramaic name for [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") in general.\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|Late Syriac text, written in *Madnhāyā* script, from [Thrissur](/wiki/Thrissur \"Thrissur\"), [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\"), [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), 1799](/wiki/File:East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg \"East Syriac Script Thaksa.jpg\")\n\nOriginal endonymic (native) designations, for Aramaic in general (*Aramaya*), and Edessan Aramaic in particular (*Urhaya*), were later (starting from the 5th century) accompanied by another term, [exonymic](/wiki/Exonymic \"Exonymic\") (foreign) in origin: *Suryaya* (Syrian/Syriac), adopted under the influence of a long\\-standing Greek custom of referring to speakers of Aramaic as *Syrians*. Among ancient Greeks, term \"Syrian language\" was used as a common designation for Aramaic language in general, and such usage was also reflected in Aramaic, by subsequent (acquired) use of the term \"Suryaya\" as the most preferred [synonym](/wiki/Synonym \"Synonym\") for \"Aramaya\" (Aramaic).\n\nPractice of interchangeable naming (Aramaya, Urhaya, Nahraya, and Suryaya) persisted for centuries, in common use and also in works of various prominent writers. One of those who used various terms was theologian [Jacob of Edessa](/wiki/Jacob_of_Edessa \"Jacob of Edessa\") (d. 708\\), who was referring to the language as \"*Syrian or Aramaic*\" (Suryāyā awkēt Ārāmāyā), and also as *Urhāyā*, when referring to Edessan Aramaic, or *Naḥrāyā* when pointing to the region of [Bet\\-Nahrain](/wiki/Bet-Nahrain \"Bet-Nahrain\") (Aramaic term for [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") in general).\n\nPlurality of terms among native speakers (ārāmāyā, urhāyā, naḥrāyā, and suryāyā) was not reflected in Greek and Latin terminology, that preferred Syrian/Syriac designation, and the same preference was adopted by later scholars, with one important distinction: in western scholarly use, Syrian/Syriac label was subsequently reduced from the original Greek designation for Aramaic language in general to a more specific (narrower) designation for Edessan Aramaic language, that in its literary and liturgical form came to be known as *Classical Syriac*. That reduction resulted in the creation of a specific field of [Syriac studies](/wiki/Syriac_studies \"Syriac studies\"), within [Aramaic studies](/wiki/Aramaic_studies \"Aramaic studies\").\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\") in Syriac language](/wiki/File:Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png \"Awondwashmayanetqaddash.png\")\n\nPreference of early scholars towards the use of the Syrian/Syriac label was also relied upon its notable use as an alternative designation for Aramaic language in the \"*[Cave of Treasures](/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures \"Cave of Treasures\")*\", long held to be the 4th century work of an authoritative writer and revered Christian saint [Ephrem of Edessa](/wiki/Ephrem_of_Edessa \"Ephrem of Edessa\") (d. 373\\), who was thus believed to be proponent of various linguistic notions and tendencies expressed in the mentioned work. Since modern scholarly analyses have shown that the work in question was written much later ( 600\\) by an unknown author, several questions had to be reexamined. In regard to the scope and usage of Syrian/Syriac labels in linguistic terminology, some modern scholars have noted that diversity of Aramaic dialects in the wider historical [region of Syria](/wiki/Syria_%28region%29 \"Syria (region)\") should not be overlooked by improper and unspecific use of Syrian/Syriac labels.\n\nDiversity of Aramaic dialects was recorded by [Theodoret of Cyrus](/wiki/Theodoret_of_Cyrus \"Theodoret of Cyrus\") (d. 466\\), who accepted Syrian/Syriac labels as common Greek designations for the Aramaic language in general, stating that \"*the Osroënians, the Syrians, the people of the Euphrates, the Palestinians, and the Phoenicians all speak Syriac, but with many differences in pronunciation*\". Theodoret's regional (provincial) differentiation of Aramaic dialects included an explicit distinction between the \"Syrians\" (as Aramaic speakers of [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\") proper, western of [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\")), and the \"Osroenians\" as Aramaic speakers of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\") (eastern region, centered in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\")), thus showing that dialect of the \"Syrians\" (Aramaic speakers of proper Syria) was known to be different from that of the \"Osroenians\" (speakers of Edessan Aramaic).\n\nNative ([endonymic](/wiki/Endonymic \"Endonymic\")) use of the term *Aramaic language* (Aramaya/Oromoyo) among its speakers has continued throughout the medieval period, as attested by the works of prominent writers, including the Oriental Orthodox Patriarch [Michael of Antioch](/wiki/Michael_I_of_Antioch \"Michael I of Antioch\") (d. 1199\\).\n\n",
"### Wider and narrower meanings\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|An ancient mosaic from [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), from the 2nd century CE, with inscriptions in early Edessan Aramaic (*Old Syriac*)](/wiki/File:Roman_Orpheus_Taming_Wild_Animals.jpg \"Roman Orpheus Taming Wild Animals.jpg\")\n\nSince the proper dating of the *[Cave of Treasures](/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures \"Cave of Treasures\")*, modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as designations for Aramaic language in general, including its various dialects (both eastern and western), thus challenging the conventional scholarly reduction of the term \"Syriac language\" to a specific designation for Edessan Aramaic. Such use, that excludes non\\-Edessan dialects, and particularly those of [Western Aramaic](/wiki/Western_Aramaic_language \"Western Aramaic language\") provenience, persist as an accepted convention, but in the same time stands in contradiction both with original Greek, and later native (acquired) uses of Syrian/Syriac labels as common designations for [Aramaic language](/wiki/Aramaic_language \"Aramaic language\") in general.\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|Syriac \"Codex Ambrosianus\" (F. 128\\) from the 11th century (CORRECTION: here the text is in Greek cursive)](/wiki/File:Ambrosianus_F128.png \"Ambrosianus F128.png\")\n\nThose problems were addressed by prominent scholars, including [Theodor Nöldeke](/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke \"Theodor Nöldeke\") (d. 1930\\) who noted on several occasions that term \"*Syriac language*\" has come to have two distinctive meanings, wider and narrower, with first (historical and wider) serving as a common [synonym](/wiki/Synonym \"Synonym\") for Aramaic language in general, while other (conventional and narrower) designating only the Edessan Aramaic, also referred to more specifically as the \"*Classical Syriac*\".\n\nNoting the problem, scholars have tried to resolve the issue by being more consistent in their use of the term \"*Classical Syriac*\" as a strict and clear scientific designation for the old literary and liturgical language, but the consistency of such use was never achieved within the field.\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|A bilingual Syriac and Neo\\-Persian [psalter](/wiki/Psalter \"Psalter\"), in Syriac script, from the 12th–13th century](/wiki/File:Bilingual_Syriac-New_Persian_psalter_in_Syriac_script%2C_Bulayik%2C_12th-13th_century_AD%2C_paper_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01760.JPG \"Bilingual Syriac-New Persian psalter in Syriac script, Bulayik, 12th-13th century AD, paper - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01760.JPG\")\n\nInconsistent use of \"Syrian/Syriac\" labels in scholarly literature has led some researchers to raise additional questions, related not only to terminological issues but also to some more fundamental (methodological) problems, that were undermining the integrity of the field. Attempts to resolve those issues were unsuccessful, and in many scholarly works, related to the old literary and liturgical language, reduction of the term \"*Classical Syriac*\" to \"*Syriac*\" (only) remained a manner of convenience, even in titles of works, including encyclopedic entries, thus creating a large body of unspecific references, that became a base for the emergence of several new classes of terminological problems at the advent of the [informational era](/wiki/Informational_era \"Informational era\"). Those problems culminated during the process of [international standardization](/wiki/International_standardization \"International standardization\") of the terms \"*Syriac*\" and \"*Classical Syriac*\" within the [ISO 639](/wiki/ISO_639 \"ISO 639\") and [MARC](/wiki/MARC_standards \"MARC standards\") systems.\n\nThe term \"*Classical Syriac*\" was accepted in 2007 and codified (ISO code: [syc](https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=511)) as a designation for the old literary and liturgical language, thus confirming the proper use of the term. In the same time, within the MARC standard, code syc was accepted as designation for *Classical Syriac*, but under the name \"*Syriac*\", while the existing general code syr, that was until then named \"*Syriac*\", was renamed to \"*Syriac, Modern*\". Within ISO 639 system, large body of unspecific references related to various linguistic uses of the term \"*Syriac*\" remained related to the original [ISO 639\\-2](/wiki/ISO_639-2 \"ISO 639-2\") code syr (*Syriac*), but its scope is defined within the [ISO 639\\-3](/wiki/ISO_639-3 \"ISO 639-3\") standard as a [macrolanguage](/wiki/Macrolanguage \"Macrolanguage\") that currently includes only some of the [Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic \"Neo-Aramaic\") languages. Such differences in classification, both terminological and substantial, within systems and between systems (ISO and MARC), led to the creation of several additional problems, that remain unresolved.\n\nWithin linguistics, mosaic of terminological ambiguities related to Syrian/Syriac labels was additionally enriched by introduction of the term \"*Palaeo\\-Syrian language*\" as a variant designation for the ancient [Eblaite language](/wiki/Eblaite_language \"Eblaite language\") from the third millennium BC, that is unrelated to the much later Edessan Aramaic, and its early phases, that were commonly labeled as Old/Proto\\- or even Paleo/Palaeo\\-Syrian/Syriac in scholarly literature. Newest addition to the terminological mosaic occurred 2014, when it was proposed, also by a scholar, that one of regional dialects of the [Old Aramaic](/wiki/Old_Aramaic \"Old Aramaic\") language from the first centuries of the [1st millennium BC](/wiki/1st_millennium_BC \"1st millennium BC\") should be called \"*Central Syrian Aramaic*\", thus introducing another ambiguous term, that can be used, in its generic meaning, to any local variant of Aramaic that occurred in central regions of Syria during any period in history.\n\nAfter more than five centuries of [Syriac studies](/wiki/Syriac_studies \"Syriac studies\"), which were founded by western scholars at the end of the 15th century, main terminological issues related to the name and classification of the language known as Edessan Aramaic, and also referred to by several other names combined of Syrian/Syriac labels, remain opened and unsolved. Some of those issues have special [sociolinguistic](/wiki/Sociolinguistic \"Sociolinguistic\") and [ethnolinguistic](/wiki/Ethnolinguistic \"Ethnolinguistic\") significance for the remaining [Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic \"Neo-Aramaic\") speaking communities.\n\nSince the occurrence of major political changes in the [Near East](/wiki/Near_East \"Near East\") (2003\\), those issues have acquired additional complexity, related to legal recognition of the language and its name. In the [Constitution of Iraq](/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq \"Constitution of Iraq\") (Article 4\\), adopted in 2005, and also in subsequent legislation, term \"*Syriac*\" () is used as official designation for the language of [Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic \"Neo-Aramaic\")\\-speaking communities, thus opening additional questions related to linguistic and cultural identity of those communities. Legal and other practical (educational and informational) aspects of the linguistic [self\\-identification](/wiki/Self-identification \"Self-identification\") also arose throughout Syriac\\-speaking [diaspora](/wiki/Diaspora \"Diaspora\"), particularly in European countries (Germany, Sweden, Netherlands).\n\n",
"Geographic distribution\n-----------------------\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|alt\\=The distribution of the Syriac language in Asia\\|Once a major language in the [Fertile Crescent](/wiki/Fertile_Crescent \"Fertile Crescent\") and [Eastern Arabia](/wiki/Eastern_Arabia \"Eastern Arabia\"), Syriac is now limited to the towns and villages in the [Nineveh Plains](/wiki/Nineveh_Plains \"Nineveh Plains\"), [Tur Abdin](/wiki/Tur_Abdin \"Tur Abdin\"), the [Khabur](/wiki/Khabur_%28Euphrates%29 \"Khabur (Euphrates)\") plains, in and around the cities of [Mosul](/wiki/Mosul \"Mosul\"), [Erbil](/wiki/Erbil \"Erbil\") and [Kirkuk](/wiki/Kirkuk \"Kirkuk\").](/wiki/File:Syriac_Christianity.svg \"Syriac Christianity.svg\")\n\nSyriac was the local [dialect](/wiki/Dialect \"Dialect\") of Aramaic in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), and evolved under the influence of the [Church of the East](/wiki/Church_of_the_East \"Church of the East\") and the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\") into its current form. Before Arabic became the dominant language, Syriac was a major language among Christian communities in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\"), [Central Asia](/wiki/Central_Asia \"Central Asia\") and the [Malabar Coast](/wiki/Malabar_Coast \"Malabar Coast\") in [India](/wiki/India \"India\"), and remains so among the [Syriac Christians](/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians \"Terms for Syriac Christians\") to this day. It has been found as far afield as [Hadrian's Wall](/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall \"Hadrian's Wall\") in [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), with inscriptions written by Aramaic\\-speaking soldiers of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The modern distribution of [Neo\\-Aramaic languages](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages \"Neo-Aramaic languages\"), including Neo\\-Syriac groups](/wiki/File:Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg \"Syriac Dialects EN.svg\")\n[thumb\\|265px\\|*Īšoˁ*, the Syriac pronunciation of the Hebrew and Aramaic name of [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\"), *Yeshuʿ* ()](/wiki/File:Early_Syriac_alphabet_form_of_the_name_of_Jesus.svg \"Early Syriac alphabet form of the name of Jesus.svg\")\n\nHistory of Syriac language is divided into several successive periods, defined primarily by linguistic, and also by cultural criteria. Some terminological and chronological distinctions exist between different classifications, that were proposed among scholars.\n\n* \"Old Syriac\" (Old\\-Edessan Aramaic), represents the earliest stage in development of the language, that emerged by the beginning of the first century AD as the main Aramaic dialect in the region of [Osroene](/wiki/Osroene \"Osroene\"), centered in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), and continued to develop during the next two or three centuries, gradually gaining wider regional significance.\n* \"Middle Syriac\" (Middle\\-Edessan Aramaic), most commonly known as \"Classical Syriac\" or \"Literary Syriac\" ( **), represents the most important period in the history of the language, marked by notable literary, liturgical and cultural development and expansion, from the third to the thirteenth century. The period is further subdivided into three stages:\n\t+ Early Classical Syriac (Pre\\-Classical Syriac), represents the earliest stage in development of Classical Syriac during the third and fourth century, preceding the later linguistic standardization.\n\t+ Classical Syriac (in the narrower sense of the term), represents the main, standardized stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the fourth century up to the eighth century.\n\t+ Late Classical Syriac (Post\\-Classical Syriac), represents the later, somewhat declining stage in development of Classical Syriac, from the eighth century up to the twelfth or thirteenth century.\n* \"Modern Syriac\" (Neo\\-Syriac Aramaic) represents modern [Neo\\-Aramaic languages](/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages \"Neo-Aramaic languages\"). Neo\\-Syriac languages did not develop directly from Classical Syriac, but rather from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic. Those dialects have long co\\-existed with Classical Syriac as a liturgical and literary language, and were significantly influenced by it during the [late medieval](/wiki/Late_medieval \"Late medieval\") and [early modern](/wiki/Early_modern \"Early modern\") period. Modern Syriac is divided into:\n\t+ Modern Eastern Syriac ([Northeastern Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic \"Northeastern Neo-Aramaic\")), including primarily [Assyrian Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic \"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic\") and [Chaldean Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic \"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic\"). The term is usually not used in reference to [Neo\\-Mandaic](/wiki/Neo-Mandaic \"Neo-Mandaic\"), another variety of Eastern Aramaic spoken by the [Mandaeans](/wiki/Mandaeans \"Mandaeans\").\n\t+ Modern Western Syriac ([Central Neo\\-Aramaic](/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic \"Central Neo-Aramaic\")), including ([Turoyo](/wiki/Turoyo_language \"Turoyo language\") and [Mlahsô](/wiki/Mlahs%C3%B4_language \"Mlahsô language\")).\n\n### Origins\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The [Linguistic homeland](/wiki/Linguistic_homeland \"Linguistic homeland\") of Edessan Aramaic: the [Kingdom of Osroene](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene \"Kingdom of Osroene\") between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century AD](/wiki/File:Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg \"Alter Orient 0100AD.svg\")\n\nDuring the first three centuries of the [Common Era](/wiki/Common_Era \"Common Era\"), a local Aramaic dialect spoken in the [Kingdom of Osroene](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene \"Kingdom of Osroene\"), centered in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), eastern of [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\"), started to gain prominence and regional significance. There are about eighty extant early inscriptions, written in Old\\-Edessan Aramaic, dated to the first three centuries AD, with the earliest inscription being dated to the 6th year AD, and the earliest parchment to 243 AD. All of these early examples of the language are non\\-Christian.\n\nAs a language of public life and administration in the region of Osroene, Edessan Aramaic was gradually given a relatively coherent form, style and grammar that is lacking in other Aramaic dialects of the same period. Since Old\\-Edessan Aramaic later developed into Classical Syriac, it was retroactively labeled by western scholars as \"Old Syrian/Syriac\" or \"Proto\\-Syrian/Syriac\", although the [linguistic homeland](/wiki/Linguistic_homeland \"Linguistic homeland\") of the language in the region of Osroene, was never part of contemporary (Roman) [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\").\n\n### Literary Syriac\n\n[thumb\\|400px\\|The sixth [beatitude](/wiki/Beatitudes \"Beatitudes\") ([Matthew 5:8](/wiki/Matthew_5:8 \"8\")) from an East Syriac Peshitta. \n \n*.* \n'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.'](/wiki/File:6thBeatitude.svg \"6thBeatitude.svg\")\n\nIn the 3rd century, churches in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\") began to use local Aramaic dialect as the language of worship. Early literary efforts were focused on creation of an authoritative Aramaic translation of the Bible, the [Peshitta](/wiki/Peshitta \"Peshitta\") ( ). At the same time, [Ephrem the Syrian](/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian \"Ephrem the Syrian\") was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Edessan Aramaic language, that later became known as Syriac.\n\nIn 489, many Syriac\\-speaking Christians living in the eastern reaches of the Roman Empire fled to the Sasanian Empire to escape persecution and growing animosity with Greek\\-speaking Christians. The Christological differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter [Nestorian Schism](/wiki/Nestorian_Schism \"Nestorian Schism\") in the Syriac\\-speaking world. As a result, Syriac developed distinctive western and eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing system, and, to a lesser degree, in vocabulary.\n\nThe Syriac language later split into a western variety, used mainly by the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\") in upper Mesopotamia and Syria proper, and an eastern variety used mainly by the [Church of the East](/wiki/Church_of_the_East \"Church of the East\") in central and northeastern Mesopotamia. Religious divisions were also reflected in linguistic differences between the [Western Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\") and the [Eastern Syriac Rite](/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite \"East Syriac Rite\"). During the 5th and the 6th century, Syriac reached its height as the lingua franca of [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") and surrounding regions. It existed in literary (liturgical) form, as well as in vernacular forms, as the native language of Syriac\\-speaking populations.\n\nFollowing the Arab conquest in the 7th century, vernacular forms of Syriac were gradually replaced during the next centuries by the advancing [Arabic language](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"). Having an Aramaic (Syriac) [substratum](/wiki/Substrata_%28linguistics%29 \"Substrata (linguistics)\"), the regional Arabic dialect ([Mesopotamian Arabic](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic \"Mesopotamian Arabic\")) developed under the strong influence of local Aramaic (Syriac) dialects, sharing significant similarities in language structure, as well as having evident and stark influences from previous (ancient) languages of the region.\nSyriac\\-influenced Arabic dialects developed among [Iraqi Muslims](/wiki/Iraqi_Arabs \"Iraqi Arabs\"), as well as [Iraqi Christians](/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq \"Christianity in Iraq\"), most of whom descend from native Syriac speakers.\n\nWestern Syriac is the official language of the [West Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\"), practiced by the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\"), the [Syriac Catholic Church](/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church \"Syriac Catholic Church\"), the [Maronite Catholic Church](/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church \"Maronite Catholic Church\"), the [Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church](/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church \"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church\"), the [Malabar Independent Syrian Church](/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church \"Malabar Independent Syrian Church\"), the [Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church](/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church \"Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church\"), the [Syro\\-Malankara Catholic Church](/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church \"Syro-Malankara Catholic Church\") and some Parishes in the [Syro\\-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam](/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kottayam \"Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam\").\n\nEastern Syriac is the liturgical language of the [East Syriac Rite](/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite \"East Syriac Rite\"), practised in modern times by the ethnic Assyrian followers of the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East \"Assyrian Church of the East\"), the [Assyrian Pentecostal Church](/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church \"Assyrian Pentecostal Church\"), the [Ancient Church of the East](/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East \"Ancient Church of the East\"), the [Chaldean Catholic Church](/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church \"Chaldean Catholic Church\"), as well as the [Syro\\-Malabar Catholic Church](/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church \"Syro-Malabar Catholic Church\") in India.\n\nSyriac literature is by far the most prodigious of the various Aramaic languages. Its corpus covers poetry, prose, theology, liturgy, hymnody, history, philosophy, science, medicine and natural history. Much of this wealth remains unavailable in critical editions or modern translation.\n\nFrom the 7th century onwards, Syriac gradually gave way to [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") as the spoken language of much of the region, excepting northern Iraq and Mount Lebanon. The [Mongol invasions and conquests](/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests \"Mongol invasions and conquests\") of the 13th century, and the religiously motivated massacres of Syriac Christians by [Timur](/wiki/Timur \"Timur\") further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia \"Upper Mesopotamia\") and [Mount Lebanon](/wiki/Mount_Lebanon \"Mount Lebanon\"), even in liturgy, it was replaced by Arabic.\n\n### Current status\n\n[thumb\\|A warning sign in [Mardin](/wiki/Mardin \"Mardin\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"):\n\n| Syriac | Turkish |\n| --- | --- |\n| 'Silence, please') | 'Please! Let's be quiet!' |](/wiki/File:Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg \"Tabelayeke bi suryanî Dêra Zehferanê 2008.jpg\") \nRevivals of literary Syriac in recent times have led to some success with the creation of newspapers in written Syriac ( **) similar to the use of [Modern Standard Arabic](/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic \"Modern Standard Arabic\") has been employed since the early decades of the 20th century. Modern forms of literary Syriac have also been used not only in religious literature but also in secular genres, often with [Assyrian nationalistic](/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism \"Assyrian nationalism\") themes.\n\nSyriac is spoken as the liturgical language of the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\"), as well as by some of [its adherents](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Christians_%28Middle_East%29 \"Syriac Orthodox Christians (Middle East)\"). Syriac has been recognised as an official [minority language](/wiki/Minority_language \"Minority language\") in Iraq. It is also taught in some public schools in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"), [Syria](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\"), [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg \"Augsburg\") (Germany) and [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") (India).\n\nIn 2014, an Assyrian [nursery school](/wiki/Preschool \"Preschool\") could finally be opened in [Yeşilköy](/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y \"Yeşilköy\"), [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\") after waging a lawsuit against the [Ministry of National Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_%28Turkey%29 \"Ministry of National Education (Turkey)\") which had denied it permission, but was required to respect non\\-Muslim minority rights as specified in the [Treaty of Lausanne](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne \"Treaty of Lausanne\").\n\nIn August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an additional language to be taught in public schools in the [Jazira Region](/wiki/Jazira_Region \"Jazira Region\") of the [Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\"), which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.\n\nIn April 2023, a team of AI researchers completed the first AI translation model and website for classical Syriac.\n\n",
"### Origins\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|The [Linguistic homeland](/wiki/Linguistic_homeland \"Linguistic homeland\") of Edessan Aramaic: the [Kingdom of Osroene](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene \"Kingdom of Osroene\") between the Romans and Parthians, in the 1st century AD](/wiki/File:Alter_Orient_0100AD.svg \"Alter Orient 0100AD.svg\")\n\nDuring the first three centuries of the [Common Era](/wiki/Common_Era \"Common Era\"), a local Aramaic dialect spoken in the [Kingdom of Osroene](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osroene \"Kingdom of Osroene\"), centered in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\"), eastern of [Euphrates](/wiki/Euphrates \"Euphrates\"), started to gain prominence and regional significance. There are about eighty extant early inscriptions, written in Old\\-Edessan Aramaic, dated to the first three centuries AD, with the earliest inscription being dated to the 6th year AD, and the earliest parchment to 243 AD. All of these early examples of the language are non\\-Christian.\n\nAs a language of public life and administration in the region of Osroene, Edessan Aramaic was gradually given a relatively coherent form, style and grammar that is lacking in other Aramaic dialects of the same period. Since Old\\-Edessan Aramaic later developed into Classical Syriac, it was retroactively labeled by western scholars as \"Old Syrian/Syriac\" or \"Proto\\-Syrian/Syriac\", although the [linguistic homeland](/wiki/Linguistic_homeland \"Linguistic homeland\") of the language in the region of Osroene, was never part of contemporary (Roman) [Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\").\n\n",
"### Literary Syriac\n\n[thumb\\|400px\\|The sixth [beatitude](/wiki/Beatitudes \"Beatitudes\") ([Matthew 5:8](/wiki/Matthew_5:8 \"8\")) from an East Syriac Peshitta. \n \n*.* \n'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.'](/wiki/File:6thBeatitude.svg \"6thBeatitude.svg\")\n\nIn the 3rd century, churches in [Edessa](/wiki/Edessa \"Edessa\") began to use local Aramaic dialect as the language of worship. Early literary efforts were focused on creation of an authoritative Aramaic translation of the Bible, the [Peshitta](/wiki/Peshitta \"Peshitta\") ( ). At the same time, [Ephrem the Syrian](/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian \"Ephrem the Syrian\") was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Edessan Aramaic language, that later became known as Syriac.\n\nIn 489, many Syriac\\-speaking Christians living in the eastern reaches of the Roman Empire fled to the Sasanian Empire to escape persecution and growing animosity with Greek\\-speaking Christians. The Christological differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter [Nestorian Schism](/wiki/Nestorian_Schism \"Nestorian Schism\") in the Syriac\\-speaking world. As a result, Syriac developed distinctive western and eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing system, and, to a lesser degree, in vocabulary.\n\nThe Syriac language later split into a western variety, used mainly by the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\") in upper Mesopotamia and Syria proper, and an eastern variety used mainly by the [Church of the East](/wiki/Church_of_the_East \"Church of the East\") in central and northeastern Mesopotamia. Religious divisions were also reflected in linguistic differences between the [Western Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\") and the [Eastern Syriac Rite](/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite \"East Syriac Rite\"). During the 5th and the 6th century, Syriac reached its height as the lingua franca of [Mesopotamia](/wiki/Mesopotamia \"Mesopotamia\") and surrounding regions. It existed in literary (liturgical) form, as well as in vernacular forms, as the native language of Syriac\\-speaking populations.\n\nFollowing the Arab conquest in the 7th century, vernacular forms of Syriac were gradually replaced during the next centuries by the advancing [Arabic language](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\"). Having an Aramaic (Syriac) [substratum](/wiki/Substrata_%28linguistics%29 \"Substrata (linguistics)\"), the regional Arabic dialect ([Mesopotamian Arabic](/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic \"Mesopotamian Arabic\")) developed under the strong influence of local Aramaic (Syriac) dialects, sharing significant similarities in language structure, as well as having evident and stark influences from previous (ancient) languages of the region.\nSyriac\\-influenced Arabic dialects developed among [Iraqi Muslims](/wiki/Iraqi_Arabs \"Iraqi Arabs\"), as well as [Iraqi Christians](/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq \"Christianity in Iraq\"), most of whom descend from native Syriac speakers.\n\nWestern Syriac is the official language of the [West Syriac Rite](/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite \"West Syriac Rite\"), practiced by the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\"), the [Syriac Catholic Church](/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church \"Syriac Catholic Church\"), the [Maronite Catholic Church](/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church \"Maronite Catholic Church\"), the [Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church](/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church \"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church\"), the [Malabar Independent Syrian Church](/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church \"Malabar Independent Syrian Church\"), the [Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church](/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church \"Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church\"), the [Syro\\-Malankara Catholic Church](/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church \"Syro-Malankara Catholic Church\") and some Parishes in the [Syro\\-Malabar Knanaya Archeparchy of Kottayam](/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kottayam \"Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam\").\n\nEastern Syriac is the liturgical language of the [East Syriac Rite](/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite \"East Syriac Rite\"), practised in modern times by the ethnic Assyrian followers of the [Assyrian Church of the East](/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East \"Assyrian Church of the East\"), the [Assyrian Pentecostal Church](/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church \"Assyrian Pentecostal Church\"), the [Ancient Church of the East](/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East \"Ancient Church of the East\"), the [Chaldean Catholic Church](/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church \"Chaldean Catholic Church\"), as well as the [Syro\\-Malabar Catholic Church](/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church \"Syro-Malabar Catholic Church\") in India.\n\nSyriac literature is by far the most prodigious of the various Aramaic languages. Its corpus covers poetry, prose, theology, liturgy, hymnody, history, philosophy, science, medicine and natural history. Much of this wealth remains unavailable in critical editions or modern translation.\n\nFrom the 7th century onwards, Syriac gradually gave way to [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") as the spoken language of much of the region, excepting northern Iraq and Mount Lebanon. The [Mongol invasions and conquests](/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests \"Mongol invasions and conquests\") of the 13th century, and the religiously motivated massacres of Syriac Christians by [Timur](/wiki/Timur \"Timur\") further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of [Upper Mesopotamia](/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia \"Upper Mesopotamia\") and [Mount Lebanon](/wiki/Mount_Lebanon \"Mount Lebanon\"), even in liturgy, it was replaced by Arabic.\n\n",
"### Current status\n\n[thumb\\|A warning sign in [Mardin](/wiki/Mardin \"Mardin\"), [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey \"Turkey\"):\n\n| Syriac | Turkish |\n| --- | --- |\n| 'Silence, please') | 'Please! Let's be quiet!' |](/wiki/File:Tabelayeke_bi_suryan%C3%AE_D%C3%AAra_Zehferan%C3%AA_2008.jpg \"Tabelayeke bi suryanî Dêra Zehferanê 2008.jpg\") \nRevivals of literary Syriac in recent times have led to some success with the creation of newspapers in written Syriac ( **) similar to the use of [Modern Standard Arabic](/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic \"Modern Standard Arabic\") has been employed since the early decades of the 20th century. Modern forms of literary Syriac have also been used not only in religious literature but also in secular genres, often with [Assyrian nationalistic](/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism \"Assyrian nationalism\") themes.\n\nSyriac is spoken as the liturgical language of the [Syriac Orthodox Church](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church \"Syriac Orthodox Church\"), as well as by some of [its adherents](/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Christians_%28Middle_East%29 \"Syriac Orthodox Christians (Middle East)\"). Syriac has been recognised as an official [minority language](/wiki/Minority_language \"Minority language\") in Iraq. It is also taught in some public schools in [Iraq](/wiki/Iraq \"Iraq\"), [Syria](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\"), [Palestine](/wiki/State_of_Palestine \"State of Palestine\"), [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), [Augsburg](/wiki/Augsburg \"Augsburg\") (Germany) and [Kerala](/wiki/Kerala \"Kerala\") (India).\n\nIn 2014, an Assyrian [nursery school](/wiki/Preschool \"Preschool\") could finally be opened in [Yeşilköy](/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y \"Yeşilköy\"), [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\") after waging a lawsuit against the [Ministry of National Education](/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_%28Turkey%29 \"Ministry of National Education (Turkey)\") which had denied it permission, but was required to respect non\\-Muslim minority rights as specified in the [Treaty of Lausanne](/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne \"Treaty of Lausanne\").\n\nIn August 2016, the Ourhi Centre was founded by the Assyrian community in the city of Qamishli, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an additional language to be taught in public schools in the [Jazira Region](/wiki/Jazira_Region \"Jazira Region\") of the [Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria](/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria \"Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria\"), which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.\n\nIn April 2023, a team of AI researchers completed the first AI translation model and website for classical Syriac.\n\n",
"Grammar\n-------\n\nMany Syriac words, like those in other [Semitic languages](/wiki/Semitic_languages \"Semitic languages\"), belong to [triconsonantal roots](/wiki/Semitic_root%23Triconsonantal_roots \"Semitic root#Triconsonantal roots\"), collations of three Syriac consonants. New words are built from these three consonants with variable vowel and consonant sets. For example, the following words belong to the root (**), to which a basic meaning of *taking* can be assigned:\n\n* – : \"he has taken\"\n* – : \"he will take, ... let him take, ... so that he might take.\"\n* – : \"take! (masculine singular)\"\n* – : \"he takes, he is taking, the one (masculine) who takes\"\n* – : \"he has lifted/raised\"\n* – : \"he has set out\"\n* – : \"a taking, burden, recension, portion or syllable\"\n* – : \"takings, profits, taxes\"\n* – : \"a beast of burden\"\n* – : \"arrogance\"\n\n### Nouns\n\nMost Syriac [nouns](/wiki/Noun \"Noun\") are built from triliteral roots. Nouns carry [grammatical gender](/wiki/Grammatical_gender \"Grammatical gender\") (masculine or feminine), they can be either singular or plural in number (a very few can be dual) and can exist in one of three grammatical states. These states should not be confused with [grammatical cases](/wiki/Grammatical_case \"Grammatical case\") in other languages.\n\n* The absolute state is the basic form of the noun – , , \"taxes\".\n* The emphatic state usually represents a definite noun – , , \"the taxes\".\n* The construct state marks a noun in relationship to another noun – , , \"taxes of...\".\n\nHowever, very quickly in the development of Classical Syriac, the emphatic state became the ordinary form of the noun, and the absolute and construct states were relegated to certain stock phrases (for example, , , \"man, person\", literally \"son of man\").\n\nIn Old and early Classical Syriac, most [genitive](/wiki/Genitive_case \"Genitive case\") noun relationships are built using the construct state, but contrary to the genitive case, it is the head\\-noun which is marked by the construct state. Thus, , , means \"the taxes of the kingdom\". Quickly, the construct relationship was abandoned and replaced by the use of the relative particle , **. Thus, the same [noun phrase](/wiki/Noun_phrase \"Noun phrase\") becomes , , where both nouns are in the emphatic state. Very closely related nouns can be drawn into a closer grammatical relationship by the addition of a pronominal suffix. Thus, the phrase can be written as , . In this case, both nouns continue to be in the emphatic state, but the first has the suffix that makes it literally read \"her taxes\" (\"kingdom\" is feminine), and thus is \"her taxes, \\[those] of the kingdom\".\n\n[Adjectives](/wiki/Adjective \"Adjective\") always agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives are in the absolute state if they are [predicative](/wiki/Predicative_expression%23Predicative_%28adjectival_or_nominal%29 \"Predicative expression#Predicative (adjectival or nominal)\"), but agree with the state of their noun if [attributive](/wiki/Adjective%23Attributive_adjective \"Adjective#Attributive adjective\"). Thus, , **, means \"the taxes are evil\", whereas , **, means \"evil taxes\".\n\n### Verbs\n\nMost Syriac verbs are built on triliteral roots as well. Finite verbs carry [person](/wiki/Grammatical_person \"Grammatical person\"), gender (except in the first person) and number, as well as [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\") and [conjugation](/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation \"Grammatical conjugation\"). The non\\-finite verb forms are the [infinitive](/wiki/Infinitive \"Infinitive\") and the [active](/wiki/Active_voice \"Active voice\") and [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\") [participles](/wiki/Participle \"Participle\").\n\nSyriac has only two true [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 \"Morphology (linguistics)\") tenses: perfect and imperfect. Whereas these tenses were originally [aspectual](/wiki/Grammatical_aspect \"Grammatical aspect\") in Aramaic, they have become a truly temporal [past](/wiki/Past_tense \"Past tense\") and [future](/wiki/Future_tense \"Future tense\") tenses respectively. The [present tense](/wiki/Present_tense \"Present tense\") is usually marked with the [participle](/wiki/Participle \"Participle\") followed by the [subject](/wiki/Subject_%28grammar%29 \"Subject (grammar)\") [pronoun](/wiki/Pronoun \"Pronoun\"). Such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of *compound* tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect.\n\nSyriac also employs [derived verb stems](/wiki/Derived_stem \"Derived stem\") such as are present in other Semitic languages. These are regular modifications of the verb's root to express other changes in meaning. The first stem is the ground state, or ** (this name models the shape of the root) form of the verb, which carries the usual meaning of the word. The next is the intensive stem, or **, form of the verb, which usually carries an [intensified meaning](/wiki/Intensive_word_form \"Intensive word form\"). The third is the extensive stem, or **, form of the verb, which is often [causative](/wiki/Causative \"Causative\") in meaning. Each of these stems has its parallel [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\") conjugation: the **, ** and ** respectively. To these six cardinal stems are added a few irregular stems, like the ** and **, which generally have an extensive meaning.\n\nThe basic G\\-stem or \"Peal\" conjugation of \"to write\" in the perfect and imperfect is as follows:Robinson and Coakley, 2013 p.36, p. 60\\.\n\n| | | Perfect | | Imperfect | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| singular | plural | singular | plural |\n| 1st person | | | | | |\n| 2nd person | m. | | | | |\n| f. | | | | |\n| 3rd person | m. | | | | |\n| f. | | | | |\n\n",
"### Nouns\n\nMost Syriac [nouns](/wiki/Noun \"Noun\") are built from triliteral roots. Nouns carry [grammatical gender](/wiki/Grammatical_gender \"Grammatical gender\") (masculine or feminine), they can be either singular or plural in number (a very few can be dual) and can exist in one of three grammatical states. These states should not be confused with [grammatical cases](/wiki/Grammatical_case \"Grammatical case\") in other languages.\n\n* The absolute state is the basic form of the noun – , , \"taxes\".\n* The emphatic state usually represents a definite noun – , , \"the taxes\".\n* The construct state marks a noun in relationship to another noun – , , \"taxes of...\".\n\nHowever, very quickly in the development of Classical Syriac, the emphatic state became the ordinary form of the noun, and the absolute and construct states were relegated to certain stock phrases (for example, , , \"man, person\", literally \"son of man\").\n\nIn Old and early Classical Syriac, most [genitive](/wiki/Genitive_case \"Genitive case\") noun relationships are built using the construct state, but contrary to the genitive case, it is the head\\-noun which is marked by the construct state. Thus, , , means \"the taxes of the kingdom\". Quickly, the construct relationship was abandoned and replaced by the use of the relative particle , **. Thus, the same [noun phrase](/wiki/Noun_phrase \"Noun phrase\") becomes , , where both nouns are in the emphatic state. Very closely related nouns can be drawn into a closer grammatical relationship by the addition of a pronominal suffix. Thus, the phrase can be written as , . In this case, both nouns continue to be in the emphatic state, but the first has the suffix that makes it literally read \"her taxes\" (\"kingdom\" is feminine), and thus is \"her taxes, \\[those] of the kingdom\".\n\n[Adjectives](/wiki/Adjective \"Adjective\") always agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives are in the absolute state if they are [predicative](/wiki/Predicative_expression%23Predicative_%28adjectival_or_nominal%29 \"Predicative expression#Predicative (adjectival or nominal)\"), but agree with the state of their noun if [attributive](/wiki/Adjective%23Attributive_adjective \"Adjective#Attributive adjective\"). Thus, , **, means \"the taxes are evil\", whereas , **, means \"evil taxes\".\n\n",
"### Verbs\n\nMost Syriac verbs are built on triliteral roots as well. Finite verbs carry [person](/wiki/Grammatical_person \"Grammatical person\"), gender (except in the first person) and number, as well as [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\") and [conjugation](/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation \"Grammatical conjugation\"). The non\\-finite verb forms are the [infinitive](/wiki/Infinitive \"Infinitive\") and the [active](/wiki/Active_voice \"Active voice\") and [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\") [participles](/wiki/Participle \"Participle\").\n\nSyriac has only two true [morphological](/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29 \"Morphology (linguistics)\") tenses: perfect and imperfect. Whereas these tenses were originally [aspectual](/wiki/Grammatical_aspect \"Grammatical aspect\") in Aramaic, they have become a truly temporal [past](/wiki/Past_tense \"Past tense\") and [future](/wiki/Future_tense \"Future tense\") tenses respectively. The [present tense](/wiki/Present_tense \"Present tense\") is usually marked with the [participle](/wiki/Participle \"Participle\") followed by the [subject](/wiki/Subject_%28grammar%29 \"Subject (grammar)\") [pronoun](/wiki/Pronoun \"Pronoun\"). Such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of *compound* tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect.\n\nSyriac also employs [derived verb stems](/wiki/Derived_stem \"Derived stem\") such as are present in other Semitic languages. These are regular modifications of the verb's root to express other changes in meaning. The first stem is the ground state, or ** (this name models the shape of the root) form of the verb, which carries the usual meaning of the word. The next is the intensive stem, or **, form of the verb, which usually carries an [intensified meaning](/wiki/Intensive_word_form \"Intensive word form\"). The third is the extensive stem, or **, form of the verb, which is often [causative](/wiki/Causative \"Causative\") in meaning. Each of these stems has its parallel [passive](/wiki/Passive_voice \"Passive voice\") conjugation: the **, ** and ** respectively. To these six cardinal stems are added a few irregular stems, like the ** and **, which generally have an extensive meaning.\n\nThe basic G\\-stem or \"Peal\" conjugation of \"to write\" in the perfect and imperfect is as follows:Robinson and Coakley, 2013 p.36, p. 60\\.\n\n| | | Perfect | | Imperfect | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| singular | plural | singular | plural |\n| 1st person | | | | | |\n| 2nd person | m. | | | | |\n| f. | | | | |\n| 3rd person | m. | | | | |\n| f. | | | | |\n\n",
"Phonology\n---------\n\nPhonologically, like the other Northwest Semitic languages, Syriac has 22 consonants. The consonantal phonemes are:\n\n| transliteration | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| letter | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| pronunciation | | , | , | , | | | | | | | , | | | | | | , | | | | | , |\n\nPhonetically, there is some variation in the pronunciation of Syriac in its various forms. The various Modern Eastern Aramaic vernaculars have quite different pronunciations, and these sometimes influence how the classical language is pronounced, for example, in public prayer. Classical Syriac has two major streams of pronunciation: western and eastern.\n\n### Consonants\n\nSyriac shares with Aramaic a set of lightly contrasted [stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\")/[fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") pairs. In different variations of a certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter (*quššāyā* \"strengthening\"; equivalent to a [dagesh](/wiki/Dagesh \"Dagesh\") in [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\")) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter (*rukkāḵā* \"softening\") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are:\n* Voiced [labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiced [velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiced [dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiceless [labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiceless [velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiceless [dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") pair – and \n\nLike some Semitic languages, Syriac too has [emphatic consonants](/wiki/Emphatic_consonant \"Emphatic consonant\"), and it has three of them, being a historically emphatic variant of . These are consonants that have a coarticulation in the [pharynx](/wiki/Human_pharynx \"Human pharynx\") or slightly higher. There are two [pharyngeal](/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant \"Pharyngeal consonant\") fricatives, another class of consonants typically found in Semitic languages. Syriac also has a rich array of [sibilants](/wiki/Sibilant \"Sibilant\"):\n\n| \\+ Table of Syriac consonants |\n| --- |\n| | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant \"Bilabial consonant\") | | [Labio\\-dental](/wiki/Labiodental_consonant \"Labiodental consonant\") | | [Dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") | | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | | | | [Post\\-alveolar](/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant \"Postalveolar consonant\") | | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | | [Uvular](/wiki/Uvular_consonant \"Uvular consonant\") | | [Pharyn\\-geal](/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant \"Pharyngeal consonant\") | | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") | |\n| plain | | [emphatic](/wiki/Pharyngealization \"Pharyngealization\") | |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Trill](/wiki/Trill_consonant \"Trill consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n\n### Vowels\n\n* As with most Semitic languages, the vowels of Syriac are mostly subordinated to consonants. Especially in the presence of an emphatic consonant, vowels tend to become mid\\-centralised.\n\nClassical Syriac had the following distinguishable vowels:\n\n| | Vowel phonemes in Classical Syriac | | |\n| --- |\n| | [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\") | [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel \"Back vowel\") | |\n| | |\n| [Close](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") | | | |\n| [Close\\-mid](/wiki/Close-mid_vowel \"Close-mid vowel\") | | | |\n| [Open\\-mid](/wiki/Open-mid_vowel \"Open-mid vowel\") | | | |\n| [Open](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\") | | | |\n\nIn the western dialect, has become , and the original has merged with . In eastern dialects, there is more fluidity in the pronunciation of [front vowels](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\"), with some speakers distinguishing five qualities of such vowels, and others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important: [close vowels](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") tend to be longer than [open vowels](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\").\n\nThe open vowels form [diphthongs](/wiki/Diphthong \"Diphthong\") with the [approximants](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") and . In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations:\n* usually becomes , but the western dialect has \n* , further, sometimes [monophthongized](/wiki/Monophthong \"Monophthong\") to \n* usually becomes \n* , further, sometimes monophthongized to \n\n",
"### Consonants\n\nSyriac shares with Aramaic a set of lightly contrasted [stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\")/[fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") pairs. In different variations of a certain lexical root, a root consonant might exist in stop form in one variation and fricative form in another. In the Syriac alphabet, a single letter is used for each pair. Sometimes a dot is placed above the letter (*quššāyā* \"strengthening\"; equivalent to a [dagesh](/wiki/Dagesh \"Dagesh\") in [Hebrew](/wiki/Hebrew_language \"Hebrew language\")) to mark that the stop pronunciation is required, and a dot is placed below the letter (*rukkāḵā* \"softening\") to mark that the fricative pronunciation is required. The pairs are:\n* Voiced [labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiced [velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiced [dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiceless [labial](/wiki/Labial_consonant \"Labial consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiceless [velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") pair – and \n* Voiceless [dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") pair – and \n\nLike some Semitic languages, Syriac too has [emphatic consonants](/wiki/Emphatic_consonant \"Emphatic consonant\"), and it has three of them, being a historically emphatic variant of . These are consonants that have a coarticulation in the [pharynx](/wiki/Human_pharynx \"Human pharynx\") or slightly higher. There are two [pharyngeal](/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant \"Pharyngeal consonant\") fricatives, another class of consonants typically found in Semitic languages. Syriac also has a rich array of [sibilants](/wiki/Sibilant \"Sibilant\"):\n\n| \\+ Table of Syriac consonants |\n| --- |\n| | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant \"Bilabial consonant\") | | [Labio\\-dental](/wiki/Labiodental_consonant \"Labiodental consonant\") | | [Dental](/wiki/Dental_consonant \"Dental consonant\") | | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | | | | [Post\\-alveolar](/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant \"Postalveolar consonant\") | | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | | [Uvular](/wiki/Uvular_consonant \"Uvular consonant\") | | [Pharyn\\-geal](/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant \"Pharyngeal consonant\") | | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") | |\n| plain | | [emphatic](/wiki/Pharyngealization \"Pharyngealization\") | |\n| [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Stop](/wiki/Stop_consonant \"Stop consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n| [Trill](/wiki/Trill_consonant \"Trill consonant\") | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\n\n",
"### Vowels\n\nAs with most Semitic languages, the vowels of Syriac are mostly subordinated to consonants. Especially in the presence of an emphatic consonant, vowels tend to become mid\\-centralised.\n\nClassical Syriac had the following distinguishable vowels:\n\n| | Vowel phonemes in Classical Syriac | | |\n| --- |\n| | [Front](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\") | [Back](/wiki/Back_vowel \"Back vowel\") | |\n| | |\n| [Close](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") | | | |\n| [Close\\-mid](/wiki/Close-mid_vowel \"Close-mid vowel\") | | | |\n| [Open\\-mid](/wiki/Open-mid_vowel \"Open-mid vowel\") | | | |\n| [Open](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\") | | | |\n\nIn the western dialect, has become , and the original has merged with . In eastern dialects, there is more fluidity in the pronunciation of [front vowels](/wiki/Front_vowel \"Front vowel\"), with some speakers distinguishing five qualities of such vowels, and others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important: [close vowels](/wiki/Close_vowel \"Close vowel\") tend to be longer than [open vowels](/wiki/Open_vowel \"Open vowel\").\n\nThe open vowels form [diphthongs](/wiki/Diphthong \"Diphthong\") with the [approximants](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") and . In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations:\n* usually becomes , but the western dialect has \n* , further, sometimes [monophthongized](/wiki/Monophthong \"Monophthong\") to \n* usually becomes \n* , further, sometimes monophthongized to \n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* + - * + - * + - * \n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* Rudder, Joshua. *Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step\\-by\\-Step Approach to the Historical \\& Modern Scripts*. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011\\. 220 pp. Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113\\), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206\\), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190\\) scripts.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [A Coursebook of Classical Syriac](http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-2261) Freie Universität Berlin Repository\n* [YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term \"Syriac\" (Suryoyo/Suroyo)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfwoGQS_ieE)\n* [Syriac traditional pronunciation](https://www.academia.edu/27766400/Leshono_Suryoyo_-_Die_traditionelle_Aussprache_des_Westsyrischen_-_The_traditional_pronunciation_of_Western_Syriac)\n* [Aramaic Dictionary (lexicon and concordance)](http://www.atour.com/dictionary)\n* [Syriac at ScriptSource.com](http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Syrc)\n* [The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon](http://cal.huc.edu/)\n* [Syriac Studies Reference Library](http://lib.byu.edu/collections/syriac-studies-reference-library/about/), Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University\n* [Leshono Suryoyo – Die traditionelle Aussprache des Westsyrischen – The traditional pronunciation of Western Syriac](https://www.academia.edu/27766400/Leshono_Suryoyo_-_Die_traditionelle_Aussprache_des_Westsyrischen_-_The_traditional_pronunciation_of_Western_Syriac)\n* [What is Syriac and what is Aramaic according to Syriac grammarians](https://hiphilangsci.net/2020/03/07/what-is-syriac/) on [History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences](https://hiphilangsci.net/)\n* [Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage](https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/index.html)\n* [Syriac Language](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/syriac-language-parent) at [Encyclopaedia Iranica](https://www.iranicaonline.org/)\n* [Syriac Language](https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/syriac-language.html) in the [McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia](https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/)\n* [Syriac Language](https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/syriac-language/?lang=en) at the [Department of Syriac Studies](https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/?lang=en)\n\n[Syriac](/wiki/Category:Standard_languages \"Standard languages\")\n[Category:Languages attested from the 1st century](/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_1st_century \"Languages attested from the 1st century\")\n[Category:Aramaic languages](/wiki/Category:Aramaic_languages \"Aramaic languages\")\n[Category:Classical languages](/wiki/Category:Classical_languages \"Classical languages\")\n[Category:Languages of Iraq](/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Iraq \"Languages of Iraq\")\n[Category:Languages of Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Lebanon \"Languages of Lebanon\")\n[Category:Languages of Syria](/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Syria \"Languages of Syria\")\n[Category:Languages of Turkey](/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Turkey \"Languages of Turkey\")\n[Category:Christian liturgical languages](/wiki/Category:Christian_liturgical_languages \"Christian liturgical languages\")\n[Category:Syriac Christianity](/wiki/Category:Syriac_Christianity \"Syriac Christianity\")\n[Category:Semitic languages](/wiki/Category:Semitic_languages \"Semitic languages\")\n[Category:Languages of Kurdistan](/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kurdistan \"Languages of Kurdistan\")\n[Category:Diglossia](/wiki/Category:Diglossia \"Diglossia\")\n\n"
]
} |
Blue Eye, Arkansas | {
"id": [
41195652
],
"name": [
"Qwerfjkl"
]
} | 2x9xhue1neo28lfswhvaxd9uz7unpo6 | 2024-08-26T12:15:32Z | 1,233,560,964 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"List of highways",
"Demographics",
"In popular culture",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Blue Eye** is an incorporated town in [Carroll County](/wiki/Carroll_County%2C_Arkansas \"Carroll County, Arkansas\"), [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\"), United States. The population was 46 at the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"). The population estimate is 32 as of 2022\\. Blue Eye, Arkansas, is adjacent to [Blue Eye, Missouri](/wiki/Blue_Eye%2C_Missouri \"Blue Eye, Missouri\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nBlue Eye is the northernmost settlement in the state of Arkansas. The town is contiguous with Blue Eye, Missouri on the north side of the border. [Arkansas Highway 21](/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_21 \"Arkansas Highway 21\") ends at the border and continues north as [Missouri Route 13](/wiki/Missouri_Route_13 \"Missouri Route 13\"). The community lies south of [Table Rock Lake](/wiki/Table_Rock_Lake \"Table Rock Lake\").*Missouri Atlas \\& Gazetteer,* DeLorme, 1998, First edition, p. 61, *Arkansas Atlas \\& Gazetteer,* DeLorme, 2004, 2nd edition, p. 24, \n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the town has a total area of , all land.\n\n### List of highways\n\n* [20px](/wiki/File:Arkansas_21.svg \"Arkansas 21.svg\") [Arkansas Highway 21](/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_21 \"Arkansas Highway 21\")\n* [25px](/wiki/File:Arkansas_311.svg \"Arkansas 311.svg\") [Arkansas Highway 311](/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_311 \"Arkansas Highway 311\")\n",
"### List of highways\n\n* [20px](/wiki/File:Arkansas_21.svg \"Arkansas 21.svg\") [Arkansas Highway 21](/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_21 \"Arkansas Highway 21\")\n* [25px](/wiki/File:Arkansas_311.svg \"Arkansas 311.svg\") [Arkansas Highway 311](/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_311 \"Arkansas Highway 311\")\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 36 people, 14 households, and 11 families residing in the town. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was . There were 18 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 91\\.67% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 8\\.33% from two or more races.\n\nThere were 14 households, out of which 21\\.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21\\.4% were non\\-families. 21\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.57 and the average family size was 2\\.91\\.\n\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 19\\.4% under the age of 18, 8\\.3% from 18 to 24, 33\\.3% from 25 to 44, 22\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 89\\.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93\\.3 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the town was $21,875, and the median income for a family was $36,250\\. Males had a median income of $21,000 versus $40,417 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $15,358\\. None of the population and none of the families were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\").\n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nBlue Eye was the home of the fictional character [Bob Lee Swagger](/wiki/Bob_Lee_Swagger \"Bob Lee Swagger\"), protagonist of various novels by film critic and author [Stephen Hunter](/wiki/Stephen_Hunter \"Stephen Hunter\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Encyclopedia of Arkansas History \\& Culture entry](http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=7094)\n* [History of Blue Eye](https://thelibrary.org/lochist/periodicals/wrv/V1/N6/w62g.htm)\n\n[Category:Towns in Carroll County, Arkansas](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Carroll_County%2C_Arkansas \"Towns in Carroll County, Arkansas\")\n[Category:Towns in Arkansas](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Arkansas \"Towns in Arkansas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Pearl City, Hawaii | {
"id": [
48448479
],
"name": [
"JohnIllinois1827"
]
} | 6tcgaykm1hj86x6a6ymptegnu7gec46 | 2024-09-19T18:13:48Z | 1,242,159,467 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"Government and infrastructure",
"Education",
"Sports and recreation",
"Notable people",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
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"\n\n**Pearl City** is an [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") and [census\\-designated place](/wiki/Census-designated_place \"Census-designated place\") (CDP) in the [Ewa District](/wiki/Ewa_District%2C_Hawaii \"Ewa District, Hawaii\") and [City \\& County of Honolulu](/wiki/Honolulu_County%2C_Hawaii \"Honolulu County, Hawaii\") on the island of [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\"). As of the [2010 census](/wiki/United_States_2010_Census \"United States 2010 Census\"), the CDP had a population of 47,698\\. Pearl City sits along the north shore of [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"). [Waimalu](/wiki/Waimalu%2C_Hawaii \"Waimalu, Hawaii\") borders Pearl City to the east and [Waipahu](/wiki/Waipahu%2C_Hawaii \"Waipahu, Hawaii\") borders the west. The U.S. [postal code](/wiki/Postal_code \"Postal code\") for Pearl City is 96782\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nEarly\\-day Pearl City had an array of rice paddies and fields that were plowed with water buffalo that hauled a 9 two\\-wheeled cart. In the early 1880s, Pearl City was the final stop for [Benjamin Franklin Dillingham](/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Dillingham \"Benjamin Franklin Dillingham\")'s [Oahu Railway](/wiki/Oahu_Railway_and_Land_Company \"Oahu Railway and Land Company\"), a [mud wagon](/wiki/Stage_wagon \"Stage wagon\") driven by a four\\-horse team. Lots for a yet\\-to\\-exist \"Pearl City\" went on sale in 1889, after completion of the rail line. Near the outskirts of Pearl City, the Remond Grove, an area where people were entertained by piano, banjo, trumpet, and saxophone performances, was a popular entertainment spot in the early 1900s.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nPearl City is located at 21°24'30\" North, 157°58'1\" East (21\\.408333, −157\\.966902\\).\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the CDP has an area of , of which is land and is water. The total area is 14\\.29% water.\n\n* Average winter high (January 28\\): 79 degrees[\"Average Weather in Pearl City Hawaii, United States\"](https://weatherspark.com/y/128/Average-Weather-in-Pearl-City-Hawaii-United-States-Year-Round#Sections-Precipitation), Weather Spark, retrieved 6 March 2019\\.\n* Average winter low (January 28\\): 66 degrees\n* Average summer high (August 23\\): 87 degrees\n* Average summer low (August 23\\): 74 degrees\n* Average annual precipitation: 64 inches\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2020, there were 45,295 people, 14,987 households, and 7,288 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 9,181 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 54\\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 9\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.6% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.41% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 6\\.5% [Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander \"Pacific Islander\"), and 24\\.4% from two or more races. 9\\.9% of the population were [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race.\n\nThere were 8,922 households, of which 25\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63\\.9% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 12\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\\.3% were non\\-families. 14\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.17 and the average family size was 3\\.48\\.\n\nIn the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18\\.8% under the age of 18, 13\\.7% from 18 to 24, 27\\.2% from 25 to 44, 23\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37\\. For every 100 females, there were 115\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117\\.3 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the CDP was $62,036, and the median income for a family was $67,246\\. Males had a median income of $30,712 versus $28,408 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") was $21,683\\. 6\\.2% of the population and 4\\.0% of families were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"). Of the total population, 11\\.7% of those under the age of 18 and 4\\.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.\n\n",
"Government and infrastructure\n-----------------------------\n\nThe [Honolulu Police Department](/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department \"Honolulu Police Department\") operates the Pearl City Substation in Pearl City.\"[Contacting HPD](http://www.honolulupd.org/contact.htm) .\" [Honolulu Police Department](/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department \"Honolulu Police Department\"). Retrieved on May 19, 2010\\.\n\nThe [United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") operates the Pearl City Post Office in Pearl City.\"[Post Office Location – PEARL CITY](http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/pearl-city-950-kamehameha-hwy-pearl-city-hi-1377046) .\" [United States Postal Service](/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\"). Retrieved on May 19, 2010\\.\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nThe [Hawai'i Department of Education](/wiki/Hawai%27i_Department_of_Education \"Hawai'i Department of Education\") operates public schools in Pearl City,2010 Map: \n2000 Maps: \\- pages [1](https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk2000/st15_Hawaii/Place/1562600_PearlCity/CBP1562600_001.pdf) and [2](https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk2000/st15_Hawaii/Place/1562600_PearlCity/CBP1562600_002.pdf) \\- Compare these maps to addresses of the schools. including the Pearl City Complex public schools that include elementary, intermediate, and high schools.\n\nElementary schools in the CDP include Manana, Momilani, Palisades, Pearl City, Pearl City Highlands, Waimalu, and Waiau. Two secondary schools, Highlands Intermediate School and [Pearl City High School](/wiki/Pearl_City_High_School_%28Hawaii%29 \"Pearl City High School (Hawaii)\"), are also in the CDP. Momilani, Waimalu, and Waiau elementary schools and Pearl City High were in the Waimalu CDP as of the [2000 U.S. census](/wiki/2000_U.S._Census \"2000 U.S. Census\"),2010 Map: \n2000 Map: \\- Compare this map to addresses of schools but as of the [2010 U.S. census](/wiki/2010_U.S._Census \"2010 U.S. Census\") are in the Pearl City CDP.\n\nThe [Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Honolulu \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu\") operates Our Lady of Good Counsel School in the CDP, which opened in 1964\\.Our Lady of Good Counsel School, [History](https://www.olgchawaii.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=757029&type=d&pREC_ID=1163988), accessed 21 September 2023\n\nThe [University of Hawaii–Leeward Community College](/wiki/Leeward_Community_College \"Leeward Community College\"), a branch of the [University of Hawaiʻi System](/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_System \"University of Hawaiʻi System\"), is adjacent to the CDP, with a Pearl City address.\"<http://www.leeward.hawaii.edu/>.\" Retrieved on October 23, 2014\\. \"96\\-045 Ala Ike, Pearl City, Hawaii 96782\"\n\n[Hawaii State Public Library System](/wiki/Hawaii_State_Public_Library_System \"Hawaii State Public Library System\") operates the Pearl City Library. Originally known as the Pearl City Regional Library, it began operations on November 15, 1969\\.\n\n",
"Sports and recreation\n---------------------\n\nIn 1988, a Pearl City baseball team—Pearl City Little League (District 7\\)—represented the U.S. and made it to the [Little League World Series](/wiki/Little_League_World_Series%23Little_League_World_Series_champions \"Little League World Series#Little League World Series champions\") World Championship game, where it lost to the team from Taiwan. In 2007, it won the [Junior League World Series](/wiki/Junior_League_World_Series%23List_of_champions \"Junior League World Series#List of champions\"), after winning the West Region, then defeating the Central Region and Southwest Region champions to become the U.S. champion, and finally defeating the International champion (Asia\\-Pacific Region), Illam Central LL (Makati, Philippines), 6–2\\.\n\nThe Hawaii Hawks won the 2003 Field Hockey World Cup 10–7\\.\n\nIn 2017, a Pearl City youth baseball team, the Pearl City KRU, represented the Pacific Southwest region in the [Cal Ripken Baseball](/wiki/Babe_Ruth_League%23Cal_Ripken_Baseball_.28Formerly_Known_As_Bambino_Division.29.5B5.5D \"Babe Ruth League#Cal Ripken Baseball .28Formerly Known As Bambino Division.29.5B5.5D\") 10U (age 10 and under) World Series. This series was held in [Hammond, Indiana](/wiki/Hammond%2C_Indiana \"Hammond, Indiana\"), which hosted nine other teams from across the country. The KRU team won all of its games in [pool play](/wiki/Pool_play \"Pool play\"), and made it to the World Series finals, where they lost to the team from [West Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh%2C_North_Carolina%23West_Raleigh \"Raleigh, North Carolina#West Raleigh\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), 5–3\\.\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Brook Lee](/wiki/Brook_Lee \"Brook Lee\"), [Miss Hawaii USA](/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_USA \"Miss Hawaii USA\") 1997, [Miss USA 1997](/wiki/Miss_USA_1997 \"Miss USA 1997\") and [Miss Universe 1997](/wiki/Miss_Universe_1997 \"Miss Universe 1997\")\n* [Jason Scott Lee](/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee \"Jason Scott Lee\"), film actor\n* [Duke Aiona](/wiki/Duke_Aiona \"Duke Aiona\"), [lieutenant governor of Hawaii](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Hawaii \"Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii\"), born in Pearl City\n* [David Ige](/wiki/David_Ige \"David Ige\"), [governor of Hawaii](/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii \"Governor of Hawaii\"), born in Pearl City\n* [Jordan Ta'amu](/wiki/Jordan_Ta%27amu \"Jordan Ta'amu\"), professional football player\n* [Verena Mei](/wiki/Verena_Mei \"Verena Mei\"), model and rally driver\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Census\\-designated places in Honolulu County, Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Census-designated_places_in_Honolulu_County%2C_Hawaii \"Census-designated places in Honolulu County, Hawaii\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Honolulu County, Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Honolulu_County%2C_Hawaii \"Unincorporated communities in Honolulu County, Hawaii\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Hawaii \"Unincorporated communities in Hawaii\")\n\n"
]
} |
Florence County, South Carolina | {
"id": [
null
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"name": [
"70.61.49.98"
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} | p8c3oz7nb5kpfj2ha3mcr873gj71237 | 2024-09-29T17:03:38Z | 1,248,079,867 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"State and local protected areas",
"Major water bodies",
"Adjacent counties",
"Major highways",
"Major infrastructure",
"Demographics",
"2020 census",
"2010 census",
"2000 census",
"Law and government",
"Law enforcement",
"Politics",
"Economy",
"Communities",
"Cities",
"Towns",
"Census-designated places",
"Other unincorporated communities",
"Notable people",
"See also",
"References",
"Work cited",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
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"\n\n**Florence County** is a [county](/wiki/County_%28United_States%29 \"County (United States)\") located in the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"). As of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), its population was 137,059\\. Its [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") is [Florence](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina \"Florence, South Carolina\"). Florence County is included in the [Florence, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Florence%2C_SC_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area \"Florence, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nFlorence County was formed from main sections of Darlington and Marion Counties, plus other townships from Williamsburg and Clarendon Counties, starting in 1888\\. The last section of Williamsburg County was not added until 1921\\. Florence County was named after its county seat, Florence, which its founder, General [William Harllee](/wiki/William_Harllee \"William Harllee\") in turned named for his daughter, Florence. On December 26, 1921, [Bill McAllister was lynched](/wiki/Lynching_in_Florence_county%2C_South_Carolina \"Lynching in Florence county, South Carolina\") for having an affair with a white woman.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nAccording to the [U.S. Census Bureau](/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau \"U.S. Census Bureau\"), the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0\\.47%) is water.\n\n### State and local protected areas\n\n* [Lynches River County Park](/wiki/Lynches_River_County_Park \"Lynches River County Park\")\n* [Moore Farms Botanical Garden](/wiki/Moore_Farms_Botanical_Garden \"Moore Farms Botanical Garden\") (part)\n* [Pee Dee Station Site Wildlife Management Area](/wiki/Pee_Dee_Station_Site_Wildlife_Management_Area \"Pee Dee Station Site Wildlife Management Area\")\n* [Woods Bay State Park](/wiki/Woods_Bay_State_Park \"Woods Bay State Park\") (part)\n\n### Major water bodies\n\n* [Great Pee Dee River](/wiki/Great_Pee_Dee_River \"Great Pee Dee River\")\n* [Lynches River](/wiki/Lynches_River \"Lynches River\")\n\n### Adjacent counties\n\n* [Marlboro County](/wiki/Marlboro_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Marlboro County, South Carolina\") – north\n* [Dillon County](/wiki/Dillon_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Dillon County, South Carolina\") – northeast\n* [Marion County](/wiki/Marion_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Marion County, South Carolina\") – east\n* [Williamsburg County](/wiki/Williamsburg_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Williamsburg County, South Carolina\") – south\n* [Clarendon County](/wiki/Clarendon_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Clarendon County, South Carolina\") – southwest\n* [Sumter County](/wiki/Sumter_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Sumter County, South Carolina\") – west\n* [Lee County](/wiki/Lee_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Lee County, South Carolina\") – west\n* [Darlington County](/wiki/Darlington_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Darlington County, South Carolina\") – northwest\n\n### Major highways\n\n* ([truck route](/wiki/Special_routes_of_U.S._Route_301%23Florence_truck_route \"Special routes of U.S. Route 301#Florence truck route\"))\n### Major infrastructure\n\n* [Florence Regional Airport](/wiki/Florence_Regional_Airport \"Florence Regional Airport\")\n* [Florence Station](/wiki/Florence_station_%28South_Carolina%29 \"Florence station (South Carolina)\")\n",
"### State and local protected areas\n\n* [Lynches River County Park](/wiki/Lynches_River_County_Park \"Lynches River County Park\")\n* [Moore Farms Botanical Garden](/wiki/Moore_Farms_Botanical_Garden \"Moore Farms Botanical Garden\") (part)\n* [Pee Dee Station Site Wildlife Management Area](/wiki/Pee_Dee_Station_Site_Wildlife_Management_Area \"Pee Dee Station Site Wildlife Management Area\")\n* [Woods Bay State Park](/wiki/Woods_Bay_State_Park \"Woods Bay State Park\") (part)\n",
"### Major water bodies\n\n* [Great Pee Dee River](/wiki/Great_Pee_Dee_River \"Great Pee Dee River\")\n* [Lynches River](/wiki/Lynches_River \"Lynches River\")\n",
"### Adjacent counties\n\n* [Marlboro County](/wiki/Marlboro_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Marlboro County, South Carolina\") – north\n* [Dillon County](/wiki/Dillon_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Dillon County, South Carolina\") – northeast\n* [Marion County](/wiki/Marion_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Marion County, South Carolina\") – east\n* [Williamsburg County](/wiki/Williamsburg_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Williamsburg County, South Carolina\") – south\n* [Clarendon County](/wiki/Clarendon_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Clarendon County, South Carolina\") – southwest\n* [Sumter County](/wiki/Sumter_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Sumter County, South Carolina\") – west\n* [Lee County](/wiki/Lee_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Lee County, South Carolina\") – west\n* [Darlington County](/wiki/Darlington_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Darlington County, South Carolina\") – northwest\n",
"### Major highways\n\n* ([truck route](/wiki/Special_routes_of_U.S._Route_301%23Florence_truck_route \"Special routes of U.S. Route 301#Florence truck route\"))\n",
"### Major infrastructure\n\n* [Florence Regional Airport](/wiki/Florence_Regional_Airport \"Florence Regional Airport\")\n* [Florence Station](/wiki/Florence_station_%28South_Carolina%29 \"Florence station (South Carolina)\")\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\n### 2020 census\n\n| \\+Florence County racial composition | Race | Num. | Perc. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 69,021 | 50\\.36% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 56,877 | 41\\.5% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") | 330 | 0\\.24% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") | 2,309 | 1\\.68% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") | 48 | 0\\.04% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") | 4,191 | 3\\.06% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") | 4,283 | 3\\.12% |\n\nAs of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 137,059 people, 53,047 households, and 35,763 families residing in the county.\n\n### 2010 census\n\nAt the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"), there were 136,885 people, 52,653 households, and 36,328 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 58,666 housing units at an average density of . The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census\") of the county was 54\\.9% white, 41\\.3% black or African American, 1\\.2% Asian, 0\\.3% American Indian, 1\\.1% from other races, and 1\\.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2\\.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 8\\.4% were [American](/wiki/Americans \"Americans\"), 7\\.8% were [English](/wiki/English_people \"English people\"), 6\\.7% were [Irish](/wiki/Irish_people \"Irish people\"), and 6\\.2% were [German](/wiki/Germans \"Germans\").\n\nOf the 52,653 households, 35\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\\.7% were married couples living together, 19\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 31\\.0% were non\\-families, and 26\\.3% of households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\\.54 and the average family size was 3\\.06\\. The median age was 37\\.6 years.\n\nThe median household income was $40,487 and the median family income was $48,896\\. Males had a median income of $38,934 versus $30,163 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,932\\. About 14\\.5% of families and 18\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 26\\.1% of those under age 18 and 14\\.0% of those age 65 or over.\n\n### 2000 census\n\nAt the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 125,761 people, 47,147 households, and 33,804 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 51,836 housing units at an average density of . The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the county was 58\\.65% White, 39\\.34% Black or African American, 0\\.22% Native American, 0\\.70% Asian, 0\\.02% Pacific Islander, 0\\.39% from other races, and 0\\.68% from two or more races. 1\\.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nOf the 47,147 households 33\\.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\\.70% were married couples living together, 18\\.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.30% were non\\-families. 24\\.50% of households were one person and 8\\.20% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.59 and the average family size was 3\\.08\\.\n\nThe age distribution was 25\\.90% under the age of 18, 9\\.70% from 18 to 24, 28\\.90% from 25 to 44, 23\\.60% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.80% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\\.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84\\.20 males.\n\nThe median household income was $35,144 and the median family income was $41,274\\. Males had a median income of $32,065 versus $21,906 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,876\\. About 13\\.50% of families and 16\\.40% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 22\\.30% of those under age 18 and 16\\.50% of those age 65 or over.\n\nAccording to the 2000 census, the population of Florence County was classified as 58% urban and 42% rural, containing the two urban areas of Florence (2000 pop. 67,314\\) and Lake City (8,728\\). Along with Darlington County, it comprises part of the [Florence, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Florence%2C_SC_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area \"Florence, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area\").\n\n",
"### 2020 census\n\n| \\+Florence County racial composition | Race | Num. | Perc. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 69,021 | 50\\.36% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic) | 56,877 | 41\\.5% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") | 330 | 0\\.24% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\") | 2,309 | 1\\.68% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") | 48 | 0\\.04% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") | 4,191 | 3\\.06% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") | 4,283 | 3\\.12% |\n\nAs of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 137,059 people, 53,047 households, and 35,763 families residing in the county.\n\n",
"### 2010 census\n\nAt the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"), there were 136,885 people, 52,653 households, and 36,328 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 58,666 housing units at an average density of . The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232010_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2010 census\") of the county was 54\\.9% white, 41\\.3% black or African American, 1\\.2% Asian, 0\\.3% American Indian, 1\\.1% from other races, and 1\\.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2\\.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 8\\.4% were [American](/wiki/Americans \"Americans\"), 7\\.8% were [English](/wiki/English_people \"English people\"), 6\\.7% were [Irish](/wiki/Irish_people \"Irish people\"), and 6\\.2% were [German](/wiki/Germans \"Germans\").\n\nOf the 52,653 households, 35\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44\\.7% were married couples living together, 19\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 31\\.0% were non\\-families, and 26\\.3% of households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2\\.54 and the average family size was 3\\.06\\. The median age was 37\\.6 years.\n\nThe median household income was $40,487 and the median family income was $48,896\\. Males had a median income of $38,934 versus $30,163 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,932\\. About 14\\.5% of families and 18\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 26\\.1% of those under age 18 and 14\\.0% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"### 2000 census\n\nAt the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 125,761 people, 47,147 households, and 33,804 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 51,836 housing units at an average density of . The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the county was 58\\.65% White, 39\\.34% Black or African American, 0\\.22% Native American, 0\\.70% Asian, 0\\.02% Pacific Islander, 0\\.39% from other races, and 0\\.68% from two or more races. 1\\.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nOf the 47,147 households 33\\.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49\\.70% were married couples living together, 18\\.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.30% were non\\-families. 24\\.50% of households were one person and 8\\.20% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.59 and the average family size was 3\\.08\\.\n\nThe age distribution was 25\\.90% under the age of 18, 9\\.70% from 18 to 24, 28\\.90% from 25 to 44, 23\\.60% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.80% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\\.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84\\.20 males.\n\nThe median household income was $35,144 and the median family income was $41,274\\. Males had a median income of $32,065 versus $21,906 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,876\\. About 13\\.50% of families and 16\\.40% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 22\\.30% of those under age 18 and 16\\.50% of those age 65 or over.\n\nAccording to the 2000 census, the population of Florence County was classified as 58% urban and 42% rural, containing the two urban areas of Florence (2000 pop. 67,314\\) and Lake City (8,728\\). Along with Darlington County, it comprises part of the [Florence, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Florence%2C_SC_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area \"Florence, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area\").\n\n",
"Law and government\n------------------\n\n### Law enforcement\n\nIn 2020, Florence County Sheriff Kenney Boone pled guilty to embezzlement and misconduct in office. He was not sentenced to jail time. the current sheriff is T.J. Joye.\n\n### Politics\n\nAs part of the “Solid South,” Florence County was strongly Democratic throughout its early existence. In recent years, though, Florence has shifted to a Republican\\-leaning county, having not voted Democratic at the presidential level since [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") in 1976\\. However, it has done so by relatively modest margins as the county has been decided by a single\\-digit margin in every election since 2008\\. In 2020, incumbent Republican president [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") narrowly carried Florence County, winning 32,615 votes (50\\.56%) to 31,153 (48\\.29%) for Democratic candidate [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\").\n\nTypically, Democratic strength is concentrated in the City of Florence, while the suburban and rural areas lean strongly Republican. \n\nMost of the county is located within the state's 7th congressional district, which is represented by Republican [Russell Fry](/wiki/Russell_Fry_%28politician%29 \"Russell Fry (politician)\"). A small portion of the county, specifically the areas around [Lake City](/wiki/Lake_City%2C_South_Carolina \"Lake City, South Carolina\"), is located in the majority\\-minority 6th district, and is represented by Democrat [Jim Clyburn](/wiki/Jim_Clyburn \"Jim Clyburn\").\n\n",
"### Law enforcement\n\nIn 2020, Florence County Sheriff Kenney Boone pled guilty to embezzlement and misconduct in office. He was not sentenced to jail time. the current sheriff is T.J. Joye.\n\n",
"### Politics\n\nAs part of the “Solid South,” Florence County was strongly Democratic throughout its early existence. In recent years, though, Florence has shifted to a Republican\\-leaning county, having not voted Democratic at the presidential level since [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\") in 1976\\. However, it has done so by relatively modest margins as the county has been decided by a single\\-digit margin in every election since 2008\\. In 2020, incumbent Republican president [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") narrowly carried Florence County, winning 32,615 votes (50\\.56%) to 31,153 (48\\.29%) for Democratic candidate [Joe Biden](/wiki/Joe_Biden \"Joe Biden\").\n\nTypically, Democratic strength is concentrated in the City of Florence, while the suburban and rural areas lean strongly Republican. \n\nMost of the county is located within the state's 7th congressional district, which is represented by Republican [Russell Fry](/wiki/Russell_Fry_%28politician%29 \"Russell Fry (politician)\"). A small portion of the county, specifically the areas around [Lake City](/wiki/Lake_City%2C_South_Carolina \"Lake City, South Carolina\"), is located in the majority\\-minority 6th district, and is represented by Democrat [Jim Clyburn](/wiki/Jim_Clyburn \"Jim Clyburn\").\n\n",
"Economy\n-------\n\nIn 2022, the [GDP](/wiki/GDP \"GDP\") of Florence County was $8\\.5 billion (about $62,154 per capita). The [real GDP](/wiki/Real_gross_domestic_product \"Real gross domestic product\") was $7\\.2 billion (about $52,808 per capita) in [chained 2017 dollars](/wiki/Chained_dollars \"Chained dollars\"). In 2022\\-2024, the unemployment rate has fluctuated between 2\\.3\\-3\\.8%.\n\n[Duke Energy](/wiki/Duke_Energy \"Duke Energy\"), [Francis Marion University](/wiki/Francis_Marion_University \"Francis Marion University\"), [GE HealthCare](/wiki/GE_HealthCare \"GE HealthCare\"), [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\"), [McLeod Health](/wiki/McLeod_Health \"McLeod Health\"), [Otis Worldwide](/wiki/Otis_Worldwide \"Otis Worldwide\"), [QVC](/wiki/QVC \"QVC\"), [Ruiz Foods](/wiki/Ruiz_Foods \"Ruiz Foods\"), and [Walmart](/wiki/Walmart \"Walmart\") are some of the largest employers in the county.\n\n| \\+ Employment and Wage Statistics by Industry in Florence County, South Carolina | Industry | Employment Counts | Employment Percentage (%) | Average Annual Wage ($) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Accommodation and Food Services | 7,326 | 11\\.1 | 20,124 |\n| Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | 4,207 | 6\\.4 | 34,632 |\n| Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting | 191 | 0\\.3 | 49,036 |\n| Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation | 661 | 1\\.0 | 27,768 |\n| Construction | 1,800 | 2\\.7 | 63,024 |\n| Educational Services | 4,188 | 6\\.3 | 48,360 |\n| Finance and Insurance | 1,584 | 2\\.4 | 88,192 |\n| Health Care and Social Assistance | 15,179 | 22\\.9 | 59,124 |\n| Information | 569 | 0\\.9 | 69,732 |\n| Manufacturing | 7,301 | 11\\.0 | 64,896 |\n| Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction | 34 | 0\\.1 | 43,420 |\n| Other Services (except Public Administration) | 1,599 | 2\\.4 | 39,364 |\n| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | 2,217 | 3\\.4 | 78,000 |\n| Public Administration | 3,165 | 4\\.8 | 50,336 |\n| Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | 844 | 1\\.3 | 51,636 |\n| Retail Trade | 8,811 | 13\\.3 | 33,592 |\n| Transportation and Warehousing | 3,572 | 5\\.4 | 46,436 |\n| Utilities | 183 | 0\\.3 | 90,064 |\n| Wholesale Trade | 2,713 | 4\\.1 | 65,416 |\n| **Total** | **66,144** | **100\\.0%** | **49,641** |\n\n",
"Communities\n-----------\n\n### Cities\n\n* [Florence](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina \"Florence, South Carolina\") (county seat and largest community)\n* [Johnsonville](/wiki/Johnsonville%2C_South_Carolina \"Johnsonville, South Carolina\")\n* [Lake City](/wiki/Lake_City%2C_South_Carolina \"Lake City, South Carolina\")\n\n### Towns\n\n* [Coward](/wiki/Coward%2C_South_Carolina \"Coward, South Carolina\")\n* [Olanta](/wiki/Olanta%2C_South_Carolina \"Olanta, South Carolina\")\n* [Pamplico](/wiki/Pamplico%2C_South_Carolina \"Pamplico, South Carolina\")\n* [Quinby](/wiki/Quinby%2C_South_Carolina \"Quinby, South Carolina\")\n* [Scranton](/wiki/Scranton%2C_South_Carolina \"Scranton, South Carolina\")\n* [Timmonsville](/wiki/Timmonsville%2C_South_Carolina \"Timmonsville, South Carolina\")\n\n### Census\\-designated places\n\n* [Danwood](/wiki/Danwood%2C_South_Carolina \"Danwood, South Carolina\")\n\n### Other unincorporated communities\n\n* [Cartersville](/wiki/Cartersville%2C_South_Carolina \"Cartersville, South Carolina\")\n* [Effingham](/wiki/Effingham%2C_South_Carolina \"Effingham, South Carolina\")\n* [Evergreen](/wiki/Evergreen%2C_South_Carolina \"Evergreen, South Carolina\")\n* [Hannah](/wiki/Hannah%2C_South_Carolina \"Hannah, South Carolina\")\n* [Kingsburg](/wiki/Kingsburg%2C_South_Carolina \"Kingsburg, South Carolina\")\n* [Mars Bluff](/wiki/Mars_Bluff%2C_South_Carolina \"Mars Bluff, South Carolina\")\n* [Poston](/wiki/Poston%2C_South_Carolina \"Poston, South Carolina\")\n",
"### Cities\n\n* [Florence](/wiki/Florence%2C_South_Carolina \"Florence, South Carolina\") (county seat and largest community)\n* [Johnsonville](/wiki/Johnsonville%2C_South_Carolina \"Johnsonville, South Carolina\")\n* [Lake City](/wiki/Lake_City%2C_South_Carolina \"Lake City, South Carolina\")\n",
"### Towns\n\n* [Coward](/wiki/Coward%2C_South_Carolina \"Coward, South Carolina\")\n* [Olanta](/wiki/Olanta%2C_South_Carolina \"Olanta, South Carolina\")\n* [Pamplico](/wiki/Pamplico%2C_South_Carolina \"Pamplico, South Carolina\")\n* [Quinby](/wiki/Quinby%2C_South_Carolina \"Quinby, South Carolina\")\n* [Scranton](/wiki/Scranton%2C_South_Carolina \"Scranton, South Carolina\")\n* [Timmonsville](/wiki/Timmonsville%2C_South_Carolina \"Timmonsville, South Carolina\")\n\n",
"### Census\\-designated places\n\n* [Danwood](/wiki/Danwood%2C_South_Carolina \"Danwood, South Carolina\")\n",
"### Other unincorporated communities\n\n* [Cartersville](/wiki/Cartersville%2C_South_Carolina \"Cartersville, South Carolina\")\n* [Effingham](/wiki/Effingham%2C_South_Carolina \"Effingham, South Carolina\")\n* [Evergreen](/wiki/Evergreen%2C_South_Carolina \"Evergreen, South Carolina\")\n* [Hannah](/wiki/Hannah%2C_South_Carolina \"Hannah, South Carolina\")\n* [Kingsburg](/wiki/Kingsburg%2C_South_Carolina \"Kingsburg, South Carolina\")\n* [Mars Bluff](/wiki/Mars_Bluff%2C_South_Carolina \"Mars Bluff, South Carolina\")\n* [Poston](/wiki/Poston%2C_South_Carolina \"Poston, South Carolina\")\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Donald Henry Gaskins](/wiki/Donald_Henry_Gaskins \"Donald Henry Gaskins\") (1933–1991\\), serial killer\n* [Roger K. Kirby](/wiki/Roger_K._Kirby \"Roger K. Kirby\") (born 1960\\), politician\n* [Kent Lee](/wiki/Kent_Lee \"Kent Lee\") (1923–2017\\), Navy admiral\n* [Georganna Sinkfield](/wiki/Georganna_Sinkfield \"Georganna Sinkfield\") (born 1943\\), politician\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of counties in South Carolina](/wiki/List_of_counties_in_South_Carolina \"List of counties in South Carolina\")\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Florence County, South Carolina](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florence_County%2C_South_Carolina \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Florence County, South Carolina\")\n* [Chaloklowa Chickasaw](/wiki/Chaloklowa_Chickasaw \"Chaloklowa Chickasaw\"), state\\-recognized group that resides in the county\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Work cited\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Florence County history and images](https://www.rootsandrecall.com/florence/)\n\n[Category:1888 establishments in South Carolina](/wiki/Category:1888_establishments_in_South_Carolina \"1888 establishments in South Carolina\")\n[Category:Populated places established in 1888](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1888 \"Populated places established in 1888\")\n[Category:Florence, South Carolina metropolitan area](/wiki/Category:Florence%2C_South_Carolina_metropolitan_area \"Florence, South Carolina metropolitan area\")\n\n"
]
} |
Portland Township, Michigan | {
"id": [
47525731
],
"name": [
"AleXYZ-510"
]
} | 0qwnlwfi54qhjpfdsmqkc9skd549r27 | 2024-04-25T00:25:23Z | 1,167,499,026 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Communities",
"Demographics",
"References",
"Notes",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Portland Township** is a [civil township](/wiki/Civil_township \"Civil township\") of [Ionia County](/wiki/Ionia_County%2C_Michigan \"Ionia County, Michigan\") in the [U.S. state](/wiki/U.S._state \"U.S. state\") of [Michigan](/wiki/Michigan \"Michigan\"). The population was 3,881 at the [2020 census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_2000 \"United States Census, 2000\"). The [City of Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Michigan \"Portland, Michigan\") is situated in the south central portion of the township, but is administratively autonomous.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the township has a total area of , of which is land and (3\\.19%) is water.\n\n",
"Communities\n-----------\n\n* **Collins** was an unincorporated community in Portland township. It had a post office from 1871 until 1911\\.\n* **[Portland](/wiki/Portland%2C_Michigan \"Portland, Michigan\")** is a city located in the south central portion of Portland Township. As all cities in Michigan, it is administratively separate.\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 2,460 people, 828 households, and 678 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 855 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 98\\.29% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.41% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.12% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.65% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.53% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.91% of the population.\n\nThere were 828 households, out of which 43\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 5\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18\\.0% were non\\-families. 14\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.97 and the average family size was 3\\.29\\.\n\nIn the township the population was spread out, with 30\\.9% under the age of 18, 7\\.6% from 18 to 24, 29\\.8% from 25 to 44, 25\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 6\\.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102\\.0 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the township was $59,700, and the median income for a family was $63,125\\. Males had a median income of $45,230 versus $29,784 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the township was $23,792\\. About 3\\.9% of families and 3\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 2\\.6% of those under age 18 and 8\\.9% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Notes\n\n### Sources\n\n[Category:Townships in Ionia County, Michigan](/wiki/Category:Townships_in_Ionia_County%2C_Michigan \"Townships in Ionia County, Michigan\")\n[Category:Grand Rapids metropolitan area](/wiki/Category:Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area \"Grand Rapids metropolitan area\")\n[Category:Townships in Michigan](/wiki/Category:Townships_in_Michigan \"Townships in Michigan\")\n\n",
"### Notes\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n[Category:Townships in Ionia County, Michigan](/wiki/Category:Townships_in_Ionia_County%2C_Michigan \"Townships in Ionia County, Michigan\")\n[Category:Grand Rapids metropolitan area](/wiki/Category:Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area \"Grand Rapids metropolitan area\")\n[Category:Townships in Michigan](/wiki/Category:Townships_in_Michigan \"Townships in Michigan\")\n\n"
]
} |
Rolling Meadows, Illinois | {
"id": [
13892963
],
"name": [
"Patapsco913"
]
} | biwvc9y06neox2u5o49m4lijk0ay8vn | 2024-10-07T01:11:56Z | 1,248,428,598 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"Economy",
"Parks and recreation",
"Education",
"Primary and secondary schools",
"Transportation",
"Notable people",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Rolling Meadows** is a city in [Cook County, Illinois](/wiki/Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Cook County, Illinois\"), United States. Per the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_Census \"2020 United States Census\"), the population was 24,200\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn 1836, Orrin Ford became the first landowner in the area that is now Rolling Meadows, staking his claim of in an area known as Plum Grove. Other farm families followed, many traveling from [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\"). By the early 1840s, settlers had built a dam across [Salt Creek](/wiki/Salt_Creek_%28Des_Plaines_River_tributary%29 \"Salt Creek (Des Plaines River tributary)\") and had laid claim to the entire Plum Grove area.\n\nThe community became part of the newly formed Palatine Township in 1850 as [German](/wiki/Germans \"Germans\") immigrants arrived. In 1862, the Salem Evangelical Church was built, and the church's cemetery still exists at the corner of Kirchoff and Plum Grove roads.\n\nIn 1927, H.D. \"Curly\" Brown bought of land in the area with the intention of building a [golf course](/wiki/Golf_course \"Golf course\"), along with land adjacent to it for a racetrack. In the early 1950s, Kimball Hill purchased the land intended for the golf course, and began home sales by advertising a floor plan of his basic house in the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")*. Although the response was positive, officials in neighboring [Arlington Heights](/wiki/Arlington_Heights%2C_Illinois \"Arlington Heights, Illinois\") protested, hoping to buy the land themselves for estate homes. However, prospective buyers of the Kimball Hill homes persuaded the Cook County Board for zoning changes to allow Hill to proceed.\n\nIn 1953, the first families moved into the development, which Hill named Rolling Meadows, and 700 houses were sold by 1955, mostly to [blue\\-collar workers](/wiki/Blue-collar_worker \"Blue-collar worker\"). Hill donated $200 per home for a school system, and then built and equipped the first [elementary school](/wiki/Elementary_school \"Elementary school\"). He also founded the Rolling Meadows Homeowners' Association and donated land for parks, as well as funded the Clearbrook Center, which is a home for individuals with [cognitive disabilities](/wiki/Intellectual_disability \"Intellectual disability\") that opened in 1955\\.\n\nRolling Meadows incorporated as a city in 1955 and soon began annexing land for future development. The town boomed during the 1950s and 1960s as businesses moved into the area. Crawford's department store opened in 1957 and was the largest in the northwest suburbs, although it closed in 1994\\. An [industrial park](/wiki/Industrial_park \"Industrial park\") opened on North Hicks Road in 1958, and [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\") opened a facility in the 1960s, employing 1,500 workers. Developers saturated the area with apartment buildings, and by 1970, multifamily dwellings made up 35 percent of the total structures in Rolling Meadows. Rolling Meadows complexes, however, suffered from a series of fires in the decade, prompting the city to become more stringent in their [building codes](/wiki/Building_code \"Building code\"), which had allowed for frame multifamily structures.\n\nBy 2000, the city had begun revamping commercial areas along Kirchoff Road. In the south end of the city on Golf Road, corporations such as [3Com](/wiki/3Com \"3Com\"), [Helene Curtis](/wiki/Helene_Curtis \"Helene Curtis\"), and Charles Industries established bases in what has become known as the [Golden Corridor](/wiki/Golden_Corridor \"Golden Corridor\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nRolling Meadows is located northwest of the [Chicago Loop](/wiki/Chicago_Loop \"Chicago Loop\").\n\nAccording to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Rolling Meadows has a total area of , of which (or 99\\.89%) is land and (or 0\\.11%) is water.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [2020 census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\") there were 24,200 people, 8,491 households, and 6,013 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 9,780 housing units at an average density of . The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") of the city was 59\\.48% White, 2\\.80% African American, 1\\.28% Native American, 13\\.07% Asian, 0\\.07% Pacific Islander, 12\\.69% from other races, and 10\\.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25\\.26% of the population.\n\nThere were 8,491 households, out of which 32\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\\.48% were married couples living together, 9\\.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\\.18% were non\\-families. 23\\.18% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12\\.17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3\\.21 and the average family size was 2\\.69\\.\n\nThe city's age distribution consisted of 22\\.7% under the age of 18, 7\\.0% from 18 to 24, 29\\.6% from 25 to 44, 25\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38\\.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 106\\.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101\\.3 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $78,609, and the median income for a family was $91,197\\. Males had a median income of $47,151 versus $40,566 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $37,478\\. About 3\\.6% of families and 5\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 5\\.4% of those under age 18 and 5\\.4% of those age 65 or over.\n\n| \\+**Rolling Meadows city, Illinois – Racial and ethnic composition** | Race / Ethnicity (*NH \\= Non\\-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | | % 2000 | % 2010 | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [White](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites \"Non-Hispanic or Latino whites\") alone (NH) | 17,282 | 14,948 |13,528\n\n 70\\.24% |\n 62\\.03% |\n55\\.90%\n\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans \"Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans\") alone (NH) | 662 | 514 |637\n\n 2\\.69% |\n 2\\.13% |\n2\\.63%\n\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\") alone (NH) | 28 | 8 |8\n\n 0\\.11% |\n 0\\.03% |\n0\\.03%\n\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_Americans \"Asian Americans\") alone (NH) | 1,623 | 1,961 |3,147\n\n 6\\.60% |\n 8\\.14% |\n13\\.00%\n\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans \"Pacific Islander Americans\") alone (NH) | 7 | 6 |13\n\n 0\\.03% |\n 0\\.02% |\n0\\.05%\n\n| [Other race](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States census\") alone (NH) | 27 | 28 |60\n\n 0\\.11% |\n 0\\.12% |\n0\\.25%\n\n| [Mixed race or Multiracial](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\") (NH) | 250 | 300 |694\n\n 1\\.02% |\n 1\\.24% |\n2\\.87%\n\n| [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") (any race) | 4,725 | 6,334 |6,113\n\n 19\\.20% |\n 26\\.28% |\n25\\.26%\n\n| **Total** | **24,604** | **24,099** |**24,200**\n\n **100\\.00%** |\n **100\\.00%** |\n**100\\.00%**\n\n",
"Economy\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|Northrop Grumman is the largest employer in Rolling Meadows.](/wiki/File:Northrop_Grumman_office_in_Rolling_Meadows%2C_Illinois.jpg \"Northrop Grumman office in Rolling Meadows, Illinois.jpg\")\nThe Chicago\\-area office of [Huawei](/wiki/Huawei \"Huawei\") is located at 3601 Algonquin Road.\"[Contact us](http://www.huawei.com/about/officeList.do#U.S.A) .\" *[Huawei](/wiki/Huawei \"Huawei\")*. Retrieved on February 4, 2009\\. The Chicago\\-area sales office of [Asiana Airlines](/wiki/Asiana_Airlines \"Asiana Airlines\") is located at Suite 1010 of Continental Towers \\# 3\\.\"[Worldwide Offices](http://us.flyasiana.com/Global/US/en/homepage?cmd=&fid=ABOUT13000®ion=US&city=&searchWrd=#01).\" *[Asiana Airlines](/wiki/Asiana_Airlines \"Asiana Airlines\")*. Accessed September 20, 2008\\.\n\nAccording to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:\n\n| \\# | Employer | \\# of employees |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | [Northrop Defense Systems](/wiki/Northrop_Grumman \"Northrop Grumman\") | 2,450 |\n| 2 | [Arthur J Gallagher](/wiki/Arthur_J_Gallagher \"Arthur J Gallagher\") | 2,000 |\n| 3 | [Verizon Wireless](/wiki/Verizon_Wireless \"Verizon Wireless\") | 900 |\n| 4 | [Capital One](/wiki/Capital_One \"Capital One\") | 800 |\n| 5 | [CareerBuilder Employment Screening](/wiki/CareerBuilder \"CareerBuilder\") | 450 |\n| 6 | [Komatsu](/wiki/Komatsu_Limited \"Komatsu Limited\") | 300 |\n| 7 | A.H. Management Group | 300 |\n| 8 | RTC | 235 |\n| 9 | [Meijer](/wiki/Meijer \"Meijer\") | 230 |\n| 10 | [Walmart](/wiki/Walmart \"Walmart\") | 200 |\n\n",
"Parks and recreation\n--------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Cottonwood Park, managed by the Palatine Park District, is located in Rolling Meadows.](/wiki/File:Cottonwood_Park_playground.jpg \"Cottonwood Park playground.jpg\")\nThe Rolling Meadows Park District was formed in 1958, and has been a finalist for the National Gold Medal award for excellence in parks and recreation management four times.[Rolling Meadows Park District](http://rmparks.org/)\n\nThe Salt Creek Rural Park District was formed in 1956, and provides recreation and leisure services to the residents that live within the corporate boundaries of the district, which include parts of the villages of [Arlington Heights](/wiki/Arlington_Heights%2C_Illinois \"Arlington Heights, Illinois\") and [Palatine](/wiki/Palatine%2C_Illinois \"Palatine, Illinois\"), and the city of Rolling Meadows. The district also provides recreation and leisure services to non\\-residents of the area on a fee basis.[Salt Creek Rural Park District](http://saltcreekpd.com/)\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\n### Primary and secondary schools\n\n[thumb\\|Rolling Meadows High School](/wiki/File:RMHS_exterior.jpg \"RMHS exterior.jpg\")\n\nAlmost all of Rolling Meadows is served by [Palatine Community Consolidated School District 15](/wiki/Palatine_Community_Consolidated_School_District_15 \"Palatine Community Consolidated School District 15\"). District 15 schools in Rolling Meadows include Central Road (K–6\\), Kimball Hill (K–6\\), Willow Bend (K–6\\), John G. Conyers Learning Academy (early childhood and multiple needs), Carl Sandburg Jr. High (7\\-8\\) which takes students from Thomas Jefferson (K–6\\) in North [Hoffman Estates](/wiki/Hoffman_Estates%2C_Illinois \"Hoffman Estates, Illinois\"), Central Road, Kimball Hill and Willow Bend. Plum Grove Jr. High (7\\-8\\) takes students from Stuart R. Paddock (K–6\\), Pleasant Hill (K–6\\), Hunting Ridge (K–6\\) all located in [Palatine](/wiki/Palatine%2C_Illinois \"Palatine, Illinois\"), Frank C. Whiteley (K–6\\) in Hoffman Estates, Central Road and Willow Bend.\n\nA very small portion is served by Arlington Heights School District 25, which includes Westgate Elementary School and South Middle School, where students then attend RMHS. Another smaller portion is served by [Schaumburg Consolidated School District 54](/wiki/Schaumburg_Consolidated_School_District_54 \"Schaumburg Consolidated School District 54\") and Adlai Stevenson Elementary School in [Elk Grove Village](/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village \"Elk Grove Village\"), Margaret Mead Junior High School and WFHS, and a small portion extends into [Community Consolidated School District 59](/wiki/Community_Consolidated_School_District_59 \"Community Consolidated School District 59\"); that portion has no residents.\n\nAbout half of Rolling Meadows is served by [Township High School District 214](/wiki/Township_High_School_District_214 \"Township High School District 214\")'s [Rolling Meadows High School](/wiki/Rolling_Meadows_High_School \"Rolling Meadows High School\"). The other half is served by [Township High School District 211](/wiki/Township_High_School_District_211 \"Township High School District 211\") by [William Fremd High School](/wiki/William_Fremd_High_School \"William Fremd High School\") in Palatine.\n\nThe [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago\") operates Catholic schools. St. Colette School is a [pre\\-K–8](/wiki/K%E2%80%938_school \"K–8 school\") Catholic school serving all of Rolling Meadows. St. Colette School was awarded as a 2007 Blue Ribbon School from the U.S. Department of Education. The student population from circa 2017 to 2020 declined by 97 people. In 2020 its budget deficit was $500,000\\. Therefore the archdiocese decided to close the school after Spring 2020\\. \\- [Spanish version](https://www.catolicoperiodico.com/web/catolico/area-de-chicago/-/article/2020/01/28/cerraran-cinco-escuelas-catolicas-de-la-arquidiocesis-de-chicago)\n\n",
"### Primary and secondary schools\n\n[thumb\\|Rolling Meadows High School](/wiki/File:RMHS_exterior.jpg \"RMHS exterior.jpg\")\n\nAlmost all of Rolling Meadows is served by [Palatine Community Consolidated School District 15](/wiki/Palatine_Community_Consolidated_School_District_15 \"Palatine Community Consolidated School District 15\"). District 15 schools in Rolling Meadows include Central Road (K–6\\), Kimball Hill (K–6\\), Willow Bend (K–6\\), John G. Conyers Learning Academy (early childhood and multiple needs), Carl Sandburg Jr. High (7\\-8\\) which takes students from Thomas Jefferson (K–6\\) in North [Hoffman Estates](/wiki/Hoffman_Estates%2C_Illinois \"Hoffman Estates, Illinois\"), Central Road, Kimball Hill and Willow Bend. Plum Grove Jr. High (7\\-8\\) takes students from Stuart R. Paddock (K–6\\), Pleasant Hill (K–6\\), Hunting Ridge (K–6\\) all located in [Palatine](/wiki/Palatine%2C_Illinois \"Palatine, Illinois\"), Frank C. Whiteley (K–6\\) in Hoffman Estates, Central Road and Willow Bend.\n\nA very small portion is served by Arlington Heights School District 25, which includes Westgate Elementary School and South Middle School, where students then attend RMHS. Another smaller portion is served by [Schaumburg Consolidated School District 54](/wiki/Schaumburg_Consolidated_School_District_54 \"Schaumburg Consolidated School District 54\") and Adlai Stevenson Elementary School in [Elk Grove Village](/wiki/Elk_Grove_Village \"Elk Grove Village\"), Margaret Mead Junior High School and WFHS, and a small portion extends into [Community Consolidated School District 59](/wiki/Community_Consolidated_School_District_59 \"Community Consolidated School District 59\"); that portion has no residents.\n\nAbout half of Rolling Meadows is served by [Township High School District 214](/wiki/Township_High_School_District_214 \"Township High School District 214\")'s [Rolling Meadows High School](/wiki/Rolling_Meadows_High_School \"Rolling Meadows High School\"). The other half is served by [Township High School District 211](/wiki/Township_High_School_District_211 \"Township High School District 211\") by [William Fremd High School](/wiki/William_Fremd_High_School \"William Fremd High School\") in Palatine.\n\nThe [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago\") operates Catholic schools. St. Colette School is a [pre\\-K–8](/wiki/K%E2%80%938_school \"K–8 school\") Catholic school serving all of Rolling Meadows. St. Colette School was awarded as a 2007 Blue Ribbon School from the U.S. Department of Education. The student population from circa 2017 to 2020 declined by 97 people. In 2020 its budget deficit was $500,000\\. Therefore the archdiocese decided to close the school after Spring 2020\\. \\- [Spanish version](https://www.catolicoperiodico.com/web/catolico/area-de-chicago/-/article/2020/01/28/cerraran-cinco-escuelas-catolicas-de-la-arquidiocesis-de-chicago)\n\n",
"Transportation\n--------------\n\n[Pace](/wiki/Pace_%28transit%29 \"Pace (transit)\") provides bus service on multiple routes connecting Rolling Meadows to Des Plaines, Schaumburg, and other destinations.\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Bryan Anderson](/wiki/Bryan_Anderson_%28author%29 \"Bryan Anderson (author)\"), Iraqi War veteran and author\n* [Jay Bennett](/wiki/Jay_Bennett \"Jay Bennett\"), guitarist with band [Wilco](/wiki/Wilco \"Wilco\")\n* [Gary Cole](/wiki/Gary_Cole \"Gary Cole\"), film and television actor\n* [Carol Marin](/wiki/Carol_Marin \"Carol Marin\"), television and print journalist\n* [Tim McIlrath](/wiki/Tim_McIlrath \"Tim McIlrath\"), lead singer to punk rock band Rise Against;[Rise Against](/wiki/Rise_Against \"Rise Against\") lived in Arlington Heights\n* [Scott Tolzien](/wiki/Scott_Tolzien \"Scott Tolzien\"), [NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") quarterback with [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\"), [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\")\n* [Jimmy Garoppolo](/wiki/Jimmy_Garoppolo \"Jimmy Garoppolo\"), NFL quarterback with [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"), [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\"), [Las Vegas Raiders](/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders \"Las Vegas Raiders\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [City of Rolling Meadows official website](https://cityrm.org/)\n\n[Category:Cities in Illinois](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Illinois \"Cities in Illinois\")\n[Category:Chicago metropolitan area](/wiki/Category:Chicago_metropolitan_area \"Chicago metropolitan area\")\n[Category:Cities in Cook County, Illinois](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Cook_County%2C_Illinois \"Cities in Cook County, Illinois\")\n[Category:Populated places established in 1953](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1953 \"Populated places established in 1953\")\n[Category:1955 establishments in Illinois](/wiki/Category:1955_establishments_in_Illinois \"1955 establishments in Illinois\")\n\n"
]
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Barcelona Cathedral | {
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"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Chapel of Lepanto",
"Architecture",
"Gothic Quarter",
"Traditions",
"Present day",
"Images",
"See also",
"References",
"Notes",
"External links"
],
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"\n\n* + \n\tThe **Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia** (), also known as **Barcelona Cathedral**, is the seat of the [Archbishop of Barcelona](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona \"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barcelona\") in [Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia \"Catalonia\"), [Spain](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\"). The cathedral was constructed from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, with the principal work done in the fourteenth century. The [cloister](/wiki/Cloister \"Cloister\"), which encloses the Well of the Geese *(Font de les Oques)*, was completed in 1448\\. In the late nineteenth century, the [neo\\-Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture \"Gothic Revival architecture\") façade was constructed over the nondescript exterior that was common to Catalan churches.Edward Steese, \"The Great Churches of Catalonia\" *Parnassus* **7**.3 (March, 1935:9\\-12\\) p. 9\\.\n\nIts form is a pseudo\\-[basilica](/wiki/Basilica \"Basilica\"), vaulted over five aisles, the outer two divided into chapels. The [transept](/wiki/Transept \"Transept\") is truncated. The east end is a [chevet](/wiki/Apse \"Apse\") of nine radiating chapels connected by an [ambulatory](/wiki/Ambulatory \"Ambulatory\"). The [high altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\") is raised, allowing a clear view into the crypt.\n\nThe cathedral is dedicated to the Holy Cross and [Eulalia of Barcelona](/wiki/Eulalia_of_Barcelona \"Eulalia of Barcelona\"), co\\-patron saint of Barcelona, a young [virgin martyr](/wiki/Virgin_%28title%29 \"Virgin (title)\") who, according to Catholic tradition, suffered martyrdom during Roman times in the city. One story says that she was exposed naked in the public square and a miraculous snowfall in mid\\-spring covered her nudity. The enraged Romans put her into a barrel with knives stuck into it and rolled it down a street (according to tradition, the one now called *Baixada de Santa Eulàlia*). The [relics](/wiki/Relic \"Relic\") of Saint Eulalia are entombed in the cathedral's crypt.\n\nThe [choir stalls](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 \"Choir (architecture)\") retain the coats\\-of\\-arms of the knights of the [Order of the Golden Fleece](/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece \"Order of the Golden Fleece\"). In his first trip into Spain, [Charles V](/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\"), selected Barcelona as the site of a [chapter](/wiki/Chapter_%28religion%29 \"Chapter (religion)\") of his order. The king had arrived for his investiture as [Count of Barcelona](/wiki/Counts_of_Barcelona \"Counts of Barcelona\"), and the city, as a Mediterranean port, offered the closest communication with other far\\-flung [Habsburg](/wiki/House_of_Habsburg \"House of Habsburg\") dominions, while the large proportions of the cathedral would accommodate required grand ceremonies. In 1518 the Order's herald, Thomas Isaac, and its treasurer, Jean Micault, were commissioned to prepare the sanctuary for the first sitting of the chapter in 1519\\. [Juan de Borgonya](/wiki/Juan_de_Borgonya \"Juan de Borgonya\") executed the painted decoration of the sanctuary.\n\nThe side Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto contains a cross said to date from the time of the [Battle of Lepanto (1571\\)](/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto \"Battle of Lepanto\").\n\nIn addition to Saints Eulalia and [Olegarius](/wiki/Olegarius \"Olegarius\"), the cathedral contains the tombs of Saint [Raymond of Penyafort](/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort \"Raymond of Penyafort\"), Count [Ramon Berenguer I](/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_I \"Ramon Berenguer I\") and his third wife [Almodis de la Marche](/wiki/Almodis_de_la_Marche \"Almodis de la Marche\"), and bishops [Berenguer de Palou II](/wiki/Berenguer_de_Palou_II \"Berenguer de Palou II\"), [Salvador Casañas y Pagés](/wiki/Salvador_Casa%C3%B1as_y_Pag%C3%A9s \"Salvador Casañas y Pagés\"), and [Arnau de Gurb](/wiki/Arnau_de_Gurb \"Arnau de Gurb\"), who is buried in the Chapel of Santa Llúcia, which he had constructed.\n\nThe cathedral has a secluded Gothic [cloister](/wiki/Cloister \"Cloister\") where 13 white [geese](/wiki/Goose \"Goose\") are kept, the number explained by the assertion that Eulalia was 13 when she was martyred.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nParts of an early Christian and Visigothic episcopal complex including the baptistery (fourth century), a basilical hall (fifth century), a cross shaped church (sixth\\-seventh century) and bishop's palace (sixth\\-seventh century) are displayed in [Barcelona City History Museum](/wiki/Barcelona_City_History_Museum \"Barcelona City History Museum\") archaeological underground. Reportedly, this [Visigothic](/wiki/Visigoths \"Visigoths\") chapel was dedicated to [Saint James](/wiki/James%2C_son_of_Zebedee \"James, son of Zebedee\"), and was the [proprietary church](/wiki/Proprietary_church \"Proprietary church\") of the [Viscounts of Barcelona](/wiki/List_of_Viscounts_of_Barcelona \"List of Viscounts of Barcelona\").F. Carreras Candi *La Ciutat de Barcelona* However, in a document from the Second Council of Barcelona in 599, it states that the cathedral was dedicated to the Holy Cross. This church was severely damaged by al\\-Mansur ([Almanzor](/wiki/Almanzor \"Almanzor\")) during his attack on Barcelona in 985\\.\n\nIn 1046, Count [Ramon Berenguer I](/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_I \"Ramon Berenguer I\") and his wife [Almodis](/wiki/Almodis_de_la_Marche \"Almodis de la Marche\"), together with [Bishop](/wiki/Bishop_of_Barcelona \"Bishop of Barcelona\") Guislabert, began construction of a Romanesque cathedral at the site; it was consecrated in November 1058\\. The cathedral was constructed over the [crypt](/wiki/Crypt \"Crypt\") of the former church. It has been reported that a Viscount of Barcelona, Mir Geribert, sold the site to Bishop Guislebert in 1058, though however, this date does not coincide with the reported start of construction.\n\nThe present Gothic cathedral was begun on the foundations of the previous churches on 1 May 1298; [James II the Just](/wiki/James_II_the_Just \"James II the Just\") was [King of Aragon](/wiki/King_of_Aragon \"King of Aragon\") at the time, and Bernat Pelegri was Bishop of Barcelona. The church was built from the east end towards the west end, with a simple west façade completed in 1417\\. The cloister was completed in 1448, making the total duration of construction 150 years. In the late nineteenth century, offered to complete the neo\\-Gothic façade and central tower as inspired by the original fifteenth\\-century design prepared by master Carlí and rearranged and drawn by the architect . This work was completed in 1913 by Girona's children.\n\nFile:Cathedral of Barcelona 1850 Villaamil.jpg\\|The façade in year 1850 by \\[\\[Jenaro Pérez Villaamil]], published in the work ''España artística y monumental''\nFile:Catedral\\-1890\\.jpg\\|The reform of the façade at the commencement of the build in 1890\nFile:Catedral\\-1900\\.jpg\\|The façade with the lateral towers, around 1900\n\n",
"Chapel of Lepanto\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|100px\\|Christ of Lepanto over the tomb of Saint Olegarius in the cathedral's chapterhouse](/wiki/File:Barcelona-Catedral-Capitular-055.jpg \"Barcelona-Catedral-Capitular-055.jpg\")\nThe Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto is a small side chapel constructed by Arnau Bargués in 1407, as the chapterhouse. It was rebuilt in the seventeenth century to house the tomb of San [Olegarius](/wiki/Olegarius \"Olegarius\"), [Bishop of Barcelona](/wiki/Bishop_of_Barcelona \"Bishop of Barcelona\"), and [Archbishop of Tarragona](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tarragona \"Archbishop of Tarragona\").\n\nThe \"Holy Christ of Lepanto\" crucifix, is located on the upper part of the chapel entrance's front façade. The curved shape of the body, of Our Lord Jesus Christ on the Cross, is explained by a Catalan legend which holds that the cross was carried on the [prow](/wiki/Prow \"Prow\") of the [galley](/wiki/Galley \"Galley\") captained by [Juan of Austria](/wiki/Juan_of_Austria \"Juan of Austria\"), half\\-brother of Spanish [Philip II of Spain](/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain \"Philip II of Spain\") during the [Battle of Lepanto](/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto \"Battle of Lepanto\") in 1571\\. When a cannonball flew toward the cross, it leaned out of the way in order to avoid being hit, and has been inclined ever since.This is said to have inspired the Habsburg forces to victory.[O'Shea, Henry. *A Guide to Spain*, London, Spottiswoode and Co., 1865](https://books.google.com/books?id=SDVYAAAAcAAJ&dq=Chapel+of+lepanto&pg=PA47) The Habsburgs were said to have regarded this as an encouraging omen.\n\nA separate story says that the cross was in the ship's hold and that the figure moved to cover a large hole that would have sunk the ship.[\"Holy Christ of Lepanto\", Catedral de Barcelona](http://www.catedralbcn.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32&Itemid=85&lang=en)\n\n",
"Architecture\n------------\n\nThe architectural design of the Barcelona Cathedral consist of the regional style of [Catalan Gothic](/wiki/Catalan_Gothic \"Catalan Gothic\"). [Catalan Gothic](/wiki/Catalan_Gothic \"Catalan Gothic\") construction is confined to the Barcelona area and its influences. Catalan Gothic constructing consist of diaphanous areas and large spanning naves. Catalan Gothic does not seek to create towering buildings but to balance the dimensions of the structure. The Barcelona Cathedral is 93 meters (305\\.1 feet) long, 40 meters (131\\.2 feet) wide, and 28 meters (91\\.8 feet) high at the central nave. Each bell tower of the cathedral is 54 meters (177\\.1 feet) in height. The tallest point of the cathedral reaches 70 meters (229\\.6 feet) tall at the peak of the cimborio. The cathedral consist of three [naves](/wiki/Nave \"Nave\"), one [choir](/wiki/Choir_%28architecture%29 \"Choir (architecture)\"), and a [cloister](/wiki/Cloister \"Cloister\"). The nave carries through the plan to the choir and the isle naves are at disproportioned heights to structurally support the central nave and the cimborio. Each aisle has two chapels in each section. The choir consist of 10 [ogive](/wiki/Ogive \"Ogive\") (pointed) arches whereas ribbed arches were placed in the nave. Large windows are placed opening to the cloister to provide sunlight to the choir. A windowed gallery runs atop the chapels in the aisle of the nave to provide indirect light. The facade is consistent with neo\\-Gothic design elements. Ornament of the cathedral facade is known for sculptural gargoyles on the roof along with many other animals and mythical creatures.\n\n### Gothic Quarter\n\nThe Barcelona Cathedral is located in the cathedral neighborhood in the [Gothic quarter](/wiki/Gothic_Quarter%2C_Barcelona \"Gothic Quarter, Barcelona\") of Barcelona. As a showing of Catalonian nationalism the mediaeval buildings of the Gothic quarter were restored from 1927 to 1970\\. Over 40 structures were remodeled in the gothic style to upgrade the area that became one of the most attractive part of the city. The 'Catalan house' was the building that shaped the rest of the Gothic quarter. Directly behind the cathedral, many buildings during the restoration of the neighborhood were demolished or renovated to harmonizes after the Catalan House. Rebuilding the gothic quarter around the rebuilt facade of the Barcelona Cathedral and the Catalan house gave the opportunity to embellish the city with its most important buildings. The transformation of the cathedral neighborhood gives Barcelona an historic image that creates a relationship between heritage and tourism.\n\n",
"### Gothic Quarter\n\nThe Barcelona Cathedral is located in the cathedral neighborhood in the [Gothic quarter](/wiki/Gothic_Quarter%2C_Barcelona \"Gothic Quarter, Barcelona\") of Barcelona. As a showing of Catalonian nationalism the mediaeval buildings of the Gothic quarter were restored from 1927 to 1970\\. Over 40 structures were remodeled in the gothic style to upgrade the area that became one of the most attractive part of the city. The 'Catalan house' was the building that shaped the rest of the Gothic quarter. Directly behind the cathedral, many buildings during the restoration of the neighborhood were demolished or renovated to harmonizes after the Catalan House. Rebuilding the gothic quarter around the rebuilt facade of the Barcelona Cathedral and the Catalan house gave the opportunity to embellish the city with its most important buildings. The transformation of the cathedral neighborhood gives Barcelona an historic image that creates a relationship between heritage and tourism.\n\n",
"Traditions\n----------\n\n* The tradition of the '[dancing egg](/wiki/Dancing_egg \"Dancing egg\")' (supported by the jet of a fountain) is maintained on the day of [Corpus Christi](/wiki/Corpus_Christi_%28feast%29 \"Corpus Christi (feast)\") at the cathedral.\n",
"Present day\n-----------\n\nThe cathedral has been updated in response to an increasing number of tourists. The cloister now contains a gift shop, the traditional candles normally lit at the shrines of saints have been replaced with electronic candles, and cellular phones have been banned from the Chapel of Lepanto and other chapels.\n\n",
"Images\n------\n\nImage:Santaeulaliabarcelona224\\.jpg\\|Cathedral plan\nFile:Altar mayor de la Catedral de Barcelona.JPG\\|Illustration of the main altar (1839\\)\nFile:Barcelone \\- Cathédrale \\- Portail principal.jpg\\|Main portal\nImage:Porta claustre catedral de Barcelona.jpg\\|Door in the \\[\\[cloister]]\nBarcelona Cathedral Interior \\- Altarpiece of our Lady of the Rosebush \\- Agusti Pujol 1617\\-1629\\.jpg\\|Chapel of Lady of the Rosebush\nBarcelona Cathedral Interior \\- Crypt of Santa Eulalia.jpg\\|Saint Eulalia's crypt\nBarcelona Cathedral \\- The fountain of the cloister.jpg\\|Cloister\nImage:cathedralgeesebarcelona.JPG\\|Geese in the cloister\nBarcelona Cathedral Interior \\- carved choir stalls.jpg\\|Choir seats at the cathedral\nImage:Creatity.com st eulalia fontain.jpg\\|The fountain in the atrium\nImage:Garden06390019\\.JPG\\|the Cathedral garden\nImage:Cathedral of Santa Eulalia \\- gargoyle 01\\.jpg\\|Gargoyle\nBarcelona Cathedral Interior \\- Capella de Sant Ramon de Penyafort.jpg\\|Tomb of Saint Raymond of Penyafort\nImage:Catalunya en Miniatura\\-Catedral de Barcelona.JPG\\|Scale model of the cathedral, at the \\[\\[Catalunya en Miniatura]] park\nImage:Barcelona, Cathedral and Palau del Lloctinent.jpg\\|Bell tower with stair turret above the door of Saint Ivo\nFile:Barcelona Cathedral (original).jpg\\|Barcelona Cathedral at night\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Catholic Church in Spain](/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain \"Catholic Church in Spain\")\n* [List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe](/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe \"List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official site](http://www.catedralbcn.org/index.php?lang=en)\n* [Legends of Saint Eulalia. Martyrdom, Burial in Cathedral Crypt, Why it always rains during Barcelona Festival](https://web.archive.org/web/20110222023956/http://www.barcelona-tourist-information.info/saint-eulalia.html)\n\n[Category:14th\\-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain](/wiki/Category:14th-century_Roman_Catholic_church_buildings_in_Spain \"14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain\")\n[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1417](/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_completed_in_1417 \"Roman Catholic churches completed in 1417\")\n[Category:Gothic architecture in Barcelona](/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture_in_Barcelona \"Gothic architecture in Barcelona\")\n[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Catalonia](/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_cathedrals_in_Catalonia \"Roman Catholic cathedrals in Catalonia\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Barcelona](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Barcelona \"Tourist attractions in Barcelona\")\n[Category:Ciutat Vella](/wiki/Category:Ciutat_Vella \"Ciutat Vella\")\n[Category:Basilica churches in Spain](/wiki/Category:Basilica_churches_in_Spain \"Basilica churches in Spain\")\n[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Barcelona](/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Barcelona \"Roman Catholic churches in Barcelona\")\n[Category:Burial sites of the House of Barcelona](/wiki/Category:Burial_sites_of_the_House_of_Barcelona \"Burial sites of the House of Barcelona\")\n\n"
]
} |
Heerjansdam | {
"id": [
40330219
],
"name": [
"RodRabelo7"
]
} | l8ogxfce8bbthl8ofqom1p2htosj2q0 | 2024-09-01T05:11:26Z | 1,106,203,326 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Notable people born in Heerjansdam",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"[thumb\\|Heerjansdam](/wiki/File:Heerjansdam_Landzicht_3267.JPG \"Heerjansdam Landzicht 3267.JPG\")\n**Heerjansdam** () is a village in the western [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), in the municipality of [Zwijndrecht](/wiki/Zwijndrecht%2C_Netherlands \"Zwijndrecht, Netherlands\"), [South Holland](/wiki/South_Holland \"South Holland\"). It has a population of 3,590\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Heerjansdam in 1867\\.](/wiki/Image:Heerjansdam_1867.png \"Heerjansdam 1867.png\")\nIt was originally called \"*Heren Heyenland*\", a name which first appeared in a document from 1323\\. In 1331, Hendrik of Brederode started to build dikes around the Zwijndrechtse Waard. This project was financed by eight other persons, including Jan of Rosendaele, who subsequently were made landlords of the Waard. On November 25, 1368, Jan of Rosendaele renamed it to Heerjansdam (Dutch for \"Lord John's dam\"), after the dam on the [Waaltje](/wiki/Waaltje \"Waaltje\").\n\nIn 2003 the municipality of Heerjansdam merged into [Zwijndrecht](/wiki/Zwijndrecht%2C_Netherlands \"Zwijndrecht, Netherlands\").Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, \"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten\", KNAW, 2006\\. \n\n",
"Notable people born in Heerjansdam\n----------------------------------\n\n* [Pieter Beelaerts van Blokland](/wiki/Pieter_Beelaerts_van_Blokland \"Pieter Beelaerts van Blokland\") (born 1932\\), [Queen's Commissioner](/wiki/Queen%27s_Commissioner \"Queen's Commissioner\")\n* [Meindert Leerling](/wiki/Meindert_Leerling \"Meindert Leerling\") (1936–2021\\), journalist and politician\n* [Johan Simons](/wiki/Johan_Simons \"Johan Simons\") (born 1946\\), theater director\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2003](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands_disestablished_in_2003 \"Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2003\")\n[Category:Populated places in South Holland](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_South_Holland \"Populated places in South Holland\")\n[Category:Former municipalities of South Holland](/wiki/Category:Former_municipalities_of_South_Holland \"Former municipalities of South Holland\")\n[Category:Zwijndrecht, Netherlands](/wiki/Category:Zwijndrecht%2C_Netherlands \"Zwijndrecht, Netherlands\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Selma Township, Cottonwood County, Minnesota | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | kpm6gfhmyph448lhl665q0vjtg2g4vr | 2023-07-29T05:14:36Z | 1,127,307,476 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"Politics",
"Notable residents",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Selma Township** is a township in [Cottonwood County](/wiki/Cottonwood_County%2C_Minnesota \"Cottonwood County, Minnesota\"), [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\"), United States. The population was 193 at the 2010 census.\n\nSelma Township was organized in 1874, and given the name of the first white birth within its borders.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the township has a total area of 36\\.1 square miles (93\\.4 km), all land.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 204 people, 84 households, and 64 families residing in the township. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 5\\.7 people per square mile (2\\.2/km). There were 90 housing units at an average density of 2\\.5/sq mi (1\\.0/km). The racial makeup of the township was 92\\.65% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.92% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 3\\.43% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 6\\.37% of the population.\n\nThere were 84 households, out of which 22\\.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 7\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23\\.8% were non\\-families. 21\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.43 and the average family size was 2\\.78\\.\n\nIn the township the population was spread out, with 21\\.6% under the age of 18, 6\\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\\.1% from 25 to 44, 24\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 26\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 104\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110\\.5 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the township was $37,250, and the median income for a family was $41,875\\. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $19,375 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the township was $15,551\\. About 9\\.1% of families and 10\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 15\\.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 9\\.8% of those 65 or over.\n\n",
"Politics\n--------\n\nSelma Township is located in [Minnesota's 1st congressional district](/wiki/Minnesota%27s_1st_congressional_district \"Minnesota's 1st congressional district\"), represented by [Tim Walz](/wiki/Tim_Walz \"Tim Walz\"), a [Democrat](/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party \"Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party\"). At the state level, Selma Township is located in [Senate](/wiki/Minnesota_Senate \"Minnesota Senate\") District 22, represented by [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota \"Republican Party of Minnesota\") [Doug Magnus](/wiki/Doug_Magnus \"Doug Magnus\"), and in [House](/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives \"Minnesota House of Representatives\") District 22B, represented by Republican [Rod Hamilton](/wiki/Rod_Hamilton \"Rod Hamilton\").\n\n",
"Notable residents\n-----------------\n\n* [Silas Blackman](/wiki/Silas_Blackman \"Silas Blackman\"), Minnesota State representative\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Townships in Cottonwood County, Minnesota](/wiki/Category:Townships_in_Cottonwood_County%2C_Minnesota \"Townships in Cottonwood County, Minnesota\")\n[Category:Townships in Minnesota](/wiki/Category:Townships_in_Minnesota \"Townships in Minnesota\")\n\n"
]
} |
Curtis, Nebraska | {
"id": [
84417
],
"name": [
"Vsmith"
]
} | c5bk321wjeqly6bsnz6t9ncwt9so7tl | 2023-08-14T20:36:06Z | 1,170,396,740 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"History",
"Demographics",
"2010 census",
"2000 census",
"Geography",
"Climate",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Curtis** is a city in [Frontier County](/wiki/Frontier_County%2C_Nebraska \"Frontier County, Nebraska\"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\"), United States. The population was 939 at the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_Census \"2010 United States Census\").\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nCurtis describes itself as \"Nebraska's Easter City\", and presents an annual pageant on [Palm Sunday](/wiki/Palm_Sunday \"Palm Sunday\").[Curtis, Nebraska's Easter City](http://www.curtis-ne.com/) (City of Curtis website). Retrieved 2010\\-05\\-28\\. The [Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture](/wiki/Nebraska_College_of_Technical_Agriculture \"Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture\") is located in Curtis.[\"About NCTA\".](http://ncta.unl.edu/visit/AboutNCTA.html) [Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture \\- Curtis.](http://ncta.unl.edu/index.html) Retrieved 2010\\-05\\-28\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nCurtis was laid out in 1886, soon after the railroad was extended to that point. The community has the name of a trapper who operated in the area. Curtis is home to Medicine Valley Schools, which was formed in 1969\\. The school name is derived from its location in the [Medicine Creek](/wiki/Medicine_Creek_%28Republican_River_tributary%29 \"Medicine Creek (Republican River tributary)\") Valley.\n\nIn 2021, the town proposed a program to increase the population offering free land if you have a house built and financial incentives for enrolling children into the public school system.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\n### 2010 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 939 people, 365 households, and 193 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was . There were 426 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.1% of the population.\n\nThere were 365 households, of which 29\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47\\.1% were non\\-families. 36\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.26 and the average family size was 2\\.98\\.\n\nThe median age in the city was 27\\.6 years. 22\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 23\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 19\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.4% male and 50\\.6% female.\n\n### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 832 people, 336 households, and 193 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 381 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.88% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.24% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.24% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.36% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.72% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.56% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.44% of the population.\n\nThere were 336 households, out of which 28\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42\\.3% were non\\-families. 35\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.34 and the average family size was 3\\.11\\.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.0% under the age of 18, 18\\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\\.0% from 25 to 44, 18\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 104\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100\\.6 males.\n\nAs of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $26,667, and the median income for a family was $36,458\\. Males had a median income of $28,500 versus $16,324 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $12,943\\. About 14\\.3% of families and 21\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 19\\.1% of those under age 18 and 10\\.2% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"### 2010 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 939 people, 365 households, and 193 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was . There were 426 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.7% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.0% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.1% of the population.\n\nThere were 365 households, of which 29\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39\\.7% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 8\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4\\.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47\\.1% were non\\-families. 36\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.26 and the average family size was 2\\.98\\.\n\nThe median age in the city was 27\\.6 years. 22\\.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 23\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.4% were from 25 to 44; 19\\.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.4% male and 50\\.6% female.\n\n",
"### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 832 people, 336 households, and 193 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 381 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96\\.88% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.24% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.24% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.36% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.72% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 1\\.56% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.44% of the population.\n\nThere were 336 households, out of which 28\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42\\.3% were non\\-families. 35\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.34 and the average family size was 3\\.11\\.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.0% under the age of 18, 18\\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\\.0% from 25 to 44, 18\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 104\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100\\.6 males.\n\nAs of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $26,667, and the median income for a family was $36,458\\. Males had a median income of $28,500 versus $16,324 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $12,943\\. About 14\\.3% of families and 21\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 19\\.1% of those under age 18 and 10\\.2% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the city has a total area of , all land.\n\n### Climate\n\n",
"### Climate\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of municipalities in Nebraska](/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nebraska \"List of municipalities in Nebraska\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Cities in Nebraska](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Nebraska \"Cities in Nebraska\")\n[Category:Cities in Frontier County, Nebraska](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Frontier_County%2C_Nebraska \"Cities in Frontier County, Nebraska\")\n\n"
]
} |
Northwest, North Carolina | {
"id": [
12676479
],
"name": [
"Glman"
]
} | 8s2bjemgi3fljmwrmrxzmaueu1joile | 2024-05-16T15:04:12Z | 1,184,774,297 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"2020 census",
"2000 census",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Northwest** is a city in [Brunswick County](/wiki/Brunswick_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Brunswick County, North Carolina\"), [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), United States. The population was 735 at the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"). It is part of the [Wilmington](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina \"Wilmington, North Carolina\"), NC [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Cape_Fear_%28region%29 \"Cape Fear (region)\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nNorthwest was incorporated in 1993\\.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nNorthwest is located near the northernmost point in Brunswick County in North Carolina. [U.S. Routes 74](/wiki/U.S._Route_74_in_North_Carolina \"U.S. Route 74 in North Carolina\") and [76](/wiki/U.S._Route_76_in_North_Carolina \"U.S. Route 76 in North Carolina\") (Andrew Jackson Highway) pass along the southern border of the community, leading east to [Wilmington](/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina \"Wilmington, North Carolina\") and west to [Whiteville](/wiki/Whiteville%2C_North_Carolina \"Whiteville, North Carolina\").\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the city has a total area of , all land.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\n### 2020 census\n\n| \\+Northwest racial composition | Race\n\n Number\n\n Percentage\n\n| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 207 |\n 29\\.45% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 418 |\n 59\\.46% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 5 |\n 0\\.71% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 3 |\n 0\\.43% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")\n\n 18 |\n 2\\.56% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 52 |\n 7\\.4% |\n\nAs of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 703 people, 326 households, and 199 families residing in the city.\n\n### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 671 people, 260 households, and 185 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 293 housing units at an average density of . The racial composition of the city was: 26\\.83% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 71\\.83% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Black (U.S. Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.75% [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino American](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\"), 0\\.30% [Asian American](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\"), 0\\.45% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.03% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\") or [Other Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\"), 0\\.15% [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.45% [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_American \"Multiracial American\").\n\nThere were 260 households, out of which 32\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 18\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.5% were non\\-families. 24\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.58 and the average family size was 3\\.07\\.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 26\\.7% under the age of 18, 5\\.5% from 18 to 24, 27\\.9% from 25 to 44, 27\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 79\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80\\.9 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $37,500\\. Males had a median income of $29,821 versus $19,479 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $16,419\\. About 14\\.0% of families and 17\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 21\\.8% of those under age 18 and 15\\.6% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"### 2020 census\n\n| \\+Northwest racial composition | Race\n\n Number\n\n Percentage\n\n| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 207 |\n 29\\.45% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 418 |\n 59\\.46% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 5 |\n 0\\.71% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 3 |\n 0\\.43% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")\n\n 18 |\n 2\\.56% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 52 |\n 7\\.4% |\n\nAs of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 703 people, 326 households, and 199 families residing in the city.\n\n",
"### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 671 people, 260 households, and 185 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 293 housing units at an average density of . The racial composition of the city was: 26\\.83% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 71\\.83% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Black (U.S. Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.75% [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino American](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\"), 0\\.30% [Asian American](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\"), 0\\.45% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.03% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\") or [Other Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\"), 0\\.15% [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.45% [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_American \"Multiracial American\").\n\nThere were 260 households, out of which 32\\.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 18\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.5% were non\\-families. 24\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.58 and the average family size was 3\\.07\\.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 26\\.7% under the age of 18, 5\\.5% from 18 to 24, 27\\.9% from 25 to 44, 27\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 79\\.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80\\.9 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $37,500\\. Males had a median income of $29,821 versus $19,479 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $16,419\\. About 14\\.0% of families and 17\\.6% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 21\\.8% of those under age 18 and 15\\.6% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [City of Northwest official website](http://www.cityofnorthwest.com)\n\n[Category:Cities in North Carolina](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_North_Carolina \"Cities in North Carolina\")\n[Category:Cities in Brunswick County, North Carolina](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Brunswick_County%2C_North_Carolina \"Cities in Brunswick County, North Carolina\")\n\n"
]
} |
Monster (disambiguation) | {
"id": [
17706207
],
"name": [
"Semampunya"
]
} | 3qw0fo558b7lfb71b83wzkzhtjxrnm0 | 2024-10-15T16:28:45Z | 1,248,622,934 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Amusement rides",
"Brands and companies",
"Film and television",
"Film",
"Television",
"Episodes",
"Literature",
"Fiction",
"Non-fiction",
"Comics",
"Games",
"Music",
"Musicians and bands",
"Albums",
"Songs",
"People",
"Science and mathematics",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
4,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nA **[monster](/wiki/Monster \"Monster\")** is a type of fictional creature found in horror, fantasy, science fiction, folklore, mythology and religion.\n\n**Monster**, **The Monster** or **Monsters** may also refer to:\n\n",
"Amusement rides\n---------------\n\n* [Monster (ride)](/wiki/Monster_%28ride%29 \"Monster (ride)\"), an amusement ride manufactured by Eyerly Aircraft Company\n* [The Monster (Walygator Parc)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28Walygator_Parc%29 \"The Monster (Walygator Parc)\"), a roller coaster in Maizières\\-les\\-Metz, Lorraine, France\n* [The Monster (Adventureland)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28Adventureland%29 \"The Monster (Adventureland)\"), a roller coaster in Altoona, Iowa, United States\n* [Monster (Gröna Lund)](/wiki/Monster_%28Gr%C3%B6na_Lund%29 \"Monster (Gröna Lund)\"), an upcoming roller coasterat Gröna Lund in Stockholm, Sweden\n",
"Brands and companies\n--------------------\n\n* [Monster Beverage](/wiki/Monster_Beverage \"Monster Beverage\"), a beverage company\n\t+ [Monster Energy](/wiki/Monster_Energy \"Monster Energy\"), an energy drink\n* [Monster Cable](/wiki/Monster_Cable \"Monster Cable\"), an electronics accessories company\n* [Monster.com](/wiki/Monster.com \"Monster.com\"), an employment website\n\t+ [Monster Worldwide](/wiki/Monster_Worldwide \"Monster Worldwide\"), an American provider of employment services\n",
"Film and television\n-------------------\n\n### Film\n\n* [*The Monster* (1903 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281903_film%29 \"The Monster (1903 film)\"), a French horror film\n* [*The Monster* (1925 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281925_film%29 \"The Monster (1925 film)\"), an American horror film\n* [*The Monster* (1954 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281954_film%29 \"The Monster (1954 film)\"), an Egyptian crime film\n* [*The Monster* (1975 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281975_film%29 \"The Monster (1975 film)\"). a British horror film, also known as *I Don't Want to Be Born*\n* [*Monster* (1980 film)](/wiki/Monster_%281980_film%29 \"Monster (1980 film)\"), an American horror film\n* [*The Monster* (1994 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281994_film%29 \"The Monster (1994 film)\"), an Italian comedy film\n* *[Monsters, Inc.](/wiki/Monsters%2C_Inc. \"Monsters, Inc.\")*, a 2001 Pixar film that involves two monsters who work at a children's scream processing factory\n* [*Monster* (2003 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282003_film%29 \"Monster (2003 film)\"), an American biographical crime drama film about serial killer Aileen Wuornos\n* [*Monsters* (2004 film)](/wiki/Monsters_%282004_film%29 \"Monsters (2004 film)\"), a short film\n* [*Monster* (2008 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282008_film%29 \"Monster (2008 film)\"), an American thriller film\n* [*Monsters* (2010 film)](/wiki/Monsters_%282010_film%29 \"Monsters (2010 film)\"), a British sci\\-fi film\n* [*Monster* (2014 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282014_film%29 \"Monster (2014 film)\"), a Korean film\n* [*Monsters* (2015 film)](/wiki/Monsters_%282015_film%29 \"Monsters (2015 film)\"), a Chinese horror film\n* [*The Monster* (2016 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%282016_film%29 \"The Monster (2016 film)\"), an American horror film\n* [*Monster* (2018 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282018_film%29 \"Monster (2018 film)\"), an American drama film based on the Walter Dean Myers novel\n* [*Monster* (2019 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282019_film%29 \"Monster (2019 film)\"), a Tamil\\-language comedy film\n* *[Monsters.](/wiki/Monsters. \"Monsters.\")*, a 2019 Romanian drama film\n* *[Arracht](/wiki/Arracht \"Arracht\")*, also called *Monster*, 2019 Irish historical drama film\n* [*Monster* (2022 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282022_film%29 \"Monster (2022 film)\"), a Malayalam\\-language thriller film\n* [*Monster* (2023 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282023_film%29 \"Monster (2023 film)\"), a Japanese drama film\n* [*Monster* (2023 Indonesian film)](/wiki/Monster_%282023_Indonesian_film%29 \"Monster (2023 Indonesian film)\"), an Indonesian thriller film\n* *Monster!*, a 1999 TV film by [John Lafia](/wiki/John_Lafia \"John Lafia\")\n* *Monster*, a 2005 short film by Jennifer Kent that was the precursor to *[The Babadook](/wiki/The_Babadook \"The Babadook\")*\n* *Monsters*, a 2014 comedy video by [Lee Evans](/wiki/Lee_Evans_%28comedian%29 \"Lee Evans (comedian)\")\n\n### Television\n\n* [Monsters HD](/wiki/Monsters_HD \"Monsters HD\"), an American channel\n* [*Monsters* (American TV series)](/wiki/Monsters_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Monsters (American TV series)\"), a 1988–1991 America horror anthology television series that aired in syndication\n* [*Monster* (anime)](/wiki/Monster_%28anime%29 \"Monster (anime)\"), a 2004 Japanese anime television series based upon the manga by Naoki Urasawa\n* [*Monsters* (Japanese TV series)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Japanese_TV_series%29 \"Monsters (Japanese TV series)\"), a 2012 Japanese television series from TBS\n* [*Monster* (South Korean TV series)](/wiki/Monster_%28South_Korean_TV_series%29 \"Monster (South Korean TV series)\"), a 2016 South Korean television series\n* [*The Monster* (TV series)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28TV_series%29 \"The Monster (TV series)\"), a 2019 Iranian series by Mehran Modiri\n* [*Beyond Evil* (TV series)](/wiki/Beyond_Evil_%28TV_series%29 \"Beyond Evil (TV series)\"), a 2021 South Korean drama whose original title in Korean translates to *Monster*\n* [*Monster* (American TV series)](/wiki/Monster_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Monster (American TV series)\"), a 2022 Netflix anthology series\n\n#### Episodes\n\n* [\"The Monster\" (*Adventure Time*)](/wiki/Adventure_Time_%28season_3%29%23ep6 \"Adventure Time (season 3)#ep6\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*Agent Carter*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Agent_Carter%29 \"Monsters (Agent Carter)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Aqua Teen Hunger Force*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force%29 \"Monster (Aqua Teen Hunger Force)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Fear the Walking Dead*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Fear_the_Walking_Dead%29 \"Monster (Fear the Walking Dead)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*The Flash*)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Flash%29 \"Monster (The Flash)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (*Highway to Heaven*)](/wiki/List_of_Highway_to_Heaven_episodes%23Season_2:1985%E2%80%9386 \"1985–86\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Law \\& Order: Criminal Intent*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Law_%26_Order:Criminal_Intent%29 \"Criminal Intent)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Millennium*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Millennium%29 \"Monster (Millennium)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*Roswell*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Roswell%29 \"Monsters (Roswell)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Star Wars: The Clone Wars*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Star_Wars:The_Clone_Wars%29 \"The Clone Wars)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*The Outer Limits*)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Outer_Limits%29 \"Monster (The Outer Limits)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*The Walking Dead*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Monsters (The Walking Dead)\")\n",
"### Film\n\n* [*The Monster* (1903 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281903_film%29 \"The Monster (1903 film)\"), a French horror film\n* [*The Monster* (1925 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281925_film%29 \"The Monster (1925 film)\"), an American horror film\n* [*The Monster* (1954 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281954_film%29 \"The Monster (1954 film)\"), an Egyptian crime film\n* [*The Monster* (1975 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281975_film%29 \"The Monster (1975 film)\"). a British horror film, also known as *I Don't Want to Be Born*\n* [*Monster* (1980 film)](/wiki/Monster_%281980_film%29 \"Monster (1980 film)\"), an American horror film\n* [*The Monster* (1994 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%281994_film%29 \"The Monster (1994 film)\"), an Italian comedy film\n* *[Monsters, Inc.](/wiki/Monsters%2C_Inc. \"Monsters, Inc.\")*, a 2001 Pixar film that involves two monsters who work at a children's scream processing factory\n* [*Monster* (2003 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282003_film%29 \"Monster (2003 film)\"), an American biographical crime drama film about serial killer Aileen Wuornos\n* [*Monsters* (2004 film)](/wiki/Monsters_%282004_film%29 \"Monsters (2004 film)\"), a short film\n* [*Monster* (2008 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282008_film%29 \"Monster (2008 film)\"), an American thriller film\n* [*Monsters* (2010 film)](/wiki/Monsters_%282010_film%29 \"Monsters (2010 film)\"), a British sci\\-fi film\n* [*Monster* (2014 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282014_film%29 \"Monster (2014 film)\"), a Korean film\n* [*Monsters* (2015 film)](/wiki/Monsters_%282015_film%29 \"Monsters (2015 film)\"), a Chinese horror film\n* [*The Monster* (2016 film)](/wiki/The_Monster_%282016_film%29 \"The Monster (2016 film)\"), an American horror film\n* [*Monster* (2018 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282018_film%29 \"Monster (2018 film)\"), an American drama film based on the Walter Dean Myers novel\n* [*Monster* (2019 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282019_film%29 \"Monster (2019 film)\"), a Tamil\\-language comedy film\n* *[Monsters.](/wiki/Monsters. \"Monsters.\")*, a 2019 Romanian drama film\n* *[Arracht](/wiki/Arracht \"Arracht\")*, also called *Monster*, 2019 Irish historical drama film\n* [*Monster* (2022 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282022_film%29 \"Monster (2022 film)\"), a Malayalam\\-language thriller film\n* [*Monster* (2023 film)](/wiki/Monster_%282023_film%29 \"Monster (2023 film)\"), a Japanese drama film\n* [*Monster* (2023 Indonesian film)](/wiki/Monster_%282023_Indonesian_film%29 \"Monster (2023 Indonesian film)\"), an Indonesian thriller film\n* *Monster!*, a 1999 TV film by [John Lafia](/wiki/John_Lafia \"John Lafia\")\n* *Monster*, a 2005 short film by Jennifer Kent that was the precursor to *[The Babadook](/wiki/The_Babadook \"The Babadook\")*\n* *Monsters*, a 2014 comedy video by [Lee Evans](/wiki/Lee_Evans_%28comedian%29 \"Lee Evans (comedian)\")\n",
"### Television\n\n* [Monsters HD](/wiki/Monsters_HD \"Monsters HD\"), an American channel\n* [*Monsters* (American TV series)](/wiki/Monsters_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Monsters (American TV series)\"), a 1988–1991 America horror anthology television series that aired in syndication\n* [*Monster* (anime)](/wiki/Monster_%28anime%29 \"Monster (anime)\"), a 2004 Japanese anime television series based upon the manga by Naoki Urasawa\n* [*Monsters* (Japanese TV series)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Japanese_TV_series%29 \"Monsters (Japanese TV series)\"), a 2012 Japanese television series from TBS\n* [*Monster* (South Korean TV series)](/wiki/Monster_%28South_Korean_TV_series%29 \"Monster (South Korean TV series)\"), a 2016 South Korean television series\n* [*The Monster* (TV series)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28TV_series%29 \"The Monster (TV series)\"), a 2019 Iranian series by Mehran Modiri\n* [*Beyond Evil* (TV series)](/wiki/Beyond_Evil_%28TV_series%29 \"Beyond Evil (TV series)\"), a 2021 South Korean drama whose original title in Korean translates to *Monster*\n* [*Monster* (American TV series)](/wiki/Monster_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Monster (American TV series)\"), a 2022 Netflix anthology series\n\n#### Episodes\n\n* [\"The Monster\" (*Adventure Time*)](/wiki/Adventure_Time_%28season_3%29%23ep6 \"Adventure Time (season 3)#ep6\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*Agent Carter*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Agent_Carter%29 \"Monsters (Agent Carter)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Aqua Teen Hunger Force*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force%29 \"Monster (Aqua Teen Hunger Force)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Fear the Walking Dead*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Fear_the_Walking_Dead%29 \"Monster (Fear the Walking Dead)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*The Flash*)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Flash%29 \"Monster (The Flash)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (*Highway to Heaven*)](/wiki/List_of_Highway_to_Heaven_episodes%23Season_2:1985%E2%80%9386 \"1985–86\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Law \\& Order: Criminal Intent*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Law_%26_Order:Criminal_Intent%29 \"Criminal Intent)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Millennium*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Millennium%29 \"Monster (Millennium)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*Roswell*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Roswell%29 \"Monsters (Roswell)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Star Wars: The Clone Wars*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Star_Wars:The_Clone_Wars%29 \"The Clone Wars)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*The Outer Limits*)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Outer_Limits%29 \"Monster (The Outer Limits)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*The Walking Dead*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Monsters (The Walking Dead)\")\n",
"#### Episodes\n\n* [\"The Monster\" (*Adventure Time*)](/wiki/Adventure_Time_%28season_3%29%23ep6 \"Adventure Time (season 3)#ep6\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*Agent Carter*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Agent_Carter%29 \"Monsters (Agent Carter)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Aqua Teen Hunger Force*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force%29 \"Monster (Aqua Teen Hunger Force)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Fear the Walking Dead*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Fear_the_Walking_Dead%29 \"Monster (Fear the Walking Dead)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*The Flash*)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Flash%29 \"Monster (The Flash)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (*Highway to Heaven*)](/wiki/List_of_Highway_to_Heaven_episodes%23Season_2:1985%E2%80%9386 \"1985–86\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Law \\& Order: Criminal Intent*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Law_%26_Order:Criminal_Intent%29 \"Criminal Intent)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Millennium*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Millennium%29 \"Monster (Millennium)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*Roswell*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Roswell%29 \"Monsters (Roswell)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*Star Wars: The Clone Wars*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Star_Wars:The_Clone_Wars%29 \"The Clone Wars)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (*The Outer Limits*)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Outer_Limits%29 \"Monster (The Outer Limits)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (*The Walking Dead*)](/wiki/Monsters_%28The_Walking_Dead%29 \"Monsters (The Walking Dead)\")\n",
"Literature\n----------\n\n### Fiction\n\n* [*The Monster* (novella)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28novella%29 \"The Monster (novella)\"), a 1898 novella by Stephen Crane\n* *The Monster*, a 1913 novel by [Edgar Saltus](/wiki/Edgar_Saltus \"Edgar Saltus\")\n* *The Monster*, a 1921 novel by [Horace Bleackley](/wiki/Horace_Bleackley \"Horace Bleackley\")\n* *[Heu\\-Heu; or, The Monster](/wiki/Heu-Heu \"Heu-Heu\")*, a 1924 novel by H. Rider Haggard\n* *The Monster*, a 1925 novel by [Eden Phillpotts](/wiki/Eden_Phillpotts \"Eden Phillpotts\")\n* *The Monsters*, a 1934 novel by [Lester Dent](/wiki/Lester_Dent \"Lester Dent\"), the 14th installment in the *Doc Savage* series first published in [*Doc Savage Magazine*](/wiki/Doc_Savage_%28magazine%29 \"Doc Savage (magazine)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (short story)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28short_story%29 \"The Monster (short story)\"), a 1948 short story by A.E. Van Vogt\n* *The Monster*, a 1949 novella by [Edmond Hamilton](/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton \"Edmond Hamilton\"), under the house name \"S. M. Tenneshaw\"\n* \"Monster\", a 1951 short story by [Joseph Samachson](/wiki/Joseph_Samachson \"Joseph Samachson\")\n* [*Monsters* (collection)](/wiki/Monsters_%28collection%29 \"Monsters (collection)\"), a 1965 collection of short stories by A.E. van Vogt\n* *The Monster* (), a 1965 novel by [Ismail Kadare](/wiki/Ismail_Kadare%23Works \"Ismail Kadare#Works\")\n* *The Monster*, a 1968 play by [Ron Milner](/wiki/Ron_Milner \"Ron Milner\")\n* *Monster: A Tale of Loch Ness*, a 1982 novel by [Jeffrey Konvitz](/wiki/Jeffrey_Konvitz \"Jeffrey Konvitz\")\n* [*Monsters* (anthology)](/wiki/Monsters_%28anthology%29 \"Monsters (anthology)\"), a 1988 anthology of science fiction short stories\n* *Monsters*, a 1989 picture book written by [Russell Hoban](/wiki/Russell_Hoban \"Russell Hoban\") and illustrated by Quentin Blake\n* *Monster*, a 1992 novel by [Christopher Pike](/wiki/Christopher_Pike_%28author%29 \"Christopher Pike (author)\")\n* [*Monster* (Kellerman novel)](/wiki/Monster_%28Kellerman_novel%29 \"Monster (Kellerman novel)\"), a 1999 novel by Jonathan Kellerman\n* [*Monster* (Myers novel)](/wiki/Monster_%28Myers_novel%29 \"Monster (Myers novel)\"), a 1999 novel by Walter Dean Myers\n* [*Monster* (Peretti novel)](/wiki/Monster_%28Peretti_novel%29 \"Monster (Peretti novel)\"), a 2005 novel by Frank Peretti\n* *Monster*, a 2009 novel by [A. Lee Martinez](/wiki/A._Lee_Martinez \"A. Lee Martinez\")\n* \"Monster\", a 2011 short story by [Jeff Carlson](/wiki/Jeff_Carlson_%28author%29 \"Jeff Carlson (author)\"), featured in the collection *Long Eyes and Other Stories*\n\n### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *[Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member](/wiki/Monster:The_Autobiography_of_an_L.A._Gang_Member \"The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member\")*, a 1993 memoir by Sanyika Shakur\n* *[Monster: Living Off the Big Screen](/wiki/Monster:Living_Off_the_Big_Screen \"Living Off the Big Screen\")*, a 1997 book by John Gregory Dunne\n* *[Monsters: History's Most Evil Men and Women](/wiki/Monsters:History%27s_Most_Evil_Men_and_Women \"History's Most Evil Men and Women\")*, a 2008 history book by Simon Sebag Montefiore\n### Comics\n* \"The Monsters!\", a comic story featured in *[Shock SuspenStories](/wiki/Shock_SuspenStories \"Shock SuspenStories\")* \\#1 (February\\-March 1952\\), written by [Bill Gaines](/wiki/Bill_Gaines \"Bill Gaines\") and [Al Feldstein](/wiki/Al_Feldstein \"Al Feldstein\")\n* \"The Monster\", a comic story featured in *[House of Secrets](/wiki/House_of_Secrets_%28DC_Comics%29 \"House of Secrets (DC Comics)\")* \\#96 (February\\-March 1972\\), written by [Jack Oleck](/wiki/Jack_Oleck \"Jack Oleck\")\n* \"The Monster\", a comic story featured in *[Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion](/wiki/Forbidden_Tales_of_Dark_Mansion \"Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion\")* \\#10 (March\\-April 1973\\), also written by Oleck\n* \"The Monster!\", a comic story featured in *[The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%28comic_book%29 \"The Incredible Hulk (comic book)\")* \\#250 (August 1980\\), written by [Bill Mantlo](/wiki/Bill_Mantlo \"Bill Mantlo\")\n* [*Monster* (comics)](/wiki/Monster_%28comics%29 \"Monster (comics)\"), a 1984–1985 British comic strip by Alan Moore, Alberto Giolitti, John Wagner and Alan Grant, and Jesus Redondo\n* [\"Monster\"](/wiki/Hulk%23Bruce_Banner \"Hulk#Bruce Banner\"), a comic story featured in *The Incredible Hulk* \\#312 (October 1985\\), also written by Mantlo\n* [*Monsters* (manga)](/wiki/Monsters_%28manga%29 \"Monsters (manga)\"), a 1994 one\\-shot manga by Eiichiro Oda\n* [*Monster* (manga)](/wiki/Monster_%28manga%29 \"Monster (manga)\"), a 1994–2001 manga series by Naoki Urasawa\n",
"### Fiction\n\n* [*The Monster* (novella)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28novella%29 \"The Monster (novella)\"), a 1898 novella by Stephen Crane\n* *The Monster*, a 1913 novel by [Edgar Saltus](/wiki/Edgar_Saltus \"Edgar Saltus\")\n* *The Monster*, a 1921 novel by [Horace Bleackley](/wiki/Horace_Bleackley \"Horace Bleackley\")\n* *[Heu\\-Heu; or, The Monster](/wiki/Heu-Heu \"Heu-Heu\")*, a 1924 novel by H. Rider Haggard\n* *The Monster*, a 1925 novel by [Eden Phillpotts](/wiki/Eden_Phillpotts \"Eden Phillpotts\")\n* *The Monsters*, a 1934 novel by [Lester Dent](/wiki/Lester_Dent \"Lester Dent\"), the 14th installment in the *Doc Savage* series first published in [*Doc Savage Magazine*](/wiki/Doc_Savage_%28magazine%29 \"Doc Savage (magazine)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (short story)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28short_story%29 \"The Monster (short story)\"), a 1948 short story by A.E. Van Vogt\n* *The Monster*, a 1949 novella by [Edmond Hamilton](/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton \"Edmond Hamilton\"), under the house name \"S. M. Tenneshaw\"\n* \"Monster\", a 1951 short story by [Joseph Samachson](/wiki/Joseph_Samachson \"Joseph Samachson\")\n* [*Monsters* (collection)](/wiki/Monsters_%28collection%29 \"Monsters (collection)\"), a 1965 collection of short stories by A.E. van Vogt\n* *The Monster* (), a 1965 novel by [Ismail Kadare](/wiki/Ismail_Kadare%23Works \"Ismail Kadare#Works\")\n* *The Monster*, a 1968 play by [Ron Milner](/wiki/Ron_Milner \"Ron Milner\")\n* *Monster: A Tale of Loch Ness*, a 1982 novel by [Jeffrey Konvitz](/wiki/Jeffrey_Konvitz \"Jeffrey Konvitz\")\n* [*Monsters* (anthology)](/wiki/Monsters_%28anthology%29 \"Monsters (anthology)\"), a 1988 anthology of science fiction short stories\n* *Monsters*, a 1989 picture book written by [Russell Hoban](/wiki/Russell_Hoban \"Russell Hoban\") and illustrated by Quentin Blake\n* *Monster*, a 1992 novel by [Christopher Pike](/wiki/Christopher_Pike_%28author%29 \"Christopher Pike (author)\")\n* [*Monster* (Kellerman novel)](/wiki/Monster_%28Kellerman_novel%29 \"Monster (Kellerman novel)\"), a 1999 novel by Jonathan Kellerman\n* [*Monster* (Myers novel)](/wiki/Monster_%28Myers_novel%29 \"Monster (Myers novel)\"), a 1999 novel by Walter Dean Myers\n* [*Monster* (Peretti novel)](/wiki/Monster_%28Peretti_novel%29 \"Monster (Peretti novel)\"), a 2005 novel by Frank Peretti\n* *Monster*, a 2009 novel by [A. Lee Martinez](/wiki/A._Lee_Martinez \"A. Lee Martinez\")\n* \"Monster\", a 2011 short story by [Jeff Carlson](/wiki/Jeff_Carlson_%28author%29 \"Jeff Carlson (author)\"), featured in the collection *Long Eyes and Other Stories*\n",
"### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *[Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member](/wiki/Monster:The_Autobiography_of_an_L.A._Gang_Member \"The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member\")*, a 1993 memoir by Sanyika Shakur\n* *[Monster: Living Off the Big Screen](/wiki/Monster:Living_Off_the_Big_Screen \"Living Off the Big Screen\")*, a 1997 book by John Gregory Dunne\n* *[Monsters: History's Most Evil Men and Women](/wiki/Monsters:History%27s_Most_Evil_Men_and_Women \"History's Most Evil Men and Women\")*, a 2008 history book by Simon Sebag Montefiore\n",
"### Comics\n\n* \"The Monsters!\", a comic story featured in *[Shock SuspenStories](/wiki/Shock_SuspenStories \"Shock SuspenStories\")* \\#1 (February\\-March 1952\\), written by [Bill Gaines](/wiki/Bill_Gaines \"Bill Gaines\") and [Al Feldstein](/wiki/Al_Feldstein \"Al Feldstein\")\n* \"The Monster\", a comic story featured in *[House of Secrets](/wiki/House_of_Secrets_%28DC_Comics%29 \"House of Secrets (DC Comics)\")* \\#96 (February\\-March 1972\\), written by [Jack Oleck](/wiki/Jack_Oleck \"Jack Oleck\")\n* \"The Monster\", a comic story featured in *[Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion](/wiki/Forbidden_Tales_of_Dark_Mansion \"Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion\")* \\#10 (March\\-April 1973\\), also written by Oleck\n* \"The Monster!\", a comic story featured in *[The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%28comic_book%29 \"The Incredible Hulk (comic book)\")* \\#250 (August 1980\\), written by [Bill Mantlo](/wiki/Bill_Mantlo \"Bill Mantlo\")\n* [*Monster* (comics)](/wiki/Monster_%28comics%29 \"Monster (comics)\"), a 1984–1985 British comic strip by Alan Moore, Alberto Giolitti, John Wagner and Alan Grant, and Jesus Redondo\n* [\"Monster\"](/wiki/Hulk%23Bruce_Banner \"Hulk#Bruce Banner\"), a comic story featured in *The Incredible Hulk* \\#312 (October 1985\\), also written by Mantlo\n* [*Monsters* (manga)](/wiki/Monsters_%28manga%29 \"Monsters (manga)\"), a 1994 one\\-shot manga by Eiichiro Oda\n* [*Monster* (manga)](/wiki/Monster_%28manga%29 \"Monster (manga)\"), a 1994–2001 manga series by Naoki Urasawa\n",
"Games\n-----\n\n* [Monster (*Dungeons \\& Dragons*)](/wiki/Monster_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 \"Monster (Dungeons & Dragons)\"), a term used to refer to a variety of creatures in the game\n* [Monster (computer gaming)](/wiki/Monster_%28computer_gaming%29 \"Monster (computer gaming)\"), a type of non\\-player character\n* *Monsters*, a clone of the arcade game *[Space Panic](/wiki/Space_Panic \"Space Panic\")*\n",
"Music\n-----\n\n### Musicians and bands\n\n* [Monster (musician)](/wiki/Monster_%28musician%29 \"Monster (musician)\")\n* [Monster (band)](/wiki/Monster_%28band%29 \"Monster (band)\")\n* The Monsters, Swiss Psychobilly band led by [Reverend Beat\\-Man](/wiki/Reverend_Beat-Man \"Reverend Beat-Man\")\n\n### Albums\n\n* [*Monster* (B'z album)](/wiki/Monster_%28B%27z_album%29 \"Monster (B'z album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (D'espairsRay album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28D%27espairsRay_album%29 \"Monsters (D'espairsRay album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Fetchin Bones album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Fetchin_Bones_album%29 \"Monster (Fetchin Bones album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Herbie Hancock album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Herbie_Hancock_album%29 \"Monster (Herbie Hancock album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Hugh Cornwell album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Hugh_Cornwell_album%29 \"Monster (Hugh Cornwell album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Killer Mike album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Killer_Mike_album%29 \"Monster (Killer Mike album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Kiss album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Kiss_album%29 \"Monster (Kiss album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (Meat Puppets album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Meat_Puppets_album%29 \"Monsters (Meat Puppets album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (The Midnight album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28The_Midnight_album%29 \"Monsters (The Midnight album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (Tom Odell album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Tom_Odell_album%29 \"Monsters (Tom Odell album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Oomph! album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Oomph%21_album%29 \"Monster (Oomph! album)\")\n* [*Monster* (R.E.M. album)](/wiki/Monster_%28R.E.M._album%29 \"Monster (R.E.M. album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Steppenwolf album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Steppenwolf_album%29 \"Monster (Steppenwolf album)\")\n* [*Monster* (David Thomas album)](/wiki/Monster_%28David_Thomas_album%29 \"Monster (David Thomas album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Usher album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Usher_album%29 \"Monster (Usher album)\")\n* [*Monster* (EP)](/wiki/Monster_%28EP%29 \"Monster (EP)\"), by Red Velvet – Irene \\& Seulgi\n* [*Monster* (mixtape)](/wiki/Monster_%28mixtape%29 \"Monster (mixtape)\"), by Future\n* *Monster*, a 2013 album by [Noyz Narcos](/wiki/Noyz_Narcos \"Noyz Narcos\")\n* *Monster*, a cancelled album by [P\\-Model](/wiki/P-Model \"P-Model\")\n\n### Songs\n\n* [\"Monster\" (Arashi song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Arashi_song%29 \"Monster (Arashi song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (The Automatic song)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Automatic_song%29 \"Monster (The Automatic song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Big Bang song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Big_Bang_song%29 \"Monster (Big Bang song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Disturbed song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Disturbed_song%29 \"Monster (Disturbed song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Disney song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Disney_song%29 \"Monster (Disney song)\"), song from the musical adaptation of Frozen\n* [\"Monster\" (Exo song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Exo_song%29 \"Monster (Exo song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Gabbie Hanna song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Gabbie_Hanna_song%29 \"Monster (Gabbie Hanna song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Imagine Dragons song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Imagine_Dragons_song%29 \"Monster (Imagine Dragons song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Kanye West song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Kanye_West_song%29 \"Monster (Kanye West song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (L7 song)](/wiki/Monster_%28L7_song%29 \"Monster (L7 song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Lady Gaga song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Lady_Gaga_song%29 \"Monster (Lady Gaga song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Meek Mill song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Meek_Mill_song%29 \"Monster (Meek Mill song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Meg \\& Dia song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Meg_%26_Dia_song%29 \"Monster (Meg & Dia song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Michael Jackson song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Michael_Jackson_song%29 \"Monster (Michael Jackson song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Paramore song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Paramore_song%29 \"Monster (Paramore song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Pink Lady song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Pink_Lady_song%29 \"Monster (Pink Lady song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Professor Green song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Professor_Green_song%29 \"Monster (Professor Green song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Red Velvet – Irene \\& Seulgi song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Red_Velvet_%E2%80%93_Irene_%26_Seulgi_song%29 \"Monster (Red Velvet – Irene & Seulgi song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Shawn Mendes and Justin Bieber song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Shawn_Mendes_and_Justin_Bieber_song%29 \"Monster (Shawn Mendes and Justin Bieber song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Skillet song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Skillet_song%29 \"Monster (Skillet song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Starset song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Starset_song%29 \"Monster (Starset song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Steppenwolf song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Steppenwolf_song%29 \"Monster (Steppenwolf song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Yoasobi song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Yoasobi_song%29 \"Monster (Yoasobi song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (21 Savage song)](/wiki/Monster_%2821_Savage_song%29 \"Monster (21 Savage song)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (song)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28song%29 \"The Monster (song)\"), a song by Eminem featuring Rihanna\n* [\"Monsters\" (All Time Low song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28All_Time_Low_song%29 \"Monsters (All Time Low song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (Eric Church song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Eric_Church_song%29 \"Monsters (Eric Church song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (Funeral for a Friend song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Funeral_for_a_Friend_song%29 \"Monsters (Funeral for a Friend song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (James Blunt song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28James_Blunt_song%29 \"Monsters (James Blunt song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (Saara Aalto song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Saara_Aalto_song%29 \"Monsters (Saara Aalto song)\")\n* \"Monster\", a song by [Dev (singer)](/wiki/Dev_%28singer%29 \"Dev (singer)\")\n* \"Monster\", a song by Dodie Clark from *[Human](/wiki/Human_%28Dodie_EP%29 \"Human (Dodie EP)\")*\n* \"Monster\", a song by Fred Schneider from the album *[Fred Schneider and the Shake Society](/wiki/Fred_Schneider_and_the_Shake_Society \"Fred Schneider and the Shake Society\")*\n* \"MONSTER\", a song by KIRA ft. [Megpoid](/wiki/Megpoid \"Megpoid\") (English)\n* \"Monster\", a song by Kris Allen from the 2012 album *[Thank You Camellia](/wiki/Thank_You_Camellia \"Thank You Camellia\")*\n* \"Monster\", a song by [LUM!X](/wiki/Lumix_%28DJ%29 \"Lumix (DJ)\") and [Gabry Ponte](/wiki/Gabry_Ponte \"Gabry Ponte\")\n* \"Monsters\", a song by Blue Öyster Cult from the album *[Cultösaurus Erectus](/wiki/Cult%C3%B6saurus_Erectus \"Cultösaurus Erectus\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by Matchbook Romance from the album *[Voices](/wiki/Voices_%28Matchbook_Romance_album%29 \"Voices (Matchbook Romance album)\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by Shinedown from *[Attention Attention](/wiki/Attention_Attention \"Attention Attention\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by [Something for Kate](/wiki/Something_for_Kate \"Something for Kate\") from the 2001 album *[Echolalia](/wiki/Echolalia_%28album%29 \"Echolalia (album)\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by [Timeflies](/wiki/Timeflies \"Timeflies\") ft. Katie Sky\n",
"### Musicians and bands\n\n* [Monster (musician)](/wiki/Monster_%28musician%29 \"Monster (musician)\")\n* [Monster (band)](/wiki/Monster_%28band%29 \"Monster (band)\")\n* The Monsters, Swiss Psychobilly band led by [Reverend Beat\\-Man](/wiki/Reverend_Beat-Man \"Reverend Beat-Man\")\n",
"### Albums\n\n* [*Monster* (B'z album)](/wiki/Monster_%28B%27z_album%29 \"Monster (B'z album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (D'espairsRay album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28D%27espairsRay_album%29 \"Monsters (D'espairsRay album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Fetchin Bones album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Fetchin_Bones_album%29 \"Monster (Fetchin Bones album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Herbie Hancock album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Herbie_Hancock_album%29 \"Monster (Herbie Hancock album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Hugh Cornwell album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Hugh_Cornwell_album%29 \"Monster (Hugh Cornwell album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Killer Mike album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Killer_Mike_album%29 \"Monster (Killer Mike album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Kiss album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Kiss_album%29 \"Monster (Kiss album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (Meat Puppets album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Meat_Puppets_album%29 \"Monsters (Meat Puppets album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (The Midnight album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28The_Midnight_album%29 \"Monsters (The Midnight album)\")\n* [*Monsters* (Tom Odell album)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Tom_Odell_album%29 \"Monsters (Tom Odell album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Oomph! album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Oomph%21_album%29 \"Monster (Oomph! album)\")\n* [*Monster* (R.E.M. album)](/wiki/Monster_%28R.E.M._album%29 \"Monster (R.E.M. album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Steppenwolf album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Steppenwolf_album%29 \"Monster (Steppenwolf album)\")\n* [*Monster* (David Thomas album)](/wiki/Monster_%28David_Thomas_album%29 \"Monster (David Thomas album)\")\n* [*Monster* (Usher album)](/wiki/Monster_%28Usher_album%29 \"Monster (Usher album)\")\n* [*Monster* (EP)](/wiki/Monster_%28EP%29 \"Monster (EP)\"), by Red Velvet – Irene \\& Seulgi\n* [*Monster* (mixtape)](/wiki/Monster_%28mixtape%29 \"Monster (mixtape)\"), by Future\n* *Monster*, a 2013 album by [Noyz Narcos](/wiki/Noyz_Narcos \"Noyz Narcos\")\n* *Monster*, a cancelled album by [P\\-Model](/wiki/P-Model \"P-Model\")\n",
"### Songs\n\n* [\"Monster\" (Arashi song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Arashi_song%29 \"Monster (Arashi song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (The Automatic song)](/wiki/Monster_%28The_Automatic_song%29 \"Monster (The Automatic song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Big Bang song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Big_Bang_song%29 \"Monster (Big Bang song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Disturbed song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Disturbed_song%29 \"Monster (Disturbed song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Disney song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Disney_song%29 \"Monster (Disney song)\"), song from the musical adaptation of Frozen\n* [\"Monster\" (Exo song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Exo_song%29 \"Monster (Exo song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Gabbie Hanna song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Gabbie_Hanna_song%29 \"Monster (Gabbie Hanna song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Imagine Dragons song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Imagine_Dragons_song%29 \"Monster (Imagine Dragons song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Kanye West song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Kanye_West_song%29 \"Monster (Kanye West song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (L7 song)](/wiki/Monster_%28L7_song%29 \"Monster (L7 song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Lady Gaga song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Lady_Gaga_song%29 \"Monster (Lady Gaga song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Meek Mill song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Meek_Mill_song%29 \"Monster (Meek Mill song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Meg \\& Dia song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Meg_%26_Dia_song%29 \"Monster (Meg & Dia song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Michael Jackson song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Michael_Jackson_song%29 \"Monster (Michael Jackson song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Paramore song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Paramore_song%29 \"Monster (Paramore song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Pink Lady song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Pink_Lady_song%29 \"Monster (Pink Lady song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Professor Green song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Professor_Green_song%29 \"Monster (Professor Green song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Red Velvet – Irene \\& Seulgi song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Red_Velvet_%E2%80%93_Irene_%26_Seulgi_song%29 \"Monster (Red Velvet – Irene & Seulgi song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Shawn Mendes and Justin Bieber song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Shawn_Mendes_and_Justin_Bieber_song%29 \"Monster (Shawn Mendes and Justin Bieber song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Skillet song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Skillet_song%29 \"Monster (Skillet song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Starset song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Starset_song%29 \"Monster (Starset song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Steppenwolf song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Steppenwolf_song%29 \"Monster (Steppenwolf song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (Yoasobi song)](/wiki/Monster_%28Yoasobi_song%29 \"Monster (Yoasobi song)\")\n* [\"Monster\" (21 Savage song)](/wiki/Monster_%2821_Savage_song%29 \"Monster (21 Savage song)\")\n* [\"The Monster\" (song)](/wiki/The_Monster_%28song%29 \"The Monster (song)\"), a song by Eminem featuring Rihanna\n* [\"Monsters\" (All Time Low song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28All_Time_Low_song%29 \"Monsters (All Time Low song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (Eric Church song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Eric_Church_song%29 \"Monsters (Eric Church song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (Funeral for a Friend song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Funeral_for_a_Friend_song%29 \"Monsters (Funeral for a Friend song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (James Blunt song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28James_Blunt_song%29 \"Monsters (James Blunt song)\")\n* [\"Monsters\" (Saara Aalto song)](/wiki/Monsters_%28Saara_Aalto_song%29 \"Monsters (Saara Aalto song)\")\n* \"Monster\", a song by [Dev (singer)](/wiki/Dev_%28singer%29 \"Dev (singer)\")\n* \"Monster\", a song by Dodie Clark from *[Human](/wiki/Human_%28Dodie_EP%29 \"Human (Dodie EP)\")*\n* \"Monster\", a song by Fred Schneider from the album *[Fred Schneider and the Shake Society](/wiki/Fred_Schneider_and_the_Shake_Society \"Fred Schneider and the Shake Society\")*\n* \"MONSTER\", a song by KIRA ft. [Megpoid](/wiki/Megpoid \"Megpoid\") (English)\n* \"Monster\", a song by Kris Allen from the 2012 album *[Thank You Camellia](/wiki/Thank_You_Camellia \"Thank You Camellia\")*\n* \"Monster\", a song by [LUM!X](/wiki/Lumix_%28DJ%29 \"Lumix (DJ)\") and [Gabry Ponte](/wiki/Gabry_Ponte \"Gabry Ponte\")\n* \"Monsters\", a song by Blue Öyster Cult from the album *[Cultösaurus Erectus](/wiki/Cult%C3%B6saurus_Erectus \"Cultösaurus Erectus\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by Matchbook Romance from the album *[Voices](/wiki/Voices_%28Matchbook_Romance_album%29 \"Voices (Matchbook Romance album)\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by Shinedown from *[Attention Attention](/wiki/Attention_Attention \"Attention Attention\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by [Something for Kate](/wiki/Something_for_Kate \"Something for Kate\") from the 2001 album *[Echolalia](/wiki/Echolalia_%28album%29 \"Echolalia (album)\")*\n* \"Monsters\", a song by [Timeflies](/wiki/Timeflies \"Timeflies\") ft. Katie Sky\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [Rob Monster](/wiki/Rob_Monster \"Rob Monster\") (born 1966 or 1967\\), American technology executive\n* [Dick Radatz](/wiki/Dick_Radatz \"Dick Radatz\") (1937–2005\\), American baseball pitcher nicknamed \"The Monster\"\n* [Sanyika Shakur](/wiki/Sanyika_Shakur \"Sanyika Shakur\") (1963–2021\\), American author and gang member with the street moniker \"Monster\"\n* [Nobuhiro Tajima](/wiki/Nobuhiro_Tajima \"Nobuhiro Tajima\") (born 1950\\), Japanese rally driver nicknamed \"Monster\"\n* [Naoya Inoue](/wiki/Naoya_Inoue \"Naoya Inoue\") (born 1993\\), Japanese two\\-time undisputed world boxing champion nicknamed \"Kaibutsu\" (the Monster)\n",
"Science and mathematics\n-----------------------\n\n* [Monster (physics)](/wiki/Monster_%28physics%29 \"Monster (physics)\")\n* [Monster group](/wiki/Monster_group \"Monster group\"), a large but finite algebraic structure in mathematical group theory\n* [Spiegelman Monster](/wiki/Spiegelman_Monster \"Spiegelman Monster\"), an RNA chain\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Monster, South Holland](/wiki/Monster%2C_South_Holland \"Monster, South Holland\"), a town in the Netherlands\n* [Ducati Monster](/wiki/Ducati_Monster \"Ducati Monster\"), a motorcycle\n* [Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster](/wiki/Landkreuzer_P._1500_Monster \"Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster\"), a self\\-propelled gun\n* [*IT* (XM)](/wiki/IT_%28XM%29 \"IT (XM)\") or *Monster*, a radio program\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [London Monster](/wiki/London_Monster \"London Monster\"), an unidentified man who attacked several women in late 18th century London\n* [Monster Radio (disambiguation)](/wiki/Monster_Radio_%28disambiguation%29 \"Monster Radio (disambiguation)\")\n* [Monstrum (disambiguation)](/wiki/Monstrum_%28disambiguation%29 \"Monstrum (disambiguation)\")\n* [Moonster (disambiguation)](/wiki/Moonster_%28disambiguation%29 \"Moonster (disambiguation)\")\n* [Munster (disambiguation)](/wiki/Munster_%28disambiguation%29 \"Munster (disambiguation)\")\n\n[Category:Nicknames](/wiki/Category:Nicknames \"Nicknames\")\n\n"
]
} |
Norris, South Carolina | {
"id": [
31026899
],
"name": [
"Dr vulpes"
]
} | m6f47apqsdlg8495ca7s1f0d107iup4 | 2024-08-30T02:00:47Z | 1,222,626,284 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Government",
"Demographics",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Norris** is a town in [Pickens County](/wiki/Pickens_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Pickens County, South Carolina\"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"), United States. The population was 813 at the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"). It is part of the [Greenville](/wiki/Greenville%2C_South_Carolina \"Greenville, South Carolina\")–[Mauldin](/wiki/Mauldin%2C_South_Carolina \"Mauldin, South Carolina\")–[Easley](/wiki/Easley%2C_South_Carolina \"Easley, South Carolina\") [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Greenville-Mauldin-Easley_metropolitan_area \"Greenville-Mauldin-Easley metropolitan area\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nNorris is located at (34\\.764904, \\-82\\.752192\\).\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the town has a total area of , all of it land.\n\n",
"Government\n----------\n\nThe current mayor of Norris is Odell Williams.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 847 people, 346 households, and 252 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 400 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 88\\.08% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 9\\.68% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.47% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.71% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.59% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.47% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.24% of the population.\n\nThere were 346 households, out of which 30\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54\\.6% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26\\.9% were non\\-families. 23\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.45 and the average family size was 2\\.88\\.\n\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 23\\.8% under the age of 18, 6\\.6% from 18 to 24, 31\\.5% from 25 to 44, 24\\.3% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99\\.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\\.5 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the town was $33,393, and the median income for a family was $37,024\\. Males had a median income of $27,404 versus $21,563 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $13,825\\. About 7\\.8% of families and 11\\.1% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 11\\.2% of those under age 18 and 14\\.0% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Town of Norris website](http://townofnorris.org/)\n\n[Category:Towns in Pickens County, South Carolina](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Pickens_County%2C_South_Carolina \"Towns in Pickens County, South Carolina\")\n[Category:Towns in South Carolina](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_South_Carolina \"Towns in South Carolina\")\n[Category:Upstate South Carolina](/wiki/Category:Upstate_South_Carolina \"Upstate South Carolina\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jacksboro, Tennessee | {
"id": [
44928949
],
"name": [
"OrangKalideres"
]
} | bb7663mpcbqk2s0nej301ijvze3s3rf | 2024-05-23T12:58:49Z | 1,225,276,712 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"2020 census",
"2000 census",
"Notable people",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jacksboro** is a town in [Campbell County](/wiki/Campbell_County%2C_Tennessee \"Campbell County, Tennessee\"), [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\"), United States. The population was 2,306 at the 2020 census. It is the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") of Campbell County.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nJacksboro was founded in 1806 as a permanent county seat for the newly created Campbell County. The initial property for the town square was deeded by Hugh Montgomery, one of the earliest settlers in the area. The town was originally known as Walnut Grove, but was renamed \"Jacksonboro\" in honor of [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson \"Andrew Jackson\") in 1819\\. The name was later shortened to \"Jacksboro.\"\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nJacksboro is located at . The town situated near the \"corner\" of an L\\-shaped section of Powell Valley created by the intersection of Cumberland Mountain, a long ridge which runs in a northeast\\-southwest direction, and Cross Mountain, a summit which rises prominently to the west. Big Creek and Cove Creek — which traverse the eastern and western sections of Jacksboro respectively — are both part of the Norris Lake system of the [Clinch River](/wiki/Clinch_River \"Clinch River\") watershed.\n\nJacksboro is concentrated along [U.S. Route 25W](/wiki/U.S._Route_25W_in_Tennessee \"U.S. Route 25W in Tennessee\"), approximately northeast of [Interstate 75](/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Tennessee \"Interstate 75 in Tennessee\") and a mile northeast of [Cove Lake State Park](/wiki/Cove_Lake_State_Park \"Cove Lake State Park\"). [Caryville](/wiki/Caryville%2C_Tennessee \"Caryville, Tennessee\") lies to the southwest, and [LaFollette](/wiki/LaFollette%2C_Tennessee \"LaFollette, Tennessee\") lies to the northeast.\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the town has a total area of , all land.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\n### 2020 census\n\n| \\+Jacksboro racial composition | Race\n\n Number\n\n Percentage\n\n| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 2,178 |\n 94\\.45% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 8 |\n 0\\.35% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 1 |\n 0\\.04% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 13 |\n 0\\.56% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")\n\n 80 |\n 3\\.47% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 26 |\n 1\\.13% |\n\nAs of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 2,306 people, 957 households, and 524 families residing in the town.\n\n### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,887 people, 767 households, and 550 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 827 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.04% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.32% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.90% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.53% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.48% of the population.\n\n[left\\|210px\\|thumb\\|[U.S. Route 25W](/wiki/U.S._Route_25W \"U.S. Route 25W\") in Jacksboro](/wiki/File:Jacksboro-US25-tn1.jpg \"Jacksboro-US25-tn1.jpg\")\n\nThere were 767 households, out of which 27\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.2% were non\\-families. 26\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.34 and the average family size was 2\\.80\\.\n\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 19\\.6% under the age of 18, 9\\.7% from 18 to 24, 29\\.8% from 25 to 44, 26\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\\.9 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the town was $29,537, and the median income for a family was $36,607\\. Males had a median income of $32,708 versus $26,172 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $16,150\\. About 12\\.2% of families and 18\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.4% of those under age 18 and 14\\.3% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"### 2020 census\n\n| \\+Jacksboro racial composition | Race\n\n Number\n\n Percentage\n\n| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 2,178 |\n 94\\.45% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)\n\n 8 |\n 0\\.35% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 1 |\n 0\\.04% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 13 |\n 0\\.56% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")\n\n 80 |\n 3\\.47% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")\n\n 26 |\n 1\\.13% |\n\nAs of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 2,306 people, 957 households, and 524 families residing in the town.\n\n",
"### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 1,887 people, 767 households, and 550 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 827 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98\\.04% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.32% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.11% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.90% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.53% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.48% of the population.\n\n[left\\|210px\\|thumb\\|[U.S. Route 25W](/wiki/U.S._Route_25W \"U.S. Route 25W\") in Jacksboro](/wiki/File:Jacksboro-US25-tn1.jpg \"Jacksboro-US25-tn1.jpg\")\n\nThere were 767 households, out of which 27\\.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58\\.5% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 10\\.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28\\.2% were non\\-families. 26\\.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.34 and the average family size was 2\\.80\\.\n\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 19\\.6% under the age of 18, 9\\.7% from 18 to 24, 29\\.8% from 25 to 44, 26\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91\\.9 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the town was $29,537, and the median income for a family was $36,607\\. Males had a median income of $32,708 versus $26,172 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the town was $16,150\\. About 12\\.2% of families and 18\\.7% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 28\\.4% of those under age 18 and 14\\.3% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Joseph Alexander Cooper](/wiki/Joseph_Alexander_Cooper \"Joseph Alexander Cooper\"), Union general\n* [Henry R. Gibson](/wiki/Henry_R._Gibson \"Henry R. Gibson\"), U.S. congressman\n* [Bonnie Hollingsworth](/wiki/Bonnie_Hollingsworth \"Bonnie Hollingsworth\"), Major League Baseball player\n* [John Jennings, Jr.](/wiki/John_Jennings%2C_Jr. \"John Jennings, Jr.\"), U.S. congressman\n* [Dennis Powers](/wiki/Dennis_Powers \"Dennis Powers\"), Tennessee state representative\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Municipal Technical Advisory Service entry for Jacksboro](http://www.mtas.tennessee.edu/gml-mtas.nsf/Webstatecityinfo/122E25F415B183B385256AF7005EDA84?OpenDocument) — information on local government, elections, and link to charter\n[Category:Towns in Campbell County, Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Campbell_County%2C_Tennessee \"Towns in Campbell County, Tennessee\")\n[Category:Towns in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Tennessee \"Towns in Tennessee\")\n[Category:County seats in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:County_seats_in_Tennessee \"County seats in Tennessee\")\n[Category:Populated places established in 1808](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1808 \"Populated places established in 1808\")\n[Category:1808 establishments in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:1808_establishments_in_Tennessee \"1808 establishments in Tennessee\")\n\n"
]
} |
Boise City, Oklahoma | {
"id": [
47803323
],
"name": [
"StormChaserAmelia"
]
} | 7kjoj4j8n785r2rjbi0vhej637ixfe2 | 2024-07-17T07:37:39Z | 1,231,481,397 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Climate",
"Demographics",
"Economy",
"Transportation",
"Attractions",
"Notable people",
"In popular culture",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Boise City** ( ) is a city in and the [county seat](/wiki/County_seat \"County seat\") of [Cimarron County](/wiki/Cimarron_County%2C_Oklahoma \"Cimarron County, Oklahoma\"), in the [Panhandle](/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle \"Oklahoma Panhandle\") of [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\"), United States. The population was 1,166 at the [2020 census](/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_2020 \"United States Census, 2020\"), a decline of 7\\.9 percent from 1,266 in 2010\\.[CensusViewer:Boise City, Oklahoma Population.](http://censusviewer.com/city/OK/Boise%20City) Retrieved December 4, 2013\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Area affected by the [Dust Bowl](/wiki/Dust_Bowl \"Dust Bowl\") between 1935 and 1938](/wiki/File:Map_of_states_and_counties_affected_by_the_Dust_Bowl%2C_sourced_from_US_federal_government_dept._%28NRCS_SSRA-RAD%29.svg \"Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl, sourced from US federal government dept. (NRCS SSRA-RAD).svg\")\nBoise City was founded in 1908 by developers J. E. Stanley, A. J. Kline, and W. T. Douglas (all doing business as the Southwestern Immigration and Development Company of Guthrie, Oklahoma) who published and distributed brochures promoting the town as an elegant, tree\\-lined city with paved streets, numerous businesses, railroad service, and an [artesian well](/wiki/Artesian_well \"Artesian well\"). They sold 3,000 lots to buyers who discovered, on their arrival, that none of the information in the brochure was true. In addition to using false publicity, the three men did not have title to the lots they sold.\n\nStanley and Kline were convicted of mail fraud and sent to [Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary](/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary%2C_Leavenworth \"United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth\"). Stanley and Kline served two\\-year terms in the penitentiary. Douglas died of tuberculosis before beginning his sentence. The town nevertheless took shape and incorporated on July 20, 1925\\.\n\nThe *Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture* says that the origin of the town name is unclear, but offers three possibilities: (1\\) a Captain Boice who was a hero in the [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\"), (2\\) the town of [Boise, Idaho](/wiki/Boise%2C_Idaho \"Boise, Idaho\") or (3\\) the Boise Cattle Company, which ran cattle in the area.[Young, Norma Gene. \"Boise City,\" *Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture*.](http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BO005) Accessed June 17, 2015\\. It was speculated in Ken Burns' documentary, *[The Dust Bowl](/wiki/The_Dust_Bowl_%28miniseries%29 \"The Dust Bowl (miniseries)\")*, that the town name was chosen as part of the original land scam to evoke a false image of the town, as \"boisé\" is French for \"wooded\".\n\nBoise City's prosperity in the 1930s, like that of Cimarron County generally, was severely affected by its location at the heart of the [Dust Bowl](/wiki/Dust_Bowl \"Dust Bowl\") region.[Seelye, Katharine Q. \"Survivor of Dust Bowl Now Battles a Fiercer Drought.\" *New York Times*. May 3, 2011\\.](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/us/04dust.html?mcubz=0) Accessed July 23, 2017\\. [Parker, Laura. \"Parched: A New Dust Bowl Forms in the Heartland.\" National Geographic.\" May 17, 2014\\.](https://web.archive.org/web/20140519024730/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140516-dust-bowl-drought-oklahoma-panhandle-food) Accessed July 23, 2017\\.\n\nBoise City was the location of an unusual event during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") when it was mistakenly bombed by a friendly U.S. bomber crew during training. The bombing occurred on July 5, 1943, at approximately 12:30 a.m. by a [B\\-17 Flying Fortress](/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress \"B-17 Flying Fortress\") Bomber. This occurred because pilots performing target practice became disoriented and mistook the four lights centered around the town's main square as their target. No one was killed in the attack and there was minimal damage, as only practice bombs with four pounds of dynamite and ninety pounds of sand were used and the square was deserted, but the pilots were embarrassed. For the 50th anniversary of the incident, the crew of the bomber was invited back to Boise City, but all members declined, some for health reasons and others because they did not want to draw more attention to their mishap. The B\\-17's former radio operator did, however, send an audio tape that was played at the celebration.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nBoise City is located at (36\\.730115, \\-102\\.511419\\). According to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the city has a total area of , all land.\n\n### Climate\n\nBoise City experiences a [semi\\-arid climate](/wiki/Semi-arid_climate \"Semi-arid climate\") ([Köppen](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\") *BSk*) with mild, dry winters and long, hot, wetter summers. There is a large degree of [diurnal temperature variation](/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation \"Diurnal temperature variation\") year\\-round.\n\nAccording to weather data tallied between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 2015, for every location in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's official climate database, Boise City, Oklahoma, is the snowiest place in the state of Oklahoma with an average of 31\\.8 inches of snow per year.\n\n",
"### Climate\n\nBoise City experiences a [semi\\-arid climate](/wiki/Semi-arid_climate \"Semi-arid climate\") ([Köppen](/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification \"Köppen climate classification\") *BSk*) with mild, dry winters and long, hot, wetter summers. There is a large degree of [diurnal temperature variation](/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation \"Diurnal temperature variation\") year\\-round.\n\nAccording to weather data tallied between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 2015, for every location in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's official climate database, Boise City, Oklahoma, is the snowiest place in the state of Oklahoma with an average of 31\\.8 inches of snow per year.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2020, there were 1,166 people and 440 households. The population density was . There were 675 housing units (230\\.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87\\.5% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (61\\.6% non\\-Hispanic), 0\\.1% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.0% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 3\\.6% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 34\\.4% of the population.\n\nAs of 2020, there were 440 households, with an average family size of 3 people. 46\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 28\\.63% had a female householder with no husband present, 13\\.8% had a male householder with no husband present, and 10\\.7% were cohabiting. The average household size was 2\\.\n\nThe population age was distributed such that 8\\.1% were 5 years or younger, 31\\.2% were between 5 and 18 years old, 68\\.8% were 18 years or older, and 16\\.8% were 65 years and older. The median age was 35\\.2 years.\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $42,750, and the median income for a family was $46,350\\.\n\n",
"Economy\n-------\n\nThe local economy is based on ranching, farming, and the production of oil and natural gas.\n\nThe local paper, starting as the Cimarron News in 1898 in [Kenton, Oklahoma](/wiki/Kenton%2C_Oklahoma \"Kenton, Oklahoma\"), has been known as The Boise City News since 1930\\. Calling itself The Official Newspaper of Cimarron County, it is available in both print and digital editions.\n\n",
"Transportation\n--------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Main highway through Boise City, looking west (2011\\)](/wiki/File:RouteThreeInBoiseCityOklahomaSeptember2011.JPG \"RouteThreeInBoiseCityOklahomaSeptember2011.JPG\")\nHighways include U.S. routes [56](/wiki/U.S._Route_56_in_Oklahoma \"U.S. Route 56 in Oklahoma\"), [64](/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_Oklahoma \"U.S. Route 64 in Oklahoma\"), [287](/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Oklahoma \"U.S. Route 287 in Oklahoma\"), [385](/wiki/U.S._Route_385%23Oklahoma \"U.S. Route 385#Oklahoma\"), [412](/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_Oklahoma \"U.S. Route 412 in Oklahoma\"), and [State Highway 325](/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_325 \"Oklahoma State Highway 325\").\n\nThe [Boise City Airport](/wiki/Boise_City_Airport \"Boise City Airport\"), which serves all of the county, is located approximately six miles north of the town center.\n\nCommercial air transport is available out of [Liberal Mid\\-America Regional Airport](/wiki/Liberal_Mid-America_Regional_Airport \"Liberal Mid-America Regional Airport\") in Kansas approximately 99 miles east\\-northeast of town, or the larger [Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport](/wiki/Rick_Husband_Amarillo_International_Airport \"Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport\") in Texas about 127 miles south\\-southeast of town.\n\nFreight rail service is provided by [BNSF Railway](/wiki/BNSF_Railway \"BNSF Railway\"), as well as the [Cimarron Valley Railroad](/wiki/Cimarron_Valley_Railroad \"Cimarron Valley Railroad\").\n\n",
"Attractions\n-----------\n\nThe Cimarron Heritage Center Museum includes exhibits and artifacts on dinosaurs, the Santa Fe Trail and other local historic sites. The museum grounds showcase a restored Santa Fe Depot, a blacksmith shop, a one\\-room schoolhouse, a windmill exhibit, buggies, and more. The grounds are home to \"Cimmy\" the \"Cimarronasaurus\", a metal sculpture 65 ft. long and 35 ft. tall, said to be a life\\-sized Apatosaurus dinosaur cut\\-out calculated from the bones of a dinosaur that was actually excavated in western Cimarron County in the 1930s.\n\n[thumb\\|Santa Fe Train Caboose in Boise City, Oklahoma](/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Train_Caboose_in_Boise_City%2C_Oklahoma.jpg \"Santa Fe Train Caboose in Boise City, Oklahoma.jpg\")\n\nThe Cimarron County Chamber of Commerce is located in a red train caboose. Out front of the caboose is featured the Boise City Bomb Memorial, commemorating the accidental 1943 aerial bombardment.The Memorial may have been taken in, temporarily or permanently. \n\n[Autograph Rock Historic District](/wiki/Autograph_Rock_Historic_District \"Autograph Rock Historic District\"), containing rutted traces of the Cimarron Cutoff of the [Santa Fe Trail](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail \"Santa Fe Trail\"), features Autograph Rock, inscribed with the names of travelers from the 1850\\-1865 era. Access to the site can be granted at the Cimarron Heritage Center Museum. The separate [Cold Spring and Inscription Rock Historic District](/wiki/Cold_Spring_and_Inscription_Rock_Historic_District \"Cold Spring and Inscription Rock Historic District\") similarly features Inscription Rock with Santa Fe Trail travelers' names inscribed, but also has a former camp site with a stone building that served as a stagecoach station, and a stone spring house.\n\nThe [Cimarron County Courthouse](/wiki/Cimarron_County_Courthouse \"Cimarron County Courthouse\") was designed by M.C. Parker in the [Classical Revival](/wiki/Classical_Revival_architecture \"Classical Revival architecture\") and [Neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") styles and constructed in red brick. It opened in 1926 after the previous wood\\-frame courthouse burned down.\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Vera Miles](/wiki/Vera_Miles \"Vera Miles\"), actressFoley, Jr., Hugh W. [\"Vera Miles,\"](http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=MI020) *Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture*, Oklahoma Historical Society; accessed May 5, 2015\\.\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nBoise City during the Dust Bowl was the main setting for the 99th episode of the horror podcast [The Magnus Archives](/wiki/The_Magnus_Archives \"The Magnus Archives\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [LORAN\\-C transmitter Boise](/wiki/LORAN-C_transmitter_Boise \"LORAN-C transmitter Boise\")\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Cimarron County, Oklahoma](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cimarron_County%2C_Oklahoma \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Cimarron County, Oklahoma\")\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Boise City Public Schools](http://www.boisecity.k12.ok.us/)\n* [The Boise City News](https://www.facebook.com/TheBoiseCityNews), local newspaper\n* [Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture \\- Boise City](http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BO005)\n\n[Category:Cities in Cimarron County, Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Cimarron_County%2C_Oklahoma \"Cities in Cimarron County, Oklahoma\")\n[Category:Cities in Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Oklahoma \"Cities in Oklahoma\")\n[Category:County seats in Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:County_seats_in_Oklahoma \"County seats in Oklahoma\")\n[Category:Oklahoma Panhandle](/wiki/Category:Oklahoma_Panhandle \"Oklahoma Panhandle\")\n[Category:Populated places established in 1908](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1908 \"Populated places established in 1908\")\n[Category:1908 establishments in Oklahoma](/wiki/Category:1908_establishments_in_Oklahoma \"1908 establishments in Oklahoma\")\n\n"
]
} |
Brokaw, Wisconsin | {
"id": [
1261736
],
"name": [
"Red Director"
]
} | 730q4p81v3vs7hfpxs39i36cs1kluxr | 2024-05-16T00:48:16Z | 1,177,416,498 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"2010 census",
"2000 census",
"History",
"Notable people",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Brokaw** is a former village in [Marathon County](/wiki/Marathon_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Marathon County, Wisconsin\"), [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), United States. It is part of the [Wausau, Wisconsin](/wiki/Wausau%2C_Wisconsin \"Wausau, Wisconsin\") [Metropolitan Statistical Area](/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area \"Metropolitan Statistical Area\"). The population was 251 at the 2010 census. Brokaw merged with the village of [Maine, Wisconsin](/wiki/Maine%2C_Marathon_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Maine, Marathon County, Wisconsin\") on October 1, 2018\\.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nBrokaw is located at (45\\.028457, \\-89\\.656366\\).\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the village has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\n### 2010 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 251 people, 123 households, and 66 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was . There were 138 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.6% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.4% of the population.\n\nThere were 123 households, of which 19\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46\\.3% were non\\-families. 33\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.04 and the average family size was 2\\.59\\.\n\nThe median age in the village was 32\\.9 years. 13\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 12\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 32\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 45\\.8% male and 54\\.2% female.\n\n### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 107 people, 47 households, and 24 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 108\\.6 people per square mile (41\\.7/km2). There were 49 housing units at an average density of 49\\.7 per square mile (19\\.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98\\.13% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.93% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.93% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.87% of the population.\n\nThere were 47 households, out of which 17\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48\\.9% were non\\-families. 38\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.28 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.\n\nIn the village, the population was spread out, with 17\\.8% under the age of 18, 15\\.0% from 18 to 24, 30\\.8% from 25 to 44, 19\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109\\.5 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the village was $27,083, and the median income for a family was $54,167\\. Males had a median income of $26,458 versus $25,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $28,290\\. There were 20\\.8% of families and 21\\.5% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 50\\.0% of under eighteens and 17\\.6% of those over 64\\.\n\n",
"### 2010 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 251 people, 123 households, and 66 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was . There were 138 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97\\.6% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.6% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.4% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.4% of the population.\n\nThere were 123 households, of which 19\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46\\.3% were non\\-families. 33\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.04 and the average family size was 2\\.59\\.\n\nThe median age in the village was 32\\.9 years. 13\\.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 12\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 32\\.3% were from 25 to 44; 25\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 45\\.8% male and 54\\.2% female.\n\n",
"### 2000 census\n\nAs of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 107 people, 47 households, and 24 families living in the village. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was 108\\.6 people per square mile (41\\.7/km2). There were 49 housing units at an average density of 49\\.7 per square mile (19\\.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98\\.13% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.93% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 0\\.93% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 1\\.87% of the population.\n\nThere were 47 households, out of which 17\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38\\.3% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48\\.9% were non\\-families. 38\\.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21\\.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.28 and the average family size was 2\\.92\\.\n\nIn the village, the population was spread out, with 17\\.8% under the age of 18, 15\\.0% from 18 to 24, 30\\.8% from 25 to 44, 19\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 16\\.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109\\.5 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the village was $27,083, and the median income for a family was $54,167\\. Males had a median income of $26,458 versus $25,000 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the village was $28,290\\. There were 20\\.8% of families and 21\\.5% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 50\\.0% of under eighteens and 17\\.6% of those over 64\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn the 1880s, the Wausau Boom Company built a dam on the Wisconsin River near the present location of the village, and in 1903 the Village of Brokaw was incorporated. The community began to develop in the early 20th century around the Wausau Paper Mills. It was founded by paper company owner Norman Brokaw.\n\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n* [Red Smith](/wiki/Red_Smith_%28American_football/baseball%29 \"Red Smith (American football/baseball)\"), [MLB](/wiki/MLB \"MLB\") player, [NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\") player and assistant coach, head coach of the [Georgetown Hoyas](/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas \"Georgetown Hoyas\") football team and [Wisconsin Badgers football](/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_football \"Wisconsin Badgers football\") team, athletic director of [Seton Hall University](/wiki/Seton_Hall_University \"Seton Hall University\").\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Marathon County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Marathon_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Villages in Marathon County, Wisconsin\")\n[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2018](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_disestablished_in_2018 \"Populated places disestablished in 2018\")\n[Category:Villages in Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Wisconsin \"Villages in Wisconsin\")\n\n"
]
} |
Tasmin Little | {
"id": [
2842084
],
"name": [
"Jevansen"
]
} | h71atl5zvezvwjf2hd4punjuq9s996p | 2024-07-17T04:28:31Z | 1,234,986,583 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Career",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Tasmin Elizabeth Little** (born 13 May 1965) is an English [classical](/wiki/Classical_music \"Classical music\") [violinist](/wiki/Violin \"Violin\"). She is a [concerto](/wiki/Concerto \"Concerto\") [soloist](/wiki/Solo_%28music%29 \"Solo (music)\") and also performs as a [recitalist](/wiki/Recital \"Recital\") and [chamber musician](/wiki/Chamber_music \"Chamber music\"). She has released numerous albums, winning the Critics Award at the [Classic Brit Awards](/wiki/Classic_Brit_Awards \"Classic Brit Awards\") in 2011 for her recording of [Elgar's Violin Concerto](/wiki/Violin_Concerto_%28Elgar%29 \"Violin Concerto (Elgar)\").\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nLittle was born in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") and is the daughter of Bradford\\-born actor [George Little](/wiki/George_Little_%28actor%29 \"George Little (actor)\"), best known for his role in *[Emmerdale Farm](/wiki/Emmerdale_Farm \"Emmerdale Farm\")*. She first learned to read music at age six while learning to play a [recorder](/wiki/Recorder_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Recorder (musical instrument)\") that her mother had given her.As recounted during an appearance on [BBC Radio 3](/wiki/BBC_Radio_3 \"BBC Radio 3\")'s [*In Tune* program](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rr90d) (10 April 2013\\) She grew up in northwest London, attending the [Yehudi Menuhin School](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin_School \"Yehudi Menuhin School\") on a [scholarship](/wiki/Scholarship \"Scholarship\") as a weekly boarder between the ages of 8 and 18; among her fellow pupils was violinist [Nigel Kennedy](/wiki/Nigel_Kennedy \"Nigel Kennedy\").\n\nIn 1982 she was a finalist in the string section of *[BBC Young Musician of the Year](/wiki/BBC_Young_Musician_of_the_Year \"BBC Young Musician of the Year\")*. After leaving school she went on to the [Guildhall School of Music and Drama](/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama \"Guildhall School of Music and Drama\"), where she obtained a Performance Diploma and won the [Gold Medal](/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama \"Gold Medal of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama\") in the school's annual music competition in 1986\\.\n\nShe is known for her presence at the [Menuhin Competition for Young Violinists](/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin_International_Competition_for_Young_Violinists \"Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists\"), both as a competitor in its early days and as a member of the competition jury in recent years. She was the third prize winner in the Senior Division at the inaugural 1983 competition in Folkestone, after which she earned second prize at the following competition in 1985\\. \n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nLittle's first professional performance as a soloist was in 1988 with [The Hallé](/wiki/The_Hall%C3%A9 \"The Hallé\"). She made her first appearance at the [BBC Proms](/wiki/The_Proms \"The Proms\") in 1990, and has appeared regularly since. Over the course of her career Little has performed with the [Royal Philharmonic Orchestra](/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra \"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\"), [London Symphony Orchestra](/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra \"London Symphony Orchestra\"), [Royal Liverpool Philharmonic](/wiki/Royal_Liverpool_Philharmonic \"Royal Liverpool Philharmonic\"), the [New York Philharmonic](/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic \"New York Philharmonic\") and other major orchestras, and has released over 20 albums.\n\n[thumb\\|The Tasmin Little Music Centre at the University of Bradford](/wiki/File:Tasmin_Little_Music_Centre_University_of_Bradford.jpg \"Tasmin Little Music Centre University of Bradford.jpg\")\nLittle has been an exponent of the works of composer [Frederick Delius](/wiki/Frederick_Delius \"Frederick Delius\") throughout her career, and was the artistic director of \"Delius Inspired\", an eight\\-day festival held in Bradford in July 2006 celebrating his work which was broadcast on [BBC Radio 3](/wiki/BBC_Radio_3 \"BBC Radio 3\"). She has also made a documentary about Delius for [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\").\n\nIn 2008 Little released a three\\-track recording, *The Naked Violin*, as a free download from her website in a move aimed at making classical music more accessible. The recording featured Bach's [Partita No. 3 in E major](/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_%28Bach%29 \"Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)\"), Eugène Ysaÿe's [Sonata No.3 in D minor](/wiki/Six_Sonatas_for_solo_violin_%28Ysa%C3%BFe%29%23Sonata_No._3%2C_D_minor%2C_%22Georges_Enesco%22 \"Six Sonatas for solo violin (Ysaÿe)#Sonata No. 3, D minor, \"), and \"Luslawice\" by [Paul Patterson](/wiki/Paul_Patterson_%28composer%29 \"Paul Patterson (composer)\"), all performed unaccompanied. The project won the 2008 *[Gramophone](/wiki/Gramophone_%28magazine%29 \"Gramophone (magazine)\")*/[Classic FM](/wiki/Classic_FM_%28UK%29 \"Classic FM (UK)\") Award for Audience Innovation, and was featured in an episode of *[The South Bank Show](/wiki/The_South_Bank_Show \"The South Bank Show\")*.\n\nLittle received an [honorary doctorate](/wiki/Honorary_doctorate \"Honorary doctorate\") from the [University of Bradford](/wiki/University_of_Bradford \"University of Bradford\") in 1996, and the University's music school, the Tasmin Little Music Centre, is named after her. In 2009 she received a British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors [Gold Badge Award](/wiki/Gold_Badge_Award \"Gold Badge Award\"), and in 2011 her album *Elgar: Violin Concerto* won the Critics Award at the [Classic Brit Awards](/wiki/Classic_Brit_Awards \"Classic Brit Awards\"). She was appointed [Officer of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Officer of the Order of the British Empire\") (OBE) in the [2012 Birthday Honours](/wiki/2012_Birthday_Honours \"2012 Birthday Honours\") for services to music.\n\nOn 24 January 2020, Little announced her retirement from the concert platform for the summer of 2020, which was deferred to the end of 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.\n\nShe was appointed [Commander of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commander of the Order of the British Empire\") (CBE) in the [2023 Birthday Honours](/wiki/2023_Birthday_Honours \"2023 Birthday Honours\") for services to music.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Royal Academy of Music biography](http://www.ram.ac.uk/find-people?pid=515)\n\n[Category:1965 births](/wiki/Category:1965_births \"1965 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Musicians from London](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_London \"Musicians from London\")\n[Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama \"Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama\")\n[Category:Academics of the Royal Academy of Music](/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Music \"Academics of the Royal Academy of Music\")\n[Category:English classical violinists](/wiki/Category:English_classical_violinists \"English classical violinists\")\n[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire](/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Commanders of the Order of the British Empire\")\n[Category:People educated at Yehudi Menuhin School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Yehudi_Menuhin_School \"People educated at Yehudi Menuhin School\")\n[Category:British women classical violinists](/wiki/Category:British_women_classical_violinists \"British women classical violinists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century classical violinists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_classical_violinists \"20th-century classical violinists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English musicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_musicians \"20th-century English musicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century classical violinists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_classical_violinists \"21st-century classical violinists\")\n[Category:21st\\-century English musicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_musicians \"21st-century English musicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English women musicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_women_musicians \"20th-century English women musicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century English women musicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_women_musicians \"21st-century English women musicians\")\n[Category:British music educators](/wiki/Category:British_music_educators \"British music educators\")\n[Category:British women music educators](/wiki/Category:British_women_music_educators \"British women music educators\")\n\n"
]
} |
Dance move | {
"id": [
25082147
],
"name": [
"Mazewaxie"
]
} | rkxnwes7e4lzgnsr2ausp8grnnbaz8k | 2024-02-25T18:23:55Z | 1,163,436,099 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Techniques",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Dance moves** or **dance steps** (more complex dance moves are called **dance patterns**,Bethe, Monica and Brazell, Karen (1982\\). *[Dance in the Nō Theater: Dance patterns](https://books.google.com/books?id=3I8nAQAAIAAJ&q=%22dance+patterns+are%22)*, p.192\\. Cornell University. \"In \\[ [Noh theater](/wiki/Noh_theater \"Noh theater\") ] dance, patterns are named combinations of arm and leg movement.\"Brandon, James R. (2009\\). *Theatre in Southeast Asia*, p.159\\. Harvard University. . \"Dance patterns are learned; and the more codified a dance style is, the more likely it is to be preserved and transmitted intact through the years.\" **dance figures**, **dance movements**, or **dance variations**) are usually isolated, defined, and organized so that beginning dancers can learn and use them independently of each other. However, more complex movements are influenced by musicality and lyrical relevance to express emotions or refer to a message. \nDance moves tend to emphasize the concepts of [lead and follow](/wiki/Lead_and_follow_%28dance%29 \"Lead and follow (dance)\") and [connection](/wiki/Connection_%28dance%29 \"Connection (dance)\").\n\nIn most cases, dance moves by themselves are independent of [musicality](/wiki/Musicality_%28dance%29 \"Musicality (dance)\"), which is the appropriateness of a move to the music (for a notable exception, see [Bharatanatyam](/wiki/Bharatanatyam \"Bharatanatyam\")). Generally, they are memorized in sets of eight counts. Also there are two different movements: concrete and abstract. These two movements show time, space, relationship, quality and focus. For example, relationship could describe the movement of two or more different dancers. The names of moves may be somewhat arbitrary and vary from person to person and city to city.\n\n",
"Techniques\n----------\n\n\"A [line dance](/wiki/Line_dance \"Line dance\") is made up of a number of movements called *steps*. Each step is given a name so teachers can tell dancers to perform this step when teaching a dance. The most well known is the *[grapevine](/wiki/Grapevine_%28dance_move%29 \"Grapevine (dance move)\")* (or *vine* for short), a four\\-count movement to the side.\"\n\nIn ballroom dancing a \"dance step\" is defined as, or requires, the shifting of one's body weight from one foot to the other in time to the music.Allen, Jeff (2002\\. *The Complete Idiot's Guide to Ballroom Dancing*, p.52\\. Penguin. . \"Simply placing your foot in another location is not enough. You must *complete* the transfer of all your body weight over the new supporting foot.\" p.81: \"A dance step is completed with a weight change from one foot to the next.\" \"Dancing is stepping in time to the [beats](/wiki/Beat_%28music%29 \"Beat (music)\") of the music. ... In addition to steps, there are also dance movements, such as toe touches, kicks, and hops.\"Casey, Betty (1985\\). *Dance Across Texas*, p.64\\-5\\. University of Texas. . Some genres, such as [ballet](/wiki/Ballet \"Ballet\"), have, \"a clear repertoire of dance steps,\"Gill, Satinder P. (2015\\). *Tacit Engagement: Beyond Interaction*, p.77\\. Springer. . thus different types of dance may be characterized by their differing and shared steps. Each dance emphasizes its own moves, but often moves are shared by several dances. The steps of a dance or pattern may be [listed](/wiki/Dance_notation \"Dance notation\") in a **step sheet**.\n\nDance patterns may be described by difficulty.Pozo, Cal (2007\\). *Let's Dance: The Complete Book and DVD of Ballroom Dance Instruction for Weddings, Parties, Fitness, and Fun*, p.60\\-1\\. Hatherleigh. . \"Within the social level, dance patterns are often grouped into beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels.\" Dance patterns may be described according to combinations of quick and slow steps and often by the rhythm or [meter](/wiki/Meter_%28music%29 \"Meter (music)\") of the music, for example waltz steps (three\\-count step patterns danced to waltz music), swing steps (four\\-count patterns danced to swing music), polka steps (four\\-count patterns danced to polka music), and shuffle steps (four\\-count Texas Shuffle/foxtrot patterns). This may be because, \"dance patterns are [choreographed](/wiki/Choreography_%28dance%29 \"Choreography (dance)\") to fit an even distribution of musical beats and [measures](/wiki/Bar_%28music%29 \"Bar (music)\").\" Moves may also be described by physical technique, for example most [tap](/wiki/Tap_dance \"Tap dance\") moves use landings in point/demi\\-point (weight on the balls of one's foot or feet) positions with the knees tightly extended while in ballet jump landings are demi\\-plié (knees bent outward), most elements of [Irish dancing](/wiki/Irish_dancing \"Irish dancing\") occur in the [sagittal plane](/wiki/Sagittal_plane \"Sagittal plane\").Madden, Christopher; Putukian, Margot; McCarty, Eric; and Young, Craig (2017\\). *[Netter's Sports Medicine](https://books.google.com/books?id=hWclDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22dance+moves+are%22&pg=PT1822)*, . Elsevier Health Sciences. . Different dance moves cause different stresses on different parts of the body of the dancer performing the moves, for example tap, Irish, and ballet moves cause repeated pounding to the balls of the feet while demi\\-plié jump landings cause shock to be absorbed through the knees as well as through the balls of the feet.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Glossary of dance moves](/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves \"Glossary of dance moves\")\n* [Glossary of ballet](/wiki/Glossary_of_ballet \"Glossary of ballet\")\n* [Glossary of belly dance terms](/wiki/Glossary_of_belly_dance_terms \"Glossary of belly dance terms\")\n* [Sprinkler (dance)](/wiki/Sprinkler_%28dance%29 \"Sprinkler (dance)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n"
]
} |
1891 in literature | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"92.233.179.5"
]
} | ktco9xatrl9stxjegm7vzmxwwx020ff | 2024-06-19T18:10:04Z | 1,229,792,045 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Events",
"New books",
"Fiction",
"Children and young people",
"Drama",
"Poetry",
"Non-fiction",
"Births",
"Deaths",
"Awards",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
" \n\nThis article contains information about the literary events and publications of **1891**.\n\n",
"Events\n------\n\n[thumb\\|Portrait of [Sherlock Holmes](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes \"Sherlock Holmes\") by [Sidney Paget](/wiki/Sidney_Paget \"Sidney Paget\") from \"[The Man with the Twisted Lip](/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Twisted_Lip \"The Man with the Twisted Lip\")\" in *[The Strand Magazine](/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine \"The Strand Magazine\")* for December](/wiki/File:Sherlock_Holmes_-_The_Man_with_the_Twisted_Lip_%28colored%29.jpg \"Sherlock Holmes - The Man with the Twisted Lip (colored).jpg\")\n* January – *[The Strand Magazine](/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine \"The Strand Magazine\")* is first published in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). On [June 25](/wiki/June_25 \"June 25\") [Arthur Conan Doyle](/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle \"Arthur Conan Doyle\")'s private consulting detective [Sherlock Holmes](/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes \"Sherlock Holmes\") appears in it for the first time, in the story \"[A Scandal in Bohemia](/wiki/A_Scandal_in_Bohemia \"A Scandal in Bohemia\")\" (issue dated July).\n* [January 31](/wiki/January_31 \"January 31\") – [Henrik Ibsen](/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen \"Henrik Ibsen\")'s play *[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler \"Hedda Gabler\")* published in 1890 is first performed, at the [Königliches Residenz\\-Theater](/wiki/Cuvilli%C3%A9s_Theatre \"Cuvilliés Theatre\") in [Munich](/wiki/Munich \"Munich\"), the city where it was written. The lead is played by Clara Heese (1861–1921\\), but Ibsen is displeased with her performance. The first British performance is on [April 20](/wiki/April_20 \"April 20\") at the recently reopened [Vaudeville Theatre](/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre \"Vaudeville Theatre\"), London, with [Elizabeth Robins](/wiki/Elizabeth_Robins \"Elizabeth Robins\") as Hedda and co\\-directing.\n* [March 13](/wiki/March_13 \"March 13\") – [Henrik Ibsen](/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen \"Henrik Ibsen\")'s play *[Ghosts](/wiki/Ghosts_%28play%29 \"Ghosts (play)\")* (published in [1881](/wiki/1881_in_literature \"1881 in literature\")) achieves a single London performance, its English\\-language stage première (at the [Royalty Theatre](/wiki/Royalty_Theatre \"Royalty Theatre\")). To evade the [Lord Chamberlain's Office](/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Office \"Lord Chamberlain's Office\")'s [censorship](/wiki/Censorship \"Censorship\"), it has to be staged privately by the [Independent Theatre Society](/wiki/Independent_Theatre_Society \"Independent Theatre Society\"), but still attracts strong criticism on moral grounds.\n* April – [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\")'s novel *[The Picture of Dorian Gray](/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\")* is first published in book format by [Ward and Lock](/wiki/Ward_Lock_%26_Co \"Ward Lock & Co\") in London with the aphoristic preface originally published in the March 1 issue of *[The Fortnightly Review](/wiki/The_Fortnightly_Review \"The Fortnightly Review\")*.\n* May – [William Morris](/wiki/William_Morris \"William Morris\") establishes the Kelmscott Press as a [private press](/wiki/Private_press \"Private press\") at [Hammersmith](/wiki/Hammersmith \"Hammersmith\") (London) and produces its first book, the first edition in book format of his [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy \"Fantasy\") novel *[The Story of the Glittering Plain](/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Glittering_Plain \"The Story of the Glittering Plain\")*.\n* [May 21](/wiki/May_21 \"May 21\") – [Maurice Maeterlinck](/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck \"Maurice Maeterlinck\")'s play *[Intruder](/wiki/Intruder_%28play%29 \"Intruder (play)\") (L'Intruse)* is premièred at [Paul Fort](/wiki/Paul_Fort \"Paul Fort\")'s Théâtre d'Art in Paris.\n* c. Late June – In a meeting of [decadent poets](/wiki/Decadent_poets \"Decadent poets\") in London, [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") is first introduced to [Lord Alfred Douglas](/wiki/Lord_Alfred_Douglas \"Lord Alfred Douglas\") by [Lionel Johnson](/wiki/Lionel_Johnson \"Lionel Johnson\") at Wilde's [Tite Street](/wiki/Tite_Street \"Tite Street\") home.\n* [July 1](/wiki/July_1 \"July 1\") – The [International Copyright Act of 1891](/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891 \"International Copyright Act of 1891\") comes into effect in the United States, permitting foreign authors to register their works for [copyright](/wiki/Copyright \"Copyright\"). On July 3, the first such work, the play *Saints and Sinners* by English author [Henry Arthur Jones](/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Jones \"Henry Arthur Jones\"), is registered.\n* [July 4](/wiki/July_4 \"July 4\")–[December 26](/wiki/December_26 \"December 26\") – [Thomas Hardy](/wiki/Thomas_Hardy \"Thomas Hardy\")'s novel *[Tess of the d'Urbervilles](/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\")* is serialized in [expurgated](/wiki/Expurgation \"Expurgation\") form in the weekly illustrated newspaper *[The Graphic](/wiki/The_Graphic \"The Graphic\")*Vol. **XLIV**. (London); in November the first (unexpurgated) book edition is published in London.\n* [August 22](/wiki/August_22 \"August 22\") – [Israel Zangwill](/wiki/Israel_Zangwill \"Israel Zangwill\")'s *The Big Bow Mystery*, the first classic full\\-length [locked room mystery](/wiki/Locked_room_mystery \"Locked room mystery\"), begins serialization in [*The Star* (London)](/wiki/The_Star_%281888%29 \"The Star (1888)\").\n* [September 4](/wiki/September_4 \"September 4\") – [Ambrose Bierce](/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce \"Ambrose Bierce\") dates the preface of *[Tales of Soldiers and Civilians](/wiki/Tales_of_Soldiers_and_Civilians \"Tales of Soldiers and Civilians\")* for this day, although it will not actually be issued (in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\")) until [1892](/wiki/1892_in_literature \"1892 in literature\"). It includes \"[An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge](/wiki/An_Occurrence_at_Owl_Creek_Bridge \"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge\")\", one of his best known works.\n* October – [Tristan Bernard](/wiki/Tristan_Bernard \"Tristan Bernard\") has his first work published in *La Revue Blanche*, which returns to Parisian publication this month, and adopts his pseudonym.\n* [October 9](/wiki/October_9 \"October 9\") – [Émile Zola](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola \"Émile Zola\")'s stage adaptation of his novel *[Thérèse Raquin](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin \"Thérèse Raquin\")* (first performed in [1873](/wiki/1873_in_literature \"1873 in literature\")) achieves a single London performance, its English stage première (at the Royalty Theatre). To evade the Lord Chamberlain's Office's censorship it has to be staged privately by the Independent Theatre Society, but still attracts criticism on moral grounds.\n* December – Thomas Hardy writes \"The Son's Veto\", which he regards as his best short story.\n* [December 7](/wiki/December_7 \"December 7\") – Maurice Maeterlinck's play *[The Blind](/wiki/The_Blind_%28play%29 \"The Blind (play)\") (Les aveugles)* is premièred.\n* *unknown dates*\n\t+ Sophia Alice Callahan's *Wynema, a Child of the Forest* is published, the first work of fiction by a Native American woman in English.\n\t+ Publication of the first complete one\\-volume popular German translation of [Shakespeare](/wiki/Shakespeare \"Shakespeare\")'s plays\n* *probable* – [Edmund Clerihew Bentley](/wiki/Edmund_Clerihew_Bentley \"Edmund Clerihew Bentley\"), [G. K. Chesterton](/wiki/G._K._Chesterton \"G. K. Chesterton\") and fellow pupils of [St Paul's School, London](/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School%2C_London \"St Paul's School, London\"), compose the first pseudo\\-biographical comic verses which become known as [clerihews](/wiki/Clerihew \"Clerihew\").\n\n",
"New books\n---------\n\n### Fiction\n\n* [Grant Allen](/wiki/Grant_Allen \"Grant Allen\") – *The Great Taboo*\n* [Hall Caine](/wiki/Hall_Caine \"Hall Caine\") – *The Scapegoat*\n* [J. M. Barrie](/wiki/J._M._Barrie \"J. M. Barrie\") – *The Little Minister*\n* [Mary Elizabeth Braddon](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Braddon \"Mary Elizabeth Braddon\") – *Gerard; or, The World, the Flesh and the Devil* (\"by the author of *Lady Audley's Secret*\")\n* [Gabriele D'Annunzio](/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio \"Gabriele D'Annunzio\") – *[Giovanni Episcopo](/wiki/Giovanni_Episcopo \"Giovanni Episcopo\")*\n* [Machado de Assis](/wiki/Machado_de_Assis \"Machado de Assis\") – *[Quincas Borba](/wiki/Quincas_Borba \"Quincas Borba\")* (translated as *Philosopher or Dog?*)\n* [Sophia Alice Callahan](/wiki/Sophia_Alice_Callahan \"Sophia Alice Callahan\") – *[Wynema, a Child of the Forest](/wiki/Wynema%2C_a_Child_of_the_Forest \"Wynema, a Child of the Forest\")*\n* [Arthur Conan Doyle](/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle \"Arthur Conan Doyle\") – *[The White Company](/wiki/The_White_Company \"The White Company\")*\n* [George du Maurier](/wiki/George_du_Maurier \"George du Maurier\") – *[Peter Ibbetson](/wiki/Peter_Ibbetson_%28novel%29 \"Peter Ibbetson (novel)\")*\n* [Helen H. Gardener](/wiki/Helen_H._Gardener \"Helen H. Gardener\") – *Is This Your Son, My Lord?* (in *[The Arena](/wiki/The_Arena_%28magazine%29 \"The Arena (magazine)\")*)\n* [André Gide](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide \"André Gide\") – *Les Cahiers d'André Walter*\n* [George Gissing](/wiki/George_Gissing \"George Gissing\") – *[New Grub Street](/wiki/New_Grub_Street \"New Grub Street\")*\n* [Thomas Hardy](/wiki/Thomas_Hardy \"Thomas Hardy\")\n\t+ *[A Group of Noble Dames](/wiki/A_Group_of_Noble_Dames \"A Group of Noble Dames\")* (collected short stories)\n\t+ *[Tess of the d'Urbervilles](/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\")*\n* [J.\\-K. Huysmans](/wiki/J.-K._Huysmans \"J.-K. Huysmans\") – *[Là\\-bas](/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_%28novel%29 \"Là-bas (novel)\")*\n* [Henry James](/wiki/Henry_James \"Henry James\") – \"[The Pupil](/wiki/The_Pupil_%28short_story%29 \"The Pupil (short story)\")\" (short story in *[Longman's Magazine](/wiki/Longman%27s_Magazine \"Longman's Magazine\")*)\n* [Jerome K. Jerome](/wiki/Jerome_K._Jerome \"Jerome K. Jerome\") – *[Diary of a Pilgrimage](/wiki/Diary_of_a_Pilgrimage \"Diary of a Pilgrimage\")*\n* [Selma Lagerlöf](/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f \"Selma Lagerlöf\") – *[Gösta Berling's Saga](/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Berling%27s_Saga \"Gösta Berling's Saga\")*\n* [Jean Lorrain](/wiki/Jean_Lorrain \"Jean Lorrain\") – *Sonyeuse* (novella)\n* [Lucas Malet](/wiki/Lucas_Malet \"Lucas Malet\") (Mary St Leger Kingsley) – *The Wages of Sin*\n* [Herman Melville](/wiki/Herman_Melville \"Herman Melville\") – *Timoleon*\n* [Georges Ohnet](/wiki/Georges_Ohnet \"Georges Ohnet\") – *Dernier Amour*\n* [Daniel Owen](/wiki/Daniel_Owen \"Daniel Owen\") – *[Enoc Huws](/wiki/Enoc_Huws \"Enoc Huws\")*\n* [Howard Pyle](/wiki/Howard_Pyle \"Howard Pyle\") – *[Men of Iron](/wiki/Men_of_Iron \"Men of Iron\")*\n* [José Rizal](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal \"José Rizal\") – *[El filibusterismo](/wiki/El_filibusterismo \"El filibusterismo\")*\n* [Jules Verne](/wiki/Jules_Verne \"Jules Verne\") – *[Mistress Branican](/wiki/Mistress_Branican \"Mistress Branican\")*\n* Joseph Jeffrey Walters – *[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess](/wiki/Guanya_Pau:A_Story_of_an_African_Princess \"A Story of an African Princess\")*\n* [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") – *[Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories](/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories \"Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories\")*\n* [Margaret L. Woods](/wiki/Margaret_L._Woods \"Margaret L. Woods\") – *Esther Vanhomrigh*\n* [Charlotte M. Yonge](/wiki/Charlotte_M._Yonge \"Charlotte M. Yonge\")\n\t+ *Two Penniless Princesses*\n\t+ *Unknown to History*\n* [Émile Zola](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola \"Émile Zola\") – \n\n### Children and young people\n\n* [Hedda Anderson](/wiki/Hedda_Anderson \"Hedda Anderson\") – *Rolfs sommarferier* (Rolf's Summer Holiday)\n* [Selma Lagerlöf](/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f \"Selma Lagerlöf\") – *[Gösta Berlings Saga](/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Berlings_Saga \"Gösta Berlings Saga\")* (The Story of Gosta Berling)\n* [Laura E. Richards](/wiki/Laura_E._Richards \"Laura E. Richards\") – *[Captain January](/wiki/Captain_January_%28novel%29 \"Captain January (novel)\")*\n* [Molly Elliot Seawell](/wiki/Molly_Elliot_Seawell \"Molly Elliot Seawell\") – *Midshipman Paulding*\n* [William Gordon Stables](/wiki/William_Gordon_Stables \"William Gordon Stables\") – *The Cruise of the Crystal Boat*\n\n### Drama\n\n* [Carlo Favetti](/wiki/Carlo_Favetti \"Carlo Favetti\") – ** (The Fusilier and the Grenadier: A Satirical Play)\n* [Jacob Mikhailovich Gordin](/wiki/Jacob_Mikhailovich_Gordin \"Jacob Mikhailovich Gordin\") – *Siberia*\n* [Maurice Maeterlinck](/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck \"Maurice Maeterlinck\") – *[Intruder](/wiki/Intruder_%28play%29 \"Intruder (play)\")* (first production)\n* [Henrik Ibsen](/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen \"Henrik Ibsen\") – \"[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler \"Hedda Gabler\")\"\n* [Victorien Sardou](/wiki/Victorien_Sardou \"Victorien Sardou\") – *[Thermidor](/wiki/Thermidor_%28play%29 \"Thermidor (play)\")*\n* [Rosario de Acuña](/wiki/Rosario_de_Acu%C3%B1a_Villanueva_de_la_Iglesia \"Rosario de Acuña Villanueva de la Iglesia\") – *El padre Juan*\n* [Frank Wedekind](/wiki/Frank_Wedekind \"Frank Wedekind\") – *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28play%29 \"Spring Awakening (play)\") (Frühlings Erwachen)*\n* [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\")\n\t+ *[The Duchess of Padua](/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Padua \"The Duchess of Padua\")* (first production)\n\t+ *[Salome](/wiki/Salome_%28play%29 \"Salome (play)\")* (written, in French)\n\n### Poetry\n\n* [William Morris](/wiki/William_Morris \"William Morris\") – *Poems by the Way*\n\n### Non\\-fiction\n\n* [Mirza Muhammad Yusuf Ali](/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Yusuf_Ali \"Mirza Muhammad Yusuf Ali\") – *Dugdha Sarobar* (The Lake of Milk)\n* [Marie Bashkirtseff](/wiki/Marie_Bashkirtseff \"Marie Bashkirtseff\") – *Lettres*\n* *[Black's Law Dictionary](/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary \"Black's Law Dictionary\")*, 1st edition\n* [John Churton Collins](/wiki/John_Churton_Collins \"John Churton Collins\") – *The Study of English Literature: a plea for its recognition and organization at the Universities*\n* [John Gibson](/wiki/John_Gibson_%28editor_and_journalist%29 \"John Gibson (editor and journalist)\") – *The Emancipation of Women*\n* [Edmond de Goncourt](/wiki/Edmond_de_Goncourt \"Edmond de Goncourt\") – *[Utamaro](/wiki/Utamaro \"Utamaro\")*\n* [George Holyoake](/wiki/George_Holyoake \"George Holyoake\") – *The Co\\-operative Movement of To\\-day*\n* [Frederic G. Kenyon](/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon \"Frederic G. Kenyon\") (ed.)\n\t+ *Aristotelous Ἀθηναιων Πολιτεια: [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\") on the [Constitution of Athens](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_%28Aristotle%29 \"Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)\")*\n\t+ *Classical Texts from Papyri in the British Museum; including the newly discovered poems of [Herodas](/wiki/Herodas \"Herodas\"), with autotype facsimiles of MSS*\n* [Errico Malatesta](/wiki/Errico_Malatesta \"Errico Malatesta\") – *[Anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy_%28book%29 \"Anarchy (book)\")* (*L'anarchia*)\n* [George W. E. Russell](/wiki/George_W._E._Russell \"George W. E. Russell\") – *The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone*\n* [George Bernard Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\") – *[Quintessence of Ibsenism](/wiki/Quintessence_of_Ibsenism \"Quintessence of Ibsenism\")*\n* [Grigore Sturdza](/wiki/Grigore_Sturdza \"Grigore Sturdza\") – *Lois fondamentales de l'univers* (Fundamental Laws of the Universe)\n* [A. E. Waite](/wiki/A._E._Waite \"A. E. Waite\") – *The Occult Sciences*\n* [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") – *Intentions*\n",
"### Fiction\n\n* [Grant Allen](/wiki/Grant_Allen \"Grant Allen\") – *The Great Taboo*\n* [Hall Caine](/wiki/Hall_Caine \"Hall Caine\") – *The Scapegoat*\n* [J. M. Barrie](/wiki/J._M._Barrie \"J. M. Barrie\") – *The Little Minister*\n* [Mary Elizabeth Braddon](/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Braddon \"Mary Elizabeth Braddon\") – *Gerard; or, The World, the Flesh and the Devil* (\"by the author of *Lady Audley's Secret*\")\n* [Gabriele D'Annunzio](/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio \"Gabriele D'Annunzio\") – *[Giovanni Episcopo](/wiki/Giovanni_Episcopo \"Giovanni Episcopo\")*\n* [Machado de Assis](/wiki/Machado_de_Assis \"Machado de Assis\") – *[Quincas Borba](/wiki/Quincas_Borba \"Quincas Borba\")* (translated as *Philosopher or Dog?*)\n* [Sophia Alice Callahan](/wiki/Sophia_Alice_Callahan \"Sophia Alice Callahan\") – *[Wynema, a Child of the Forest](/wiki/Wynema%2C_a_Child_of_the_Forest \"Wynema, a Child of the Forest\")*\n* [Arthur Conan Doyle](/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle \"Arthur Conan Doyle\") – *[The White Company](/wiki/The_White_Company \"The White Company\")*\n* [George du Maurier](/wiki/George_du_Maurier \"George du Maurier\") – *[Peter Ibbetson](/wiki/Peter_Ibbetson_%28novel%29 \"Peter Ibbetson (novel)\")*\n* [Helen H. Gardener](/wiki/Helen_H._Gardener \"Helen H. Gardener\") – *Is This Your Son, My Lord?* (in *[The Arena](/wiki/The_Arena_%28magazine%29 \"The Arena (magazine)\")*)\n* [André Gide](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide \"André Gide\") – *Les Cahiers d'André Walter*\n* [George Gissing](/wiki/George_Gissing \"George Gissing\") – *[New Grub Street](/wiki/New_Grub_Street \"New Grub Street\")*\n* [Thomas Hardy](/wiki/Thomas_Hardy \"Thomas Hardy\")\n\t+ *[A Group of Noble Dames](/wiki/A_Group_of_Noble_Dames \"A Group of Noble Dames\")* (collected short stories)\n\t+ *[Tess of the d'Urbervilles](/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\")*\n* [J.\\-K. Huysmans](/wiki/J.-K._Huysmans \"J.-K. Huysmans\") – *[Là\\-bas](/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_%28novel%29 \"Là-bas (novel)\")*\n* [Henry James](/wiki/Henry_James \"Henry James\") – \"[The Pupil](/wiki/The_Pupil_%28short_story%29 \"The Pupil (short story)\")\" (short story in *[Longman's Magazine](/wiki/Longman%27s_Magazine \"Longman's Magazine\")*)\n* [Jerome K. Jerome](/wiki/Jerome_K._Jerome \"Jerome K. Jerome\") – *[Diary of a Pilgrimage](/wiki/Diary_of_a_Pilgrimage \"Diary of a Pilgrimage\")*\n* [Selma Lagerlöf](/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f \"Selma Lagerlöf\") – *[Gösta Berling's Saga](/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Berling%27s_Saga \"Gösta Berling's Saga\")*\n* [Jean Lorrain](/wiki/Jean_Lorrain \"Jean Lorrain\") – *Sonyeuse* (novella)\n* [Lucas Malet](/wiki/Lucas_Malet \"Lucas Malet\") (Mary St Leger Kingsley) – *The Wages of Sin*\n* [Herman Melville](/wiki/Herman_Melville \"Herman Melville\") – *Timoleon*\n* [Georges Ohnet](/wiki/Georges_Ohnet \"Georges Ohnet\") – *Dernier Amour*\n* [Daniel Owen](/wiki/Daniel_Owen \"Daniel Owen\") – *[Enoc Huws](/wiki/Enoc_Huws \"Enoc Huws\")*\n* [Howard Pyle](/wiki/Howard_Pyle \"Howard Pyle\") – *[Men of Iron](/wiki/Men_of_Iron \"Men of Iron\")*\n* [José Rizal](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal \"José Rizal\") – *[El filibusterismo](/wiki/El_filibusterismo \"El filibusterismo\")*\n* [Jules Verne](/wiki/Jules_Verne \"Jules Verne\") – *[Mistress Branican](/wiki/Mistress_Branican \"Mistress Branican\")*\n* Joseph Jeffrey Walters – *[Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess](/wiki/Guanya_Pau:A_Story_of_an_African_Princess \"A Story of an African Princess\")*\n* [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") – *[Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories](/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories \"Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories\")*\n* [Margaret L. Woods](/wiki/Margaret_L._Woods \"Margaret L. Woods\") – *Esther Vanhomrigh*\n* [Charlotte M. Yonge](/wiki/Charlotte_M._Yonge \"Charlotte M. Yonge\")\n\t+ *Two Penniless Princesses*\n\t+ *Unknown to History*\n* [Émile Zola](/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola \"Émile Zola\") – \n",
"### Children and young people\n\n* [Hedda Anderson](/wiki/Hedda_Anderson \"Hedda Anderson\") – *Rolfs sommarferier* (Rolf's Summer Holiday)\n* [Selma Lagerlöf](/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f \"Selma Lagerlöf\") – *[Gösta Berlings Saga](/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Berlings_Saga \"Gösta Berlings Saga\")* (The Story of Gosta Berling)\n* [Laura E. Richards](/wiki/Laura_E._Richards \"Laura E. Richards\") – *[Captain January](/wiki/Captain_January_%28novel%29 \"Captain January (novel)\")*\n* [Molly Elliot Seawell](/wiki/Molly_Elliot_Seawell \"Molly Elliot Seawell\") – *Midshipman Paulding*\n* [William Gordon Stables](/wiki/William_Gordon_Stables \"William Gordon Stables\") – *The Cruise of the Crystal Boat*\n",
"### Drama\n\n* [Carlo Favetti](/wiki/Carlo_Favetti \"Carlo Favetti\") – ** (The Fusilier and the Grenadier: A Satirical Play)\n* [Jacob Mikhailovich Gordin](/wiki/Jacob_Mikhailovich_Gordin \"Jacob Mikhailovich Gordin\") – *Siberia*\n* [Maurice Maeterlinck](/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck \"Maurice Maeterlinck\") – *[Intruder](/wiki/Intruder_%28play%29 \"Intruder (play)\")* (first production)\n* [Henrik Ibsen](/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen \"Henrik Ibsen\") – \"[Hedda Gabler](/wiki/Hedda_Gabler \"Hedda Gabler\")\"\n* [Victorien Sardou](/wiki/Victorien_Sardou \"Victorien Sardou\") – *[Thermidor](/wiki/Thermidor_%28play%29 \"Thermidor (play)\")*\n* [Rosario de Acuña](/wiki/Rosario_de_Acu%C3%B1a_Villanueva_de_la_Iglesia \"Rosario de Acuña Villanueva de la Iglesia\") – *El padre Juan*\n* [Frank Wedekind](/wiki/Frank_Wedekind \"Frank Wedekind\") – *[Spring Awakening](/wiki/Spring_Awakening_%28play%29 \"Spring Awakening (play)\") (Frühlings Erwachen)*\n* [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\")\n\t+ *[The Duchess of Padua](/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Padua \"The Duchess of Padua\")* (first production)\n\t+ *[Salome](/wiki/Salome_%28play%29 \"Salome (play)\")* (written, in French)\n",
"### Poetry\n\n* [William Morris](/wiki/William_Morris \"William Morris\") – *Poems by the Way*\n\n",
"### Non\\-fiction\n\n* [Mirza Muhammad Yusuf Ali](/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Yusuf_Ali \"Mirza Muhammad Yusuf Ali\") – *Dugdha Sarobar* (The Lake of Milk)\n* [Marie Bashkirtseff](/wiki/Marie_Bashkirtseff \"Marie Bashkirtseff\") – *Lettres*\n* *[Black's Law Dictionary](/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary \"Black's Law Dictionary\")*, 1st edition\n* [John Churton Collins](/wiki/John_Churton_Collins \"John Churton Collins\") – *The Study of English Literature: a plea for its recognition and organization at the Universities*\n* [John Gibson](/wiki/John_Gibson_%28editor_and_journalist%29 \"John Gibson (editor and journalist)\") – *The Emancipation of Women*\n* [Edmond de Goncourt](/wiki/Edmond_de_Goncourt \"Edmond de Goncourt\") – *[Utamaro](/wiki/Utamaro \"Utamaro\")*\n* [George Holyoake](/wiki/George_Holyoake \"George Holyoake\") – *The Co\\-operative Movement of To\\-day*\n* [Frederic G. Kenyon](/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon \"Frederic G. Kenyon\") (ed.)\n\t+ *Aristotelous Ἀθηναιων Πολιτεια: [Aristotle](/wiki/Aristotle \"Aristotle\") on the [Constitution of Athens](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_%28Aristotle%29 \"Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)\")*\n\t+ *Classical Texts from Papyri in the British Museum; including the newly discovered poems of [Herodas](/wiki/Herodas \"Herodas\"), with autotype facsimiles of MSS*\n* [Errico Malatesta](/wiki/Errico_Malatesta \"Errico Malatesta\") – *[Anarchy](/wiki/Anarchy_%28book%29 \"Anarchy (book)\")* (*L'anarchia*)\n* [George W. E. Russell](/wiki/George_W._E._Russell \"George W. E. Russell\") – *The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone*\n* [George Bernard Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\") – *[Quintessence of Ibsenism](/wiki/Quintessence_of_Ibsenism \"Quintessence of Ibsenism\")*\n* [Grigore Sturdza](/wiki/Grigore_Sturdza \"Grigore Sturdza\") – *Lois fondamentales de l'univers* (Fundamental Laws of the Universe)\n* [A. E. Waite](/wiki/A._E._Waite \"A. E. Waite\") – *The Occult Sciences*\n* [Oscar Wilde](/wiki/Oscar_Wilde \"Oscar Wilde\") – *Intentions*\n",
"Births\n------\n\n* [January 7](/wiki/January_7 \"January 7\") – [Zora Neale Hurston](/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston \"Zora Neale Hurston\"), American [Harlem Renaissance](/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance \"Harlem Renaissance\") novelist (died [1960](/wiki/1960_in_literature \"1960 in literature\"))\n* [January 8](/wiki/January_8 \"January 8\") – (Margaret) [Storm Jameson](/wiki/Storm_Jameson \"Storm Jameson\"), English novelist (died [1986](/wiki/1986_in_literature \"1986 in literature\"))\n* [January 9](/wiki/January_9 \"January 9\") – [August Gailit](/wiki/August_Gailit \"August Gailit\"), Estonian journalist and author (died [1960](/wiki/1960_in_literature \"1960 in literature\"))\n* [January 15](/wiki/January_15 \"January 15\") – [Osip Mandelstam](/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam \"Osip Mandelstam\"), Russian poet and essayist (died [1938](/wiki/1938_in_literature \"1938 in literature\"))\n* [January 22](/wiki/January_22 \"January 22\") – [Antonio Gramsci](/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci \"Antonio Gramsci\"), Italian Communist writer and politician (died [1937](/wiki/1937_in_literature \"1937 in literature\"))\n* [January 23](/wiki/January_23 \"January 23\") – [Pavlo Tychyna](/wiki/Pavlo_Tychyna \"Pavlo Tychyna\"), Ukrainian poet (died [1967](/wiki/1967_in_literature \"1967 in literature\"))\n* [February 10](/wiki/February_10 \"February 10\") – [Elliot Paul](/wiki/Elliot_Paul \"Elliot Paul\"), American writer (died [1958](/wiki/1958_in_literature \"1958 in literature\"))\n* [February 13](/wiki/February_13 \"February 13\") – [Kate Roberts](/wiki/Kate_Roberts_%28author%29 \"Kate Roberts (author)\"), Welsh writer (died [1985](/wiki/1985_in_literature \"1985 in literature\"))\n* [March 9](/wiki/March_9 \"March 9\") – [Doris Leslie](/wiki/Doris_Leslie \"Doris Leslie\"), English novelist (died [1982](/wiki/1982_in_literature \"1982 in literature\"))\n* [March 13](/wiki/March_13 \"March 13\") – [Felix Aderca](/wiki/Felix_Aderca \"Felix Aderca\"), Romanian novelist, critic, poet and journalist (died [1962](/wiki/1962_in_literature \"1962 in literature\"))\n* [March 27](/wiki/March_27 \"March 27\") – [Lajos Zilahy](/wiki/Lajos_Zilahy \"Lajos Zilahy\"), Hungarian novelist and dramatist (died [1974](/wiki/1974_in_literature \"1974 in literature\"))\n* [April 29](/wiki/April_29 \"April 29\") – [Bharathidasan](/wiki/Bharathidasan \"Bharathidasan\"), Tamil poet and rationalist (died [1964](/wiki/1964_in_literature \"1964 in literature\"))\n* [May 15](/wiki/May_15 \"May 15\")\n\t+ [Mikhail Bulgakov](/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov \"Mikhail Bulgakov\"), Russian novelist and playwright (died [1940](/wiki/1940_in_literature \"1940 in literature\"))\n\t+ [Hjalmar Dahl](/wiki/Hjalmar_Dahl \"Hjalmar Dahl\"), Finnish journalist, translator and writer (died [1960](/wiki/1960_in_literature \"1960 in literature\"))[Hjalmar Dahl](https://litteraturbanken.se/%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttarlexikon/artiklar/Hjalmar_Dahl) – Svenskt översättarlexikon (in Swedish)\n* [June 14](/wiki/June_14 \"June 14\") – [Alexander Melentyevich Volkov](/wiki/Alexander_Melentyevich_Volkov \"Alexander Melentyevich Volkov\"), Russian novelist (died [1977](/wiki/1977_in_literature \"1977 in literature\"))\n* [July 5](/wiki/July_5 \"July 5\") – [Tin Ujević](/wiki/Tin_Ujevi%C4%87 \"Tin Ujević\"), Croatian poet (died [1955](/wiki/1955_in_literature \"1955 in literature\"))\n* [August 1](/wiki/August_1 \"August 1\") – [Edward Streeter](/wiki/Edward_Streeter \"Edward Streeter\"), American humorist (died [1976](/wiki/1976_in_literature \"1976 in literature\"))\n* [August 12](/wiki/August_12 \"August 12\") – [C. E. M. Joad](/wiki/C._E._M._Joad \"C. E. M. Joad\"), English philosopher and broadcaster (died [1953](/wiki/1953_in_literature \"1953 in literature\"))\n* [August 25](/wiki/August_25 \"August 25\") – [David Shimoni](/wiki/David_Shimoni \"David Shimoni\"), Russian\\-born Israeli poet and writer (died [1956](/wiki/1956_in_literature \"1956 in literature\"))\n* [September 18](/wiki/September_18 \"September 18\") – [Rafael Pérez y Pérez](/wiki/Rafael_P%C3%A9rez_y_P%C3%A9rez \"Rafael Pérez y Pérez\"), Spanish writer (died [1984](/wiki/1984_in_literature \"1984 in literature\"))\n* [September 23](/wiki/September_23 \"September 23\") – [Arthur Graeme West](/wiki/Arthur_Graeme_West \"Arthur Graeme West\"), English military writer and poet (killed in action [1917](/wiki/1917_in_literature \"1917 in literature\"))\n* [October 6](/wiki/October_6 \"October 6\") – [John Metcalfe](/wiki/John_Metcalfe_%28writer%29 \"John Metcalfe (writer)\"), English writer (died [1965](/wiki/1965_in_literature \"1965 in literature\"))\n* [November 14](/wiki/November_14 \"November 14\") – [Josef Magnus Wehner](/wiki/Josef_Magnus_Wehner \"Josef Magnus Wehner\"), German poet and playwright (died [1973](/wiki/1973_in_literature \"1973 in literature\"))\n* [November 17](/wiki/November_17 \"November 17\") – [Sigurd Christiansen](/wiki/Sigurd_Christiansen \"Sigurd Christiansen\"), Norwegian novelist and dramatist (died [1947](/wiki/1947_in_literature \"1947 in literature\"))\n* [November 23](/wiki/November_23 \"November 23\") – [Masao Kume](/wiki/Masao_Kume \"Masao Kume\"), Japanese playwright, novelist and haiku poet (died [1952](/wiki/1952_in_literature \"1952 in literature\"))\n* [December 9](/wiki/December_9 \"December 9\") – [Maksim Bahdanovič](/wiki/Maksim_Bahdanovi%C4%8D \"Maksim Bahdanovič\"), Belarusian poet (died [1917](/wiki/1917_in_literature \"1917 in literature\"))\n* [December 10](/wiki/December_10 \"December 10\") – [Nelly Sachs](/wiki/Nelly_Sachs \"Nelly Sachs\"), German\\-Swedish poet, dramatist and Nobel Prize winner (died [1970](/wiki/1970_in_literature \"1970 in literature\"))\n* [December 17](/wiki/December_17 \"December 17\") – [Hu Shih](/wiki/Hu_Shih \"Hu Shih\") (胡適), Chinese Nobel Prize winning philosopher and language reformer (died [1962](/wiki/1962_in_literature \"1962 in literature\"))\n* [December 26](/wiki/December_26 \"December 26\") – [Henry Miller](/wiki/Henry_Miller \"Henry Miller\"), American novelist (died [1980](/wiki/1980_in_literature \"1980 in literature\"))\n",
"Deaths\n------\n\n* [January 13](/wiki/January_13 \"January 13\") – [Mary Spear Tiernan](/wiki/Mary_Spear_Tiernan \"Mary Spear Tiernan\"), American writer (born [1835](/wiki/1835_in_literature \"1835 in literature\"))\n* [February 3](/wiki/February_3 \"February 3\") – [Élie Berthet](/wiki/%C3%89lie_Berthet \"Élie Berthet\"), French novelist (born [1815](/wiki/1815_in_literature \"1815 in literature\"))\n* [February 7](/wiki/February_7 \"February 7\") – [Marie Louise Andrews](/wiki/Marie_Louise_Andrews \"Marie Louise Andrews\"), American editor (born [1849](/wiki/1849_in_literature \"1849 in literature\"))\n* [March 13](/wiki/March_13 \"March 13\") – [Théodore de Banville](/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_Banville \"Théodore de Banville\"), French writer (born [1823](/wiki/1823_in_literature \"1823 in literature\"))\n* [April 9](/wiki/April_9 \"April 9\") – [Frederick G. Maeder](/wiki/Frederick_G._Maeder \"Frederick G. Maeder\"), American playwright (born [1840](/wiki/1840_in_literature \"1840 in literature\"))\n* [April 24](/wiki/April_24 \"April 24\") – [Rebecca Agatha Armour](/wiki/Rebecca_Agatha_Armour \"Rebecca Agatha Armour\"), Canadian novelist (born [1845](/wiki/1845_in_literature \"1845 in literature\"))\n* [April 27](/wiki/April_27 \"April 27\") – [Joachim Oppenheim](/wiki/Joachim_Oppenheim \"Joachim Oppenheim\"), Czech rabbi and author (born [1832](/wiki/1832_in_literature \"1832 in literature\"))\n* June – [Teodor Boldur\\-Lățescu](/wiki/Teodor_Boldur-L%C4%83%C8%9Bescu \"Teodor Boldur-Lățescu\"), Romanian journalist and publisher (born [1837](/wiki/1837_in_literature \"1837 in literature\"))\"Știrĭ\", in *[Universul](/wiki/Universul \"Universul\")*, 29 May (June 10\\), 1891, p. 3\\. See also Stoian, p. 107\n* [July 17](/wiki/July_17 \"July 17\") – [Jean Lombard](/wiki/Jean_Lombard \"Jean Lombard\"), French novelist (born [1854](/wiki/1854_in_literature \"1854 in literature\"))\n* [July 19](/wiki/July_19 \"July 19\") – [Pedro Antonio de Alarcón](/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_de_Alarc%C3%B3n \"Pedro Antonio de Alarcón\"), Spanish novelist (born [1833](/wiki/1833_in_literature \"1833 in literature\"))\n* [August 12](/wiki/August_12 \"August 12\") – [James Russell Lowell](/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell \"James Russell Lowell\"), American poet and essayist (born [1819](/wiki/1819_in_literature \"1819 in literature\"))\n* [August 22](/wiki/August_22 \"August 22\") – [Jan Neruda](/wiki/Jan_Neruda \"Jan Neruda\"), [Czech](/wiki/Czechs \"Czechs\") writer (born [1834](/wiki/1834_in_literature \"1834 in literature\"))\n* [September 15](/wiki/September_15 \"September 15\") – [Ivan Goncharov](/wiki/Ivan_Goncharov \"Ivan Goncharov\"), Russian writer (born [1812](/wiki/1812_in_literature \"1812 in literature\"))\n* [September 28](/wiki/September_28 \"September 28\") – [Herman Melville](/wiki/Herman_Melville \"Herman Melville\"), American novelist (born [1819](/wiki/1819_in_literature \"1819 in literature\"))\n* [October 15](/wiki/October_15 \"October 15\") – [Gilbert Arthur à Beckett](/wiki/Gilbert_Arthur_%C3%A0_Beckett \"Gilbert Arthur à Beckett\"), English writer (born [1837](/wiki/1837_in_literature \"1837 in literature\"))\n* [November 10](/wiki/November_10 \"November 10\") – [Arthur Rimbaud](/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud \"Arthur Rimbaud\"), French poet (cancer, born [1854](/wiki/1854_in_literature \"1854 in literature\"))\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n* [Newdigate Prize](/wiki/Newdigate_Prize \"Newdigate Prize\") – [Laurence Binyon](/wiki/Laurence_Binyon \"Laurence Binyon\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Years of the 19th century in literature](/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_literature \"Years of the 19th century in literature\")\n\n"
]
} |
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