title
stringlengths 0
19.7k
| authors
dict | sha1
stringlengths 31
31
| timestamp
stringlengths 20
20
| parent_id
int32 16M
1.25B
⌀ | namespace
int32 0
0
| sections
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
William Bradford (printer, born 1663)
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
m59d07bbwuwqweifsfn5g28ufzdqipb
|
2024-08-16T23:26:57Z
| 1,192,708,732 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Later life and death",
"Bradford family printing legacy",
"See also",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"Further reading"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**William Bradford** (May 20, 1663 – May 23, 1752\\) was an early American [colonial printer and publisher](/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers \"Early American publishers and printers\") in [British America](/wiki/British_America \"British America\"). Bradford is best known for establishing the first printing press in the [Middle colonies](/wiki/Middle_colonies \"Middle colonies\") of the [Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies \"Thirteen Colonies\"), founding the first press in [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania \"Province of Pennsylvania\") in 1685 and the first press in [New York](/wiki/Province_of_New_York \"Province of New York\") in 1693\\. Bradford operated continuously printing establishments for sixty\\-two years, heading a family that would include printers and publishers for 140 years. He was also known for controversies regarding freedom of the press. Starting his printing career in London, Bradford emigrated to America in 1685\\. He established, with others, the first paper mill to appear in the [Thirteen American Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_American_Colonies \"Thirteen American Colonies\").\n\nThroughout his career, Bradford printed and published thousands of titles. In addition to his print shops in the province of Pennsylvania, the province of New York, the province of New Jersey, he also had five different locations in New York City. Printing [almanacs](/wiki/Almanac \"Almanac\"), newspapers, books, pamphlets, [broadsides](/wiki/Broadside_%28printing%29 \"Broadside (printing)\"), blank forms, paper money, legal documents, colonial laws, and religious material, Bradford was also the [public printer](/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States \"Public Printer of the United States\") for the [province of New York](/wiki/Province_of_New_York \"Province of New York\") and [province of New Jersey](/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey \"Province of New Jersey\"). \n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nWilliam Bradford was born on May 20, 1663, to William and Ann Bradford in the village of [Barwell](/wiki/Barwell \"Barwell\") in [Leicestershire](/wiki/Leicestershire \"Leicestershire\"), England. Bradford apprenticed outside the family to learn a trade, as was customary at the time. His trainer was Andrew Sowel (some sources spell Sowle or Sorole), the foremost Quaker printer in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), who printed in the [Crooked Billet](/wiki/Crooked_Billet \"Crooked Billet\") in Holloway Lane at [Shoreditch](/wiki/Shoreditch \"Shoreditch\"). Bradford started working for Sowel around 1680 and, by December 3, 1684, he had mastered the trade and was freed from his apprenticeship. Bradford married Sowel's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, on April 28, 1685\\. Sowel arranged for the two to join [William Penn](/wiki/William_Penn \"William Penn\") in his [new colony in North America](/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania \"Province of Pennsylvania\") with a letter of recommendation from [George Fox](/wiki/George_Fox \"George Fox\"), founder of the Quakers, to become the colonial printer. \n\n",
"Career\n------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright 1\\.0\\|*Visible Churches* 1689 composed by George Keith, printed by William Bradford](/wiki/File:Visible_Churches_1689.jpg \"Visible Churches 1689.jpg\")\nWilliam and Elizabeth Bradford arrived in America sometime in November 1685 and settled at a location near where [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") was eventually laid out. Bradford then established Pennsylvania's first printing press, likely in the [Chester](/wiki/Chester%2C_Pennsylvania \"Chester, Pennsylvania\") or [Burlington](/wiki/Burlington%2C_Pennsylvania \"Burlington, Pennsylvania\") area. His first publication was an [almanac](/wiki/Almanac \"Almanac\"), *Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense* compiled by Samuel Atkins, *Student in the Mathamaticks and Astrology.* Bradford advertised it as available to purchase *near Philadelphia in Pennsilvania* on December 28, 1685\\. \n\nAfter an incident with his printing press, Bradford was told not to print anything unless it was approved by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly council.\n\nIn 1688, he printed *Temple of Wisdom,* the first full\\-sized book released in the [middle colonies](/wiki/Middle_colonies \"Middle colonies\").\n\nBradford was living in Philadelphia by 1689 and had established a bookstore. He published a booklet in 1689 composed by Quaker missionary [George Keith](/wiki/George_Keith_%28missionary%29 \"George Keith (missionary)\") titled *The Presbyterian and Independent Visible Churches in New England.* Historian [Isaiah Thomas](/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_%28publisher%29 \"Isaiah Thomas (publisher)\") owned a copy of the book that he claimed was the oldest known book printed in Philadelphia. According to book dealer historian [William S. Reese](/wiki/William_S._Reese \"William S. Reese\"), it is one of the first books printed in America. In that year Joseph Growdon, a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly council, hired Bradford to print William Penn's original [charter](/wiki/Frame_of_Government_of_Pennsylvania \"Frame of Government of Pennsylvania\") for the province. The new Pennsylvania governor [John Blackwell](/wiki/John_Blackwell_%28Governor%29 \"John Blackwell (Governor)\") was outraged and reprimanded him. Bradford argued that he printed what he received. In reprimanding the publishing of the original charter, authorities attempted to deny the people of Pennsylvania knowledge of the rights and privileges afforded them under their laws.\n\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.0\\|Bradford was responsible for printing the very first issue (May 31, 1709\\) of paper currency for the [province of New York](/wiki/w:Province_of_New_York \"Province of New York\").](/wiki/File:US-Colonial_%28NY-2%29-New_York-31_May_1709.jpg \"US-Colonial (NY-2)-New York-31 May 1709.jpg\") \nIn 1690, Bradford, partnered with a newly arrived German paper maker, [William Rittenhouse](/wiki/William_Rittenhouse \"William Rittenhouse\"), and several merchants, and established the first [paper mill](/wiki/Historic_RittenhouseTown \"Historic RittenhouseTown\") in [America](/wiki/British_North_America \"British North America\") along a creek in [Roxborough, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Roxborough%2C_Pennsylvania \"Roxborough, Pennsylvania\"). He had sent his wife and two infant sons to England and was making preparations to follow, to become the replacement printer for Sowel who had died, with plans to take over his business there. \n\nIt wasn't until he had moved to New York later did he have enough business to contract with the managing partners of the paper mill to get preferential terms on products. The mill was the only paper manufacturer in the [Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies \"Thirteen Colonies\") until 1710\\. It was followed by hundreds of paper mills constructed in the United States by 1832\\.\n\nIn 1692, Bradford printed thirteen of Keith's writings, including *An Appeal from the Twenty\\-Eight Judges to Spirit of Truth*, which the authorities construed as rebellious against the local government. Bradford was arrested, tried, and jailed for printing without a [trade name imprint](/wiki/Imprint_%28trade_name%29 \"Imprint (trade name)\"), a violation of the [Licensing of the Press Act 1662](/wiki/Licensing_of_the_Press_Act_1662 \"Licensing of the Press Act 1662\"). This was America's first trial regarding [freedom of the press](/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press \"Freedom of the press\"). \n\nHe later printed works without a printer's name or place of publication. One of note was the first book in New York City, \"New\\-England Persecution Transmitted to Pennsylvania\" authored by Keith and with some words in Hebrew type.\n\nBradford was the governor's only printer in the province of New York for three decades until 1723\\. He began publishing their first newspaper, the *New\\-York Gazette* in 1725, which was published weekly.\n\n",
"Later life and death\n--------------------\n\nBradford remained as publisher of the New\\-York Gazette, printing it until he retired. In 1727, he took [James Parker](/wiki/James_Parker_%28publisher%29 \"James Parker (publisher)\") as an [apprentice](/wiki/Apprentice \"Apprentice\") for an eight\\-year term. In 1731, Bradford's first wife died and afterwards he married a widow named Smith. In 1734, his former apprentice, [John Peter Zenger](/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger \"John Peter Zenger\"), was brought to court for [libel](/wiki/Libel \"Libel\"), but Bradford remained out of the case.\n\nBradford is interred in the [Trinity Churchyard Cemetery](/wiki/Trinity_Churchyard_Cemetery \"Trinity Churchyard Cemetery\") on [Wall Street](/wiki/Wall_Street \"Wall Street\") in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") where his tombstone still stands reading:\n[thumb\\|upright 0\\.95\\|William Bradford tombstone](/wiki/File:Bradford_Grave.JPG \"Bradford Grave.JPG\")\n\n",
"Bradford family printing legacy\n-------------------------------\n\nBradford's wife Elizabeth gave birth to their first child, [Andrew](/wiki/Andrew_Bradford \"Andrew Bradford\") in 1686, who, along with his wife [Cornelia Smith Bradford](/wiki/Cornelia_Smith_Bradford \"Cornelia Smith Bradford\"), were early American printers. Andrew published the first newspaper in colonial [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"). William Jr, the brother of Andrew, was a printer and seaman. Bradford's grandson, [William Bradford](/wiki/William_Bradford_%28American_Revolutionary_printer%29 \"William Bradford (American Revolutionary printer)\") became a well\\-known printer during the [American Revolution](/wiki/American_Revolution \"American Revolution\") for the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\"). The Bradford Family Papers (1620–1906\\) are deposited at the [Historical Society of Pennsylvania](/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania \"Historical Society of Pennsylvania\"). Bradford established printing and publishing businesses that operated for 140 years from 1685 until 1825\\. He trained several apprentices that including [John Peter Zenger](/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger \"John Peter Zenger\"), [James Parker](/wiki/James_Parker_%28publisher%29 \"James Parker (publisher)\"), Henry DeForest, and his son [Andrew Bradford](/wiki/Andrew_Bradford \"Andrew Bradford\"). \n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Early American publishers and printers](/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers \"Early American publishers and printers\")Other early American publishers and printers:\n\n \n\n* [David Hall (publisher)](/wiki/David_Hall_%28publisher%29 \"David Hall (publisher)\")\n* [William Goddard (publisher)](/wiki/William_Goddard_%28publisher%29 \"William Goddard (publisher)\")\n* [John Holt (publisher)](/wiki/John_Holt_%28publisher%29 \"John Holt (publisher)\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* E. B. Bronner \\& D. Fraser, *William Penn's published writings, 1660–1726: an interpretive bibliography* (1986\\)\n* H. Amory \\& D. D.Hall, eds., *The colonial book in the Atlantic world* (2000\\)\n* A. J. DeArmond, *Andrew Bradford: colonial journalist* (1949\\)\n* D. F. McKenzie, ed., *Stationers' Company apprentices*, \\[2]: 1641–1700 (1974\\)\n* C. W. Miller, *Benjamin Franklin's Philadelphia printing, 1728–1766: a descriptive bibliography* (1974\\)\n* R. S. Mortimer, ‘The first century of Quaker printers’, *Journal of the Friends' Historical Society*, 40 (1948\\), 37–49; 41 (1949\\), 78–84\n* \\-\\- [alternative Google link](https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVMxjD0bv4C)\n* Steven J. Shaw. Colonial Newspaper Advertising: A Step toward Freedom of the Press. The Business History Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Autumn, 1959\\), pp. 409–420\n* Catherine Tourangeau, \"It Runs in the Family: The Bradfords, Print, and Liberty(1680\\-1810\\)\" (Universite de Montreal, M.A. Thesis, 2013\\)\n[Category:1663 births](/wiki/Category:1663_births \"1663 births\")\n[Category:1752 deaths](/wiki/Category:1752_deaths \"1752 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Barwell](/wiki/Category:People_from_Barwell \"People from Barwell\")\n[Category:English printers](/wiki/Category:English_printers \"English printers\")\n[Category:American printers](/wiki/Category:American_printers \"American printers\")\n[Category:English emigrants](/wiki/Category:English_emigrants \"English emigrants\")\n[Category:People from colonial New York](/wiki/Category:People_from_colonial_New_York \"People from colonial New York\")\n[Category:Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Trinity_Church_Cemetery \"Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery\")\n[Category:People from colonial Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:People_from_colonial_Pennsylvania \"People from colonial Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:18th\\-century American newspaper publishers (people)](/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_newspaper_publishers_%28people%29 \"18th-century American newspaper publishers (people)\")\n[Category:Printers from the Thirteen Colonies](/wiki/Category:Printers_from_the_Thirteen_Colonies \"Printers from the Thirteen Colonies\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pilottown, Louisiana
|
{
"id": [
45045832
],
"name": [
"Jalapeño"
]
}
|
ei2i3gauueyqbj1uetkfl9ld2tiy1zi
|
2024-10-16T09:55:16Z
| 1,238,420,856 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Hurricane Katrina",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Pilottown** (or **Pilot Town**) is an [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") and [ghost town](/wiki/Ghost_town \"Ghost town\") in [Plaquemines Parish](/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish%2C_Louisiana \"Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana\"), Louisiana, United States.\nIt serves as a base for [river pilots](/wiki/Mississippi_River_Pilot \"Mississippi River Pilot\") to guide ships across the bar and up and down the [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"). As of 2020, there are no permanent residents of the community.\n\n```\n \"CRPPA: Pilottown\" (overview),\n Crescent River Port Pilots’ Association, 2001, webpage:\n \n```\n\n[CP\\-Piltt](http://www.crescentpilots.com/DNN/AboutUs/Pilottown/tabid/91/Default.aspx) .\n\n```\n \"A Historical Perspective of Pilotage\" (history),\n Crescent River Port Pilots’ Association (formed 1908),\n \n```\n\n*Loyola Law Review*, Vol. 47, Summer 2001, webpage:\n [CP\\-Piltt](http://www.crescentpilots.com/DNN/AboutUs/History/tabid/92/Default.aspx) .\n\nIn the 18th and 19th centuries, the French settlement and fort that preceded Pilottown near the mouth of the Mississippi was known as [La Balize](/wiki/La_Balize%2C_Louisiana \"La Balize, Louisiana\"), a name that meant \"seamark\" in French. La Balize was located about downriver from Pilottown.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Pilottown, Louisiana, as ships pass by on the Mississippi](/wiki/File:Pilottown-LA.jpg \"Pilottown-LA.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Before Katrina](/wiki/File:Pilottown_Riverport_Pilots_Highsmith.jpg \"Pilottown Riverport Pilots Highsmith.jpg\")\n\nPilottown was constructed and settled after September 1860 in its current location. It replaced the earlier village of [La Balize](/wiki/La_Balize%2C_Louisiana \"La Balize, Louisiana\"), that had been founded more than 160 years earlier downriver. After the [hurricane of September 14–15, 1860](/wiki/1860_Atlantic_hurricane_season%23Hurricane_Four \"1860 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Four\"), blew its buildings down and destroyed the area in a storm surge, La Balize was finally abandoned. The main river passage was moved to the Southwest Pass, because of its deeper water. The Mississippi River pilots built their new settlement upriver above [Head of Passes](/wiki/Head_of_Passes \"Head of Passes\"). They named it Pilottown.\n\nThe first French settlers had built a crude fort and dwellings for La Balize near the mouth of the Mississippi in 1699\\. The name meant \"seamark\", and the French built a 62\\-foot\\-high (19 m) wooden pyramidal structure in 1721 to help guide ships on the Mississippi River and at its shifting delta. This was where river pilots came to live.\n\nPilottown is built on piers in swampy ground on the East Bank of the lower [Mississippi River](/wiki/Mississippi_River \"Mississippi River\"), about downriver from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") () and about south of [Venice, Louisiana](/wiki/Venice%2C_Louisiana \"Venice, Louisiana\"). Pilottown is located a few miles above Head of Passes, the point considered to be the mouth of the Mississippi River. Below there the River splits into multiple branches. This is part of the active [delta](/wiki/River_delta \"River delta\") front that has, over time, built up the larger [Mississippi River Delta](/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta \"Mississippi River Delta\").\n\nPilottown serves as a temporary home for members of the Crescent River Port Pilots' Association and as a base for oil exploration. Although the captain is always responsible for his ship, all oceangoing ships must take a pilot on board when entering the Mississippi River system. The river has shifting passages and sand bars that make the journey difficult, especially given the tides and the powerful current downriver. The Associated Branch Pilots supplies river pilots for ships traveling between the [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\") and Pilottown. The Crescent River Port Pilots' Association supplies river pilots between Pilottown and [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), Louisiana, and the New Orleans\\-Baton Rouge Steamship Pilots Association supplies pilots for ships that are bound for [Baton Rouge, Louisiana](/wiki/Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana \"Baton Rouge, Louisiana\").\n\nPilottown consists of a few buildings, including temporary housing for river pilots and a weather station, and some large oil tanks. Because Pilottown is only a few feet above river level, a raised concrete walkway connects these buildings and runs the length of the island, to provide some footing in flood conditions.\n\nPilottown is accessible only by water or by helicopter. In the 19th and early 20th century many fishermen, pilots and their families lived here, but now most make their residence in larger communities upriver. The pilots stay in temporary quarters in Pilottown only while working. The peak population was probably reached in the 1860s, when La Balize had a population of some 800 people.\n\nPilottown no longer has any permanent residents; the remaining few in 2005 did not return after Hurricane Katrina. The Crescent River Port Pilots still maintain headquarters but pilots do not reside full\\-time. Pilottown is not listed in the United States census figures. Pilottown's one\\-room school was closed in the 1970s. Although Pilottown still has its own zip code of 70081, the Pilottown Post Office was closed when the US Postal Service could not find a postmaster willing to live in the village.\n\n### Hurricane Katrina\n\n[Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\") struck southern Louisiana near Pilottown, inflicting heavy damage on nearly every structure. The headquarters of the Associated Branch Pilots, located in Pilottown for over 100 years, was pushed backward off its foundation, leading the pilots to decide against rebuilding in Pilottown. They have since relocated 10 miles upriver to [Venice](/wiki/Venice%2C_Louisiana \"Venice, Louisiana\"). The Crescent River Port Pilots decided to remain in Pilottown to provide pilotage on their route which begins at Pilottown.\n\n",
"### Hurricane Katrina\n\n[Hurricane Katrina](/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina \"Hurricane Katrina\") struck southern Louisiana near Pilottown, inflicting heavy damage on nearly every structure. The headquarters of the Associated Branch Pilots, located in Pilottown for over 100 years, was pushed backward off its foundation, leading the pilots to decide against rebuilding in Pilottown. They have since relocated 10 miles upriver to [Venice](/wiki/Venice%2C_Louisiana \"Venice, Louisiana\"). The Crescent River Port Pilots decided to remain in Pilottown to provide pilotage on their route which begins at Pilottown.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [New Orleans Times\\-Picayune article on Pilottown](http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index_pantheon.ssf?/newsstory/3_pilottown06.html)\n* [BestofNewOrleans.com article by Stephen Ambrose](http://bestofneworleans.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A26655)\n* [Out of the River, MSNBC travelogue entry on Pilottown](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5737599)\n* [CRPPA Pilottown history](https://web.archive.org/web/20110708203511/http://www.crescentpilots.com/DNN/AboutUs/Pilottown/tabid/91/Default.aspx).\n\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Louisiana \"Unincorporated communities in Louisiana\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Plaquemines_Parish%2C_Louisiana \"Unincorporated communities in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in the New Orleans metropolitan area](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_the_New_Orleans_metropolitan_area \"Unincorporated communities in the New Orleans metropolitan area\")\n[Category:Ghost towns in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Ghost_towns_in_Plaquemines_Parish%2C_Louisiana \"Ghost towns in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana\")\n[Category:Road\\-inaccessible communities of Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Road-inaccessible_communities_of_Louisiana \"Road-inaccessible communities of Louisiana\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Poverty
|
{
"id": [
3632083
],
"name": [
"Meters"
]
}
|
21ov028ftfhu7k4yubm127nm1zgd0vp
|
2024-10-16T08:08:53Z
| 1,251,465,078 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Definitions and etymology",
"Measuring poverty",
"Absolute poverty",
"Relative poverty",
"Other aspects",
"Secondary poverty",
"Variability",
"Global prevalence",
"Characteristics",
"Health",
"Hunger",
"Mental health",
"Education",
"Shelter",
"Utilities",
"Water and sanitation",
"Energy",
"Financial services",
"Prejudice and exploitation",
"Poverty reduction {{anchor|Reduction}}",
"Increasing the supply of basic needs",
"Improving technology",
"State funding",
"Improving access to available basic needs",
"Preventing overpopulation",
"Increasing personal income",
"Income grants",
"Economic freedoms",
"Financial services",
"Education and vocational training",
"Obstacles",
"Antipoverty institutions",
"Intergovernmental organizations",
"Development banks",
"Nongovernmental organizations",
"For-profit institutions",
"Economic theories",
"Ethics",
"Human rights",
"Environmentalism",
"Spirituality",
"See also",
"References",
"Citations",
"Sources",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
3,
3,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
3,
3,
2,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Poverty** is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain standard of living. Poverty can have diverse [environmental](/wiki/Biophysical_environment \"Biophysical environment\"), [legal](/wiki/Legal \"Legal\"), [social](/wiki/Social \"Social\"), [economic](/wiki/Economic \"Economic\"), and [political](/wiki/Political \"Political\") causes and effects. When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: *[absolute poverty](/wiki/Absolute_poverty \"Absolute poverty\")* which compares income against the amount needed to meet [basic personal needs](/wiki/Basic_needs \"Basic needs\"), such as [food](/wiki/Food \"Food\"), [clothing](/wiki/Clothing \"Clothing\"), and [shelter](/wiki/Shelter_%28building%29 \"Shelter (building)\"); secondly, *[relative poverty](/wiki/Relative_poverty \"Relative poverty\")* measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of [living standards](/wiki/Living_standards \"Living standards\"), compared to others in the same time and place. The definition of *relative poverty* varies from one country to another, or from one [society](/wiki/Society \"Society\") to another.\n\nStatistically, , most of the world's population live in poverty: in [PPP](/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity \"Purchasing Power Parity\") dollars, 85% of people live on less than $30 per day, two\\-thirds live on less than $10 per day, and 10% live on less than $1\\.90 per day. According to the World Bank Group in 2020, more than 40% of the poor live in conflict\\-affected countries. Even when countries experience [economic development](/wiki/Economic_development \"Economic development\"), the poorest citizens of middle\\-income countries frequently do not gain an adequate share of their countries' increased wealth to leave poverty.B. Milanovic, Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (Harvard Univ. Press, 2016\\). Governments and non\\-governmental organizations have experimented with a number of different policies and programs for [poverty alleviation](/wiki/Poverty_alleviation \"Poverty alleviation\"), such as [electrification in rural areas](/wiki/Rural_electrification \"Rural electrification\") or [housing first policies](/wiki/Housing_First \"Housing First\") in urban areas. The international policy frameworks for poverty alleviation, established by the [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") in 2015, are summarized in [Sustainable Development Goal 1: \"No Poverty\"](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1 \"Sustainable Development Goal 1\").\n\nSocial forces, such as [gender](/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty \"Feminization of poverty\"), [disability](/wiki/Disability_and_poverty \"Disability and poverty\"), [race and ethnicity](/wiki/Racial_inequality \"Racial inequality\"), can exacerbate issues of poverty—with women, [children](/wiki/Child_poverty \"Child poverty\") and minorities frequently bearing unequal burdens of poverty. Moreover, impoverished individuals are more vulnerable to the effects of other social issues, such as the [environmental effects of industry](/wiki/Environmental_justice \"Environmental justice\") or the [impacts of climate change](/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty \"Climate change and poverty\") or other [natural disasters](/wiki/Natural_disaster \"Natural disaster\") or [extreme weather events](/wiki/Extreme_weather \"Extreme weather\"). Poverty can also make other [social problems](/wiki/Social_problems \"Social problems\") worse; economic pressures on impoverished communities frequently play a part in [deforestation](/wiki/Deforestation \"Deforestation\"), [biodiversity loss](/wiki/Causes_of_biodiversity_loss \"Causes of biodiversity loss\") and [ethnic conflict](/wiki/Ethnic_conflict \"Ethnic conflict\"). For this reason, the UN's [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") and other international policy programs, such as the international recovery from COVID\\-19, emphasize the connection of poverty alleviation with other societal goals.\n\n",
"Definitions and etymology\n-------------------------\n\nThe word *poverty* comes from the old (Norman) French word *poverté* (Modern French: *pauvreté),* from Latin *paupertās* from *pauper* (poor).\n\nThere are several definitions of poverty depending on the context of the situation it is placed in. It usually references a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain [standard of living](/wiki/Standard_of_living \"Standard of living\").\n\n[United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\"): Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one's food or a job to earn one's living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.\n\n[World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\"): Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well\\-being, and comprises many [dimensions](/wiki/Dimension \"Dimension\"). It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for [survival](/wiki/Survival_skills \"Survival skills\") with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one's life.\n\n[European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU): The European Union's definition of poverty is significantly different from definitions in other parts of the world, and consequently policy measures introduced to combat poverty in EU countries also differ from measures in other nations. Poverty is measured in relation to the distribution of income in each member country using relative income poverty lines. Relative\\-income poverty rates in the EU are compiled by the [Eurostat](/wiki/Eurostat \"Eurostat\"), in charge of coordinating, gathering, and disseminating member country [statistics](/wiki/Statistics \"Statistics\") using [European Union](/wiki/European_Union \"European Union\") Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU\\-SILC) surveys.\n\n",
"Measuring poverty\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|The number of people below different poverty lines](/wiki/File:The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg \"The number of people below different poverty lines.svg\")\n\n### Absolute poverty\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|300px\\|[Poverty headcount ratio](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty \"List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty\") at $1\\.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") data ranging from 1998 to 2018\\.](/wiki/File:Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png \"Poverty headcount ratio at 1.90 a day.png\")\n\nAbsolute poverty, often synonymous with '[extreme poverty](/wiki/Extreme_poverty \"Extreme poverty\")' or 'abject poverty', refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. This set standard usually refers to \"a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services.\"UN declaration at World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995 Having an income below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), which is defined as an income needed to purchase basic needs, is also referred to as *primary poverty*.\n\nThe \"dollar a day\" poverty line was first introduced in 1990 as a measure to meet such standards of living. For nations that do not use the US dollar as currency, \"dollar a day\" does not translate to living a day on the equivalent amount of local currency as determined by the [exchange rate](/wiki/Exchange_rate \"Exchange rate\"). Rather, it is determined by the [purchasing power parity](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity \"Purchasing power parity\") rate, which would look at how much local currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States. Usually, this would translate to having less local currency than if the exchange rate were used.\n\nFrom 1993 through 2005, the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") defined absolute poverty as $1\\.08 a day on such a [purchasing power parity](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity \"Purchasing power parity\") basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 US dollar In 2009, it was updated as $1\\.25 a day (equivalent to $1\\.00 a day in 1996 US prices) and in 2015, it was updated as living on less than US$1\\.90 per day, and *moderate poverty* as less than $2 or $5 a day. Similarly, 'ultra\\-poverty' is defined by a 2007 report issued by International Food Policy Research Institute as living on less than 54 cents per day.International Food Policy Research Institute, [The World's Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger](http://www.ifpri.org/publication/worlds-most-deprived) , Washington: IFPRI Oct 2007 The poverty line threshold of $1\\.90 per day, as set by the World Bank, is controversial. Each nation has its own threshold for absolute poverty line; in the United States, for example, the absolute poverty line was US$15\\.15 per day in 2010 (US$22,000 per year for a family of four), while in India it was US$1\\.0 per day and in China the absolute poverty line was US$0\\.55 per day, each on PPP basis in 2010\\. These different poverty lines make data comparison between each nation's official reports qualitatively difficult. Some scholars argue that the World Bank method sets the bar too high, others argue it is too low.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Children of the [Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\")\\-era migrant workers, Arizona, United States, 1937](/wiki/File:Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg \"Children of migrant cotton field workers from Sweetwater, Oklahoma, 8b15324.jpg\")\n\nThere is disagreement among experts as to what would be considered a realistic poverty rate with one considering it \"an inaccurately measured and arbitrary cut off\". Some contend that a higher poverty line is needed, such as a minimum of $7\\.40 or even $10 to $15 a day. They argue that these levels are a minimum for basic needs and to achieve normal [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\").\n\nOne estimate places the true scale of poverty much higher than the World Bank, with an estimated 4\\.3 billion people (59% of the world's population) living with less than $5 a day and unable to meet basic needs adequately. [Philip Alston](/wiki/Philip_Alston \"Philip Alston\"), a [UN special rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur \"United Nations special rapporteur\") on extreme poverty and human rights, stated the World Bank's international poverty line of $1\\.90 a day is fundamentally flawed, and has allowed for \"self congratulatory\" triumphalism in the fight against extreme global poverty, which he asserts is \"completely off track\" and that nearly half of the global population, or 3\\.4 billion, lives on less than $5\\.50 a day, and this number has barely moved since 1990\\. Still others suggest that poverty line misleads because many live on far less than that line.\n\nOther measures of absolute poverty without using a certain dollar amount include the standard defined as receiving less than 80% of minimum caloric intake whilst spending more than 80% of income on food, sometimes called ultra\\-poverty.Lipton, Michael (1986\\), 'Seasonality and ultra\\-poverty', Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17\\.3\n\n### Relative poverty\n\n[thumb\\|Graphical representation of the [Gini coefficient](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\"), a common measure of inequality. The Gini coefficient is equal to the area marked *A* divided by the sum of the areas marked *A* and *B*, that is, .](/wiki/File:Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg \"Economics Gini coefficient2.svg\")\nRelative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on [social context](/wiki/Social_context \"Social context\"). It is argued that the needs considered fundamental is not an objective measure and could change with the custom of society. For example, a person who cannot afford housing better than a small tent in an open field would be said to live in relative poverty if almost everyone else in that area lives in modern brick homes, but not if everyone else also lives in small tents in open fields (for example, in a [nomadic tribe](/wiki/Nomadic_tribe \"Nomadic tribe\")). Since richer nations would have lower levels of absolute poverty, relative poverty is considered the \"most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations\" and is the \"most prominent and most\\-quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators\".\n\nUsually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. This is a calculation of the percentage of people whose family household income falls below the [Poverty Line](/wiki/Poverty_threshold \"Poverty threshold\"). The main poverty line used in the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) is based on \"economic distance\", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income. The United States federal government typically regulates this line to three times the cost of an adequate meal.\n\nThere are several other different [income inequality metrics](/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics \"Income inequality metrics\"), for example, the [Gini coefficient](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\") or the [Theil Index](/wiki/Theil_Index \"Theil Index\").\n\n[thumb\\|Global share of wealth by wealth group —Credit Suisse, 2021](/wiki/File:Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg \"Global Wealth Distribution 2020 (Property).svg\")\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|300px\\|The [Gini coefficient](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\"), a measure of [income inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\"). Based on [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") data ranging from 1992 to 2018\\.](/wiki/File:GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png \"GINI index World Bank up to 2018.png\")\n\n### Other aspects\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|300px\\|World map of countries by [Human Development Index](/wiki/Human_Development_Index \"Human Development Index\") categories in increments of 0\\.050 (based on 2019 data, published in 2020\\)\n\n| | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |](/wiki/File:Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png \"Countries by Human Development Index (2020).png\")\nRather than income, poverty is also measured through individual basic needs at a time. [Life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\") has greatly increased in the developing world since World War II and is starting to close the gap to the developed world. [Child mortality](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\") has decreased in every developing region of the world. The proportion of the world's population living in countries where the daily per\\-capita supply of [food energy](/wiki/Food_energy \"Food energy\") is less than decreased from 56% in the mid\\-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar trends can be observed for literacy, access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.\n\n[thumb\\|An early morning outside the Opera Tavern in Stockholm, with beggars waiting for scraps from the previous day. [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), 1868\\.](/wiki/File:Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg \"Tiggare vid Operakällaren.jpg\")\nPoverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal [social status](/wiki/Social_status \"Social status\") and inequitable social relationships, experienced as social exclusion, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.H Silver, 1994, social exclusion and [social solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28sociology%29 \"Solidarity (sociology)\"), in International Labour Review, 133 5–6G Simmel, The poor, Social Problems 1965 13 Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened connections with the mainstream, such as through the provision of [relational care](/wiki/Relational_care \"Relational care\") to those who are experiencing poverty. The World Bank's \"Voices of the Poor\", based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include abuse by those in power, dis\\-empowering institutions, excluded locations, gender relationships, lack of security, limited capabilities, physical limitations, precarious livelihoods, problems in social relationships, weak community organizations and discrimination. Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished \"capability\" of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of [access to information](/wiki/Information_access \"Information access\"), [education](/wiki/Education \"Education\"), [health care](/wiki/Health_care \"Health care\"), [social capital](/wiki/Social_capital \"Social capital\") or [political power](/wiki/Political_power \"Political power\"). [Relational poverty](/wiki/Relational_poverty \"Relational poverty\") is the idea that societal poverty exists if there is a lack of human relationships. Relational poverty can be the result of a lost contact number, lack of phone ownership, isolation, or deliberate severing of ties with an individual or community. Relational poverty is also understood \"by the social institutions that organize those relationships...poverty is importantly the result of the different terms and conditions on which people are included in social life\".\n\nIn the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), the [second Cameron ministry](/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry \"Second Cameron ministry\") came under attack for its redefinition of poverty; poverty is no longer classified by a family's income, but as to whether a family is in work or not. Considering that two\\-thirds of people who found work were accepting wages that are below the [living wage](/wiki/Living_wage \"Living wage\") (according to the [Joseph Rowntree Foundation](/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation \"Joseph Rowntree Foundation\")) this has been criticised by anti\\-poverty campaigners as an unrealistic view of poverty in the United Kingdom.\n\n#### Secondary poverty\n\nSecondary poverty refers to those that earn enough income to not be impoverished, but who spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as [alcoholic beverages](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage \"Alcoholic beverage\"), thus placing them below it in practice. In 18th\\- and 19th\\-century [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), the practice of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement \"Temperance movement\") among [Methodists](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\"), as well as their rejection of [gambling](/wiki/Gambling%23Religious \"Gambling#Religious\"), allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital. Factors that contribute to secondary poverty includes but are not limited to: alcohol, gambling, tobacco and drugs. [Substance abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\") means that the poor typically spend about 2% of their income educating their children but larger percentages of alcohol and tobacco (for example, 6% in Indonesia and 8% in Mexico).\n\n### Variability\n\nPoverty levels are snapshot pictures in time that omits the transitional dynamics between levels. Mobility statistics supply additional information about the fraction who leave the poverty level. For example, one study finds that in a sixteen\\-year period (1975 to 1991 in the US) only 5% of those in the lower fifth of the income level were still at that level, while 95% transitioned to a higher income category. Poverty levels can remain the same while those who rise out of poverty are replaced by others. The transient poor and chronic poor differ in each society. In a nine\\-year period ending in 2005 for the US, 50% of the poorest quintile transitioned to a higher quintile.\n\n### Global prevalence\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018](/wiki/File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg \"Worlds regions by total wealth(in trillions USD), 2018.jpg\")\n\nAccording to Chen and Ravallion, about 1\\.76 billion people in the developing world lived *above* $1\\.25 per day and 1\\.9 billion people lived *below* $1\\.25 per day in 1981\\. In 2005, about 4\\.09 billion people in the developing world lived above $1\\.25 per day and 1\\.4 billion people lived below $1\\.25 per day (both 1981 and 2005 data are on inflation adjusted basis). The share of the world's population living in absolute poverty fell from 43% in 1981 to 14% in 2011\\. The absolute number of people in poverty fell from 1\\.95 billion in 1981 to 1\\.01 billion in 2011\\. The economist [Max Roser](/wiki/Max_Roser \"Max Roser\") estimates that the number of people in poverty is therefore roughly the same as 200 years ago. This is the case since the world population was just little more than 1 billion in 1820 and the majority (84% to 94%) of the world population was living in poverty. \n\nAccording to one study, the percentage of the world population in hunger and poverty fell in absolute percentage terms from 50% in 1950 to 30% in 1970\\.Origins of the Organic Agriculture Debate By Thomas R. DeGregori, 2008, P.128 According to another study the number of people worldwide living in absolute poverty fell from 1\\.18 billion in 1950 to 1\\.04 billion in 1977\\.Economic Inequality and Poverty International Perspectives Edited by Lars Osberg, 2017, P.71 According to another study, the number of people worldwide estimated to be starving fell from almost 920 million in 1971 to below 797 million in 1997\\. The proportion of the [developing world](/wiki/Developing_world \"Developing world\")'s population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001\\. Most of this improvement has occurred in [East](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\") and [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\").\n\nIn 2012 it was estimated that, using a poverty line of $1\\.25 a day, 1\\.2 billion people lived in poverty.Ravallion, Martin. [\"How long will it take to lift one billion people out of poverty?.\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170123164200/https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article-abstract/28/2/139/1675043/How-Long-Will-It-Take-to-Lift-One-Billion-People#cited-by) *The World Bank Research Observer* 28\\.2 (2013\\): 139\\. Given the current economic model, built on [GDP](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\"), it would take 100 years to bring the world's poorest up to the poverty line of $1\\.25 a day.[Jason Hickel](/wiki/Jason_Hickel \"Jason Hickel\") (30 March 2015\\). [It will take 100 years for the world's poorest people to earn $1\\.25 a day](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day) . *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\").* Retrieved 31 March 2015\\. [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") estimates half the world's children (or 1\\.1 billion) live in poverty. The World Bank forecasted in 2015 that [702\\.1 million people](/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_%28World_Bank%29 \"Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)\") were living in extreme poverty, down from 1\\.75 billion in 1990\\. Extreme poverty is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies. Of the 2015 population, about 347\\.1 million people (35\\.2%) lived in [Sub\\-Saharan Africa](/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_%28World_Bank%29 \"Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)\") and 231\\.3 million (13\\.5%) lived in [South Asia](/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_%28World_Bank%29 \"Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)\"). According to the World Bank, between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty fell from 37\\.1% to 9\\.6%, falling below 10% for the first time.\n\nDuring the 2013 to 2015 period, the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank_Group \"World Bank Group\") reported that extreme poverty fell from 11% to 10%, however they also noted that the rate of decline had slowed by nearly half from the 25 year average with parts of sub\\-saharan Africa returning to early 2000 levels. The World Bank attributed this to increasing violence following the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\"), [population increases](/wiki/Population_growth \"Population growth\") in Sub\\-Saharan Africa, and general African inflationary pressures and economic malaise were the primary drivers for this slow down. Many wealthy nations have seen an increase in relative poverty rates ever since the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"), in particular among children from impoverished families who often reside in substandard housing and find educational opportunities out of reach. It has been argued by some academics that the [neoliberal](/wiki/Neoliberal \"Neoliberal\") policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the [IMF](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty.\n\nIn East Asia the World Bank reported that \"The poverty headcount rate at the $2\\-a\\-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent \\[in 2007], down from 29\\.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990\\.\" The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") accounts for over three quarters of global poverty reduction from 1990 to 2005, which according to the World Bank is \"historically unprecedented\". China accounted for nearly half of all [extreme poverty](/wiki/Extreme_poverty \"Extreme poverty\") in 1990\\.\n\nIn Sub\\-Saharan Africa extreme poverty went up from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001, which combined with growing population increased the number of people living in extreme poverty from 231 million to 318 million. Statistics of 2018 shows population living in extreme conditions has declined by more than 1 billion in the last 25 years. As per the report published by the world bank on 19 September 2018 world poverty falls below 750 million.\n\nIn the early 1990s some of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income. The [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Collapse of the Soviet Union\") resulted in large declines in GDP per capita, of about 30 to 35% between 1990 and the through year of 1998 (when it was at its minimum). As a result, poverty rates tripled, excess mortality increased, and life expectancy declined. Russian President [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\")'s [IMF](/wiki/IMF \"IMF\")\\-backed rapid [privatization](/wiki/Privatization \"Privatization\") and [austerity](/wiki/Austerity \"Austerity\") policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s. By 1999, during the peak of the poverty crisis, 191 million people were living on less than $5\\.50 a day. In subsequent years as per capita incomes recovered the poverty rate dropped from 31\\.4% of the population to 19\\.6%. The average post\\-communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per\\-capita GDP by 2005, although as of 2015 some are still far behind that. According to the World Bank in 2014, around 80 million people were still living on less than $5\\.00 a day.\n\nWorld Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world except Middle East and North Africa since 1990:The data can be replicated using World Bank 2007 Human Development Indicator regional tables, and using the default poverty line of $32\\.74 per month at 1993 PPP.\n\nIn July 2023, a group of over 200 economists from 67 countries, including [Jayati Ghosh](/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh \"Jayati Ghosh\"), [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz \"Joseph Stiglitz\") and [Thomas Piketty](/wiki/Thomas_Piketty \"Thomas Piketty\"), sent a letter to the United Nations secretary general [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres \"António Guterres\") and World Bank president [Ajay Banga](/wiki/Ajay_Banga \"Ajay Banga\") warning that \"extreme poverty and extreme wealth have risen sharply and simultaneously for the first time in 25 years.\" In 2024, Oxfam reported that roughly five billion people have become poorer since 2020 and warned that current trends could postpone global poverty eradication for 229 years.\n\n| **Region** | $2\\.15 per day | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1981 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2018 | 2019 |\n| East Asia and Pacific | 83\\.5% | 65\\.8% | 39\\.5% | 13\\.3% | 1\\.6% | 1\\.2% |\n| Europe and Central Asia | — | — | 9\\.1% | 4\\.1% | 2\\.3% | 2\\.3% |\n| Latin America and the Caribbean | 15\\.1% | 16\\.8% | 13\\.5% | 6\\.4% | 4\\.3% | 4\\.3% |\n| Middle East and North Africa | — | 6\\.5% | 3\\.5% | 1\\.9% | 9\\.6% | — |\n| South Asia | 58% | 49\\.8% | — | 26% | 10\\.1% | 8\\.6% |\n| Sub\\-Saharan Africa | — | 53\\.8% | 56\\.5% | 42\\.2% | 35\\.4% | 34\\.9% |\n| World | 43\\.6% | 37\\.9% | 29\\.3% | 16\\.3% | 9% | 8\\.5% |\n\n",
"### Absolute poverty\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|300px\\|[Poverty headcount ratio](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty \"List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty\") at $1\\.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") data ranging from 1998 to 2018\\.](/wiki/File:Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png \"Poverty headcount ratio at 1.90 a day.png\")\n\nAbsolute poverty, often synonymous with '[extreme poverty](/wiki/Extreme_poverty \"Extreme poverty\")' or 'abject poverty', refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. This set standard usually refers to \"a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services.\"UN declaration at World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995 Having an income below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), which is defined as an income needed to purchase basic needs, is also referred to as *primary poverty*.\n\nThe \"dollar a day\" poverty line was first introduced in 1990 as a measure to meet such standards of living. For nations that do not use the US dollar as currency, \"dollar a day\" does not translate to living a day on the equivalent amount of local currency as determined by the [exchange rate](/wiki/Exchange_rate \"Exchange rate\"). Rather, it is determined by the [purchasing power parity](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity \"Purchasing power parity\") rate, which would look at how much local currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States. Usually, this would translate to having less local currency than if the exchange rate were used.\n\nFrom 1993 through 2005, the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") defined absolute poverty as $1\\.08 a day on such a [purchasing power parity](/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity \"Purchasing power parity\") basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 US dollar In 2009, it was updated as $1\\.25 a day (equivalent to $1\\.00 a day in 1996 US prices) and in 2015, it was updated as living on less than US$1\\.90 per day, and *moderate poverty* as less than $2 or $5 a day. Similarly, 'ultra\\-poverty' is defined by a 2007 report issued by International Food Policy Research Institute as living on less than 54 cents per day.International Food Policy Research Institute, [The World's Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger](http://www.ifpri.org/publication/worlds-most-deprived) , Washington: IFPRI Oct 2007 The poverty line threshold of $1\\.90 per day, as set by the World Bank, is controversial. Each nation has its own threshold for absolute poverty line; in the United States, for example, the absolute poverty line was US$15\\.15 per day in 2010 (US$22,000 per year for a family of four), while in India it was US$1\\.0 per day and in China the absolute poverty line was US$0\\.55 per day, each on PPP basis in 2010\\. These different poverty lines make data comparison between each nation's official reports qualitatively difficult. Some scholars argue that the World Bank method sets the bar too high, others argue it is too low.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Children of the [Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\")\\-era migrant workers, Arizona, United States, 1937](/wiki/File:Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg \"Children of migrant cotton field workers from Sweetwater, Oklahoma, 8b15324.jpg\")\n\nThere is disagreement among experts as to what would be considered a realistic poverty rate with one considering it \"an inaccurately measured and arbitrary cut off\". Some contend that a higher poverty line is needed, such as a minimum of $7\\.40 or even $10 to $15 a day. They argue that these levels are a minimum for basic needs and to achieve normal [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\").\n\nOne estimate places the true scale of poverty much higher than the World Bank, with an estimated 4\\.3 billion people (59% of the world's population) living with less than $5 a day and unable to meet basic needs adequately. [Philip Alston](/wiki/Philip_Alston \"Philip Alston\"), a [UN special rapporteur](/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur \"United Nations special rapporteur\") on extreme poverty and human rights, stated the World Bank's international poverty line of $1\\.90 a day is fundamentally flawed, and has allowed for \"self congratulatory\" triumphalism in the fight against extreme global poverty, which he asserts is \"completely off track\" and that nearly half of the global population, or 3\\.4 billion, lives on less than $5\\.50 a day, and this number has barely moved since 1990\\. Still others suggest that poverty line misleads because many live on far less than that line.\n\nOther measures of absolute poverty without using a certain dollar amount include the standard defined as receiving less than 80% of minimum caloric intake whilst spending more than 80% of income on food, sometimes called ultra\\-poverty.Lipton, Michael (1986\\), 'Seasonality and ultra\\-poverty', Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17\\.3\n\n",
"### Relative poverty\n\n[thumb\\|Graphical representation of the [Gini coefficient](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\"), a common measure of inequality. The Gini coefficient is equal to the area marked *A* divided by the sum of the areas marked *A* and *B*, that is, .](/wiki/File:Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg \"Economics Gini coefficient2.svg\")\nRelative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on [social context](/wiki/Social_context \"Social context\"). It is argued that the needs considered fundamental is not an objective measure and could change with the custom of society. For example, a person who cannot afford housing better than a small tent in an open field would be said to live in relative poverty if almost everyone else in that area lives in modern brick homes, but not if everyone else also lives in small tents in open fields (for example, in a [nomadic tribe](/wiki/Nomadic_tribe \"Nomadic tribe\")). Since richer nations would have lower levels of absolute poverty, relative poverty is considered the \"most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations\" and is the \"most prominent and most\\-quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators\".\n\nUsually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. This is a calculation of the percentage of people whose family household income falls below the [Poverty Line](/wiki/Poverty_threshold \"Poverty threshold\"). The main poverty line used in the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) is based on \"economic distance\", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income. The United States federal government typically regulates this line to three times the cost of an adequate meal.\n\nThere are several other different [income inequality metrics](/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics \"Income inequality metrics\"), for example, the [Gini coefficient](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\") or the [Theil Index](/wiki/Theil_Index \"Theil Index\").\n\n[thumb\\|Global share of wealth by wealth group —Credit Suisse, 2021](/wiki/File:Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg \"Global Wealth Distribution 2020 (Property).svg\")\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|300px\\|The [Gini coefficient](/wiki/Gini_coefficient \"Gini coefficient\"), a measure of [income inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\"). Based on [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") data ranging from 1992 to 2018\\.](/wiki/File:GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png \"GINI index World Bank up to 2018.png\")\n\n",
"### Other aspects\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|300px\\|World map of countries by [Human Development Index](/wiki/Human_Development_Index \"Human Development Index\") categories in increments of 0\\.050 (based on 2019 data, published in 2020\\)\n\n| | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |](/wiki/File:Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png \"Countries by Human Development Index (2020).png\")\nRather than income, poverty is also measured through individual basic needs at a time. [Life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\") has greatly increased in the developing world since World War II and is starting to close the gap to the developed world. [Child mortality](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\") has decreased in every developing region of the world. The proportion of the world's population living in countries where the daily per\\-capita supply of [food energy](/wiki/Food_energy \"Food energy\") is less than decreased from 56% in the mid\\-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar trends can be observed for literacy, access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.\n\n[thumb\\|An early morning outside the Opera Tavern in Stockholm, with beggars waiting for scraps from the previous day. [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), 1868\\.](/wiki/File:Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg \"Tiggare vid Operakällaren.jpg\")\nPoverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal [social status](/wiki/Social_status \"Social status\") and inequitable social relationships, experienced as social exclusion, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.H Silver, 1994, social exclusion and [social solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28sociology%29 \"Solidarity (sociology)\"), in International Labour Review, 133 5–6G Simmel, The poor, Social Problems 1965 13 Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened connections with the mainstream, such as through the provision of [relational care](/wiki/Relational_care \"Relational care\") to those who are experiencing poverty. The World Bank's \"Voices of the Poor\", based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include abuse by those in power, dis\\-empowering institutions, excluded locations, gender relationships, lack of security, limited capabilities, physical limitations, precarious livelihoods, problems in social relationships, weak community organizations and discrimination. Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished \"capability\" of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of [access to information](/wiki/Information_access \"Information access\"), [education](/wiki/Education \"Education\"), [health care](/wiki/Health_care \"Health care\"), [social capital](/wiki/Social_capital \"Social capital\") or [political power](/wiki/Political_power \"Political power\"). [Relational poverty](/wiki/Relational_poverty \"Relational poverty\") is the idea that societal poverty exists if there is a lack of human relationships. Relational poverty can be the result of a lost contact number, lack of phone ownership, isolation, or deliberate severing of ties with an individual or community. Relational poverty is also understood \"by the social institutions that organize those relationships...poverty is importantly the result of the different terms and conditions on which people are included in social life\".\n\nIn the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\"), the [second Cameron ministry](/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry \"Second Cameron ministry\") came under attack for its redefinition of poverty; poverty is no longer classified by a family's income, but as to whether a family is in work or not. Considering that two\\-thirds of people who found work were accepting wages that are below the [living wage](/wiki/Living_wage \"Living wage\") (according to the [Joseph Rowntree Foundation](/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation \"Joseph Rowntree Foundation\")) this has been criticised by anti\\-poverty campaigners as an unrealistic view of poverty in the United Kingdom.\n\n#### Secondary poverty\n\nSecondary poverty refers to those that earn enough income to not be impoverished, but who spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as [alcoholic beverages](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage \"Alcoholic beverage\"), thus placing them below it in practice. In 18th\\- and 19th\\-century [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), the practice of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement \"Temperance movement\") among [Methodists](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\"), as well as their rejection of [gambling](/wiki/Gambling%23Religious \"Gambling#Religious\"), allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital. Factors that contribute to secondary poverty includes but are not limited to: alcohol, gambling, tobacco and drugs. [Substance abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\") means that the poor typically spend about 2% of their income educating their children but larger percentages of alcohol and tobacco (for example, 6% in Indonesia and 8% in Mexico).\n\n",
"#### Secondary poverty\n\nSecondary poverty refers to those that earn enough income to not be impoverished, but who spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as [alcoholic beverages](/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage \"Alcoholic beverage\"), thus placing them below it in practice. In 18th\\- and 19th\\-century [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\"), the practice of [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement \"Temperance movement\") among [Methodists](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\"), as well as their rejection of [gambling](/wiki/Gambling%23Religious \"Gambling#Religious\"), allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital. Factors that contribute to secondary poverty includes but are not limited to: alcohol, gambling, tobacco and drugs. [Substance abuse](/wiki/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\") means that the poor typically spend about 2% of their income educating their children but larger percentages of alcohol and tobacco (for example, 6% in Indonesia and 8% in Mexico).\n\n",
"### Variability\n\nPoverty levels are snapshot pictures in time that omits the transitional dynamics between levels. Mobility statistics supply additional information about the fraction who leave the poverty level. For example, one study finds that in a sixteen\\-year period (1975 to 1991 in the US) only 5% of those in the lower fifth of the income level were still at that level, while 95% transitioned to a higher income category. Poverty levels can remain the same while those who rise out of poverty are replaced by others. The transient poor and chronic poor differ in each society. In a nine\\-year period ending in 2005 for the US, 50% of the poorest quintile transitioned to a higher quintile.\n\n",
"### Global prevalence\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018](/wiki/File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg \"Worlds regions by total wealth(in trillions USD), 2018.jpg\")\n\nAccording to Chen and Ravallion, about 1\\.76 billion people in the developing world lived *above* $1\\.25 per day and 1\\.9 billion people lived *below* $1\\.25 per day in 1981\\. In 2005, about 4\\.09 billion people in the developing world lived above $1\\.25 per day and 1\\.4 billion people lived below $1\\.25 per day (both 1981 and 2005 data are on inflation adjusted basis). The share of the world's population living in absolute poverty fell from 43% in 1981 to 14% in 2011\\. The absolute number of people in poverty fell from 1\\.95 billion in 1981 to 1\\.01 billion in 2011\\. The economist [Max Roser](/wiki/Max_Roser \"Max Roser\") estimates that the number of people in poverty is therefore roughly the same as 200 years ago. This is the case since the world population was just little more than 1 billion in 1820 and the majority (84% to 94%) of the world population was living in poverty. \n\nAccording to one study, the percentage of the world population in hunger and poverty fell in absolute percentage terms from 50% in 1950 to 30% in 1970\\.Origins of the Organic Agriculture Debate By Thomas R. DeGregori, 2008, P.128 According to another study the number of people worldwide living in absolute poverty fell from 1\\.18 billion in 1950 to 1\\.04 billion in 1977\\.Economic Inequality and Poverty International Perspectives Edited by Lars Osberg, 2017, P.71 According to another study, the number of people worldwide estimated to be starving fell from almost 920 million in 1971 to below 797 million in 1997\\. The proportion of the [developing world](/wiki/Developing_world \"Developing world\")'s population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001\\. Most of this improvement has occurred in [East](/wiki/East_Asia \"East Asia\") and [South Asia](/wiki/South_Asia \"South Asia\").\n\nIn 2012 it was estimated that, using a poverty line of $1\\.25 a day, 1\\.2 billion people lived in poverty.Ravallion, Martin. [\"How long will it take to lift one billion people out of poverty?.\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170123164200/https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article-abstract/28/2/139/1675043/How-Long-Will-It-Take-to-Lift-One-Billion-People#cited-by) *The World Bank Research Observer* 28\\.2 (2013\\): 139\\. Given the current economic model, built on [GDP](/wiki/Gross_domestic_product \"Gross domestic product\"), it would take 100 years to bring the world's poorest up to the poverty line of $1\\.25 a day.[Jason Hickel](/wiki/Jason_Hickel \"Jason Hickel\") (30 March 2015\\). [It will take 100 years for the world's poorest people to earn $1\\.25 a day](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day) . *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\").* Retrieved 31 March 2015\\. [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") estimates half the world's children (or 1\\.1 billion) live in poverty. The World Bank forecasted in 2015 that [702\\.1 million people](/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_%28World_Bank%29 \"Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)\") were living in extreme poverty, down from 1\\.75 billion in 1990\\. Extreme poverty is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies. Of the 2015 population, about 347\\.1 million people (35\\.2%) lived in [Sub\\-Saharan Africa](/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_%28World_Bank%29 \"Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)\") and 231\\.3 million (13\\.5%) lived in [South Asia](/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_%28World_Bank%29 \"Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)\"). According to the World Bank, between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty fell from 37\\.1% to 9\\.6%, falling below 10% for the first time.\n\nDuring the 2013 to 2015 period, the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank_Group \"World Bank Group\") reported that extreme poverty fell from 11% to 10%, however they also noted that the rate of decline had slowed by nearly half from the 25 year average with parts of sub\\-saharan Africa returning to early 2000 levels. The World Bank attributed this to increasing violence following the [Arab Spring](/wiki/Arab_Spring \"Arab Spring\"), [population increases](/wiki/Population_growth \"Population growth\") in Sub\\-Saharan Africa, and general African inflationary pressures and economic malaise were the primary drivers for this slow down. Many wealthy nations have seen an increase in relative poverty rates ever since the [Great Recession](/wiki/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"), in particular among children from impoverished families who often reside in substandard housing and find educational opportunities out of reach. It has been argued by some academics that the [neoliberal](/wiki/Neoliberal \"Neoliberal\") policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the [IMF](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty.\n\nIn East Asia the World Bank reported that \"The poverty headcount rate at the $2\\-a\\-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent \\[in 2007], down from 29\\.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990\\.\" The [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China \"People's Republic of China\") accounts for over three quarters of global poverty reduction from 1990 to 2005, which according to the World Bank is \"historically unprecedented\". China accounted for nearly half of all [extreme poverty](/wiki/Extreme_poverty \"Extreme poverty\") in 1990\\.\n\nIn Sub\\-Saharan Africa extreme poverty went up from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001, which combined with growing population increased the number of people living in extreme poverty from 231 million to 318 million. Statistics of 2018 shows population living in extreme conditions has declined by more than 1 billion in the last 25 years. As per the report published by the world bank on 19 September 2018 world poverty falls below 750 million.\n\nIn the early 1990s some of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income. The [collapse of the Soviet Union](/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Collapse of the Soviet Union\") resulted in large declines in GDP per capita, of about 30 to 35% between 1990 and the through year of 1998 (when it was at its minimum). As a result, poverty rates tripled, excess mortality increased, and life expectancy declined. Russian President [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\")'s [IMF](/wiki/IMF \"IMF\")\\-backed rapid [privatization](/wiki/Privatization \"Privatization\") and [austerity](/wiki/Austerity \"Austerity\") policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s. By 1999, during the peak of the poverty crisis, 191 million people were living on less than $5\\.50 a day. In subsequent years as per capita incomes recovered the poverty rate dropped from 31\\.4% of the population to 19\\.6%. The average post\\-communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per\\-capita GDP by 2005, although as of 2015 some are still far behind that. According to the World Bank in 2014, around 80 million people were still living on less than $5\\.00 a day.\n\nWorld Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world except Middle East and North Africa since 1990:The data can be replicated using World Bank 2007 Human Development Indicator regional tables, and using the default poverty line of $32\\.74 per month at 1993 PPP.\n\nIn July 2023, a group of over 200 economists from 67 countries, including [Jayati Ghosh](/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh \"Jayati Ghosh\"), [Joseph Stiglitz](/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz \"Joseph Stiglitz\") and [Thomas Piketty](/wiki/Thomas_Piketty \"Thomas Piketty\"), sent a letter to the United Nations secretary general [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres \"António Guterres\") and World Bank president [Ajay Banga](/wiki/Ajay_Banga \"Ajay Banga\") warning that \"extreme poverty and extreme wealth have risen sharply and simultaneously for the first time in 25 years.\" In 2024, Oxfam reported that roughly five billion people have become poorer since 2020 and warned that current trends could postpone global poverty eradication for 229 years.\n\n| **Region** | $2\\.15 per day | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1981 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2018 | 2019 |\n| East Asia and Pacific | 83\\.5% | 65\\.8% | 39\\.5% | 13\\.3% | 1\\.6% | 1\\.2% |\n| Europe and Central Asia | — | — | 9\\.1% | 4\\.1% | 2\\.3% | 2\\.3% |\n| Latin America and the Caribbean | 15\\.1% | 16\\.8% | 13\\.5% | 6\\.4% | 4\\.3% | 4\\.3% |\n| Middle East and North Africa | — | 6\\.5% | 3\\.5% | 1\\.9% | 9\\.6% | — |\n| South Asia | 58% | 49\\.8% | — | 26% | 10\\.1% | 8\\.6% |\n| Sub\\-Saharan Africa | — | 53\\.8% | 56\\.5% | 42\\.2% | 35\\.4% | 34\\.9% |\n| World | 43\\.6% | 37\\.9% | 29\\.3% | 16\\.3% | 9% | 8\\.5% |\n\n",
"Characteristics\n---------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Life expectancy has been increasing and converging for most of the world. Sub\\-Saharan Africa has recently seen a decline, partly related to the [AIDS epidemic](/wiki/AIDS_epidemic \"AIDS epidemic\"). Graph shows the years 1950–2005\\.](/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png \"Life expectancy 1950-2005.png\")\nThe effects of poverty may also be causes as listed above, thus creating a \"poverty cycle\" operating across multiple levels, individual, local, national and global.[thumb\\|right\\|A [Somali](/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War \"Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War\") boy receiving treatment for malnourishment at a health facility](/wiki/File:VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg \"VOA Heinlein - Somali refugees September 2011 - 09.jpg\")\n\n### Health\n\n[thumb\\|[Life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\"), 2016\\|alt\\=\\|300px](/wiki/File:Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg \"Expectancy of life CIA2016.svg\")\nOne\\-third of deaths around the world—some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day—are due to poverty\\-related causes. People living in developing nations, among them women and children, are over represented among the global poor and these effects of severe poverty. Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even [starvation](/wiki/Starvation \"Starvation\") and disease, as well as lower [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\"). According to the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\"), [hunger](/wiki/Hunger \"Hunger\") and [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\") are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to [child mortality](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\"), present in half of all cases.\n\nAlmost 90% of [maternal deaths](/wiki/Maternal_death \"Maternal death\") during childbirth occur in Asia and sub\\-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world. Those who live in poverty have also been shown to have a far greater likelihood of having or incurring a [disability](/wiki/Disability_and_Poverty \"Disability and Poverty\") within their lifetime. [Infectious diseases](/wiki/Infectious_diseases \"Infectious diseases\") such as [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\") and [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") can perpetuate poverty by diverting health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1\\.3% in some [developing nations](/wiki/Developing_country \"Developing country\") and AIDS decreases African growth by 0\\.3–1\\.5% annually.\n\nStudies have shown that poverty impedes cognitive function although some of these findings could not be replicated in follow\\-up studies. One hypothesised mechanism is that financial worries put a severe burden on one's mental resources so that they are no longer fully available for solving complicated problems. The reduced capability for problem solving can lead to suboptimal decisions and further perpetuate poverty. Many other pathways from poverty to compromised cognitive capacities have been noted, from poor nutrition and environmental toxins to the effects of stress on parenting behavior, all of which lead to suboptimal psychological development. Neuroscientists have documented the impact of poverty on brain structure and function throughout the lifespan.\n\nInfectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world. 36\\.8 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 954,492 deaths in 2017\\.\n\nPoor people often are more prone to severe diseases due to the lack of health care, and due to living in non\\-optimal conditions. Among the poor, girls tend to suffer even more due to gender discrimination. Economic stability is paramount in a poor household; otherwise they go in an endless loop of negative income trying to treat diseases. Often when a person in a poor household falls ill it is up to the family members to take care of them due to limited access to health care and lack of health insurance. The household members often have to give up their income or stop seeking further education to tend to the sick member. There is a greater [opportunity cost](/wiki/Opportunity_cost \"Opportunity cost\") imposed on the poor to tend to someone compared to someone with better financial stability. Increased access to healthcare and improved health outcomes help prevent individuals from falling into poverty due to medical expenses.\n\n#### Hunger\n\n[thumb\\|Percentage of population suffering from hunger, [World Food Programme](/wiki/World_Food_Programme \"World Food Programme\"), 2020\\|alt\\=\\|300px](/wiki/File:Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg \"Hunger Map 2020 World Food Programme.svg\")\n\nIt is estimated that 1\\.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night. According to the [Global Hunger Index](/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index \"Global Hunger Index\"), Sub\\-Saharan Africa had the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions over the 2001–2006 period.\n\nPoor people spend a [greater portion of their budgets](/wiki/Engel%27s_law \"Engel's law\") on food than wealthy people and, as a result, they can be particularly vulnerable to increases in [food prices](/wiki/Food_prices \"Food prices\"). For example, in late 2007, increases in the price of grains led to [food riots](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis \"2007–2008 world food price crisis\") in some countries. Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the [water crisis](/wiki/Water_security \"Water security\"). [Intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming \"Intensive farming\") often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of [soil fertility](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") and decline of [agricultural yields](/wiki/Agricultural_yields \"Agricultural yields\").*Exploitation and Over\\-exploitation in Societies Past and Present*, Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann Approximately 40% of the world's [agricultural land](/wiki/Agricultural_land \"Agricultural land\") is seriously degraded. Goal 2 of the [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") is the elimination of hunger and undernutrition by 2030\\.\n\n#### Mental health\n\n[upright\\=1\\.15\\|thumb\\|right\\|A Venezuelan eating from garbage during the [crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela](/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela \"Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela\")](/wiki/File:Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg \"Venezuelan eating from garbage.jpg\")\n\nA psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to perform worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, and exposure to criminal activities all [contribute to mental disorders](/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders%23Poverty \"Causes of mental disorders#Poverty\"). This study also found that children exposed to poverty\\-stricken environments have slower cognitive thinking. It is seen that children perform better under the care of their parents and that children tend to adopt speaking language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, it is seen that children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain cognitive abilities compared to other average families.\n\nFor a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under three need \"A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20 hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities\". In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged [inner cities](/wiki/Inner_city \"Inner city\") said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. Citing: 51% of fifth graders from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") (median income for a household: $27,133\\) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127\\). Citing: ; and, Richters, J.E., \\& Martinez, P. (1993\\). Studies have shown that poverty changes the personalities of children who live in it. The [Great Smoky Mountains Study](/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Study \"Great Smoky Mountains Study\") was a ten\\-year study that was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one\\-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased.\n\n### Education\n\nResearch has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low\\-income housing circumstances. This is often a process that begins in primary school. Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries, tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a result, children in poverty are at a higher risk than advantaged children for retention in their grade, special deleterious placements during the school's hours and not completing their high school education. Advantage breeds advantage.Raghuram G. Rajan (2012\\). [Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy.](https://www.amazon.com/Fault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback/dp/B00OX8KPE6) Published by: Collins Business There are many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. One is the conditions in which they attend school. Schools in poverty\\-stricken areas have conditions that hinder children from learning in a safe environment. Researchers have developed a name for areas like this: an *urban war zone* is a poor, crime\\-laden district in which deteriorated, violent, even warlike conditions and underfunded, largely ineffective schools promote inferior academic performance, including irregular attendance and disruptive or non\\-compliant classroom behavior.Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., \\& Pardo, C. (1992\\). *Children in Danger: Coping with the Consequences*. San Francisco: Jossey\\-Bass. Print. Because of poverty, \"Students from low\\-income families are 2\\.4 times more likely to drop out than middle\\-income kids, and over 10 times more likely than high\\-income peers to drop out.\"\n\nFor children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as [juvenile delinquency](/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency \"Juvenile delinquency\") rates, higher levels of [teenage pregnancy](/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy \"Teenage pregnancy\"), and economic dependency upon their low\\-income parent or parents.Huston, A. C. (1991\\). Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy. Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press \"Cambridge University Press\").\nFamilies and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health and well\\-being are major issues to address since education from preschool to high school is identifiably meaningful in a life.\n[thumb\\|Out of school child](/wiki/File:Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf \"Situation Analysis of Out-of-School Children in Nine Southeast Asian Countries.pdf\")\nPoverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's \"home activities, preferences, mannerisms\" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not do these, students are at a disadvantage in the school and, most importantly, the classroom.Solley, Bobbie A. (2005\\). When Poverty's Children Write: Celebrating Strengths, Transforming Lives. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Inc. Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from school. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. These illnesses could potentially restrict a student's focus and concentration.\n\nIn general, the interaction of [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") with poverty or location tends to work to the disadvantage of [girls](/wiki/Girl \"Girl\") in poorer countries with low completion rates and social expectations that they marry early, and to the disadvantage of [boys](/wiki/Boy \"Boy\") in richer countries with high completion rates but social expectations that they enter the [labour force](/wiki/Labour_force \"Labour force\") early. At the [primary education](/wiki/Primary_education \"Primary education\") level, most countries with a completion rate below 60% exhibit [gender disparity](/wiki/Gender_disparity \"Gender disparity\") at girls' expense, particularly poor and rural girls. In Mauritania, the adjusted gender parity index is 0\\.86 on average, but only 0\\.63 for the poorest 20%, while there is parity among the richest 20%. In countries with completion rates between 60% and 80%, gender disparity is generally smaller, but disparity at the expense of poor girls is especially marked in [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon \"Cameroon\"), [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") and [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen \"Yemen\"). Exceptions in the opposite direction are observed in countries with pastoralist economies that rely on boys' labour, such as the [Kingdom of Eswatini](/wiki/Eswatini \"Eswatini\"), [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho \"Lesotho\") and [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia \"Namibia\").\n\n### Shelter\n\n[thumb\\|Homeless family in Kolkata, India\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg \"Kolkata (4131122903).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Street child in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"). Aiding relatives financially unable to but willing to take in orphans is found to be more effective by cost and welfare than orphanages.](/wiki/File:Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg \"Street Child, Srimangal Railway Station.jpg\")\nThe [right to housing](/wiki/Right_to_housing \"Right to housing\") is argued to be a [human right](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\").Desmond, Matthew (2016\\). *Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City*. Crown Books. Bratt, Rachel G. (Editor), Stone, Michael E. (Editor), Hartman, Chester (Editor). 2006\\. *A Right to Housing: Foundation for a New Social Agenda*. Temple University Press. [Higher density](/wiki/High_density_housing \"High density housing\") and [lower cost housing](/wiki/Affordable_housing \"Affordable housing\") affords low\\-income families and first\\-time homebuyers with more and less expensive shelter opportunities, reducing economic inequality.\n\nThe geographic concentration of poverty is argued to be a factor in entrenching poverty. William J. Wilson's \"concentration and isolation\" hypothesis states that the economic difficulties of the very poorest African Americans are compounded by the fact that as the better\\-off African Americans move out, the poorest are more and more concentrated, having only other very poor people as neighbors. This concentration causes social isolation, Wilson suggests, because the very poor are now isolated from access to the job networks, role models, institutions, and other connections that might help them escape poverty.Wilson, William J. 1987\\. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") means converting an aging neighborhood into a more affluent one, as by remodeling homes. Landlords then increase rent on newly renovated real estate; the poor people cannot afford to pay high rent, and may need to leave their neighborhood to find affordable housing.Moss, Jeremiah. 24 July 2018\\. Vanishing New York: How a Great City Lost Its Soul. HarperCollins Publishers. The poor also get more access to income and services, while studies suggest poor residents living in gentrifying neighbourhoods are actually less likely to move than poor residents of non\\-gentrifying areas.\n\nPoverty increases the risk of [homelessness](/wiki/Homelessness \"Homelessness\"). Slum\\-dwellers, who make up a third of the world's urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the [developing world](/wiki/Developing_world \"Developing world\"), according to a report by the United Nations.\n\nThere are over 100 million [street children](/wiki/Street_children \"Street children\") worldwide. Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. It is speculated that, flush with money, for\\-profit orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Many child advocates maintain that this can harm children's [development](/wiki/Child_development \"Child development\") by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans.\n\n### Utilities\n\n[upright\\=0\\.7\\|thumb\\|Affordable household toilets near [Jaipur, Rajasthan](/wiki/Jaipur%2C_Rajasthan \"Jaipur, Rajasthan\")](/wiki/File:Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG \"Toilet at a Village near Jaipur installed by Pronto Panels.JPG\")\nThe poor tend to pay more for access to utilities and ensuring the availability of water, sanitation, energy, and telecommunication services such as broadband internet service help in reducing poverty in general.\n\n#### Water and sanitation\n\nAs of 2012, 2\\.5 billion people lack access to sanitation services and 15% practice [open defecation](/wiki/Open_defecation \"Open defecation\").WHO and UNICEF [*Progress on Drinking\\-water and Sanitation: 2012 Update*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120328173008/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-report-2012-en.pdf), WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, p. 2 Even while providing latrines is a challenge, people still do not use them even when available. Bangladesh had half the GDP per capita of India but has a lower mortality from diarrhea than India or the world average, with diarrhea deaths declining by 90% since the 1990s. By strategically providing pit latrines to the poorest, charities in Bangladesh sparked a cultural change as those better off perceived it as an issue of status to not use one. The vast majority of the latrines built were then not from charities but by villagers themselves.\n\nWater utility subsidies tend to subsidize water consumption by those connected to the supply grid, which is typically skewed towards the richer and urban segment of the population and those outside informal housing. As a result of heavy consumption subsidies, the price of water decreases to the extent that only 30%, on average, of the supplying costs in developing countries is covered.\nThis results in a lack of incentive to maintain delivery systems, leading to losses from leaks annually that are enough for 200 million people.\nThis also leads to a lack of incentive to invest in expanding the network, resulting in much of the poor population being unconnected to the network. Instead, the poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price. However, subsidies for laying new connections to the network rather than for consumption have shown more promise for the poor.\n\n#### Energy\n\n### Financial services\n\nFor low\\-income individuals and families, access to [credit](/wiki/Credit \"Credit\") can be limited, [predatory](/wiki/Predatory_lending \"Predatory lending\"), or both, making it difficult to find the financial resources they need to invest in their futures.\n\n### Prejudice and exploitation\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|The urban poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price.Cultural](/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg \"Oxfam East Africa - SomalilandDrought022.jpg\") factors, such as discrimination of various kinds, can negatively affect productivity such as [age discrimination](/wiki/Ageism \"Ageism\"), [stereotyping](/wiki/Stereotype \"Stereotype\"), discrimination against people with physical disability,Filmer, D. (2008\\), \"Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries: results from 14 household surveys\", *The World Bank Economic Review*, 22(1\\), pp. 141–163\n Yeo, R. (2005\\), [Disability, poverty and the new development agenda](http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf) , Disability Knowledge and Research, UK Government, pp. 1–33* [gender discrimination](/wiki/Sexism \"Sexism\"), [racial discrimination](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), and [caste discrimination](/wiki/Caste \"Caste\"). [Children](/wiki/Child_poverty \"Child poverty\") are more than twice as likely to live in poverty as adults. Women are the group suffering from the highest rate of poverty after children, in what is referred to as the [feminization of poverty](/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty \"Feminization of poverty\"). In addition, the fact that women are more likely to be caregivers, regardless of income level, to either the generations before or after them, exacerbates the burdens of their poverty. Those in poverty have increased chances of incurring a disability which leads to a cycle where [disability and poverty](/wiki/Disability_and_poverty \"Disability and poverty\") are mutually reinforcing.\n\n[Max Weber](/wiki/Max_Weber \"Max Weber\") and some schools of [modernization theory](/wiki/Modernization_theory \"Modernization theory\") suggest that cultural [values](/wiki/Value_%28personal_and_cultural%29 \"Value (personal and cultural)\") could affect economic success.Moore, Wilbert. 1974\\. *Social Change.* Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\\-Hall.Parsons, Talcott. 1966\\. *Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives.* Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\\-Hall. However, researchers have gathered evidence that suggest that values are not as deeply ingrained and that changing economic opportunities explain most of the movement into and out of poverty, as opposed to shifts in values.Kerbo, Harold. 2006\\. *Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and Global Perspective*, 6th edition. New York: McGraw\\-Hill. A 2018 report on [poverty in the United States](/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States \"Poverty in the United States\") by UN special rapporteur [Philip Alston](/wiki/Philip_Alston \"Philip Alston\") asserts that caricatured narratives about the rich and the poor (that \"the rich are industrious, entrepreneurial, patriotic and the drivers of economic success\" while \"the poor are wasters, losers and scammers\") are largely inaccurate, as \"the poor are overwhelmingly those born into poverty, or those thrust there by circumstances largely beyond their control, such as physical or mental disabilities, divorce, family breakdown, illness, old age, unlivable wages or discrimination in the job market.\" Societal perception of people experiencing economic difficulty has historically appeared as a conceptual dichotomy: the \"good\" poor (people who are physically impaired, disabled, the \"ill and incurable,\" the elderly, pregnant women, children) vs. the \"bad\" poor (able\\-bodied, \"valid\" adults, most often male).\n\nAccording to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is [prostitution](/wiki/Survival_sex \"Survival sex\"), as a means of survival and economic desperation. Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited. For example, in [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\"), a number of girls are turning to sex in return for food to survive because of the increasing poverty. According to studies, as poverty decreases there will be fewer and fewer instances of violence. Some data such as the [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") reports and also a research called \"*[Echo of Silence](/wiki/Echo_of_Silence_%28book%29 \"Echo of Silence (book)\")*\" show that there is a close correlation between economic poverty and [early marriage](/wiki/Child_marriage \"Child marriage\"). In some developing countries, child marriage is considered an economic measure that can improve the family’s poor condition, strengthen family bonds.\n\n",
"### Health\n\n[thumb\\|[Life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\"), 2016\\|alt\\=\\|300px](/wiki/File:Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg \"Expectancy of life CIA2016.svg\")\nOne\\-third of deaths around the world—some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day—are due to poverty\\-related causes. People living in developing nations, among them women and children, are over represented among the global poor and these effects of severe poverty. Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even [starvation](/wiki/Starvation \"Starvation\") and disease, as well as lower [life expectancy](/wiki/Life_expectancy \"Life expectancy\"). According to the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\"), [hunger](/wiki/Hunger \"Hunger\") and [malnutrition](/wiki/Malnutrition \"Malnutrition\") are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to [child mortality](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\"), present in half of all cases.\n\nAlmost 90% of [maternal deaths](/wiki/Maternal_death \"Maternal death\") during childbirth occur in Asia and sub\\-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world. Those who live in poverty have also been shown to have a far greater likelihood of having or incurring a [disability](/wiki/Disability_and_Poverty \"Disability and Poverty\") within their lifetime. [Infectious diseases](/wiki/Infectious_diseases \"Infectious diseases\") such as [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\") and [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") can perpetuate poverty by diverting health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1\\.3% in some [developing nations](/wiki/Developing_country \"Developing country\") and AIDS decreases African growth by 0\\.3–1\\.5% annually.\n\nStudies have shown that poverty impedes cognitive function although some of these findings could not be replicated in follow\\-up studies. One hypothesised mechanism is that financial worries put a severe burden on one's mental resources so that they are no longer fully available for solving complicated problems. The reduced capability for problem solving can lead to suboptimal decisions and further perpetuate poverty. Many other pathways from poverty to compromised cognitive capacities have been noted, from poor nutrition and environmental toxins to the effects of stress on parenting behavior, all of which lead to suboptimal psychological development. Neuroscientists have documented the impact of poverty on brain structure and function throughout the lifespan.\n\nInfectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world. 36\\.8 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 954,492 deaths in 2017\\.\n\nPoor people often are more prone to severe diseases due to the lack of health care, and due to living in non\\-optimal conditions. Among the poor, girls tend to suffer even more due to gender discrimination. Economic stability is paramount in a poor household; otherwise they go in an endless loop of negative income trying to treat diseases. Often when a person in a poor household falls ill it is up to the family members to take care of them due to limited access to health care and lack of health insurance. The household members often have to give up their income or stop seeking further education to tend to the sick member. There is a greater [opportunity cost](/wiki/Opportunity_cost \"Opportunity cost\") imposed on the poor to tend to someone compared to someone with better financial stability. Increased access to healthcare and improved health outcomes help prevent individuals from falling into poverty due to medical expenses.\n\n#### Hunger\n\n[thumb\\|Percentage of population suffering from hunger, [World Food Programme](/wiki/World_Food_Programme \"World Food Programme\"), 2020\\|alt\\=\\|300px](/wiki/File:Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg \"Hunger Map 2020 World Food Programme.svg\")\n\nIt is estimated that 1\\.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night. According to the [Global Hunger Index](/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index \"Global Hunger Index\"), Sub\\-Saharan Africa had the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions over the 2001–2006 period.\n\nPoor people spend a [greater portion of their budgets](/wiki/Engel%27s_law \"Engel's law\") on food than wealthy people and, as a result, they can be particularly vulnerable to increases in [food prices](/wiki/Food_prices \"Food prices\"). For example, in late 2007, increases in the price of grains led to [food riots](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis \"2007–2008 world food price crisis\") in some countries. Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the [water crisis](/wiki/Water_security \"Water security\"). [Intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming \"Intensive farming\") often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of [soil fertility](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") and decline of [agricultural yields](/wiki/Agricultural_yields \"Agricultural yields\").*Exploitation and Over\\-exploitation in Societies Past and Present*, Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann Approximately 40% of the world's [agricultural land](/wiki/Agricultural_land \"Agricultural land\") is seriously degraded. Goal 2 of the [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") is the elimination of hunger and undernutrition by 2030\\.\n\n#### Mental health\n\n[upright\\=1\\.15\\|thumb\\|right\\|A Venezuelan eating from garbage during the [crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela](/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela \"Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela\")](/wiki/File:Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg \"Venezuelan eating from garbage.jpg\")\n\nA psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to perform worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, and exposure to criminal activities all [contribute to mental disorders](/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders%23Poverty \"Causes of mental disorders#Poverty\"). This study also found that children exposed to poverty\\-stricken environments have slower cognitive thinking. It is seen that children perform better under the care of their parents and that children tend to adopt speaking language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, it is seen that children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain cognitive abilities compared to other average families.\n\nFor a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under three need \"A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20 hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities\". In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged [inner cities](/wiki/Inner_city \"Inner city\") said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. Citing: 51% of fifth graders from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") (median income for a household: $27,133\\) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127\\). Citing: ; and, Richters, J.E., \\& Martinez, P. (1993\\). Studies have shown that poverty changes the personalities of children who live in it. The [Great Smoky Mountains Study](/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Study \"Great Smoky Mountains Study\") was a ten\\-year study that was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one\\-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased.\n\n",
"#### Hunger\n\n[thumb\\|Percentage of population suffering from hunger, [World Food Programme](/wiki/World_Food_Programme \"World Food Programme\"), 2020\\|alt\\=\\|300px](/wiki/File:Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg \"Hunger Map 2020 World Food Programme.svg\")\n\nIt is estimated that 1\\.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night. According to the [Global Hunger Index](/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index \"Global Hunger Index\"), Sub\\-Saharan Africa had the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions over the 2001–2006 period.\n\nPoor people spend a [greater portion of their budgets](/wiki/Engel%27s_law \"Engel's law\") on food than wealthy people and, as a result, they can be particularly vulnerable to increases in [food prices](/wiki/Food_prices \"Food prices\"). For example, in late 2007, increases in the price of grains led to [food riots](/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis \"2007–2008 world food price crisis\") in some countries. Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the [water crisis](/wiki/Water_security \"Water security\"). [Intensive farming](/wiki/Intensive_farming \"Intensive farming\") often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of [soil fertility](/wiki/Erosion \"Erosion\") and decline of [agricultural yields](/wiki/Agricultural_yields \"Agricultural yields\").*Exploitation and Over\\-exploitation in Societies Past and Present*, Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann Approximately 40% of the world's [agricultural land](/wiki/Agricultural_land \"Agricultural land\") is seriously degraded. Goal 2 of the [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") is the elimination of hunger and undernutrition by 2030\\.\n\n",
"#### Mental health\n\n[upright\\=1\\.15\\|thumb\\|right\\|A Venezuelan eating from garbage during the [crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela](/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela \"Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela\")](/wiki/File:Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg \"Venezuelan eating from garbage.jpg\")\n\nA psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to perform worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, and exposure to criminal activities all [contribute to mental disorders](/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders%23Poverty \"Causes of mental disorders#Poverty\"). This study also found that children exposed to poverty\\-stricken environments have slower cognitive thinking. It is seen that children perform better under the care of their parents and that children tend to adopt speaking language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, it is seen that children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain cognitive abilities compared to other average families.\n\nFor a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under three need \"A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20 hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities\". In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged [inner cities](/wiki/Inner_city \"Inner city\") said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. Citing: 51% of fifth graders from [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") (median income for a household: $27,133\\) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127\\). Citing: ; and, Richters, J.E., \\& Martinez, P. (1993\\). Studies have shown that poverty changes the personalities of children who live in it. The [Great Smoky Mountains Study](/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Study \"Great Smoky Mountains Study\") was a ten\\-year study that was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one\\-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased.\n\n",
"### Education\n\nResearch has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low\\-income housing circumstances. This is often a process that begins in primary school. Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries, tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a result, children in poverty are at a higher risk than advantaged children for retention in their grade, special deleterious placements during the school's hours and not completing their high school education. Advantage breeds advantage.Raghuram G. Rajan (2012\\). [Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy.](https://www.amazon.com/Fault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback/dp/B00OX8KPE6) Published by: Collins Business There are many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. One is the conditions in which they attend school. Schools in poverty\\-stricken areas have conditions that hinder children from learning in a safe environment. Researchers have developed a name for areas like this: an *urban war zone* is a poor, crime\\-laden district in which deteriorated, violent, even warlike conditions and underfunded, largely ineffective schools promote inferior academic performance, including irregular attendance and disruptive or non\\-compliant classroom behavior.Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., \\& Pardo, C. (1992\\). *Children in Danger: Coping with the Consequences*. San Francisco: Jossey\\-Bass. Print. Because of poverty, \"Students from low\\-income families are 2\\.4 times more likely to drop out than middle\\-income kids, and over 10 times more likely than high\\-income peers to drop out.\"\n\nFor children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as [juvenile delinquency](/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency \"Juvenile delinquency\") rates, higher levels of [teenage pregnancy](/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy \"Teenage pregnancy\"), and economic dependency upon their low\\-income parent or parents.Huston, A. C. (1991\\). Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy. Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press \"Cambridge University Press\").\nFamilies and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health and well\\-being are major issues to address since education from preschool to high school is identifiably meaningful in a life.\n[thumb\\|Out of school child](/wiki/File:Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf \"Situation Analysis of Out-of-School Children in Nine Southeast Asian Countries.pdf\")\nPoverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's \"home activities, preferences, mannerisms\" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not do these, students are at a disadvantage in the school and, most importantly, the classroom.Solley, Bobbie A. (2005\\). When Poverty's Children Write: Celebrating Strengths, Transforming Lives. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Inc. Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from school. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. These illnesses could potentially restrict a student's focus and concentration.\n\nIn general, the interaction of [gender](/wiki/Gender \"Gender\") with poverty or location tends to work to the disadvantage of [girls](/wiki/Girl \"Girl\") in poorer countries with low completion rates and social expectations that they marry early, and to the disadvantage of [boys](/wiki/Boy \"Boy\") in richer countries with high completion rates but social expectations that they enter the [labour force](/wiki/Labour_force \"Labour force\") early. At the [primary education](/wiki/Primary_education \"Primary education\") level, most countries with a completion rate below 60% exhibit [gender disparity](/wiki/Gender_disparity \"Gender disparity\") at girls' expense, particularly poor and rural girls. In Mauritania, the adjusted gender parity index is 0\\.86 on average, but only 0\\.63 for the poorest 20%, while there is parity among the richest 20%. In countries with completion rates between 60% and 80%, gender disparity is generally smaller, but disparity at the expense of poor girls is especially marked in [Cameroon](/wiki/Cameroon \"Cameroon\"), [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") and [Yemen](/wiki/Yemen \"Yemen\"). Exceptions in the opposite direction are observed in countries with pastoralist economies that rely on boys' labour, such as the [Kingdom of Eswatini](/wiki/Eswatini \"Eswatini\"), [Lesotho](/wiki/Lesotho \"Lesotho\") and [Namibia](/wiki/Namibia \"Namibia\").\n\n",
"### Shelter\n\n[thumb\\|Homeless family in Kolkata, India\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg \"Kolkata (4131122903).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Street child in [Bangladesh](/wiki/Bangladesh \"Bangladesh\"). Aiding relatives financially unable to but willing to take in orphans is found to be more effective by cost and welfare than orphanages.](/wiki/File:Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg \"Street Child, Srimangal Railway Station.jpg\")\nThe [right to housing](/wiki/Right_to_housing \"Right to housing\") is argued to be a [human right](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\").Desmond, Matthew (2016\\). *Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City*. Crown Books. Bratt, Rachel G. (Editor), Stone, Michael E. (Editor), Hartman, Chester (Editor). 2006\\. *A Right to Housing: Foundation for a New Social Agenda*. Temple University Press. [Higher density](/wiki/High_density_housing \"High density housing\") and [lower cost housing](/wiki/Affordable_housing \"Affordable housing\") affords low\\-income families and first\\-time homebuyers with more and less expensive shelter opportunities, reducing economic inequality.\n\nThe geographic concentration of poverty is argued to be a factor in entrenching poverty. William J. Wilson's \"concentration and isolation\" hypothesis states that the economic difficulties of the very poorest African Americans are compounded by the fact that as the better\\-off African Americans move out, the poorest are more and more concentrated, having only other very poor people as neighbors. This concentration causes social isolation, Wilson suggests, because the very poor are now isolated from access to the job networks, role models, institutions, and other connections that might help them escape poverty.Wilson, William J. 1987\\. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Gentrification](/wiki/Gentrification \"Gentrification\") means converting an aging neighborhood into a more affluent one, as by remodeling homes. Landlords then increase rent on newly renovated real estate; the poor people cannot afford to pay high rent, and may need to leave their neighborhood to find affordable housing.Moss, Jeremiah. 24 July 2018\\. Vanishing New York: How a Great City Lost Its Soul. HarperCollins Publishers. The poor also get more access to income and services, while studies suggest poor residents living in gentrifying neighbourhoods are actually less likely to move than poor residents of non\\-gentrifying areas.\n\nPoverty increases the risk of [homelessness](/wiki/Homelessness \"Homelessness\"). Slum\\-dwellers, who make up a third of the world's urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the [developing world](/wiki/Developing_world \"Developing world\"), according to a report by the United Nations.\n\nThere are over 100 million [street children](/wiki/Street_children \"Street children\") worldwide. Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. It is speculated that, flush with money, for\\-profit orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Many child advocates maintain that this can harm children's [development](/wiki/Child_development \"Child development\") by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans.\n\n",
"### Utilities\n\n[upright\\=0\\.7\\|thumb\\|Affordable household toilets near [Jaipur, Rajasthan](/wiki/Jaipur%2C_Rajasthan \"Jaipur, Rajasthan\")](/wiki/File:Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG \"Toilet at a Village near Jaipur installed by Pronto Panels.JPG\")\nThe poor tend to pay more for access to utilities and ensuring the availability of water, sanitation, energy, and telecommunication services such as broadband internet service help in reducing poverty in general.\n\n#### Water and sanitation\n\nAs of 2012, 2\\.5 billion people lack access to sanitation services and 15% practice [open defecation](/wiki/Open_defecation \"Open defecation\").WHO and UNICEF [*Progress on Drinking\\-water and Sanitation: 2012 Update*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120328173008/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-report-2012-en.pdf), WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, p. 2 Even while providing latrines is a challenge, people still do not use them even when available. Bangladesh had half the GDP per capita of India but has a lower mortality from diarrhea than India or the world average, with diarrhea deaths declining by 90% since the 1990s. By strategically providing pit latrines to the poorest, charities in Bangladesh sparked a cultural change as those better off perceived it as an issue of status to not use one. The vast majority of the latrines built were then not from charities but by villagers themselves.\n\nWater utility subsidies tend to subsidize water consumption by those connected to the supply grid, which is typically skewed towards the richer and urban segment of the population and those outside informal housing. As a result of heavy consumption subsidies, the price of water decreases to the extent that only 30%, on average, of the supplying costs in developing countries is covered.\nThis results in a lack of incentive to maintain delivery systems, leading to losses from leaks annually that are enough for 200 million people.\nThis also leads to a lack of incentive to invest in expanding the network, resulting in much of the poor population being unconnected to the network. Instead, the poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price. However, subsidies for laying new connections to the network rather than for consumption have shown more promise for the poor.\n\n#### Energy\n\n",
"#### Water and sanitation\n\nAs of 2012, 2\\.5 billion people lack access to sanitation services and 15% practice [open defecation](/wiki/Open_defecation \"Open defecation\").WHO and UNICEF [*Progress on Drinking\\-water and Sanitation: 2012 Update*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120328173008/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-report-2012-en.pdf), WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, p. 2 Even while providing latrines is a challenge, people still do not use them even when available. Bangladesh had half the GDP per capita of India but has a lower mortality from diarrhea than India or the world average, with diarrhea deaths declining by 90% since the 1990s. By strategically providing pit latrines to the poorest, charities in Bangladesh sparked a cultural change as those better off perceived it as an issue of status to not use one. The vast majority of the latrines built were then not from charities but by villagers themselves.\n\nWater utility subsidies tend to subsidize water consumption by those connected to the supply grid, which is typically skewed towards the richer and urban segment of the population and those outside informal housing. As a result of heavy consumption subsidies, the price of water decreases to the extent that only 30%, on average, of the supplying costs in developing countries is covered.\nThis results in a lack of incentive to maintain delivery systems, leading to losses from leaks annually that are enough for 200 million people.\nThis also leads to a lack of incentive to invest in expanding the network, resulting in much of the poor population being unconnected to the network. Instead, the poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price. However, subsidies for laying new connections to the network rather than for consumption have shown more promise for the poor.\n\n",
"#### Energy\n\n",
"### Financial services\n\nFor low\\-income individuals and families, access to [credit](/wiki/Credit \"Credit\") can be limited, [predatory](/wiki/Predatory_lending \"Predatory lending\"), or both, making it difficult to find the financial resources they need to invest in their futures.\n\n",
"### Prejudice and exploitation\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=0\\.7\\|The urban poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price.Cultural](/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg \"Oxfam East Africa - SomalilandDrought022.jpg\") factors, such as discrimination of various kinds, can negatively affect productivity such as [age discrimination](/wiki/Ageism \"Ageism\"), [stereotyping](/wiki/Stereotype \"Stereotype\"), discrimination against people with physical disability,Filmer, D. (2008\\), \"Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries: results from 14 household surveys\", *The World Bank Economic Review*, 22(1\\), pp. 141–163\n Yeo, R. (2005\\), [Disability, poverty and the new development agenda](http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf) , Disability Knowledge and Research, UK Government, pp. 1–33* [gender discrimination](/wiki/Sexism \"Sexism\"), [racial discrimination](/wiki/Racism \"Racism\"), and [caste discrimination](/wiki/Caste \"Caste\"). [Children](/wiki/Child_poverty \"Child poverty\") are more than twice as likely to live in poverty as adults. Women are the group suffering from the highest rate of poverty after children, in what is referred to as the [feminization of poverty](/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty \"Feminization of poverty\"). In addition, the fact that women are more likely to be caregivers, regardless of income level, to either the generations before or after them, exacerbates the burdens of their poverty. Those in poverty have increased chances of incurring a disability which leads to a cycle where [disability and poverty](/wiki/Disability_and_poverty \"Disability and poverty\") are mutually reinforcing.\n\n[Max Weber](/wiki/Max_Weber \"Max Weber\") and some schools of [modernization theory](/wiki/Modernization_theory \"Modernization theory\") suggest that cultural [values](/wiki/Value_%28personal_and_cultural%29 \"Value (personal and cultural)\") could affect economic success.Moore, Wilbert. 1974\\. *Social Change.* Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\\-Hall.Parsons, Talcott. 1966\\. *Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives.* Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice\\-Hall. However, researchers have gathered evidence that suggest that values are not as deeply ingrained and that changing economic opportunities explain most of the movement into and out of poverty, as opposed to shifts in values.Kerbo, Harold. 2006\\. *Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and Global Perspective*, 6th edition. New York: McGraw\\-Hill. A 2018 report on [poverty in the United States](/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States \"Poverty in the United States\") by UN special rapporteur [Philip Alston](/wiki/Philip_Alston \"Philip Alston\") asserts that caricatured narratives about the rich and the poor (that \"the rich are industrious, entrepreneurial, patriotic and the drivers of economic success\" while \"the poor are wasters, losers and scammers\") are largely inaccurate, as \"the poor are overwhelmingly those born into poverty, or those thrust there by circumstances largely beyond their control, such as physical or mental disabilities, divorce, family breakdown, illness, old age, unlivable wages or discrimination in the job market.\" Societal perception of people experiencing economic difficulty has historically appeared as a conceptual dichotomy: the \"good\" poor (people who are physically impaired, disabled, the \"ill and incurable,\" the elderly, pregnant women, children) vs. the \"bad\" poor (able\\-bodied, \"valid\" adults, most often male).\n\nAccording to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is [prostitution](/wiki/Survival_sex \"Survival sex\"), as a means of survival and economic desperation. Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited. For example, in [Zimbabwe](/wiki/Zimbabwe \"Zimbabwe\"), a number of girls are turning to sex in return for food to survive because of the increasing poverty. According to studies, as poverty decreases there will be fewer and fewer instances of violence. Some data such as the [UNICEF](/wiki/UNICEF \"UNICEF\") reports and also a research called \"*[Echo of Silence](/wiki/Echo_of_Silence_%28book%29 \"Echo of Silence (book)\")*\" show that there is a close correlation between economic poverty and [early marriage](/wiki/Child_marriage \"Child marriage\"). In some developing countries, child marriage is considered an economic measure that can improve the family’s poor condition, strengthen family bonds.\n\n",
"Poverty reduction \n---------------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|Logo of the [Sustainable Development Goal 1](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1 \"Sustainable Development Goal 1\") of the United Nations, to \"end poverty in all its forms, everywhere\" by 2030United Nations (2017\\) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development](/wiki/A_RES_71_313_E.pdf \"A RES 71 313 E.pdf\") ([A/RES/71/313](https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313) )](/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg \"Sustainable Development Goal 01NoPoverty.svg\")\n\nVarious poverty reduction strategies are broadly categorized based on whether they make more of the basic human needs available or whether they increase the [disposable income](/wiki/Disposable_income \"Disposable income\") needed to purchase those needs. Some strategies such as building roads can both bring access to various basic needs, such as fertilizer or healthcare from urban areas, as well as increase incomes, by bringing better access to urban markets.\n\nReducing relative poverty would also involve reducing [inequality](/wiki/Wealth_inequality \"Wealth inequality\"). [Oxfam](/wiki/Oxfam \"Oxfam\"), among others, has called for an international movement to end extreme wealth concentration arguing that the concentration of resources in the hands of the top 1% depresses economic activity and makes life harder for everyone else—particularly those at the bottom of the economic ladder. And they say that the gains of the world's [billionaires](/wiki/Billionaires \"Billionaires\") in 2017, which amounted to $762 billion, were enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over. Methods to reduce inequality and relative poverty include [progressive taxation](/wiki/Progressive_taxation \"Progressive taxation\"), which involves increasing tax rates on high\\-income earners, [wealth taxes](/wiki/Wealth_tax \"Wealth tax\"), which involve taxing a portion of an individual's net worth above a certain threshold, reducing [payroll taxes](/wiki/Payroll_tax \"Payroll tax\"), which are taxes on employees and employers and reducing this provides workers greater take\\-home pay and allows employers to spend more on wages and salaries, and increasing the [labor share](/wiki/Labor_share \"Labor share\"), which is the proportion of business income paid as wages and salaries instead of allocated to shareholders as profit.\n\n### Increasing the supply of basic needs\n\n#### Improving technology\n\n[thumb\\|Spreading [fertilizer](/wiki/Fertilizer \"Fertilizer\") on a field of [rapeseed](/wiki/Rapeseed \"Rapeseed\") near [Barton\\-upon\\-Humber](/wiki/Barton-upon-Humber \"Barton-upon-Humber\"), England](/wiki/File:Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg \"Spraying Oilseed Rape near Barton Grange - geograph.org.uk - 1842382.jpg\")\n\nAgricultural technologies such as [nitrogen fertilizers](/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer \"Nitrogen fertilizer\"), pesticides, new seed varieties and new irrigation methods have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints. Before the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"), poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little, making wealth scarce. Geoffrey Parker wrote that \"In [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") and [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), two of the largest cities in [western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\"), by 1600 three\\-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis.\"[Geoffrey Parker](/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_%28historian%29 \"Geoffrey Parker (historian)\") (2001\\). \"*[Europe in crisis, 1598–1648](https://books.google.com/books?id=qy8y8rHgucoC&pg=PA11) *\". Wiley–Blackwell. p. 11\\. The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed world.[Great Depression](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression) , Encyclopædia Britannica [Mass production](/wiki/Mass_production \"Mass production\") of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them.\n\nOther than technology, advancements in sciences such as medicine help provide basic needs better. For example, [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") had a [maternal mortality rate](/wiki/Maternal_mortality_rate \"Maternal mortality rate\") of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today, but reduced it to 0\\.5–0\\.6% in the 1950s and to 0\\.6% in 2006 while spending less each year on [maternal health](/wiki/Maternal_health \"Maternal health\") because it learned what worked and what did not. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive and educational measures have been made to disseminate what works, such as the [Copenhagen Consensus](/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus \"Copenhagen Consensus\"). Cheap [water filters](/wiki/Water_filter \"Water filter\") and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut [deaths](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\") from [diarrhea](/wiki/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\") and [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\"). [Fortification](/wiki/Food_fortification \"Food fortification\") with [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrient \"Micronutrient\") was ranked the most cost effective aid strategy by the Copenhagen Consensus. For example, [iodised salt](/wiki/Iodised_salt \"Iodised salt\") costs 2 to 3 cents per person a year while even moderate [iodine deficiency](/wiki/Iodine_deficiency \"Iodine deficiency\") in pregnancy shaves off 10 to 15 [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient \"Intelligence quotient\") points.\n\n#### State funding\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Hardwood surgical tables are commonplace in rural [Nigerian](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") clinics.](/wiki/File:Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg \"Nigerian Surgery Table.jpg\")\n\nCertain basic needs are argued to be better provided by the state. [Universal healthcare](/wiki/Universal_healthcare \"Universal healthcare\") can reduce the overall cost of providing healthcare by having a single payer negotiating with healthcare providers and minimizing administrative costs. It is also argued that subsidizing essential goods such as fuel is less efficient in helping the poor than providing that same money as income grants to the poor.\n\nGovernment revenue can be diverted away from basic services by corruption. Funds from aid and natural resources are often sent by government individuals for [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\") to overseas banks which insist on [bank secrecy](/wiki/Bank_secrecy \"Bank secrecy\"), instead of spending on the poor. A [Global Witness](/wiki/Global_Witness \"Global Witness\") report asked for more action from Western banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism.\n\n[Illicit capital flight](/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows \"Illicit financial flows\"), such as corporate [tax avoidance](/wiki/Tax_avoidance \"Tax avoidance\"),José Antonio Ocampo and Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona (30 September 2015\\). [Tax avoidance by corporations is out of control. The United Nations must step in](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/30/tax-avoidance-corporations-impacts-the-poor-united-nations-step-in) . *The Guardian.* Retrieved 30 September 2015\\. from the developing world is estimated at ten times the size of aid it receives and twice the debt service it pays,\n\n with one estimate that most of Africa would be developed if the taxes owed were paid. About 60 per cent of illicit capital flight from Africa is from [transfer mispricing](/wiki/Transfer_mispricing \"Transfer mispricing\"), where a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") in a developing nation sells to another subsidiary or [shell company](/wiki/Shell_company \"Shell company\") in a [tax haven](/wiki/Tax_haven \"Tax haven\") at an artificially low price to pay less tax. An [African Union](/wiki/African_Union \"African Union\") report estimates that about 30% of sub\\-Saharan Africa's GDP has been moved to tax havens. Solutions include corporate \"country\\-by\\-country reporting\" where corporations disclose activities in each country and thereby prohibit the use of tax havens where no effective economic activity occurs.\n\n[Developing countries' debt service](/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debt \"Developing countries' debt\") to banks and governments from richer countries can constrain government spending on the poor.The World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 2001\\. *Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, Progress Report.* Retrieved from [Worldbank.org](http://worldbank.org) . For example, [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\") spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt, and only 7% for basic state services in 1997\\. One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been [debt relief](/wiki/Debt_relief \"Debt relief\"). Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from a 2005 round of debt relief. Since that round of debt relief, private creditors accounted for an increasing share of poor countries' debt service obligations. This complicated efforts to renegotiate easier terms for borrowers during crises such as the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") because the multiple private creditors involved say they have a fiduciary obligation to their clients such as the pension funds.\n\nThe [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") and the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\"), as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach [structural adjustment](/wiki/Structural_adjustment \"Structural adjustment\") [conditionalities](/wiki/Conditionality \"Conditionality\") in return for loans which are generally geared toward loan repayment with [austerity](/wiki/Austerity \"Austerity\") measures such as the elimination of state subsidies and the privatization of state services. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices. In [Malawi](/wiki/Malawi \"Malawi\"), almost 5 million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid but after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced, farmers produced record\\-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as Malawi became a major food exporter.\n\n[Distressed securities funds](/wiki/Distressed_securities_fund \"Distressed securities fund\"), also known as *vulture funds*, buy up the debt of poor nations cheaply and then sue countries for the full value of the debt plus interest which can be ten or 100 times what they paid. They may pursue any companies which do business with their target country to force them to pay to the fund instead. Considerable resources are diverted on costly court cases. For example, a court in [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey \"Jersey\") ordered the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\") to pay an American speculator $100 million in 2010\\. Now, the UK, [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") and Jersey have banned such payments.\n\n[thumb\\|A [family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\") placard in [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\"). It shows some negative effects of having too many children.](/wiki/File:Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg \"Familiy Planning Ethiopia (bad effects).jpg\")\n\n#### Improving access to available basic needs\n\nEven with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck. In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport inland than to ship it from the United States to Africa because of sparse, low\\-quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average. [Microfranchising](/wiki/Microfranchising \"Microfranchising\") models such as door\\-to\\-door distributors who earn commission\\-based income or [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\")'s successful distribution system are used to disseminate basic needs to remote areas for below market prices.\n\nThe loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect. As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia\\-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia and this often leaves inadequately less skilled doctors to remain in their home countries. Proposals to mitigate the problem include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools and promoting [medical tourism](/wiki/Medical_tourism \"Medical tourism\") so that health care personnel have more incentive to practice in their home countries. [Telehealth](/wiki/Telehealth \"Telehealth\") is the use of [telecommunication technologies](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") to deliver health services. For remotes communities in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), telehealth has been found to reduce travel costs alone for the state by $13 million in 2021 and, according to one study, reduced the life expectancy gap between whites and American Indian population in Alaska from eight to five years.\n\n#### Preventing overpopulation\n\n[thumb\\|270px\\|Map of countries and territories by [fertility rate](/wiki/Total_fertility_rate \"Total fertility rate\") as of 2020](/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg \"Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg\")\nPoverty and lack of access to birth control can lead to population increases that put pressure on local economies and access to resources, amplifying other economic inequality and creating increase poverty.\"[Population growth driving climate change, poverty: experts](https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA) \". [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). 21 September 2009\\. Better [education for both men and women](/wiki/Female_education \"Female education\"), and more control of their lives, reduces population growth due to [family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\").World Bank. 2001\\. *Engendering Development – Through Gender Equality in Right, Resources and Voice.* New York: [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"). According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), those who receive better education can earn money for their lives, thereby strengthening economic security.\n\n### Increasing personal income\n\nThe following are strategies used or proposed to increase personal incomes among the poor. Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three\\-quarters of the poor today are farmers. Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors.\n\n#### Income grants\n\n[thumb\\|Afghan girl begging in [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\")](/wiki/File:Afghan_girl_begging.jpg \"Afghan girl begging.jpg\")\nA [guaranteed minimum income](/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income \"Guaranteed minimum income\") ensures that every citizen will be able to purchase a desired level of basic needs. One method is through a [basic income](/wiki/Basic_income \"Basic income\") (or [negative income tax](/wiki/Negative_income_tax \"Negative income tax\")), which is a system of [social security](/wiki/Social_security \"Social security\"), that periodically provides each citizen, rich or poor, with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on. Studies of large cash\\-transfer programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi show that the programs can be effective in increasing consumption, schooling, and nutrition, whether they are tied to such conditions or not. [Employment subsidies](/wiki/Wage_subsidy \"Wage subsidy\") go to those already employed and this has shown to have little effect on those at the lowest income levels. Proponents argue that a basic income is more efficient than a [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage \"Minimum wage\") and [unemployment benefits](/wiki/Unemployment_benefit \"Unemployment benefit\"), as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing [losses in efficiency](/wiki/Deadweight_loss \"Deadweight loss\"). In 1968, [Paul Samuelson](/wiki/Paul_Samuelson \"Paul Samuelson\"), [John Kenneth Galbraith](/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith \"John Kenneth Galbraith\") and another 1,200 economists signed a document calling for the US Congress to introduce a system of income guarantees.*Economists' Statement on Guaranteed Annual Income*, 1/15/1968 – April 18, 1969 folder, General Correspondence Series, Papers of John Kenneth Galbraith, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Cited in: Jyotsna Sreenivasan, [\"Poverty and the Government in America: A Historical Encyclopedia.\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=yk5NI69ZO9sC) (Santa Barbara: ABC\\-CLIO, 2009\\), p. 269 Winners of the [Nobel Prize in Economics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics \"Nobel Prize in Economics\"), with often diverse political convictions, who support a basic income include [Herbert A. Simon](/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon \"Herbert A. Simon\"), [Friedrich Hayek](/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek \"Friedrich Hayek\"), [Robert Solow](/wiki/Robert_Solow \"Robert Solow\"), [Milton Friedman](/wiki/Milton_Friedman \"Milton Friedman\"), [Jan Tinbergen](/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen \"Jan Tinbergen\"), [James Tobin](/wiki/James_Tobin \"James Tobin\")*\"Is a Negative Income Tax Practical?\"*, James Tobin, Joseph A. Pechman, and Peter M. Mieszkowski, Yale Law Journal 77 (1967\\): 1–27\\.\nand [James Meade](/wiki/James_Meade \"James Meade\").\n\nIncome grants are argued to be vastly more efficient in extending basic needs to the poor than [subsidizing](/wiki/Subsidies \"Subsidies\") supplies whose effectiveness in poverty alleviation is diluted by the non\\-poor who enjoy the same subsidized prices.\n With cars and other appliances, the wealthiest 20% of Egypt uses about 93% of the country's fuel subsidies. In some countries, fuel subsidies are a larger part of the budget than health and education. A 2008 study concluded that the money spent on in\\-kind transfers in India in a year could lift all India's poor out of poverty for that year if transferred directly. Additionally, in aid models, the [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief \"Famine relief\") model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it wastes money on transport costs.\n\nThe primary obstacle argued against direct cash transfers is the impractically for poor countries of such large and direct transfers. In practice, payments determined by complex iris scanning are used by war\\-torn [Democratic Republic of Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo \"Democratic Republic of Congo\") and Afghanistan, while India modified its subsidies in favor of direct transfers. [Central bank digital currencies](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency \"Central bank digital currency\") are argued to be an efficient tool in direct cash transfers to the poor as it can reach the [unbanked](/wiki/Unbanked \"Unbanked\") and be more cost effective without having to physically send money and without needing an intermediary such as a bank.\n\n#### Economic freedoms\n\nCorruption often leads to many [civil services](/wiki/Civil_service \"Civil service\") being treated by governments as employment agencies to loyal supporters and so it could mean going through 20 procedures, paying $2,696 in fees, and waiting 82 business days to start a business in [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\"), while in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") it takes two days, two registration procedures, and $280 to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created. Often, businesses have to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which is, in effect, a tax on business.Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. *Macroeconomics*. 2\\. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009\\. Print. Noted reductions in poverty in recent decades has occurred in China and India mostly as a result of the abandonment of [collective farming](/wiki/Collective_farming \"Collective farming\") in China and the ending of the [central planning](/wiki/Central_planning \"Central planning\") model known as the [License Raj](/wiki/License_Raj \"License Raj\") in India.\n\nThe [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") concludes that governments and feudal elites extending to the poor the right to the land that they live and use are 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. Providing secure tenure to land ownership creates incentives to improve the land and thus improves the welfare of the poor. It is argued that those in power have an incentive to not secure property rights as they are able to then more easily take land or any small business that does well to their supporters.\n\nGreater access to markets brings more income to the poor. Road infrastructure has a direct impact on poverty. Additionally, migration from poorer countries resulted in $328 billion sent from richer to poorer countries in 2010, more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") members. In 2011, India got $52 billion from its [diaspora](/wiki/Diaspora \"Diaspora\"), more than it took in [foreign direct investment](/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment \"Foreign direct investment\").\n\n#### Financial services\n\n[thumb\\|Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty.](/wiki/File:Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg \"Kiwanja uganda charging 1.jpg\")\n[Microloans](/wiki/Microloan \"Microloan\"), made famous by the [Grameen Bank](/wiki/Grameen_Bank \"Grameen Bank\"), is where small amounts of money are loaned to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history.. However, microlending has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder, [Muhammad Yunus](/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus \"Muhammad Yunus\"), and in India, [Arundhati Roy](/wiki/Arundhati_Roy \"Arundhati Roy\") asserts that some 250,000 debt\\-ridden farmers have been driven to suicide.[Excerpt From \"Capitalism: A Ghost Story\" By Arundhati Roy](http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/4/8/wednesday_arundhati_roy_on_elections_in) . *[Democracy Now!](/wiki/Democracy_Now%21 \"Democracy Now!\")* Retrieved 27 May 2014\\.\n\nThose in poverty place more importance on having a safe place to save money than on receiving loans. Additionally, a large part of [microfinance](/wiki/Microfinance \"Microfinance\") loans are spent not on investments but on products that would usually be paid by a [checking](/wiki/Checking_account \"Checking account\") or [savings account](/wiki/Savings_account \"Savings account\"). A large portion of the poor are [unbanked](/wiki/Unbanked \"Unbanked\") because it is often not profitable to open bank accounts for the poor. One altervative option is the [postal savings system](/wiki/Postal_savings_system \"Postal savings system\"). Another option is [mobile banking](/wiki/Mobile_banking \"Mobile banking\") which utilizes the wide availability of mobile phones. This usually involves a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers who would take deposits in cash and translate these onto an account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making [remittances](/wiki/Remittance \"Remittance\") safer. [Central bank digital currencies](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency \"Central bank digital currency\") could allow, even in areas without internet access, digital transactions with little or no cost using simple feature phones.\n\n#### Education and vocational training\n\n[thumb\\|Early childhood education through [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\") in [Ziway](/wiki/Ziway \"Ziway\"), Ethiopia](/wiki/File:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg \"Early Childhood Education USAID Africa.jpg\")\n[Free education](/wiki/Free_education \"Free education\") through [public education](/wiki/Public_education \"Public education\") or charitable organizations rather than through tuition, from [early childhood education](/wiki/Early_childhood_education \"Early childhood education\") through the [tertiary level](/wiki/Tertiary_level \"Tertiary level\") provides children from low\\-income families who may not otherwise have the financial resources with better job prospects and higher earnings and promotes social mobility. [Job training](/wiki/Job_training \"Job training\") and [vocational education](/wiki/Vocational_education \"Vocational education\") programs that target training in technical skills in specific industries or occupations that are in high demand can reduce poverty and wealth concentration.\n\nStrategies to provide education cost effectively include [deworming](/wiki/Deworming \"Deworming\") children, which costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non\\-attendance from [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\"), illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty\\-fifth as expensive as increasing school attendance by constructing schools. Schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by simply providing free [sanitary towels](/wiki/Sanitary_towel \"Sanitary towel\"). Paying for school meals is argued to be an efficient strategy in increasing school enrollment, reducing absenteeism and increasing student attention.\n\nDesirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be encouraged by a form of aid known as [conditional cash transfers](/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer \"Conditional cash transfer\"). In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16\\- to 19\\-year\\-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.\n\n",
"### Increasing the supply of basic needs\n\n#### Improving technology\n\n[thumb\\|Spreading [fertilizer](/wiki/Fertilizer \"Fertilizer\") on a field of [rapeseed](/wiki/Rapeseed \"Rapeseed\") near [Barton\\-upon\\-Humber](/wiki/Barton-upon-Humber \"Barton-upon-Humber\"), England](/wiki/File:Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg \"Spraying Oilseed Rape near Barton Grange - geograph.org.uk - 1842382.jpg\")\n\nAgricultural technologies such as [nitrogen fertilizers](/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer \"Nitrogen fertilizer\"), pesticides, new seed varieties and new irrigation methods have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints. Before the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"), poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little, making wealth scarce. Geoffrey Parker wrote that \"In [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") and [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), two of the largest cities in [western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\"), by 1600 three\\-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis.\"[Geoffrey Parker](/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_%28historian%29 \"Geoffrey Parker (historian)\") (2001\\). \"*[Europe in crisis, 1598–1648](https://books.google.com/books?id=qy8y8rHgucoC&pg=PA11) *\". Wiley–Blackwell. p. 11\\. The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed world.[Great Depression](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression) , Encyclopædia Britannica [Mass production](/wiki/Mass_production \"Mass production\") of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them.\n\nOther than technology, advancements in sciences such as medicine help provide basic needs better. For example, [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") had a [maternal mortality rate](/wiki/Maternal_mortality_rate \"Maternal mortality rate\") of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today, but reduced it to 0\\.5–0\\.6% in the 1950s and to 0\\.6% in 2006 while spending less each year on [maternal health](/wiki/Maternal_health \"Maternal health\") because it learned what worked and what did not. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive and educational measures have been made to disseminate what works, such as the [Copenhagen Consensus](/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus \"Copenhagen Consensus\"). Cheap [water filters](/wiki/Water_filter \"Water filter\") and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut [deaths](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\") from [diarrhea](/wiki/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\") and [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\"). [Fortification](/wiki/Food_fortification \"Food fortification\") with [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrient \"Micronutrient\") was ranked the most cost effective aid strategy by the Copenhagen Consensus. For example, [iodised salt](/wiki/Iodised_salt \"Iodised salt\") costs 2 to 3 cents per person a year while even moderate [iodine deficiency](/wiki/Iodine_deficiency \"Iodine deficiency\") in pregnancy shaves off 10 to 15 [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient \"Intelligence quotient\") points.\n\n#### State funding\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Hardwood surgical tables are commonplace in rural [Nigerian](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") clinics.](/wiki/File:Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg \"Nigerian Surgery Table.jpg\")\n\nCertain basic needs are argued to be better provided by the state. [Universal healthcare](/wiki/Universal_healthcare \"Universal healthcare\") can reduce the overall cost of providing healthcare by having a single payer negotiating with healthcare providers and minimizing administrative costs. It is also argued that subsidizing essential goods such as fuel is less efficient in helping the poor than providing that same money as income grants to the poor.\n\nGovernment revenue can be diverted away from basic services by corruption. Funds from aid and natural resources are often sent by government individuals for [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\") to overseas banks which insist on [bank secrecy](/wiki/Bank_secrecy \"Bank secrecy\"), instead of spending on the poor. A [Global Witness](/wiki/Global_Witness \"Global Witness\") report asked for more action from Western banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism.\n\n[Illicit capital flight](/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows \"Illicit financial flows\"), such as corporate [tax avoidance](/wiki/Tax_avoidance \"Tax avoidance\"),José Antonio Ocampo and Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona (30 September 2015\\). [Tax avoidance by corporations is out of control. The United Nations must step in](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/30/tax-avoidance-corporations-impacts-the-poor-united-nations-step-in) . *The Guardian.* Retrieved 30 September 2015\\. from the developing world is estimated at ten times the size of aid it receives and twice the debt service it pays,\n\n with one estimate that most of Africa would be developed if the taxes owed were paid. About 60 per cent of illicit capital flight from Africa is from [transfer mispricing](/wiki/Transfer_mispricing \"Transfer mispricing\"), where a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") in a developing nation sells to another subsidiary or [shell company](/wiki/Shell_company \"Shell company\") in a [tax haven](/wiki/Tax_haven \"Tax haven\") at an artificially low price to pay less tax. An [African Union](/wiki/African_Union \"African Union\") report estimates that about 30% of sub\\-Saharan Africa's GDP has been moved to tax havens. Solutions include corporate \"country\\-by\\-country reporting\" where corporations disclose activities in each country and thereby prohibit the use of tax havens where no effective economic activity occurs.\n\n[Developing countries' debt service](/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debt \"Developing countries' debt\") to banks and governments from richer countries can constrain government spending on the poor.The World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 2001\\. *Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, Progress Report.* Retrieved from [Worldbank.org](http://worldbank.org) . For example, [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\") spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt, and only 7% for basic state services in 1997\\. One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been [debt relief](/wiki/Debt_relief \"Debt relief\"). Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from a 2005 round of debt relief. Since that round of debt relief, private creditors accounted for an increasing share of poor countries' debt service obligations. This complicated efforts to renegotiate easier terms for borrowers during crises such as the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") because the multiple private creditors involved say they have a fiduciary obligation to their clients such as the pension funds.\n\nThe [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") and the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\"), as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach [structural adjustment](/wiki/Structural_adjustment \"Structural adjustment\") [conditionalities](/wiki/Conditionality \"Conditionality\") in return for loans which are generally geared toward loan repayment with [austerity](/wiki/Austerity \"Austerity\") measures such as the elimination of state subsidies and the privatization of state services. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices. In [Malawi](/wiki/Malawi \"Malawi\"), almost 5 million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid but after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced, farmers produced record\\-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as Malawi became a major food exporter.\n\n[Distressed securities funds](/wiki/Distressed_securities_fund \"Distressed securities fund\"), also known as *vulture funds*, buy up the debt of poor nations cheaply and then sue countries for the full value of the debt plus interest which can be ten or 100 times what they paid. They may pursue any companies which do business with their target country to force them to pay to the fund instead. Considerable resources are diverted on costly court cases. For example, a court in [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey \"Jersey\") ordered the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\") to pay an American speculator $100 million in 2010\\. Now, the UK, [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") and Jersey have banned such payments.\n\n[thumb\\|A [family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\") placard in [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\"). It shows some negative effects of having too many children.](/wiki/File:Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg \"Familiy Planning Ethiopia (bad effects).jpg\")\n\n#### Improving access to available basic needs\n\nEven with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck. In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport inland than to ship it from the United States to Africa because of sparse, low\\-quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average. [Microfranchising](/wiki/Microfranchising \"Microfranchising\") models such as door\\-to\\-door distributors who earn commission\\-based income or [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\")'s successful distribution system are used to disseminate basic needs to remote areas for below market prices.\n\nThe loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect. As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia\\-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia and this often leaves inadequately less skilled doctors to remain in their home countries. Proposals to mitigate the problem include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools and promoting [medical tourism](/wiki/Medical_tourism \"Medical tourism\") so that health care personnel have more incentive to practice in their home countries. [Telehealth](/wiki/Telehealth \"Telehealth\") is the use of [telecommunication technologies](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") to deliver health services. For remotes communities in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), telehealth has been found to reduce travel costs alone for the state by $13 million in 2021 and, according to one study, reduced the life expectancy gap between whites and American Indian population in Alaska from eight to five years.\n\n#### Preventing overpopulation\n\n[thumb\\|270px\\|Map of countries and territories by [fertility rate](/wiki/Total_fertility_rate \"Total fertility rate\") as of 2020](/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg \"Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg\")\nPoverty and lack of access to birth control can lead to population increases that put pressure on local economies and access to resources, amplifying other economic inequality and creating increase poverty.\"[Population growth driving climate change, poverty: experts](https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA) \". [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). 21 September 2009\\. Better [education for both men and women](/wiki/Female_education \"Female education\"), and more control of their lives, reduces population growth due to [family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\").World Bank. 2001\\. *Engendering Development – Through Gender Equality in Right, Resources and Voice.* New York: [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"). According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), those who receive better education can earn money for their lives, thereby strengthening economic security.\n\n",
"#### Improving technology\n\n[thumb\\|Spreading [fertilizer](/wiki/Fertilizer \"Fertilizer\") on a field of [rapeseed](/wiki/Rapeseed \"Rapeseed\") near [Barton\\-upon\\-Humber](/wiki/Barton-upon-Humber \"Barton-upon-Humber\"), England](/wiki/File:Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg \"Spraying Oilseed Rape near Barton Grange - geograph.org.uk - 1842382.jpg\")\n\nAgricultural technologies such as [nitrogen fertilizers](/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer \"Nitrogen fertilizer\"), pesticides, new seed varieties and new irrigation methods have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints. Before the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"), poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little, making wealth scarce. Geoffrey Parker wrote that \"In [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\") and [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), two of the largest cities in [western Europe](/wiki/Western_Europe \"Western Europe\"), by 1600 three\\-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis.\"[Geoffrey Parker](/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_%28historian%29 \"Geoffrey Parker (historian)\") (2001\\). \"*[Europe in crisis, 1598–1648](https://books.google.com/books?id=qy8y8rHgucoC&pg=PA11) *\". Wiley–Blackwell. p. 11\\. The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed world.[Great Depression](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression) , Encyclopædia Britannica [Mass production](/wiki/Mass_production \"Mass production\") of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them.\n\nOther than technology, advancements in sciences such as medicine help provide basic needs better. For example, [Sri Lanka](/wiki/Sri_Lanka \"Sri Lanka\") had a [maternal mortality rate](/wiki/Maternal_mortality_rate \"Maternal mortality rate\") of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today, but reduced it to 0\\.5–0\\.6% in the 1950s and to 0\\.6% in 2006 while spending less each year on [maternal health](/wiki/Maternal_health \"Maternal health\") because it learned what worked and what did not. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive and educational measures have been made to disseminate what works, such as the [Copenhagen Consensus](/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus \"Copenhagen Consensus\"). Cheap [water filters](/wiki/Water_filter \"Water filter\") and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut [deaths](/wiki/Child_mortality \"Child mortality\") from [diarrhea](/wiki/Diarrhea \"Diarrhea\") and [pneumonia](/wiki/Pneumonia \"Pneumonia\"). [Fortification](/wiki/Food_fortification \"Food fortification\") with [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrient \"Micronutrient\") was ranked the most cost effective aid strategy by the Copenhagen Consensus. For example, [iodised salt](/wiki/Iodised_salt \"Iodised salt\") costs 2 to 3 cents per person a year while even moderate [iodine deficiency](/wiki/Iodine_deficiency \"Iodine deficiency\") in pregnancy shaves off 10 to 15 [IQ](/wiki/Intelligence_quotient \"Intelligence quotient\") points.\n\n",
"#### State funding\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|Hardwood surgical tables are commonplace in rural [Nigerian](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") clinics.](/wiki/File:Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg \"Nigerian Surgery Table.jpg\")\n\nCertain basic needs are argued to be better provided by the state. [Universal healthcare](/wiki/Universal_healthcare \"Universal healthcare\") can reduce the overall cost of providing healthcare by having a single payer negotiating with healthcare providers and minimizing administrative costs. It is also argued that subsidizing essential goods such as fuel is less efficient in helping the poor than providing that same money as income grants to the poor.\n\nGovernment revenue can be diverted away from basic services by corruption. Funds from aid and natural resources are often sent by government individuals for [money laundering](/wiki/Money_laundering \"Money laundering\") to overseas banks which insist on [bank secrecy](/wiki/Bank_secrecy \"Bank secrecy\"), instead of spending on the poor. A [Global Witness](/wiki/Global_Witness \"Global Witness\") report asked for more action from Western banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism.\n\n[Illicit capital flight](/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows \"Illicit financial flows\"), such as corporate [tax avoidance](/wiki/Tax_avoidance \"Tax avoidance\"),José Antonio Ocampo and Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona (30 September 2015\\). [Tax avoidance by corporations is out of control. The United Nations must step in](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/30/tax-avoidance-corporations-impacts-the-poor-united-nations-step-in) . *The Guardian.* Retrieved 30 September 2015\\. from the developing world is estimated at ten times the size of aid it receives and twice the debt service it pays,\n\n with one estimate that most of Africa would be developed if the taxes owed were paid. About 60 per cent of illicit capital flight from Africa is from [transfer mispricing](/wiki/Transfer_mispricing \"Transfer mispricing\"), where a [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") in a developing nation sells to another subsidiary or [shell company](/wiki/Shell_company \"Shell company\") in a [tax haven](/wiki/Tax_haven \"Tax haven\") at an artificially low price to pay less tax. An [African Union](/wiki/African_Union \"African Union\") report estimates that about 30% of sub\\-Saharan Africa's GDP has been moved to tax havens. Solutions include corporate \"country\\-by\\-country reporting\" where corporations disclose activities in each country and thereby prohibit the use of tax havens where no effective economic activity occurs.\n\n[Developing countries' debt service](/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debt \"Developing countries' debt\") to banks and governments from richer countries can constrain government spending on the poor.The World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 2001\\. *Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, Progress Report.* Retrieved from [Worldbank.org](http://worldbank.org) . For example, [Zambia](/wiki/Zambia \"Zambia\") spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt, and only 7% for basic state services in 1997\\. One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been [debt relief](/wiki/Debt_relief \"Debt relief\"). Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from a 2005 round of debt relief. Since that round of debt relief, private creditors accounted for an increasing share of poor countries' debt service obligations. This complicated efforts to renegotiate easier terms for borrowers during crises such as the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") because the multiple private creditors involved say they have a fiduciary obligation to their clients such as the pension funds.\n\nThe [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") and the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\"), as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach [structural adjustment](/wiki/Structural_adjustment \"Structural adjustment\") [conditionalities](/wiki/Conditionality \"Conditionality\") in return for loans which are generally geared toward loan repayment with [austerity](/wiki/Austerity \"Austerity\") measures such as the elimination of state subsidies and the privatization of state services. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices. In [Malawi](/wiki/Malawi \"Malawi\"), almost 5 million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid but after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced, farmers produced record\\-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as Malawi became a major food exporter.\n\n[Distressed securities funds](/wiki/Distressed_securities_fund \"Distressed securities fund\"), also known as *vulture funds*, buy up the debt of poor nations cheaply and then sue countries for the full value of the debt plus interest which can be ten or 100 times what they paid. They may pursue any companies which do business with their target country to force them to pay to the fund instead. Considerable resources are diverted on costly court cases. For example, a court in [Jersey](/wiki/Jersey \"Jersey\") ordered the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\") to pay an American speculator $100 million in 2010\\. Now, the UK, [Isle of Man](/wiki/Isle_of_Man \"Isle of Man\") and Jersey have banned such payments.\n\n[thumb\\|A [family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\") placard in [Ethiopia](/wiki/Ethiopia \"Ethiopia\"). It shows some negative effects of having too many children.](/wiki/File:Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg \"Familiy Planning Ethiopia (bad effects).jpg\")\n\n",
"#### Improving access to available basic needs\n\nEven with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck. In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport inland than to ship it from the United States to Africa because of sparse, low\\-quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average. [Microfranchising](/wiki/Microfranchising \"Microfranchising\") models such as door\\-to\\-door distributors who earn commission\\-based income or [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\")'s successful distribution system are used to disseminate basic needs to remote areas for below market prices.\n\nThe loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect. As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia\\-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia and this often leaves inadequately less skilled doctors to remain in their home countries. Proposals to mitigate the problem include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools and promoting [medical tourism](/wiki/Medical_tourism \"Medical tourism\") so that health care personnel have more incentive to practice in their home countries. [Telehealth](/wiki/Telehealth \"Telehealth\") is the use of [telecommunication technologies](/wiki/Telecommunications \"Telecommunications\") to deliver health services. For remotes communities in [Alaska](/wiki/Alaska \"Alaska\"), telehealth has been found to reduce travel costs alone for the state by $13 million in 2021 and, according to one study, reduced the life expectancy gap between whites and American Indian population in Alaska from eight to five years.\n\n",
"#### Preventing overpopulation\n\n[thumb\\|270px\\|Map of countries and territories by [fertility rate](/wiki/Total_fertility_rate \"Total fertility rate\") as of 2020](/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg \"Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg\")\nPoverty and lack of access to birth control can lead to population increases that put pressure on local economies and access to resources, amplifying other economic inequality and creating increase poverty.\"[Population growth driving climate change, poverty: experts](https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA) \". [Agence France\\-Presse](/wiki/Agence_France-Presse \"Agence France-Presse\"). 21 September 2009\\. Better [education for both men and women](/wiki/Female_education \"Female education\"), and more control of their lives, reduces population growth due to [family planning](/wiki/Family_planning \"Family planning\").World Bank. 2001\\. *Engendering Development – Through Gender Equality in Right, Resources and Voice.* New York: [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"). According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), those who receive better education can earn money for their lives, thereby strengthening economic security.\n\n",
"### Increasing personal income\n\nThe following are strategies used or proposed to increase personal incomes among the poor. Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three\\-quarters of the poor today are farmers. Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors.\n\n#### Income grants\n\n[thumb\\|Afghan girl begging in [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\")](/wiki/File:Afghan_girl_begging.jpg \"Afghan girl begging.jpg\")\nA [guaranteed minimum income](/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income \"Guaranteed minimum income\") ensures that every citizen will be able to purchase a desired level of basic needs. One method is through a [basic income](/wiki/Basic_income \"Basic income\") (or [negative income tax](/wiki/Negative_income_tax \"Negative income tax\")), which is a system of [social security](/wiki/Social_security \"Social security\"), that periodically provides each citizen, rich or poor, with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on. Studies of large cash\\-transfer programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi show that the programs can be effective in increasing consumption, schooling, and nutrition, whether they are tied to such conditions or not. [Employment subsidies](/wiki/Wage_subsidy \"Wage subsidy\") go to those already employed and this has shown to have little effect on those at the lowest income levels. Proponents argue that a basic income is more efficient than a [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage \"Minimum wage\") and [unemployment benefits](/wiki/Unemployment_benefit \"Unemployment benefit\"), as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing [losses in efficiency](/wiki/Deadweight_loss \"Deadweight loss\"). In 1968, [Paul Samuelson](/wiki/Paul_Samuelson \"Paul Samuelson\"), [John Kenneth Galbraith](/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith \"John Kenneth Galbraith\") and another 1,200 economists signed a document calling for the US Congress to introduce a system of income guarantees.*Economists' Statement on Guaranteed Annual Income*, 1/15/1968 – April 18, 1969 folder, General Correspondence Series, Papers of John Kenneth Galbraith, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Cited in: Jyotsna Sreenivasan, [\"Poverty and the Government in America: A Historical Encyclopedia.\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=yk5NI69ZO9sC) (Santa Barbara: ABC\\-CLIO, 2009\\), p. 269 Winners of the [Nobel Prize in Economics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics \"Nobel Prize in Economics\"), with often diverse political convictions, who support a basic income include [Herbert A. Simon](/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon \"Herbert A. Simon\"), [Friedrich Hayek](/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek \"Friedrich Hayek\"), [Robert Solow](/wiki/Robert_Solow \"Robert Solow\"), [Milton Friedman](/wiki/Milton_Friedman \"Milton Friedman\"), [Jan Tinbergen](/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen \"Jan Tinbergen\"), [James Tobin](/wiki/James_Tobin \"James Tobin\")*\"Is a Negative Income Tax Practical?\"*, James Tobin, Joseph A. Pechman, and Peter M. Mieszkowski, Yale Law Journal 77 (1967\\): 1–27\\.\nand [James Meade](/wiki/James_Meade \"James Meade\").\n\nIncome grants are argued to be vastly more efficient in extending basic needs to the poor than [subsidizing](/wiki/Subsidies \"Subsidies\") supplies whose effectiveness in poverty alleviation is diluted by the non\\-poor who enjoy the same subsidized prices.\n With cars and other appliances, the wealthiest 20% of Egypt uses about 93% of the country's fuel subsidies. In some countries, fuel subsidies are a larger part of the budget than health and education. A 2008 study concluded that the money spent on in\\-kind transfers in India in a year could lift all India's poor out of poverty for that year if transferred directly. Additionally, in aid models, the [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief \"Famine relief\") model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it wastes money on transport costs.\n\nThe primary obstacle argued against direct cash transfers is the impractically for poor countries of such large and direct transfers. In practice, payments determined by complex iris scanning are used by war\\-torn [Democratic Republic of Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo \"Democratic Republic of Congo\") and Afghanistan, while India modified its subsidies in favor of direct transfers. [Central bank digital currencies](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency \"Central bank digital currency\") are argued to be an efficient tool in direct cash transfers to the poor as it can reach the [unbanked](/wiki/Unbanked \"Unbanked\") and be more cost effective without having to physically send money and without needing an intermediary such as a bank.\n\n#### Economic freedoms\n\nCorruption often leads to many [civil services](/wiki/Civil_service \"Civil service\") being treated by governments as employment agencies to loyal supporters and so it could mean going through 20 procedures, paying $2,696 in fees, and waiting 82 business days to start a business in [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\"), while in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") it takes two days, two registration procedures, and $280 to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created. Often, businesses have to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which is, in effect, a tax on business.Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. *Macroeconomics*. 2\\. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009\\. Print. Noted reductions in poverty in recent decades has occurred in China and India mostly as a result of the abandonment of [collective farming](/wiki/Collective_farming \"Collective farming\") in China and the ending of the [central planning](/wiki/Central_planning \"Central planning\") model known as the [License Raj](/wiki/License_Raj \"License Raj\") in India.\n\nThe [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") concludes that governments and feudal elites extending to the poor the right to the land that they live and use are 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. Providing secure tenure to land ownership creates incentives to improve the land and thus improves the welfare of the poor. It is argued that those in power have an incentive to not secure property rights as they are able to then more easily take land or any small business that does well to their supporters.\n\nGreater access to markets brings more income to the poor. Road infrastructure has a direct impact on poverty. Additionally, migration from poorer countries resulted in $328 billion sent from richer to poorer countries in 2010, more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") members. In 2011, India got $52 billion from its [diaspora](/wiki/Diaspora \"Diaspora\"), more than it took in [foreign direct investment](/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment \"Foreign direct investment\").\n\n#### Financial services\n\n[thumb\\|Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty.](/wiki/File:Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg \"Kiwanja uganda charging 1.jpg\")\n[Microloans](/wiki/Microloan \"Microloan\"), made famous by the [Grameen Bank](/wiki/Grameen_Bank \"Grameen Bank\"), is where small amounts of money are loaned to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history.. However, microlending has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder, [Muhammad Yunus](/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus \"Muhammad Yunus\"), and in India, [Arundhati Roy](/wiki/Arundhati_Roy \"Arundhati Roy\") asserts that some 250,000 debt\\-ridden farmers have been driven to suicide.[Excerpt From \"Capitalism: A Ghost Story\" By Arundhati Roy](http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/4/8/wednesday_arundhati_roy_on_elections_in) . *[Democracy Now!](/wiki/Democracy_Now%21 \"Democracy Now!\")* Retrieved 27 May 2014\\.\n\nThose in poverty place more importance on having a safe place to save money than on receiving loans. Additionally, a large part of [microfinance](/wiki/Microfinance \"Microfinance\") loans are spent not on investments but on products that would usually be paid by a [checking](/wiki/Checking_account \"Checking account\") or [savings account](/wiki/Savings_account \"Savings account\"). A large portion of the poor are [unbanked](/wiki/Unbanked \"Unbanked\") because it is often not profitable to open bank accounts for the poor. One altervative option is the [postal savings system](/wiki/Postal_savings_system \"Postal savings system\"). Another option is [mobile banking](/wiki/Mobile_banking \"Mobile banking\") which utilizes the wide availability of mobile phones. This usually involves a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers who would take deposits in cash and translate these onto an account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making [remittances](/wiki/Remittance \"Remittance\") safer. [Central bank digital currencies](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency \"Central bank digital currency\") could allow, even in areas without internet access, digital transactions with little or no cost using simple feature phones.\n\n#### Education and vocational training\n\n[thumb\\|Early childhood education through [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\") in [Ziway](/wiki/Ziway \"Ziway\"), Ethiopia](/wiki/File:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg \"Early Childhood Education USAID Africa.jpg\")\n[Free education](/wiki/Free_education \"Free education\") through [public education](/wiki/Public_education \"Public education\") or charitable organizations rather than through tuition, from [early childhood education](/wiki/Early_childhood_education \"Early childhood education\") through the [tertiary level](/wiki/Tertiary_level \"Tertiary level\") provides children from low\\-income families who may not otherwise have the financial resources with better job prospects and higher earnings and promotes social mobility. [Job training](/wiki/Job_training \"Job training\") and [vocational education](/wiki/Vocational_education \"Vocational education\") programs that target training in technical skills in specific industries or occupations that are in high demand can reduce poverty and wealth concentration.\n\nStrategies to provide education cost effectively include [deworming](/wiki/Deworming \"Deworming\") children, which costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non\\-attendance from [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\"), illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty\\-fifth as expensive as increasing school attendance by constructing schools. Schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by simply providing free [sanitary towels](/wiki/Sanitary_towel \"Sanitary towel\"). Paying for school meals is argued to be an efficient strategy in increasing school enrollment, reducing absenteeism and increasing student attention.\n\nDesirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be encouraged by a form of aid known as [conditional cash transfers](/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer \"Conditional cash transfer\"). In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16\\- to 19\\-year\\-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.\n\n",
"#### Income grants\n\n[thumb\\|Afghan girl begging in [Kabul](/wiki/Kabul \"Kabul\")](/wiki/File:Afghan_girl_begging.jpg \"Afghan girl begging.jpg\")\nA [guaranteed minimum income](/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income \"Guaranteed minimum income\") ensures that every citizen will be able to purchase a desired level of basic needs. One method is through a [basic income](/wiki/Basic_income \"Basic income\") (or [negative income tax](/wiki/Negative_income_tax \"Negative income tax\")), which is a system of [social security](/wiki/Social_security \"Social security\"), that periodically provides each citizen, rich or poor, with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on. Studies of large cash\\-transfer programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi show that the programs can be effective in increasing consumption, schooling, and nutrition, whether they are tied to such conditions or not. [Employment subsidies](/wiki/Wage_subsidy \"Wage subsidy\") go to those already employed and this has shown to have little effect on those at the lowest income levels. Proponents argue that a basic income is more efficient than a [minimum wage](/wiki/Minimum_wage \"Minimum wage\") and [unemployment benefits](/wiki/Unemployment_benefit \"Unemployment benefit\"), as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing [losses in efficiency](/wiki/Deadweight_loss \"Deadweight loss\"). In 1968, [Paul Samuelson](/wiki/Paul_Samuelson \"Paul Samuelson\"), [John Kenneth Galbraith](/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith \"John Kenneth Galbraith\") and another 1,200 economists signed a document calling for the US Congress to introduce a system of income guarantees.*Economists' Statement on Guaranteed Annual Income*, 1/15/1968 – April 18, 1969 folder, General Correspondence Series, Papers of John Kenneth Galbraith, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Cited in: Jyotsna Sreenivasan, [\"Poverty and the Government in America: A Historical Encyclopedia.\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=yk5NI69ZO9sC) (Santa Barbara: ABC\\-CLIO, 2009\\), p. 269 Winners of the [Nobel Prize in Economics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics \"Nobel Prize in Economics\"), with often diverse political convictions, who support a basic income include [Herbert A. Simon](/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon \"Herbert A. Simon\"), [Friedrich Hayek](/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek \"Friedrich Hayek\"), [Robert Solow](/wiki/Robert_Solow \"Robert Solow\"), [Milton Friedman](/wiki/Milton_Friedman \"Milton Friedman\"), [Jan Tinbergen](/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen \"Jan Tinbergen\"), [James Tobin](/wiki/James_Tobin \"James Tobin\")*\"Is a Negative Income Tax Practical?\"*, James Tobin, Joseph A. Pechman, and Peter M. Mieszkowski, Yale Law Journal 77 (1967\\): 1–27\\.\nand [James Meade](/wiki/James_Meade \"James Meade\").\n\nIncome grants are argued to be vastly more efficient in extending basic needs to the poor than [subsidizing](/wiki/Subsidies \"Subsidies\") supplies whose effectiveness in poverty alleviation is diluted by the non\\-poor who enjoy the same subsidized prices.\n With cars and other appliances, the wealthiest 20% of Egypt uses about 93% of the country's fuel subsidies. In some countries, fuel subsidies are a larger part of the budget than health and education. A 2008 study concluded that the money spent on in\\-kind transfers in India in a year could lift all India's poor out of poverty for that year if transferred directly. Additionally, in aid models, the [famine relief](/wiki/Famine_relief \"Famine relief\") model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it wastes money on transport costs.\n\nThe primary obstacle argued against direct cash transfers is the impractically for poor countries of such large and direct transfers. In practice, payments determined by complex iris scanning are used by war\\-torn [Democratic Republic of Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo \"Democratic Republic of Congo\") and Afghanistan, while India modified its subsidies in favor of direct transfers. [Central bank digital currencies](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency \"Central bank digital currency\") are argued to be an efficient tool in direct cash transfers to the poor as it can reach the [unbanked](/wiki/Unbanked \"Unbanked\") and be more cost effective without having to physically send money and without needing an intermediary such as a bank.\n\n",
"#### Economic freedoms\n\nCorruption often leads to many [civil services](/wiki/Civil_service \"Civil service\") being treated by governments as employment agencies to loyal supporters and so it could mean going through 20 procedures, paying $2,696 in fees, and waiting 82 business days to start a business in [Bolivia](/wiki/Bolivia \"Bolivia\"), while in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\") it takes two days, two registration procedures, and $280 to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created. Often, businesses have to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which is, in effect, a tax on business.Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. *Macroeconomics*. 2\\. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009\\. Print. Noted reductions in poverty in recent decades has occurred in China and India mostly as a result of the abandonment of [collective farming](/wiki/Collective_farming \"Collective farming\") in China and the ending of the [central planning](/wiki/Central_planning \"Central planning\") model known as the [License Raj](/wiki/License_Raj \"License Raj\") in India.\n\nThe [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") concludes that governments and feudal elites extending to the poor the right to the land that they live and use are 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. Providing secure tenure to land ownership creates incentives to improve the land and thus improves the welfare of the poor. It is argued that those in power have an incentive to not secure property rights as they are able to then more easily take land or any small business that does well to their supporters.\n\nGreater access to markets brings more income to the poor. Road infrastructure has a direct impact on poverty. Additionally, migration from poorer countries resulted in $328 billion sent from richer to poorer countries in 2010, more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") members. In 2011, India got $52 billion from its [diaspora](/wiki/Diaspora \"Diaspora\"), more than it took in [foreign direct investment](/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment \"Foreign direct investment\").\n\n",
"#### Financial services\n\n[thumb\\|Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty.](/wiki/File:Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg \"Kiwanja uganda charging 1.jpg\")\n[Microloans](/wiki/Microloan \"Microloan\"), made famous by the [Grameen Bank](/wiki/Grameen_Bank \"Grameen Bank\"), is where small amounts of money are loaned to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history.. However, microlending has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder, [Muhammad Yunus](/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus \"Muhammad Yunus\"), and in India, [Arundhati Roy](/wiki/Arundhati_Roy \"Arundhati Roy\") asserts that some 250,000 debt\\-ridden farmers have been driven to suicide.[Excerpt From \"Capitalism: A Ghost Story\" By Arundhati Roy](http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/4/8/wednesday_arundhati_roy_on_elections_in) . *[Democracy Now!](/wiki/Democracy_Now%21 \"Democracy Now!\")* Retrieved 27 May 2014\\.\n\nThose in poverty place more importance on having a safe place to save money than on receiving loans. Additionally, a large part of [microfinance](/wiki/Microfinance \"Microfinance\") loans are spent not on investments but on products that would usually be paid by a [checking](/wiki/Checking_account \"Checking account\") or [savings account](/wiki/Savings_account \"Savings account\"). A large portion of the poor are [unbanked](/wiki/Unbanked \"Unbanked\") because it is often not profitable to open bank accounts for the poor. One altervative option is the [postal savings system](/wiki/Postal_savings_system \"Postal savings system\"). Another option is [mobile banking](/wiki/Mobile_banking \"Mobile banking\") which utilizes the wide availability of mobile phones. This usually involves a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers who would take deposits in cash and translate these onto an account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making [remittances](/wiki/Remittance \"Remittance\") safer. [Central bank digital currencies](/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency \"Central bank digital currency\") could allow, even in areas without internet access, digital transactions with little or no cost using simple feature phones.\n\n",
"#### Education and vocational training\n\n[thumb\\|Early childhood education through [USAID](/wiki/USAID \"USAID\") in [Ziway](/wiki/Ziway \"Ziway\"), Ethiopia](/wiki/File:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg \"Early Childhood Education USAID Africa.jpg\")\n[Free education](/wiki/Free_education \"Free education\") through [public education](/wiki/Public_education \"Public education\") or charitable organizations rather than through tuition, from [early childhood education](/wiki/Early_childhood_education \"Early childhood education\") through the [tertiary level](/wiki/Tertiary_level \"Tertiary level\") provides children from low\\-income families who may not otherwise have the financial resources with better job prospects and higher earnings and promotes social mobility. [Job training](/wiki/Job_training \"Job training\") and [vocational education](/wiki/Vocational_education \"Vocational education\") programs that target training in technical skills in specific industries or occupations that are in high demand can reduce poverty and wealth concentration.\n\nStrategies to provide education cost effectively include [deworming](/wiki/Deworming \"Deworming\") children, which costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non\\-attendance from [anemia](/wiki/Anemia \"Anemia\"), illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty\\-fifth as expensive as increasing school attendance by constructing schools. Schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by simply providing free [sanitary towels](/wiki/Sanitary_towel \"Sanitary towel\"). Paying for school meals is argued to be an efficient strategy in increasing school enrollment, reducing absenteeism and increasing student attention.\n\nDesirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be encouraged by a form of aid known as [conditional cash transfers](/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer \"Conditional cash transfer\"). In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16\\- to 19\\-year\\-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.\n\n",
"Obstacles\n---------\n\nEconomist [William Easterly](/wiki/William_Easterly \"William Easterly\") diagnoses a problem with the traditional approach to poverty reduction, whose advocates he calls \"Planners.\" He notes that $2\\.3 trillion were spent on [foreign aid](/wiki/Aid \"Aid\") in five decades, yet twelve\\-cent medicines were not able to be given to children to prevent [malaria](/wiki/Malaria \"Malaria\")\\-related deaths and three dollars were not given to new mothers to help prevent millions of child deaths. He argues that even though the aid was well\\-meaning, it failed to bring results because \"Planners,\" and not \"Searchers,\" are supplying it.\n\n| \\+ | Planners | Searchers |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Unable to motivate people to carry out their good intentions | Find ways to make things work |\n| Take no responsibility for their actions | Accept responsibility |\n| Determine what to supply | Find out what is in demand |\n| Apply global blueprints | Adapt to local conditions |\n| Lack knowledge of the bottom | Find out what the reality is at the bottom |\n| Believe outsiders know enough to offer solutions | Believe that solutions must be homegrown |\n\n",
"Antipoverty institutions\n------------------------\n\n### Intergovernmental organizations\n\nIn 2015 all UN Member States adopted the 17 [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") as part of the [Post\\-2015 Development Agenda](/wiki/Post-2015_Development_Agenda \"Post-2015 Development Agenda\"), which sought to create a future global development framework to succeed the [Millennium Development Goals](/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals \"Millennium Development Goals\"), which were goals set in 2000 and were meant to be achieved by 2015\\. Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date. [Goal 1](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1 \"Sustainable Development Goal 1\") is to \"end poverty in all its forms everywhere\". It aims to eliminate extreme poverty for all people measured by daily wages less than $1\\.25 and at least half the total number of men, women, and children living in poverty. In addition, social protection systems must be established at the national level and equal access to economic resources must be ensured. Strategies have to be developed at the national, regional and international levels to support the eradication of poverty.\n\n### Development banks\n\nA *development financial institution*, also known as a *development bank*, is a [financial institution](/wiki/Financial_institution \"Financial institution\") that provides [risk capital](/wiki/Risk_capital \"Risk capital\") for [economic development projects](/wiki/Economic_development \"Economic development\") on a non\\-commercial basis. They are often established and owned by governments to finance projects that would otherwise not be able to get financing from commercial lenders. These include [international financial institutions](/wiki/International_financial_institutions \"International financial institutions\") such as the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\"), which is the largest development bank.\n\n### Nongovernmental organizations\n\nIn recent decades, the number of [nongovernmental organizations](/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization \"Nongovernmental organization\") has increased dramatically. The [High level forums on aid effectiveness](/wiki/High_level_forums_on_aid_effectiveness \"High level forums on aid effectiveness\") that was coordinated by the [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") found that this leads to fragmentation where too many agencies were financing too many small projects using too many different procedures and that the civil service of the donor countries were overstretched producing reports for each.\n\nA major proportion of aid from donor nations is [tied](/wiki/Tied_aid \"Tied aid\"), mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country. US law requires [food aid](/wiki/Food_aid \"Food aid\") be spent on buying food at home, instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport. Domestic NGOs have more expertise in their respective regions and have less overhead and thus tend to be more efficient in delivering aid but receive less funding. Housing only for a Western aid worker in Ethiopia is enough to pay the salaries of four or five local NGO workers, for example. Bilateral government aid programs such as [US Agency for International Development](/wiki/US_Agency_for_International_Development \"US Agency for International Development\") aim to increase their share of funding to go through 'local partners', called 'localizing'. The obstacles include accountability where it is easier to delegate responsibility for spending on one international NGO than having to track tax payer money going to numerous smaller domestic NGOs.\n\n### For\\-profit institutions\n\nThe *[Poverty industrial complex](/wiki/Poverty_industrial_complex \"Poverty industrial complex\")* refers to for\\-profit companies taking over roles previously held by government agencies. The incentive for profit in such companies has been argued to interfere with efficiently providing the needed services. Aid from richer nations increasingly go through for profit institutions. Such hospitals are found to imprison patients and retain corpses for non\\-payment of fees.\n\n",
"### Intergovernmental organizations\n\nIn 2015 all UN Member States adopted the 17 [Sustainable Development Goals](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals \"Sustainable Development Goals\") as part of the [Post\\-2015 Development Agenda](/wiki/Post-2015_Development_Agenda \"Post-2015 Development Agenda\"), which sought to create a future global development framework to succeed the [Millennium Development Goals](/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals \"Millennium Development Goals\"), which were goals set in 2000 and were meant to be achieved by 2015\\. Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date. [Goal 1](/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1 \"Sustainable Development Goal 1\") is to \"end poverty in all its forms everywhere\". It aims to eliminate extreme poverty for all people measured by daily wages less than $1\\.25 and at least half the total number of men, women, and children living in poverty. In addition, social protection systems must be established at the national level and equal access to economic resources must be ensured. Strategies have to be developed at the national, regional and international levels to support the eradication of poverty.\n\n",
"### Development banks\n\nA *development financial institution*, also known as a *development bank*, is a [financial institution](/wiki/Financial_institution \"Financial institution\") that provides [risk capital](/wiki/Risk_capital \"Risk capital\") for [economic development projects](/wiki/Economic_development \"Economic development\") on a non\\-commercial basis. They are often established and owned by governments to finance projects that would otherwise not be able to get financing from commercial lenders. These include [international financial institutions](/wiki/International_financial_institutions \"International financial institutions\") such as the [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\"), which is the largest development bank.\n\n",
"### Nongovernmental organizations\n\nIn recent decades, the number of [nongovernmental organizations](/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization \"Nongovernmental organization\") has increased dramatically. The [High level forums on aid effectiveness](/wiki/High_level_forums_on_aid_effectiveness \"High level forums on aid effectiveness\") that was coordinated by the [OECD](/wiki/OECD \"OECD\") found that this leads to fragmentation where too many agencies were financing too many small projects using too many different procedures and that the civil service of the donor countries were overstretched producing reports for each.\n\nA major proportion of aid from donor nations is [tied](/wiki/Tied_aid \"Tied aid\"), mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country. US law requires [food aid](/wiki/Food_aid \"Food aid\") be spent on buying food at home, instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport. Domestic NGOs have more expertise in their respective regions and have less overhead and thus tend to be more efficient in delivering aid but receive less funding. Housing only for a Western aid worker in Ethiopia is enough to pay the salaries of four or five local NGO workers, for example. Bilateral government aid programs such as [US Agency for International Development](/wiki/US_Agency_for_International_Development \"US Agency for International Development\") aim to increase their share of funding to go through 'local partners', called 'localizing'. The obstacles include accountability where it is easier to delegate responsibility for spending on one international NGO than having to track tax payer money going to numerous smaller domestic NGOs.\n\n",
"### For\\-profit institutions\n\nThe *[Poverty industrial complex](/wiki/Poverty_industrial_complex \"Poverty industrial complex\")* refers to for\\-profit companies taking over roles previously held by government agencies. The incentive for profit in such companies has been argued to interfere with efficiently providing the needed services. Aid from richer nations increasingly go through for profit institutions. Such hospitals are found to imprison patients and retain corpses for non\\-payment of fees.\n\n",
"Economic theories\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\| Data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups. However, social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility.Data from Charted in ](/wiki/File:20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg \"20220801 Economic stratification - cross-class friendships - bar chart.svg\")\nThe cause of poverty is a highly ideologically charged subject, as different causes point to different remedies. Very broadly speaking, the [socialist](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\") tradition locates the roots of poverty in problems of distribution and the use of the [means of production](/wiki/Means_of_production \"Means of production\") as capital benefiting individuals, and calls for [redistribution of wealth](/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth \"Redistribution of wealth\") as the solution, whereas the [neoliberal](/wiki/Neoliberal \"Neoliberal\") school of thought holds that creating conditions for profitable private investment is the solution. Neoliberal [think tanks](/wiki/Think_tank \"Think tank\") have received extensive funding, and proponents of neoliberalism have been able to apply their ideas in highly indebted countries in the [global South](/wiki/Global_South \"Global South\") as a condition for receiving emergency loans from the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\").\n\nThe existence of inequality is in part due to a set of self\\-reinforcing behaviors that all together constitute one aspect of the [cycle of poverty](/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty \"Cycle of poverty\"). These behaviors, in addition to unfavorable, external circumstances, also explain the existence of the [Matthew effect](/wiki/Matthew_effect \"Matthew effect\"), which not only exacerbates existing inequality, but is more likely to make it multigenerational. Widespread, multigenerational poverty is an important contributor to civil unrest and political instability. For example, [Raghuram G. Rajan](/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan \"Raghuram Rajan\"), former governor of the [Reserve Bank of India](/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India \"Reserve Bank of India\") and former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, has blamed the ever\\-widening gulf between the rich and the poor, especially [in the US](/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States \"Income inequality in the United States\"), to be one of the main fault lines which caused the financial institutions to pump money into [subprime mortgages](/wiki/Subprime_mortgages \"Subprime mortgages\")—on political behest, as a palliative and not a remedy, for poverty—causing the [financial crisis of 2007–2009](/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis \"Subprime mortgage crisis\"). In Rajan's view the main cause of the increasing gap between high income and low income earners was lack of equal access to higher education for the latter.\n\nA [data based](/wiki/Empirical_evidence \"Empirical evidence\") scientific [empirical research](/wiki/Empirical_research \"Empirical research\"), which studied the impact of [dynastic politics](/wiki/Political_family \"Political family\") on the level of poverty of the provinces, found a [positive correlation](/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence \"Correlation and dependence\") between dynastic politics and poverty; i.e. the higher proportion of dynastic politicians in power in a province leads to higher poverty rate. There is significant evidence that these political dynasties use their political dominance over their respective regions to enrich themselves, using methods such as graft or outright bribery of legislators.\n\nMost economic historians believe that throughout most of human history, extreme poverty was the norm for roughly 90% of the population, and only with the emergence of [industrialization](/wiki/Industrialization \"Industrialization\") in the 19th century were the masses of people lifted out of it. This narrative is advanced by, among others, [Martin Ravallion](/wiki/Martin_Ravallion \"Martin Ravallion\"), [Nicholas Kristof](/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof \"Nicholas Kristof\"), and [Steven Pinker](/wiki/Steven_Pinker \"Steven Pinker\").\n\nSome academics, including Dylan Sullivan and [Jason Hickel](/wiki/Jason_Hickel \"Jason Hickel\") have challenged this contemporary mainstream narrative on poverty, arguing that extreme poverty was not the norm throughout human history, but emerged during \"periods of severe social and economic dislocation\", including high European feudalism and the apex of the Roman Empire, and that it expanded significantly after 1500 with the emergence of colonialism and the beginnings of capitalism, stating that \"the expansion of the capitalist world\\-system caused a dramatic and prolonged process of impoverishment on a scale unparalleled in recorded history.\" Sullivan and Hickel assert that only with the rise of [anti\\-colonial](/wiki/Anti-colonial \"Anti-colonial\") and socialist political movements in the 20th century did human welfare begin to see significant improvement. However, all scholars and intellectuals, including Hickel, agree that the incomes of the poorest people in the world have increased since 1981\\. Nevertheless, Sullivan and Hickel argue that poverty persists under contemporary global capitalism (in spite of it being highly productive) because masses of working people are cut off from common land and resources, have no ownership or control over the [means of production](/wiki/Means_of_production \"Means of production\"), and have their labor power \"appropriated by a ruling class or an external imperial power,\" thereby maintaining extreme inequality.\n\nMarian L. Tupy, a senior fellow of the [Cato Institute](/wiki/Cato_Institute \"Cato Institute\"), a [right\\-libertarian](/wiki/Right-libertarian \"Right-libertarian\") think tank, criticized Hickel's claim that people before industrialization lived well without a lot of monetary income, stating that \"The evidence from contemporary accounts and academic research\" shows that \"Compared to today, Western European living standards prior to industrialization were miserably low.\", that \"poverty was widespread and it was precisely the onset of industrialization and global trade … which led to poverty alleviation first in the West and then in the Rest.\" and that both [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\") and [Friedrich Engels](/wiki/Friedrich_Engels \"Friedrich Engels\"), while advocating for socialism, recognized that the capitalist system developing around them had improved people's material conditions.\n\n",
"Ethics\n------\n\n### Human rights\n\nIt is sometimes argued that poverty is a violation of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\"). The [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\") state that “Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to [social security](/wiki/Social_security \"Social security\").”\n\n### Environmentalism\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Demonstration against climate poverty in 2007\\.](/wiki/File:Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg \"Polar Bears Fight Climate Poverty 2.jpg\")\n\nThe poor tend to suffer most from environmental degradation caused by reckless [exploitation of natural resources](/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources \"Exploitation of natural resources\") by the rich. For example, it is estimated that 92% of accumulated greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to countries from the Global North while 8% of emissions are attributed to countries from the Global South. However, [developing countries](/wiki/Developing_countries \"Developing countries\") suffer 99% of the casualties attributable to climate change. This unfair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits has generated the global [environmental justice](/wiki/Environmental_justice \"Environmental justice\") and [climate justice](/wiki/Climate_justice \"Climate justice\") movement.\n\nThe [Brundtland Report](/wiki/Our_Common_Future \"Our Common Future\") concluded that poverty causes [environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"), while other theories like [environmentalism of the poor](/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor \"Environmentalism of the poor\") conclude that the global poor may be the most important force for sustainability. A 2013 [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") report estimated that climate change was likely to hinder future attempts to reduce poverty with a 2016 UN report claiming that by 2030, an additional 122 million more people could be driven to extreme poverty because of climate change. The possible impacts of a temperature rise of 2 °C include: regular food shortages in Sub\\-Saharan Africa; a deficiency in water availability, with droughts predicted to happen much faster and last longer; degradation and loss of reefs in South East Asia, resulting in reduced fish stocks; and coastal communities and cities more vulnerable to increasingly violent storms.[REPORT: Warmer world will keep millions of people trapped in poverty.](http://cdkn.org/2013/06/report-warmer-world-will-keep-millions-of-people-trapped-in-poverty/?loclang=en_gb) [Climate \\& Development Knowledge Network](/wiki/Climate_%26_Development_Knowledge_Network \"Climate & Development Knowledge Network\"). Retrieved 31 July 2013\\.\n\n[Green imperialism](/wiki/Green_imperialism \"Green imperialism\") is the term used to refer to influencing poorer nations in the name of environmentalism. [Green colonialism](/wiki/Green_colonialism \"Green colonialism\") is grabbing of land in the name of environmentalism. [Fortress conservation](/wiki/Fortress_conservation \"Fortress conservation\") is the conservation model based on the belief that biodiversity protection is best achieved by creating protected areas in isolation from humans and this has led to the eviction of indigenous people.\n\n### Spirituality\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|A Japanese Buddhist pilgrim on [alms round](/wiki/Takuhatsu \"Takuhatsu\") (during [Shikoku Pilgrimage](/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage \"Shikoku Pilgrimage\") in Shikoku, Japan)](/wiki/File:50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg \"50番繁多寺前で托鉢する遍路P1010122.jpg\")\n\nAmong some individuals, poverty is considered a necessary or desirable condition, which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual, moral, or intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of [renunciation](/wiki/Nekkhamma \"Nekkhamma\") in religions such as [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") (only for monks, not for lay persons) and [Jainism](/wiki/Jainism \"Jainism\"), whilst in [Christianity](/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth \"Christian views on poverty and wealth\"), in particular Roman Catholicism, it is one of the [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels \"Evangelical counsels\"). Some Christian communities, such as the [Simple Way](/wiki/The_Simple_Way \"The Simple Way\"), the [Bruderhof](/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities \"Bruderhof Communities\"), and the [Amish](/wiki/Amish \"Amish\") value voluntary poverty; some even take a vow of poverty, similar to that of the traditional Catholic orders, in order to live a more complete life of discipleship. Another example is [mendicancy](/wiki/Mendicancy \"Mendicancy\"), where one chooses to rely chiefly or exclusively on [alms](/wiki/Alms \"Alms\") to survive. The main aim of giving up things of the materialistic world is to withdraw oneself from sensual pleasures (as they are considered illusionary and only temporary in some religions—such as the concept of [dunya](/wiki/Dunya \"Dunya\") in [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\")).\n\n[Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\") referred to \"the spirit of poverty\" as a fundamental characteristic of a Christian life,Pope Paul VI (1964\\), [Ecclesiam Suam](https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html), paragraph 54, accessed on 28 August 2024 while Pope [Benedict XVI](/wiki/Benedict_XVI \"Benedict XVI\") distinguished between \"poverty *chosen*\" (the poverty of spirit proposed by Jesus), and \"poverty *to be fought*\" (unjust and imposed poverty).\n\nVoluntary poverty can also be the result of [solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity \"Solidarity\") with the poor. Benedict XVI considered that such solidarity is a necessary condition to fight effectively to eradicate the non\\-voluntary poverty.\n\n",
"### Human rights\n\nIt is sometimes argued that poverty is a violation of [human rights](/wiki/Human_rights \"Human rights\"). The [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\") state that “Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to [social security](/wiki/Social_security \"Social security\").”\n\n",
"### Environmentalism\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Demonstration against climate poverty in 2007\\.](/wiki/File:Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg \"Polar Bears Fight Climate Poverty 2.jpg\")\n\nThe poor tend to suffer most from environmental degradation caused by reckless [exploitation of natural resources](/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources \"Exploitation of natural resources\") by the rich. For example, it is estimated that 92% of accumulated greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to countries from the Global North while 8% of emissions are attributed to countries from the Global South. However, [developing countries](/wiki/Developing_countries \"Developing countries\") suffer 99% of the casualties attributable to climate change. This unfair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits has generated the global [environmental justice](/wiki/Environmental_justice \"Environmental justice\") and [climate justice](/wiki/Climate_justice \"Climate justice\") movement.\n\nThe [Brundtland Report](/wiki/Our_Common_Future \"Our Common Future\") concluded that poverty causes [environmental degradation](/wiki/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"), while other theories like [environmentalism of the poor](/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor \"Environmentalism of the poor\") conclude that the global poor may be the most important force for sustainability. A 2013 [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\") report estimated that climate change was likely to hinder future attempts to reduce poverty with a 2016 UN report claiming that by 2030, an additional 122 million more people could be driven to extreme poverty because of climate change. The possible impacts of a temperature rise of 2 °C include: regular food shortages in Sub\\-Saharan Africa; a deficiency in water availability, with droughts predicted to happen much faster and last longer; degradation and loss of reefs in South East Asia, resulting in reduced fish stocks; and coastal communities and cities more vulnerable to increasingly violent storms.[REPORT: Warmer world will keep millions of people trapped in poverty.](http://cdkn.org/2013/06/report-warmer-world-will-keep-millions-of-people-trapped-in-poverty/?loclang=en_gb) [Climate \\& Development Knowledge Network](/wiki/Climate_%26_Development_Knowledge_Network \"Climate & Development Knowledge Network\"). Retrieved 31 July 2013\\.\n\n[Green imperialism](/wiki/Green_imperialism \"Green imperialism\") is the term used to refer to influencing poorer nations in the name of environmentalism. [Green colonialism](/wiki/Green_colonialism \"Green colonialism\") is grabbing of land in the name of environmentalism. [Fortress conservation](/wiki/Fortress_conservation \"Fortress conservation\") is the conservation model based on the belief that biodiversity protection is best achieved by creating protected areas in isolation from humans and this has led to the eviction of indigenous people.\n\n",
"### Spirituality\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|A Japanese Buddhist pilgrim on [alms round](/wiki/Takuhatsu \"Takuhatsu\") (during [Shikoku Pilgrimage](/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage \"Shikoku Pilgrimage\") in Shikoku, Japan)](/wiki/File:50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg \"50番繁多寺前で托鉢する遍路P1010122.jpg\")\n\nAmong some individuals, poverty is considered a necessary or desirable condition, which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual, moral, or intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of [renunciation](/wiki/Nekkhamma \"Nekkhamma\") in religions such as [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\"), [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism \"Hinduism\") (only for monks, not for lay persons) and [Jainism](/wiki/Jainism \"Jainism\"), whilst in [Christianity](/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth \"Christian views on poverty and wealth\"), in particular Roman Catholicism, it is one of the [evangelical counsels](/wiki/Evangelical_counsels \"Evangelical counsels\"). Some Christian communities, such as the [Simple Way](/wiki/The_Simple_Way \"The Simple Way\"), the [Bruderhof](/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities \"Bruderhof Communities\"), and the [Amish](/wiki/Amish \"Amish\") value voluntary poverty; some even take a vow of poverty, similar to that of the traditional Catholic orders, in order to live a more complete life of discipleship. Another example is [mendicancy](/wiki/Mendicancy \"Mendicancy\"), where one chooses to rely chiefly or exclusively on [alms](/wiki/Alms \"Alms\") to survive. The main aim of giving up things of the materialistic world is to withdraw oneself from sensual pleasures (as they are considered illusionary and only temporary in some religions—such as the concept of [dunya](/wiki/Dunya \"Dunya\") in [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\")).\n\n[Pope Paul VI](/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI \"Pope Paul VI\") referred to \"the spirit of poverty\" as a fundamental characteristic of a Christian life,Pope Paul VI (1964\\), [Ecclesiam Suam](https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html), paragraph 54, accessed on 28 August 2024 while Pope [Benedict XVI](/wiki/Benedict_XVI \"Benedict XVI\") distinguished between \"poverty *chosen*\" (the poverty of spirit proposed by Jesus), and \"poverty *to be fought*\" (unjust and imposed poverty).\n\nVoluntary poverty can also be the result of [solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity \"Solidarity\") with the poor. Benedict XVI considered that such solidarity is a necessary condition to fight effectively to eradicate the non\\-voluntary poverty.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Accumulation by dispossession](/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession \"Accumulation by dispossession\")\n* [Aporophobia](/wiki/Aporophobia \"Aporophobia\")\n* [Bottom of the pyramid](/wiki/Bottom_of_the_pyramid \"Bottom of the pyramid\")\n* [Economic inequality](/wiki/Economic_inequality \"Economic inequality\")\n* [Environmental racism](/wiki/Environmental_racism \"Environmental racism\")\n* [Emotional detachment](/wiki/Emotional_detachment \"Emotional detachment\")\n* [Cycle of poverty](/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty \"Cycle of poverty\")\n* [Distribution of wealth](/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth \"Distribution of wealth\")\n* [Food bank](/wiki/Food_bank \"Food bank\")\n* [Income disparity](/wiki/Income_disparity \"Income disparity\")\n* [In\\-group and out\\-group](/wiki/In-group_and_out-group \"In-group and out-group\")\n* [International development](/wiki/International_development \"International development\")\n* [International inequality](/wiki/International_inequality \"International inequality\")\n* [Involuntary unemployment](/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment \"Involuntary unemployment\")\n* [Juvenilization of poverty](/wiki/Juvenilization_of_poverty \"Juvenilization of poverty\")\n* [List of countries by income inequality](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_inequality \"List of countries by income inequality\")\n* [List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty](/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty \"List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty\")\n* [List of sovereign states by wealth inequality](/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality \"List of sovereign states by wealth inequality\")\n* [Millennium Development Goals](/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals \"Millennium Development Goals\")\n* [Prosperity](/wiki/Prosperity \"Prosperity\")\n* [Redistribution of income and wealth](/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth \"Redistribution of income and wealth\")\n* [Social programs](/wiki/Social_programs \"Social programs\")\n* [Social protection floor](/wiki/Social_protection_floor \"Social protection floor\")\n* [Social safety net](/wiki/Social_safety_net \"Social safety net\")\n* [Social stigma](/wiki/Social_stigma \"Social stigma\")\n* [United Nations Millennium Declaration](/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration \"United Nations Millennium Declaration\")\n* [Universal basic income](/wiki/Universal_basic_income \"Universal basic income\")\n* [Working poor](/wiki/Working_poor \"Working poor\")\n* [World Poverty Clock](/wiki/World_Poverty_Clock \"World Poverty Clock\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Citations\n\n```\n\"Inequality and Poverty – OECD\". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 23 February 2023.\n\n```\n\n### Sources\n\n",
"### Citations\n\n```\n\"Inequality and Poverty – OECD\". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 23 February 2023.\n\n```\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Allen, Robert C. 2020\\. \"[Poverty and the Labor Market: Today and Yesterday.](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-091819-014652) \" Annual Review of Economomics.\n* [Half of the world's poor live in just 5 countries](https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/half-world-s-poor-live-just-5-countries) Roy Katayama \\& Divinshi Wadha. World Bank Blogs.\n* [Atkinson, Anthony](/wiki/Tony_Atkinson \"Tony Atkinson\"). *Poverty in Europe* 1998\n* Banerjee, Abhijit \\& Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011\\)\n* Bergmann, Barbara. [\"Deciding Who's Poor\"](http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300bergmann.html) , [Dollars \\& Sense](/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense \"Dollars & Sense\"), March/April 2000\n* Betson, David M. \\& Warlick, Jennifer L. \"Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty.\" *American Economic Review* 88:348–51\\. 1998\\.\n* Brady, David \"Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty\" *Social Forces* 81\\#3 2003, pp. 715–751 Online in Project Muse.\n* Buhmann, Brigitte, et al. 1988\\. \"Equivalence Scales, Well\\-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database.\" Review of Income and Wealth 34:115–142\\.\n* Danziger, Sheldon H. \\& Weinberg, Daniel H. \"The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty.\" pp. 18–50 in *Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change,* edited by Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994\\.\n* Firebaugh, Glenn. \"Empirics of World Income Inequality.\" *American Journal of Sociology* (2000\\) 104:1597–1630\\. in JSTOR\n* [Gans, Herbert J.](/wiki/Herbert_J._Gans \"Herbert J. Gans\"), [\"The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All\"](http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf) , Social Policy, July/August 1971: pp. 20–24\n* Gordon, David M. *Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives.* 1972\\.\n* Haveman, Robert H. *Poverty Policy and Poverty Research.* [University of Wisconsin Press](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press \"University of Wisconsin Press\") 1987 \n* Haymes, Stephen, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds). *[The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States](http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/) .* [Routledge](/wiki/Routledge \"Routledge\"), 2015\\. .\n* Iceland, John *Poverty in America: a handbook* University of California Press, 2003\n* McEwan, Joanne, and Pamela Sharpe, eds. *Accommodating Poverty: The Housing and Living Arrangements of the English Poor, c. 1600–1850* (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010\\) 292 pages; scholarly studies of rural and urban poor, as well as vagrants, unmarried mothers, and almshouse dwellers.\n* Paugam, Serge. \"Poverty and Social Exclusion: a sociological view.\" pp. 41–62 in *The Future of European Welfare*, edited by Martin Rhodes and Yves Meny, 1998\\.\n* [Prashad, Vijay](/wiki/Vijay_Prashad \"Vijay Prashad\"). *The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South.* [Verso Books](/wiki/Verso_Books \"Verso Books\"), June 2014\\. \n* Prashad, Vijay. \"[Making Poverty History](https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/11/making-poverty-history/)\". *[Jacobin](/wiki/Jacobin_%28magazine%29 \"Jacobin (magazine)\").* 10 November 2014\\.\n* [Pressman, Steven](/wiki/Steven_Pressman_%28economist%29 \"Steven Pressman (economist)\"), *Poverty in America: an annotated bibliography.* Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1994 \n* [Robinson, Marilynne](/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson \"Marilynne Robinson\"), \"Is Poverty Necessary? An idea that won't go away\", *[Harper's Magazine](/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine \"Harper's Magazine\")*, vol. 338, no. 2029 (June 2019\\), pp. 25–33\\. \"To bring up the subject of providing a better life is to lean too far left, to flirt with [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\").... 'Why... do wages tend to a minimum which will give but a bare living?' A short answer would be: because they can.... Insofar as the public is barred from taking a central role in society, we lose wisdom to stealth, stupidity, parochialism.\"\n* Rothman, David J., (editor). *The Almshouse Experience* (Poverty U.S.A.: the Historical Record). New York: Arno Press, 1971\\. Reprint of Report of the committee appointed by the Board of Guardians of the Poor of the City and Districts of Philadelphia to visit the cities of Baltimore, New York, Providence, Boston, and Salem (published in Philadelphia, 1827\\); Report of the Massachusetts General Court's Committee on Pauper Laws (published in \\[Boston?], 1821\\); and the 1824 Report of the New York Secretary of State on the relief and settlement of the poor (from the 24th annual report of the New York State Board of Charities, 1901\\).\n* [Roy, Arundhati](/wiki/Arundhati_Roy \"Arundhati Roy\"), *Capitalism: A Ghost Story*, Haymarket Books, 2014, .\n* [Sen, Amartya](/wiki/Amartya_Sen \"Amartya Sen\"), *Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation*, Oxford, [Clarendon Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\"), 1981\\.\n* [Sen, Amartya](/wiki/Amartya_Sen \"Amartya Sen\"), *Development as Freedom*, New York, Knopf, 1999\\.\n* Smeeding, Timothy M., O'Higgins, Michael \\& Rainwater, Lee. *Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective.* Urban Institute Press 1990\\.\n* [Smith, Stephen C.](/wiki/Stephen_C._Smith_%28economist%29 \"Stephen C. Smith (economist)\"), *Ending Global Poverty: a guide to what works*, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005\n* Wilson, Richard \\& Pickett, Kate. *The Spirit Level*, London: Allen Lane, 2009\n* [World Bank: \"Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation?\"](http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html) \n* [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank_Group \"World Bank Group\"), \"[World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work For Poor People\"](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100411043749/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2004/0%2C%2CmenuPK%3A477704%7EpagePK%3A64167702%7EpiPK%3A64167676%7EtheSitePK%3A477688%2C00.html), 2004\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Addressing Global Poverty](https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552568) from the [Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives](https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494)\n* [Data visualizations of the long\\-run development of poverty and list of data sources on poverty](https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty) on 'Our World in Data'.\n* [Islamic Development Bank](https://web.archive.org/web/20090918223238/http://www.isdb.org/irj/portal/anonymous) (archived 18 September 2009\\)\n* [Luxembourg Income Study](https://web.archive.org/web/20051204101908/http://www.lisproject.org/) Contains a wealth of data on income inequality and poverty, and hundreds of its sponsored research papers using this data (archived 4 December 2005\\)\n* [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development](http://www.oecd.org/) Contains reports on economic development as well as relations between rich and poor nations.\n* [OPHI](https://ophi.org.uk/) [Oxford Poverty \\& Human Development Initiative](/wiki/Oxford_Poverty_%26_Human_Development_Initiative \"Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative\") (OPHI) Research to advance the human development approach to poverty reduction.\n* [Transparency International](http://www.transparency.org/) Tracks issues of government and corporate corruption around the world.\n* [United Nations](https://www.un.org/) Hundreds of free reports related to economic development and standards of living in countries around the world, such as the annual *Human Development Report.*\n* [US Agency for International Development](http://www.usaid.gov/) USAID is the primary US government agency with the mission for aid to developing countries.\n* [World Bank](http://www.worldbank.org/) Contains hundreds of reports which can be downloaded for free, such as the annual *World Development Report.*\n* [World Food Program](http://www.wfp.org/) Associated with the United Nations, the World Food Program compiles hundreds of reports on hunger and food security around the world.\n* [Why poverty](http://www.whypoverty.net/) Documentary films about poverty broadcast on television around the world in November 2012, then will be available online.\n* [Annual income of richest 100 people enough to end global poverty four times over](https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/annual-income-richest-100-people-enough-end-global-poverty-four-times-over). *[Oxfam International](/wiki/Oxfam_International \"Oxfam International\"),* 19 January 2013\\.\n* [Contains estimates on the number of people living in poverty in selected countries from 1973 to 1985](https://books.google.com/books?id=xxZi6pe2DgQC&dq=poverty+belgium+1975&pg=PA15)\n* [Contains information on poverty in 1980](https://books.google.com/books?id=FuEXzh48RYQC&q=world+bank+poverty+1981)\n* [Contains estimates on trends in global extreme poverty since 1820](https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/how-was-life-volume-ii_e20f2f1a-en)\n* [Contains estimates on trends in world poverty from 1970 to 2006](https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w15433/w15433.pdf)\n* [Includes estimates on poverty in various European countries in the Eighties](http://aei.pitt.edu/100280/1/poverty_in_figures.pdf)\n* [Contains estimates on global poverty in 1975](https://books.google.com/books?id=S2W9jZcp6M0C&q=world+bank+poverty+1960)\n\n[Category:Aid](/wiki/Category:Aid \"Aid\")\n[Category:Development economics](/wiki/Category:Development_economics \"Development economics\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Newcastle-under-Lyme
|
{
"id": [
41219559
],
"name": [
"10mmsocket"
]
}
|
go8ake6nzy0078w82m2w7p6jkdc1ezl
|
2024-10-20T16:33:24Z
| 1,251,592,260 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Toponym",
"History",
"12th–19th centuries",
"20th century",
"Economy",
"Politicians",
"Transport",
"Geography",
"Green belt",
"Environment",
"Demography",
"Transport",
"Education",
"Sites and attractions",
"Parks and gardens",
"Traditional market",
"The Guildhall",
"The Barracks",
"Culture",
"Media",
"Sport",
"Religion",
"International network",
"Notable people",
"17th and 18th centuries",
"19th century",
"20th century",
"Sport",
"See also",
"References",
"Bibliography",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme** is a [market town](/wiki/Market_town \"Market town\") and the administrative centre of the [Borough of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](/wiki/Borough_of_Newcastle-under-Lyme \"Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme\") in [Staffordshire](/wiki/Staffordshire \"Staffordshire\"), England. It is adjacent to the city of [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\"). In 2021 the population was 75,082\\.\n\nNewcastle grew up in the twelfth century around the castle which gave the town its name, and received its first charter in 1173\\. The town's early industries included [millinery](/wiki/Hatmaking \"Hatmaking\"), silk weaving, and coal mining, but despite its proximity to the [Potteries](/wiki/Staffordshire_Potteries \"Staffordshire Potteries\") it did not develop a ceramics trade.\n\n",
"Toponym\n-------\n\nThe name \"Newcastle\" is derived from a mid\\-12th century [motte and bailey](/wiki/Motte_and_bailey \"Motte and bailey\") that was built after [King Stephen](/wiki/Stephen%2C_King_of_England \"Stephen, King of England\") granted lands in the area to [Ranulf de Gernon](/wiki/Ranulf_de_Gernon%2C_4th_Earl_of_Chester \"Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester\"), [Earl of Chester](/wiki/Earl_of_Chester \"Earl of Chester\"); the land was known for his support during the civil war known as [The Anarchy](/wiki/The_Anarchy \"The Anarchy\").\n\nThe element *Lyme* is found throughout the locality, such as in [Lyme Brook](/wiki/Lyme_Brook \"Lyme Brook\") and the [Forest of Lyme](/wiki/Forest_of_Lyme \"Forest of Lyme\"). This ultimately derives from a [Brythonic](/wiki/Common_Brittonic \"Common Brittonic\") word related to the [modern Welsh](/wiki/Modern_Welsh \"Modern Welsh\") \"llwyf\", meaning [elm](/wiki/Elm \"Elm\"). Elm trees covered an extensive area across the present day counties of [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire \"Cheshire\"), [Staffordshire](/wiki/Staffordshire \"Staffordshire\") and parts of [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### 12th–19th centuries\n\nNewcastle was not recorded in the 1086 [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\"), as it grew up round a 12th\\-century castle, but it must have gained rapid importance, as a [charter](/wiki/Charter \"Charter\"), known solely through a reference in another charter to [Preston](/wiki/Preston%2C_Lancashire \"Preston, Lancashire\"), was given to the town by [Henry II](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England \"Henry II of England\") in 1173\\. The new castle superseded an older fortress at [Chesterton](/wiki/Chesterton%2C_Staffordshire \"Chesterton, Staffordshire\"), about to the north, whose ruins were visible up to the end of the 16th century.\n\nIn 1235 [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_England \"Henry III of England\") turned the town into a free borough, granting a [guild](/wiki/Guild \"Guild\") and other privileges. In 1251 he leased it under a [fee farm grant](/wiki/Fee_farm_grant \"Fee farm grant\") to the burgesses. In 1265 Newcastle was granted by the [Crown](/wiki/The_Crown \"The Crown\") to [Simon de Montfort](/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%2C_6th_Earl_of_Leicester \"Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester\") and later to [Edmund Crouchback](/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback \"Edmund Crouchback\"), through whom it passed to [Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England \"Henry IV of England\"). In [John Leland's](/wiki/John_Leland_%28antiquary%29 \"John Leland (antiquary)\") time the castle had disappeared \"save one great Toure\".\n\n[thumb\\|Ironmarket, Newcastle\\-Under\\-Lyme](/wiki/File:Ironmarket%2C_Newcastle-Under-Lyme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2101001.jpg \"Ironmarket, Newcastle-Under-Lyme - geograph.org.uk - 2101001.jpg\")\nNewcastle did not feature much in the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), except as a victim of [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier \"Cavalier\") [plundering](/wiki/Plundering \"Plundering\"). However, it was the home town of Major General [Thomas Harrison](/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_%28soldier%29 \"Thomas Harrison (soldier)\"), a [Cromwellian](/wiki/Cromwellian \"Cromwellian\") army officer and leader of the [Fifth Monarchy Men](/wiki/Fifth_Monarchy_Men \"Fifth Monarchy Men\").\n\nAn inclosure act in 1816 enclosed the common lands of the borough, and removed their common rights. They were thereafter held in trust for the burgesses of the borough. The Newcastle under Lyme Burgess Lands charity continues to exist, with entitlement to benefits going to those who would have been burgesses before the reforms of 1835: either the son of someone entitled to the trust, who was resident or occupying property within the borough's boundaries.\n\nThe [Municipal Corporations Act 1835](/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835 \"Municipal Corporations Act 1835\") reformed the borough, creating a new governing charter, repealing the previous charters of 1590 and 1664\\. The unreformed corporation prior to 1835 had been styled the \"Mayor, Bailiffs and Burgesses of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme\", but that act changed the style to \"Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme\".\n\nIn 1835, the admission of new burgesses was forbidden by section 13 of the [Municipal Corporations Act 1835](/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835 \"Municipal Corporations Act 1835\") under any criteria expect that of being a ratepayer. This only affected the creation of borough burgesses, and not the entitlement rules of the Burgess Lands Trust, which continued on the historic burgess criteria.\n\nNewcastle sent two members to Parliament from 1355 to 1885, then lost one of its seats.[The History of Parliament Trust, Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme, Borough, from 1386 to 1481](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/newcastle-under-lyme) Retrieved 29 May 2019\\.\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|Nelson Place and view up King Street, from a postcard, ](/wiki/File:Nelsonplace1900.jpg \"Nelsonplace1900.jpg\")\n\n### 20th century\n\nWhen [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\") was [formed by the 1910 amalgamation](/wiki/Federation_of_Stoke-on-Trent \"Federation of Stoke-on-Trent\") of the \"six towns\" ([Stoke](/wiki/Stoke-upon-Trent \"Stoke-upon-Trent\"), [Hanley](/wiki/Hanley%2C_Staffordshire \"Hanley, Staffordshire\"), [Fenton](/wiki/Fenton%2C_Staffordshire \"Fenton, Staffordshire\"), [Longton](/wiki/Longton%2C_Staffordshire \"Longton, Staffordshire\"), [Burslem](/wiki/Burslem \"Burslem\") and [Tunstall](/wiki/Tunstall%2C_Staffordshire \"Tunstall, Staffordshire\")), Newcastle remained separate.\n\nDespite its close proximity, it was not directly involved in the pottery industry and it strongly opposed attempts to join the merger in 1930, with a postcard poll showing residents opposing the Stoke\\-on\\-Trent Extension Bill by a majority of 97\\.4 per cent. Although passed by the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"), the bill was rejected by the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\").\n\nAfter the [Local Government Act 1972](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972 \"Local Government Act 1972\"), Newcastle became the principal settlement of the Borough of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme.\n\n### Economy\n\nLike neighbouring Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Newcastle's early economy was based around the hatting trade, silk and [cotton mills](/wiki/Cotton_mill \"Cotton mill\"). Later [coal mining](/wiki/Coal_mining \"Coal mining\"), [brick](/wiki/Brick \"Brick\") manufacture, [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") casting and [engineering](/wiki/Engineering \"Engineering\") rose to prominence. Fine red earthenware and [soft\\-paste porcelain](/wiki/Soft-paste_porcelain \"Soft-paste porcelain\") [tableware](/wiki/Tableware \"Tableware\") (the first such production in Staffordshire) was produced in Newcastle at Samuel Bell's factory in Lower Street in 1724–1754, when production ceased. Except for a failed enterprise in 1790–1797, which then switched to [brewing](/wiki/Brewing \"Brewing\"), there was no further commercial production of pottery within the town. Production of earthenware tiles, however, continued at several locations in the borough. Manufacture of fine [bone china](/wiki/Bone_china \"Bone china\") was re\\-established in the borough in 1963 by [Mayfair Pottery](/wiki/Mayfair_Pottery \"Mayfair Pottery\") at [Chesterton](/wiki/Chesterton%2C_Staffordshire \"Chesterton, Staffordshire\").\n\nThe manufacture in the borough of clay [tobacco\\-smoking pipes](/wiki/Smoking_pipe_%28tobacco%29 \"Smoking pipe (tobacco)\") started about 1637 and grew rapidly, until it was second only to hatting as an industry. Nationally, the town ranked with [Chester](/wiki/Chester \"Chester\"), [York](/wiki/York \"York\") and [Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull \"Kingston upon Hull\") as the four major pipe producers. The industry continued until the mid\\-19th century, when decline set in rapidly, so that by 1881 it had only one tobacco\\-pipe maker left.\n\nIn the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the town had a flourishing [felt](/wiki/Felt \"Felt\") hat manufacturing industry, probably at its peak locally in the 1820s, when a third of the town's population were involved in over 20 factories, but by 1892 there was only one still in production.\n\nIn 1944, the [Rolls\\-Royce Derwent](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Derwent \"Rolls-Royce Derwent\") engine for the [Gloster Meteor](/wiki/Gloster_Meteor \"Gloster Meteor\") fighter was made in the borough.\n\nNewcastle's 20th\\-century industries include: iron\\-working, construction materials, clothing (especially military, police and transport uniforms), computers, publishing, electric motors and machinery.\n\nNear the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the town received major redevelopment to incorporate a new street (Castle Walk) into the town centre, providing Newcastle with a new [bus station](/wiki/Bus_station \"Bus station\") and bringing in more companies. Various business centres in the town provide offices for companies that operate in the service sector.\n\nThe town was classed as a BID ([business improvement district](/wiki/Business_improvement_district \"Business improvement district\")) in 2015, reiterated in 2021\\.\n\n### Politicians\n\n[thumb\\|[Vera Brittain](/wiki/Vera_Brittain \"Vera Brittain\")](/wiki/File:Vera_Brittain.jpg \"Vera Brittain.jpg\")\nThe town has been the birthplace of several notable politicians and activists. [Fanny Deakin](/wiki/Fanny_Deakin \"Fanny Deakin\") was a campaigner for better nourishment for babies and young children and better maternity care for mothers. The former [chairwoman](/wiki/Chairwoman \"Chairwoman\") of [Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament \"Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament\") ([CND](/wiki/CND \"CND\")), [Janet Bloomfield](/wiki/Janet_Bloomfield \"Janet Bloomfield\") (née Hood) is a peace and disarmament campaigner. [Vera Brittain](/wiki/Vera_Brittain \"Vera Brittain\"). writer, [feminist](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\") (and mother of [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") Minister and later [Liberal Democrat](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") [Shirley Williams](/wiki/Shirley_Williams \"Shirley Williams\")) was born in the town.\n\nThere have been two particularly notable [Members of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") (MPs). [Josiah Wedgwood IV](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood%2C_1st_Baron_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood\") was a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\"), Independent and [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") MP, who served as [Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster \"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\") in the [cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29 \"Cabinet (government)\") of [Ramsay MacDonald](/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald \"Ramsay MacDonald\"), in the first ever Labour government. He was an MP from 1909 to 1942\\. [John Golding](/wiki/John_Golding_%28British_politician%29 \"John Golding (British politician)\") was elected a Labour MP for [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)\") at a by\\-election in 1969\\. He served in the governments of [Harold Wilson](/wiki/Harold_Wilson \"Harold Wilson\") and [Jim Callaghan](/wiki/Jim_Callaghan \"Jim Callaghan\"), as PPS to [Eric Varley](/wiki/Eric_Varley \"Eric Varley\") as [Minister of Technology](/wiki/Minister_of_Technology \"Minister of Technology\"), a Labour whip in opposition, and Minister for Employment, stepping down in [1986](/wiki/1986_Newcastle-under-Lyme_by-election \"1986 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election\").\n\nThe current MP is [Adam Jogee](/wiki/Adam_Jogee \"Adam Jogee\").\n\n### Transport\n\nThe town was once served by the [North Staffordshire Railway](/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Railway \"North Staffordshire Railway\"), its station being on a branch from [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\") via Newcastle, [Silverdale](/wiki/Silverdale%2C_Staffordshire \"Silverdale, Staffordshire\") and [Keele](/wiki/Keele \"Keele\"), to [Market Drayton](/wiki/Market_Drayton \"Market Drayton\") in [Shropshire](/wiki/Shropshire \"Shropshire\"). [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme railway station](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_railway_station \"Newcastle-under-Lyme railway station\") opened in September 1852, after numerous construction difficulties involving the two tunnels of and at Hartshill. There were also two halts to the west of Newcastle railway station, located at [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton_Halt_railway_station \"Brampton Halt railway station\") and [Liverpool Road](/wiki/Liverpool_Road_Halt_railway_station \"Liverpool Road Halt railway station\").\n\nThe section from [Silverdale](/wiki/Silverdale_%28Staffordshire%29_railway_station \"Silverdale (Staffordshire) railway station\") to [Market Drayton](/wiki/Market_Drayton_railway_station \"Market Drayton railway station\") closed to passengers in May 1956 and the rest of the line in March 1964\\. Only small sections remained from Madeley to Silverdale, and from Silverdale to Holditch, for coal traffic from the local collieries. The line from Newcastle Junction to Silverdale has been removed, and the site of Newcastle railway station and the Hartshill tunnels filled in.\n\nNewcastle was on the national [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") network, but the [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme Canal](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_Canal \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Canal\") running from the [Trent and Mersey Canal](/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal \"Trent and Mersey Canal\") at Stoke\\-on\\-Trent to [Sir Nigel Gresley's Canal](/wiki/Sir_Nigel_Gresley%27s_Canal \"Sir Nigel Gresley's Canal\") has been disused since 1935 and mostly filled in.\n\nToday the town relies on buses for public transport. [FirstGroup](/wiki/FirstGroup \"FirstGroup\") runs a network of services connecting Newcastle to the towns of [the Potteries](/wiki/The_Potteries_Urban_Area \"The Potteries Urban Area\") and to [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford \"Stafford\"). Arriva buses run to [Shrewsbury](/wiki/Shrewsbury \"Shrewsbury\") via [Market Drayton](/wiki/Market_Drayton \"Market Drayton\")\n\n",
"### 12th–19th centuries\n\nNewcastle was not recorded in the 1086 [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\"), as it grew up round a 12th\\-century castle, but it must have gained rapid importance, as a [charter](/wiki/Charter \"Charter\"), known solely through a reference in another charter to [Preston](/wiki/Preston%2C_Lancashire \"Preston, Lancashire\"), was given to the town by [Henry II](/wiki/Henry_II_of_England \"Henry II of England\") in 1173\\. The new castle superseded an older fortress at [Chesterton](/wiki/Chesterton%2C_Staffordshire \"Chesterton, Staffordshire\"), about to the north, whose ruins were visible up to the end of the 16th century.\n\nIn 1235 [Henry III](/wiki/Henry_III_of_England \"Henry III of England\") turned the town into a free borough, granting a [guild](/wiki/Guild \"Guild\") and other privileges. In 1251 he leased it under a [fee farm grant](/wiki/Fee_farm_grant \"Fee farm grant\") to the burgesses. In 1265 Newcastle was granted by the [Crown](/wiki/The_Crown \"The Crown\") to [Simon de Montfort](/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%2C_6th_Earl_of_Leicester \"Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester\") and later to [Edmund Crouchback](/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback \"Edmund Crouchback\"), through whom it passed to [Henry IV](/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England \"Henry IV of England\"). In [John Leland's](/wiki/John_Leland_%28antiquary%29 \"John Leland (antiquary)\") time the castle had disappeared \"save one great Toure\".\n\n[thumb\\|Ironmarket, Newcastle\\-Under\\-Lyme](/wiki/File:Ironmarket%2C_Newcastle-Under-Lyme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2101001.jpg \"Ironmarket, Newcastle-Under-Lyme - geograph.org.uk - 2101001.jpg\")\nNewcastle did not feature much in the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\"), except as a victim of [Royalist](/wiki/Cavalier \"Cavalier\") [plundering](/wiki/Plundering \"Plundering\"). However, it was the home town of Major General [Thomas Harrison](/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_%28soldier%29 \"Thomas Harrison (soldier)\"), a [Cromwellian](/wiki/Cromwellian \"Cromwellian\") army officer and leader of the [Fifth Monarchy Men](/wiki/Fifth_Monarchy_Men \"Fifth Monarchy Men\").\n\nAn inclosure act in 1816 enclosed the common lands of the borough, and removed their common rights. They were thereafter held in trust for the burgesses of the borough. The Newcastle under Lyme Burgess Lands charity continues to exist, with entitlement to benefits going to those who would have been burgesses before the reforms of 1835: either the son of someone entitled to the trust, who was resident or occupying property within the borough's boundaries.\n\nThe [Municipal Corporations Act 1835](/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835 \"Municipal Corporations Act 1835\") reformed the borough, creating a new governing charter, repealing the previous charters of 1590 and 1664\\. The unreformed corporation prior to 1835 had been styled the \"Mayor, Bailiffs and Burgesses of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme\", but that act changed the style to \"Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme\".\n\nIn 1835, the admission of new burgesses was forbidden by section 13 of the [Municipal Corporations Act 1835](/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835 \"Municipal Corporations Act 1835\") under any criteria expect that of being a ratepayer. This only affected the creation of borough burgesses, and not the entitlement rules of the Burgess Lands Trust, which continued on the historic burgess criteria.\n\nNewcastle sent two members to Parliament from 1355 to 1885, then lost one of its seats.[The History of Parliament Trust, Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme, Borough, from 1386 to 1481](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/constituencies/newcastle-under-lyme) Retrieved 29 May 2019\\.\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|Nelson Place and view up King Street, from a postcard, ](/wiki/File:Nelsonplace1900.jpg \"Nelsonplace1900.jpg\")\n\n",
"### 20th century\n\nWhen [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\") was [formed by the 1910 amalgamation](/wiki/Federation_of_Stoke-on-Trent \"Federation of Stoke-on-Trent\") of the \"six towns\" ([Stoke](/wiki/Stoke-upon-Trent \"Stoke-upon-Trent\"), [Hanley](/wiki/Hanley%2C_Staffordshire \"Hanley, Staffordshire\"), [Fenton](/wiki/Fenton%2C_Staffordshire \"Fenton, Staffordshire\"), [Longton](/wiki/Longton%2C_Staffordshire \"Longton, Staffordshire\"), [Burslem](/wiki/Burslem \"Burslem\") and [Tunstall](/wiki/Tunstall%2C_Staffordshire \"Tunstall, Staffordshire\")), Newcastle remained separate.\n\nDespite its close proximity, it was not directly involved in the pottery industry and it strongly opposed attempts to join the merger in 1930, with a postcard poll showing residents opposing the Stoke\\-on\\-Trent Extension Bill by a majority of 97\\.4 per cent. Although passed by the [House of Commons](/wiki/British_House_of_Commons \"British House of Commons\"), the bill was rejected by the [House of Lords](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\").\n\nAfter the [Local Government Act 1972](/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972 \"Local Government Act 1972\"), Newcastle became the principal settlement of the Borough of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme.\n\n",
"### Economy\n\nLike neighbouring Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, Newcastle's early economy was based around the hatting trade, silk and [cotton mills](/wiki/Cotton_mill \"Cotton mill\"). Later [coal mining](/wiki/Coal_mining \"Coal mining\"), [brick](/wiki/Brick \"Brick\") manufacture, [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\") casting and [engineering](/wiki/Engineering \"Engineering\") rose to prominence. Fine red earthenware and [soft\\-paste porcelain](/wiki/Soft-paste_porcelain \"Soft-paste porcelain\") [tableware](/wiki/Tableware \"Tableware\") (the first such production in Staffordshire) was produced in Newcastle at Samuel Bell's factory in Lower Street in 1724–1754, when production ceased. Except for a failed enterprise in 1790–1797, which then switched to [brewing](/wiki/Brewing \"Brewing\"), there was no further commercial production of pottery within the town. Production of earthenware tiles, however, continued at several locations in the borough. Manufacture of fine [bone china](/wiki/Bone_china \"Bone china\") was re\\-established in the borough in 1963 by [Mayfair Pottery](/wiki/Mayfair_Pottery \"Mayfair Pottery\") at [Chesterton](/wiki/Chesterton%2C_Staffordshire \"Chesterton, Staffordshire\").\n\nThe manufacture in the borough of clay [tobacco\\-smoking pipes](/wiki/Smoking_pipe_%28tobacco%29 \"Smoking pipe (tobacco)\") started about 1637 and grew rapidly, until it was second only to hatting as an industry. Nationally, the town ranked with [Chester](/wiki/Chester \"Chester\"), [York](/wiki/York \"York\") and [Hull](/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull \"Kingston upon Hull\") as the four major pipe producers. The industry continued until the mid\\-19th century, when decline set in rapidly, so that by 1881 it had only one tobacco\\-pipe maker left.\n\nIn the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the town had a flourishing [felt](/wiki/Felt \"Felt\") hat manufacturing industry, probably at its peak locally in the 1820s, when a third of the town's population were involved in over 20 factories, but by 1892 there was only one still in production.\n\nIn 1944, the [Rolls\\-Royce Derwent](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Derwent \"Rolls-Royce Derwent\") engine for the [Gloster Meteor](/wiki/Gloster_Meteor \"Gloster Meteor\") fighter was made in the borough.\n\nNewcastle's 20th\\-century industries include: iron\\-working, construction materials, clothing (especially military, police and transport uniforms), computers, publishing, electric motors and machinery.\n\nNear the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the town received major redevelopment to incorporate a new street (Castle Walk) into the town centre, providing Newcastle with a new [bus station](/wiki/Bus_station \"Bus station\") and bringing in more companies. Various business centres in the town provide offices for companies that operate in the service sector.\n\nThe town was classed as a BID ([business improvement district](/wiki/Business_improvement_district \"Business improvement district\")) in 2015, reiterated in 2021\\.\n\n",
"### Politicians\n\n[thumb\\|[Vera Brittain](/wiki/Vera_Brittain \"Vera Brittain\")](/wiki/File:Vera_Brittain.jpg \"Vera Brittain.jpg\")\nThe town has been the birthplace of several notable politicians and activists. [Fanny Deakin](/wiki/Fanny_Deakin \"Fanny Deakin\") was a campaigner for better nourishment for babies and young children and better maternity care for mothers. The former [chairwoman](/wiki/Chairwoman \"Chairwoman\") of [Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament](/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament \"Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament\") ([CND](/wiki/CND \"CND\")), [Janet Bloomfield](/wiki/Janet_Bloomfield \"Janet Bloomfield\") (née Hood) is a peace and disarmament campaigner. [Vera Brittain](/wiki/Vera_Brittain \"Vera Brittain\"). writer, [feminist](/wiki/Feminist \"Feminist\") (and mother of [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") Minister and later [Liberal Democrat](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") [Shirley Williams](/wiki/Shirley_Williams \"Shirley Williams\")) was born in the town.\n\nThere have been two particularly notable [Members of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") (MPs). [Josiah Wedgwood IV](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood%2C_1st_Baron_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood\") was a [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\"), Independent and [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") MP, who served as [Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster](/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster \"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\") in the [cabinet](/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29 \"Cabinet (government)\") of [Ramsay MacDonald](/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald \"Ramsay MacDonald\"), in the first ever Labour government. He was an MP from 1909 to 1942\\. [John Golding](/wiki/John_Golding_%28British_politician%29 \"John Golding (British politician)\") was elected a Labour MP for [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)\") at a by\\-election in 1969\\. He served in the governments of [Harold Wilson](/wiki/Harold_Wilson \"Harold Wilson\") and [Jim Callaghan](/wiki/Jim_Callaghan \"Jim Callaghan\"), as PPS to [Eric Varley](/wiki/Eric_Varley \"Eric Varley\") as [Minister of Technology](/wiki/Minister_of_Technology \"Minister of Technology\"), a Labour whip in opposition, and Minister for Employment, stepping down in [1986](/wiki/1986_Newcastle-under-Lyme_by-election \"1986 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election\").\n\nThe current MP is [Adam Jogee](/wiki/Adam_Jogee \"Adam Jogee\").\n\n",
"### Transport\n\nThe town was once served by the [North Staffordshire Railway](/wiki/North_Staffordshire_Railway \"North Staffordshire Railway\"), its station being on a branch from [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\") via Newcastle, [Silverdale](/wiki/Silverdale%2C_Staffordshire \"Silverdale, Staffordshire\") and [Keele](/wiki/Keele \"Keele\"), to [Market Drayton](/wiki/Market_Drayton \"Market Drayton\") in [Shropshire](/wiki/Shropshire \"Shropshire\"). [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme railway station](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_railway_station \"Newcastle-under-Lyme railway station\") opened in September 1852, after numerous construction difficulties involving the two tunnels of and at Hartshill. There were also two halts to the west of Newcastle railway station, located at [Brampton](/wiki/Brampton_Halt_railway_station \"Brampton Halt railway station\") and [Liverpool Road](/wiki/Liverpool_Road_Halt_railway_station \"Liverpool Road Halt railway station\").\n\nThe section from [Silverdale](/wiki/Silverdale_%28Staffordshire%29_railway_station \"Silverdale (Staffordshire) railway station\") to [Market Drayton](/wiki/Market_Drayton_railway_station \"Market Drayton railway station\") closed to passengers in May 1956 and the rest of the line in March 1964\\. Only small sections remained from Madeley to Silverdale, and from Silverdale to Holditch, for coal traffic from the local collieries. The line from Newcastle Junction to Silverdale has been removed, and the site of Newcastle railway station and the Hartshill tunnels filled in.\n\nNewcastle was on the national [canal](/wiki/Canal \"Canal\") network, but the [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme Canal](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_Canal \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Canal\") running from the [Trent and Mersey Canal](/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal \"Trent and Mersey Canal\") at Stoke\\-on\\-Trent to [Sir Nigel Gresley's Canal](/wiki/Sir_Nigel_Gresley%27s_Canal \"Sir Nigel Gresley's Canal\") has been disused since 1935 and mostly filled in.\n\nToday the town relies on buses for public transport. [FirstGroup](/wiki/FirstGroup \"FirstGroup\") runs a network of services connecting Newcastle to the towns of [the Potteries](/wiki/The_Potteries_Urban_Area \"The Potteries Urban Area\") and to [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford \"Stafford\"). Arriva buses run to [Shrewsbury](/wiki/Shrewsbury \"Shrewsbury\") via [Market Drayton](/wiki/Market_Drayton \"Market Drayton\")\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nSituated in a valley alongside the [Lyme Brook](/wiki/Lyme_Brook \"Lyme Brook\"), the town is just west of the city of [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent \"Stoke-on-Trent\"), its [suburbs](/wiki/Suburb \"Suburb\") running together. Newcastle town centre is less than from [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent City Centre](/wiki/Hanley%2C_Staffordshire \"Hanley, Staffordshire\"), about north of [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford \"Stafford\") and south of the [Cheshire](/wiki/Cheshire \"Cheshire\") county border and from the [Shropshire](/wiki/Shropshire \"Shropshire\") county border.\n\n### Green belt\n\nNewcastle and Stoke form the [main urban area](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_Built-up_Area \"Stoke-on-Trent Built-up Area\") at the centre of the Stoke\\-on\\-Trent Green Belt, which is an [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_policy \"Environmental policy\") and [planning](/wiki/Planning_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Planning in the United Kingdom\") area that regulates the rural space in Staffordshire, to prevent [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl \"Urban sprawl\") and minimise convergence with outlying settlements. First defined in 1967, most of the area extends into the wider borough, but some landscape features and places of interest within that are covered or surrounded. They include the [Michelin Sports Facility](/wiki/Clayton_Wood_Training_Ground \"Clayton Wood Training Ground\"), Newcastle golf course, [Keele University](/wiki/Keele_University \"Keele University\"), [Apedale Winding Wheel](/wiki/Apedale_Community_Country_Park \"Apedale Community Country Park\"), Watermills Chimney and [Bignall Hill](/wiki/Bignall_Hill \"Bignall Hill\"). The [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line \"West Coast Main Line\") forms the western boundary of the green belt.\n\n### Environment\n\nNewcastle\\-under\\-Lyme Borough Council undertakes a range of environmental, sustainability and regeneration projects. As part of its Sustainable Environment Strategy, it processes household and business waste through a 'waste to energy' plant and partnered with [Advantage West Midlands](/wiki/Advantage_West_Midlands \"Advantage West Midlands\") in the development of Blue Planet Chatterley Valley, a sustainable logistics facility on the site of a former [colliery](/wiki/Colliery \"Colliery\") completed in 2008\\. The Council also works with the [Environment Agency](/wiki/Environment_Agency \"Environment Agency\"), Walleys Quarry Ltd. and other relevant bodies to regulate Walleys Quarry landfill site in [Silverdale](/wiki/Silverdale%2C_Staffordshire \"Silverdale, Staffordshire\").\n\n",
"### Green belt\n\nNewcastle and Stoke form the [main urban area](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_Built-up_Area \"Stoke-on-Trent Built-up Area\") at the centre of the Stoke\\-on\\-Trent Green Belt, which is an [environmental](/wiki/Environmental_policy \"Environmental policy\") and [planning](/wiki/Planning_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Planning in the United Kingdom\") area that regulates the rural space in Staffordshire, to prevent [urban sprawl](/wiki/Urban_sprawl \"Urban sprawl\") and minimise convergence with outlying settlements. First defined in 1967, most of the area extends into the wider borough, but some landscape features and places of interest within that are covered or surrounded. They include the [Michelin Sports Facility](/wiki/Clayton_Wood_Training_Ground \"Clayton Wood Training Ground\"), Newcastle golf course, [Keele University](/wiki/Keele_University \"Keele University\"), [Apedale Winding Wheel](/wiki/Apedale_Community_Country_Park \"Apedale Community Country Park\"), Watermills Chimney and [Bignall Hill](/wiki/Bignall_Hill \"Bignall Hill\"). The [West Coast Main Line](/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line \"West Coast Main Line\") forms the western boundary of the green belt.\n\n",
"### Environment\n\nNewcastle\\-under\\-Lyme Borough Council undertakes a range of environmental, sustainability and regeneration projects. As part of its Sustainable Environment Strategy, it processes household and business waste through a 'waste to energy' plant and partnered with [Advantage West Midlands](/wiki/Advantage_West_Midlands \"Advantage West Midlands\") in the development of Blue Planet Chatterley Valley, a sustainable logistics facility on the site of a former [colliery](/wiki/Colliery \"Colliery\") completed in 2008\\. The Council also works with the [Environment Agency](/wiki/Environment_Agency \"Environment Agency\"), Walleys Quarry Ltd. and other relevant bodies to regulate Walleys Quarry landfill site in [Silverdale](/wiki/Silverdale%2C_Staffordshire \"Silverdale, Staffordshire\").\n\n",
"Demography\n----------\n\n|**Comparative Census Information**\n\n| |\n| **[2001 UK Census](/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001 \"United Kingdom Census 2001\")** | **Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme** | **[Borough](/wiki/Borough_of_Newcastle-under-Lyme \"Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme\")** | **England** |\n| Total population | 73,944 | 122,030 | 49,138,831 |\n| White | 97\\.8% | 98% | 91% |\n| Asian | 0\\.6% | 0\\.6% | 4\\.6% |\n| Black | 0\\.2% | 0\\.2% | 2\\.3% |\n| Christian | 78\\.2% | 78\\.5% | 72% |\n| Muslim | 0\\.7% | 0\\.5% | 3\\.1% |\n| Hindu | 0\\.2% | 0\\.2% | 1\\.1% |\n| No religion | 14% | 13\\.1% | 15% |\n|\n| Unemployed | 2\\.3% | 2% | 3\\.3% |\n\nOf the 73,944 residents recorded in the 2001 census, 51\\.7 per cent (38,210\\) were female and 48\\.3 per cent (35,734\\) male. Of these, 78\\.2 per cent (57,819\\) stated that their religion was [Christian](/wiki/Christians \"Christians\"), and 12\\.9 per cent (9,570\\) said they had no religion. [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\"), [Judaism](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\"), [Buddhism](/wiki/Buddhism \"Buddhism\") and [Sikhism](/wiki/Sikhism \"Sikhism\") each covered less than 1 per cent of the population. Racially, 97\\.8 per cent of the population defined themselves as [white](/wiki/White_people \"White people\"), with the balance being [mixed race](/wiki/Multiracial \"Multiracial\") – 0\\.6 per cent), [Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") – 0\\.4 per cent, [Pakistani](/wiki/Pakistan \"Pakistan\") – 0\\.2 per cent, [black](/wiki/Black_people \"Black people\") – 0\\.2 per cent, [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_people \"Chinese people\") – 0\\.2 per cent, and other ethnic groups – 0\\.4 per cent.\n\nIn employment, 62\\.2 per cent (21,586\\) of the population work [full\\-time](/wiki/Full-time_job \"Full-time job\") and 19\\.4 per cent (6,746\\) [part time](/wiki/Part-time_job \"Part-time job\"). The largest employment types are [manufacturing](/wiki/Manufacturing \"Manufacturing\") with 7,058 (21\\.5 per cent), [wholesale](/wiki/Wholesale \"Wholesale\") and [retail](/wiki/Retail \"Retail\") 6,157 (18\\.7 per cent), [health](/wiki/Health \"Health\") and [social work](/wiki/Social_work \"Social work\") 4,097 (12\\.5 per cent) and [finance](/wiki/Finance \"Finance\"), [real estate](/wiki/Real_estate \"Real estate\") and [business](/wiki/Business \"Business\") activity 3,823 (11\\.6 per cent).\n\n[Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") residency of the area stretches back into the 19th century. In 1873 the community purchased an old [Welsh](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") [chapel](/wiki/Chapel \"Chapel\") to be used as a [synagogue](/wiki/Synagogue \"Synagogue\"). In 1923 a new synagogue was built in Hanley. This was closed in 2004 and the [congregation](/wiki/Wiktionary:Congregation \"Congregation\") moved to a smaller synagogue in Newcastle.[Stoke\\-on\\-Trent and North Staffordshire Hebrew Congregation website](http://jscn.org.uk/small-communities/stoke-on-trent-and-nortstaffordshire-hebrew-congregation/) retrieved Jan 2017\n\n",
"Transport\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|The [A34](/wiki/A34_road_%28England%29 \"A34 road (England)\") London Road](/wiki/File:A34_road_Newcastle-under-Lyme.jpg \"A34 road Newcastle-under-Lyme.jpg\")\nNewcastle\\-under\\-Lyme is served by the [M6 motorway](/wiki/M6_motorway \"M6 motorway\") to the south and west of Newcastle and by the [A500 road](/wiki/A500_road \"A500 road\") to the north and east. There are access points from the M6 at junctions 15 and 16, to the south and north respectively. The [A34](/wiki/A34_road_%28England%29 \"A34 road (England)\") [trunk road](/wiki/Trunk_road \"Trunk road\") runs through Newcastle from north to south and was the main road between [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham \"Birmingham\") and [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") until the [M6 motorway](/wiki/M6_motorway \"M6 motorway\") opened. There is a large bus station in the town centre.\n\n[thumb\\|Newcastle\\-Under\\-Lyme station site, now Stations Walk.](/wiki/File:Newcastle-Under-Lyme_station_site.jpg \"Newcastle-Under-Lyme station site.jpg\")\n[Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme railway station](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_railway_station \"Newcastle-under-Lyme railway station\"), which was not within the town but towards Water Street on the [Stoke to Market Drayton Line](/wiki/Stoke_to_Market_Drayton_Line \"Stoke to Market Drayton Line\"), closed in 1964 under the [Beeching cuts](/wiki/Beeching_cuts \"Beeching cuts\"). The line from Silverdale to Pipe Gate remained open to serve Silverdale Colliery and a creamery at Pipe Gate until 1998, when the line closed to all stone and mineral traffic. It now forms part of a green way from Silverdale to Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme, with the station site being called \"Station Walks\". The nearest station to the town is [Stoke\\-on\\-Trent railway station](/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_railway_station \"Stoke-on-Trent railway station\") which is between the town centre of Newcastle and city centre of Stoke\\-on\\-Trent and serves the Potteries as a whole. Newcastle is the third\\-largest town in England (by population) to have no railway station.\n\nMost of the bus network is run by [First Potteries](/wiki/First_Potteries \"First Potteries\") Limited and [D\\&G Bus](/wiki/D%26G_Bus \"D&G Bus\").\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nThe town has a [private school](/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Private schools in the United Kingdom\"): [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme School](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_School \"Newcastle-under-Lyme School\"), which was established in the 17th century, whose alumni includes [T. E. Hulme](/wiki/T._E._Hulme \"T. E. Hulme\"), [John Wain](/wiki/John_Wain \"John Wain\") and [William Watkiss Lloyd](/wiki/William_Watkiss_Lloyd \"William Watkiss Lloyd\"). It has a number of [primary](/wiki/Primary_school \"Primary school\") and [secondary schools](/wiki/Secondary_school \"Secondary school\") in the [state\\-funded sector](/wiki/State_school \"State school\"). The latter include [Newcastle Community Academy](/wiki/Newcastle_Academy \"Newcastle Academy\"), [Clayton Hall Academy](/wiki/Clayton_Hall_Academy \"Clayton Hall Academy\"), [St John Fisher Catholic College](/wiki/St_John_Fisher_Catholic_College \"St John Fisher Catholic College\"), [Sir Thomas Boughey Academy](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Boughey_Academy \"Sir Thomas Boughey Academy\") and [Orme Academy (formerly Wolstanton High School)](/wiki/Orme_Academy_%28formerly_Wolstanton_High_School%29 \"Orme Academy (formerly Wolstanton High School)\"). There is a private Edenhurst Preparatory School, founded in 1961\\.\n\nThe town's largest sixth\\-form college is [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme College](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_College \"Newcastle-under-Lyme College\"), which was established in 1966\\.\n\n[Keele University](/wiki/Keele_University \"Keele University\") main campus is situated from the centre of the town.\n\n",
"Sites and attractions\n---------------------\n\n### Parks and gardens\n\n[thumb\\|Queen's Gardens](/wiki/File:Queens_gardens_newcastle_under_lyme.jpg \"Queens gardens newcastle under lyme.jpg\")\nIn 2005 it was national winner in the \"small city/large town\" category (35K–100K). The town features several parks, including the Queen's Gardens at the east end of Ironmarket, which won the Britain in Bloom Judges' Award for Horticultural Excellence in 2003\\. Queens Gardens contains a statue of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") funded by Sir [Alfred Seale Haslam](/wiki/Alfred_Seale_Haslam \"Alfred Seale Haslam\") and unveiled by [Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia\") on 5 November 1903\\. It is the only park within the [ring road](/wiki/Ring_road \"Ring road\").\n\nGrosvenor Gardens is in the centre of one of the town's roundabouts, but hidden away below road level. Queen Elizabeth Garden is located outside the town centre and was due for refurbishment using [National Lottery Heritage Fund](/wiki/National_Lottery_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Lottery (United Kingdom)\") money.\n\nTo the north\\-west of the town centre is Brampton Park, home to a museum and art gallery.[Borough Council website, Brampton Park](https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/all-services/sport-and-culture/brampton-museum/brampton-park) Retrieved Jan 2017\\.\n\n### Traditional market\n\nDating back to 1173 Newcastle's [market](/wiki/Market_%28place%29 \"Market (place)\"), known as the Stones, operates on the High Street. The market was originally held on Sunday; in the reign of [John](/wiki/John_of_England \"John of England\") it was changed to Saturday; by the charter of [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England \"Elizabeth I of England\") it was fixed on Monday. Grants of fairs were given by [Edward I](/wiki/Edward_I_of_England \"Edward I of England\"), [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III_of_England \"Edward III of England\") and [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England \"Henry VI of England\").\n\nToday the market is open six days a week and has over 80 stalls. Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays have a general market, Tuesdays an [antiques](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") market and Thursdays a sale of bric\\-a\\-brac. A [cattle](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\") and [livestock](/wiki/Livestock \"Livestock\") market was held on Mondays until the early 1990s; the site of it is now a branch of Morrison's supermarket.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|[The Guildhall](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_Guildhall \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Guildhall\")](/wiki/File:Guildhall_newcastle_under_lyme.jpg \"Guildhall newcastle under lyme.jpg\")\n\n### The Guildhall\n\nThe current [Guildhall](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_Guildhall \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Guildhall\") was built in 1713 and has undergone a number of changes.[Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries Retrieved February 2017](http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/023.htm) has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative on The Guildhall, Newcastle. Originally the ground floor was open and was used for markets, until the Market Hall was built in 1854\\. In 1860, to provide more space, the ground floor arches were bricked up and a clock tower with four clocks added. The top rooms in the Guildhall were used for meetings by the borough council. It is now a Grade II listed building.\n\n### The Barracks\n\nThe Italian\\-style Militia Barracks were built in 1855 of red brick. They were the headquarters of the 3rd King's Own Staffordshire Rifle Regiment until 1880\\. In 1882 W. H. Dalton bought the Barracks and settled them in trust for use by the Rifle Volunteers of Newcastle, which became the Territorial Force in 1907\\. In 2002 the Barracks were let to small businesses.[Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries Retrieved Feb 2017](http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/022.htm) This has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative about the Barracks.\n\n",
"### Parks and gardens\n\n[thumb\\|Queen's Gardens](/wiki/File:Queens_gardens_newcastle_under_lyme.jpg \"Queens gardens newcastle under lyme.jpg\")\nIn 2005 it was national winner in the \"small city/large town\" category (35K–100K). The town features several parks, including the Queen's Gardens at the east end of Ironmarket, which won the Britain in Bloom Judges' Award for Horticultural Excellence in 2003\\. Queens Gardens contains a statue of [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") funded by Sir [Alfred Seale Haslam](/wiki/Alfred_Seale_Haslam \"Alfred Seale Haslam\") and unveiled by [Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia\") on 5 November 1903\\. It is the only park within the [ring road](/wiki/Ring_road \"Ring road\").\n\nGrosvenor Gardens is in the centre of one of the town's roundabouts, but hidden away below road level. Queen Elizabeth Garden is located outside the town centre and was due for refurbishment using [National Lottery Heritage Fund](/wiki/National_Lottery_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"National Lottery (United Kingdom)\") money.\n\nTo the north\\-west of the town centre is Brampton Park, home to a museum and art gallery.[Borough Council website, Brampton Park](https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/all-services/sport-and-culture/brampton-museum/brampton-park) Retrieved Jan 2017\\.\n\n",
"### Traditional market\n\nDating back to 1173 Newcastle's [market](/wiki/Market_%28place%29 \"Market (place)\"), known as the Stones, operates on the High Street. The market was originally held on Sunday; in the reign of [John](/wiki/John_of_England \"John of England\") it was changed to Saturday; by the charter of [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England \"Elizabeth I of England\") it was fixed on Monday. Grants of fairs were given by [Edward I](/wiki/Edward_I_of_England \"Edward I of England\"), [Edward III](/wiki/Edward_III_of_England \"Edward III of England\") and [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England \"Henry VI of England\").\n\nToday the market is open six days a week and has over 80 stalls. Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays have a general market, Tuesdays an [antiques](/wiki/Antique \"Antique\") market and Thursdays a sale of bric\\-a\\-brac. A [cattle](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\") and [livestock](/wiki/Livestock \"Livestock\") market was held on Mondays until the early 1990s; the site of it is now a branch of Morrison's supermarket.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|[The Guildhall](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_Guildhall \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Guildhall\")](/wiki/File:Guildhall_newcastle_under_lyme.jpg \"Guildhall newcastle under lyme.jpg\")\n\n",
"### The Guildhall\n\nThe current [Guildhall](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_Guildhall \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Guildhall\") was built in 1713 and has undergone a number of changes.[Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries Retrieved February 2017](http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/023.htm) has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative on The Guildhall, Newcastle. Originally the ground floor was open and was used for markets, until the Market Hall was built in 1854\\. In 1860, to provide more space, the ground floor arches were bricked up and a clock tower with four clocks added. The top rooms in the Guildhall were used for meetings by the borough council. It is now a Grade II listed building.\n\n",
"### The Barracks\n\nThe Italian\\-style Militia Barracks were built in 1855 of red brick. They were the headquarters of the 3rd King's Own Staffordshire Rifle Regiment until 1880\\. In 1882 W. H. Dalton bought the Barracks and settled them in trust for use by the Rifle Volunteers of Newcastle, which became the Territorial Force in 1907\\. In 2002 the Barracks were let to small businesses.[Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries Retrieved Feb 2017](http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/022.htm) This has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative about the Barracks.\n\n",
"Culture\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme Museum \\& Art Gallery](/wiki/File:Newcastle-under-Lyme_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery_%281%29.jpg \"Newcastle-under-Lyme Museum & Art Gallery (1).jpg\")\nThe [New Vic Theatre](/wiki/New_Vic_Theatre \"New Vic Theatre\") is a [theatre in the round](/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round \"Theatre in the round\"). Just outside the town centre, it offers a programme that includes modern and classic plays and concert performances.\n\nThe Borough Museum and Art Gallery (Brampton Museum) depicts the civic history of the Borough and an authentic, life\\-size [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") street\\-scene. The art gallery hosts work by local and national artists, and travelling exhibitions.[Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries Retrieved Feb 2017](http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/026.htm) It has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative about Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme Museum.[Brampton Museum on town's website](https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/all-services/sport-and-culture/brampton-museum). Retrieved January 2017\\.\n\nNotable residents who contributed to the arts and entertainment include [Philip Astley](/wiki/Philip_Astley \"Philip Astley\"), founder of the modern circus. [Jackie Trent](/wiki/Jackie_Trent \"Jackie Trent\"), the singer and songwriter, was born in the town. [Arnold Bennett](/wiki/Arnold_Bennett \"Arnold Bennett\"), the novelist, playwright, and essayist, completed his schooling at the Middle School, and called the town Oldcastle in his *[Clayhanger](/wiki/Clayhanger \"Clayhanger\")* trilogy of novels. [Dinah Maria Mulock](/wiki/Dinah_Maria_Mulock \"Dinah Maria Mulock\"), who wrote under her married name of Mrs Craik, lived in the town (in Lower Street and Mount Pleasant) and attended Brampton House Academy.\n\n[E. S. Turner](/wiki/E._S._Turner \"E. S. Turner\"), social commentator, was educated in the town. Newcastle was home to Dr Philip Willoughby\\-Higson (1933–2012\\), poet, translator, historian, and author of 33 books. He founded and was president (1974–1992\\) of the Chester Poets, the oldest poetry group in the North\\-West. He was also President of the Baudelaire Society of France from 1992 to 2012 – the only Englishman ever to hold that position.\n\n",
"Media\n-----\n\nRegional local news and television programmes are [BBC West Midlands](/wiki/BBC_West_Midlands \"BBC West Midlands\") and [ITV Central](/wiki/ITV_Central \"ITV Central\"). Television signals are received from either the Fenton or [Sutton Coldfield](/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield_transmitting_station \"Sutton Coldfield transmitting station\") transmitters. [BBC North West](/wiki/BBC_North_West \"BBC North West\") and [ITV Granada](/wiki/ITV_Granada \"ITV Granada\") can also be received from the [Winter Hill](/wiki/Winter_Hill_transmitting_station \"Winter Hill transmitting station\") TV transmitter.\n\nLocal radio stations are [BBC Radio Stoke](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Stoke \"BBC Radio Stoke\"), [Hits Radio Staffordshire \\& Cheshire](/wiki/Hits_Radio_Staffordshire_%26_Cheshire \"Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire\"), [Greatest Hits Radio Staffordshire \\& Cheshire](/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Staffordshire_%26_Cheshire \"Greatest Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire\"), [HitMix Radio](/wiki/The_Hitmix \"The Hitmix\") and [6 Towns Radio](/wiki/6_Towns_Radio \"6 Towns Radio\"), who are the most recent station to serve the area following a successful ofcom application. \n\n*[The Sentinel](/wiki/The_Sentinel_%28Staffordshire%29 \"The Sentinel (Staffordshire)\")* is the town's local newspaper.\n\n",
"Sport\n-----\n\nThe sports clubs and associations include [Newcastle Town F.C.](/wiki/Newcastle_Town_F.C. \"Newcastle Town F.C.\"), playing [association football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") in the Northern Premier League Division One South East. Rugby is represented by Newcastle Staffs Rugby Union Club.\n\nCycle Staffordshire organises local cycling events, as does the Newcastle [Track Cycling](/wiki/Track_cycling \"Track cycling\") Association. The town has a [velodrome](/wiki/Velodrome \"Velodrome\") used by the Lyme Racing Club.[Lyme Racing Club website.](http://www.lymeracingclub.co.uk/) Retrieved January 2017\\.\n[thumb\\|Newcastle Golf Club](/wiki/File:Newcastle_Golf_Club_-_Clubhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_407961.jpg \"Newcastle Golf Club - Clubhouse - geograph.org.uk - 407961.jpg\")\nNewcastle Athletic Club[Newcastle (Staffs) AC website](http://newcastlestaffsac.org.uk/information/who-we-are/). Retrieved January 2017\\. is based at the Ashfield Road track next to Newcastle College. This ash track was constructed in 1964\\. The club competes in the North Staffs XC League and the Local, National and Heart of England League 3\\.\n\nThe town is home to a volleyball club: [Newcastle (Staffs) Volleyball Club](/wiki/Newcastle_%28Staffs%29_Volleyball_Club \"Newcastle (Staffs) Volleyball Club\"). Founded in 1980, it has teams in the National Volleyball League.\n\nNewcastle\\-under\\-Lyme College is home to Castle Korfball Club, one of the nation's older such clubs. This club was founded in June 1996 originally based at keele university[Castle Korfball Club website.](http://www.castlekorfball.co.uk) Retrieved January 2017\\.\n\nThe town has a swimming club; Newcastle (Staffs) Swimming Club, which was founded in 1908\\.\n\nThere are golf courses at Kidsgrove, Wolstanton, Keele and Westlands.[Newcastle Golf Club website.](http://www.newcastlegolfclub.co.uk/index.php/en/) Retrieved January 2017\\.[Wolstanton Golf Clubwebsite](http://www.wolstantongolfclub.co.uk/) Retrieved January 2017\\.[Keele Golf Range website.](http://www.keelegolfrange.co.uk/drivingrange/) Retrieved January 2017\\.\n\nKeele University is home to one of the UK's first [quidditch](/wiki/Quidditch_%28real-life_sport%29 \"Quidditch (real-life sport)\") teams, the Keele Squirrels.[Keele university quidditch society website.](https://keelesu.com/activities/society/quidditch/) Retrieved April 2018\\. It hosted the first ever quidditch game in the UK in 2011 against the [Leicester](/wiki/Leicester \"Leicester\") Thestrals.\n\n",
"Religion\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|St Giles' Church, Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](/wiki/File:St_Giles%27_Church_Street_Newcastle-under-Lyme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_558236.jpg \"St Giles' Church Street Newcastle-under-Lyme - geograph.org.uk - 558236.jpg\")\nThe town was the birthplace of [John James Blunt](/wiki/John_James_Blunt \"John James Blunt\"), a [divine](/wiki/Anglicanism%23Anglican_divines \"Anglicanism#Anglican divines\") and [Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\") priest. [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") was a [Unitarian](/wiki/Unitarianism \"Unitarianism\") and he and his family attended meetings at the [Old Meeting House](/wiki/Unitarian_Meeting_House%2C_Newcastle-under-Lyme \"Unitarian Meeting House, Newcastle-under-Lyme\"), adjacent to St Giles' Church, which is still in use for the purpose.\n\nThe town has a number of Anglican churches, including St Giles, a medieval parish church dating from 1290\\.[Website of The Parish Church of St Giles](http://www.stgilesnewcastle.org.uk/). Retrieved January 2017\\. There are several [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic_Church \"Catholic Church\") churches, notably [Holy Trinity](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Newcastle-under-Lyme \"Holy Trinity Church, Newcastle-under-Lyme\"),[Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries. Retrieved February 2017\\.](http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/021.htm) This has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative about the church.[Website of Holy Trinity Catholic Church, Newcastle Retrieved January 2017\\.](http://www.holytrinitynewcastle.org.uk/parish-history) whose style is [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\") in blue engineering bricks, described as \"*the finest modern specimen of ornamental brickwork in the kingdom\"* at the time.\n\n[thumb\\|Jewish cemetery and Synagogue on the A34](/wiki/File:Jewish_cemetery_and_Synagogue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_335713.jpg \"Jewish cemetery and Synagogue - geograph.org.uk - 335713.jpg\")\nIn the 18th century [John Wesley](/wiki/John_Wesley \"John Wesley\") made repeated visits to the area, which was becoming industrialised, and recruited many residents to [Methodism](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\"). This is reflected in a number of [Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\") churches.[Newcastle Methodist Church Circuit website Retrieved January 2017\\.](http://www.northstaffordshiremethodists.org.uk/churches/church-profiles/newcastle-methodist-church.php) There is a [Baptist](/wiki/Baptist \"Baptist\") church in [Clayton](/wiki/Clayton%2C_Staffordshire \"Clayton, Staffordshire\").[Newcastle Baptist Church website. Retrieved January 2017\\.](http://www.newcastlebaptist.org.uk/)\n\nOf interest is [the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter\\-day Saints](/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\") (LDS Church), across from Brampton Park, which serves as the \"[Stake Centre](/wiki/Stake_%28Latter_Day_Saints%29 \"Stake (Latter Day Saints)\")\" for the church in the region and has an on\\-site [Family History Centre](/wiki/Family_History_Center_%28LDS_Church%29 \"Family History Center (LDS Church)\"), where the public can research their ancestry at little or no charge.\n\n",
"International network\n---------------------\n\nThe town is part of a worldwide network of towns and cities with the name [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle_%28disambiguation%29 \"Newcastle (disambiguation)\").. These include well\\-known [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\") (also in England), [Neuburg an der Donau](/wiki/Neuburg_an_der_Donau \"Neuburg an der Donau\") (Germany), [Neuchâtel](/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel \"Neuchâtel\") (Switzerland), [Neufchâteau](/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2teau%2C_Vosges \"Neufchâteau, Vosges\") (France), [New Castle, Indiana](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Indiana \"New Castle, Indiana\") (US), [New Castle, Pennsylvania](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Pennsylvania \"New Castle, Pennsylvania\") (US), [New Castle, Delaware](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Delaware \"New Castle, Delaware\") (US), [Newcastle, KwaZulu\\-Natal](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_KwaZulu-Natal \"Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal\") (South Africa) and [Shinshiro](/wiki/Shinshiro \"Shinshiro\") (Japan).\n\nThis small international network of eight towns, formed in 1998, is designed to encourage friendship and cooperation between them. Accordingly, a school in the South African town benefited in 2004 from gifts of computing equipment surplus to Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme's needs. The annual *Newcastles of the World* Summit was held in Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme for six days from 17 June 2006\\.\n\n* [Neuburg an der Donau](/wiki/Neuburg_an_der_Donau \"Neuburg an der Donau\"), Germany\n* [Neuchâtel](/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel \"Neuchâtel\"), Switzerland\n* [Neufchâteau](/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2teau%2C_Vosges \"Neufchâteau, Vosges\"), France\n* [New Castle, Delaware](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Delaware \"New Castle, Delaware\"), United States\n* [New Castle, Indiana](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Indiana \"New Castle, Indiana\"), United States\n* [New Castle, Pennsylvania](/wiki/New_Castle%2C_Pennsylvania \"New Castle, Pennsylvania\"), United States\n* [Newcastle upon Tyne](/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne \"Newcastle upon Tyne\"), England\n* [Newcastle, KwaZulu\\-Natal](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_KwaZulu-Natal \"Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal\"), South Africa\n* [Shinshiro](/wiki/Shinshiro \"Shinshiro\"), Japan\n",
"Notable people\n--------------\n\n### 17th and 18th centuries\n\n* [Humphrey Wollrich](/wiki/Humphrey_Wollrich \"Humphrey Wollrich\") (1633–1707\\), Quaker writer\n* [Philip Astley](/wiki/Philip_Astley \"Philip Astley\") (1742–1814\\), equestrian, inventor and father of the modern circus[BBC News Channel, Tuesday, 8 April, 2003\\. Retrieved December 2017\\.](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm)\n* [Silvester Harding](/wiki/Silvester_Harding \"Silvester Harding\") (1745–1809\\), artist and publisher, who joined a company of strolling actors at age 14\n* [John James Blunt](/wiki/John_James_Blunt \"John James Blunt\") (1794–1855\\), Anglican priest who wrote studies of the early Church.\n\n### 19th century\n\n* [Henry Moseley](/wiki/Henry_Moseley_%28mathematician%29 \"Henry Moseley (mathematician)\") (1801–1872\\), churchman, mathematician and scientist\n* [Joseph Mayer](/wiki/Joseph_Mayer_%28antiquary%29 \"Joseph Mayer (antiquary)\") (1803–1886\\), goldsmith, antiquary and collector\n* [Emma Darwin (née Wedgwood)](/wiki/Emma_Darwin \"Emma Darwin\") (1808–1896\\), granddaughter of [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") and wife of [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\")[Emma Darwin's diaries 1824\\-1896](http://darwin-online.org.uk/EmmaDiaries.html)\n* Sir [Oliver Lodge](/wiki/Oliver_Lodge \"Oliver Lodge\") (1851–1940\\), physicist, inventor and writer\n* [Arthur Howard Heath](/wiki/Arthur_Heath \"Arthur Heath\") (1856–1930\\), industrialist, cricketer, Rugby Union international and local Conservative MP[HANSARD 1803–2005, Mr Arthur Heath.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-arthur-heath-1) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* Sir [Joseph Cook](/wiki/Joseph_Cook \"Joseph Cook\") (1860 in Silverdale – 1947\\), worked in the local coalmines before emigrating in 1885; Prime Minister of Australia, 1913–1914[Australian Dictionary of Biography, Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947\\)](http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-sir-joseph-5763). Retrieved 11 February 2018\\.\n* [Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia\"), (1861–1929\\), lived in [Keele Hall](/wiki/Keele_Hall \"Keele Hall\") in 1900–1909\\.[The London Gazette, 9 July 1901, Issue:27331, Page:4569\\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27331/page/4569) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Arnold Bennett](/wiki/Arnold_Bennett \"Arnold Bennett\") (1867–1931\\), writer, went to school in Newcastle[YourDictionary Arnold Bennett, Facts.](http://biography.yourdictionary.com/arnold-bennett) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Ada Nield Chew](/wiki/Ada_Nield_Chew \"Ada Nield Chew\") (1870–1945\\), suffragist and social activist[HistoryExtra \\- BBC History Magazine, Ada Nield Chew: England’s forgotten suffragist](https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/ada-nield-chew-englands-forgotten-suffragist) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Fanny Deakin](/wiki/Fanny_Deakin \"Fanny Deakin\") (1883–1968\\), local politician born in Silverdale, campaigned for child nourishment and maternity care.[Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme BC website, 2004, Fanny Deakin 1883–1968\\.](https://web.archive.org/web/20070902001036/http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/general.asp?id=SXEA55-A77FA208) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Vera Brittain](/wiki/Vera_Brittain \"Vera Brittain\") (1893–1970\\), author, reformer and pacifist, and mother of [Shirley Williams](/wiki/Shirley_Williams \"Shirley Williams\")[The Guardian, 30 August 2003, The making of a peacenik](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/aug/30/featuresreviews.guardianreview18). Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Reginald Mitchell](/wiki/Reginald_Mitchell \"Reginald Mitchell\") (1895–1937\\), designer of the [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire \"Supermarine Spitfire\") fighter plane[RJ Mitchell website, A life in aviation.](http://www.rjmitchell-spitfire.co.uk/aboutrjmitchell/index.asp?sectionID=1) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Robert W. Tebbs](/wiki/Robert_W._Tebbs \"Robert W. Tebbs\") (1875–1945\\), architectural photographer\n\n### 20th century\n\n* [E. S. Turner](/wiki/Ernest_Sackville_Turner \"Ernest Sackville Turner\") (1909–2006\\), journalist and author, went to school in the town.[*The Guardian*, 18 July 2006, Obituary: E. S. Turner, Stalwart of Punch.](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/18/pressandpublishing.obituaries) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Fred Kite](/wiki/Fred_Kite \"Fred Kite\") (1921–1993\\), only Second World War British soldier to receive the [Military Medal](/wiki/Military_Medal \"Military Medal\") three times[TracesOfWar.com, Kite, Frederick William \"Buck\".](https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/44073/Kite-Frederick-William-Buck.htm?c=aw) Retrieved 8 February 2018\\.\n* [Colin Melbourne](/wiki/Colin_Melbourne \"Colin Melbourne\") (1928–2009\\), ceramicist and sculptor of several statues in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, was born in the town[Obituary notice of Colin Melbourne](https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/colin+melbourne/1980241) *Funeral notices*, 14 August 2009\\. Retrieved 30 October 2023\\.\n* [Freddie Garrity](/wiki/Freddie_Garrity \"Freddie Garrity\") (1936–2006\\), singer, lived in the town near the end of his life.[Freddie Garrity, IMDb Database](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0308484/) Retrieved December 2017\\.[BBC News, 20 May 2006\\.](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/5000396.stm) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Jackie Trent](/wiki/Jackie_Trent \"Jackie Trent\") (1940–2015\\), singer, songwriter and actress[*The Guardian*, March 22, 2015, Jackie Trent obituary.](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/22/jackie-trent) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Neil Baldwin](/wiki/Neil_Baldwin_%28Keele_University%29 \"Neil Baldwin (Keele University)\") (born 1946\\), clown, [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\") kit\\-man and honorary graduate of [Keele University](/wiki/Keele_University \"Keele University\")[The London Gazette, 2018 BEM medal](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62507/supplement/N26) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Kevin John Dunn](/wiki/Kevin_Dunn_%28bishop%29 \"Kevin Dunn (bishop)\") (1950–2008\\), twelfth Roman Catholic [Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle](/wiki/Bishop_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle \"Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle\")[The Diocese of Hexham \\& Newcastle, Bishop Kevin Dunn RIP.](http://rcdhn.org.uk/rest_in_peace/formerbishops/kd/kd_bio.php) Retrieved 8 February 2018\\.\n* Professor [Alan Sinclair](/wiki/Alan_Sinclair_%28scientist%29 \"Alan Sinclair (scientist)\") (born 1952\\), clinical scientist and diabetes specialist[International Federation of Ageing, profile for Professor Alan Sinclair.](https://expertfile.com/experts/profalan.jsinclair) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Janet Bloomfield](/wiki/Janet_Bloomfield \"Janet Bloomfield\") (1953–2007\\), peace and disarmament campaigner. [Guardian website, 2005](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/apr/13/books.arts) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Fran Unsworth](/wiki/Fran_Unsworth \"Fran Unsworth\") (born 1957\\), journalist, head of BBC News since January 2018[Fran Unsworth, IMDb Database.](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3801135/) Retrieved December 2017\\.[BBC News, 15 December 2017, BBC appoints Fran Unsworth as next head of news.](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42365321) Retrieved 30 January 2018\\.\n* [Andrew Van Buren](/wiki/Andrew_Van_Buren \"Andrew Van Buren\") (living), illusionist, showman, co\\-founder of the Philip Astley Project\n* [Hugh Dancy](/wiki/Hugh_Dancy \"Hugh Dancy\"), (born 1975\\), actor played [Will Graham](/wiki/Will_Graham_%28character%29 \"Will Graham (character)\") in [Hannibal (TV series)](/wiki/Hannibal_%28TV_series%29 \"Hannibal (TV series)\") [Hugh Dancy, IMDb Database](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0199215/) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Charlotte Salt](/wiki/Charlotte_Salt \"Charlotte Salt\"), (born 1985\\), actress as [Sam Nicholls](/wiki/Sam_Nicholls \"Sam Nicholls\") in [Casualty (TV series)](/wiki/Casualty_%28TV_series%29 \"Casualty (TV series)\")*[Dan Croll](/wiki/Dan_Croll \"Dan Croll\") (born 1991\\), singer\\-songwriter.\n[John Wain](/wiki/John_Wain \"John Wain\") (1925\\-1994\\), author, playwright, poet, critic, biographer. Professor of Poetry at Oxford University.\n### Politics\n\n[Robert Needham, 2nd Viscount Kilmorey](/wiki/Robert_Needham%2C_2nd_Viscount_Kilmorey \"Robert Needham, 2nd Viscount Kilmorey\") (1587/88–1653\\), supporter of [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\"); MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme in the [Addled Parliament](/wiki/Addled_Parliament \"Addled Parliament\") in 1614\\.[The History of Parliament Trust, NEEDHAM, Robert (1587/8–1653\\).](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/needham-robert-15878-1653) Retrieved December 2017\\.\nSir [Richard Leveson (1598–1661\\)](/wiki/Richard_Leveson_%281598%E2%80%931661%29 \"Richard Leveson (1598–1661)\"), MP for [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)\") in the [Long Parliament](/wiki/Long_Parliament \"Long Parliament\"), rebuilt [Trentham Hall](/wiki/Trentham_Hall \"Trentham Hall\") 1630\\-1638[The History of Parliament Trust, LEVESON, Richard (1598–1661\\).](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/leveson-richard-1598-1661) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n[Samuel Terrick](/wiki/Samuel_Terrick \"Samuel Terrick\") (1602–1675\\), local politician.[The History of Parliament Trust, TERRICK, Samuel (c. 1602–1675\\).](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/terrick-samuel-1602-75) Retrieved December 2017\\. In 1658 he went bankrupt for £20,000\\.\n[Major\\-General Thomas Harrison](/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_%28soldier%29 \"Thomas Harrison (soldier)\") (1606–1660\\) sided with Parliament in the English Civil War. In 1649 he signed the death warrant of [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") and in 1660, after the Restoration, was found guilty of regicide and [hanged, drawn and quartered](/wiki/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered \"Hanged, drawn and quartered\").\nSir [Alfred Seale Haslam](/wiki/Alfred_Seale_Haslam \"Alfred Seale Haslam\") (1844–1927\\) engineer, three times Mayor of Newcastle, MP for Newcastle, 1900–1906[Hansard 1803–2005, Sir Alfred Haslam.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-alfred-haslam/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood%2C_1st_Baron_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood\") (1872–1943\\),* \n\t+ - * + - * + Josiah Wedgwood IV'', great\\-great\\-grandson of [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") and Liberal MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme, 1906–1919, then its Labour MP, 1919–1942[HANSARD 1803–2005, Colonel Josiah Wedgwood.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/colonel-josiah-wedgwood/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* Sir [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\") (1896–1980\\), founder of [British Union of Fascists](/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists \"British Union of Fascists\"), lived in [Apedale Hall](/wiki/Apedale_Hall \"Apedale Hall\") in early 1900s\n* [Stephen Swingler](/wiki/Stephen_Swingler \"Stephen Swingler\") (1915–1969\\) Labour MP for [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)\"), 1945–1950, and for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 1951–1969[Hansard 1803–2005, Stephen Swingler.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-stephen-swingler/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [John Golding](/wiki/John_Golding_%28British_politician%29 \"John Golding (British politician)\") (1931–1999\\), Labour MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 1969–1986[Hansard 1803–2005, Mr John Golding.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-john-golding/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Llin Golding, Baroness Golding](/wiki/Llin_Golding%2C_Baroness_Golding \"Llin Golding, Baroness Golding\") (born 1933\\), Labour MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 1986–2001[Hansard 1803–2005, Mrs Llin Golding.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mrs-llin-golding/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Jeremy Lefroy](/wiki/Jeremy_Lefroy \"Jeremy Lefroy\") (born 1959\\) Westlands councillor, MP for [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)\") 2010–2019\n* [Paul Farrelly](/wiki/Paul_Farrelly \"Paul Farrelly\") (born 1962\\), MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 2001–2017, journalist\n* [Karen Bradley](/wiki/Karen_Bradley \"Karen Bradley\") (born 1970\\), MP for [Staffordshire Moorlands](/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Staffordshire Moorlands (UK Parliament constituency)\")\n* [Aaron Bell](/wiki/Aaron_Bell_%28politician%29 \"Aaron Bell (politician)\") (born 1980\\) politician, MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme since 2019[Aaron Bell, MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/25916/aaron_bell/newcastle-under-lyme) TheyWorkForYou, retrieved 28 April 2021\\.\n\n### Sport\n\n* [Dick Ray](/wiki/Dick_Ray \"Dick Ray\") (1876–1952\\) professional footballer and manager with [Port Vale](/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C. \"Port Vale F.C.\") and [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), 239 club caps [Dick Ray](http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=374) SoccerBase database, retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Frederick Bailey](/wiki/Frederick_Bailey_%28cricketer%29 \"Frederick Bailey (cricketer)\") (1919–1985\\), left\\-handed English cricketer[ESPN cricinfo Database. Retrieved December 2017\\.](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9448.html)\n* [Don Ratcliffe](/wiki/Don_Ratcliffe \"Don Ratcliffe\") (1934–2014\\), footballer with [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\"), 438 club caps[Post War English \\& Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Database.](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/donratcliffe.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Mike Pejic](/wiki/Mike_Pejic \"Mike Pejic\") (born 1950\\), footballer with Stoke City and [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\"), 360 club caps [Mike Pejic](https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=6236) at Soccerbase Database\n* [Ian Moores](/wiki/Ian_Moores \"Ian Moores\") (1954–1998\\) footballer with Stoke City and [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\"), 359 club caps\n* [Robbie Earle](/wiki/Robbie_Earle \"Robbie Earle\") (born 1965\\), footballer with Port Vale and [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C. \"Wimbledon F.C.\"), 578 club caps [Robbie Earle](http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=2254) SoccerBase Database, retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Graham Shaw](/wiki/Graham_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1967%29 \"Graham Shaw (footballer, born 1967)\") (born 1967\\) footballer with Stoke City, 284 club caps, now a solicitor [Graham Shaw](https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=7211) at Soccerbase Database\n* [Dominic Cork](/wiki/Dominic_Cork \"Dominic Cork\"), (born 1971\\) cricketer[ESPN cricinfo Database.](http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/10816.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Simon Wakefield](/wiki/Simon_Wakefield \"Simon Wakefield\") (born 1974\\), professional golfer\n* [Alan Richardson](/wiki/Alan_Richardson_%28cricketer%29 \"Alan Richardson (cricketer)\") (born 1975\\), cricketer\n* [Lizzie Neave](/wiki/Lizzie_Neave \"Lizzie Neave\") (born 1987\\), slalom canoeist in women's kayak, competed in [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\")\n* [Oliver Sadler](/wiki/Oliver_Sadler \"Oliver Sadler\") (born 1987\\), first\\-class cricketer\n* [Peter Wilshaw](/wiki/Peter_Wilshaw \"Peter Wilshaw\") (born 1987\\), cricketer[ESPN cricinfo Database.](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/22704.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Eddie Hall](/wiki/Eddie_Hall \"Eddie Hall\") (born 1988\\), professional strongman[The World's Strongest Man website.](http://theworldsstrongestman.com/athletes/eddie-hall/) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Danielle Wyatt](/wiki/Danielle_Wyatt \"Danielle Wyatt\") (born 1991\\), professional England cricketer\n* [Curtis Nelson](/wiki/Curtis_Nelson \"Curtis Nelson\") (born 1993\\), footballer for [Plymouth Argyle F.C.](/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C. \"Plymouth Argyle F.C.\"), 387 club caps [Curtis Nelson](http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=54429) SoccerBase Database, retrieved December 2017\\.\n",
"### 17th and 18th centuries\n\n* [Humphrey Wollrich](/wiki/Humphrey_Wollrich \"Humphrey Wollrich\") (1633–1707\\), Quaker writer\n* [Philip Astley](/wiki/Philip_Astley \"Philip Astley\") (1742–1814\\), equestrian, inventor and father of the modern circus[BBC News Channel, Tuesday, 8 April, 2003\\. Retrieved December 2017\\.](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm)\n* [Silvester Harding](/wiki/Silvester_Harding \"Silvester Harding\") (1745–1809\\), artist and publisher, who joined a company of strolling actors at age 14\n* [John James Blunt](/wiki/John_James_Blunt \"John James Blunt\") (1794–1855\\), Anglican priest who wrote studies of the early Church.\n",
"### 19th century\n\n* [Henry Moseley](/wiki/Henry_Moseley_%28mathematician%29 \"Henry Moseley (mathematician)\") (1801–1872\\), churchman, mathematician and scientist\n* [Joseph Mayer](/wiki/Joseph_Mayer_%28antiquary%29 \"Joseph Mayer (antiquary)\") (1803–1886\\), goldsmith, antiquary and collector\n* [Emma Darwin (née Wedgwood)](/wiki/Emma_Darwin \"Emma Darwin\") (1808–1896\\), granddaughter of [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") and wife of [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\")[Emma Darwin's diaries 1824\\-1896](http://darwin-online.org.uk/EmmaDiaries.html)\n* Sir [Oliver Lodge](/wiki/Oliver_Lodge \"Oliver Lodge\") (1851–1940\\), physicist, inventor and writer\n* [Arthur Howard Heath](/wiki/Arthur_Heath \"Arthur Heath\") (1856–1930\\), industrialist, cricketer, Rugby Union international and local Conservative MP[HANSARD 1803–2005, Mr Arthur Heath.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-arthur-heath-1) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* Sir [Joseph Cook](/wiki/Joseph_Cook \"Joseph Cook\") (1860 in Silverdale – 1947\\), worked in the local coalmines before emigrating in 1885; Prime Minister of Australia, 1913–1914[Australian Dictionary of Biography, Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947\\)](http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-sir-joseph-5763). Retrieved 11 February 2018\\.\n* [Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia](/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia \"Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia\"), (1861–1929\\), lived in [Keele Hall](/wiki/Keele_Hall \"Keele Hall\") in 1900–1909\\.[The London Gazette, 9 July 1901, Issue:27331, Page:4569\\.](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27331/page/4569) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Arnold Bennett](/wiki/Arnold_Bennett \"Arnold Bennett\") (1867–1931\\), writer, went to school in Newcastle[YourDictionary Arnold Bennett, Facts.](http://biography.yourdictionary.com/arnold-bennett) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Ada Nield Chew](/wiki/Ada_Nield_Chew \"Ada Nield Chew\") (1870–1945\\), suffragist and social activist[HistoryExtra \\- BBC History Magazine, Ada Nield Chew: England’s forgotten suffragist](https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/ada-nield-chew-englands-forgotten-suffragist) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Fanny Deakin](/wiki/Fanny_Deakin \"Fanny Deakin\") (1883–1968\\), local politician born in Silverdale, campaigned for child nourishment and maternity care.[Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme BC website, 2004, Fanny Deakin 1883–1968\\.](https://web.archive.org/web/20070902001036/http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/general.asp?id=SXEA55-A77FA208) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Vera Brittain](/wiki/Vera_Brittain \"Vera Brittain\") (1893–1970\\), author, reformer and pacifist, and mother of [Shirley Williams](/wiki/Shirley_Williams \"Shirley Williams\")[The Guardian, 30 August 2003, The making of a peacenik](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/aug/30/featuresreviews.guardianreview18). Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Reginald Mitchell](/wiki/Reginald_Mitchell \"Reginald Mitchell\") (1895–1937\\), designer of the [Spitfire](/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire \"Supermarine Spitfire\") fighter plane[RJ Mitchell website, A life in aviation.](http://www.rjmitchell-spitfire.co.uk/aboutrjmitchell/index.asp?sectionID=1) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Robert W. Tebbs](/wiki/Robert_W._Tebbs \"Robert W. Tebbs\") (1875–1945\\), architectural photographer\n",
"### 20th century\n\n* [E. S. Turner](/wiki/Ernest_Sackville_Turner \"Ernest Sackville Turner\") (1909–2006\\), journalist and author, went to school in the town.[*The Guardian*, 18 July 2006, Obituary: E. S. Turner, Stalwart of Punch.](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/18/pressandpublishing.obituaries) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Fred Kite](/wiki/Fred_Kite \"Fred Kite\") (1921–1993\\), only Second World War British soldier to receive the [Military Medal](/wiki/Military_Medal \"Military Medal\") three times[TracesOfWar.com, Kite, Frederick William \"Buck\".](https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/44073/Kite-Frederick-William-Buck.htm?c=aw) Retrieved 8 February 2018\\.\n* [Colin Melbourne](/wiki/Colin_Melbourne \"Colin Melbourne\") (1928–2009\\), ceramicist and sculptor of several statues in Stoke\\-on\\-Trent, was born in the town[Obituary notice of Colin Melbourne](https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/colin+melbourne/1980241) *Funeral notices*, 14 August 2009\\. Retrieved 30 October 2023\\.\n* [Freddie Garrity](/wiki/Freddie_Garrity \"Freddie Garrity\") (1936–2006\\), singer, lived in the town near the end of his life.[Freddie Garrity, IMDb Database](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0308484/) Retrieved December 2017\\.[BBC News, 20 May 2006\\.](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/5000396.stm) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Jackie Trent](/wiki/Jackie_Trent \"Jackie Trent\") (1940–2015\\), singer, songwriter and actress[*The Guardian*, March 22, 2015, Jackie Trent obituary.](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/mar/22/jackie-trent) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Neil Baldwin](/wiki/Neil_Baldwin_%28Keele_University%29 \"Neil Baldwin (Keele University)\") (born 1946\\), clown, [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\") kit\\-man and honorary graduate of [Keele University](/wiki/Keele_University \"Keele University\")[The London Gazette, 2018 BEM medal](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62507/supplement/N26) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Kevin John Dunn](/wiki/Kevin_Dunn_%28bishop%29 \"Kevin Dunn (bishop)\") (1950–2008\\), twelfth Roman Catholic [Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle](/wiki/Bishop_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle \"Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle\")[The Diocese of Hexham \\& Newcastle, Bishop Kevin Dunn RIP.](http://rcdhn.org.uk/rest_in_peace/formerbishops/kd/kd_bio.php) Retrieved 8 February 2018\\.\n* Professor [Alan Sinclair](/wiki/Alan_Sinclair_%28scientist%29 \"Alan Sinclair (scientist)\") (born 1952\\), clinical scientist and diabetes specialist[International Federation of Ageing, profile for Professor Alan Sinclair.](https://expertfile.com/experts/profalan.jsinclair) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Janet Bloomfield](/wiki/Janet_Bloomfield \"Janet Bloomfield\") (1953–2007\\), peace and disarmament campaigner. [Guardian website, 2005](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/apr/13/books.arts) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Fran Unsworth](/wiki/Fran_Unsworth \"Fran Unsworth\") (born 1957\\), journalist, head of BBC News since January 2018[Fran Unsworth, IMDb Database.](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3801135/) Retrieved December 2017\\.[BBC News, 15 December 2017, BBC appoints Fran Unsworth as next head of news.](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42365321) Retrieved 30 January 2018\\.\n* [Andrew Van Buren](/wiki/Andrew_Van_Buren \"Andrew Van Buren\") (living), illusionist, showman, co\\-founder of the Philip Astley Project\n* [Hugh Dancy](/wiki/Hugh_Dancy \"Hugh Dancy\"), (born 1975\\), actor played [Will Graham](/wiki/Will_Graham_%28character%29 \"Will Graham (character)\") in [Hannibal (TV series)](/wiki/Hannibal_%28TV_series%29 \"Hannibal (TV series)\") [Hugh Dancy, IMDb Database](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0199215/) retrieved 31 May 2021\\.\n* [Charlotte Salt](/wiki/Charlotte_Salt \"Charlotte Salt\"), (born 1985\\), actress as [Sam Nicholls](/wiki/Sam_Nicholls \"Sam Nicholls\") in [Casualty (TV series)](/wiki/Casualty_%28TV_series%29 \"Casualty (TV series)\")*[Dan Croll](/wiki/Dan_Croll \"Dan Croll\") (born 1991\\), singer\\-songwriter.\n[John Wain](/wiki/John_Wain \"John Wain\") (1925\\-1994\\), author, playwright, poet, critic, biographer. Professor of Poetry at Oxford University.\n### Politics\n\n[Robert Needham, 2nd Viscount Kilmorey](/wiki/Robert_Needham%2C_2nd_Viscount_Kilmorey \"Robert Needham, 2nd Viscount Kilmorey\") (1587/88–1653\\), supporter of [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\"); MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme in the [Addled Parliament](/wiki/Addled_Parliament \"Addled Parliament\") in 1614\\.[The History of Parliament Trust, NEEDHAM, Robert (1587/8–1653\\).](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/needham-robert-15878-1653) Retrieved December 2017\\.\nSir [Richard Leveson (1598–1661\\)](/wiki/Richard_Leveson_%281598%E2%80%931661%29 \"Richard Leveson (1598–1661)\"), MP for [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle-under-Lyme_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency)\") in the [Long Parliament](/wiki/Long_Parliament \"Long Parliament\"), rebuilt [Trentham Hall](/wiki/Trentham_Hall \"Trentham Hall\") 1630\\-1638[The History of Parliament Trust, LEVESON, Richard (1598–1661\\).](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/leveson-richard-1598-1661) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n[Samuel Terrick](/wiki/Samuel_Terrick \"Samuel Terrick\") (1602–1675\\), local politician.[The History of Parliament Trust, TERRICK, Samuel (c. 1602–1675\\).](http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/terrick-samuel-1602-75) Retrieved December 2017\\. In 1658 he went bankrupt for £20,000\\.\n[Major\\-General Thomas Harrison](/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_%28soldier%29 \"Thomas Harrison (soldier)\") (1606–1660\\) sided with Parliament in the English Civil War. In 1649 he signed the death warrant of [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") and in 1660, after the Restoration, was found guilty of regicide and [hanged, drawn and quartered](/wiki/Hanged%2C_drawn_and_quartered \"Hanged, drawn and quartered\").\nSir [Alfred Seale Haslam](/wiki/Alfred_Seale_Haslam \"Alfred Seale Haslam\") (1844–1927\\) engineer, three times Mayor of Newcastle, MP for Newcastle, 1900–1906[Hansard 1803–2005, Sir Alfred Haslam.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-alfred-haslam/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n[Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood%2C_1st_Baron_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood\") (1872–1943\\),* \n\t+ - * + - * + Josiah Wedgwood IV'', great\\-great\\-grandson of [Josiah Wedgwood](/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood \"Josiah Wedgwood\") and Liberal MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme, 1906–1919, then its Labour MP, 1919–1942[HANSARD 1803–2005, Colonel Josiah Wedgwood.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/colonel-josiah-wedgwood/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* Sir [Oswald Mosley](/wiki/Oswald_Mosley \"Oswald Mosley\") (1896–1980\\), founder of [British Union of Fascists](/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists \"British Union of Fascists\"), lived in [Apedale Hall](/wiki/Apedale_Hall \"Apedale Hall\") in early 1900s\n* [Stephen Swingler](/wiki/Stephen_Swingler \"Stephen Swingler\") (1915–1969\\) Labour MP for [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)\"), 1945–1950, and for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 1951–1969[Hansard 1803–2005, Stephen Swingler.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-stephen-swingler/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [John Golding](/wiki/John_Golding_%28British_politician%29 \"John Golding (British politician)\") (1931–1999\\), Labour MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 1969–1986[Hansard 1803–2005, Mr John Golding.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-john-golding/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Llin Golding, Baroness Golding](/wiki/Llin_Golding%2C_Baroness_Golding \"Llin Golding, Baroness Golding\") (born 1933\\), Labour MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 1986–2001[Hansard 1803–2005, Mrs Llin Golding.](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mrs-llin-golding/index.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Jeremy Lefroy](/wiki/Jeremy_Lefroy \"Jeremy Lefroy\") (born 1959\\) Westlands councillor, MP for [Stafford](/wiki/Stafford_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)\") 2010–2019\n* [Paul Farrelly](/wiki/Paul_Farrelly \"Paul Farrelly\") (born 1962\\), MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme 2001–2017, journalist\n* [Karen Bradley](/wiki/Karen_Bradley \"Karen Bradley\") (born 1970\\), MP for [Staffordshire Moorlands](/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Staffordshire Moorlands (UK Parliament constituency)\")\n* [Aaron Bell](/wiki/Aaron_Bell_%28politician%29 \"Aaron Bell (politician)\") (born 1980\\) politician, MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme since 2019[Aaron Bell, MP for Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/25916/aaron_bell/newcastle-under-lyme) TheyWorkForYou, retrieved 28 April 2021\\.\n",
"### Sport\n\n* [Dick Ray](/wiki/Dick_Ray \"Dick Ray\") (1876–1952\\) professional footballer and manager with [Port Vale](/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C. \"Port Vale F.C.\") and [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), 239 club caps [Dick Ray](http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=374) SoccerBase database, retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Frederick Bailey](/wiki/Frederick_Bailey_%28cricketer%29 \"Frederick Bailey (cricketer)\") (1919–1985\\), left\\-handed English cricketer[ESPN cricinfo Database. Retrieved December 2017\\.](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9448.html)\n* [Don Ratcliffe](/wiki/Don_Ratcliffe \"Don Ratcliffe\") (1934–2014\\), footballer with [Stoke City](/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C. \"Stoke City F.C.\"), 438 club caps[Post War English \\& Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Database.](http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/donratcliffe.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Mike Pejic](/wiki/Mike_Pejic \"Mike Pejic\") (born 1950\\), footballer with Stoke City and [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\"), 360 club caps [Mike Pejic](https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=6236) at Soccerbase Database\n* [Ian Moores](/wiki/Ian_Moores \"Ian Moores\") (1954–1998\\) footballer with Stoke City and [Tottenham Hotspur](/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C. \"Tottenham Hotspur F.C.\"), 359 club caps\n* [Robbie Earle](/wiki/Robbie_Earle \"Robbie Earle\") (born 1965\\), footballer with Port Vale and [Wimbledon](/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C. \"Wimbledon F.C.\"), 578 club caps [Robbie Earle](http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=2254) SoccerBase Database, retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Graham Shaw](/wiki/Graham_Shaw_%28footballer%2C_born_1967%29 \"Graham Shaw (footballer, born 1967)\") (born 1967\\) footballer with Stoke City, 284 club caps, now a solicitor [Graham Shaw](https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=7211) at Soccerbase Database\n* [Dominic Cork](/wiki/Dominic_Cork \"Dominic Cork\"), (born 1971\\) cricketer[ESPN cricinfo Database.](http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/10816.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Simon Wakefield](/wiki/Simon_Wakefield \"Simon Wakefield\") (born 1974\\), professional golfer\n* [Alan Richardson](/wiki/Alan_Richardson_%28cricketer%29 \"Alan Richardson (cricketer)\") (born 1975\\), cricketer\n* [Lizzie Neave](/wiki/Lizzie_Neave \"Lizzie Neave\") (born 1987\\), slalom canoeist in women's kayak, competed in [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\")\n* [Oliver Sadler](/wiki/Oliver_Sadler \"Oliver Sadler\") (born 1987\\), first\\-class cricketer\n* [Peter Wilshaw](/wiki/Peter_Wilshaw \"Peter Wilshaw\") (born 1987\\), cricketer[ESPN cricinfo Database.](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/22704.html) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Eddie Hall](/wiki/Eddie_Hall \"Eddie Hall\") (born 1988\\), professional strongman[The World's Strongest Man website.](http://theworldsstrongestman.com/athletes/eddie-hall/) Retrieved December 2017\\.\n* [Danielle Wyatt](/wiki/Danielle_Wyatt \"Danielle Wyatt\") (born 1991\\), professional England cricketer\n* [Curtis Nelson](/wiki/Curtis_Nelson \"Curtis Nelson\") (born 1993\\), footballer for [Plymouth Argyle F.C.](/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C. \"Plymouth Argyle F.C.\"), 387 club caps [Curtis Nelson](http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=54429) SoccerBase Database, retrieved December 2017\\.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Listed buildings in Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Newcastle-under-Lyme \"Listed buildings in Newcastle-under-Lyme\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme borough council](http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/)\n\n[Category:Borough of Newcastle\\-under\\-Lyme](/wiki/Category:Borough_of_Newcastle-under-Lyme \"Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme\")\n[Category:Former civil parishes in Staffordshire](/wiki/Category:Former_civil_parishes_in_Staffordshire \"Former civil parishes in Staffordshire\")\n[Category:Market towns in Staffordshire](/wiki/Category:Market_towns_in_Staffordshire \"Market towns in Staffordshire\")\n[Category:Towns in Staffordshire](/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Staffordshire \"Towns in Staffordshire\")\n[Category:Unparished areas in Staffordshire](/wiki/Category:Unparished_areas_in_Staffordshire \"Unparished areas in Staffordshire\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Alternate Reality (series)
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"141.136.194.16"
]
}
|
neqxxowfmnr5pr005309quxyja25k0i
|
2024-09-17T19:17:43Z
| 1,246,205,627 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Concept",
"The \"Lost\" Games",
"The City (and its sewers, which became The Dungeon)",
"The Arena",
"The Palace",
"The Wilderness",
"Revelation",
"Destiny",
"Technology",
"Gameplay",
"Ports",
"''The City''",
"''The Dungeon''",
"Reception",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Alternate Reality*** (***AR***) is an unfinished [role\\-playing video game](/wiki/Role-playing_video_game \"Role-playing video game\") series. It was created by [Philip Price](/wiki/Philip_Price_%28programmer%29 \"Philip Price (programmer)\"), who formed a [development company](/wiki/Video_game_developer \"Video game developer\") called Paradise Programming. [Published](/wiki/Video_game_publisher \"Video game publisher\") by [Datasoft](/wiki/Datasoft \"Datasoft\"), *[AR: The City](/wiki/Alternate_Reality:The_City \"The City\")* was released in 1985 and *[AR: The Dungeon](/wiki/Alternate_Reality:The_Dungeon \"The Dungeon\")* was released in 1987\\. Price was unable to complete the second game in the series, and *The Dungeon* was finished by Ken Jordan and Dan Pinal. Gary Gilbertson created the music for both games.\n\n",
"Concept\n-------\n\nAliens have captured the player from Earth, and the player finds themself in front of a gate with a slot\\-machine\\-like row of rotating numbers of statistics. Stepping through the gate freezes the numbers and turns the player into a new person, putting them into an \"alternate reality\", hence the name.\n\nIn 1988 Datasoft denied that the series would end after *The Dungeon*. The end of the series was to conclude with the player discovering everyone's true bodies on the ship [cocooned](/wiki/Cocoon_%28silk%29 \"Cocoon (silk)\") and [effectively frozen](/wiki/Suspended_animation_in_fiction \"Suspended animation in fiction\"), and that the ship is really a \"pleasure world\" of some kind for the aliens, leading to the player's ultimate decision of what to do to the ship, to the aliens, or even whether to return to Earth. Only two games were finished and the series was never completed.\n\nDuring the late 90s, Price intended to produce an [MMORPG](/wiki/MMORPG \"MMORPG\") version of the game called *Alternate Reality Online* or *ARO*, and teamed with [Monolith](/wiki/Monolith_Productions \"Monolith Productions\"). The deal ended due to lack of funds to start serious development on the project. Monolith originally had funds, but needed the funds for existing games in the pipeline. Monolith tried to find an external publisher to fund the game, but the number of technical innovations, coupled with an unknown market for MMORPGs, made it difficult to find publishers willing to risk funding. The publication deal ended and the rights to the game were returned due to no funds. Monolith went on years later to create *[The Matrix Online](/wiki/The_Matrix_Online \"The Matrix Online\")*.\n\n",
"The \"Lost\" Games\n----------------\n\nThe original outline for the game series included plans for 6 games:\n\n* The City\n* The Arena\n* The Palace\n* The Wilderness\n* Revelations\n* Destiny\n\nThe first break from this outline was when Datasoft forced the release of *The City* early, and *The Dungeon* which would have been included, became its own release. Nonetheless, the design planned to allow the player to move between these games, so that, for example, when one attempted to leave the confines of *The City*, one was prompted to \"Insert disk \\#1 of Alternate Reality: The Wilderness\". The planned seamless migration never worked out, in large part because the Datasoft developers did not implement the idea, so only the Atari 8\\-Bit city had the ability to boot sequels. Since the final coding of the sequels was done by Datasoft, the matching code was not put into any of the sequels, including the Atari 8\\-bit dungeon.\n\nAlthough *The Dungeon* was completed and released, work on the remaining 5 installments never moved beyond theoretical outlines. A brief summary of these outlines follows:\n\n### The City (and its sewers, which became The Dungeon)\n\nThe player is thrust into a new environment (the city of Xebec's Demise) and must learn to survive. While *The City* is mostly an open area planned to serve as the hub for the game series, *The Dungeon* was made up of four concentric levels, each one smaller than the one above.\n\n### The Arena\n\nSlavers would be added to the City/Dungeon in order to capture new gladiators and force them into combat. This was similar to how the player was captured from Earth in the first place, causing the player to once again be thrust into a new environment. The plan also included provisions for players to enter the arena in other ways, e.g., as a spectator or a free man. A limited \"character vs. character\" mode would allow characters from other saved games to be loaded in and pitted against the current character. Lastly, there would be one or more ways to retire a character into a life of luxury, thus \"winning\", but players would need to start a new character if they wanted to continue on in the series. Retired characters would then return as opponents faced by any new characters.\n\n### The Palace\n\nPlanned to feature courtly intrigue and the ability to purchase land in the city, with the capability to alter the map and building layouts if one built new sections or tore down walls. Players could climb the ladder of power and responsibility, and eventually choose to rule the city as its new king. This was intended as another way to retire a character and thus \"win\". New characters created would be able to meet the previously crowned king, or even attempt to overthrow him.\n\n### The Wilderness\n\n*The Wilderness* was to be a pilgrimage to find the truth concerning *Alternate Reality*. There would be traps, tricks to waylay the adventurer, and diversions to turn him or her away from the true quest. This expansion would feature a vast expanse of outdoor terrain and new areas to explore.\n\n### Revelation\n\nWith the illusion broken, the player would find his or her way onto the alien ship and out of the [holo\\-world](/wiki/Holodeck \"Holodeck\") upon which he or she was previously trapped. There was to be a way into the ship through the bottom of *The Dungeon* (on the 4th level), as well as in the distant wilderness.\n\n### Destiny\n\nNow armed with high tech equipment and making allies of certain alien factions sympathetic to the player's cause, the player could take the fight to his or her captors. Searching further within this immense ship, the player would discover a chamber filled with metal cocoons. Using wits and the knowledge gained through other locations, the controls for the cocoons could be manipulated to discover what was contained within. It would be revealed that these cocoons hold bodies, the bodies of all of those captured. The machines keep the bodies physically alive and fit, but imprisoned. The minds of those entrapped are tapped and fed with images (à la *[The Matrix](/wiki/The_Matrix \"The Matrix\")*, only years earlier).\n\nThe ship's computer can even permit the images to interact with solid/material components of the ship. The player would learn that his or her own body was itself just an image, with the actual body lying in a cocoon. The question of the nature of reality would be raised, leading to questions such as what is a soul, or what is experience. The player has experienced the entire ordeal through the illusionary image ever since the kidnapping.\n\nIn the end, the player would be left with many choices. One could continue to live on as the image body, a nearly immortal life, but knowing that these aliens have done this and can watch, feel, and experience whatever is done. In essence, the player is their entertainment. They have become jaded by luxury, power and knowledge and use lesser beings to regain some of the passions of life. Hence, one could instead cut off this channel, though the alien beings may destroy the ship, or even Earth itself. One could escape in a smaller ship (as compared to the massive *Alternate Reality* entertainment world) and go back to Earth. One could even destroy the planet, or bring it back to Earth to let scientists learn from it. There would be many choices (including selling out humanity), but these would be the decisions the player would have to make at the end of the journey.\n\n",
"### The City (and its sewers, which became The Dungeon)\n\nThe player is thrust into a new environment (the city of Xebec's Demise) and must learn to survive. While *The City* is mostly an open area planned to serve as the hub for the game series, *The Dungeon* was made up of four concentric levels, each one smaller than the one above.\n\n",
"### The Arena\n\nSlavers would be added to the City/Dungeon in order to capture new gladiators and force them into combat. This was similar to how the player was captured from Earth in the first place, causing the player to once again be thrust into a new environment. The plan also included provisions for players to enter the arena in other ways, e.g., as a spectator or a free man. A limited \"character vs. character\" mode would allow characters from other saved games to be loaded in and pitted against the current character. Lastly, there would be one or more ways to retire a character into a life of luxury, thus \"winning\", but players would need to start a new character if they wanted to continue on in the series. Retired characters would then return as opponents faced by any new characters.\n\n",
"### The Palace\n\nPlanned to feature courtly intrigue and the ability to purchase land in the city, with the capability to alter the map and building layouts if one built new sections or tore down walls. Players could climb the ladder of power and responsibility, and eventually choose to rule the city as its new king. This was intended as another way to retire a character and thus \"win\". New characters created would be able to meet the previously crowned king, or even attempt to overthrow him.\n\n",
"### The Wilderness\n\n*The Wilderness* was to be a pilgrimage to find the truth concerning *Alternate Reality*. There would be traps, tricks to waylay the adventurer, and diversions to turn him or her away from the true quest. This expansion would feature a vast expanse of outdoor terrain and new areas to explore.\n\n",
"### Revelation\n\nWith the illusion broken, the player would find his or her way onto the alien ship and out of the [holo\\-world](/wiki/Holodeck \"Holodeck\") upon which he or she was previously trapped. There was to be a way into the ship through the bottom of *The Dungeon* (on the 4th level), as well as in the distant wilderness.\n\n",
"### Destiny\n\nNow armed with high tech equipment and making allies of certain alien factions sympathetic to the player's cause, the player could take the fight to his or her captors. Searching further within this immense ship, the player would discover a chamber filled with metal cocoons. Using wits and the knowledge gained through other locations, the controls for the cocoons could be manipulated to discover what was contained within. It would be revealed that these cocoons hold bodies, the bodies of all of those captured. The machines keep the bodies physically alive and fit, but imprisoned. The minds of those entrapped are tapped and fed with images (à la *[The Matrix](/wiki/The_Matrix \"The Matrix\")*, only years earlier).\n\nThe ship's computer can even permit the images to interact with solid/material components of the ship. The player would learn that his or her own body was itself just an image, with the actual body lying in a cocoon. The question of the nature of reality would be raised, leading to questions such as what is a soul, or what is experience. The player has experienced the entire ordeal through the illusionary image ever since the kidnapping.\n\nIn the end, the player would be left with many choices. One could continue to live on as the image body, a nearly immortal life, but knowing that these aliens have done this and can watch, feel, and experience whatever is done. In essence, the player is their entertainment. They have become jaded by luxury, power and knowledge and use lesser beings to regain some of the passions of life. Hence, one could instead cut off this channel, though the alien beings may destroy the ship, or even Earth itself. One could escape in a smaller ship (as compared to the massive *Alternate Reality* entertainment world) and go back to Earth. One could even destroy the planet, or bring it back to Earth to let scientists learn from it. There would be many choices (including selling out humanity), but these would be the decisions the player would have to make at the end of the journey.\n\n",
"Technology\n----------\n\n*AR* worked from a [3D](/wiki/3D_computer_graphics \"3D computer graphics\") first\\-person perspective, with a small window taking up about 1/9 of the screen at the center. The player controlled one character who had an absolute minimum of visual representationthe closest to a character image to be found was when one encountered a \"doppelganger\" monster. The 3D used was not like other contemporary 3D graphics either. Most other 3D first\\-person games used static graphics to represent the walls, meaning the player could only move one tile at a time. In this game however the rate of travel depended on the character's speed, and moved incrementally along the tile. Distant walls would slowly come in to focus rather than suddenly appear.\n\n*Alternate Reality* has a [raycasting](/wiki/Raycasting \"Raycasting\") engine similar to *[Wolfenstein 3D](/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D \"Wolfenstein 3D\")*, which came seven years later, but was recognized for popularizing the system. The design implemented right\\-angle movement only. While the [sun](/wiki/Sun \"Sun\") is setting, the entire palette of colors changes convincingly. Distant [waterfalls](/wiki/Waterfall \"Waterfall\") move, and the rain is rendered.\n\nThe first game, *The City*, uses a novel anti\\-copying technique. The program disks could be copied through the standard methods and the copy would appear to work, but not long after the player began the game, in the Atari version their character would become weaker and weaker and then die from an apparent disease. On the Apple II and Macintosh versions, repeated \"random\" encounters would occur in quick succession when wandering the town, and escaping the combat was disabled. Eventually, the character would be defeated and die. The Dungeon, if loaded with an unauthorized copy, featured two \"FBI agents\" as encounters during the beginning of the game, who attacked with \"the long arm of the law\". The two agents were overly powerful and unbeatable, so as to kill the character before being able to play the game. Due to a bug, the other way to run into these characters was to try to transfer over a character from the city. In effect, it was impossible to actually transfer a character over from the city to the dungeon without mailing in the disks to be exchanged for a fixed version.\n\n",
"Gameplay\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|An encounter in the city](/wiki/File:Alternate_Reality_City_A800_ingame.png \"Alternate Reality City A800 ingame.png\")\nCharacter statistics (strength, intelligence, charisma, etc.) are displayed at the top of the screen. Some stats remain hidden from the player. For example, the player is not made aware of their character's alignment (good/evil/neutral). The player comes to learn their alignment through how other characters treated them in the game. Potions, [poison](/wiki/Poison \"Poison\"), drunkenness, and disease, may also alter the player's statstemporarily or permanently. The player has to keep track of their character's hunger, thirst, fatigue, comfort (hot or cold), and how encumbered the character is. While food and water can be carried, supplies are limited and the player will have to find or purchase new packets. The character can only sleep in an inn, so if the player was off adventuring and the character started to get hungry and tired, they would have to return to a safe area before the player could fulfill these needs.\n\nDue to budget constraints, the first game was released, essentially, without a plot. Only in the second installment were any elements of a traditional RPG plot added in, but the player could (and probably did) spend days playing before realizing the importance of any of their actions.\n\nThe bottom of the screen alternated depending on user choice and situation between consumables like food, water, money, and torches, equipment, combat options, spells, and other things. The sides held the [compass](/wiki/Compass \"Compass\") at left (when the player had one) and directional arrows at right.\n\nThe gameplay of both games is reminiscent of other RPGs but more sophisticated than its peerswhile the player wandered around gaining levels and equipment, there were things like a finite number of items in the world, and items stolen could be regained. Near overflows of memory from possessing too many items resulted in an encounter with The Devourer, a fearsome creature that sucked items from the player, and thus removed them from memory. Death was permissible and mostly uncheatable since the game cleverly marked the character as dead as soon as the user started and only let the character to become \"alive\" once they saved. It was possible to \"revive\" a lost character, but it caused a loss in one of the character's stats.\n\n",
"Ports\n-----\n\nThe games in the *Alternate Reality* series were developed on the [Atari 8\\-bit home computers](/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers \"Atari 8-bit computers\"), but were [ported](/wiki/Porting \"Porting\") to other [platforms](/wiki/Platform_%28computing%29 \"Platform (computing)\") as well.\n\n### *The City*\n\n* Amiga\n* Apple II\n* Atari 8\\-bit computers\n* Atari ST\n* Commodore 64\n* MS\\-DOS\n* Mac\n* Tandy Color Computer 3\n\n### *The Dungeon*\n\n* Apple II\n* Atari 8\\-bit computers\n* Commodore 64 / 128\n",
"### *The City*\n\n* Amiga\n* Apple II\n* Atari 8\\-bit computers\n* Atari ST\n* Commodore 64\n* MS\\-DOS\n* Mac\n* Tandy Color Computer 3\n",
"### *The Dungeon*\n\n* Apple II\n* Atari 8\\-bit computers\n* Commodore 64 / 128\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nIn 1993, [Scorpia](/wiki/Scorpia_%28journalist%29 \"Scorpia (journalist)\") called *The City* \"a fascinating premise that turned out rather poorly ... a game for those with great persistence and patience\", and *The Dungeon* \"better than the first, but not by much\".\n\n*Alternate Reality: The City* and *Alternate Reality: The Dungeon* were both the subject of the feature review *Dragon* \\#135\\. The reviewers gave *AR: The City* 3 stars, and *AR: The Dungeon* stars.\n\n*Alternate Reality: The City* was reviewed in Computer Gamer \\#12 and got a value for money rating of 5/5\\.[Alternate Reality in Computer Gamer](https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue12/page/n57) issue 12, March 1986, pp. 58\\-60, Argus Design Ltd., London It was also reviewed in *[Casus Belli](/wiki/Casus_Belli_%28magazine%29 \"Casus Belli (magazine)\")* \\#33 (June 1986\\).\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The *Alternate Reality* FAQ](http://www.eobet.com/alternate-reality/)\n* [*Alternate Reality: The City* and *The Dungeon* and canceled project info \\+ Multimedia](http://ar.monochromeeffect.org/)\n* [Images of *The City* package, manual and screenshots](http://www.c64sets.com/set.html?id=25)\n\n[Category:Amiga games](/wiki/Category:Amiga_games \"Amiga games\")\n[Category:Apple II games](/wiki/Category:Apple_II_games \"Apple II games\")\n[Category:Classic Mac OS games](/wiki/Category:Classic_Mac_OS_games \"Classic Mac OS games\")\n[Category:Atari 8\\-bit computer games](/wiki/Category:Atari_8-bit_computer_games \"Atari 8-bit computer games\")\n[Category:Atari ST games](/wiki/Category:Atari_ST_games \"Atari ST games\")\n[Category:Commodore 64 games](/wiki/Category:Commodore_64_games \"Commodore 64 games\")\n[Category:DOS games](/wiki/Category:DOS_games \"DOS games\")\n[Category:Role\\-playing video games](/wiki/Category:Role-playing_video_games \"Role-playing video games\")\n[Category:Role\\-playing video games by series](/wiki/Category:Role-playing_video_games_by_series \"Role-playing video games by series\")\n[Category:Video game franchises](/wiki/Category:Video_game_franchises \"Video game franchises\")\n[Category:Video game franchises introduced in 1985](/wiki/Category:Video_game_franchises_introduced_in_1985 \"Video game franchises introduced in 1985\")\n[Category:Video games developed in the United States](/wiki/Category:Video_games_developed_in_the_United_States \"Video games developed in the United States\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Economic geology
|
{
"id": [
34997143
],
"name": [
"ComplexRational"
]
}
|
g4anhkgng76hesb4tgcz3p86mkutv2v
|
2024-09-01T22:35:18Z
| 1,216,338,464 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Purpose of study",
"Mineral resources",
"Ore",
"Coal and petroleum"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|An open pit uranium mine in Namibia](/wiki/File:Arandis_Mine_quer.jpg \"Arandis Mine quer.jpg\")\n\n**Economic geology** is concerned with earth materials that can be used for economic and industrial purposes. These materials include precious and [base metals](/wiki/Base_metal \"Base metal\"), nonmetallic minerals and [construction\\-grade stone](/wiki/Dimension_stone \"Dimension stone\"). Economic geology is a subdiscipline of the geosciences; according to Lindgren (1933\\) it is “the application of geology”. It may be called the scientific study of the Earth's sources of mineral raw materials and the practical application of the acquired knowledge.Pohl W.L. (2020\\) Economic Geology, Principles and Practice: Metals, Minerals, Coal and Hydrocarbons – an Introduction to Formation and Sustainable Exploitation of Mineral Deposits. 2nd ed. 755 pp. 32 Colour Plates, 305 Figures, 32 Tables, 25 Boxes, 81 Equations. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart. www.schweizerbart.de/9783510654352 (Soft Cover)\n\nThe study is primarily focused on metallic mineral deposits and mineral resources. The techniques employed by other Earth science disciplines (such as [geochemistry](/wiki/Geochemistry \"Geochemistry\"), [mineralogy](/wiki/Mineralogy \"Mineralogy\"), [geophysics](/wiki/Geophysics \"Geophysics\"), [petrology](/wiki/Petrology \"Petrology\"), [paleontology](/wiki/Paleontology \"Paleontology\") and [structural geology](/wiki/Structural_geology \"Structural geology\")) might all be used to understand, describe and exploit an ore deposit.\n\nEconomic geology is studied and practiced by geologists. Economic geology may be of interest to other professions such as engineers, environmental scientists and conservationists because of the far\\-reaching impact that [extractive industries](/wiki/Extractivism \"Extractivism\") have on society, the economy and the environment.\n\n",
"Purpose of study\n----------------\n\nThe purpose of the study of economic geology is to gain understanding of the [genesis](/wiki/Ore_genesis \"Ore genesis\") and [localization](/wiki/Prospectivity_mapping \"Prospectivity mapping\") of ore deposits plus the minerals associated with ore deposits.J. M. Gilbert and C. F. Park, Jr., 2007, *The Geology of Ore Deposits*, 985 pages, Waveband Press, Long Grove, IL Though metals, minerals and other geologic commodities are non\\-renewable in human time frames, the impression of a fixed or limited stock paradigm of scarcity has always led to human innovation resulting in a replacement commodity substituted for those commodities which become too expensive. Additionally the fixed stock of most mineral commodities is huge (e.g., copper within the Earth's crust given current rates of consumption would last for more than 100 million years.)J.E. Tilton, 2010, \"Is Mineral Depletion a threat to sustainable mining?\", *Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter*, No. 82 Nonetheless, economic geologists continue to successfully expand and define known mineral resources.\n\n",
"Mineral resources\n-----------------\n\nMineral resources are concentrations of minerals significant for current and future societal needs. Ore is classified as mineralization economically and technically feasible for extraction. Not all mineralization meets these criteria for various reasons. The specific categories of mineralization in an economic sense are:\n\n* *Mineral occurrences* or prospects of geological interest but not necessarily economic interest\n* *Mineral resources* include those potentially economically and technically feasible and those that are not\n* *Ore reserves*, which must be economically and technically feasible to extract\n",
"Ore\n---\n\n[thumb\\|*[Citrobacter](/wiki/Citrobacter \"Citrobacter\")* species can have concentrations of uranium in their bodies 300 times higher than in the surrounding environment.](/wiki/Image:Citrobacter_freundii.jpg \"Citrobacter freundii.jpg\")\n\nGeologists are involved in the study of [ore](/wiki/Ore \"Ore\") deposits, which includes the study of [ore genesis](/wiki/Ore_genesis \"Ore genesis\") and the processes within the Earth's crust that form and concentrate ore minerals into economically viable quantities.\n\nStudy of metallic ore deposits involves the use of [structural geology](/wiki/Structural_geology \"Structural geology\"), [geochemistry](/wiki/Geochemistry \"Geochemistry\"), the study of [metamorphism](/wiki/Metamorphism \"Metamorphism\") and its processes, as well as understanding [metasomatism](/wiki/Metasomatism \"Metasomatism\") and other processes related to ore genesis.\n\nOre deposits are delineated by [mineral exploration](/wiki/Mineral_exploration \"Mineral exploration\"), which uses [geochemical](/wiki/Geochemistry \"Geochemistry\") prospecting, [drilling](/wiki/Boring_%28earth%29 \"Boring (earth)\") and resource estimation via [geostatistics](/wiki/Geostatistics \"Geostatistics\") to quantify economic ore bodies. The ultimate aim of this process is [mining](/wiki/Mining \"Mining\").\n\n",
"Coal and petroleum\n------------------\n\n[thumb\\|[Mud log](/wiki/Mud_log \"Mud log\") in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling oil wells.](/wiki/Image:Mudlogging.JPG \"Mudlogging.JPG\")\n*See main articles [Coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") and [Petroleum geology](/wiki/Petroleum_geology \"Petroleum geology\")\nThe study of [sedimentology](/wiki/Sedimentology \"Sedimentology\") is of prime importance to the delineation of economic reserves of [petroleum](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\") and [coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\") energy resources.*\n\nSee also\n--------\n\n[Mineral economics](/wiki/Mineral_economics \"Mineral economics\")\n[Mineral resource classification](/wiki/Mineral_resource_classification \"Mineral resource classification\")\n[Ore](/wiki/Ore \"Ore\")\n[Ore genesis](/wiki/Ore_genesis \"Ore genesis\")\n[Coal](/wiki/Coal \"Coal\")\n \n \nReferences\n----------\n\n Lindgren, W., 1933\\. Mineral Deposits. 930 pp. McGraw\\-Hill, New York.\n [U.S. Geological Survey Circular 831, Principles of a Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals (PDF format)](https://web.archive.org/web/20031130002000/http://www.ut.blm.gov/NewsReleases/nrjan16USGSCircular831.pdf)\n Dill, H.G., 2010\\. * + - * + - * + - * The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium.'' Earth\\-Science Reviews Volume 100, pp. 1–420, 2010\n\n"
]
}
|
Outline of industrial organization
|
{
"id": [
1754504
],
"name": [
"The Transhumanist"
]
}
|
56d1p2xk3jv0lhc5953hz4h2wqiqz7l
|
2023-10-30T12:11:32Z
| 1,178,379,419 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Overview",
"Concepts",
"People",
"See also",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe following [outline](/wiki/Outline_%28list%29 \"Outline (list)\") is provided as an overview of and topical guide to industrial organization:\n\n**[Industrial organization](/wiki/Industrial_organization \"Industrial organization\")** – describes the behavior of firms in the marketplace with regard to production, pricing, employment and other decisions. Issues underlying these decisions range from classical issues such as [opportunity cost](/wiki/Opportunity_cost \"Opportunity cost\") to neoclassical concepts such as [factors of production](/wiki/Factors_of_production \"Factors of production\").\n\n",
"Overview\n--------\n\n* a field of [economics](/wiki/Economics \"Economics\") that studies:\n\t+ the [strategic behavior](/wiki/Strategic_management \"Strategic management\") of [firms](/wiki/Business \"Business\")\n\t+ the structure of [markets](/wiki/Market_%28economics%29 \"Market (economics)\")\n\t\t- [Perfect competition](/wiki/Perfect_competition \"Perfect competition\")\n\t\t- [Monopolistic competition](/wiki/Monopolistic_competition \"Monopolistic competition\")\n\t\t- [Oligopoly](/wiki/Oligopoly \"Oligopoly\")\n\t\t- [Oligopsony](/wiki/Oligopsony \"Oligopsony\")\n\t\t- [Monopoly](/wiki/Monopoly \"Monopoly\")\n\t\t- [Monopsony](/wiki/Monopsony \"Monopsony\")\n\t+ and the interactions between them\n",
"Concepts\n--------\n\nProduction side of Industry:\n* [Production theory](/wiki/Production_theory_basics \"Production theory basics\")\n\t+ [productive efficiency](/wiki/Productive_efficiency \"Productive efficiency\")\n\t+ [factors of production](/wiki/Factors_of_production \"Factors of production\")\n\t+ total, average, and marginal product curves\n\t+ [marginal productivity](/wiki/Marginal_productivity \"Marginal productivity\")\n\t+ [isoquants](/wiki/Isoquant \"Isoquant\") \\& [isocosts](/wiki/Isocost \"Isocost\")\n\t+ the [marginal rate of technical substitution](/wiki/Marginal_rate_of_technical_substitution \"Marginal rate of technical substitution\")\n* [Production function](/wiki/Production_function \"Production function\")\n\t+ inputs\n\t+ [diminishing returns](/wiki/Diminishing_returns \"Diminishing returns\") to inputs\n\t+ the stages of production\n\t+ shifts in a production function\n* [Economic rent](/wiki/Economic_rent \"Economic rent\")\n\t+ [classical factor rents](/wiki/Classical_factor_rents \"Classical factor rents\")\n\t+ [Paretian factor rents](/wiki/Paretian_factor_rents \"Paretian factor rents\")\n* [Production possibility frontier](/wiki/Production_possibility_frontier \"Production possibility frontier\")\n\t+ what production levels are possible given a set of resources\n\t+ the trade\\-off between various input combinations\n\t+ the [marginal rate of transformation](/wiki/Marginal_rate_of_transformation \"Marginal rate of transformation\")\n\nCost side of Industry:\n* [Cost theory](/wiki/Cost_theory \"Cost theory\")\n\t+ Different types of [costs](/wiki/Cost \"Cost\")\n\t\t- [opportunity cost](/wiki/Opportunity_cost \"Opportunity cost\")\n\t\t- [accounting cost](/wiki/Wiktionary:Accounting_cost \"Accounting cost\") or historical costs\n\t\t- [transaction cost](/wiki/Transaction_cost \"Transaction cost\")\n\t\t- [sunk cost](/wiki/Sunk_cost \"Sunk cost\")\n\t\t- [marginal cost](/wiki/Marginal_cost \"Marginal cost\")\n\t+ The [isocost](/wiki/Isocost \"Isocost\") line\n* [Cost\\-of\\-production theory of value](/wiki/Cost-of-production_theory_of_value \"Cost-of-production theory of value\")\n* [Long\\-run cost and production functions](/wiki/Long-run_cost_and_production_functions \"Long-run cost and production functions\")\n\t+ [long\\-run average cost](/wiki/Long_run_average_cost \"Long run average cost\")\n\t+ long\\-run production function and [efficiency](/wiki/Efficiency_%28economics%29 \"Efficiency (economics)\")\n\t+ returns to scale and isoclines\n\t+ [minimum efficient scale](/wiki/Minimum_efficient_scale \"Minimum efficient scale\")\n\t+ plant capacity\n* [Economies of density](/wiki/Economies_of_density \"Economies of density\")\n\t+ [Economies of scale](/wiki/Economies_of_scale \"Economies of scale\")\n\t\t- the efficiency consequences of increasing or decreasing the level of production.\n\t+ [Economies of scope](/wiki/Economies_of_scope \"Economies of scope\")\n\t\t- the efficiency consequences of increasing or decreasing the number of different types of products produced, promoted, and distributed.\n\t+ [Network effect](/wiki/Network_effect \"Network effect\")\n\t\t- the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people.\n* [Optimum factor allocation](/wiki/Optimum_factor_allocation \"Optimum factor allocation\")\n\t+ [output elasticity](/wiki/Output_elasticity \"Output elasticity\") of [factor costs](/wiki/Factor_cost \"Factor cost\")\n\t+ [marginal revenue product](/wiki/Marginal_revenue_product \"Marginal revenue product\")\n\t+ marginal resource cost\n* [Pricing](/wiki/Pricing \"Pricing\") and various aspects of the pricing decision\n\t+ [Transfer pricing](/wiki/Transfer_pricing \"Transfer pricing\")\n\t\t- selling within a multi\\-divisional company\n\t+ [Joint product pricing](/wiki/Joint_product_pricing \"Joint product pricing\")\n\t\t- price setting when two products are linked\n\t+ [Price discrimination](/wiki/Price_discrimination \"Price discrimination\")\n\t\t- different prices to different buyers\n\t\t- types of price discrimination\n\t+ [Yield management](/wiki/Yield_management \"Yield management\")\n\t+ [Price skimming](/wiki/Price_skimming \"Price skimming\")\n\t\t- price discrimination over time\n\t+ [Two\\-part tariffs](/wiki/Two-part_tariff \"Two-part tariff\")\n\t\t- charging a price composed of two parts, usually an initial fee and an ongoing fee\n\t+ [Price points](/wiki/Price_points \"Price points\")\n\t\t- the effects of a non\\-linear demand curve on pricing\n\t+ [Cost\\-plus pricing](/wiki/Cost-plus_pricing \"Cost-plus pricing\")\n\t\t- a [markup](/wiki/Markup_%28business%29 \"Markup (business)\") is applied to a cost term in order to calculate price\n\t\t- [cost\\-plus pricing with elasticity considerations](/wiki/Cost-plus_pricing_with_elasticity_considerations \"Cost-plus pricing with elasticity considerations\")\n\t\t- cost plus pricing is often used along with [break even analysis](/wiki/Break_even_analysis \"Break even analysis\")\n\t+ [Rate of return pricing](/wiki/Rate_of_return_pricing \"Rate of return pricing\")\n\t\t- calculate price based on the required rate of return on investment, or rate of return on sales\n* [Profit maximization](/wiki/Profit_maximization \"Profit maximization\")\n\t+ determining the optimum price and quantity\n\t+ the totals approach\n\t+ marginal approach of production\n\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [Antoine Augustin Cournot](/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot \"Antoine Augustin Cournot\")\n* [Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg](/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_Stackelberg \"Heinrich Freiherr von Stackelberg\")\n* [Jean Tirole](/wiki/Jean_Tirole \"Jean Tirole\")\n* [Joseph Bertrand](/wiki/Joseph_Bertrand \"Joseph Bertrand\")\n* [William Baumol](/wiki/William_Baumol \"William Baumol\")\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Industrial Organization Society](http://www.ios.neu.edu/aboutios.htm)\n\n[Industrial organization](/wiki/Category:Outlines_of_economics \"Outlines of economics\")\n[Industrial organization](/wiki/Category:Outlines \"Outlines\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Industrial_organization \"Industrial organization\")\n[Category:Pricing](/wiki/Category:Pricing \"Pricing\")\n[Category:Production economics](/wiki/Category:Production_economics \"Production economics\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Maqam
|
{
"id": [
1152308
],
"name": [
"ShelfSkewed"
]
}
|
sx8ryun58ogq74xxjgjz8g7p7nn0x8c
|
2023-06-28T16:56:42Z
| 1,147,450,039 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Musical structures",
"Individual maqamat",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Maqam**, **makam**, **maqaam** or **maqām** (plural **maqāmāt**) may refer to:\n\n",
"Musical structures\n------------------\n\n* [Arabic maqam](/wiki/Arabic_maqam \"Arabic maqam\"), melodic modes in traditional Arabic music\n\t+ [Iraqi maqam](/wiki/Iraqi_maqam \"Iraqi maqam\"), a genre of Arabic maqam music found in Iraq\n* [Persian maqam](/wiki/Persian_maqam \"Persian maqam\"), a notion in Persian classical music\n* [Turkish makam](/wiki/Turkish_makam \"Turkish makam\"), a Turkish system of melody types\n\t+ [List of Turkish makams](/wiki/List_of_Turkish_makams \"List of Turkish makams\")\n* [Muqam](/wiki/Muqam \"Muqam\"), a melody type from Uyghur culture\n* [Mugham](/wiki/Mugham \"Mugham\"), a music tradition of Azerbaijani cultures\n* [Shashmaqam](/wiki/Shashmaqam \"Shashmaqam\") (\"six maqams\"), a musical genre typical of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan\n* [Weekly Maqam](/wiki/Weekly_Maqam \"Weekly Maqam\"), melody types used in weekly prayer services of Sephardic Jewish culture\n\n### Individual maqamat\n\n* [Hijaz (maqam)](/wiki/Hijaz_%28maqam%29 \"Hijaz (maqam)\")\n* [Rast (maqam)](/wiki/Rast_%28maqam%29 \"Rast (maqam)\")\n",
"### Individual maqamat\n\n* [Hijaz (maqam)](/wiki/Hijaz_%28maqam%29 \"Hijaz (maqam)\")\n* [Rast (maqam)](/wiki/Rast_%28maqam%29 \"Rast (maqam)\")\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Maqam (shrine)](/wiki/Maqam_%28shrine%29 \"Maqam (shrine)\"), a tomb of a Muslim holy person\n* [Maqam (Sufism)](/wiki/Maqam_%28Sufism%29 \"Maqam (Sufism)\"), any spiritual stage in the Sufi path\n* [Maqam, Iran](/wiki/Maqam%2C_Iran \"Maqam, Iran\"), a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran\n* [Al\\-Maqam Mosque](/wiki/Al-Maqam_Mosque \"Al-Maqam Mosque\"), Basra, Iraq\n* [MAQAM](/wiki/MAQAM \"MAQAM\"), a US\\-based production company specializing in Arabic and Middle Eastern media\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Maqamat (disambiguation)](/wiki/Maqamat_%28disambiguation%29 \"Maqamat (disambiguation)\")\n* *[Muqaam](/wiki/Muqaam \"Muqaam\")*, 2022 Indian film\n\n"
]
}
|
William Mangion
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
cbpzr0p0czv853n01wlcpaarmrsfrs8
|
2024-08-23T12:33:00Z
| 1,151,535,982 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**William Mangion** (born 24 August 1958 in [Naxxar](/wiki/Naxxar \"Naxxar\")) is a Maltese singer, best known for presenting Malta in the [Eurovision Song Contest 1993](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993 \"Eurovision Song Contest 1993\") and placing 8th out of 25 countries with the song \"This Time\". Mangion took part in the semi\\-final of the [Malta Song for Europe 2007](/wiki/Malta_Song_for_Europe_2007 \"Malta Song for Europe 2007\") for Eurovision with the song \"Forever Mine\", but he finished 10th out of 16 and failed to qualify for the final. Mangion was contracted by the government of Malta in 2013 to manage rehearsal venues for local bands.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [William Mangion (official website)](http://www.william-mangion.com)\n\n[Category:1958 births](/wiki/Category:1958_births \"1958 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Maltese male singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Maltese_male_singers \"20th-century Maltese male singers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Maltese singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Maltese_singers \"20th-century Maltese singers\")\n[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Malta](/wiki/Category:Eurovision_Song_Contest_entrants_for_Malta \"Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Malta\")\n[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1993](/wiki/Category:Eurovision_Song_Contest_entrants_of_1993 \"Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1993\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Maltese male singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Maltese_male_singers \"21st-century Maltese male singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Maltese singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Maltese_singers \"21st-century Maltese singers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Bronchiole
|
{
"id": [
42934340
],
"name": [
"Maanshen"
]
}
|
68he4luqgl4vti8569s4rza2x26dg7h
|
2024-09-17T07:43:11Z
| 1,125,951,109 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Structure",
"Bronchioles",
"Terminal bronchioles",
"Respiratory bronchioles",
"Clinical significance",
"Inflammation",
"Additional images",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **bronchioles** ( ) are the smaller branches of the [bronchial airways](/wiki/Bronchus \"Bronchus\") in the [lower respiratory tract](/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract \"Lower respiratory tract\"). They include the terminal bronchioles, and finally the respiratory bronchioles that mark the start of the [respiratory zone](/wiki/Respiratory_zone \"Respiratory zone\") delivering air to the [gas exchanging units](/wiki/Gas_exchange \"Gas exchange\") of the [alveoli](/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus \"Pulmonary alveolus\"). The bronchioles no longer contain the cartilage that is found in the bronchi, or glands in their [submucosa](/wiki/Submucosa \"Submucosa\").\n\n",
"Structure\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|A lobule of the lung enclosed in septa and supplied by a terminal bronchiole that branches into the respiratory bronchioles. Each respiratory bronchiole supplies the alveoli held in each acinus accompanied by a pulmonary artery branch.](/wiki/File:Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg \"Secondary-pulmonary-lobule-illustration.jpg\")\nThe [pulmonary lobule](/wiki/Pulmonary_lobule \"Pulmonary lobule\") is the portion of the [lung](/wiki/Lung \"Lung\") ventilated by one bronchiole. Bronchioles are approximately 1 mm or less in diameter and their walls consist of [ciliated](/wiki/Ciliated \"Ciliated\") cuboidal [epithelium](/wiki/Epithelium \"Epithelium\") and a layer of [smooth muscle](/wiki/Smooth_muscle \"Smooth muscle\"). \nBronchioles divide into even smaller bronchioles, called *terminal*, which are 0\\.5 mm or less in diameter. Terminal bronchioles in turn divide into smaller respiratory bronchioles which divide into [alveolar ducts](/wiki/Alveolar_ducts \"Alveolar ducts\"). Terminal bronchioles mark the end of the conducting division of air flow in the [respiratory system](/wiki/Respiratory_system \"Respiratory system\") while respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the respiratory division where [gas exchange](/wiki/Gas_exchange \"Gas exchange\") takes place.\n\nThe diameter of the bronchioles plays an important role in air flow. The bronchioles change diameter to either increase or reduce air flow. An increase in diameter is called [bronchodilation](/wiki/Bronchodilation \"Bronchodilation\") and is stimulated by either [epinephrine](/wiki/Epinephrine \"Epinephrine\") or [sympathetic nerves](/wiki/Sympathetic_nerves \"Sympathetic nerves\") to increase air flow. A decrease in diameter is called [bronchoconstriction](/wiki/Bronchoconstriction \"Bronchoconstriction\"), which is the tightening of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles due to and stimulated by [histamine](/wiki/Histamine \"Histamine\"), [parasympathetic nerves](/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system \"Parasympathetic nervous system\"), cold air, chemical irritants, excess mucus production, viral infections, and other factors to decrease air flow. Bronchoconstriction can result in clinical symptoms such as wheezing, chest tightness, and dyspnea, which are common features of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic bronchitis. \n\n### Bronchioles\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|340px\\|Lungs showing bronchi and bronchioles](/wiki/File:Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg \"Illu bronchi lungs.jpg\")\nThe [trachea](/wiki/Trachea \"Trachea\") divides into the left main [bronchus](/wiki/Bronchus \"Bronchus\") which supplies the left lung, and the right main bronchus which supplies the right lung. As they enter the lungs these primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi known as [lobar bronchi](/wiki/Lobar_bronchi \"Lobar bronchi\") which supply each lobe of the lung. These in turn give rise to tertiary bronchi (*tertiary* meaning \"third\"), known as [segmental bronchi](/wiki/Segmental_bronchi \"Segmental bronchi\") which supply each [bronchopulmonary segment](/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment \"Bronchopulmonary segment\"). The segmentary bronchi subdivide into fourth order, fifth order and sixth order segmental bronchi before dividing into the bronchioles. The bronchioles are histologically distinct from the bronchi in that their walls do not have [hyaline cartilage](/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage \"Hyaline cartilage\") and they have [club cells](/wiki/Club_cell \"Club cell\") in their epithelial lining. The [epithelium](/wiki/Epithelium \"Epithelium\") of the bronchioles starts as a [simple ciliated columnar epithelium](/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium \"Simple columnar epithelium\") and changes to [simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium](/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium \"Simple cuboidal epithelium\") as the bronchioles decreases in size. The diameter of the bronchioles is often said to be less than 1 mm, though this value can range from 5 mm to 0\\.3 mm. As stated, these bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage to maintain their patency. Instead, they rely on [elastic fibers](/wiki/Elastic_fiber \"Elastic fiber\") attached to the surrounding [lung](/wiki/Human_lung \"Human lung\") tissue for support. The inner lining ([lamina propria](/wiki/Lamina_propria \"Lamina propria\")) of these bronchioles is thin with no glands present, and is surrounded by a layer of [smooth muscle](/wiki/Smooth_muscle \"Smooth muscle\"). As the bronchioles get smaller they divide into terminal bronchioles. Each bronchiole divides into between 50 and 80 terminal bronchioles. These bronchioles mark the end of the [conducting zone](/wiki/Conducting_zone \"Conducting zone\"), which covers the first division through the sixteenth division of the [respiratory tract](/wiki/Respiratory_tract \"Respiratory tract\"). [Alveoli](/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus \"Pulmonary alveolus\") only become present when the conducting zone changes to the [respiratory zone](/wiki/Respiratory_zone \"Respiratory zone\"), from the sixteenth through the twenty\\-third division of the tract.\n\n### Terminal bronchioles\n\nThe terminal bronchioles are the most distal segment of the conducting zone. They branch off the lesser bronchioles. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with [simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium](/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium \"Simple cuboidal epithelium\") containing [club cells](/wiki/Club_cell \"Club cell\"). Club cells are non\\-ciliated, rounded protein\\-secreting cells. Their secretions are a non\\-sticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called [pulmonary surfactant](/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant \"Pulmonary surfactant\"), reduces [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension \"Surface tension\"), allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Club cells are a [stem cell](/wiki/Stem_cell \"Stem cell\") of the [respiratory system](/wiki/Respiratory_system \"Respiratory system\"), and also produce [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\") that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid.\n\n### Respiratory bronchioles\n\nThe respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, 0\\.5 mm across. The [bronchi](/wiki/Bronchi \"Bronchi\") divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles.\nThe respiratory bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs.\nThey are interrupted by [alveoli](/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus \"Pulmonary alveolus\") which are thin walled [evaginations](/wiki/Evagination \"Evagination\"). [Alveolar ducts](/wiki/Alveolar_ducts \"Alveolar ducts\") are side branches of the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles are lined by ciliated columnar epithelium along with some non\\-ciliated cells called [club cells](/wiki/Club_cells \"Club cells\"). \n\n",
"### Bronchioles\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|340px\\|Lungs showing bronchi and bronchioles](/wiki/File:Illu_bronchi_lungs.jpg \"Illu bronchi lungs.jpg\")\nThe [trachea](/wiki/Trachea \"Trachea\") divides into the left main [bronchus](/wiki/Bronchus \"Bronchus\") which supplies the left lung, and the right main bronchus which supplies the right lung. As they enter the lungs these primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi known as [lobar bronchi](/wiki/Lobar_bronchi \"Lobar bronchi\") which supply each lobe of the lung. These in turn give rise to tertiary bronchi (*tertiary* meaning \"third\"), known as [segmental bronchi](/wiki/Segmental_bronchi \"Segmental bronchi\") which supply each [bronchopulmonary segment](/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment \"Bronchopulmonary segment\"). The segmentary bronchi subdivide into fourth order, fifth order and sixth order segmental bronchi before dividing into the bronchioles. The bronchioles are histologically distinct from the bronchi in that their walls do not have [hyaline cartilage](/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage \"Hyaline cartilage\") and they have [club cells](/wiki/Club_cell \"Club cell\") in their epithelial lining. The [epithelium](/wiki/Epithelium \"Epithelium\") of the bronchioles starts as a [simple ciliated columnar epithelium](/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium \"Simple columnar epithelium\") and changes to [simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium](/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium \"Simple cuboidal epithelium\") as the bronchioles decreases in size. The diameter of the bronchioles is often said to be less than 1 mm, though this value can range from 5 mm to 0\\.3 mm. As stated, these bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage to maintain their patency. Instead, they rely on [elastic fibers](/wiki/Elastic_fiber \"Elastic fiber\") attached to the surrounding [lung](/wiki/Human_lung \"Human lung\") tissue for support. The inner lining ([lamina propria](/wiki/Lamina_propria \"Lamina propria\")) of these bronchioles is thin with no glands present, and is surrounded by a layer of [smooth muscle](/wiki/Smooth_muscle \"Smooth muscle\"). As the bronchioles get smaller they divide into terminal bronchioles. Each bronchiole divides into between 50 and 80 terminal bronchioles. These bronchioles mark the end of the [conducting zone](/wiki/Conducting_zone \"Conducting zone\"), which covers the first division through the sixteenth division of the [respiratory tract](/wiki/Respiratory_tract \"Respiratory tract\"). [Alveoli](/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus \"Pulmonary alveolus\") only become present when the conducting zone changes to the [respiratory zone](/wiki/Respiratory_zone \"Respiratory zone\"), from the sixteenth through the twenty\\-third division of the tract.\n\n",
"### Terminal bronchioles\n\nThe terminal bronchioles are the most distal segment of the conducting zone. They branch off the lesser bronchioles. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with [simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium](/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium \"Simple cuboidal epithelium\") containing [club cells](/wiki/Club_cell \"Club cell\"). Club cells are non\\-ciliated, rounded protein\\-secreting cells. Their secretions are a non\\-sticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called [pulmonary surfactant](/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant \"Pulmonary surfactant\"), reduces [surface tension](/wiki/Surface_tension \"Surface tension\"), allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Club cells are a [stem cell](/wiki/Stem_cell \"Stem cell\") of the [respiratory system](/wiki/Respiratory_system \"Respiratory system\"), and also produce [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\") that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid.\n\n",
"### Respiratory bronchioles\n\nThe respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, 0\\.5 mm across. The [bronchi](/wiki/Bronchi \"Bronchi\") divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles.\nThe respiratory bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs.\nThey are interrupted by [alveoli](/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus \"Pulmonary alveolus\") which are thin walled [evaginations](/wiki/Evagination \"Evagination\"). [Alveolar ducts](/wiki/Alveolar_ducts \"Alveolar ducts\") are side branches of the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles are lined by ciliated columnar epithelium along with some non\\-ciliated cells called [club cells](/wiki/Club_cells \"Club cells\"). \n\n",
"Clinical significance\n---------------------\n\n[Bronchospasm](/wiki/Bronchospasm \"Bronchospasm\"), a potentially life\\-threatening situation, occurs when the smooth muscular tissue of the bronchioles constricts, severely narrowing their diameter. The most common cause of this is asthma. Bronchospasm is commonly treated by [oxygen therapy](/wiki/Oxygen_therapy \"Oxygen therapy\") and [bronchodilators](/wiki/Bronchodilator \"Bronchodilator\") such as [albuterol](/wiki/Albuterol \"Albuterol\").\n\nDiseases of the bronchioles include [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\"), [bronchiolitis obliterans](/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans \"Bronchiolitis obliterans\"), [respiratory syncytial virus](/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus \"Respiratory syncytial virus\") infections, and [influenza](/wiki/Influenza \"Influenza\").\n\n### Inflammation\n\nThe medical condition of inflammation of the bronchioles is termed [bronchiolitis](/wiki/Bronchiolitis \"Bronchiolitis\").\n\n",
"### Inflammation\n\nThe medical condition of inflammation of the bronchioles is termed [bronchiolitis](/wiki/Bronchiolitis \"Bronchiolitis\").\n\n",
"Additional images\n-----------------\n\n```\nImage:Tertiary bronchus.JPG|Cross sectional cut of primary bronchiole\nImage:illu_quiz_lung05.jpg |\n\n```\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy \\& Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. New York, NY: McGraw\\-Hill, 2007\\.\n* Dudek, Ronald W. *High\\-Yield Histology*, 3rd ed. (2004\\). \n* Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. *Color Atlas of Histology*, 3rd ed. (2000\\). \n* Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. *Color Textbook of Histology* (2001\\). \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Diagram at davidson.edu](http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523193246/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/Human%20Physiology%20Manual/chapter4/exper10/back_chap4_exp10.htm)\n* [Histology at umdnj.edu](https://web.archive.org/web/20080307173126/http://www3.umdnj.edu/histsweb/lab10/lab10lung.html)\n\n[Category:Lung anatomy](/wiki/Category:Lung_anatomy \"Lung anatomy\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Constantine II, Prince of Armenia
|
{
"id": [
48084241
],
"name": [
"Armeniansarebest"
]
}
|
pw9abhgi7fth1h1x0e00yjf65vj59w8
|
2024-07-31T10:53:21Z
| 1,212,471,195 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Footnotes",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Constantine II** (), also **Kostandin II**, (unknown – after February 17, 1129) was the fourth [lord of Armenian Cilicia](/wiki/King_of_Cilicia \"King of Cilicia\") (1129/1130).\n\nThe *Chronique Rimée de la Petite Arménie* (“The Rhymed Chronicle of Armenia Minor”) of Vahram of Edessa records that he was the son of [Thoros I, lord of Armenian Cilicia](/wiki/Thoros_I%2C_Prince_of_Armenia \"Thoros I, Prince of Armenia\"). His mother's name is not known.\n\nHe died a few months after his father's death in the course of a palace intrigue. Vahram of Edessa, the historian tells us that he was cast into prison and poisoned to death.\n\nOther historians (*e.g.*, Jacob G. Ghazarian, Vahan M. Kurkjian) suggest that Thoros I died without a male heir and was succeeded by Leon I.\n\n",
"Footnotes\n---------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* Ghazarian, Jacob G: *The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393\\)*; RoutledgeCurzon (Taylor \\& Francis Group), 2000, Abingdon; \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The Barony of Cilician Armenia](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/27*.html) (Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch. 27\\)\n\n[Category:1129 deaths](/wiki/Category:1129_deaths \"1129 deaths\")\n[Category:12th\\-century murdered monarchs](/wiki/Category:12th-century_murdered_monarchs \"12th-century murdered monarchs\")\n[Category:Deaths by poisoning](/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_poisoning \"Deaths by poisoning\")\n[Category:Year of birth unknown](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown \"Year of birth unknown\")\n[Category:12th\\-century Armenian people](/wiki/Category:12th-century_Armenian_people \"12th-century Armenian people\")\n[Category:Monarchs of the Rubenid dynasty](/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_the_Rubenid_dynasty \"Monarchs of the Rubenid dynasty\")\n[Category:12th\\-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia](/wiki/Category:12th-century_rulers_of_Armenian_Cilicia \"12th-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
1830 in science
|
{
"id": [
11487766
],
"name": [
"LucasBrown"
]
}
|
dp61hixkyv7n4rutda3fp0m1k9hijon
|
2024-06-16T16:57:42Z
| 1,228,131,975 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Astronomy",
"Biology",
"Exploration",
"Geology",
"Medicine",
"Technology",
"Institutions",
"Publications",
"Awards",
"Births",
"Deaths",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
" \n\nThe year **1830 in [science](/wiki/Science \"Science\")** and [technology](/wiki/Technology \"Technology\") involved some significant events, listed below.\n\n",
"Astronomy\n---------\n\n* March 16 – Great Comet of 1830 (C/1830 F1, 1830 I) first observed in [Mauritius](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\").\n* [Johann Heinrich Mädler](/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler \"Johann Heinrich Mädler\") and [Wilhelm Beer](/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer \"Wilhelm Beer\") produce the first map of the surface of Mars.\n",
"Biology\n-------\n\n[220px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Frontispiece of Lyell's *Principles of Geology*](/wiki/File:Lyell_Principles_frontispiece.jpg \"Lyell Principles frontispiece.jpg\")\n* [Charles Bell](/wiki/Charles_Bell \"Charles Bell\") publishes his *Nervous System of the Human Body*.\n* [William Jackson Hooker](/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker \"William Jackson Hooker\") commences publication of *The British Flora*.\n\n",
"Exploration\n-----------\n\n* October 14 – returns to England from her first voyage, a [hydrographic](/wiki/Hydrography \"Hydrography\") survey of the [Patagonia](/wiki/Patagonia \"Patagonia\") and [Tierra del Fuego](/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego \"Tierra del Fuego\") regions of South America.\n* [Southern Ocean Expedition](/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Expedition \"Southern Ocean Expedition\") – [John Biscoe](/wiki/John_Biscoe \"John Biscoe\") sets out from England on an expedition to find new seal\\-hunting grounds in the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean \"Southern Ocean\").\n",
"Geology\n-------\n\n* [Charles Lyell](/wiki/Charles_Lyell \"Charles Lyell\") publishes the first volume of his *[Principles of Geology](/wiki/Principles_of_Geology \"Principles of Geology\"), being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation*.\n",
"Medicine\n--------\n\n* [Thomas Southwood Smith](/wiki/Thomas_Southwood_Smith \"Thomas Southwood Smith\") publishes the standard textbook *A Treatise on Fever* in [London](/wiki/London \"London\").\n* Approximate date – The chain [osteotome](/wiki/Osteotome \"Osteotome\"), a form of [chainsaw](/wiki/Chainsaw \"Chainsaw\"), is invented by German orthopaedist [Bernhard Heine](/wiki/Bernhard_Heine \"Bernhard Heine\").\n",
"Technology\n----------\n\n* July 13 – [John Ruggles](/wiki/John_Ruggles \"John Ruggles\") is granted [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") [patent](/wiki/Patent \"Patent\") [No. 1](https://patents.google.com/patent/US1), for applying [rack railway](/wiki/Rack_railway \"Rack railway\") equipment to the \"Locomotive steam\\-engine for rail and other roads\".\n* August 31 – [Edwin Budding](/wiki/Edwin_Beard_Budding \"Edwin Beard Budding\") is granted a [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") patent for the [lawnmower](/wiki/Lawnmower \"Lawnmower\").\n* [Aeneas Coffey](/wiki/Aeneas_Coffey \"Aeneas Coffey\") is granted a United Kingdom patent for an improved [column still](/wiki/Column_still \"Column still\").\n* [Eaton Hodgkinson](/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson \"Eaton Hodgkinson\") publishes his pioneering paper on the optimum [cross section](/wiki/Cross_section_%28geometry%29 \"Cross section (geometry)\") for [cast iron](/wiki/Cast_iron \"Cast iron\") [structural beams](/wiki/Beam_%28structure%29 \"Beam (structure)\").\"Theoretical and Experimental Researches to Ascertain the strength and best forms of Iron beams\". *Memoirs of the [Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society](/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society \"Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society\")* 2nd ser. **5**:407\\-544\\.\n* Stephen H. Long designs the [Long truss](/wiki/Truss_bridge%23Long_truss \"Truss bridge#Long truss\") wooden bridge.\n",
"Institutions\n------------\n\n* [Geographical Society of London](/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society \"Royal Geographical Society\") established.\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\n* [Charles Babbage](/wiki/Charles_Babbage \"Charles Babbage\") publishes *[Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes](https://books.google.com/books?id=3bgPAAAAMAAJ&q=charles+babbage)*.\n* [Auguste Comte](/wiki/Auguste_Comte \"Auguste Comte\") begins publication of his *[Course of Positive Philosophy](/wiki/Course_of_Positive_Philosophy \"Course of Positive Philosophy\") (Cours de Philosophie Positive)*.\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n* [Copley Medal](/wiki/Copley_Medal \"Copley Medal\"): not awarded\n",
"Births\n------\n\n* March 5 – [Étienne\\-Jules Marey](/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jules_Marey \"Étienne-Jules Marey\") (died [1904](/wiki/1904_in_science \"1904 in science\")), French [physiologist](/wiki/Physiologist \"Physiologist\").\n* March 5 – [Charles Wyville Thomson](/wiki/Charles_Wyville_Thomson \"Charles Wyville Thomson\") (died [1882](/wiki/1882_in_science \"1882 in science\")), Scottish [marine biologist](/wiki/Marine_biology \"Marine biology\").\n* April 21 – [Clémence Royer](/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Royer \"Clémence Royer\") (died [1902](/wiki/1902_in_science \"1902 in science\")), French anthropologist.\n* May 10 – [François\\-Marie Raoult](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Raoult \"François-Marie Raoult\") (died [1901](/wiki/1901_in_science \"1901 in science\")), French [chemist](/wiki/Chemist \"Chemist\").\n* May 11 (April 29 [O.S.](/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates \"Old Style and New Style dates\")) – [Emanoil Bacaloglu](/wiki/Emanoil_Bacaloglu \"Emanoil Bacaloglu\") (died [1891](/wiki/1891_in_science \"1891 in science\")), Romanian [polymath](/wiki/Polymath \"Polymath\").\n* August 19 – [Lothar Meyer](/wiki/Lothar_Meyer \"Lothar Meyer\") (died [1895](/wiki/1895_in_science \"1895 in science\")), German chemist.\n* September 7 – [Mary Treat](/wiki/Mary_Treat \"Mary Treat\") (died [1923](/wiki/1923_in_science \"1923 in science\")), American naturalist.\n* October 24 – [Marianne North](/wiki/Marianne_North \"Marianne North\") (died [1890](/wiki/1890_in_science \"1890 in science\")), English [botanist](/wiki/Botanist \"Botanist\").\n* November 20 – [Sigismond Jaccoud](/wiki/Sigismond_Jaccoud \"Sigismond Jaccoud\") (died [1913](/wiki/1913_in_science \"1913 in science\")), Swiss [physician](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\").\n",
"Deaths\n------\n\n* March 2 – [Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring](/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring \"Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring\") (born [1755](/wiki/1755_in_science \"1755 in science\")), German [physician](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\"), [anatomist](/wiki/Anatomist \"Anatomist\"), [paleontologist](/wiki/Paleontologist \"Paleontologist\") and [inventor](/wiki/Inventor \"Inventor\").\n* March 29 – [James Rennell](/wiki/James_Rennell \"James Rennell\") (born [1742](/wiki/1742_in_science \"1742 in science\")), English [cartographer](/wiki/Cartographer \"Cartographer\") and [oceanographer](/wiki/Oceanographer \"Oceanographer\").\n* May 16 – [Joseph Fourier](/wiki/Joseph_Fourier \"Joseph Fourier\") (born [1768](/wiki/1768_in_science \"1768 in science\")), French [mathematician](/wiki/Mathematician \"Mathematician\").\n* August 24 – [Louis Pierre Vieillot](/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot \"Louis Pierre Vieillot\") (born [1748](/wiki/1748_in_science \"1748 in science\")), French [ornithologist](/wiki/Ornithologist \"Ornithologist\").\n* [Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi](/wiki/Clelia_Durazzo_Grimaldi \"Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi\") (born [1760](/wiki/1760_in_science \"1760 in science\")), Italian botanist.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:19th century in science](/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_science \"19th century in science\")\n[Category:1830s in science](/wiki/Category:1830s_in_science \"1830s in science\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)
|
{
"id": [
10248457
],
"name": [
"Orenburg1"
]
}
|
oo171lmimdllzi95i9zegtb6kjuv1mu
|
2024-10-15T08:46:43Z
| 1,242,202,797 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Ride description",
"Walt Disney's original ride",
"Disneyland",
"Magic Kingdom",
"Disneyland Paris",
"Shanghai Disneyland",
"Modifications",
"Adaptations",
"Soundtrack",
"Releases",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Pirates of the Caribbean** is a [dark ride](/wiki/Dark_ride \"Dark ride\") at [Disneyland](/wiki/Disneyland \"Disneyland\"), [Walt Disney World](/wiki/Walt_Disney_World \"Walt Disney World\")'s [Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Magic_Kingdom \"Magic Kingdom\"), [Tokyo Disneyland](/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland \"Tokyo Disneyland\") and [Disneyland Park](/wiki/Disneyland_Park_%28Paris%29 \"Disneyland Park (Paris)\") at [Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Paris \"Disneyland Paris\").\n\nThe ride tells the story of a band of [pirates](/wiki/Piracy \"Piracy\") in the [West Indies](/wiki/West_Indies \"West Indies\") islands around the [Caribbean Sea](/wiki/Caribbean_Sea \"Caribbean Sea\") in the 17th and 18th centuries with the saga of their voyages, troubles, and exploits. The original version of the ride opened at the Disneyland in [Anaheim, California](/wiki/Anaheim%2C_California \"Anaheim, California\"), near Los Angeles, in 1967, and was the last ride whose construction was envisioned and personally overseen by [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\"), who died three months before it opened. After immense popularity, the ride was replicated six years later at the Magic Kingdom of Walt Disney World, near [Orlando, Florida](/wiki/Orlando%2C_Florida \"Orlando, Florida\") in 1973\\. Versions followed at Tokyo Disneyland in 1983, and at Disneyland Paris in 1992\\. Each of the initial four versions of the ride has a different façade but a similar ride experience.\n\nThe Pirates of the Caribbean ride gave rise to the song \"[A Pirate's Life for Me](/wiki/A_Pirate%27s_Life_for_Me \"A Pirate's Life for Me\")\" written by [George Bruns](/wiki/George_Bruns \"George Bruns\") and [Xavier Atencio](/wiki/Xavier_Atencio \"Xavier Atencio\"). The ride became the basis for the [*Pirates of the Caribbean* film series](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_%28film_series%29 \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"), which debuted in 2003\\. Since 2006, Disney has incorporated characters from the film series into the Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris versions of the rides. A different ride influenced by visitors' familiarity with the worldwide success of the feature film series, [Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:Battle_for_the_Sunken_Treasure \"Battle for the Sunken Treasure\"), opened at the [Shanghai Disneyland Park](/wiki/Shanghai_Disneyland_Park \"Shanghai Disneyland Park\") in 2016\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|[Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\") in 1966, inspecting plastic heads for use in the Disneyland attraction.](/wiki/File:Disney_and_pirate_heads_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Disney and pirate heads (cropped).jpg\")\nOpening on March 18, 1967, the Disneyland version of Pirates of the Caribbean was the last ride that [Walt Disney](/wiki/Walt_Disney \"Walt Disney\") himself participated in designing, debuting three months after his death. It is located within the [New Orleans Square](/wiki/New_Orleans_Square \"New Orleans Square\") portion of Disneyland, its facade evoking [antebellum era](/wiki/Antebellum_era \"Antebellum era\") New Orleans, topped by a 31\\-star United States flag (which would indicate the 1850s). It was originally envisioned as a walk\\-through [wax museum](/wiki/Wax_museum \"Wax museum\"), but with the success of the boat ride concept of [It's a Small World](/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World \"It's a Small World\") at the [1964 New York World's Fair](/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1964 New York World's Fair\"), Disney decided to employ the same ride system on the Pirates of the Caribbean. The ornate initials of Walt Disney and [Roy Disney](/wiki/Roy_O._Disney \"Roy O. Disney\") (W.D. and R.D.) can be seen entwined in the wrought iron railings above the ride's entrance at Disneyland. An overhead sign at the boat dock names it for the famous pirate [Jean Lafitte](/wiki/Jean_Lafitte \"Jean Lafitte\") (although his name is spelled *Laffite* as the pirate himself originally spelled it, rather than with the English spelling which has now become standard), who fought alongside the U.S. Army at the [Battle of New Orleans](/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans \"Battle of New Orleans\") in the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\"). The second floor of the facade was originally designed to be a private Disney family apartment, but was later opened in spring 1987 as an art\\-related retail/museum space called [the Disney Gallery](/wiki/The_Disney_Gallery \"The Disney Gallery\") and was replaced in late 2007 by the [Disneyland Dream Suite](/wiki/Disneyland_Dream_Suite \"Disneyland Dream Suite\").\n\nThe original installation at Disneyland was manufactured by [Arrow Development](/wiki/Arrow_Development \"Arrow Development\") and Arrow consulted on the next two installations. The ride's passenger carrying boats are very similar to those in a patent assigned to Walt Disney Productions, but filed by Edgar A. Morgan, one of the founders of Arrow Development. Arrow participated in the design and development of many rides at Disneyland from 1953\\.\n\nThere are 630,000 gallons of water, 53 audio\\-animatronic animals and birds, and 75 audio\\-animatronic pirates and villagers in the ride, and it takes three days to empty and refill the \"bayou\" for renovations. Across from the boarding area within the ride is the [Blue Bayou Restaurant](/wiki/Blue_Bayou_Restaurant \"Blue Bayou Restaurant\"), made to look like the backyard dinner party of a southern plantation. The restaurant opened the same day as the ride, and is considered one of the original theme restaurants.\n\nThe debut of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in 1971 brought many popular rides from Disneyland to the East Coast, but Pirates of the Caribbean was not among them. As the Caribbean region is geographically located near Florida, it was thought a Caribbean\\-themed ride would not hold the same mystique as it did in California. Instead, the Western River Expedition with Big Thunder Mountain would replace the ride with a similar boat ride and other rides. Walt Disney World visitors were vocal in their disappointment at the missing ride, leading Disney to quickly announce a Florida version instead of the Western River Expedition. The new Pirates of the Caribbean ride opened on December 15, 1973\\. Additional iterations of Pirates of the Caribbean later opened at Disney parks in Tokyo and Paris.\n\nThe opening of the Disney Gallery in 1987 also coincided with the ride's outside queue area being completely redone to improve traffic flows. A bridge walkway was built in front of the entrance to allow crowds to pass through [New Orleans Square](/wiki/New_Orleans_Square \"New Orleans Square\") without causing traffic jams with the guests waiting in line for the ride.\n\n",
"Ride description\n----------------\n\n### Walt Disney's original ride\n\nThe following is a detailed summary of what appears in the original Disneyland version of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, from 1967 to 2006\\. An episode of *[Walt Disney's Wonderful World Of Color](/wiki/Disney_anthology_television_series \"Disney anthology television series\")* shows Walt Disney during the conception stage as well as presenting footage of the ride's opening day.*[Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color](/wiki/Disney_anthology_television_series \"Disney anthology television series\")*: Season 14, Episode 16: \"From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow\"[1968 Disneyland—From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrtTx3He4sU) Further details of the history and behind the scenes of the attraction were chronicled in the 2005 book, *Pirates of the Caribbean: From the Magic Kingdom to the Movies* by [Jason Surrell](/wiki/Jason_Surrell \"Jason Surrell\").\n\nThe ride begins amid glimmering [fireflies](/wiki/Firefly \"Firefly\") during an evening in a [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") [bayou](/wiki/Bayou \"Bayou\"). Riders board their boats at [Laffite](/wiki/Jean_Lafitte \"Jean Lafitte\")'s Landing and are at once afloat in the heart of bayou country. [Banjo](/wiki/Banjo \"Banjo\") melodies (including \"[Oh! Susanna](/wiki/Oh%21_Susanna \"Oh! Susanna\")\" and \"[Camptown Races](/wiki/Camptown_Races \"Camptown Races\")\") can be heard as guests pass by [houseboats](/wiki/Houseboat \"Houseboat\"), one of whose porches features an old man calmly rocking back and forth in his rocking chair and smoking a pipe. Above a stone archway, a talking [skull with crossed swords](/wiki/Jolly_Roger \"Jolly Roger\") (voiced by [Xavier Atencio](/wiki/Xavier_Atencio \"Xavier Atencio\")) provides words of warning before the guests' boat takes a plunge down a waterfall into a dimly lit cavernous passage, where voices can be heard singing the theme song.\n\nAfter a second plunge further into the depths of an underground [grotto](/wiki/Grotto \"Grotto\") known as Dead Man's Cove, guests behold the [skeletal](/wiki/Skeleton \"Skeleton\") remains of an unfortunate band of pirates, guarding their loot and treasure with macabre delight. During this section, a voice can be heard repeating the phrase \"Dead men tell no tales!\" The boats glide gently past an old pirate shipwreck, though the helmsman is nothing more than a skeleton doomed to pilot the ship through a thunderstorm. Moving onward, the crew's quarters are complete with skeletal pirates frozen in time – playing chess and drinking rum, one skeleton drinking a bottomless bottle through an exposed rib cage. The Captain's Quarters features a bony corpse examining a treasure map in bed, while an old harpsichord plays the theme song, and a huge amount of treasure being guarded by another skeleton pirate. As guests continue through an empty, dark tunnel, two ominous voices boom from above warning of the cursed treasure and what lies ahead.\n\nOnce guests are out of the tunnel, cannonballs whistle overhead and explosions throw water into the air – a fierce battle in the Caribbean between a marauding pirate galleon, the *Wicked Wench*, and a Spanish fortress is in full swing. From the deck of the *Wicked Wench*, the Pirate Captain (modeled on [Blackbeard](/wiki/Blackbeard \"Blackbeard\")'s appearance and voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")) leads the assault as colonial defenders can be seen manning the fort's cannons, barking orders to each other in Spanish and shouting threats at the invading pirates. The village of Puerto Dorado on Isla Tesoro is overrun with pirates in search of treasure. The first sight is the town square, where some pirates have kidnapped the mayor, Carlos (voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")), and threaten to drown him in a well if he does not divulge the location of the treasure. Carlos' wife (voiced by [June Foray](/wiki/June_Foray \"June Foray\")) peeks out of an upstairs window, telling him to be brave and not talk; she is shot at as Carlos is repeatedly dunked in the water while a line of other captive city officials look on. An auction scene follows, where an auctioneer pirate (voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")) tries to sell off the local women with the banner, \"Take a Wench for a Bride!\" The bidders yell out for the \"redhead\", a flirtatious woman in a red dress. In the next scene, women are being chased through town by pirates. The \"Pooped Pirate\" (voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")) reminisces about the \"lively lassie\" he wished to \"hoist his colors\" upon. Holding her slip as he prattles on, the woman peers out from inside a barrel that sat right behind the pirate's back as he keeps boasting, unaware.\n\nRiders then watch carefree, tipsy pirates sing Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me) as they succeed in ravaging the town and setting it aflame, filling the night air with an orange glow. Others wallow in the mud, one pirate in particular sleeping with pigs, and a pirate named Old Bill offering rum to stray cats. The boats next float past a dungeon where imprisoned pirates (voiced by [J. Pat O'Malley](/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley \"J. Pat O'Malley\")) are doing their best to escape as flames draw near. A small dog just out of the prisoners' reach holds the key to their escape in his teeth; he seems all but immune to the pleas of the pirates trying to coax him closer. One of the pirates holds a noose, hoping to trap the dog. Timbers are smoldering and cracking overhead as riders sail through a storage room filled with gunpowder, cannonballs, and rum\\-filled, gun\\-shooting pirates continue singing. A shootout between the inebriated crew and captain of the pirate ship in a flaming ammunition warehouse threatens to demolish the entire village. Finally, at the end of the ride, the boats proceed up a lift hill and reach the top of the hill and spill back into the sleepy bayou where the journey began.\n\n### Disneyland\n\nPirates of the Caribbean at Disneyland has gone through many changes and refurbishments over the years, but the ride itself remains the same. Among the changes made was the addition of references to the [film franchise](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_%28film_series%29 \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"), some which have made it to other parks.\n\n### Magic Kingdom\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Magic Kingdom's Pirates of the Caribbean](/wiki/File:Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_at_Walt_Disney_World_January_2012.jpg \"Pirates of the Caribbean at Walt Disney World January 2012.jpg\")\nThe ride, guarded by the Caribbean watchtower Torre del Sol, is housed in a golden Spanish fort called Castillo Del Morro, inspired by [Castillo de San Felipe del Morro](/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro \"Fort San Felipe del Morro\") in the [Old San Juan](/wiki/Old_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Old San Juan, Puerto Rico\") in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"). The queue winds through the fort, passing supplies and cannons, and a pair of pirate skeletons sit at a chessboard. The chess\\-playing skeletons gag was specifically designed for the Magic Kingdom by Imagineer Marc Davis, who was tasked with designing the ride. There are two queues designed to evoke a different atmosphere, one is the \"Soldier\" side (the left) and the other is the \"Pirate\" side (the right, which is now the Lightning Lane queue). Both these queues converge with the loading area known as Pirate's Cove.\n\n### Disneyland Paris\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Disneyland Paris version](/wiki/File:Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_Disneyland_Paris_Summer_2011.JPG \"Pirates of the Caribbean Disneyland Paris Summer 2011.JPG\")\nThe Pirates of the Caribbean ride at [Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Park_%28Paris%29 \"Disneyland Park (Paris)\") is housed in a battle\\-scarred fortress at the back of the park. Many of the original scenes are seen in the ride while some new ones were included such as two swordsmen dueling for a woman in the town scene.\n\n### Shanghai Disneyland\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure is a separate ride that uses a storyline based on the [eponymous film series](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_%28film_series%29 \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"). It blends digital large\\-screen projection technology with traditional set pieces and audio animatronics. [Walt Disney Imagineering](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering \"Walt Disney Imagineering\") designed the ride and [Industrial Light \\& Magic](/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic \"Industrial Light & Magic\") created the computer\\-generated visual effects.\n\n",
"### Walt Disney's original ride\n\nThe following is a detailed summary of what appears in the original Disneyland version of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, from 1967 to 2006\\. An episode of *[Walt Disney's Wonderful World Of Color](/wiki/Disney_anthology_television_series \"Disney anthology television series\")* shows Walt Disney during the conception stage as well as presenting footage of the ride's opening day.*[Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color](/wiki/Disney_anthology_television_series \"Disney anthology television series\")*: Season 14, Episode 16: \"From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow\"[1968 Disneyland—From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrtTx3He4sU) Further details of the history and behind the scenes of the attraction were chronicled in the 2005 book, *Pirates of the Caribbean: From the Magic Kingdom to the Movies* by [Jason Surrell](/wiki/Jason_Surrell \"Jason Surrell\").\n\nThe ride begins amid glimmering [fireflies](/wiki/Firefly \"Firefly\") during an evening in a [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") [bayou](/wiki/Bayou \"Bayou\"). Riders board their boats at [Laffite](/wiki/Jean_Lafitte \"Jean Lafitte\")'s Landing and are at once afloat in the heart of bayou country. [Banjo](/wiki/Banjo \"Banjo\") melodies (including \"[Oh! Susanna](/wiki/Oh%21_Susanna \"Oh! Susanna\")\" and \"[Camptown Races](/wiki/Camptown_Races \"Camptown Races\")\") can be heard as guests pass by [houseboats](/wiki/Houseboat \"Houseboat\"), one of whose porches features an old man calmly rocking back and forth in his rocking chair and smoking a pipe. Above a stone archway, a talking [skull with crossed swords](/wiki/Jolly_Roger \"Jolly Roger\") (voiced by [Xavier Atencio](/wiki/Xavier_Atencio \"Xavier Atencio\")) provides words of warning before the guests' boat takes a plunge down a waterfall into a dimly lit cavernous passage, where voices can be heard singing the theme song.\n\nAfter a second plunge further into the depths of an underground [grotto](/wiki/Grotto \"Grotto\") known as Dead Man's Cove, guests behold the [skeletal](/wiki/Skeleton \"Skeleton\") remains of an unfortunate band of pirates, guarding their loot and treasure with macabre delight. During this section, a voice can be heard repeating the phrase \"Dead men tell no tales!\" The boats glide gently past an old pirate shipwreck, though the helmsman is nothing more than a skeleton doomed to pilot the ship through a thunderstorm. Moving onward, the crew's quarters are complete with skeletal pirates frozen in time – playing chess and drinking rum, one skeleton drinking a bottomless bottle through an exposed rib cage. The Captain's Quarters features a bony corpse examining a treasure map in bed, while an old harpsichord plays the theme song, and a huge amount of treasure being guarded by another skeleton pirate. As guests continue through an empty, dark tunnel, two ominous voices boom from above warning of the cursed treasure and what lies ahead.\n\nOnce guests are out of the tunnel, cannonballs whistle overhead and explosions throw water into the air – a fierce battle in the Caribbean between a marauding pirate galleon, the *Wicked Wench*, and a Spanish fortress is in full swing. From the deck of the *Wicked Wench*, the Pirate Captain (modeled on [Blackbeard](/wiki/Blackbeard \"Blackbeard\")'s appearance and voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")) leads the assault as colonial defenders can be seen manning the fort's cannons, barking orders to each other in Spanish and shouting threats at the invading pirates. The village of Puerto Dorado on Isla Tesoro is overrun with pirates in search of treasure. The first sight is the town square, where some pirates have kidnapped the mayor, Carlos (voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")), and threaten to drown him in a well if he does not divulge the location of the treasure. Carlos' wife (voiced by [June Foray](/wiki/June_Foray \"June Foray\")) peeks out of an upstairs window, telling him to be brave and not talk; she is shot at as Carlos is repeatedly dunked in the water while a line of other captive city officials look on. An auction scene follows, where an auctioneer pirate (voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")) tries to sell off the local women with the banner, \"Take a Wench for a Bride!\" The bidders yell out for the \"redhead\", a flirtatious woman in a red dress. In the next scene, women are being chased through town by pirates. The \"Pooped Pirate\" (voiced by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\")) reminisces about the \"lively lassie\" he wished to \"hoist his colors\" upon. Holding her slip as he prattles on, the woman peers out from inside a barrel that sat right behind the pirate's back as he keeps boasting, unaware.\n\nRiders then watch carefree, tipsy pirates sing Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me) as they succeed in ravaging the town and setting it aflame, filling the night air with an orange glow. Others wallow in the mud, one pirate in particular sleeping with pigs, and a pirate named Old Bill offering rum to stray cats. The boats next float past a dungeon where imprisoned pirates (voiced by [J. Pat O'Malley](/wiki/J._Pat_O%27Malley \"J. Pat O'Malley\")) are doing their best to escape as flames draw near. A small dog just out of the prisoners' reach holds the key to their escape in his teeth; he seems all but immune to the pleas of the pirates trying to coax him closer. One of the pirates holds a noose, hoping to trap the dog. Timbers are smoldering and cracking overhead as riders sail through a storage room filled with gunpowder, cannonballs, and rum\\-filled, gun\\-shooting pirates continue singing. A shootout between the inebriated crew and captain of the pirate ship in a flaming ammunition warehouse threatens to demolish the entire village. Finally, at the end of the ride, the boats proceed up a lift hill and reach the top of the hill and spill back into the sleepy bayou where the journey began.\n\n",
"### Disneyland\n\nPirates of the Caribbean at Disneyland has gone through many changes and refurbishments over the years, but the ride itself remains the same. Among the changes made was the addition of references to the [film franchise](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_%28film_series%29 \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"), some which have made it to other parks.\n\n",
"### Magic Kingdom\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Magic Kingdom's Pirates of the Caribbean](/wiki/File:Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_at_Walt_Disney_World_January_2012.jpg \"Pirates of the Caribbean at Walt Disney World January 2012.jpg\")\nThe ride, guarded by the Caribbean watchtower Torre del Sol, is housed in a golden Spanish fort called Castillo Del Morro, inspired by [Castillo de San Felipe del Morro](/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro \"Fort San Felipe del Morro\") in the [Old San Juan](/wiki/Old_San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico \"Old San Juan, Puerto Rico\") in [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\"). The queue winds through the fort, passing supplies and cannons, and a pair of pirate skeletons sit at a chessboard. The chess\\-playing skeletons gag was specifically designed for the Magic Kingdom by Imagineer Marc Davis, who was tasked with designing the ride. There are two queues designed to evoke a different atmosphere, one is the \"Soldier\" side (the left) and the other is the \"Pirate\" side (the right, which is now the Lightning Lane queue). Both these queues converge with the loading area known as Pirate's Cove.\n\n",
"### Disneyland Paris\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|Disneyland Paris version](/wiki/File:Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_Disneyland_Paris_Summer_2011.JPG \"Pirates of the Caribbean Disneyland Paris Summer 2011.JPG\")\nThe Pirates of the Caribbean ride at [Disneyland Paris](/wiki/Disneyland_Park_%28Paris%29 \"Disneyland Park (Paris)\") is housed in a battle\\-scarred fortress at the back of the park. Many of the original scenes are seen in the ride while some new ones were included such as two swordsmen dueling for a woman in the town scene.\n\n",
"### Shanghai Disneyland\n\nPirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure is a separate ride that uses a storyline based on the [eponymous film series](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_%28film_series%29 \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"). It blends digital large\\-screen projection technology with traditional set pieces and audio animatronics. [Walt Disney Imagineering](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering \"Walt Disney Imagineering\") designed the ride and [Industrial Light \\& Magic](/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic \"Industrial Light & Magic\") created the computer\\-generated visual effects.\n\n",
"Modifications\n-------------\n\nThe Old Bill scene was originally designed in 1972 for the Magic Kingdom version, but the scene was eventually brought to Disneyland, shortly after the Magic Kingdom version opened in 1973\\.\n\nThe Barker Bird that guarded the entrance of the Magic Kingdom's version was originally installed in the unloading area when the ride opened in 1973\\. However, the issues with crowd control and congestion in the unloading area led to its placement outside of the entrance in 1975 and the 2006 refurbishment relocated the Barker Bird to the World of Disney Store until 2012\\.\n\nThe loading area of the ride at Walt Disney World originally had a dual loading system with two channels to double the loading capacity, but the safety concerns over the underwater fin that would dispatch the boats resulted in the decision to use a single channel for both loading docks during a refurbishment made in the fall of 1991\\. As of 2017, both channels exist, but only one is used.\n\nIn 1997, the chase scene of the Disneyland original and Magic Kingdom version, which depicted male pirates chasing women (except for the final scene, where the roles were reversed), was altered, now showing the pirates chasing the women in pursuit of food the women were carrying. The \"Pooped Pirate\" was recast as the \"Gluttonous Pirate\", a rogue in search of food, while the woman hiding in the barrel was replaced by a cat.\n\nIn [Jason Surrell](/wiki/Jason_Surrell \"Jason Surrell\")'s book *Pirates of the Caribbean: From The Magic Kingdom to the Movies*, showwriter [Francis Xavier \"X\" Atencio](/wiki/Xavier_Atencio \"Xavier Atencio\") referred to these \"softening\" touches as \"Boy Scouts of the Caribbean\".\n\nIn 2006, the ride was refurbished again, in order to tie it in with the then\\-new *[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:Dead_Man%27s_Chest \"Dead Man's Chest\")* film. This refurbishment saw the addition of Jack Sparrow animatronics to three individual scenes, as well as Captain Barbossa replacing the pirate captain in the battle room and an added waterfall projection of Davy Jones' face in the cave. The \"Pooped/Gluttonous Pirate\" now held a treasure map in his lap and a magnifying glass in one hand, and other modifications were made to the ride's lighting, audio, dialogue and effects.\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|Blackbeard projection at the Magic Kingdom ride, which is no longer present.](/wiki/File:Blackbeard_MK.JPG \"Blackbeard MK.JPG\")\n\nTo coincide with the release of the 2011 film *[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:On_Stranger_Tides \"On Stranger Tides\")*, a projection of [Captain Blackbeard](/wiki/Blackbeard \"Blackbeard\") from the film (portrayed by original actor [Ian McShane](/wiki/Ian_McShane \"Ian McShane\")) temporarily replaced the 2006 waterfall mist projection of Davy Jones in both the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom versions of the ride, beginning on May 20, 2011\\.\n\nIn late 2012, projections of mermaids swimming alongside the boats and a mermaid skeleton were added to the ride at Disney World. The mermaid projection effect was removed during a refurb in 2015, as it reportedly didn't live up to the designer's expectations.\n\nFor the 2013 season, new ride vehicles were added to the Magic Kingdom location.\n\nOn April 26, 2017, as a promotional event for *[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\")*, one of the Jack Sparrow animatronics were temporarily replaced by a live\\-action Jack Sparrow portrayed by his film actor [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\"), who surprised and interacted with guests as they passed by. That evening, he also greeted a crowd of guests from the balcony at the ride's entrance.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Magic Kingdom's Pirates of the Caribbean auction scene](/wiki/File:Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_Auction.jpg \"Pirates of the Caribbean Auction.jpg\")\n\nIn the same year, the animatronics of Jack Sparrow were added to two scenes in the Disneyland Paris version. It was also at that time that Disney reincorporated the talking skull at the Magic Kingdom version.\n[thumb\\|The new redheaded pirate, Redd, in Disneyland\\|right](/wiki/File:Redd%2C_the_new_auctioneer_pirate.jpg \"Redd, the new auctioneer pirate.jpg\")\nDisney made a change to the auction scene at Disneyland Paris, Disneyland California, and Magic Kingdom, in which the town's women, including the scarlet\\-clothed redheaded damsel, are auctioned off to the pirates. Instead, the new scene depicts the redhead as a pirate helping the auctioneer sell off loot acquired from the townspeople. The Disneyland Paris version reopened on July 24, 2017, with the changes, while also incorporating the animatronic of Captain Barbossa and projected images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard. In 2018, The Magic Kingdom version received the new auction scene in March and Disneyland's version received it in June, after a scheduled refurbishment.\n\nThe June 2018 refurbishment at Disneyland also included three changes to the tunnel scene following the treasure room: the mist waterfall (and Davy Jones/Blackbeard narration) was removed entirely, the original 1967 narration by [Paul Frees](/wiki/Paul_Frees \"Paul Frees\") was reinstated, and a scene was added at the end of the cave, depicting a skeleton transforming into a live pirate as the boat passes by.\n\n",
"Adaptations\n-----------\n\nIn 2003, Disney released *[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\")*, a feature film inspired by the ride starring [Johnny Depp](/wiki/Johnny_Depp \"Johnny Depp\") as [Captain Jack Sparrow](/wiki/Jack_Sparrow \"Jack Sparrow\") in an [Oscar](/wiki/Academy_Awards \"Academy Awards\")\\-nominated performance. It has been followed by four sequels: *[Dead Man's Chest](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:Dead_Man%27s_Chest \"Dead Man's Chest\")* (2006\\), *[At World's End](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:At_World%27s_End \"At World's End\")* (2007\\), *[On Stranger Tides](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:On_Stranger_Tides \"On Stranger Tides\")* (2011\\), and *[Dead Men Tell No Tales](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\")* (2017\\), with the second installment winning an Oscar for Best Visual Effects in 2007\\. The series has grossed over US$3\\.7 billion worldwide. These films included numerous allusions to the ride, such as the song \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" being sung, a pirate attack on the town, the Prison Dog jail scene, and several lines from the characters.\n\nAt Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom Park of Walt Disney World, the character of Captain Jack Sparrow is occasionally available for photos and autographs, and is further featured in the short show *Captain Jack Sparrow's Pirate Tutorial* based loosely on the film series. The show is presented in front of or adjacent to the respective park's Pirates of the Caribbean rides and features Captain Jack holding court and enlisting budding pirates to join his crew. Alongside Captain Jack is Mack, his faithful crewman; together they teach the audience how to be a pirate.\n\nA [video game](/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_%28video_game%29 \"Pirates of the Caribbean (video game)\") by [Akella](/wiki/Akella \"Akella\"), loosely connected to the first movie's plot, was released to coincide with the film. Worlds based on the *Pirates of the Caribbean* films appear in the [Square Enix](/wiki/Square_Enix \"Square Enix\") games *[Kingdom Hearts II](/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_II \"Kingdom Hearts II\")* and *[III](/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_III \"Kingdom Hearts III\")*.\n\nIn 2000, *Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for Buccaneer Gold* opened at [DisneyQuest](/wiki/DisneyQuest \"DisneyQuest\") at Florida's Walt Disney World Resort. On this ride, up to five players board a virtual pirate ship to sail around a small [3\\-D](/wiki/Three-dimensional_space \"Three-dimensional space\") world. Players may fire cannons at other virtual pirate ships; if opposing ships are sunk, their treasure will be \"stolen\".\n\nVideo game developer [Ron Gilbert](/wiki/Ron_Gilbert \"Ron Gilbert\") has often said that the ambience for the *[Monkey Island](/wiki/The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island \"The Secret of Monkey Island\")* video game series was partially inspired by the Disney ride. One obvious homage is the prison scene in *[Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge](/wiki/Monkey_Island_2 \"Monkey Island 2\")*, in which the player needs to retrieve the cell key from a dog using a bone. Although the dog in the scene is named Walt, it is named after game artist [Steve Purcell](/wiki/Steve_Purcell \"Steve Purcell\")'s dog and not after Walt Disney.\n\nOn May 25, 2007, [Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island](/wiki/Pirate%27s_Lair_on_Tom_Sawyer_Island \"Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island\") opened at Disneyland park on the existing Tom Sawyer's Island section of the park. It features include new additions to the caves. The island also featured a 20\\-minute stunt show featuring character Captain Jack Sparrow when it first opened.\n\n",
"Soundtrack\n----------\n\n### Releases\n\n* *The Music of Disneyland, Walt Disney World and Epcot Center* \"[A Pirate's Life for Me](/wiki/Yo_Ho_%28A_Pirate%27s_Life_for_Me%29 \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\")\"\n* *Classic Disney Volume 5*\n* *Walt Disney World Resort: The Official Album* (1999\\) \"Overture\" and \"A Pirate's Life for Me\"\n* *Walt Disney World Resort: Official Album* (2000\\) \"Overture\" and \"A Pirate's Life for Me\"\n* *Pirates of the Caribbean* (2000\\) 16\\-minute \"float through,\" many audio elements from the ride, plus unused music and dialogue\n* *Walt Disney World Resort Celebrating 100 Years of Magic* (2001\\) \"Overture\" and \"A Pirate's Life for Me\"\n* *A Musical History of Disneyland* (2005\\) 16\\-minute \"float through\"\n* *The Official Album of the Disneyland Resort* (2005\\) 5:45\n* *[Disney Sing\\-Along Songs](/wiki/Disney_Sing-Along_Songs \"Disney Sing-Along Songs\")* series\n\nA version of \"A Pirate's Life for Me\" can be heard in several Disney theme park fireworks shows:\n* *[Fantasy in the Sky](/wiki/Fantasy_in_the_Sky \"Fantasy in the Sky\")* (Magic Kingdom 1999–2003 version)\n* *[Remember... Dreams Come True](/wiki/Remember..._Dreams_Come_True \"Remember... Dreams Come True\")*\n* *[Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland](/wiki/Celebrate%21_Tokyo_Disneyland \"Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland\")*\n* *[Disney Enchantment](/wiki/Disney_Enchantment \"Disney Enchantment\")* (2022 version; snippets only)\n\n",
"### Releases\n\n* *The Music of Disneyland, Walt Disney World and Epcot Center* \"[A Pirate's Life for Me](/wiki/Yo_Ho_%28A_Pirate%27s_Life_for_Me%29 \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\")\"\n* *Classic Disney Volume 5*\n* *Walt Disney World Resort: The Official Album* (1999\\) \"Overture\" and \"A Pirate's Life for Me\"\n* *Walt Disney World Resort: Official Album* (2000\\) \"Overture\" and \"A Pirate's Life for Me\"\n* *Pirates of the Caribbean* (2000\\) 16\\-minute \"float through,\" many audio elements from the ride, plus unused music and dialogue\n* *Walt Disney World Resort Celebrating 100 Years of Magic* (2001\\) \"Overture\" and \"A Pirate's Life for Me\"\n* *A Musical History of Disneyland* (2005\\) 16\\-minute \"float through\"\n* *The Official Album of the Disneyland Resort* (2005\\) 5:45\n* *[Disney Sing\\-Along Songs](/wiki/Disney_Sing-Along_Songs \"Disney Sing-Along Songs\")* series\n\nA version of \"A Pirate's Life for Me\" can be heard in several Disney theme park fireworks shows:\n* *[Fantasy in the Sky](/wiki/Fantasy_in_the_Sky \"Fantasy in the Sky\")* (Magic Kingdom 1999–2003 version)\n* *[Remember... Dreams Come True](/wiki/Remember..._Dreams_Come_True \"Remember... Dreams Come True\")*\n* *[Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland](/wiki/Celebrate%21_Tokyo_Disneyland \"Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland\")*\n* *[Disney Enchantment](/wiki/Disney_Enchantment \"Disney Enchantment\")* (2022 version; snippets only)\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Disneyland attractions](/wiki/List_of_Disneyland_attractions \"List of Disneyland attractions\")\n* [List of Magic Kingdom attractions](/wiki/List_of_Magic_Kingdom_attractions \"List of Magic Kingdom attractions\")\n* [List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions](/wiki/List_of_Tokyo_Disneyland_attractions \"List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions\")\n* [List of Disneyland Park (Paris) attractions](/wiki/List_of_Disneyland_Park_%28Paris%29_attractions \"List of Disneyland Park (Paris) attractions\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Azam.net. *[Background and History to the Pirates of the Caribbean Rides at Disney Theme Parks](http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/features/pirates-caribbean-disney-ride.html)* \\[May 2018]\n* Surrell, Jason. (2005\\). *Pirates of the Caribbean: From the Magic Kingdom to the Movies*. New York: Disney Editions. .\n* *Theme Park Adventure* ([Special Pirates of the Caribbean issue](http://www.laughingplace.com/News-ID500270.asp)) \\[1999]\n* *[The \"E\" Ticket](/wiki/The_%22E%22_Ticket \"The \")* No. 32 ( [Pirates of the Caribbean issue](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002040455/http://www.mouseshoppe.com/Merchant5/productzoom/32500.jpg)) \\[Fall 1999]\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Disneyland – Pirates of the Caribbean](https://disneyland.disney.go.com/attractions/disneyland/pirates-of-the-caribbean/)\n* [Magic Kingdom – Pirates of the Caribbean](https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/magic-kingdom/pirates-of-the-caribbean/)\n* [Tokyo Disneyland – Pirates of the Caribbean](https://www.tokyodisneyresort.jp/en/tdl/attraction/detail/152/)\n* [Disneyland Park (Paris) – Pirates of the Caribbean](http://www.disneylandparis.com/en-us/attractions/disneyland-park/pirates-of-the-caribbean/)\n\n[Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1967](/wiki/Category:Amusement_rides_introduced_in_1967 \"Amusement rides introduced in 1967\")\n[Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1973](/wiki/Category:Amusement_rides_introduced_in_1973 \"Amusement rides introduced in 1973\")\n[Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1983](/wiki/Category:Amusement_rides_introduced_in_1983 \"Amusement rides introduced in 1983\")\n[Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1992](/wiki/Category:Amusement_rides_introduced_in_1992 \"Amusement rides introduced in 1992\")\n[Category:Pirates of the Caribbean](/wiki/Category:Pirates_of_the_Caribbean \"Pirates of the Caribbean\")\n[Category:Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions](/wiki/Category:Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts_attractions \"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions\")\n[Category:Amusement rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics](/wiki/Category:Amusement_rides_manufactured_by_Arrow_Dynamics \"Amusement rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics\")\n[Category:Amusement rides manufactured by Intamin](/wiki/Category:Amusement_rides_manufactured_by_Intamin \"Amusement rides manufactured by Intamin\")\n[Category:Disneyland](/wiki/Category:Disneyland \"Disneyland\")\n[Category:Magic Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Magic_Kingdom \"Magic Kingdom\")\n[Category:Tokyo Disneyland](/wiki/Category:Tokyo_Disneyland \"Tokyo Disneyland\")\n[Category:Disneyland Park (Paris)](/wiki/Category:Disneyland_Park_%28Paris%29 \"Disneyland Park (Paris)\")\n[Category:Walt Disney Parks and Resorts gentle boat rides](/wiki/Category:Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts_gentle_boat_rides \"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts gentle boat rides\")\n[Category:Dark rides](/wiki/Category:Dark_rides \"Dark rides\")\n[Category:Caribbean in fiction](/wiki/Category:Caribbean_in_fiction \"Caribbean in fiction\")\n[Category:Louisiana in fiction](/wiki/Category:Louisiana_in_fiction \"Louisiana in fiction\")\n[Category:Adventureland (Disney)](/wiki/Category:Adventureland_%28Disney%29 \"Adventureland (Disney)\")\n[Category:New Orleans Square (Disneyland)](/wiki/Category:New_Orleans_Square_%28Disneyland%29 \"New Orleans Square (Disneyland)\")\n[Category:Audio\\-Animatronic attractions](/wiki/Category:Audio-Animatronic_attractions \"Audio-Animatronic attractions\")\n[Category:Fiction about piracy](/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_piracy \"Fiction about piracy\")\n[Category:Water rides](/wiki/Category:Water_rides \"Water rides\")\n[Category:Water rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics](/wiki/Category:Water_rides_manufactured_by_Arrow_Dynamics \"Water rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics\")\n\n"
]
}
|
USS Omaha (SSN-692)
|
{
"id": [
13791031
],
"name": [
"Frietjes"
]
}
|
lo4rvw6c4q5hq2qq398yqu3jm72c44t
|
2024-10-16T14:37:48Z
| 1,227,810,867 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Service history",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + **USS *Omaha* (SSN\\-692\\)**, a , was the third ship of the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") to be named for [Omaha, Nebraska](/wiki/Omaha%2C_Nebraska \"Omaha, Nebraska\"). The contract to build her was awarded to the [Electric Boat](/wiki/Electric_Boat \"Electric Boat\") Division of [General Dynamics](/wiki/General_Dynamics \"General Dynamics\") Corporation in [Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Groton%2C_Connecticut \"Groton, Connecticut\") on 31 January 1971 and her keel was laid down on 27 January 1973\\. She was [launched](/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching \"Ship naming and launching\") on 21 February 1976 sponsored by Mrs. Victoria Kuncl Hruska, wife of Senator [Roman L. Hruska](/wiki/Roman_L._Hruska \"Roman L. Hruska\"), and [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") on 11 March 1978\\.\n\n*Omaha* was placed in commission in reserve on 7 February 1995, decommissioned and stricken from the [Naval Vessel Register](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\") on 5 October 1995 and laid up at [Bremerton](/wiki/Bremerton%2C_Washington \"Bremerton, Washington\") in [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"). She was scheduled to enter the [Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program](/wiki/Nuclear_Powered_Ship_and_Submarine_Recycling_Program \"Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program\") on 30 September 2010\\. Recycling was completed 30 November 2012\\.\n\n",
"Service history\n---------------\n\nThe third Omaha (SSN\\-692\\) was laid down on 27 January 1973 at Groton, Conn., by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corp.; launched on 21 February 1976; sponsored by Mrs. Victoria E. Kuncl Hruska, wife of Senator Roman L. Hruska of Nebraska; and commissioned on 11 March 1978\\.\n\nUpon her commissioning, Omaha was assigned to Groton as her homeport; however, in late April 1978, she was reassigned to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, effective as of 1 May. The boat sailed from Naval Submarine Base New London on 11 August, arriving on 15 September at Naval Submarine Base Pearl Harbor, where she was a member of Submarine Squadron (SubRon) Seven. Among her accomplishments for the year, the submarine completed sea trials, initial shakedown, Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) acoustic trials, Mk. 48 torpedo certification, and a submarine versus submarine type warfare exercise. On 15 November, Omaha entered Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for an extended post shakedown availability (PSA) and selected restricted availability (SRA), which concluded in June 1979\\.\n\nFollowing post\\-SRA sea trials, in July 1979 Omaha completed three SubRoc quality assurance system test firings and 12 Mk. 48 torpedo firings for weapons systems accuracy test certification. On 22 July, Omaha stood out from Pearl Harbor for deployment to the Eastern Pacific (EastPac). Ports visited included Seattle, Wash., during the city’s Seafair Festival and Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. During the year, the submarine also completed NavSea acoustic trials, two major anti\\-submarine warfare (ASW) exercises, two special operations, and several local operations.\n\nIn early 1980, Omaha was busy preparing to make her first overseas deployment, conducting training, examinations, certifications, and upkeep in the first half of the year. She set off for the western Pacific (WestPac) in May, arriving on station on 6 June. She completed special operations for Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (ComSubPac) through the first week of July and then put in to Subic Bay, Republic of the Philippines, for a week of upkeep. The ship called at Hong Kong in mid\\-July but had to cut her visit short and put to sea to avoid [Typhoon Joe](/wiki/Typhoon_Joe \"Typhoon Joe\"). She paused at Guam on 28 July for three weeks of upkeep. On 16 August, Omaha conducted a surveillance operation in the Philippine Sea and then proceeded to the Indian Ocean, where she operated for the next two months. The boat arrived at the remote outpost of Diego Garcia for a week of upkeep on 28 October and then enjoyed a week\\-long port visit (10–16 November) at Perth, Australia, before returning to Pearl Harbor in December in time for the holiday season. The boat won the Navy Expeditionary Medal for her service in the Indian Ocean from 23 August–21 November during this deployment. Omaha also this year received a Meritorious Unit Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy.\n\nOmaha departed for another relatively short WestPac deployment early in June 1981, inchopping to the Seventh Fleet on the 8th. The ship conducted special operations for ComSubPac, then put in to Subic Bay for upkeep (28 July–1 August). She then made the return transit to Pearl Harbor. Following her deployment, in September Omaha welcomed 100 guests for a dependents’ cruise. She completed a weapons offload and on 25 September the submarine entered dry dock at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. During this SRA period, workers installed a retractable towed array sonar system.\n\nFollowing sea trials and the completion of SRA in February 1982, Omaha once again prepared to deploy with a series of inspections, examinations, and certifications. The submarine sailed from Pearl Harbor in September for a WestPac deployment, inchopping to the Seventh Fleet with the Enterprise (CVAN\\-65\\) Battle Group. During the first week of October, the boat conducted operations in the northern Pacific and Sea of Japan under Commander Task Group (CTG) 70\\.6\\. Following upkeep at Subic Bay (13–21 October), Omaha visited Singapore (25–29 October). She then transited the Malacca Strait in company with the escort ship Hepburn (DE\\-1055\\) en route to the Indian Ocean for operations with CTG 70\\.6, including ASWEx 83\\-2U from 15–17 November. The boat visited Mombasa, Kenya (23–26 November) and Diego Garcia (21–23 December) and rang in the new year at Perth, Australia (30 December–5 January 1983\\).\n\nOmaha then returned to the western Pacific, stopping briefly at Subic Bay on the way to ASUWEx 83\\-1 in the Philippine Sea on 17–18 January 1983\\. After a maintenance period at Guam from 22 January–8 February, the submarine called at Yokosuka, Japan (15–18 February) and then resumed special operations for ComSubPac until outchopping on 11 March and setting course for Pearl Harbor.\n\nAfter her post\\-deployment stand down, Omaha resumed underway operations in May 1983, completing a special project for the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) off San Clemente Island, Calif. In June, the boat completed several major inspections and then entered the floating dry dock Competent (AFDM\\-6\\) to begin a two\\-month selected restricted availability. She conducted sea trials and completed SRA in October.\n\nIn early January 1984, Omaha exercised with the frigate Badger (FF\\-1071\\). She completed a tactical readiness evaluation in March and shortly thereafter put to sea for another WestPac deployment. Arriving on station on 1 April, she completed special operations for ComSubPac until 15 May. From 16–21 May, the ship put in to Yokosuka for upkeep and following a week of operations arrived at Subic Bay for additional maintenance from 30 May–10 June. During the next week, Omaha completed an independent ship exercise in the South China Sea, returning to Subic Bay on 21 June. The submarine made a port visit at Hong Kong supported by the destroyer Leftwich (DD\\-984\\) (1–4 August) and then returned to Subic Bay (7–11 August). The boat provided services for CTG 70\\.6 while en route to Singapore, where Omaha hosted the Honorable Devan Nair, the President of the Republic, for dinner on board one evening during her five day visit (18–22 August). During another upkeep period at Subic Bay (28 August–8 September), the ship had to sortie from 1–3 September to avoid [Typhoon Ike](/wiki/Typhoon_Ike \"Typhoon Ike\"). She returned to Pearl Harbor later that month.\n\nFollowing her deployment, Omaha stood out once again in mid\\-November 1984 to take part in Fleet Exercise 1\\-85 in the Philippine Sea from 17 November–1 December. Fellow SubRon Seven boats Swordfish (SSN\\-579\\), Sargo (SSN\\-583\\), San Francisco (SSN\\-711\\), and Bremerton (SSN\\-698\\) also participated in this major exercise.\n\nOmaha then made preparations to enter Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard on 7 January 1985 for a scheduled major overhaul, which continued through all of 1985 and 1986\\. Significant work completed included upgrading her sonar and fire control systems and reworking all other ship’s systems.\n\nOmaha emerged from overhaul on 13 April 1987 and began a series of post\\-overhaul inspections and certifications to achieve operational readiness for extended deployment. From late July to early September, the submarine completed a six\\-week EastPac deployment which included acoustic trials and ASW operations. During this cruise, the boat visited Seattle, Wash.; Alameda, Calif.; and San Diego. In November, Omaha successfully certified to employ the Tomahawk missile weapons system and in December, she completed her pre\\-overseas movement certification.\n\nIn January 1988, Omaha commenced an eight week deployment to the Northern Pacific (NorPac) area. Following an upkeep period, the ship embarked upon a six month WestPac deployment in April, inchopping on the 21st. Operating in the Philippine Sea, the ship participated in KiloEx from 12–14 May, followed by ASWEx 88\\-2JA from 18–20 May. She then completed a Harpoon exercise in the South China Sea (27–28 May). Omaha visited Hong Kong from 21–27 August, then returned to sea for various independent and joint evolutions. This deployment also included stops at Okinawa and Yokosuka, Japan; Subic Bay; Guam; and Chinhae, Republic of Korea. Omaha returned home in October, operated locally in November, and successfully completed the tactical readiness examination in December.\n\nIn early 1989, Omaha operated locally and completed ship’s maintenance. In March she departed Pearl Harbor for an eight week NorPac deployment. After returning home in April, the ship continued local operations and completed a technical proficiency inspection. After making a dependents’ cruise with a port call at Lahaina on the island of Maui in June, Omaha completed a selected restricted availability in July and August. She took part in PacEX 89 in September and October. After visiting Cold Bay, Alaska, Omaha returned to Hawaii to conduct local operations and complete her tactical readiness evaluation and pre\\-overseas movement upkeep in the last quarter of the year.\n\nJanuary 1990 saw Omaha put to sea for another western Pacific deployment. Over the course of her cruise, the submarine called at Yokosuka, Guam, Chinhae, Subic Bay, and Hong Kong. Returning to Pearl Harbor in July, the boat operated locally through the rest of the summer and then departed again for a seven\\-week NorPac deployment in October, calling at Seattle before returning home in November to resume local operations into the New Year.\n\nOmaha held an intermediate maintenance availability in January 1991\\. In this month, the ship also achieved a \"Solid Gold\" wardroom with the qualification of LT Jean\\-Paul (\"JP\") Tennant, becoming the only submarine in SubPac with all officers qualified in submarines. In February, Omaha served as the at\\-sea training ship for prospective commanding officers. She also made two dependents’ cruises with a port call at Lahaina. Following upkeep, the submarine operated locally through the spring while also completing torpedo certification proficiency firings and the tactical readiness evaluation.\n\nIn May 1991, Omaha departed for a seven week deployment to the northern Pacific, conducting operations for ComSubPac. On the 31st, the ship participated in a humanitarian evacuation of one of her crew off Kodiak Island due to the premature birth of his child, the crewman being transported ashore by a Coast Guard helicopter. Happily, his child recovered fully from the complications of premature birth. The submarine made a port visit at Adak, Alaska, in June and returned to Pearl Harbor in July. Shortly thereafter, Omaha put to sea once again, headed this time for the eastern Pacific. From 2–6 August, the ship stopped at Esquimalt, B.C., then put in to Bangor, Wash. (10–11 August), where she embarked male guests for a \"Tiger Cruise\" to Alameda, Calif. While at Alameda (14–19 August), Omaha conducted two distinguished visitor cruises on the 14th and 15th. Guests included the mayor of Alameda and the Honorable P. J. Morgan, mayor of Omaha, Neb., and other honored guests of the ship’s namesake city. After another brief stop at San Diego (24–25 August), the boat returned home to Pearl Harbor. Omaha received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for her work from 1 January 1990 – 1 August 1991\\.\n\nFollowing her EastPac deployment, Omaha operated locally until 4 November 1991, when she entered Competent for selected restricted availability. The ship completed sea trials and concluded her SRA at the end of February 1992 and commenced operations in local waters. In March, the submarine exercised with Pintado (SSN\\-672\\) and Birmingham (SSN\\-695\\). She held another dependents’ cruise in April, including a stop at Lahaina. As Omaha prepared for her next deployment during the spring, she completed her tactical readiness evaluation and deperming. The boat participated in the major multi\\-national fleet exercise RimPac 92 in June and achieved her pre\\-overseas movement certification in July.\n\nOmaha departed on a six month WestPac deployment in August 1992\\. During her transit of the Pacific, the submarine took part in battle group support exercises. Later in the month, she conducted a search and rescue exercise and touched at Sasebo, Japan. In November, the boat called at Yokosuka and then headed to Australia to take part in Exercise Lungfish 92 with the Australian submarines HMAS Otway (S.59\\) and HMAS Ovens (S.70\\). The ship visited Melbourne (2–5 December) and Brisbane (14–17 December) and then sailed for Guam for a maintenance availability alongside submarine tender Holland (AS\\-32\\). Omaha departed Guam 10 January 1993 and returned to Pearl Harbor, arriving on 26 January.\n\nFollowing post\\-deployment stand down, Omaha held an intermediate maintenance activity in March 1993 and conducted underway training locally. An inspection and survey board conducted an underway material inspection 23–24 April. At the end of the month, the ship enjoyed a dependents cruise and port call in Kailua\\-Kona (30 April–3 May) on the island of Hawaii. She returned to Pearl Harbor and operated locally for the rest of the spring and then spent most of July in upkeep. The submarine completed major assessments in the summer and also conducted prospective commanding officer (PCO) operations in August.\n\nOn 13 September 1993, Omaha got underway for an EastPac deployment, headed first to San Diego (18–26 September). Members of the veterans’ association for the previous Omaha (CL\\-4\\), in town for their annual reunion, met with the crew of the submarine on the 21st, and the ship’s historian reported that \"New ties \\[were] made between all shipmates of the Omahas.\" Additional ports visited during the deployment included Alameda (28–30 September) and Nanoose and Esquimalt, B.C. (6–12 October). She returned to Hawaii on 4 November and spent the rest of the year in stand down and upkeep.\n\nThe beginning of 1994 found Omaha preparing for her next WestPac deployment with underway training and assessments, an intermediate maintenance activity in February and completion of pre\\-overseas movement certification in March. She stood out from Pearl Harbor on 4 April and set course for the western Pacific, calling later that month in Sasebo, Japan. In May, the ship made a short stop at Chinhae, where two Republic of Korea naval personnel embarked for a brief submarine indoctrination cruise. In June, Omaha participated in RimPac 94, a large joint battle exercise with warships from the U.S., Canadian, Australian, Japanese, and South Korean navies. During operations, the submarine conducted a humanitarian evacuation of a senior chief petty officer who was transferred by helicopter to the aircraft carrier Independence (CV\\-62\\). June also saw Omaha in Guam for an availability alongside Holland, and the ship also conducted special forces training with a U.S. Marine reconnaissance company off Okinawa. The boat paid another visit to Guam for maintenance alongside Holland in August. She then called at Brisbane (20–25 August) and American Samoa (29 August–1 September). Arriving back at Pearl Harbor on 6 September, for the rest of the month Omaha’s crew enjoyed a well\\-deserved stand\\-down period with their families after having maintained 81% operation tempo while deployed.\n\nOmaha resumed operations in October 1994, sailing in local waters in support of various ships in Squadron Seven. In November, the submarine held an intermediate maintenance availability. While on deployment earlier in the year, Omaha’s crew received word that they would be changing homeports to Kittery, Maine, effective administratively on 1 December, to undergo inactivation at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. To conclude her time in Pearl Harbor, Omaha conducted a dependents’ cruise to Kailua\\-Kona (12–15 December). The following day at Naval Submarine Base Pearl Harbor, the boat held an inactivation ceremony with three former commanding officers (Hamilton, Sherwood, and Pohtos) in attendance, marking the beginning of the process of stripping the ship prior to decommissioning and final disposition.\n\nPlaced in reserve status on 7 February 1995, Omaha was decommissioned at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on 5 October 1995 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. The boat was disposed of in the Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Wash. Recycling was completed as of 30 November 2012\\. Omaha’s sail and rudder have been preserved for placement in a memorial park in the submarine’s namesake city.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\nThis article includes information collected from the [Naval Vessel Register](/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register \"Naval Vessel Register\") and various press releases.\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [combatindex.com USS *Omaha*](https://web.archive.org/web/20050414013751/http://www.combatindex.com/hardware/detail/sea/ssn692_detail.html)\n* [navsource.org USS *Omaha*](http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08692.htm)\n* [united\\-states\\-navy.com USS *Omaha*](http://www.united-states-navy.com/ssn/ssn692.htm)\n* [ussomahassn692\\.com USS *Omaha*](https://web.archive.org/web/20050403212705/http://www.ussomahassn692.com/)\n* [navysite.de USS *Omaha*](http://www.navysite.de/ssn/ssn692.htm)\n* [Naval History and Heritage Command USS *Omaha*](https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/omaha-iii.html) \n\n[Category:Ships built in Groton, Connecticut](/wiki/Category:Ships_built_in_Groton%2C_Connecticut \"Ships built in Groton, Connecticut\")\n[Category:Los Angeles\\-class submarines](/wiki/Category:Los_Angeles-class_submarines \"Los Angeles-class submarines\")\n[Category:Cold War submarines of the United States](/wiki/Category:Cold_War_submarines_of_the_United_States \"Cold War submarines of the United States\")\n[Category:Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy](/wiki/Category:Nuclear_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy \"Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy\")\n[Category:1976 ships](/wiki/Category:1976_ships \"1976 ships\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Kree–Skrull War
|
{
"id": [
32904124
],
"name": [
"InfiniteNexus"
]
}
|
iky16661jtvv8v4bjlfaexipa9sccwh
|
2024-08-20T17:49:46Z
| 1,241,239,070 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Publication history",
"Plot",
"Sequels",
"Tie-ins",
"Collected editions",
"In other media",
"Television",
"Film",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe \"**Kree–Skrull War**\" is a [story arc](/wiki/Story_arc \"Story arc\") that was written by [Roy Thomas](/wiki/Roy_Thomas \"Roy Thomas\"), and drawn by [Sal Buscema](/wiki/Sal_Buscema \"Sal Buscema\"), [Neal Adams](/wiki/Neal_Adams \"Neal Adams\"), and [John Buscema](/wiki/John_Buscema \"John Buscema\"). The story was originally published in the [Marvel Comics](/wiki/Marvel_Comics \"Marvel Comics\") [comic book](/wiki/Comic_book \"Comic book\") title *[Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comic_book%29 \"Avengers (comic book)\")* \\#89–97 (June 1971 – March 1972\\).\n\nThe \"[Kree](/wiki/Kree \"Kree\")–[Skrull](/wiki/Skrull \"Skrull\") War\" is notable for its cosmic scope of interstellar warfare, enormous cast of characters, use of metaphor and allegory (for instance, to [Joseph McCarthy](/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy \"Joseph McCarthy\") and [HUAC](/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee \"House Un-American Activities Committee\") and the [Arab–Israeli War](/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War_%28disambiguation%29 \"Arab–Israeli War (disambiguation)\")),Latta, D.K. [\"The Avengers: 'The Kree–Skrull War: A Comic Book Classic Returns,'\"](http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/reviews/the-avengers-the-kree-skrull-war-a-comic-book-classic-returns/), February 26th 2001 and the introduction of the [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vision (Marvel Comics)\")–[Scarlet Witch](/wiki/Scarlet_Witch \"Scarlet Witch\") romance, which became an ongoing theme for the characters (and the Avengers) for years to come. The \"Kree–Skrull War\" is considered by critics to be a highlight of its era,Hill, Shawn, [\"Essential Avengers v4\" (review)](http://www.comicsbulletin.com/reviews/113999555670149.htm), *Comics Bulletin*, (February 15, 2006\\): \"This story set the standard for years to come.... You can see the model here for later stories involving the X\\-Men and the Fantastic Four in cosmic wars.\"Sanderson, Peter. *Marvel Universe* (Harry N. Abrams, 1998\\), p. 127: \"Running nine issues, much of it spectacularly illustrated by Neal Adams, the Kree–Skrull War had no precedent in comics.... With this story The Avengers unquestionably established its reputation as one of Marvel's leading books.\" and is the culmination of a string of notable Thomas–Adams collaborations from this period, which began with their run on *[X\\-Men](/wiki/Uncanny_X-Men \"Uncanny X-Men\")* in 1969\\.\n\n",
"Publication history\n-------------------\n\nWriter Thomas admits he had no \"master plan\" in writing the storyline other than that the two \"rapacious, galaxy\\-spanning races ... would be at war in the far reaches of space, and that their conflict would be threatening to spill over onto the Earth, turning our planet into the cosmic equivalent of some Pacific island during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\")\". In this regard, Thomas was inspired by [Raymond F. Jones](/wiki/Raymond_F._Jones \"Raymond F. Jones\")' 1952 novel, *[This Island Earth](/wiki/This_Island_Earth_%28novel%29 \"This Island Earth (novel)\")*.Thomas, Roy. \"Afterword: A Splendid Little War,\" *Marvel's Finest: Avengers: The Kree–Skrull War* (Marvel Comics, 2000\\).\n\nIn 2000, almost thirty years after the \"Kree–Skrull War\"'s original publication, Marvel produced a trade paperback collection of the entire story arc.\n\nAs part of 2020's *Empyre* event, a prelude one\\-shot called *Road to Empyre: The Kree/Skrull War* \\#1 details the origins of the millennia longstanding conflict between the two species.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nThe [Kree](/wiki/Kree \"Kree\") hero [Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics)\"), arriving on Earth after an extended stay in the alternate dimension the [Negative Zone](/wiki/Negative_Zone \"Negative Zone\"), is captured by several members of the superhero team the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 \"Avengers (comics)\") — [Quicksilver](/wiki/Quicksilver_%28comics%29 \"Quicksilver (comics)\"), the [Scarlet Witch](/wiki/Scarlet_Witch \"Scarlet Witch\"), and the [android](/wiki/Android_%28robot%29 \"Android (robot)\") hero the [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vision (Marvel Comics)\") — with aid of Mar\\-Vell (the hero's true Kree name) and his sometime companion [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28comics%29 \"Rick Jones (comics)\"). It is later revealed that he conceived a child with the Skrull princess Annelle during this period of time. This is necessary, as Mar\\-Vell has inadvertently absorbed a lethal amount of [radiation](/wiki/Radiation \"Radiation\") from spending weeks in the Negative Zone, and it will prove fatal unless treated. With the aid of a scientist, the Vision drains the excess radiation from Mar\\-Vell.\n\nA [flashback](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 \"Flashback (narrative)\") sequence explains that the Avengers detect an alarm from the [Baxter Building](/wiki/Baxter_Building \"Baxter Building\"), the headquarters of the [Fantastic Four](/wiki/Fantastic_Four \"Fantastic Four\"). The Avengers arrive at the building and find Mar\\-Vell using the portal to the Negative Zone — created by [Reed Richards](/wiki/Reed_Richards \"Reed Richards\") — to try and free Rick Jones from their need to \"share [molecules](/wiki/Molecules \"Molecules\")\" (alternating between the same space, one on Earth and one trapped in the Negative Zone until swapping). Mar\\-Vell is successful, although while the portal to the Zone is open, the Avengers are forced to drive back the entity [Annihilus](/wiki/Annihilus \"Annihilus\"), who attempts to escape the Zone. Mar\\-Vell takes advantage of the distraction to steal an Avengers [quinjet](/wiki/Quinjet \"Quinjet\"), which is tracked once the Avengers realize that the Kree hero has absorbed a lethal amount of radiation. The flashback ends and the group are then attacked by a [robot](/wiki/Robot \"Robot\") [Sentry](/wiki/Sentry_%28Kree%29 \"Sentry (Kree)\"), who captures Mar\\-Vell and escapes. The Avengers are questioned by Mar\\-Vell's former colleague, [Carol Danvers](/wiki/Carol_Danvers \"Carol Danvers\").\n\nThe Avengers respond to a call from fellow member [Goliath](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)\"), who advises that he is answering a distress call from Avenger Janet Pym, also known as the [Wasp](/wiki/Wasp_%28comics%29 \"Wasp (comics)\"). With husband and fellow member [Henry Pym](/wiki/Henry_Pym \"Henry Pym\"), the pair were en route via ship to a research base in the [Arctic Circle](/wiki/Arctic_Circle \"Arctic Circle\"), there to study the effect of oil exploration on the environment. The pair apparently found a lush island, and investigate as the Wasp and Yellowjacket. Yellowjacket guesses the truth and pushes the Wasp away before reaching the island. When he disappears, the Wasp in turn summons Goliath.\n\nThe Avengers arrive and are attacked once again by the Sentry, now aided by a [hypnotised](/wiki/Hypnotise \"Hypnotise\") Goliath. The Avengers defeat Goliath but cannot stop the Sentry, who captures all but Quicksilver. The culprit is revealed to be [Ronan the Accuser](/wiki/Ronan_the_Accuser \"Ronan the Accuser\"), now a Kree outlaw. Ronan begins \"Plan Atavus\", intending to devolve Earth to a [prehistoric](/wiki/Prehistoric \"Prehistoric\") time to use as a base in the war against the [Skrulls](/wiki/Skrull \"Skrull\"). Ronan shows the heroes how the research scientists at the base and Henry Pym have devolved into [cavemen](/wiki/Cavemen \"Cavemen\"), who now lust after Janet Pym. Quicksilver arrives and attacks, and Ronan ends the battle when contacted and advised of an impending attack by the Skrulls on the Kree homeworld of Hala. Lacking purpose, the Sentry self\\-destructs. The Avengers and Mar\\-Vell recover and find that Pym and the other scientists, like the environment, have reverted to normal.\n\nMar\\-Vell's existence is revealed when the scientists advise the authorities as to what they witnessed, and the \"Alien Activities Commission\" is formed, led by Senator H. Warren Craddock. The Avengers agree to participate in a [hearing](/wiki/Hearing_%28law%29 \"Hearing (law)\"), but this is abandoned when the Avengers refuse to hand over Mar\\-Vell. The Avengers encourage Mar\\-Vell to go with Danvers to a private farm, and although pursued by [Nick Fury](/wiki/Nick_Fury \"Nick Fury\") of [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\") escape. The Avengers deal with frustrated members of the public, who [picket](/wiki/Picketing_%28protest%29 \"Picketing (protest)\") Avengers Mansion and then force their way in to vandalize the building.\n\nAvengers [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America \"Captain America\"), [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\") and [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Thor (Marvel Comics)\") apparently return to the Mansion and announce that, due to the behaviour of the team, it is now disbanded forever. Quicksilver, the Scarlet Witch and the Vision decide to leave and check on Mar\\-Vell, but while there they are attacked by what at first appear to be three [cows](/wiki/Cow \"Cow\"). The cows fire energy beams that cripple the Vision who, while able to turn intangible, cannot move. Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch are captured when the cows turn into three members of the Fantastic Four, and then reveal they are in fact [Skrulls](/wiki/Skrull \"Skrull\"), the ancient enemies of the Kree. At the same time, Danvers has led Mar\\-Vell to a Skrull vessel she claims to have found, and persuades Mar\\-Vell to build an \"Omni\\-Wave Projector\", a communications device that in the hands of non\\-Kree is a deadly weapon. Mar\\-Vell, however, sees through the deception (as no humans, only Skrulls, know his true name) and destroys the device, but he is captured by Danvers (now revealed to actually be the [Super\\-Skrull](/wiki/Super-Skrull \"Super-Skrull\")) and, along with Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch, is taken off Earth.\n\nAlthough injured, the Vision is able to return to Avengers Mansion, where founding members [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America \"Captain America\"), [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\"), [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Thor (Marvel Comics)\") and Henry Pym (now in his original identity of [Ant\\-Man](/wiki/Ant-Man \"Ant-Man\")) have gathered. Ant\\-Man reduces himself to [microscopic](/wiki/Microscopic \"Microscopic\") size and enters the Vision, and is able to repair the android. Ant\\-Man departs and on questioning the recovering Vision, the Avengers determine it was the Skrulls – previously disguised as cows – that dissolved the team. The four Avengers find and capture the Skrulls for interrogation, and determine that the aliens are in fact three of the four members of the original exploration team that once visited Earth and battled the Fantastic Four.*Fantastic Four* \\#2 (Jan. 1962\\) The Avengers are then attacked by a team of three [Mandroids](/wiki/Mandroid \"Mandroid\"), sent by Senator Craddock to apprehend the heroes for failing to cooperate. Iron Man (secretly [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\")) designed the Mandroids and overloads their armour with an electrical discharge.\n\nAt the same time [Triton](/wiki/Triton_%28comics%29 \"Triton (comics)\") of the [Inhumans](/wiki/Inhumans_%28comics%29 \"Inhumans (comics)\") arrives, and unable to locate the Fantastic Four, asks the Avengers for aid in locating their ruler [Black Bolt](/wiki/Black_Bolt \"Black Bolt\"), needed as his brother [Maximus the Mad](/wiki/Maximus_%28comics%29 \"Maximus (comics)\") has seized power in their homeland [Attilan](/wiki/Attilan \"Attilan\"). The Avengers aid Triton and, after locating Black Bolt, accompany the Inhumans to Attilan. Maximus is revealed to have entered into an alliance with the Kree, and in exchange for rulership uses Kree technology to control the population, intending to use them as soldiers against the Skrulls. The Avengers defeat Maximus and his minions, and after restoring Black Bolt to power leave (with Goliath) for Skrull space, intent on rescuing their comrades.\n\nMar\\-Vell is taken to the heart of the Skrull Empire and, after being advised that the captive Avengers will be executed, is forced to build another Omni\\-Wave Projector. The Avengers arrive in Skrull space, and hold off the alien fleet while Mar\\-Vell is forced to use the Projector, which casts a temporarily freed Rick Jones back into the Negative Zone. Jones is rescued from the Zone by the Kree ruler the [Supreme Intelligence](/wiki/Supreme_Intelligence \"Supreme Intelligence\"), who unlocks hidden mental powers (the Destiny Force) in Rick Jones himself, Rick then sends a wave of [Golden Age](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books \"Golden Age of Comic Books\") heroes with the Avengers against the Skrulls, ending the war. The Destiny Force also reverts Senator Craddock on Earth to his true Skrull form, revealing he was the fourth Skrull from the Earth expedition, and he is subsequently killed by an angered mob. The heroes return to Earth to discover that the real Senator Craddock has been found, and the Avengers' reputation has been restored.*Avengers* \\#89 – 97 (June 1971 – March 1972\\)\n\nThe secret superhero group the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Illuminati (Marvel Comics)\") are eventually revealed to have visited both the Kree and Skrull Empires and advised the aliens that involving Earth in their war would not be tolerated.*New Avengers: Illuminati* (vol. 2\\) \\#1 – 5 (Feb. 2007 – Jan. 2008\\)\n\n",
"Sequels\n-------\n\nA supplemental story appeared in *[New Avengers: Illuminati](/wiki/New_Avengers:Illuminati \"Illuminati\")* (vol. 2\\) \\#1 – 5 (Feb. 2007 – Jan. 2008\\), recounting the adventures of a team that Iron Man assembled after the war consisting of himself, [Black Bolt](/wiki/Black_Bolt \"Black Bolt\"), [Mister Fantastic](/wiki/Mister_Fantastic \"Mister Fantastic\"), [Professor X](/wiki/Professor_X \"Professor X\"), [Namor](/wiki/Namor \"Namor\") and [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange \"Doctor Strange\"), feeling that all of them together possessed information that could have averted Earth's involvement in the war if they had worked together. Issue \\#1 recounts the group's ill\\-fated confrontation with the Skrull emperor Dorrek, shortly after the Kree–Skrull War. In issue \\#5, Iron Man brings the [Elektra Skrull](/wiki/Elektra_%28comics%29%23Replacement_by_Skrulls \"Elektra (comics)#Replacement by Skrulls\")'s corpse to the group. Subsequently, they are attacked by a group of [Super\\-Skrulls](/wiki/Super-Skrull%23Other_Super-Skrulls \"Super-Skrull#Other Super-Skrulls\"), including one who had been impersonating [Black Bolt](/wiki/Black_Bolt \"Black Bolt\"). This issue tied the Kree–Skrull War with the ongoing crossover storyline *[Secret Invasion](/wiki/Secret_Invasion \"Secret Invasion\")*.\n\n### Tie\\-ins\n\nThe nature of Rick's strange power at the story's conclusion is revealed in *[Avengers Forever](/wiki/Avengers_Forever \"Avengers Forever\")*, where it is identified as 'the Destiny Force', the ultimate manifestation of human potential, with various other Avengers manifesting the power during the crisis.\n\nDuring *[Captain America Reborn](/wiki/Captain_America_Reborn \"Captain America Reborn\")*, when Captain America was sent bouncing randomly through time by a weapon devised by the [Red Skull](/wiki/Red_Skull \"Red Skull\"), during a brief visit to the time of the Kree–Skrull war, he took advantage of the opportunity to isolate himself and the Vision from the conflict long enough to give the Vision a message that the Vision would subsequently 'delete' from his conscious memory until the time came for him to recall it, allowing Captain America to communicate with the present without changing history.\n\nIn *[Marvel Team\\-Up](/wiki/Marvel_Team-Up \"Marvel Team-Up\")* \\#5, [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\") and the [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vision (Marvel Comics)\") learn that a Skrull scout from the Kree–Skrull War is interfering with the Vision's brainwaves.\n\n",
"### Tie\\-ins\n\nThe nature of Rick's strange power at the story's conclusion is revealed in *[Avengers Forever](/wiki/Avengers_Forever \"Avengers Forever\")*, where it is identified as 'the Destiny Force', the ultimate manifestation of human potential, with various other Avengers manifesting the power during the crisis.\n\nDuring *[Captain America Reborn](/wiki/Captain_America_Reborn \"Captain America Reborn\")*, when Captain America was sent bouncing randomly through time by a weapon devised by the [Red Skull](/wiki/Red_Skull \"Red Skull\"), during a brief visit to the time of the Kree–Skrull war, he took advantage of the opportunity to isolate himself and the Vision from the conflict long enough to give the Vision a message that the Vision would subsequently 'delete' from his conscious memory until the time came for him to recall it, allowing Captain America to communicate with the present without changing history.\n\nIn *[Marvel Team\\-Up](/wiki/Marvel_Team-Up \"Marvel Team-Up\")* \\#5, [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\") and the [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vision (Marvel Comics)\") learn that a Skrull scout from the Kree–Skrull War is interfering with the Vision's brainwaves.\n\n",
"Collected editions\n------------------\n\nThe *Avengers* storyline was collected in a [trade paperback](/wiki/Trade_paperback_%28comics%29 \"Trade paperback (comics)\"):\n* *The Avengers: Kree\\-Skrull War* (208 pages, August 2000, , May 2008, )\n\n",
"In other media\n--------------\n\n### Television\n\n* The Kree–Skrull War was going to be adapted in the *[Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer_%28TV_series%29 \"Silver Surfer (TV series)\")* animated series, but after the show was cancelled in 1998, the war never appeared.\n* In season two of *[The Super Hero Squad Show](/wiki/The_Super_Hero_Squad_Show \"The Super Hero Squad Show\")*, Captain Marvel went missing during a peace conference between the Kree and the Skrulls, forcing the Squad to investigate. After the Squad was captured by the Skrulls, the Falcon's trump card, in the form of the [Scarlet Witch](/wiki/Scarlet_Witch \"Scarlet Witch\"), ended the war between the Kree and the Skrulls and defeated the real [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos \"Thanos\"), but Thanos escaped.\n* The Kree–Skrull War was adapted for the second season of *[The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes](/wiki/The_Avengers:Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes \"Earth's Mightiest Heroes\")* animated series.\n\n### Film\n\n* *[Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28film%29 \"Captain Marvel (film)\")* features the mythology of the Kree–Skrull War. In the film, the conflict is depicted as one\\-sided, with the Skrulls being the victims of the Kree's genocidal war. The Kree Mar\\-Vell goes against her people and travels to Earth to help Skrull refugees escape from Kree forces. [Carol Danvers](/wiki/Carol_Danvers \"Carol Danvers\") was brainwashed by the Kree to fight the Skrulls. When she discovers the truth, she rebels against her former masters and helps the Skrulls find a new homeland.\n",
"### Television\n\n* The Kree–Skrull War was going to be adapted in the *[Silver Surfer](/wiki/Silver_Surfer_%28TV_series%29 \"Silver Surfer (TV series)\")* animated series, but after the show was cancelled in 1998, the war never appeared.\n* In season two of *[The Super Hero Squad Show](/wiki/The_Super_Hero_Squad_Show \"The Super Hero Squad Show\")*, Captain Marvel went missing during a peace conference between the Kree and the Skrulls, forcing the Squad to investigate. After the Squad was captured by the Skrulls, the Falcon's trump card, in the form of the [Scarlet Witch](/wiki/Scarlet_Witch \"Scarlet Witch\"), ended the war between the Kree and the Skrulls and defeated the real [Thanos](/wiki/Thanos \"Thanos\"), but Thanos escaped.\n* The Kree–Skrull War was adapted for the second season of *[The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes](/wiki/The_Avengers:Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes \"Earth's Mightiest Heroes\")* animated series.\n",
"### Film\n\n* *[Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28film%29 \"Captain Marvel (film)\")* features the mythology of the Kree–Skrull War. In the film, the conflict is depicted as one\\-sided, with the Skrulls being the victims of the Kree's genocidal war. The Kree Mar\\-Vell goes against her people and travels to Earth to help Skrull refugees escape from Kree forces. [Carol Danvers](/wiki/Carol_Danvers \"Carol Danvers\") was brainwashed by the Kree to fight the Skrulls. When she discovers the truth, she rebels against her former masters and helps the Skrulls find a new homeland.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Comics about alien invasions](/wiki/Category:Comics_about_alien_invasions \"Comics about alien invasions\")\n[Category:Comics by Neal Adams](/wiki/Category:Comics_by_Neal_Adams \"Comics by Neal Adams\")\n[Category:Comics by Roy Thomas](/wiki/Category:Comics_by_Roy_Thomas \"Comics by Roy Thomas\")\n[Category:Science fiction comics](/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_comics \"Science fiction comics\")\n[Category:Fiction about space warfare](/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_space_warfare \"Fiction about space warfare\")\n[Category:Comic book conflict storylines](/wiki/Category:Comic_book_conflict_storylines \"Comic book conflict storylines\")\n\n"
]
}
|
[[John Hanson]]
|
{
"id": [
1575274
],
"name": [
"Freddiem"
]
}
|
28f13l4i1o8m1c92w6ed9c4lc77qxbm
|
2022-01-16T16:59:57Z
| 1,064,158,691 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"[[John Hanson]]",
"People",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**[John Hanson](/wiki/John_Hanson \"John Hanson\")** (1715–1783\\) was President of the American Continental Congress. \n\n**John Hanson** may also refer to:\n\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [John Wesley Hanson](/wiki/John_Wesley_Hanson \"John Wesley Hanson\") (1823–1901\\), American Universalist minister and historian\n* [John Fletcher Hanson](/wiki/John_Fletcher_Hanson \"John Fletcher Hanson\") (1840–1910\\), American industrialist\n* [John Hanson (Liberian politician)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28Liberian_politician%29 \"John Hanson (Liberian politician)\") (died 1860\\), Liberian senator associated with American Colonization Society\n* Sir John Hanson (1919–1996\\), 3rd Baronet, of the [Hanson baronets](/wiki/Hanson_baronets \"Hanson baronets\")\n* [John Hanson (singer)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28singer%29 \"John Hanson (singer)\") (1922–1998\\), Canadian\\-born British singer and actor\n* [John Hanson (British diplomat)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28British_diplomat%29 \"John Hanson (British diplomat)\") (1938–2017\\), British diplomat\n* [John Hanson (English footballer)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28English_footballer%29 \"John Hanson (English footballer)\") (born 1962\\), English former footballer\n* [John Hanson (New Zealand footballer)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28New_Zealand_footballer%29 \"John Hanson (New Zealand footballer)\") (fl. 1988\\), New Zealand international football (soccer) player\n* [John Hanson (director)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28director%29 \"John Hanson (director)\") (fl. 1978–1987\\), American film director\n* John Hanson (born 1973\\), British electronic musician in the band [Magnétophone](/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tophone \"Magnétophone\")\n* [John Hanson (Jamaica)](/wiki/John_Hanson_%28Jamaica%29 \"John Hanson (Jamaica)\"), planter in Jamaica\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Statue of John Hanson](/wiki/Statue_of_John_Hanson \"Statue of John Hanson\"), a 1903 bronze statue\n* [John Hanson Community School](/wiki/John_Hanson_Community_School \"John Hanson Community School\") in Andover, Hampshire, UK\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [John Hansen (disambiguation)](/wiki/John_Hansen_%28disambiguation%29 \"John Hansen (disambiguation)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Pel
|
{
"id": [
2790592
],
"name": [
"KylieTastic"
]
}
|
epj9j7b2yyzprhf3ubd7jushgm94m9f
|
2024-04-15T08:53:26Z
| 1,152,139,346 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"People",
"Science and technology",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Pel** or **PEL** may refer to:\n\n",
"People\n------\n\n* [Albert Pel](/wiki/Albert_Pel \"Albert Pel\") (1849\\-1924\\), a French serial killer\n* [David Pel](/wiki/David_Pel \"David Pel\") (born 1991\\), a Dutch tennis player\n* [Eva Pel](/wiki/Eva_Pel \"Eva Pel\"), a Dutch visual artist\n* [Hendrik Pel](/wiki/Hendrik_Pel \"Hendrik Pel\") (1818\\-1876\\), a Dutch zoologist and government official\n* [Pieter Klazes Pel](/wiki/Pieter_Klazes_Pel \"Pieter Klazes Pel\") (1852–1919\\), a Dutch physician\n",
"Science and technology\n----------------------\n\n* [PEL sector light](/wiki/PEL_sector_light \"PEL sector light\"), a projector\\-style marine beacon\n* [Pixel](/wiki/Pixel \"Pixel\"), pel, or picture element, is a physical point in a raster image\n* [Permissible exposure limit](/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit \"Permissible exposure limit\"), an American legal limit for exposure to a chemical substance or physical agent\n* [Peak of eternal light](/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light \"Peak of eternal light\"), a point on the surface of an astronomical body always in sunlight\n* [Primary effusion lymphoma](/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphoma \"Primary effusion lymphoma\"), a blood cancer\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Pel, Iran](/wiki/Pel%2C_Iran \"Pel, Iran\"), or Pil, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran\n* [PEL (Pakistan)](/wiki/PEL_%28Pakistan%29 \"PEL (Pakistan)\"), Pak Elektron Limited, a Pakistani engineering corporation\n* [Party of the European Left](/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left \"Party of the European Left\"), a European political party\n* [Wood and Allied Workers' Union](/wiki/Wood_and_Allied_Workers%27_Union \"Wood and Allied Workers' Union\"), a former trade union in Finland\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Pels (disambiguation)](/wiki/Pels_%28disambiguation%29 \"Pels (disambiguation)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Hurstville, New South Wales
|
{
"id": [
36744308
],
"name": [
"5225C"
]
}
|
9r0mdvkv9gf2080br34bngl6olr11y7
|
2024-10-06T09:57:16Z
| 1,249,695,063 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Aboriginal culture",
"European settlement",
"Sproule family",
"Development",
"Economy",
"Retail and shopping",
"Restaurants and cafes",
"Other",
"Culture",
"Transport",
"Churches",
"Schools",
"Landmarks",
"Parks",
"Population",
"Demographics",
"Notable residents",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[270px\\|thumb\\|Location map of **Hurstville** based on NASA satellite images](/wiki/File:HurstvilleNSWmap.jpg \"HurstvilleNSWmap.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Memorial Square, Forest Road, Hurstville](/wiki/File:Hurstville_Memorial_Square.JPG \"Hurstville Memorial Square.JPG\")\n**Hurstville** is a [suburb](/wiki/Suburb \"Suburb\") in [Southern Sydney](/wiki/Southern_Sydney \"Southern Sydney\"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). It is south of the [Sydney CBD](/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district \"Sydney central business district\") and is part of the [St George](/wiki/St_George%2C_New_South_Wales \"St George, New South Wales\") area. Hurstville is the administrative centre of the [local government area](/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia \"Local government in Australia\") of the [Georges River Council](/wiki/Georges_River_Council \"Georges River Council\").\n\nThe suburb is predominantly [Asian Australian](/wiki/Asian_Australians \"Asian Australians\") in character, with 63% of the population of Asian origin, among the highest in the country. Sometimes described as \"Sydney's Real [Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown \"Chinatown\")\", an estimated 37% of residents are immigrants from mainland China.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe name Hurstville is derived from the English '[hurst](/wiki/wiktionary:Hurst \"Hurst\")', meaning 'a wooded eminence', and '[ville](/wiki/wiktionary:Ville \"Ville\")', meaning 'town'.\n\n### Aboriginal culture\n\nAlthough it is unknown when they first settled in the Hurstville area, the first inhabitants were [Indigenous Australians](/wiki/Australian_Aborigine \"Australian Aborigine\"). At the time of the arrival of the [First Fleet](/wiki/First_Fleet \"First Fleet\"), the Indigenous Australians residing in the area were of the [Eora](/wiki/Eora \"Eora\") tribe, whose numbers spanned along the [Georges River](/wiki/Georges_River \"Georges River\"), from [Botany Bay](/wiki/Botany_Bay \"Botany Bay\") to present\\-day [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool%2C_New_South_Wales \"Liverpool, New South Wales\").\n\n### European settlement\n\nThe first sustained contact between members of the First Fleet and the Eora tribe occurred on 20 January 1788 within the boundaries of the present City of Hurstville at Lugarno and Oatley, at Lime Kiln Bay on the Georges River, as recorded by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King in his diary. While Governor Philip explored the south side of the Georges River around Como, King with a party of one other officer and three marines in a six\\-oared rowboat aimed for the highest point they could see on the north side, probably at Lugarno, and landed at a place they named Lance Point. Although first contact with the Indigenous Australians led to a small altercation where a spear was thrown and a shot fired, later in the day when the party rowed up Lime Kiln Bay towards present day Mortdale they were greeted in a friendly manner by both men and women, and what could only be described as Australia's first picnic took place as food and drink were shared between the two peoples. After a long summer afternoon of mutual contact and conviviality the British sailors rowed back to their ship moored at Botany Bay (see Haworth R.J. 2012, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol. 14 pp. 1–28, for a reconstruction of King's boat journey and likely route).\n\nThe land of the Hurstville region was granted by the government of the new [colony](/wiki/Colony \"Colony\") of [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") to two men: Captain John Townson and his brother Robert Townson in 1808\\. Captain John Townson was granted of land which is now occupied by the suburb of Hurstville and part of [Bexley](/wiki/Bexley%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bexley, New South Wales\"). Robert Townson was granted the land which is now occupied by [Penshurst](/wiki/Penshurst%2C_New_South_Wales \"Penshurst, New South Wales\"), [Mortdale](/wiki/Mortdale%2C_New_South_Wales \"Mortdale, New South Wales\") and parts of [Peakhurst](/wiki/Peakhurst%2C_New_South_Wales \"Peakhurst, New South Wales\"). In the same year, in the area now known as [Riverwood](/wiki/Riverwood%2C_New_South_Wales \"Riverwood, New South Wales\") land grants were made to Jane Trotter, Mary Shepley, Charles Doudall, and James Ryan. Later in 1816 another land grant in the same area was given to Mary Redman.\n\nIn 1809, Captain John Townson was granted an additional in the area now occupied by [Kingsgrove](/wiki/Kingsgrove%2C_New_South_Wales \"Kingsgrove, New South Wales\") and [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales \"Beverly Hills, New South Wales\"). The Townson brothers were not happy with the land that they were given because it was not suitable for the farming of sheep for wool and it is likely that the brothers never occupied their land. In 1812, a wealthy merchant named [Simeon Lord](/wiki/Simeon_Lord \"Simeon Lord\") bought the land of Captain John Townson and named it *Lord's Forest*. When Lord died, the land became the property of John Rose Holden and James Holt of the [Bank of NSW](/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales \"Bank of New South Wales\").\n\n### Sproule family\n\n*Gladwyn* is an historic, [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate \"Italianate\") house at 96 Queens Road. It was built in 1893 by John Sproule, a local builder and alderman of Hurstville Council, who had acquired the land two years previously. It changed hands many times and was known as *Gladwyn* by 1906\\. Hurstville Council eventually acquired the house in 1986\\. It has been restored and adapted for commercial use, as well as serving as the base for the Hurstville Archival Research and Local Studies Centre. It is heritage\\-listed at state and local level.\n\nIn 1895, Ann Sproule bought land on the opposite side of Queens Road from the Winn brothers of [Newcastle, New South Wales](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales \"Newcastle, New South Wales\"). John Sproule then built *Yarra\\-Mundi* in 1897, and lived there until 1904\\. The house then changed hands a number of times over the years. In 1981 it was acquired by the Danebank Church of England School for Girls. The school later sold the house in 2003 and it was subsequently adapted for commercial use. It is heritage\\-listed.[State Heritage Register](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=1810107)\n\n### Development\n\n[thumb\\|Forest Road on the 9 November 1951\\. Photograph taken by [Sam Hood](/wiki/Sam_Hood \"Sam Hood\") for [LJ Hooker](/wiki/LJ_Hooker \"LJ Hooker\"), [State Library of New South Wales](/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales \"State Library of New South Wales\"), 31762](/wiki/File:SLNSW_31762_Food_Fair_274_Forest_Road_Hurstville_taken_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg \"SLNSW 31762 Food Fair 274 Forest Road Hurstville taken for LJ Hooker Ltd.jpg\")\nA dam with a roadway on top was constructed on the [Cooks River](/wiki/Cooks_River \"Cooks River\") at [Tempe](/wiki/Tempe%2C_New_South_Wales \"Tempe, New South Wales\") in 1839\\. In 1843, the road that was to become known as Forest Road was extended from the dam to a hand\\-winched punt in [Lugarno](/wiki/Lugarno%2C_New_South_Wales \"Lugarno, New South Wales\"). On the other side of the river, the road continued all the way to [Wollongong](/wiki/Wollongong \"Wollongong\"); however, it was only suitable for travellers on horseback. The new road opened up the Hurstville region and created a settlement at Bottle Forest, now known as [Heathcote](/wiki/Heathcote%2C_New_South_Wales \"Heathcote, New South Wales\").\n\nIn 1850, the Lord Forest estate was purchased by Michael Gannon (1800–61\\), who subdivided it into small farms along what is now Croydon Road and three larger farms that were purchased by Dent, Peake, and Ibbotson. The area became known as Gannon's Forest. The land originally granted to Robert Townson was purchased by John Connell in 1830 and, following his death in 1849, the estate was inherited by his grandsons, Elias Pearson Laycock and John Connell Laycock.\n\nThe Gannon's Forest post office opened in 1881\\. The local school was named \"Hurstville\" by School Inspector MacIntyre when it was established in 1876\\. When the railway station opened on 15 October 1884, it took the name Hurstville, from the school. Hurstville municipality was incorporated in 1887 and, in 1988, Hurstville was declared a city. The Centenary Bakery on Forest Road is a historic building that has been preserved and once housed a museum. The St George Regional Museum is now located in another historic building in MacMahon Street.\n\nThe Hurstville train crash on 3 August 1920 resulted in five people killed and fifty injured. It involved the collision of two steam trains, one arriving from Central Railway Station, which plunged into the back of the other, which was stationary at Hurstville railway station, bound for [Sutherland](/wiki/Sutherland%2C_New_South_Wales \"Sutherland, New South Wales\").Pollon, F. (1990\\.) *The Book of Sydney Suburbs*, Angus \\& Robertson Publishers, Sydney, p. 130\\.\n\nHurstville's residential developments are a mixture of low\\-density housing, medium\\-density flats, and high\\-density apartment buildings.\n\n",
"### Aboriginal culture\n\nAlthough it is unknown when they first settled in the Hurstville area, the first inhabitants were [Indigenous Australians](/wiki/Australian_Aborigine \"Australian Aborigine\"). At the time of the arrival of the [First Fleet](/wiki/First_Fleet \"First Fleet\"), the Indigenous Australians residing in the area were of the [Eora](/wiki/Eora \"Eora\") tribe, whose numbers spanned along the [Georges River](/wiki/Georges_River \"Georges River\"), from [Botany Bay](/wiki/Botany_Bay \"Botany Bay\") to present\\-day [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool%2C_New_South_Wales \"Liverpool, New South Wales\").\n\n",
"### European settlement\n\nThe first sustained contact between members of the First Fleet and the Eora tribe occurred on 20 January 1788 within the boundaries of the present City of Hurstville at Lugarno and Oatley, at Lime Kiln Bay on the Georges River, as recorded by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King in his diary. While Governor Philip explored the south side of the Georges River around Como, King with a party of one other officer and three marines in a six\\-oared rowboat aimed for the highest point they could see on the north side, probably at Lugarno, and landed at a place they named Lance Point. Although first contact with the Indigenous Australians led to a small altercation where a spear was thrown and a shot fired, later in the day when the party rowed up Lime Kiln Bay towards present day Mortdale they were greeted in a friendly manner by both men and women, and what could only be described as Australia's first picnic took place as food and drink were shared between the two peoples. After a long summer afternoon of mutual contact and conviviality the British sailors rowed back to their ship moored at Botany Bay (see Haworth R.J. 2012, Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol. 14 pp. 1–28, for a reconstruction of King's boat journey and likely route).\n\nThe land of the Hurstville region was granted by the government of the new [colony](/wiki/Colony \"Colony\") of [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\") to two men: Captain John Townson and his brother Robert Townson in 1808\\. Captain John Townson was granted of land which is now occupied by the suburb of Hurstville and part of [Bexley](/wiki/Bexley%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bexley, New South Wales\"). Robert Townson was granted the land which is now occupied by [Penshurst](/wiki/Penshurst%2C_New_South_Wales \"Penshurst, New South Wales\"), [Mortdale](/wiki/Mortdale%2C_New_South_Wales \"Mortdale, New South Wales\") and parts of [Peakhurst](/wiki/Peakhurst%2C_New_South_Wales \"Peakhurst, New South Wales\"). In the same year, in the area now known as [Riverwood](/wiki/Riverwood%2C_New_South_Wales \"Riverwood, New South Wales\") land grants were made to Jane Trotter, Mary Shepley, Charles Doudall, and James Ryan. Later in 1816 another land grant in the same area was given to Mary Redman.\n\nIn 1809, Captain John Townson was granted an additional in the area now occupied by [Kingsgrove](/wiki/Kingsgrove%2C_New_South_Wales \"Kingsgrove, New South Wales\") and [Beverly Hills](/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales \"Beverly Hills, New South Wales\"). The Townson brothers were not happy with the land that they were given because it was not suitable for the farming of sheep for wool and it is likely that the brothers never occupied their land. In 1812, a wealthy merchant named [Simeon Lord](/wiki/Simeon_Lord \"Simeon Lord\") bought the land of Captain John Townson and named it *Lord's Forest*. When Lord died, the land became the property of John Rose Holden and James Holt of the [Bank of NSW](/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales \"Bank of New South Wales\").\n\n",
"### Sproule family\n\n*Gladwyn* is an historic, [Italianate](/wiki/Italianate \"Italianate\") house at 96 Queens Road. It was built in 1893 by John Sproule, a local builder and alderman of Hurstville Council, who had acquired the land two years previously. It changed hands many times and was known as *Gladwyn* by 1906\\. Hurstville Council eventually acquired the house in 1986\\. It has been restored and adapted for commercial use, as well as serving as the base for the Hurstville Archival Research and Local Studies Centre. It is heritage\\-listed at state and local level.\n\nIn 1895, Ann Sproule bought land on the opposite side of Queens Road from the Winn brothers of [Newcastle, New South Wales](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales \"Newcastle, New South Wales\"). John Sproule then built *Yarra\\-Mundi* in 1897, and lived there until 1904\\. The house then changed hands a number of times over the years. In 1981 it was acquired by the Danebank Church of England School for Girls. The school later sold the house in 2003 and it was subsequently adapted for commercial use. It is heritage\\-listed.[State Heritage Register](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=1810107)\n\n",
"### Development\n\n[thumb\\|Forest Road on the 9 November 1951\\. Photograph taken by [Sam Hood](/wiki/Sam_Hood \"Sam Hood\") for [LJ Hooker](/wiki/LJ_Hooker \"LJ Hooker\"), [State Library of New South Wales](/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales \"State Library of New South Wales\"), 31762](/wiki/File:SLNSW_31762_Food_Fair_274_Forest_Road_Hurstville_taken_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg \"SLNSW 31762 Food Fair 274 Forest Road Hurstville taken for LJ Hooker Ltd.jpg\")\nA dam with a roadway on top was constructed on the [Cooks River](/wiki/Cooks_River \"Cooks River\") at [Tempe](/wiki/Tempe%2C_New_South_Wales \"Tempe, New South Wales\") in 1839\\. In 1843, the road that was to become known as Forest Road was extended from the dam to a hand\\-winched punt in [Lugarno](/wiki/Lugarno%2C_New_South_Wales \"Lugarno, New South Wales\"). On the other side of the river, the road continued all the way to [Wollongong](/wiki/Wollongong \"Wollongong\"); however, it was only suitable for travellers on horseback. The new road opened up the Hurstville region and created a settlement at Bottle Forest, now known as [Heathcote](/wiki/Heathcote%2C_New_South_Wales \"Heathcote, New South Wales\").\n\nIn 1850, the Lord Forest estate was purchased by Michael Gannon (1800–61\\), who subdivided it into small farms along what is now Croydon Road and three larger farms that were purchased by Dent, Peake, and Ibbotson. The area became known as Gannon's Forest. The land originally granted to Robert Townson was purchased by John Connell in 1830 and, following his death in 1849, the estate was inherited by his grandsons, Elias Pearson Laycock and John Connell Laycock.\n\nThe Gannon's Forest post office opened in 1881\\. The local school was named \"Hurstville\" by School Inspector MacIntyre when it was established in 1876\\. When the railway station opened on 15 October 1884, it took the name Hurstville, from the school. Hurstville municipality was incorporated in 1887 and, in 1988, Hurstville was declared a city. The Centenary Bakery on Forest Road is a historic building that has been preserved and once housed a museum. The St George Regional Museum is now located in another historic building in MacMahon Street.\n\nThe Hurstville train crash on 3 August 1920 resulted in five people killed and fifty injured. It involved the collision of two steam trains, one arriving from Central Railway Station, which plunged into the back of the other, which was stationary at Hurstville railway station, bound for [Sutherland](/wiki/Sutherland%2C_New_South_Wales \"Sutherland, New South Wales\").Pollon, F. (1990\\.) *The Book of Sydney Suburbs*, Angus \\& Robertson Publishers, Sydney, p. 130\\.\n\nHurstville's residential developments are a mixture of low\\-density housing, medium\\-density flats, and high\\-density apartment buildings.\n\n",
"Economy\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|The *Global Chambers* office building](/wiki/File:Hurstville_building_3.JPG \"Hurstville building 3.JPG\")\nHurstville is the [central business district](/wiki/Central_business_district \"Central business district\") of the [St George](/wiki/St_George_%28Sydney%29 \"St George (Sydney)\") area. It is a large, multiethnic suburb with a multitude of commercial buildings and high\\-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline.\n\nThe commercial area is centred on the main street, Forest Road, on the northern side of [Hurstville railway station](/wiki/Hurstville_railway_station \"Hurstville railway station\"). Forest Road is the main shopping street which features branches of many retail shops as well as numerous banks ([Commonwealth](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank \"Commonwealth Bank\"), [ANZ](/wiki/Australia_%26_New_Zealand_Banking_Group \"Australia & New Zealand Banking Group\"), [National Australia Bank](/wiki/National_Australia_Bank \"National Australia Bank\"), [Westpac](/wiki/Westpac \"Westpac\"), [St George](/wiki/St_George_Bank \"St George Bank\"), [HSBC](/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Australia \"HSBC Bank Australia\"), [Bank of China](/wiki/Bank_of_China \"Bank of China\")) and other financial institutions. The commercial developments also extend to surrounding streets concentrated from Queens Road to The Avenue and on the southern side of Hurstville Railway station, around Ormonde Parade. The commercial developments extend further along Forest Road, west towards [Penshurst](/wiki/Penshurst%2C_New_South_Wales \"Penshurst, New South Wales\") and east towards [Bexley](/wiki/Bexley%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bexley, New South Wales\").\n\n### Retail and shopping\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|[Westfield Hurstville](/wiki/Westfield_Hurstville \"Westfield Hurstville\")](/wiki/File:Westfield_Hurstville%2C_Hurstville%2C_New_South_Wales_%282010-07-21%29_03.jpg \"Westfield Hurstville, Hurstville, New South Wales (2010-07-21) 03.jpg\")\nHurstville has two major shopping centres, [Westfield Hurstville](/wiki/Westfield_Hurstville \"Westfield Hurstville\") and [Hurstville Central](/wiki/Hurstville_Central \"Hurstville Central\"). There are also a few smaller shopping centres such as Hurstville Times Plaza, East Quarter, Metro Centre, Hurstville City Centre and Union Arcade.\n\n### Restaurants and cafes\n\nHurstville has a wide variety of restaurants and cafes and is known as a major dining destination in the St George area of Sydney. There are a large number of [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_cuisine \"Chinese cuisine\") (including [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine \"Cantonese cuisine\")), [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_cuisine \"Japanese cuisine\") and [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine \"Vietnamese cuisine\") restaurants and eateries.\n\n### Other\n\nThe administrative offices of the [Georges River Council](/wiki/Georges_River_Council \"Georges River Council\") are located in the Hurstville Civic Centre in MacMahon Street. This street also features a number of historic buildings such as the Friendly Pharmacy, old Fire Station, Ritz Hotel and Hurstville Museum \\& Gallery (formerly known as the St George Regional Museum), which houses the cake decorating collection formerly held at the Australian Cakes and Sugar Art Museum. Hurstville City Library is located nearby on Queens Road.\n\n",
"### Retail and shopping\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|[Westfield Hurstville](/wiki/Westfield_Hurstville \"Westfield Hurstville\")](/wiki/File:Westfield_Hurstville%2C_Hurstville%2C_New_South_Wales_%282010-07-21%29_03.jpg \"Westfield Hurstville, Hurstville, New South Wales (2010-07-21) 03.jpg\")\nHurstville has two major shopping centres, [Westfield Hurstville](/wiki/Westfield_Hurstville \"Westfield Hurstville\") and [Hurstville Central](/wiki/Hurstville_Central \"Hurstville Central\"). There are also a few smaller shopping centres such as Hurstville Times Plaza, East Quarter, Metro Centre, Hurstville City Centre and Union Arcade.\n\n",
"### Restaurants and cafes\n\nHurstville has a wide variety of restaurants and cafes and is known as a major dining destination in the St George area of Sydney. There are a large number of [Chinese](/wiki/Chinese_cuisine \"Chinese cuisine\") (including [Cantonese](/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine \"Cantonese cuisine\")), [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_cuisine \"Japanese cuisine\") and [Vietnamese](/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine \"Vietnamese cuisine\") restaurants and eateries.\n\n",
"### Other\n\nThe administrative offices of the [Georges River Council](/wiki/Georges_River_Council \"Georges River Council\") are located in the Hurstville Civic Centre in MacMahon Street. This street also features a number of historic buildings such as the Friendly Pharmacy, old Fire Station, Ritz Hotel and Hurstville Museum \\& Gallery (formerly known as the St George Regional Museum), which houses the cake decorating collection formerly held at the Australian Cakes and Sugar Art Museum. Hurstville City Library is located nearby on Queens Road.\n\n",
"Culture\n-------\n\nThe St Clair Recording Studio operated for about a year from December 1965 to December 1966 and recorded the [Bee Gees](/wiki/Bee_Gees \"Bee Gees\") among other musicians. [AC/DC](/wiki/AC/DC \"AC/DC\") played at the Hurstville Civic Centre (Marana Hall/Rivoli Hall) on eight occasions between 1974 and 1977\\.\n\nA karaoke place opened in 2011 near the Meridian Hotel, the first ever one in Hurstville.\n\nThe [Hurstville Museum \\& Gallery](/wiki/Hurstville_Museum_%26_Gallery \"Hurstville Museum & Gallery\") focuses on local history, art, and culture. According to the museum's website, it \"is home to high quality exhibitions, a diverse range of public programs and a collection of approximately 5,000 objects and artworks from the local area.\"\n\n",
"Transport\n---------\n\n[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|[Hurstville railway station](/wiki/Hurstville_railway_station \"Hurstville railway station\")](/wiki/File:Western_entrance_to_Hurstville_railway_station%2C_July_2017_%281%29.jpg \"Western entrance to Hurstville railway station, July 2017 (1).jpg\")[Hurstville railway station](/wiki/Hurstville_railway_station \"Hurstville railway station\") is a major station on the [T4 Eastern Suburbs \\& Illawarra Line](/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_%26_Illawarra_Line \"Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line\") of the [Sydney Trains](/wiki/Sydney_Trains \"Sydney Trains\") network and the [South Coast Line](/wiki/South_Coast_Line \"South Coast Line\") on the [NSW TrainLink](/wiki/NSW_TrainLink \"NSW TrainLink\") network. All Suburban and Intercity trains stop at Hurstville. Hurstville is 20 minutes from Sydney [Central railway station](/wiki/Central_railway_station%2C_Sydney \"Central railway station, Sydney\") on the express service. Hurstville is a major bus interchange with bus services departing from Forest Road and Ormonde Parade.\nHurstville is also serviced by St George Community Transport, a HACC funded transport service for the Frail Aged, people with disability and their carers.\n\n",
"Churches\n--------\n\n* [St George's Hurstville Anglican Church](https://stgeorgeshurstville.org.au/)\n* St Michael's Roman Catholic Church\n* Hurstville Presbyterian Church\n* Hurstville Church of Christ\n* Hurstville Uniting Church\n* Hurstville Seventh\\-day Adventist Church\n* Hurstville Assemblies of God\n* Salvation Army\n* Church of the Living God\n\nFile:(1\\)St Georges Anglican Church Hurstville\\-1\\.jpg\\|St George's Hurstville Anglican Church\nFile:Hurstville Uniting Church\\-1\\.jpg\\|Hurstville Uniting Church\nFile:Hurstville Church 1\\.JPG\\|Hurstville Presbyterian Church\nFile:Hurstville Church 2\\.JPG\\|Church of Christ\nFile:Hurstville Church 3\\.JPG\\|Hurstville Baptist Church\n",
"Schools\n-------\n\n* [Hurstville Adventist School](https://hurstville.adventist.edu.au/)\n* Hurstville Boys High School\n* [Hurstville Public School](http://www.hurstville-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/)\n* [Hurstville South Public School](https://hurstvills-p.schools.nsw.gov.au/)\n* [Danebank Anglican Girls School](/wiki/Danebank \"Danebank\")\n* Hurstville Grove Infants School\n* Beverly Hills Public School and [St George Christian School](/wiki/St_George_Christian_School \"St George Christian School\").\n* [Sydney Technical High School](/wiki/Sydney_Technical_High_School \"Sydney Technical High School\"), [Bethany College](/wiki/Bethany_College_%28Sydney%29 \"Bethany College (Sydney)\") and St. Mary's Star of the Sea Catholic Primary School – all located just over the border in [Bexley](/wiki/Bexley%2C_New_South_Wales \"Bexley, New South Wales\").\n\nFile:Hurstville Public School.JPG\\|Hurstville Public School\nFile:Bethany College Bexley 3\\.JPG\\|\\[\\[Bethany College (Sydney)\\|Bethany College]]\nFile:Sydney Technical High School 3\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Sydney Technical High School]]\nFile:(1\\)Danebank Girls School.jpg\\|\\[\\[Danebank\\|Danebank Girls' School]]\n\n",
"Landmarks\n---------\n\n* Hurstville Civic Centre, Hurstville Entertainment Centre, Hurstville City Library, St George Regional Museum, Park Plaza Apartments\n\nFile:Hurstville Chemist.JPG\\|Friendly Pharmacy, MacMahon Street\nFile:Centennial Bakery Building in Hurstville.jpg\\|Centenary Bakery, Forest Road\nFile:Hurst7\\.JPG\\|Old Fire Station, MacMahon Street\nFile:Hurstville Meridian Hotel.JPG\\|Meridian Hotel\nFile:St George Regional Museum.JPG\\|Hurstville City Museum \\& Gallery\nFile:Hurstville Ritz.JPG\\|Hurstville Ritz Hotel, Forest Road\nFile:Hurstville Entertainment Centre.JPG\\|Hurstville Entertainment Centre\nFile:Hurstville building 1\\.JPG\\|former State Bank building, Hurstville\nFile:(1\\)Lorne The Avenue Hurstville.jpg\\|''Lorne,'' The Avenue\nFile:(1\\)Waikouaiti The Avenue Hurstville.jpg\\|Terraced housing on The Avenue\n",
"Parks\n-----\n\n* Kempt Field, Woodville Park, Hurstville Park, Thorpe Park, Doyle Gardens.\n\nFile:Hurst3\\.JPG\\|Woodville Park\nFile:Hurstville Oval 5\\.jpg\\|\\[\\[Hurstville Oval]]\n",
"Population\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|Apartments on MacMahon Street](/wiki/File:Buildings%2C_MacMahon_Street%2C_Hurstville%2C_New_South_Wales_%282010-07-18%29_01.jpg \"Buildings, MacMahon Street, Hurstville, New South Wales (2010-07-18) 01.jpg\")\n\n### Demographics\n\nThe first European settlers in the area were mostly of British and Irish ancestry. From the late 1960s, Hurstville, like many surrounding areas, became home to migrants from all around the world. The first wave of migrants included [Greeks](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and [Italians](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") who began moving south from Sydney's inner\\-city suburbs. They were followed by more European migrants, including many from the former [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\").\n\nFrom the 1990s, the Chinese community within Hurstville has grown considerably. Much of this was related to significant [migration from Hong Kong during the 1990s](/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong%23Emigration \"1990s in Hong Kong#Emigration\") and migration from mainland China during the 2000s. Many local businesses are operated by people of Chinese background, the interests of which are advanced by the St. George Asian Business Association. Hurstville is a hub for Asian groceries, food and services.\n\nAccording to the , there were 31,162 residents in Hurstville. 28\\.1% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 28\\.6%, Nepal 15\\.8%, Hong Kong 3\\.6%, Indonesia 1\\.8% and Philippines 1\\.7%. 18\\.4% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 26\\.1%, Cantonese 16\\.2%, Nepali 15\\.4%, Arabic 2\\.6% and Greek 2\\.1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 38\\.6%, Hinduism 15\\.5%, Catholic 11\\.2%, Buddhism 8\\.5% and Not stated 6\\.2%. The most common ancestries in Hurstville were Chinese 47\\.1%, Nepalese 15\\.6%, English 7\\.4%, Australian 5\\.7% and Greek 2\\.9%.\n\n",
"### Demographics\n\nThe first European settlers in the area were mostly of British and Irish ancestry. From the late 1960s, Hurstville, like many surrounding areas, became home to migrants from all around the world. The first wave of migrants included [Greeks](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and [Italians](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") who began moving south from Sydney's inner\\-city suburbs. They were followed by more European migrants, including many from the former [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia \"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\").\n\nFrom the 1990s, the Chinese community within Hurstville has grown considerably. Much of this was related to significant [migration from Hong Kong during the 1990s](/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong%23Emigration \"1990s in Hong Kong#Emigration\") and migration from mainland China during the 2000s. Many local businesses are operated by people of Chinese background, the interests of which are advanced by the St. George Asian Business Association. Hurstville is a hub for Asian groceries, food and services.\n\nAccording to the , there were 31,162 residents in Hurstville. 28\\.1% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 28\\.6%, Nepal 15\\.8%, Hong Kong 3\\.6%, Indonesia 1\\.8% and Philippines 1\\.7%. 18\\.4% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 26\\.1%, Cantonese 16\\.2%, Nepali 15\\.4%, Arabic 2\\.6% and Greek 2\\.1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 38\\.6%, Hinduism 15\\.5%, Catholic 11\\.2%, Buddhism 8\\.5% and Not stated 6\\.2%. The most common ancestries in Hurstville were Chinese 47\\.1%, Nepalese 15\\.6%, English 7\\.4%, Australian 5\\.7% and Greek 2\\.9%.\n\n",
"Notable residents\n-----------------\n\n* [Cecil Abbott](/wiki/Cecil_Abbott \"Cecil Abbott\") [AO](/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia \"Officer of the Order of Australia\"), [QPM](/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal_for_Gallantry \"Queen's Police Medal for Gallantry\") – Commissioner of the New South Wales Police (1981–1984\\)\n* [Ronald Ernest Aitchison](/wiki/Ronald_Ernest_Aitchison \"Ronald Ernest Aitchison\") – physicist\n* Arthur Samuel Allen (1894–1959\\) – army officer and accountant, audit clerk in NSW Government Railways\n* [Ezekiel Baker](/wiki/Ezekiel_Baker_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Ezekiel Baker (Australian politician)\") – politician\n* [Roy Bossi](/wiki/Roy_Bossi \"Roy Bossi\") (1894–1964\\) – rugby league player\n* [Jack Brabham](/wiki/Jack_Brabham \"Jack Brabham\") (1926–2014\\) – three\\-time [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One \"Formula One\") World Champion motor racerWikipedia\n* [Jayden Brailey](/wiki/Jayden_Brailey \"Jayden Brailey\") – rugby league player playing for the [Newcastle Knights](/wiki/Newcastle_Knights \"Newcastle Knights\")\n* [Matthew Dufty](/wiki/Matthew_Dufty \"Matthew Dufty\") – rugby league player playing for the [Warrington Wolves](/wiki/Warrington_Wolves \"Warrington Wolves\")\n* Ambrose George Enticknap (1894–1976\\) – orchardist and politician Australian Dictionary of Biography\n* [Stella Maria Sarah Miles Franklin](/wiki/Miles_Franklin \"Miles Franklin\") – writer\n* [Neville Hayes](/wiki/Neville_Hayes \"Neville Hayes\") – swimmer\n* [Arthur Justice](/wiki/Arthur_Justice \"Arthur Justice\") (1902–1977\\) – rugby league player, coach, and administrator\n* [Thomas John Ley](/wiki/Thomas_John_Ley \"Thomas John Ley\") (1880–1947\\) – politician and murderer\n* [Jack Lindwall](/wiki/Jack_Lindwall \"Jack Lindwall\") – rugby league player for [St George](/wiki/St._George_Dragons \"St. George Dragons\")\n* [Ray Lindwall](/wiki/Ray_Lindwall \"Ray Lindwall\") – test cricketer, also played rugby league for [St George](/wiki/St._George_Dragons \"St. George Dragons\"); younger brother of Jack\n* [Craig Nicholls](/wiki/Craig_Nicholls \"Craig Nicholls\") – musician\n* Eris Michael O'Brien (1895–1974\\) – Catholic archbishop and Australian historian\n* [Kerry O'Keeffe](/wiki/Kerry_O%27Keeffe \"Kerry O'Keeffe\") – test cricketer and sportscaster\n* [Kurtis Patterson](/wiki/Kurtis_Patterson \"Kurtis Patterson\") – test cricketer\n* [Riley Price](/wiki/Riley_Price \"Riley Price\") – rugby league player playing for the [North Queensland Cowboys](/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys \"North Queensland Cowboys\")\n* Gordon Stanley Reid (1923–1989\\) – parliamentary official, political scientist and governor\n* [Ken Rosewall](/wiki/Ken_Rosewall \"Ken Rosewall\") – tennis player\n* [Michael Rush](/wiki/Michael_Rush_%28rower%29 \"Michael Rush (rower)\") – champion sculler, spent his last years farming a Hurstville small\\-holding.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Georges River Council website](https://www.georgesriver.nsw.gov.au/Home)\n* [Businesses in Hurstville](https://www.yellowpages.com.au/nsw/Hurstville/categories.html)\n* [Georges River Council – History of Hurstville](http://lmg.hurstville.nsw.gov.au/LMG-History-of-Hurstville.html)\n* [St George \\& Sutherland Shire Leader](https://www.theleader.com.au/)\n\n[Category:Suburbs of Sydney](/wiki/Category:Suburbs_of_Sydney \"Suburbs of Sydney\")\n[Category:1887 establishments in Australia](/wiki/Category:1887_establishments_in_Australia \"1887 establishments in Australia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Yttrium barium copper oxide
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
m0mp10vkkyxnpkcx9erspwqnmyj0up0
|
2024-10-12T19:38:19Z
| 1,248,556,853 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Synthesis",
"Structure",
"Proposed applications",
"Surface modification",
"Mass production",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Yttrium barium copper oxide** (**YBCO**) is a family of [crystalline](/wiki/Crystal \"Crystal\") [chemical compounds](/wiki/Chemical_compound \"Chemical compound\") that display [high\\-temperature superconductivity](/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity \"High-temperature superconductivity\"); it includes the first material ever discovered to become [superconducting](/wiki/Superconductivity \"Superconductivity\") above the boiling point of [liquid nitrogen](/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen \"Liquid nitrogen\") \\[] at about .\n\nMany YBCO compounds have the general formula (also known as Y123\\), although materials with other Y:Ba:Cu ratios exist, such as (Y124\\) or (Y247\\). At present, there is no singularly recognised theory for high\\-temperature superconductivity.\n\nIt is part of the more general group of [rare\\-earth barium copper oxides](/wiki/Rare-earth_barium_copper_oxide \"Rare-earth barium copper oxide\") (ReBCO) in which, instead of yttrium, other rare earths are present.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn April 1986, [Georg Bednorz](/wiki/Georg_Bednorz \"Georg Bednorz\") and [Karl Müller](/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller \"Karl Alexander Müller\"), working at [IBM in Zurich](/wiki/IBM_Research_%E2%80%93_Zurich \"IBM Research – Zurich\"), discovered that certain semiconducting oxides became superconducting at relatively high temperature, in particular, a [lanthanum barium copper oxide](/wiki/Lanthanum_barium_copper_oxide \"Lanthanum barium copper oxide\") becomes superconducting at 35 K. This oxide was an [oxygen\\-deficient](/wiki/Oxygen-deficient_compound \"Oxygen-deficient compound\") [perovskite](/wiki/Perovskite \"Perovskite\")\\-related material that proved promising and stimulated the search for related compounds with higher superconducting transition temperatures. In 1987, Bednorz and Müller were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.\n\nFollowing Bednorz and Müller's discovery, a team led by [Paul Ching Wu Chu](/wiki/Paul_Ching_Wu_Chu \"Paul Ching Wu Chu\") at the [University of Alabama in Huntsville](/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville \"University of Alabama in Huntsville\") and [University of Houston](/wiki/University_of_Houston \"University of Houston\") discovered that YBCO has a superconducting transition critical temperature (*T*c) of 93 K. The first samples were [Y](/wiki/Yttrium \"Yttrium\")1\\.2[Ba](/wiki/Barium \"Barium\")0\\.8[Cu](/wiki/Copper \"Copper\")[O](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\")4, but this was an average composition for two phases, a black and a green one. Workers at [Bell Laboratories](/wiki/Bell_Laboratories \"Bell Laboratories\") identified the black phase as the superconductor, determined its composition YBa2Cu3O7−δ and synthesized it in single phaseR. J. Cava, B. Batlogg, R. B. van Dover, D. W. Murphy, S. Sunshine, T. Siegrist, J. P. Remeika, E. A. Rietman, S. Zahurak, and G. P. Espinosa, Physical Review Letters 58, 1676 (1987\\), subm. March 5, 1987, \"Bulk superconductivity at 91 K in single\\-phase oxygen\\-deficient perovskite Ba2YCu3O9−δ\" / and US patent 6,6635,603 (B. J. Batlogg, R. J. Cava, R. B. van Dover ), Macilwain, C. Bell Labs win superconductivity patent. Nature 403, 121–122 (2000\\). [https://doi.org/10\\.1038/35003008](https://doi.org/10.1038/35003008) \\|\n\nYBCO was the first material found to become superconducting above 77 K, the boiling point of [liquid nitrogen](/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen \"Liquid nitrogen\"), whereas the majority of other superconductors require more expensive cryogens. Nonetheless, YBCO and its many related materials have yet to displace superconductors requiring [liquid helium](/wiki/Liquid_helium \"Liquid helium\") for cooling.\n\n",
"Synthesis\n---------\n\nRelatively pure YBCO was first synthesized by heating a mixture of the metal carbonates at temperatures between 1000 and 1300 K.\n\n4 BaCO3 \\+ Y2(CO3)3 \\+ 6 CuCO3 \\+ (−*x*) O2 → 2 YBa2Cu3O7−*x* \\+ 13 CO2\nModern syntheses of YBCO use the corresponding oxides and nitrates.\n\nThe superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7−*x* are sensitive to the value of *x*, its oxygen content. Only those materials with are superconducting below *T*c, and when , the material superconducts at the highest temperature of , or in highest magnetic fields: for **B** perpendicular and for **B** parallel to the CuO2 planes.\n\nIn addition to being sensitive to the stoichiometry of oxygen, the properties of YBCO are influenced by the crystallization methods used. Care must be taken to [sinter](/wiki/Sintering \"Sintering\") YBCO. YBCO is a crystalline material, and the best superconductive properties are obtained when crystal [grain boundaries](/wiki/Grain_boundary \"Grain boundary\") are aligned by careful control of [annealing](/wiki/Annealing_%28metallurgy%29 \"Annealing (metallurgy)\") and [quenching](/wiki/Quenching \"Quenching\") temperature rates.\n\nNumerous other methods to synthesize YBCO have developed since its discovery by Wu and his co\\-workers, such as [chemical vapor deposition](/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition \"Chemical vapor deposition\") (CVD), [sol\\-gel](/wiki/Sol-gel \"Sol-gel\"), and [aerosol](/wiki/Aerosol \"Aerosol\") methods. These alternative methods, however, still require careful sintering to produce a quality product.\n\nHowever, new possibilities have been opened since the discovery that trifluoroacetic acid ([TFA](/wiki/Trifluoroacetic_acid \"Trifluoroacetic acid\")), a source of fluorine, prevents the formation of the undesired [barium carbonate](/wiki/Barium_carbonate \"Barium carbonate\") (BaCO3). Routes such as CSD (chemical solution deposition) have opened a wide range of possibilities, particularly in the preparation of long YBCO tapes. This route lowers the temperature necessary to get the correct phase to around . This, and the lack of dependence on vacuum, makes this method a very promising way to get scalable YBCO tapes.\n\n",
"Structure\n---------\n\n[thumb\\|Part of the lattice structure of yttrium barium copper oxide](/wiki/Image:Ybco002.svg \"Ybco002.svg\")\nYBCO crystallizes in a defect [perovskite structure](/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29 \"Perovskite (structure)\") consisting of layers. The boundary of each layer is defined by planes of square planar CuO4 units sharing 4 vertices. The planes can sometimes be slightly puckered. Perpendicular to these CuO4 planes are CuO2 ribbons sharing 2 vertices. The [yttrium](/wiki/Yttrium \"Yttrium\") atoms are found between the CuO4 planes, while the [barium](/wiki/Barium \"Barium\") atoms are found between the CuO2 ribbons and the CuO4 planes. This structural feature is illustrated in the figure to the right.\n\n| \\+ [Coordination geometry](/wiki/Coordination_geometry \"Coordination geometry\") of metal centres in YBCO | [150px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-Y-coordination-3D-bs-17.png \"YBCO-xtal-Y-coordination-3D-bs-17.png\") | [150px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-Ba-coordination-3D-bs-17.png \"YBCO-xtal-Ba-coordination-3D-bs-17.png\") | [120px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-Cu1-coordination-3D-bs-17.png \"YBCO-xtal-Cu1-coordination-3D-bs-17.png\") | [120px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-Cu2-coordination-3D-bs-17.png \"YBCO-xtal-Cu2-coordination-3D-bs-17.png\") | [100px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-unit-cell-3D-bs-17-atoms-labelled.png \"YBCO-xtal-unit-cell-3D-bs-17-atoms-labelled.png\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| cubic {YO8} | {BaO10} | [square planar](/wiki/Square_planar_molecular_geometry \"Square planar molecular geometry\") {CuO4} | [square pyramidal](/wiki/Square_pyramidal_molecular_geometry \"Square pyramidal molecular geometry\") {CuO5} | |\n\n| \\+ | [250px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-puckered-Cu2-plane-3D-bs-17.png \"YBCO-xtal-puckered-Cu2-plane-3D-bs-17.png\") | [200px](/wiki/File:YBCO-xtal-flat-Cu1-ribbons-3D-bs-17.png \"YBCO-xtal-flat-Cu1-ribbons-3D-bs-17.png\") |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| puckered Cu plane | Cu ribbons |\n\n[thumb\\|Like many [type\\-II superconductors](/wiki/Type-II_superconductor \"Type-II superconductor\"), YBCO can exhibit [flux pinning](/wiki/Flux_pinning \"Flux pinning\"): lines of magnetic flux may be pinned in place in a crystal, with a force required to move a piece from a particular magnetic field configuration. A piece of YBCO placed above a magnetic track can thus levitate at a fixed height.](/wiki/File:Flyingsuperconductor.ogg \"Flyingsuperconductor.ogg\")\nAlthough YBa2Cu3O7 is a well\\-defined chemical compound with a specific structure and stoichiometry, materials with fewer than seven oxygen atoms per formula unit are [non\\-stoichiometric compounds](/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound \"Non-stoichiometric compound\"). The structure of these materials depends on the oxygen content. This non\\-stoichiometry is denoted by the x in the chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7−*x*. When *x* \\= 1, the O(1\\) sites in the Cu(1\\) layer (as labelled in [the unit cell](/wiki/%23Unit_Cell \"#Unit Cell\")) are vacant and the structure is [tetragonal](/wiki/Tetragonal \"Tetragonal\"). The tetragonal form of YBCO is insulating and does not superconduct. Increasing the oxygen content slightly causes more of the O(1\\) sites to become occupied. For *x* \\< 0\\.65, Cu\\-O chains along the *b* axis of the crystal are formed. Elongation of the *b* axis changes the structure to [orthorhombic](/wiki/Orthorhombic \"Orthorhombic\"), with lattice parameters of *a* \\= 3\\.82, *b* \\= 3\\.89, and *c* \\= 11\\.68 Å. Optimum superconducting properties occur when *x* \\~ 0\\.07, i.e., almost all of the O(1\\) sites are occupied, with few vacancies.\n\nIn experiments where other elements are substituted on the Cu and Ba sites, evidence has shown that conduction occurs in the Cu(2\\)O planes while the Cu(1\\)O(1\\) chains act as charge reservoirs, which provide carriers to the CuO planes. However, this model fails to address superconductivity in the homologue Pr123 ([praseodymium](/wiki/Praseodymium \"Praseodymium\") instead of yttrium). This (conduction in the copper planes) confines conductivity to the *a*\\-*b* planes and a large anisotropy in transport properties is observed. Along the *c* axis, normal conductivity is 10 times smaller than in the *a*\\-*b* plane. For other [cuprates](/wiki/Cuprate_superconductor \"Cuprate superconductor\") in the same general class, the anisotropy is even greater and inter\\-plane transport is highly restricted.\n\nFurthermore, the superconducting length scales show similar anisotropy, in both penetration depth (λab ≈ 150 nm, λc ≈ 800 nm) and coherence length, (ξab ≈ 2 nm, ξc ≈ 0\\.4 nm). Although the coherence length in the *a*\\-*b* plane is 5 times greater than that along the *c* axis it is quite small compared to classic superconductors such as niobium (where ξ ≈ 40 nm). This modest coherence length means that the superconducting state is more susceptible to local disruptions from interfaces or defects on the order of a single unit cell, such as the boundary between twinned crystal domains. This sensitivity to small defects complicates fabricating devices with YBCO, and the material is also sensitive to degradation from humidity.\n\n",
"Proposed applications\n---------------------\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|Critical current (KA/cm2) vs absolute temperature (K), at different intensity of magnetic field (T) in YBCO prepared by infiltration\\-growth.](/wiki/File:YBCO-IG_A_vs_T.svg \"YBCO-IG A vs T.svg\")\nMany possible applications of this and related high temperature superconducting materials have been discussed. For example, superconducting materials are finding use as [magnets](/wiki/Superconducting_magnets \"Superconducting magnets\") in [magnetic resonance imaging](/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Magnetic resonance imaging\"), [magnetic levitation](/wiki/Magnetic_levitation \"Magnetic levitation\"), and [Josephson junctions](/wiki/Josephson_junction \"Josephson junction\"). (The most used material for power cables and magnets is [BSCCO](/wiki/BSCCO \"BSCCO\").)\n\nYBCO has yet to be used in many applications involving superconductors for two primary reasons:\n* First, although single crystals of YBCO have a very high critical current density, [polycrystals](/wiki/Polycrystal \"Polycrystal\") have a very low critical [current density](/wiki/Current_density \"Current density\"): only a small current can be passed while maintaining superconductivity. This problem is due to crystal [grain boundaries](/wiki/Grain_boundaries \"Grain boundaries\") in the material. When the grain boundary angle is greater than about 5°, the supercurrent cannot cross the boundary. The grain boundary problem can be controlled to some extent by preparing thin films via [CVD](/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition \"Chemical vapor deposition\") or by texturing the material to align the grain boundaries.\n* A second problem limiting the use of this material in technological applications is associated with processing of the material. Oxide materials such as this are brittle, and forming them into [superconducting wires](/wiki/Superconducting_wire \"Superconducting wire\") by any conventional process does not produce a useful superconductor. (Unlike [BSCCO](/wiki/BSCCO \"BSCCO\"), the [powder\\-in\\-tube](/wiki/Powder-in-tube \"Powder-in-tube\") process does not give good results with YBCO.)\nThe most promising method developed to utilize this material involves deposition of YBCO on flexible metal tapes coated with buffering metal oxides. This is known as . Texture (crystal plane alignment) can be introduced into the metal tape (the RABiTS process) or a textured ceramic buffer layer can be deposited, with the aid of an ion beam, on an untextured alloy substrate (the [IBAD](/wiki/IBAD \"IBAD\") process). Subsequent oxide layers prevent diffusion of the metal from the tape into the superconductor while transferring the template for texturing the superconducting layer. Novel variants on CVD, PVD, and solution deposition techniques are used to produce long lengths of the final YBCO layer at high rates. Companies pursuing these processes include [American Superconductor](/wiki/American_Superconductor \"American Superconductor\"), Superpower (a division of [Furukawa Electric](/wiki/Furukawa_Electric \"Furukawa Electric\")), [Sumitomo](/wiki/Sumitomo \"Sumitomo\"), [Fujikura](/wiki/Fujikura \"Fujikura\"), [Nexans](/wiki/Nexans \"Nexans\") Superconductors, [Commonwealth Fusion Systems](/wiki/Commonwealth_Fusion_Systems \"Commonwealth Fusion Systems\"), and European Advanced Superconductors. A much larger number of research institutes have also produced YBCO tape by these methods.\n\nThe superconducting tape may be the key to a [tokamak](/wiki/Tokamak \"Tokamak\") fusion reactor design that can achieve [breakeven](/wiki/Fusion_energy_gain_factor \"Fusion energy gain factor\") energy production.[A small, modular, efficient fusion plant \\| MIT News](http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2015/small-modular-efficient-fusion-plant-0810). Newsoffice.mit.edu. Retrieved on 2015\\-12\\-09\\. YBCO is often categorized as a [rare\\-earth barium copper oxide](/wiki/Rare-earth_barium_copper_oxide \"Rare-earth barium copper oxide\") (REBCO).[MIT takes a page from Tony Stark, edges closer to an ARC fusion reactor](http://www.computerworld.com/article/3028113/sustainable-it/mit-takes-a-page-from-tony-stark-edges-closer-to-an-arc-fusion-reactor.html)\n\n",
"Surface modification\n--------------------\n\nSurface modification of materials has often led to new and improved properties. Corrosion inhibition, polymer adhesion and nucleation, preparation of organic superconductor/insulator/high\\-*T*c superconductor trilayer structures, and the fabrication of metal/insulator/superconductor tunnel junctions have been developed using surface\\-modified YBCO.\n\nThese molecular layered materials are synthesized using [cyclic voltammetry](/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry \"Cyclic voltammetry\"). Thus far, YBCO layered with alkylamines, arylamines, and [thiols](/wiki/Thiol \"Thiol\") have been produced with varying stability of the molecular layer. It has been proposed that amines act as [Lewis bases](/wiki/Lewis_bases \"Lewis bases\") and bind to [Lewis acidic](/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases \"Lewis acids and bases\") Cu surface sites in YBa2Cu3O7 to form stable [coordination bonds](/wiki/Coordination_bond \"Coordination bond\").\n\n",
"Mass production\n---------------\n\n[thumbnail\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|SuperOx was able to produce over 186 miles of YBCO in 9 months for use in a fusion magnet.](/wiki/File:SuperOX_Wire_Production_from_2013_to_2021.png \"SuperOX Wire Production from 2013 to 2021.png\")\nIn 1987, shortly after it was discovered, physicist and science author [Paul Grant](/wiki/Paul_Grant_%28physicist%29 \"Paul Grant (physicist)\") published in the U.K. Journal *[New Scientist](/wiki/New_Scientist \"New Scientist\")* a straightforward guide for synthesizing YBCO superconductors using widely\\-available equipment. Thanks in part to this article and similar publications at the time, YBCO has become a popular high\\-temperature superconductor for use by hobbyists and in education, as the magnetic levitation effect can be easily demonstrated using liquid nitrogen as coolant.\n\nIn 2021, SuperOx, a Russian and Japanese company, developed a new manufacturing process for making YBCO wire for fusion reactors. This new wire was shown to conduct between 700 and 2000 Amps per square millimeter. The company was able to produce 186 miles of wire in 9 months, between 2019 and 2021, dramatically improving the production capacity. The company used a plasma\\-laser deposition process, on a electropolished substrate to make 12\\-mm width tape and then slit it into 3\\-mm tape.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Diagram of YBCO structure](http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/otway/YBCO.html)\n* [Synthesis of YBCO using somewhat common lab equipment](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RS7gyZJg5nc) \\- [NileRed](/wiki/NileRed \"NileRed\")\n* [New World Record For Superconducting Magnet 26\\.8T April 2007](http://www.physorg.com/news105718161.html)\n* [External MSDS Data Sheet (safety classifications) for YBCO](http://www.futurescience.com/manual/ybcomsds.html).\n* [Superconductivity in everyday life : Interactive exhibition – little if any specific to YBCO](http://www.superlife.info) .\n\n[Category:Yttrium compounds](/wiki/Category:Yttrium_compounds \"Yttrium compounds\")\n[Category:Barium compounds](/wiki/Category:Barium_compounds \"Barium compounds\")\n[Category:Copper compounds](/wiki/Category:Copper_compounds \"Copper compounds\")\n[Category:High\\-temperature superconductors](/wiki/Category:High-temperature_superconductors \"High-temperature superconductors\")\n[Category:Mixed valence compounds](/wiki/Category:Mixed_valence_compounds \"Mixed valence compounds\")\n[Category:Transition metal oxides](/wiki/Category:Transition_metal_oxides \"Transition metal oxides\")\n[Category:Non\\-stoichiometric compounds](/wiki/Category:Non-stoichiometric_compounds \"Non-stoichiometric compounds\")\n[Category:Articles containing video clips](/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips \"Articles containing video clips\")\n[Category:Ceramic materials](/wiki/Category:Ceramic_materials \"Ceramic materials\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Kay Hull
|
{
"id": [
1189543
],
"name": [
"Simeon"
]
}
|
mc3va9ph0s4y7saaxdtm8snzzyokwjj
|
2024-08-20T21:05:43Z
| 1,177,338,277 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kay Elizabeth Hull** (born 3 February 1954\\) is a former Australian politician who served as a [National Party](/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia \"National Party of Australia\") member of the [House of Representatives](/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives \"Australian House of Representatives\") from 1998 to 2010, representing the [Division of Riverina](/wiki/Division_of_Riverina \"Division of Riverina\") in [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\").\n\nHull was born in [Guyra](/wiki/Guyra%2C_New_South_Wales \"Guyra, New South Wales\"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), and was a small business owner and operator before entering politics. She was a [councillor](/wiki/Councillor \"Councillor\") of the [City of Wagga Wagga](/wiki/City_of_Wagga_Wagga \"City of Wagga Wagga\") from 1991 to 1998\\. A small caricature of her is displayed on a [Regional Express](/wiki/Regional_Express_Airlines \"Regional Express Airlines\") [Saab 340](/wiki/Saab_340 \"Saab 340\") aircraft.\n\nOn 6 April 2010, Kay Hull announced that she wouldn't be contesting the next Federal election, after 12 years serving the [Riverina electorate](/wiki/Division_of_Riverina \"Division of Riverina\").\n\nIn April 2010, [Charles Sturt University](/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University \"Charles Sturt University\") named the Kay Hull Veterinary Teaching Hospital in its South Campus in honour of Kay Hull.\n\nIn May 2010, [Regional Express Airlines](/wiki/Regional_Express_Airlines \"Regional Express Airlines\") named the Kay Hull Conference Room at the Australian Airline Pilot Academy in honour of Kay Hull.\n\nIn March 2011, she was awarded the Freedom of the City by Wagga Wagga city council for her \"tenacity, resilience, courage and conviction in her representation of her constituents.\"[Kay Hull to be awarded Freedom of the City](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/21/3169077.htm?site=riverina) ABC News online. 21 March 2011\\. Retrieved 30 August 2011\\. Hull was appointed a member of the [Order of Australia](/wiki/Order_of_Australia \"Order of Australia\") in the [2015 Queen's Birthday Honours](/wiki/2015_Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours_%28Australia%29 \"2015 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)\"), and was promoted to Officer of the Order of Australia in the [2021 Queen's Birthday Honours](/wiki/2021_Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours_%28Australia%29 \"2021 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1954 births](/wiki/Category:1954_births \"1954 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia](/wiki/Category:National_Party_of_Australia_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia \"National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia\")\n[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives \"Members of the Australian House of Representatives\")\n[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Riverina](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives_for_Riverina \"Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Riverina\")\n[Category:Officers of the Order of Australia](/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_Australia \"Officers of the Order of Australia\")\n[Category:People from Wagga Wagga](/wiki/Category:People_from_Wagga_Wagga \"People from Wagga Wagga\")\n[Category:Women members of the Australian House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Women_members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives \"Women members of the Australian House of Representatives\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Australian politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_politicians \"21st-century Australian politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Australian women politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Australian_women_politicians \"21st-century Australian women politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Australian politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_politicians \"20th-century Australian politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Australian women politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_women_politicians \"20th-century Australian women politicians\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Web Experimental Psychology Lab
|
{
"id": [
355698
],
"name": [
"Pegship"
]
}
|
g4nm9i8lboa49rtc3y1kx1bjx5nth6t
|
2023-04-11T22:35:46Z
| 1,095,813,954 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Web Experimental Psychology Lab** is a website for participating in [Web\\-based experiments](/wiki/Web-based_experiments \"Web-based experiments\"), a method used in [experimental psychology](/wiki/Experimental_psychology \"Experimental psychology\"). The Web Experimental Psychology Lab was founded in 1994\\-1995, by [Ulf\\-Dietrich Reips](/wiki/Ulf-Dietrich_Reips \"Ulf-Dietrich Reips\") at the [University of Tübingen](/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen \"University of Tübingen\"), then moved to the [University of Zürich](/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich \"University of Zürich\") and on to the [Universidad de Deusto](/wiki/Universidad_de_Deusto \"Universidad de Deusto\"), and is now at the [University of Konstanz](/wiki/University_of_Konstanz \"University of Konstanz\"). For the first time, participants were able to take part in studies via a web browser in a virtual psychology laboratory.\n\nIn January 2017 the [Society for Computation in Psychology](/wiki/Society_for_Computation_in_Psychology \"Society for Computation in Psychology\") named Reips' 2001 article on the Web Experimental Psychology Lab in the journal [Behavior Research Methods](/wiki/Behavior_Research_Methods \"Behavior Research Methods\")Reips, U.\\-D. (2001\\). The Web Experimental Psychology Lab: Five years of data collection on the Internet. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, \\& Computers, 33, 201\\-211\\. one of eight \"groundbreaking and influential\" articles in the history of the society and the field.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Web Experimental Psychology Lab](https://iscience.uni-konstanz.de/archive/ulf/Lab/WebExpPsyLab.html)\n\n[Category:Psychology experiments](/wiki/Category:Psychology_experiments \"Psychology experiments\")\n[Category:Science websites](/wiki/Category:Science_websites \"Science websites\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
First base (disambiguation)
|
{
"id": [
211728
],
"name": [
"Seraphimblade"
]
}
|
5nwn8lhgnnxcs9t8mc1n1kphurwsaq8
|
2024-01-20T01:16:06Z
| 1,139,714,052 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n**[First base](/wiki/First_base \"First base\")** is the position played by a first baseman in baseball.\n\n**First base** may also refer to:\n\n* Kissing, in [baseball metaphors for sex](/wiki/Baseball_metaphors_for_sex \"Baseball metaphors for sex\")\n* [First Base (group)](/wiki/First_Base_%28group%29 \"First Base (group)\"), a 1990s German Eurodance group\n* [*First Base* (album)](/wiki/First_Base_%28album%29 \"First Base (album)\"), a 1972 album by the English rock band Babe Ruth\n\n"
]
}
|
Viktor Knorre
|
{
"id": [
44492479
],
"name": [
"Lost in Quebec"
]
}
|
5l5ma3mlkxvgnhji0t9h5osgh5bo6ic
|
2024-10-09T15:15:30Z
| 1,215,470,000 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography and family background",
"Astronomer",
"Chess master",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Viktor Karlovich Knorre** (; 4 October 1840 – 25 August 1919\\) was a Russian [astronomer](/wiki/Astronomer \"Astronomer\") of [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") ethnic origin. He worked in Nikolaev, Pulkovo and Berlin and is best known for having discovered [158 Koronis](/wiki/158_Koronis \"158 Koronis\") and three other minor planets. Knorre's father, [Karl Friedrich Knorre](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Knorre \"Karl Friedrich Knorre\"), and grandfather, [Ernst Friedrich Knorre](/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Knorre \"Ernst Friedrich Knorre\"), were also prominent astronomers. Recently, the main\\-belt asteroid [14339 Knorre](/wiki/14339_Knorre \"14339 Knorre\") was named in honor of the three generations of Knorre astronomers.\n\n",
"Biography and family background\n-------------------------------\n\nKnorre was born into a three\\-generation astronomer family. His grandfather, [Ernst Friedrich Knorre](/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Knorre \"Ernst Friedrich Knorre\") (1759–1810\\), had moved from Germany to [Dorpat](/wiki/Tartu \"Tartu\") (now Tartu, [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\")) where he worked (1803–10\\) as *Observator* for the [Dorpat observatory](/wiki/Tartu_Observatory \"Tartu Observatory\") (opened in 1802\\) and professor of Mathematics at the [University of Dorpat](/wiki/Tartu_university \"Tartu university\").\nVictor Knorre's father, [Karl Friedrich Knorre](/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Knorre \"Karl Friedrich Knorre\") (1801–1883\\), set up and was director of the [Nikolayev Astronomical Observatory](/wiki/Mykolayiv_Astronomical_Observatory \"Mykolayiv Astronomical Observatory\") starting in 1827\\.\n\nViktor was born the fifth of fifteen children in [Nikolayev](/wiki/Mykolaiv \"Mykolaiv\") (now Mykolaiv, Ukraine). He moved to [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") in 1862 to study astronomy with [Wilhelm Julius Foerster](/wiki/Wilhelm_Julius_Foerster \"Wilhelm Julius Foerster\"). He worked at [Pulkovo Observatory](/wiki/Pulkovo_Observatory \"Pulkovo Observatory\") in 1867 as an astronomical calculator and then at [Berlin Observatory](/wiki/Berlin_Observatory \"Berlin Observatory\"), where his father moved circa 1871\\.\n\n",
"Astronomer\n----------\n\nFrom 1873, he was observer at the Berlin Observatory. Knorre discovered four [asteroids](/wiki/Asteroid \"Asteroid\"). He did not teach students at the [University of Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin \"Humboldt University of Berlin\"); instead he gave introductions into the use of the telescopes of the Observatory. In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Astronomy. Knorre took an interest in the improvement of astronomical equipment, and published papers on an improved [equatorial telescope mount](/wiki/Equatorial_mount \"Equatorial mount\"), referred to as the \"Knorre \\& Heele\" mount.\n\n| \\+ [Minor planets](/wiki/Minor_planet \"Minor planet\") discovered: 4 |\n| --- |\n| [158 Koronis](/wiki/158_Koronis \"158 Koronis\") | 4 January 1876 | |\n| [215 Oenone](/wiki/215_Oenone \"215 Oenone\") | 7 April 1880 | |\n| [238 Hypatia](/wiki/238_Hypatia \"238 Hypatia\") | 1 July 1884 | |\n| [271 Penthesilea](/wiki/271_Penthesilea \"271 Penthesilea\") | 13 October 1887 | |\n\n",
"Chess master\n------------\n\nKnorre was also known as a strong chess player, playing among others against [Adolf Anderssen](/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen \"Adolf Anderssen\"), [Gustav Neumann](/wiki/Gustav_Neumann \"Gustav Neumann\") and [Johannes Zukertort](/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort \"Johannes Zukertort\"). He took part in several chess tournaments during the 1860s.[Name Index to Jeremy Gaige's Chess Tournament Crosstables, An Electronic Edition](http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/CTCIndex.pdf) , Anders Thulin, Malmö, 2004\\-09\\-01 According to the ChessMetrics site, He was ranked among top 50 players in the world at his peak.\n\nIn the [Two Knights Defense](/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense \"Two Knights Defense\") the *Knorre variation* ([ECO code](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings \"Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings\") C59\\) is [named](/wiki/List_of_chess_openings_named_after_people \"List of chess openings named after people\") after him. It follows the main line of the Two Knights defense for the first ten moves, and is characterized by the moves 10\\. Ne5 Bd6 11\\. d4 Qc7 12\\. Bd2\\. The Knorre variation of the Open defense in the [Ruy Lopez](/wiki/Ruy_Lopez \"Ruy Lopez\"), characterized by the move 6\\. Nc3, is also named after Knorre.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* M. Ebell: [Obituary on Viktor Knorre](http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1919AN....209..367E), in: [Astronomische Nachrichten](/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten \"Astronomische Nachrichten\"), 1919, volume 209, p. 367 (in German)\n* [Biographical information on Viktor Knorre](http://www.plicht.de/chris/21knorre.htm)\n[Category:1840 births](/wiki/Category:1840_births \"1840 births\")\n[Category:1919 deaths](/wiki/Category:1919_deaths \"1919 deaths\")\n[Category:Astronomers from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Astronomers_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Astronomers from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:19th\\-century German astronomers](/wiki/Category:19th-century_German_astronomers \"19th-century German astronomers\")\n[Category:Discoverers of asteroids](/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_asteroids \"Discoverers of asteroids\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_Viktor_Knorre \"Discoveries by Viktor Knorre\")\n[Category:Chess players from the Russian Empire](/wiki/Category:Chess_players_from_the_Russian_Empire \"Chess players from the Russian Empire\")\n[Category:Ukrainian chess players](/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_chess_players \"Ukrainian chess players\")\n[Category:German chess players](/wiki/Category:German_chess_players \"German chess players\")\n[Category:Chess theoreticians](/wiki/Category:Chess_theoreticians \"Chess theoreticians\")\n[Category:19th\\-century chess players](/wiki/Category:19th-century_chess_players \"19th-century chess players\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Humboldt_University_of_Berlin \"Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin\")\n[Category:Chess players from Berlin](/wiki/Category:Chess_players_from_Berlin \"Chess players from Berlin\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2001:8003:3F51:1A01:C588:3875:59DD:63A4"
]
}
|
f978nm3f6f6x1ib8kc2sxspobhjb2pm
|
2024-10-06T11:25:45Z
| 1,248,637,637 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background and education",
"Political career",
"Governor of Victoria",
"Sailing",
"Honours and awards",
"Freemasonry",
"Family",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Arms of Brassey: *Per fess indented sable and argent, in the first quarter a mallard of the second*Montague\\-Smith, P.W. (ed.), Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories Ltd, Kingston\\-upon\\-Thames, 1968, p.168, Baron Brassey](/wiki/File:BrasseyArms.svg \"BrasseyArms.svg\")\n[thumb\\|300px\\|Lord Brassey and his wife entertaining King [Kalākaua](/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua \"Kalākaua\") during his [tour around the world](/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua%27s_1881_world_tour \"Kalākaua's 1881 world tour\"), 1881\\.](/wiki/File:Kalakaua_at_Normalhurst_%28PP-96-13-006%29.jpg \"Kalakaua at Normalhurst (PP-96-13-006).jpg\")\n**Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey** (11 February 1836 – 23 February 1918\\), was a British [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\") politician, [governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria \"Governor of Victoria\") of the [Colony of Victoria](/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria \"Colony of Victoria\") and founder of *[The Naval Annual](/wiki/The_Naval_Annual \"The Naval Annual\")*.\n\n",
"Background and education\n------------------------\n\nBrassey was the eldest son of the railway magnate [Thomas Brassey](/wiki/Thomas_Brassey \"Thomas Brassey\") (1805–1870\\), by his wife Maria Harrison, a daughter of Joseph Harrison, a forwarding and shipping agent. He was the elder brother of [Henry Brassey](/wiki/Henry_Brassey \"Henry Brassey\") and [Albert Brassey](/wiki/Albert_Brassey \"Albert Brassey\"). He was educated at [Rugby](/wiki/Rugby_School \"Rugby School\") and [University College, Oxford](/wiki/University_College%2C_Oxford \"University College, Oxford\"), and was [called to the Bar](/wiki/Call_to_the_Bar \"Call to the Bar\"), [Lincoln's Inn](/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn \"Lincoln's Inn\"), in 1864\\.\n\n",
"Political career\n----------------\n\nBrassey was briefly [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") (MP) for [Devonport](/wiki/Devonport_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)\") in 1865, winning the seat at a by\\-election in June and then losing it again the [general election in July](/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1865 United Kingdom general election\"). He returned to Parliament three years later as the representative for [Hastings](/wiki/Hastings_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)\") at the [1868 general election](/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1868 United Kingdom general election\"),Craig, op. cit. page 147 holding that seat until he was defeated at the [1886 general election](/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1886 United Kingdom general election\"). He was [President](/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Co-operative_Congress \"List of Presidents of Co-operative Congress\") of the first day of the 1874 [Co\\-operative Congress](/wiki/Co-operative_Congress \"Co-operative Congress\").\nHe served under [William Ewart Gladstone](/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone \"William Ewart Gladstone\") as [Civil Lord of the Admiralty](/wiki/Civil_Lord_of_the_Admiralty \"Civil Lord of the Admiralty\") from 1880 to 1884 and as [Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty](/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary_to_the_Admiralty \"Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty\") from 1884 to 1884\\. He was made a [Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath](/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath \"Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath\") (KCB) in 1881 and raised to the peerage as **Baron Brassey**, of Bulkeley in the County of Chester, in 1886\\. He again held office under Gladstone and then [Lord Rosebery](/wiki/Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery \"Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery\") as a [Lord\\-in\\-waiting](/wiki/Lord-in-waiting \"Lord-in-waiting\") from 1893 to 1895\\. In 1893 [Queen Victoria](/wiki/Queen_Victoria \"Queen Victoria\") appointed nine members as the [Royal Opium Commission](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Opium \"Royal Commission on Opium\"), which consisted of seven British and two Indian members, which was headed by Lord Brassey, who served as the Chairman. The commission was to report on whether India Opium export trade to far east (China) should be ended and, further, whether poppy growing and consumption of Opium in India itself should be prohibited save for medical purpose.\n\n",
"Governor of Victoria\n--------------------\n\nFrom 1895 to 1900 he was [Governor of Victoria](/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria \"Governor of Victoria\"), a colony in Australia, and lived in its capital, [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), in [Government House](/wiki/Government_House%2C_Melbourne \"Government House, Melbourne\"). He returned to the United Kingdom in March 1900, by way of [Colombo](/wiki/Colombo \"Colombo\").\n\nBrassey is remembered in Australia's national capital, [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra \"Canberra\"), with Brassey House, now a hotel (originally a [guest house](/wiki/Guest_house \"Guest house\")) in the inner suburb of [Barton, Australian Capital Territory](/wiki/Barton%2C_Australian_Capital_Territory \"Barton, Australian Capital Territory\"), completed in 1927 to coincide with the relocation of the [Federal Parliament](/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia \"Parliament of Australia\") from Melbourne to Canberra. Brassey House originally offered 45 rooms with shared bathing facilities, for the exclusive use of members of parliament and mid\\-level government officials relocating to Canberra. During the mid 1960s the government of the day expanded the capacity to 131 rooms and added conference and meeting rooms. It was sold in the mid\\-1980s to local businessmen and has been operated since as a residential hotel, now with 75 rooms including ensuites. It is said to have been built back\\-to\\-front, with the more ornate façade facing Belmore Gardens and its plainer face to Macquarie Street.[an Elegant Reminder of the Brassey's History](http://www.brassey.net.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=116), Brassey House, accessed 9 March 2011\n\n",
"Sailing\n-------\n\nBrassey's first experience of sailing was while he was still at Rugby school. After a short spell in a hired yacht called *Zillah* he started to compete successfully in club events in a yacht called *Cymba* (1855\\). In 1859 he acquired the 120\\-ton iron yacht *Albatross*, designed by his friend [St Clare John Byrne](/wiki/St_Clare_John_Byrne \"St Clare John Byrne\") and built at his father's Canada Works. He was elected as a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron at this time. In 1866 he ventured into auxiliary steam with the yacht *Meteor* and in 1872 used the steam yacht *Eothen* to visit Canada, but she proved not to be best suited for this type of work. *Eothen* had formerly been owned by [P\\&O](/wiki/P%26O \"P&O\") co\\-founder [Arthur Anderson](/wiki/Arthur_Anderson_%28businessman%29 \"Arthur Anderson (businessman)\").\n\n[thumb\\|*Sunbeam* in full sail](/wiki/File:Steam_Yacht_Sunbeam.jpg \"Steam Yacht Sunbeam.jpg\")\nBetween 6 July 1876 and 27 May 1877 Brassey circumnavigated the world in his steam\\-assisted three\\-masted [brigantine](/wiki/Brigantine \"Brigantine\") , another yacht designed for him by St Clare Byrne. This voyage is said to have been the first circumnavigation by a private yacht. His son Thomas left the *Sunbeam* at [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\") in order to return to school in England. His wife [Anna, Lady Brassey](/wiki/Anna_Brassey \"Anna Brassey\") (1839–1887\\), published an account of the cruise called *In The Trades, The Tropics, \\& The Roaring Forties*, or alternatively *A Voyage in the Sunbeam: Our Home on the Ocean For Eleven Months*. In 1880 Brassey's book *The British Navy* was published. In 1886, he started [*The Naval Annual*](/wiki/Brassey%27s_Naval_Annual \"Brassey's Naval Annual\") (generally referred to as *Brassey's Naval Annual*) He edited *The Naval Annual* until 1891\\. He was succeeded as editor by his son [Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_Brassey%2C_2nd_Earl_Brassey \"Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey\").\n\nAt the age of 79 Brassey sailed his yacht *Sunbeam* to [Moudros](/wiki/Moudros \"Moudros\") Bay as a [hospital ship](/wiki/Hospital_ship \"Hospital ship\") for the [Gallipoli campaign](/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign \"Gallipoli campaign\").\n\n",
"Honours and awards\n------------------\n\nBrassey was President of the [Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society \"Royal Statistical Society\") from 1879 to 1880\\. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the [Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland](/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland \"Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland\") in 1891\\.[The Institution of Engineers in Scotland website](http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html), iesis.org. Accessed 23 November 2022\\. Following his return from Australia, he was President of the [London Chamber of Commerce](/wiki/London_Chamber_of_Commerce_%26_Industry \"London Chamber of Commerce & Industry\") 1901–1902\\. He served as [Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports](/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports \"Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports\") from 1908 to 1913\\.\n\nHe was appointed a [Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath](/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath \"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\") in 1906 and made **Viscount Hythe**, of Hythe in the County of Kent, and **Earl Brassey** in 1911\\.\n\nHe was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the part\\-time [6th (Hastings) Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteer Corps](/wiki/2nd_Cinque_Ports_Artillery_Volunteers \"2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers\") on 1 June 1861, and was later the captain of the 9th (Pevensey) Cinque Ports AVC. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the successor unit, the [2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers](/wiki/2nd_Cinque_Ports_Artillery_Volunteers \"2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers\") on 2 December 1891\\.*Army List*.\n\nKing [David Kalākaua](/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua \"Kalākaua\") of Hawaii bestowed on Brassey the honour \"Knight Commander of the [Royal Order of Kalākaua](/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kal%C4%81kaua \"Royal Order of Kalākaua\")\".*The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London*. Editor: Richard A. Greer. 10 March 1881\\.\n\n",
"Freemasonry\n-----------\n\nBrassey was a [freemason](/wiki/Freemason \"Freemason\"). He was initiated to the craft as an Oxford student. In 1868, he became a member of Abbey Lodge No. 1184 and remained for 48 years. He was also a member of Derwent Lodge No. 4 and a founding brother of Navy Lodge No. 2612\\. When he was appointed Governor of Victoria, while he had never held any Lodge office, he was appointed Honorary Past Junior Grand Warden. In Melbourne, became a member of Clarke Lodge No. 98 and became its Senior Warden in 1896 and its Worshipful Master in 1897\\. On 4 May 1896 two days before being installed as Senior Warden, he was installed [Grand Master](/wiki/Grand_Master_%28Freemasonry%29 \"Grand Master (Freemasonry)\") of the Grand Lodge of Victoria. His becoming of Grand Master was a bit controversial because many members preferred then\\-current Grand Master [Sir William Clarke, 1st Baronet](/wiki/Sir_William_Clarke%2C_1st_Baronet \"Sir William Clarke, 1st Baronet\") to stay and nominated him again. Clarke said that he would like the nomination to be withdrawn if Brassey was willing to serve. Brassey approved and Clarke withdrew the nomination, so Brassey was the sole candidate and therefore elected Grand Master.\n\n",
"Family\n------\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|[Anna, Lady Brassey](/wiki/Anna_Brassey \"Anna Brassey\")](/wiki/Image:Anna_Brassey.jpg \"Anna Brassey.jpg\") \nBrassey married firstly, in 1860, [Anna Allnutt](/wiki/Anna_Brassey \"Anna Brassey\"), daughter of [John Allnutt](/wiki/John_Allnutt \"John Allnutt\"), of [Clapham](/wiki/Clapham \"Clapham\"), [Surrey](/wiki/Surrey \"Surrey\"). They had one son and four daughters. The third daughter, Lady Muriel Agnes, married [Gilbert Sackville, 8th Earl De La Warr](/wiki/Gilbert_Sackville%2C_8th_Earl_De_La_Warr \"Gilbert Sackville, 8th Earl De La Warr\"), and was the mother of [Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr](/wiki/Herbrand_Sackville%2C_9th_Earl_De_La_Warr \"Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr\"), while the fourth daughter, [Lady Marie Adelaide](/wiki/Marie_Freeman-Thomas%2C_Marchioness_of_Willingdon \"Marie Freeman-Thomas, Marchioness of Willingdon\"), married [Freeman Freeman\\-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon](/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon \"Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon\"). Lady Brassey died in September 1887, aged 47\\.\n\nBrassey married secondly Lady Sybil de Vere Capell, daughter of Arthur Capell, Viscount Malden, and sister of [George Capell, 7th Earl of Essex](/wiki/George_Capell%2C_7th_Earl_of_Essex \"George Capell, 7th Earl of Essex\"), in 1890\\. They had one daughter. Brassey died in February 1918, aged 82, and was succeeded in the earldom by his only son, [Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_Brassey%2C_2nd_Earl_Brassey \"Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n\\|\\-\n\n[Category:1836 births](/wiki/Category:1836_births \"1836 births\")\n[Category:1918 deaths](/wiki/Category:1918_deaths \"1918 deaths\")\n[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports](/wiki/Category:Lords_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports \"Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports\")\n[Category:Governors of Victoria (Australia)](/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Governors of Victoria (Australia)\")\n[Category:Knights of the Order of St John](/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Order_of_St_John \"Knights of the Order of St John\")\n[Category:Liberal Party (UK) Lords\\-in\\-Waiting](/wiki/Category:Liberal_Party_%28UK%29_Lords-in-Waiting \"Liberal Party (UK) Lords-in-Waiting\")\n[Category:Lords of the Admiralty](/wiki/Category:Lords_of_the_Admiralty \"Lords of the Admiralty\")\n[Category:Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society](/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society \"Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society\")\n[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies](/wiki/Category:Liberal_Party_%28UK%29_MPs_for_English_constituencies \"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1859–1865](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1859%E2%80%931865 \"UK MPs 1859–1865\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1868–1874](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1868%E2%80%931874 \"UK MPs 1868–1874\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1874–1880](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1874%E2%80%931880 \"UK MPs 1874–1880\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1880–1885](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1880%E2%80%931885 \"UK MPs 1880–1885\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1885–1886](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1885%E2%80%931886 \"UK MPs 1885–1886\")\n[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_who_were_granted_peerages \"UK MPs who were granted peerages\")\n[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Sussex](/wiki/Category:Deputy_lieutenants_of_Sussex \"Deputy lieutenants of Sussex\")\n[Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey](/wiki/Category:Brassey_family \"Brassey family\")\n[Category:Presidents of Co\\-operative Congress](/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Co-operative_Congress \"Presidents of Co-operative Congress\")\n[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_University_College%2C_Oxford \"Alumni of University College, Oxford\")\n[Category:English justices of the peace](/wiki/Category:English_justices_of_the_peace \"English justices of the peace\")\n[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath](/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath \"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\")\n[Category:Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Earls_in_the_Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Royal Order of Kalākaua](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Royal_Order_of_Kal%C4%81kaua \"Recipients of the Royal Order of Kalākaua\")\n[Category:People from the Colony of Victoria](/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Colony_of_Victoria \"People from the Colony of Victoria\")\n[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria](/wiki/Category:Peers_of_the_United_Kingdom_created_by_Queen_Victoria \"Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria\")\n[Category:Peers created by George V](/wiki/Category:Peers_created_by_George_V \"Peers created by George V\")\n[Category:Viscounts created by George V](/wiki/Category:Viscounts_created_by_George_V \"Viscounts created by George V\")\n[Category:Australian Freemasons](/wiki/Category:Australian_Freemasons \"Australian Freemasons\")\n[Category:Masonic grand masters](/wiki/Category:Masonic_grand_masters \"Masonic grand masters\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Alan Autry
|
{
"id": [
8005368
],
"name": [
"Bagumba"
]
}
|
4ts6qi93mrv2lkvcgtwmwwrufrga0s8
|
2024-09-13T10:20:16Z
| 1,244,995,933 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Football career",
"Acting career",
"Other",
"Filmography",
"Television",
"Starring roles",
"Guest-starring roles",
"Films",
"Politics",
"Dirt Road Productions",
"Music",
"Electoral history",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\n**Carlos Alan Autry Jr.** (also known for a time as **Carlos Brown**; born July 31, 1952\\), is an American actor, [politician](/wiki/Politician \"Politician\"), and former [football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") player. During his brief career in the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") (NFL), he played as a [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\") and was known as Carlos Brown.\n\nAutry played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\"), and later [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"), television drama series *[In the Heat of the Night](/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_%28TV_series%29 \"In the Heat of the Night (TV series)\")*, starring [Carroll O'Connor](/wiki/Carroll_O%27Connor \"Carroll O'Connor\"). He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected [mayor](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") of [Fresno, California](/wiki/Fresno%2C_California \"Fresno, California\"), and served for two four\\-year terms through January 2009\\. From 2008 to 2011, Autry hosted a [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\") show on [KYNO](/wiki/KYNO \"KYNO\") [AM 940](/wiki/AM_940 \"AM 940\") in Fresno. He now hosts a midday show on [KXEX](/wiki/KXEX \"KXEX\") [1550 AM](/wiki/1550_AM \"1550 AM\") in Fresno.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nAutry was born in [Shreveport, Louisiana](/wiki/Shreveport%2C_Louisiana \"Shreveport, Louisiana\"), the son of Carl and Verna (née Brown) Autry. His name was changed to **Carlos Brown** when he was a year old, after his parents divorced. He worked alongside his mother and stepfather, Joe Duty, in California's [San Joaquin Valley](/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley \"San Joaquin Valley\"), where they planted and harvested cotton, grapes, and other crops, traveling around the valley living in [migrant worker](/wiki/Migrant_worker \"Migrant worker\") camps. When he was twelve, they settled in [Riverdale, California](/wiki/Riverdale%2C_California \"Riverdale, California\").\n\n",
"Football career\n---------------\n\nIn high school, Autry was a star [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\") for the Riverdale Cowboys. He received an [athletic scholarship](/wiki/Athletic_scholarship \"Athletic scholarship\") to the [University of the Pacific](/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_%28United_States%29 \"University of the Pacific (United States)\") in [Stockton, California](/wiki/Stockton%2C_California \"Stockton, California\"), where he was a second\\-string [tight end](/wiki/Tight_end \"Tight end\") in his senior year for the Tigers. In [1975](/wiki/1975_NFL_draft \"1975 NFL draft\"), he was selected by the [Green Bay Packers](/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers \"Green Bay Packers\"), where he ended up in [1976](/wiki/1976_NFL_season \"1976 NFL season\"), as the starting [quarterback](/wiki/Quarterback \"Quarterback\") for three games.\n\nHis football career ended quickly when he was cut from the team by then\\-coach [Bart Starr](/wiki/Bart_Starr \"Bart Starr\"). Autry then went to [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Hollywood, Los Angeles, California\") to become an actor. He made a football comeback attempt, playing for the B.C. Lions of the CFL in 1979 (as Carlos Brown). He was the third\\-string quarterback behind [Joe Paopao](/wiki/Joe_Paopao \"Joe Paopao\") and another ex\\-Green Bay Packer, [Jerry Tagge](/wiki/Jerry_Tagge \"Jerry Tagge\").[\"British Columbia Lions All\\-Time Roster\"](https://www.footballdb.com/teams/cfl/british-columbia-lions/alltime-roster?letter=B), *The Football Database*. Retrieved August 20, 2022\\.\n\n",
"Acting career\n-------------\n\nAutry made his film debut in the 1978 motion picture *[Remember My Name](/wiki/Remember_My_Name_%28film%29 \"Remember My Name (film)\")*. He met his father, Carl Autry Sr., for the first time in 1981, while on location in Shreveport for the motion picture *[Southern Comfort](/wiki/Southern_Comfort_%281981_film%29 \"Southern Comfort (1981 film)\")*, after he found Carl's name in the [telephone](/wiki/Telephone \"Telephone\") book. Afterwards, he made the decision to return to his birth surname of Autry. During his acting years, he struggled with drug and alcohol use, according to an interview with [Pat Robertson](/wiki/Pat_Robertson \"Pat Robertson\")'s *[The 700 Club](/wiki/The_700_Club \"The 700 Club\")* in 2007\\.\n\n",
"Other\n-----\n\nAfter nine years in Hollywood, Autry returned home and left his career. \"I realized that God had moved in my life like never before. I really realized what God and the power of Jesus Christ was,\" he said on *The 700 Club.*[The 700 Club – Alan Autry: A New Sheriff in Town](http://www.cbn.com/700club/guests/interviews/Alan_Autry010907.aspx), cbn.com; accessed July 20, 2016\\. \nBy 1986, he was divorced and became a [born\\-again Christian](/wiki/Born-again_Christian \"Born-again Christian\") and began to devote much of his time to working with charitable causes. He is married to his second wife, Kimberlee Autry; the couple has three children.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Television\n\n#### Starring roles\n\n* *[In the Heat of the Night](/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_%28TV_series%29 \"In the Heat of the Night (TV series)\")* (1988–95\\) as Officer/Sergeant/Lieutenant/Captain Bubba Skinner\n* *[Grace Under Fire](/wiki/Grace_Under_Fire \"Grace Under Fire\")* (1995–96\\) as Rick Bradshaw\n* *[Style \\& Substance](/wiki/Style_%26_Substance \"Style & Substance\")* (1998\\) as Earl\n* *[Sons of Thunder](/wiki/Sons_of_Thunder_%28TV_series%29 \"Sons of Thunder (TV series)\")* (1999\\) as Butch McMann\n\n#### Guest\\-starring roles\n\n* *[Hello, Larry](/wiki/Hello%2C_Larry \"Hello, Larry\")* – \"The Final Papers\" (1979\\) as Max \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers](/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_%28TV_series%29 \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (TV series)\")* – \"Gold Fever\" (1982\\) as J.T. \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Best of the West](/wiki/Best_of_the_West \"Best of the West\")* – \"The Funeral\" (1982\\) \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Cheers](/wiki/Cheers \"Cheers\")* – \"[The Boys in the Bar](/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Bar \"The Boys in the Bar\")\" (1983\\) as Tom Kenderson\n* *The Mississippi* – \"Murder at Mt. Parnassus\" (1983\\)\n* *[The A\\-Team](/wiki/The_A-Team \"The A-Team\")*\n\t+ \"Labor Pains\" (1983\\) as Gary Crenshaw\n\t+ \"Quarterback Sneak\" (1986\\) as Mike \"The Hammer\" Horn\n* *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard \"The Dukes of Hazzard\")*\n\t+ \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Duke\" (1984\\) as Hurley\n\t+ \"10 Million Dollar Sheriff\" (Parts 1\\&2\\) (1981\\) as Dawson \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Hunter](/wiki/Hunter_%281984_American_TV_series%29 \"Hunter (1984 American TV series)\")* – \"High Bleacher Man\" (1984\\) as Whitey McVee\n* *[Newhart](/wiki/Newhart \"Newhart\")* – \"Will the Real Dick Loudon Please Shut Up?\" (1986\\) as Ed McKendrick\n* *[St. Elsewhere](/wiki/St._Elsewhere \"St. Elsewhere\")* – \"Out on a Limb\" (1986\\) as John Corzinsky\n* *[The Facts of Life](/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_%28TV_series%29 \"The Facts of Life (TV series)\")* – \"Peekskill Law\" (1988\\) as Clark Darrin\n* *[Hart of Dixie](/wiki/Hart_of_Dixie \"Hart of Dixie\")* (2015\\) – as Mayor Todd Gainey Sr. of rival town Fillmore, AL\n* *[Tulsa King](/wiki/Tulsa_King \"Tulsa King\")* (2022\\) \\- as Brian Gillen\n* *[9\\-1\\-1: Lone Star](/wiki/9-1-1:Lone_Star \"Lone Star\")* (2023\\) \\- as Ranger Bridges\n\n### Films\n\nCredited as Alan Autry\n* *[Roadhouse 66](/wiki/Roadhouse_66 \"Roadhouse 66\")* (1984\\) as Hoot\n* *[O.C. and Stiggs](/wiki/O.C._and_Stiggs \"O.C. and Stiggs\")* (1985\\)\n* *The Eagle and the Bear* (1985\\)\n* *[Brewster's Millions](/wiki/Brewster%27s_Millions_%281985_film%29 \"Brewster's Millions (1985 film)\")* (1985\\) as Biff Brown\n* *[House](/wiki/House_%281985_film%29 \"House (1985 film)\")* (1985\\) as Cop \\#3\n* *[Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_%281986_film%29 \"Nomads (1986 film)\")* (1986\\) as Olds\n* *Blue de Ville* (1986\\) as Sgt. Auggie Johnson\n* *[At Close Range](/wiki/At_Close_Range \"At Close Range\")* (1986\\) as Ernie\n* *Proud Men* (1987\\) as Brian Winoon\n* *Destination America* (1987\\) as Larry Leathergood\n* *[Amazing Grace and Chuck](/wiki/Amazing_Grace_and_Chuck \"Amazing Grace and Chuck\")* (1987\\) as George\n* *World Gone Wild* (1987\\) as Hank\n* *[Street of Dreams](/wiki/Street_of_Dreams_%281988_film%29 \"Street of Dreams (1988 film)\")* (1988\\) as Maury Fields\n* *[The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake](/wiki/The_Big_One:The_Great_Los_Angeles_Earthquake \"The Great Los Angeles Earthquake\")* (1990\\) as Matt\n* *Intruders* (1992\\) as Joe Wilkes\n* *[The Legend of Jake Kincaid](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Jake_Kincaid \"The Legend of Jake Kincaid\")* (2002\\) as Jake Kincaid\n* *Forgiven* (2011\\) as Jake Kincaid\n* *Victory by Submission* (2016\\) as Hank Hendricks\n\nCredited as Carlos Brown\n* *[Remember My Name](/wiki/Remember_My_Name_%28film%29 \"Remember My Name (film)\")* (1978\\) as Rusty\n* *[North Dallas Forty](/wiki/North_Dallas_Forty_%28film%29 \"North Dallas Forty (film)\")* (1979\\) as Balford\n* *Rage!* (1980\\) as Man \\#B\n* *[Popeye](/wiki/Popeye_%28film%29 \"Popeye (film)\")* (1980\\) as Slug (a bully)\n* *[Southern Comfort](/wiki/Southern_Comfort_%281981_film%29 \"Southern Comfort (1981 film)\")* (1981\\) as Cpl. Nolan (Coach) Bowden\n* *Dangerous Company* (1982\\) as Donald Robinette\n\n",
"### Television\n\n#### Starring roles\n\n* *[In the Heat of the Night](/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_%28TV_series%29 \"In the Heat of the Night (TV series)\")* (1988–95\\) as Officer/Sergeant/Lieutenant/Captain Bubba Skinner\n* *[Grace Under Fire](/wiki/Grace_Under_Fire \"Grace Under Fire\")* (1995–96\\) as Rick Bradshaw\n* *[Style \\& Substance](/wiki/Style_%26_Substance \"Style & Substance\")* (1998\\) as Earl\n* *[Sons of Thunder](/wiki/Sons_of_Thunder_%28TV_series%29 \"Sons of Thunder (TV series)\")* (1999\\) as Butch McMann\n\n#### Guest\\-starring roles\n\n* *[Hello, Larry](/wiki/Hello%2C_Larry \"Hello, Larry\")* – \"The Final Papers\" (1979\\) as Max \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers](/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_%28TV_series%29 \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (TV series)\")* – \"Gold Fever\" (1982\\) as J.T. \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Best of the West](/wiki/Best_of_the_West \"Best of the West\")* – \"The Funeral\" (1982\\) \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Cheers](/wiki/Cheers \"Cheers\")* – \"[The Boys in the Bar](/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Bar \"The Boys in the Bar\")\" (1983\\) as Tom Kenderson\n* *The Mississippi* – \"Murder at Mt. Parnassus\" (1983\\)\n* *[The A\\-Team](/wiki/The_A-Team \"The A-Team\")*\n\t+ \"Labor Pains\" (1983\\) as Gary Crenshaw\n\t+ \"Quarterback Sneak\" (1986\\) as Mike \"The Hammer\" Horn\n* *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard \"The Dukes of Hazzard\")*\n\t+ \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Duke\" (1984\\) as Hurley\n\t+ \"10 Million Dollar Sheriff\" (Parts 1\\&2\\) (1981\\) as Dawson \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Hunter](/wiki/Hunter_%281984_American_TV_series%29 \"Hunter (1984 American TV series)\")* – \"High Bleacher Man\" (1984\\) as Whitey McVee\n* *[Newhart](/wiki/Newhart \"Newhart\")* – \"Will the Real Dick Loudon Please Shut Up?\" (1986\\) as Ed McKendrick\n* *[St. Elsewhere](/wiki/St._Elsewhere \"St. Elsewhere\")* – \"Out on a Limb\" (1986\\) as John Corzinsky\n* *[The Facts of Life](/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_%28TV_series%29 \"The Facts of Life (TV series)\")* – \"Peekskill Law\" (1988\\) as Clark Darrin\n* *[Hart of Dixie](/wiki/Hart_of_Dixie \"Hart of Dixie\")* (2015\\) – as Mayor Todd Gainey Sr. of rival town Fillmore, AL\n* *[Tulsa King](/wiki/Tulsa_King \"Tulsa King\")* (2022\\) \\- as Brian Gillen\n* *[9\\-1\\-1: Lone Star](/wiki/9-1-1:Lone_Star \"Lone Star\")* (2023\\) \\- as Ranger Bridges\n",
"#### Starring roles\n\n* *[In the Heat of the Night](/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_%28TV_series%29 \"In the Heat of the Night (TV series)\")* (1988–95\\) as Officer/Sergeant/Lieutenant/Captain Bubba Skinner\n* *[Grace Under Fire](/wiki/Grace_Under_Fire \"Grace Under Fire\")* (1995–96\\) as Rick Bradshaw\n* *[Style \\& Substance](/wiki/Style_%26_Substance \"Style & Substance\")* (1998\\) as Earl\n* *[Sons of Thunder](/wiki/Sons_of_Thunder_%28TV_series%29 \"Sons of Thunder (TV series)\")* (1999\\) as Butch McMann\n",
"#### Guest\\-starring roles\n\n* *[Hello, Larry](/wiki/Hello%2C_Larry \"Hello, Larry\")* – \"The Final Papers\" (1979\\) as Max \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers](/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_%28TV_series%29 \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (TV series)\")* – \"Gold Fever\" (1982\\) as J.T. \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Best of the West](/wiki/Best_of_the_West \"Best of the West\")* – \"The Funeral\" (1982\\) \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Cheers](/wiki/Cheers \"Cheers\")* – \"[The Boys in the Bar](/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Bar \"The Boys in the Bar\")\" (1983\\) as Tom Kenderson\n* *The Mississippi* – \"Murder at Mt. Parnassus\" (1983\\)\n* *[The A\\-Team](/wiki/The_A-Team \"The A-Team\")*\n\t+ \"Labor Pains\" (1983\\) as Gary Crenshaw\n\t+ \"Quarterback Sneak\" (1986\\) as Mike \"The Hammer\" Horn\n* *[The Dukes of Hazzard](/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard \"The Dukes of Hazzard\")*\n\t+ \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Duke\" (1984\\) as Hurley\n\t+ \"10 Million Dollar Sheriff\" (Parts 1\\&2\\) (1981\\) as Dawson \\[credited as Carlos Brown]\n* *[Hunter](/wiki/Hunter_%281984_American_TV_series%29 \"Hunter (1984 American TV series)\")* – \"High Bleacher Man\" (1984\\) as Whitey McVee\n* *[Newhart](/wiki/Newhart \"Newhart\")* – \"Will the Real Dick Loudon Please Shut Up?\" (1986\\) as Ed McKendrick\n* *[St. Elsewhere](/wiki/St._Elsewhere \"St. Elsewhere\")* – \"Out on a Limb\" (1986\\) as John Corzinsky\n* *[The Facts of Life](/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_%28TV_series%29 \"The Facts of Life (TV series)\")* – \"Peekskill Law\" (1988\\) as Clark Darrin\n* *[Hart of Dixie](/wiki/Hart_of_Dixie \"Hart of Dixie\")* (2015\\) – as Mayor Todd Gainey Sr. of rival town Fillmore, AL\n* *[Tulsa King](/wiki/Tulsa_King \"Tulsa King\")* (2022\\) \\- as Brian Gillen\n* *[9\\-1\\-1: Lone Star](/wiki/9-1-1:Lone_Star \"Lone Star\")* (2023\\) \\- as Ranger Bridges\n",
"### Films\n\nCredited as Alan Autry\n* *[Roadhouse 66](/wiki/Roadhouse_66 \"Roadhouse 66\")* (1984\\) as Hoot\n* *[O.C. and Stiggs](/wiki/O.C._and_Stiggs \"O.C. and Stiggs\")* (1985\\)\n* *The Eagle and the Bear* (1985\\)\n* *[Brewster's Millions](/wiki/Brewster%27s_Millions_%281985_film%29 \"Brewster's Millions (1985 film)\")* (1985\\) as Biff Brown\n* *[House](/wiki/House_%281985_film%29 \"House (1985 film)\")* (1985\\) as Cop \\#3\n* *[Nomads](/wiki/Nomads_%281986_film%29 \"Nomads (1986 film)\")* (1986\\) as Olds\n* *Blue de Ville* (1986\\) as Sgt. Auggie Johnson\n* *[At Close Range](/wiki/At_Close_Range \"At Close Range\")* (1986\\) as Ernie\n* *Proud Men* (1987\\) as Brian Winoon\n* *Destination America* (1987\\) as Larry Leathergood\n* *[Amazing Grace and Chuck](/wiki/Amazing_Grace_and_Chuck \"Amazing Grace and Chuck\")* (1987\\) as George\n* *World Gone Wild* (1987\\) as Hank\n* *[Street of Dreams](/wiki/Street_of_Dreams_%281988_film%29 \"Street of Dreams (1988 film)\")* (1988\\) as Maury Fields\n* *[The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake](/wiki/The_Big_One:The_Great_Los_Angeles_Earthquake \"The Great Los Angeles Earthquake\")* (1990\\) as Matt\n* *Intruders* (1992\\) as Joe Wilkes\n* *[The Legend of Jake Kincaid](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Jake_Kincaid \"The Legend of Jake Kincaid\")* (2002\\) as Jake Kincaid\n* *Forgiven* (2011\\) as Jake Kincaid\n* *Victory by Submission* (2016\\) as Hank Hendricks\n\nCredited as Carlos Brown\n* *[Remember My Name](/wiki/Remember_My_Name_%28film%29 \"Remember My Name (film)\")* (1978\\) as Rusty\n* *[North Dallas Forty](/wiki/North_Dallas_Forty_%28film%29 \"North Dallas Forty (film)\")* (1979\\) as Balford\n* *Rage!* (1980\\) as Man \\#B\n* *[Popeye](/wiki/Popeye_%28film%29 \"Popeye (film)\")* (1980\\) as Slug (a bully)\n* *[Southern Comfort](/wiki/Southern_Comfort_%281981_film%29 \"Southern Comfort (1981 film)\")* (1981\\) as Cpl. Nolan (Coach) Bowden\n* *Dangerous Company* (1982\\) as Donald Robinette\n\n",
"Politics\n--------\n\nAutry, a [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\"), was elected [in 2000](/wiki/2000_Fresno_mayoral_election \"2000 Fresno mayoral election\") to succeed [Jim Patterson](/wiki/Jim_Patterson_%28mayor%29 \"Jim Patterson (mayor)\") as the mayor of Fresno, defeating former mayor [Dan Whitehurst](/wiki/Dan_Whitehurst \"Dan Whitehurst\"). He was elected to a second term (2005–2009\\) [on March 2, 2004](/wiki/2004_Fresno_mayoral_election \"2004 Fresno mayoral election\"), with more than 72 percent of the vote. Because of [term limits](/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States \"Term limits in the United States\"), he was ineligible to run for re\\-election. In November 2008, he endorsed [Ashley Swearengin](/wiki/Ashley_Swearengin \"Ashley Swearengin\"), who was elected to succeed him as mayor.\n\n",
"Dirt Road Productions\n---------------------\n\nIn 1997, Autry launched his own production company, Dirt Road Productions. In 2002, he released *[The Legend of Jake Kincaid](/wiki/The_Legend_of_Jake_Kincaid \"The Legend of Jake Kincaid\")*, a Western based on a story he wrote. He was also the director of this film.\n\n",
"Music\n-----\n\nAutry and his *In the Heat of the Night* co\\-star [Randall Franks](/wiki/Randall_Franks \"Randall Franks\") joined forces under the banner of Autry\\-Franks Productions to produce the charity *In the Heat of the Night* CD *Christmas Time's A Comin''', featuring the cast of the show. The project raised funds for drug abuse prevention charities. With Franks producing, Autry performed his rendition of \"[Rudolph the Red\\-Nosed Reindeer](/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_%28song%29 \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)\")\" in homage to [Gene Autry](/wiki/Gene_Autry \"Gene Autry\"). (Gene and Alan were distant cousins, descended from William A. Autry (5 August 1784 – 2 April 1836\\) and Mary Campbell of North Carolina/Tennessee.)*\n\nFranks and Autry both performed on \"[Jingle Bells](/wiki/Jingle_Bells \"Jingle Bells\")\" and \"Christmas Time's A Comin'\". The duo were able to include many music legends, including [Kitty Wells](/wiki/Kitty_Wells \"Kitty Wells\"), [Jimmy Dickens](/wiki/Jimmy_Dickens \"Jimmy Dickens\"), and [Pee Wee King](/wiki/Pee_Wee_King \"Pee Wee King\"), and many from the [bluegrass](/wiki/Bluegrass_music \"Bluegrass music\") genre, from [Jim \\& Jesse](/wiki/Jim_%26_Jesse \"Jim & Jesse\") to [The Lewis Family](/wiki/The_Lewis_Family \"The Lewis Family\"). The Christmas Time's A Comin' *CD, released on Sonlite and [MGM/UA](/wiki/MGM/UA_Entertainment_Co.%23MGM/UA%2C_Turner_and_Path%C3%A9 \"MGM/UA Entertainment Co.#MGM/UA, Turner and Pathé\"), was one of the most popular Christmas releases of 1991 and 1992 with Southern retailers.*\n\nCrimson Records released their second Autry\\-Franks Productions project Alan Autry and Randall Franks Mississippi Moon: Country Traditions'' in 2013, an Americana CD featuring both actors vocally on various classic and original songs. The project, which incorporates country, bluegrass and [Southern gospel](/wiki/Southern_gospel \"Southern gospel\"), includes special appearances by Bluegrass Hall of Fame members Jim and Jesse McReynolds and three\\-time [Dove Award](/wiki/Dove_Award \"Dove Award\") nominee Mark Wheeler of [the Marksmen Quartet](/wiki/The_Marksmen_Quartet \"The Marksmen Quartet\").\n\n",
"Electoral history\n-----------------\n\n|[2000 Fresno mayoral election](/wiki/2000_Fresno_mayoral_election \"2000 Fresno mayoral election\")\n\n| |\n|Candidate\n\nFirst round\n\nRunoff\n\n| Votes | % | Votes | % |\n| **Alan Autry** | **22,951** | **28\\.75** | **66,555** | **61\\.23** |\n| [Dan Whitehurst](/wiki/Dan_Whitehurst \"Dan Whitehurst\") | **22,177** | **27\\.78** | 41,920 | 38\\.57 |\n| Chris Mathys | 10,503 | 13\\.16 | | |\n| Garry Bredefeld | 10,029 | 12\\.56 | | |\n| Daniel Ronquillo | 7,929 | 9\\.93 | | |\n| Sal Quintero | 5,046 | 6\\.32 | | |\n| Chris Petersen | 699 | 0\\.88 | | |\n| Benjerman J. Raya | 214 | 0\\.27 | | |\n| Michael Eagles | 203 | 0\\.25 | | |\n| *[Write\\-ins](/wiki/Write-in_candidate \"Write-in candidate\")* | 86 | 0\\.11 | 214 | 0\\.20 |\n| Total | 79,837 | 100 | 108,689 | 100 |\n\n \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/B/BrowCa00\\.htm](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BrowCa00.htm)\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Just Sports Stats](http://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=browncar001)\n\n[Category:1952 births](/wiki/Category:1952_births \"1952 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:21st\\-century mayors of places in California](/wiki/Category:21st-century_mayors_of_places_in_California \"21st-century mayors of places in California\")\n[Category:American actor\\-politicians](/wiki/Category:American_actor-politicians \"American actor-politicians\")\n[Category:American athlete\\-politicians](/wiki/Category:American_athlete-politicians \"American athlete-politicians\")\n[Category:American male film actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_film_actors \"American male film actors\")\n[Category:American male television actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_television_actors \"American male television actors\")\n[Category:American football quarterbacks](/wiki/Category:American_football_quarterbacks \"American football quarterbacks\")\n[Category:California Republicans](/wiki/Category:California_Republicans \"California Republicans\")\n[Category:Green Bay Packers players](/wiki/Category:Green_Bay_Packers_players \"Green Bay Packers players\")\n[Category:Louisiana Republicans](/wiki/Category:Louisiana_Republicans \"Louisiana Republicans\")\n[Category:Mayors of Fresno, California](/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Fresno%2C_California \"Mayors of Fresno, California\")\n[Category:Pacific Tigers football players](/wiki/Category:Pacific_Tigers_football_players \"Pacific Tigers football players\")\n[Category:Players of American football from Shreveport, Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Players_of_American_football_from_Shreveport%2C_Louisiana \"Players of American football from Shreveport, Louisiana\")\n[Category:Actors from Shreveport, Louisiana](/wiki/Category:Actors_from_Shreveport%2C_Louisiana \"Actors from Shreveport, Louisiana\")\n[Category:University of the Pacific (United States) alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_the_Pacific_%28United_States%29_alumni \"University of the Pacific (United States) alumni\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Irving Stone
|
{
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
}
|
5wuzjn3u3g7jbe6iwdk20hv7tt85xxh
|
2024-09-16T22:07:50Z
| 1,239,335,789 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Non-fiction books",
"Film adaptations",
"Legacy and honors",
"Bibliography",
"Fiction",
"Non-fiction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Irving Stone** (born **Tennenbaum**, July 14, 1903 – August 26, 1989\\) was an American writer, chiefly known for his [biographical novels](/wiki/Biographical_novel \"Biographical novel\") of noted artists, politicians, and intellectuals. Among the best known are *[Lust for Life](/wiki/Lust_for_Life_%28novel%29 \"Lust for Life (novel)\")* (1934\\), about the life of [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\"), and *[The Agony and the Ecstasy](/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_%28novel%29 \"The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)\")* (1961\\), about [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nBorn Irving Tennenbaum in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), he was seven when his parents divorced. By the time he was a senior in high school, his mother had remarried. He legally changed his last name to \"Stone\", his stepfather's surname. Stone said his mother instilled a passion for reading in him. From then on, he believed that education was the only way to succeed in life.\n\nIn 1923, Stone received his bachelor's degree from the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\"). After receiving his M.A. there, he worked as a teaching assistant in English. He met his first wife, Lona Mosk (1905–1965\\), who was a student at the university. On money provided by her father, Los Angeles businessman Ernest Mosk, the young couple went to Paris.\n\nIrving and Lona Stone returned to the United States in the 1930s from Europe, where he had been researching Van Gogh for six months. In 1930 he received a letter from Dr. Felix Rey, who had treated Van Gogh after the artist cut off his own ear in December 1888\\. Rey, who was the subject of a portrait painting by Van Gogh, became Stone's friend; he confirmed that Van Gogh's whole ear was removed and not only the earlobe. As reported in the *NY Times* obituary of Stone on August 28, 1989, the Stones resided in New York's [Greenwich Village](/wiki/Greenwich_Village \"Greenwich Village\") where Irving finished *Lust for Life*, the biographical novel about Van Gogh that set his career in motion. According to the *Times*, *Lust for Life* (the title suggested by his first wife) was rejected by seventeen publishers over three years before being published in 1934\\.\n\nStone began a relationship with his secretary, Jean Factor, and after he and Lona were divorced, he and Jean married. This later marriage lasted until Stone's death in Los Angeles in 1989\\. Jean Stone died in 2004, aged 93\\.\n\nDuring their years together, Jean Stone edited many of his books. The Stones lived primarily in Los Angeles. They funded a [foundation](/wiki/Foundation_%28charity%29 \"Foundation (charity)\") to support a number of charitable causes.\n\nWhen at home, Stone relied upon the research facilities and expertise made available to him by Esther Euler, chief research librarian at the [University of California at Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles \"University of California at Los Angeles\"). He dedicated books to her and thanked her in several of his works.\n\nAccording to his afterword in *Lust for Life,* Stone relied on Van Gogh's letters to his brother, art dealer [Theo](/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_%28art_dealer%29 \"Theo van Gogh (art dealer)\"). Stone additionally did much of his research \"in the field.\" For example, he spent many years living in Italy while working on *The Agony and the Ecstasy,* a novel about Michelangelo Buonarroti. In his introduction to The Origin, Stone documents that he and his wife lived for a while at Down House (Darwin's home for the final forty years of his life) during the research and writing of that book. The Italian government lauded Stone with several honorary [awards](/wiki/Awards \"Awards\") during this period for his cultural achievements highlighting Italian history.\n\n",
"Non\\-fiction books\n------------------\n\nAlthough he was best known for his novels, Stone also wrote a number of non\\-fiction books. His biography of [Clarence Darrow](/wiki/Clarence_Darrow \"Clarence Darrow\"), *Clarence Darrow For the Defense*, about the attorney known both for his defense of thrill killers [Leopold and Loeb](/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb \"Leopold and Loeb\") and his defense of John T. Scopes in the 1925 [Scopes \"Monkey\" Trial](/wiki/Scopes_trial \"Scopes trial\") (the trial of a biology teacher who taught about evolution in Tennessee), was published in 1941\\. His biography *[Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\")*, about the California governor and later [Chief Justice of the United States](/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States \"Chief Justice of the United States\"), was published in 1948\\.\n\n",
"Film adaptations\n----------------\n\nThe 1941 film, *Arkansas Judge*, starring Roy Rogers, was based on Stone's 1940 novel *False Witness*.\n\nIn 1953, a popular film version was made of *[The President's Lady](/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady \"The President's Lady\")*, based on Stone's 1951 novel of the same name, starring [Charlton Heston](/wiki/Charlton_Heston \"Charlton Heston\") as [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson \"Andrew Jackson\") and [Susan Hayward](/wiki/Susan_Hayward \"Susan Hayward\") as [Rachel Donelson Jackson](/wiki/Rachel_Jackson \"Rachel Jackson\").\n\nIn 1956, a film version was made of *[Lust for Life](/wiki/Lust_for_Life_%281956_movie%29 \"Lust for Life (1956 movie)\")*, based on his 1934 novel, starring [Kirk Douglas](/wiki/Kirk_Douglas \"Kirk Douglas\") as Van Gogh.\n\nIn 1965, a film was made of *[The Agony and the Ecstasy](/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_%28film%29 \"The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)\")*, starring [Charlton Heston](/wiki/Charlton_Heston \"Charlton Heston\") as Michelangelo and [Rex Harrison](/wiki/Rex_Harrison \"Rex Harrison\") as [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\").\n\nStone's 1975 book, *The Greek Treasure*, was the basis for the German television production *[Der geheimnisvolle Schatz von Troja](/wiki/Der_geheimnisvolle_Schatz_von_Troja \"Der geheimnisvolle Schatz von Troja\")* (*Hunt for Troy*, 2007\\).\n\n",
"Legacy and honors\n-----------------\n\n* 1956 Spur Award (Nonfiction) for *Men to Match My Mountains*\n* 1960 Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Berkeley, his alma mater.[\"Meet Our Alumni: Irving Stone\"](http://ls.berkeley.edu/?q=alumni/meet-our-alumni) , University of California at Berkeley\n* 1961 [Commonwealth Club of California Book Awards](/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_of_California%23California_Book_Awards \"Commonwealth Club of California#California Book Awards\") (Fiction, Silver) for *The Agony and the Ecstasy*\n* 1971 Golden Plate Award of the [American Academy of Achievement](/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement \"Academy of Achievement\")\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n### Fiction\n\n* *Pageant of Youth* (1933\\) \\- Irving Stone's first novel, focussing on student Ray Sharpe at the fictional Stockley University in California, but which, in essence, is a semi\\-autobiographical account of the author's own undergraduate experience at Berkeley\n* *[Lust for Life](/wiki/Lust_for_Life_%28novel%29 \"Lust for Life (novel)\")* (1934\\) – [Historical novel](/wiki/Historical_fiction \"Historical fiction\") based on the life of [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\")\n* *Sailor on Horseback* (1938\\) \\- Historical novel based on the life of [Jack London](/wiki/Jack_London \"Jack London\")\n* *False Witness* (1940\\) \\- A novel set in a small farming community of Mission Valley, which inspired the 1941 movie Arkansas Judge starring Roy Rogers\n* *[Immortal Wife](/wiki/Immortal_Wife \"Immortal Wife\")* (1944\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Jessie Benton Frémont](/wiki/Jessie_Benton_Fr%C3%A9mont \"Jessie Benton Frémont\")\n* *[Adversary in the House](/wiki/Adversary_in_the_House \"Adversary in the House\")* (1947\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Eugene V. Debs](/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs \"Eugene V. Debs\") and his wife Kate, who opposed [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\")Kate Debs seemed to have been so hostile to Debs's socialist activities – it threatened her sense of middle\\-class respectability – that novelist Irving Stone was led to call her, in the title of his fictional portrayal of the life of Debs, the *Adversary in the House*. (Daniel Bell, *Marxian Socialism in the United States*, footnote on page 88\\)\n* *The Passionate Journey* (1949\\) – Historical novel based on the life of American artist [John Noble](/wiki/John_Noble_%28painter%29 \"John Noble (painter)\")\n* *[The President's Lady](/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady \"The President's Lady\")* (1951\\) – Historical novel based on the life of American president [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson \"Andrew Jackson\") and his marriage to [Rachel Donelson Jackson](/wiki/Rachel_Jackson \"Rachel Jackson\")\n* *Love is Eternal* (1954\\) – Historical novel based on the marriage of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") and [Mary Todd](/wiki/Mary_Todd \"Mary Todd\")\n* *[The Agony and the Ecstasy](/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_%28novel%29 \"The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)\")* – (1961\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\")\n* *[Those Who Love](/wiki/Those_Who_Love_%28novel%29 \"Those Who Love (novel)\")* (1965\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams \"John Adams\") and [Abigail Adams](/wiki/Abigail_Adams \"Abigail Adams\")\n* *[The Passions of the Mind](/wiki/Passions_of_the_Mind \"Passions of the Mind\")* (1971\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\")\n* *The Greek Treasure* (1975\\) – Historical novel based on the discovery of Troy by [Heinrich Schliemann](/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann \"Heinrich Schliemann\") and his wife [Sophia](/wiki/Sophia_Schliemann \"Sophia Schliemann\")\n* *[The Origin](/wiki/The_Origin_%28novel%29 \"The Origin (novel)\")* (1980\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\")\n* *Depths of Glory* (1985\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Camille Pissarro](/wiki/Camille_Pissarro \"Camille Pissarro\")\n\n*Lust for Life* and *Immortal Wife* were published as [Armed Services Editions](/wiki/Armed_Services_Edition \"Armed Services Edition\") during WWII.\n\n### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Clarence Darrow For the Defense* (1941\\) – biography of [Clarence Darrow](/wiki/Clarence_Darrow \"Clarence Darrow\")\n* *[They Also Ran](/wiki/They_Also_Ran \"They Also Ran\")* (1943, updated 1966\\) – analysis of [candidates](/wiki/Candidates \"Candidates\") for U.S. president who were defeated\n* *Earl Warren* (1948\\) – biography of [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\")\n* *Men to Match My Mountains* (1956\\) – account of the opening of the [American Old West](/wiki/American_Old_West \"American Old West\"), 1840–1900\n",
"### Fiction\n\n* *Pageant of Youth* (1933\\) \\- Irving Stone's first novel, focussing on student Ray Sharpe at the fictional Stockley University in California, but which, in essence, is a semi\\-autobiographical account of the author's own undergraduate experience at Berkeley\n* *[Lust for Life](/wiki/Lust_for_Life_%28novel%29 \"Lust for Life (novel)\")* (1934\\) – [Historical novel](/wiki/Historical_fiction \"Historical fiction\") based on the life of [Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh \"Vincent van Gogh\")\n* *Sailor on Horseback* (1938\\) \\- Historical novel based on the life of [Jack London](/wiki/Jack_London \"Jack London\")\n* *False Witness* (1940\\) \\- A novel set in a small farming community of Mission Valley, which inspired the 1941 movie Arkansas Judge starring Roy Rogers\n* *[Immortal Wife](/wiki/Immortal_Wife \"Immortal Wife\")* (1944\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Jessie Benton Frémont](/wiki/Jessie_Benton_Fr%C3%A9mont \"Jessie Benton Frémont\")\n* *[Adversary in the House](/wiki/Adversary_in_the_House \"Adversary in the House\")* (1947\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Eugene V. Debs](/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs \"Eugene V. Debs\") and his wife Kate, who opposed [socialism](/wiki/Socialism \"Socialism\")Kate Debs seemed to have been so hostile to Debs's socialist activities – it threatened her sense of middle\\-class respectability – that novelist Irving Stone was led to call her, in the title of his fictional portrayal of the life of Debs, the *Adversary in the House*. (Daniel Bell, *Marxian Socialism in the United States*, footnote on page 88\\)\n* *The Passionate Journey* (1949\\) – Historical novel based on the life of American artist [John Noble](/wiki/John_Noble_%28painter%29 \"John Noble (painter)\")\n* *[The President's Lady](/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady \"The President's Lady\")* (1951\\) – Historical novel based on the life of American president [Andrew Jackson](/wiki/Andrew_Jackson \"Andrew Jackson\") and his marriage to [Rachel Donelson Jackson](/wiki/Rachel_Jackson \"Rachel Jackson\")\n* *Love is Eternal* (1954\\) – Historical novel based on the marriage of [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") and [Mary Todd](/wiki/Mary_Todd \"Mary Todd\")\n* *[The Agony and the Ecstasy](/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_%28novel%29 \"The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)\")* – (1961\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Michelangelo](/wiki/Michelangelo \"Michelangelo\")\n* *[Those Who Love](/wiki/Those_Who_Love_%28novel%29 \"Those Who Love (novel)\")* (1965\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [John Adams](/wiki/John_Adams \"John Adams\") and [Abigail Adams](/wiki/Abigail_Adams \"Abigail Adams\")\n* *[The Passions of the Mind](/wiki/Passions_of_the_Mind \"Passions of the Mind\")* (1971\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Sigmund Freud](/wiki/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\")\n* *The Greek Treasure* (1975\\) – Historical novel based on the discovery of Troy by [Heinrich Schliemann](/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann \"Heinrich Schliemann\") and his wife [Sophia](/wiki/Sophia_Schliemann \"Sophia Schliemann\")\n* *[The Origin](/wiki/The_Origin_%28novel%29 \"The Origin (novel)\")* (1980\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Charles Darwin](/wiki/Charles_Darwin \"Charles Darwin\")\n* *Depths of Glory* (1985\\) – Historical novel based on the life of [Camille Pissarro](/wiki/Camille_Pissarro \"Camille Pissarro\")\n\n*Lust for Life* and *Immortal Wife* were published as [Armed Services Editions](/wiki/Armed_Services_Edition \"Armed Services Edition\") during WWII.\n\n",
"### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Clarence Darrow For the Defense* (1941\\) – biography of [Clarence Darrow](/wiki/Clarence_Darrow \"Clarence Darrow\")\n* *[They Also Ran](/wiki/They_Also_Ran \"They Also Ran\")* (1943, updated 1966\\) – analysis of [candidates](/wiki/Candidates \"Candidates\") for U.S. president who were defeated\n* *Earl Warren* (1948\\) – biography of [Earl Warren](/wiki/Earl_Warren \"Earl Warren\")\n* *Men to Match My Mountains* (1956\\) – account of the opening of the [American Old West](/wiki/American_Old_West \"American Old West\"), 1840–1900\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Guide to the Irving Stone Papers](http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt067nc3q6/) at [The Bancroft Library](/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library \"The Bancroft Library\")\n* [Irving Stone](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlhn_Kxgm8g) video interview on *[Day at Night](/wiki/Day_at_Night \"Day at Night\")*, PBS, April 23, 1974\n[Category:20th\\-century American novelists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_novelists \"20th-century American novelists\")\n[Category:American historical novelists](/wiki/Category:American_historical_novelists \"American historical novelists\")\n[Category:American male novelists](/wiki/Category:American_male_novelists \"American male novelists\")\n[Category:1903 births](/wiki/Category:1903_births \"1903 births\")\n[Category:1989 deaths](/wiki/Category:1989_deaths \"1989 deaths\")\n[Category:University of Southern California alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Southern_California_alumni \"University of Southern California alumni\")\n[Category:Jewish American novelists](/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_novelists \"Jewish American novelists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American biographers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_biographers \"20th-century American biographers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers \"20th-century American male writers\")\n[Category:American male biographers](/wiki/Category:American_male_biographers \"American male biographers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American Jews](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_Jews \"20th-century American Jews\")\n[Category:Writers from San Francisco](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_San_Francisco \"Writers from San Francisco\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Noriko Hidaka
|
{
"id": [
23939382
],
"name": [
"Я сошла с ума"
]
}
|
atphpnp6nnafk19b1ugcq7hnkll6t2r
|
2024-08-19T05:14:21Z
| 1,238,419,773 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Filmography",
"Anime television",
"Original video animations (OVAs)",
"Films",
"Dubbing roles",
"Live-action",
"Animation",
"Video games",
"TV shows",
"Regular appearances",
"Guest appearances",
"Radio",
"Theatrical roles",
"CDs",
"Albums",
"Singles",
"Books",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t, better known by the stage name of , is a Japanese actress, [voice actress](/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan \"Voice acting in Japan\"), singer and narrator. She played Prince Uru alongside with [Mina Tominaga](/wiki/Miina_Tominaga \"Miina Tominaga\"), [Toshio Furukawa](/wiki/Toshio_Furukawa \"Toshio Furukawa\"), the late [Daisuke Gōri](/wiki/Daisuke_G%C5%8Dri \"Daisuke Gōri\"), the late [Yō Inoue](/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Inoue \"Yō Inoue\"), late [Takeshi Watabe](/wiki/Takeshi_Watabe \"Takeshi Watabe\"), [Sakakibara Yoshiko](/wiki/Yoshiko_Sakakibara \"Yoshiko Sakakibara\"), [Tomomichi Nishimura](/wiki/Tomomichi_Nishimura \"Tomomichi Nishimura\"), [Akira Ishida](/wiki/Akira_Ishida \"Akira Ishida\"), [Ryūsuke Ōbayashi](/wiki/Ry%C5%ABsuke_%C5%8Cbayashi \"Ryūsuke Ōbayashi\") in [Patlabor](/wiki/Patlabor \"Patlabor\"), Minami Asakura in *[Touch](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")*, [Akane Tendo](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_characters%23Akane_Tendo \"List of Ranma ½ characters#Akane Tendo\") alongside with [Kappei Yamaguchi](/wiki/Kappei_Yamaguchi \"Kappei Yamaguchi\") and [Megumi Hayashibara](/wiki/Megumi_Hayashibara \"Megumi Hayashibara\"), [Minami Takayama](/wiki/Minami_Takayama \"Minami Takayama\"), [Kikuko Inoue](/wiki/Kikuko_Inoue \"Kikuko Inoue\") and [Rei Sakuma](/wiki/Rei_Sakuma \"Rei Sakuma\") in *[Ranma ½](/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD \"Ranma ½\")*, Satsuki Kusakabe in *[My Neighbor Totoro](/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro \"My Neighbor Totoro\")*, [Near](/wiki/Near_%28Death_Note%29 \"Near (Death Note)\") in *[Death Note](/wiki/Death_Note \"Death Note\")*, [Jean Roque Raltique](/wiki/List_of_Nadia:The_Secret_of_Blue_Water_characters%23Jean \"The Secret of Blue Water characters#Jean\") alongside with [Yoshino Takamori](/wiki/Yoshino_Takamori \"Yoshino Takamori\") and the late [Yūko Mizutani](/wiki/Y%C5%ABko_Mizutani \"Yūko Mizutani\") in *[Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water](/wiki/Nadia:The_Secret_of_Blue_Water \"The Secret of Blue Water\")*, [Kikyō](/wiki/List_of_Inuyasha_characters%23Kikyo \"List of Inuyasha characters#Kikyo\") alongside with [Satsuki Yokino](/wiki/Satsuki_Yukino \"Satsuki Yukino\") and [Akiko Nakagawa](/wiki/Akiko_Nakagawa \"Akiko Nakagawa\") in *[Inuyasha](/wiki/Inuyasha \"Inuyasha\")*, [Patricia O'Sullivan](/wiki/Patricia_O%27Sullivan \"Patricia O'Sullivan\") in *[Mischievous Twins: The Tales of St. Clare's](/wiki/Mischievous_Twins:The_Tales_of_St._Clare%27s \"The Tales of St. Clare's\")*, Erica Fontaine in Sakura Wars and [Masumi Sera](/wiki/Masumi_Sera \"Masumi Sera\") in *[Detective Conan](/wiki/Detective_Conan \"Detective Conan\")*. She is also the dub actress for [Jayma Mays](/wiki/Jayma_Mays \"Jayma Mays\") in the American TV series *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")*, as well as in *[The Smurfs](/wiki/The_Smurfs_%28film%29 \"The Smurfs (film)\")* film series.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nHidaka was born in the Kudan area of [Chiyoda, Tokyo](/wiki/Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo \"Chiyoda, Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), where she attended Fujimi Elementary School. Her parents owned a Western\\-style clothing store named \"Tailor Itō\". She began her career as an idol star, but switched to voice acting, and was employed by the talent management firm [81 Produce](/wiki/81_Produce \"81 Produce\") until 2006\\. Hidaka used to use the [kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\") variant 日髙 (note that the second kanji is different). She switched to the current usage (日高) around 1995 when she found that it was written that way already on many things and after friends recommended the kanji with the lower stroke count. Her fans have given her the affectionate name \"Nonko\" (ノン子). In 1982, during her time as an idol star, Hidaka appeared in the commercial for [Nivea](/wiki/Nivea \"Nivea\") skin milk. She has also done voice\\-over commercials for programs and games, in which she plays a role for *[3rd Super Robot Wars Alpha: To the End of the Galaxy](/wiki/3rd_Super_Robot_Wars_Alpha:To_the_End_of_the_Galaxy \"To the End of the Galaxy\")*.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Anime television\n\n* *[Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross](/wiki/Super_Dimension_Cavalry_Southern_Cross \"Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross\")* (1984, Musicaa (debut))\n* *Kaminari no Densetsu Shuu* (1984–1985, Shuuichi Yamamura)\n* *[Touch](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1985–1987, Minami Asakura)\n* *[City Hunter](/wiki/City_Hunter \"City Hunter\")* (1987–1988, Megumi)\n* *[Tsuide ni Tonchinkan](/wiki/Tsuide_ni_Tonchinkan \"Tsuide ni Tonchinkan\")* (1987–1988, Amago Shirai)\n* *[Anime Sanjushi](/wiki/Anime_Sanjushi \"Anime Sanjushi\")* (1987–1989, Constance)\n* *[City Hunter 2](/wiki/City_Hunter \"City Hunter\")* (1988–1989, Mitsuko Shimizu)\n* *[Patlabor](/wiki/Mobile_Police_Patlabor \"Mobile Police Patlabor\")* (1989–1994, Prince Uru)\n* *[Parasol Henbē](/wiki/Parasol_Henb%C4%93 \"Parasol Henbē\")* (1989–1991, Megeru)\n* *[The Adventures of Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan_no_B%C5%8Dken \"Peter Pan no Bōken\")* (1989, Peter Pan)\n* *[T.P. Pon](/wiki/T.P._Pon \"T.P. Pon\")* (1989, Yumiko Yasugawa)\n* *[Ranma ½](/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD \"Ranma ½\")* (1989–1992, [Akane Tendo](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_characters%23Akane_Tendo \"List of Ranma ½ characters#Akane Tendo\"), Kanna)\n* *[Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water](/wiki/Nadia:The_Secret_of_Blue_Water \"The Secret of Blue Water\")* (1990–1991, [Jean Roque Raltique](/wiki/List_of_Nadia:The_Secret_of_Blue_Water_characters%23Jean \"The Secret of Blue Water characters#Jean\"))\n* *[Ochame na Futago: Kurea Gakuin Monogatari](/wiki/Ochame_na_Futago:Kurea_Gakuin_Monogatari \"Kurea Gakuin Monogatari\")* (1991, Patricia Sullivan)\n* *[Honō no Tōkyūji: Dodge Danpei](/wiki/Hon%C5%8D_no_T%C5%8Dky%C5%ABji:Dodge_Danpei \"Dodge Danpei\")* (1991–1992, Danpei Ichigeki)\n* *[Miracle Girls](/wiki/Miracle_Girls \"Miracle Girls\")* (1993 Mikage Matsunaga (Mika Morgan))\n* *[Aoki Densetsu Shoot!](/wiki/Aoki_Densetsu_Shoot%21 \"Aoki Densetsu Shoot!\")* (1993–1994, Kazumi Endō)\n* *[Akazukin Chacha](/wiki/Akazukin_Chacha \"Akazukin Chacha\")* (1994–1995, Shiine)\n* *[Omakase Scrappers](/wiki/Omakase_Scrappers \"Omakase Scrappers\")* (1994–1995, Sayuri Tachibana)\n* *[Soar High! Isami](/wiki/Soar_High%21_Isami \"Soar High! Isami\")* (1995–1996, Sōshi Yukimi)\n* *[Harimogu Harley](/wiki/Harimogu_Harley \"Harimogu Harley\")* (1996–1997, Harley)\n* *[Rurouni Kenshin](/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin_%28TV_series%29 \"Rurouni Kenshin (TV series)\")* (1996–1998, [Seta Sōjirō](/wiki/Seta_S%C5%8Djir%C5%8D \"Seta Sōjirō\"))\n* *[Bakusō Kyōdai Let's \\& Go!! MAX](/wiki/Bakus%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Ddai_Let%27s_%26_Go%21%21%23MAX \"Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!!#MAX\")* (1998, Retsuya Ichimonji)\n* *[Pocket Monsters](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_%28TV_series%29 \"Pokémon (TV series)\")* (1999, Kaoruko)\n* *[Zoids: Guardian Force](/wiki/Zoids:Guardian_Force \"Guardian Force\")* (1999–2000, Riize)\n* *[Ojarumaru](/wiki/Ojarumaru \"Ojarumaru\")* (1998\\-ongoing, Bispaniora\\-go)\n* *[One Piece](/wiki/One_Piece_%281999_TV_series%29 \"One Piece (1999 TV series)\")* (1999\\-ongoing, [Belle\\-Mère](/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_characters%23Bellemere \"List of One Piece characters#Bellemere\"))\n* *[Inuyasha](/wiki/Inuyasha \"Inuyasha\")* (2000–2004, 2009–2010, [Kikyō](/wiki/List_of_Inuyasha_characters%23Kikyo \"List of Inuyasha characters#Kikyo\"))\n* *[Rockman EXE](/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior \"MegaMan NT Warrior\")* (2002–2003, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Shuryou)\n* *[Sonic X](/wiki/Sonic_X \"Sonic X\")* (2003–2004, Helen)\n* *[Di Gi Charat Nyo!](/wiki/Di_Gi_Charat_Nyo%21 \"Di Gi Charat Nyo!\")* (2003–2004, Di Gi Charat's Mama)\n* *[Rockman EXE AXESS](/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior \"MegaMan NT Warrior\")* (2003–2004, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)\n* *[Croket!](/wiki/Croket%21 \"Croket!\")* (2003–2005, Anchovie)\n* *[Rockman EXE Stream](/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior \"MegaMan NT Warrior\")* (2004–2005, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)\n* *[Samurai Champloo](/wiki/Samurai_Champloo \"Samurai Champloo\")* (2004–2005, Yatsuha)\n* *[Major](/wiki/Major_%28anime%29 \"Major (anime)\")* (2004, Chiaki Honda)\n* *[Nanami\\-chan](/wiki/Nanami-chan \"Nanami-chan\")* (2004, Yōko Aoba)\n* *[The Snow Queen](/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_%28anime%29 \"The Snow Queen (anime)\")* (2005–2006, Nina)\n* *[Death Note](/wiki/Death_Note \"Death Note\")* (2007, [Near](/wiki/Near_%28Death_Note%29 \"Near (Death Note)\"))\n* *[Chi's Sweet Home](/wiki/Chi%27s_Sweet_Home \"Chi's Sweet Home\")* (2008–2009, Mom)\n* *[Star Driver](/wiki/Star_Driver \"Star Driver\")* (2010, Fujino Yō)\n* *[Suite PreCure](/wiki/Suite_PreCure \"Suite PreCure\")* (2011–2012, Aphrodite)\n* *[Pretty Rhythm Aurora Dream](/wiki/Pretty_Rhythm_Aurora_Dream \"Pretty Rhythm Aurora Dream\")* (2011–2012, Omi Harune / Bear\\-chi)\n* *[Detective Conan](/wiki/Case_Closed_%28manga%29 \"Case Closed (manga)\")* (2012, Masumi Sera)\n* [*Hunter × Hunter* (second series)](/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter \"Hunter × Hunter\") (2012, Shalnark)\n* *[Psycho\\-Pass](/wiki/Psycho-Pass \"Psycho-Pass\")* (2012, Dominator's voice)\n* *[Love Live School Idol Project](/wiki/Love_Live%21_School_Idol_Project \"Love Live! School Idol Project\")* (Principal Minami / Kotori's mom)\n* *[Wake Up, Girls!](/wiki/Wake_Up%2C_Girls%21 \"Wake Up, Girls!\")* (2014–2018, Junko Tange)\n* *[Seiyu's Life!](/wiki/Seiyu%27s_Life%21 \"Seiyu's Life!\")* (2015, Herself)\n* *[Garo: Guren no Tsuki](/wiki/Garo:The_Animation \"The Animation\")* (2015–2016, Izumi Shikibu)\n* *[Little Witch Academia](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia \"Little Witch Academia\")* (2017, Shiny Chariot / Professor Ursula)\n* *[Pop Team Epic](/wiki/Pop_Team_Epic \"Pop Team Epic\")* (2018, Pipimi (Episode 1\\-A))\n* *[Shinya! Tensai Bakabon](/wiki/Shinya%21_Tensai_Bakabon \"Shinya! Tensai Bakabon\")* (2018, Bakabon's mother)\n* *[Bermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale](/wiki/Colorful_Pastrale \"Colorful Pastrale\")* (2019, Arudi)\n* *[Mix](/wiki/Mix_%28manga%29 \"Mix (manga)\")* (2019, narrator)\n* *[Symphogear XV](/wiki/Symphogear \"Symphogear\")* (2019, Shem\\-Ha Mephorash)\n* *[Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Cinnamon_Nobunaga \"Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga\")* (2020, Ichiko's mother)\n* *[Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!](/wiki/Keep_Your_Hands_Off_Eizouken%21 \"Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!\")* (2020, Tsubame's mother)\n* *[Higurashi: When They Cry – Gou](/wiki/Higurashi_When_They_Cry \"Higurashi When They Cry\")* (2021, Eua)\n* *[Jujutsu Kaisen](/wiki/Jujutsu_Kaisen \"Jujutsu Kaisen\")* (2021, Yuki Tsukumo)\n* *[Komi Can't Communicate](/wiki/Komi_Can%27t_Communicate \"Komi Can't Communicate\")* (2021–2022, narrator)\n* *[The Apothecary Diaries](/wiki/The_Apothecary_Diaries \"The Apothecary Diaries\")* (2023, Fengming)\n* *Ranma ½* (2024, Akane Tendō)\n\nSources:\n\n### Original video animations (OVAs)\n\n* *[Salamander](/wiki/Salamander_%28anime%29 \"Salamander (anime)\")* (1988, Stephanie)\n* *[Top wo Nerae!](/wiki/Gunbuster \"Gunbuster\")* (1988, Noriko Takaya)\n* *[Baoh](/wiki/Baoh \"Baoh\")* (1989, Sumire)\n* *[Blazing Transfer Student](/wiki/Blazing_Transfer_Student \"Blazing Transfer Student\")* (1991, Yukari Takamura)\n* *[Spirit of Wonder: Chaina\\-san no Yūutsu](/wiki/Spirit_of_Wonder \"Spirit of Wonder\")* (1992, China)\n* *[The Hakkenden](/wiki/The_Hakkenden \"The Hakkenden\")* (1993–1995, Shinbei Inue)\n* *Ranma ½* (1993–2008, Akane Tendō)\n* *[Special Duty Combat Unit Shinesman](/wiki/Special_Duty_Combat_Unit_Shinesman \"Special Duty Combat Unit Shinesman\")* (1996, Riko Hidaka / Shinesman Salmon Pink)\n* *[Spirit of Wonder](/wiki/Spirit_of_Wonder \"Spirit of Wonder\")* (2001, China)\n* *[Sakura Wars: Ecole de Paris](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (2003, Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Sakura Wars: Le Nouveau Paris](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (2003, Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Little Witch Academia](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia \"Little Witch Academia\")* (2013, Shiny Chariot / Professor Ursula)\n\nSources:\n\n### Films\n\n* *[Touch: Sebangō no Nai Ace](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1986, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Touch 2: Sayonara no Okurimono](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1986, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Doraemon: Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs](/wiki/Doraemon:Nobita_and_the_Knights_on_Dinosaurs \"Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs\")* (1987, Low)\n* *[Touch 3: Kimi ga Tōri Sugita Ato ni](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1987, Minami Asakura)\n* *[My Neighbor Totoro](/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro \"My Neighbor Totoro\")* (1988, Satsuki Kusakabe)\n* *[Nadia: The Motion Picture](/wiki/Nadia:The_Motion_Picture \"The Motion Picture\")* (1991, Jean Roque Raltique)\n* *[Ranma ½: Big Trouble in Nekonron, China](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_episodes%23Feature_films_%281991-1992%29 \"List of Ranma ½ episodes#Feature films (1991-1992)\")* (1991, Akane Tendo)\n* *[Ranma ½: Nihao, My Concubine](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_episodes%23Feature_films_%281991-1992%29 \"List of Ranma ½ episodes#Feature films (1991-1992)\")* (1992, Akane Tendo)\n* *[Ranma ½: Super Indiscriminate Decisive Battle! Team Ranma vs. the Legendary Phoenix](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_episodes%23Feature_films_%281991-1992%29 \"List of Ranma ½ episodes#Feature films (1991-1992)\")* (1994, Akane Tendo)\n* *[Hunter × Hunter](/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter \"Hunter × Hunter\")* (1998, [Kurapika](/wiki/Kurapika \"Kurapika\"))\n* *[Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1998, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Touch: Cross Road](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (2001, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time](/wiki/Inuyasha_the_Movie:Affections_Touching_Across_Time \"Affections Touching Across Time\")* (2001, Kikyo)\n* *[Inuyasha the Movie: The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass](/wiki/Inuyasha_the_Movie:The_Castle_Beyond_the_Looking_Glass \"The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass\")* (2002, Kikyo)\n* *[Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:Destiny_Deoxys \"Destiny Deoxys\")* (2004, Tory Lund)\n* *[Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island](/wiki/Inuyasha_the_Movie:Fire_on_the_Mystic_Island \"Fire on the Mystic Island\")* (2004, Kikyo)\n* *[Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:Lucario_and_the_Mystery_of_Mew \"Lucario and the Mystery of Mew\")* (2005, Mother)\n* *[Gunbuster vs. Diebuster](/wiki/Gunbuster \"Gunbuster\")* (2006, Noriko Takaya)\n* *[Detective Conan: Dimensional Sniper](/wiki/Detective_Conan:Dimensional_Sniper \"Dimensional Sniper\")* (2014, Masumi Sera)\n* *[Psycho\\-Pass: The Movie](/wiki/Psycho-Pass:The_Movie \"The Movie\")* (2015, Dominator's voice)\n* *[Love Live! The School Idol Movie](/wiki/Love_Live%21_The_School_Idol_Movie \"Love Live! The School Idol Movie\")* \\- Principal Minami/Kotori's mom\n* *[Little Witch Academia: The Enchanted Parade](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia \"Little Witch Academia\")* (2015, Professor Ursula)\n* *[Detective Conan: The Scarlet Bullet](/wiki/Detective_Conan:The_Scarlet_Bullet \"The Scarlet Bullet\")* (2021, Masumi Sera)\n* *[My Oni Girl](/wiki/My_Oni_Girl \"My Oni Girl\")* (2024, Shion)\nSources:\n\n### Dubbing roles\n\n#### Live\\-action\n\n* **[Jayma Mays](/wiki/Jayma_Mays \"Jayma Mays\")**\n\t+ *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")* – [Emma Pillsbury](/wiki/Emma_Pillsbury \"Emma Pillsbury\")\n\t+ *[The Smurfs](/wiki/The_Smurfs_%28film%29 \"The Smurfs (film)\")* – Grace Winslow\n\t+ *[The Smurfs 2](/wiki/The_Smurfs_2 \"The Smurfs 2\")* – Grace Winslow\n* *[9\\-1\\-1](/wiki/9-1-1_%28TV_series%29 \"9-1-1 (TV series)\")* – Maddie Buckley Kendall ([Jennifer Love Hewitt](/wiki/Jennifer_Love_Hewitt \"Jennifer Love Hewitt\"))\n* *[The Birdcage](/wiki/The_Birdcage \"The Birdcage\")* (2000 [Fuji TV](/wiki/Fuji_TV \"Fuji TV\") edition) – Barbara Keeley ([Calista Flockhart](/wiki/Calista_Flockhart \"Calista Flockhart\"))\n* *[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory](/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_%28film%29 \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)\")* (2008 [NTV](/wiki/Nippon_TV \"Nippon TV\") edition) – Augustus Gloop ([Philip Wiegratz](/wiki/Philip_Wiegratz \"Philip Wiegratz\"))\n* *[Clifford the Big Red Dog](/wiki/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_%28film%29 \"Clifford the Big Red Dog (film)\")* – Maggie Howard ([Sienna Guillory](/wiki/Sienna_Guillory \"Sienna Guillory\"))\n* *[Edge of Darkness](/wiki/Edge_of_Darkness \"Edge of Darkness\")* – Emma Craven ([Joanne Whalley](/wiki/Joanne_Whalley \"Joanne Whalley\"))\n* *[Eighteen, Twenty\\-Nine](/wiki/Eighteen%2C_Twenty-Nine \"Eighteen, Twenty-Nine\")* – Yoo Hye\\-chan ([Park Sun\\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 \"Park Sun-young (actress)\"))\n* *[Elementary](/wiki/Elementary_%28TV_series%29 \"Elementary (TV series)\")* – Tara Parker ([Sutton Foster](/wiki/Sutton_Foster \"Sutton Foster\"))\n* *[Kingpin](/wiki/Kingpin_%281996_film%29 \"Kingpin (1996 film)\")* – Rebecca ([Michele Matheson](/wiki/Michele_Matheson \"Michele Matheson\"))\n* *[The Last of the Mohicans](/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_%281992_film%29 \"The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)\")* (2001 Fuji TV edition) – Cora Munro ([Madeleine Stowe](/wiki/Madeleine_Stowe \"Madeleine Stowe\"))\n* *[Link](/wiki/Link_%28film%29 \"Link (film)\")* – Jane Chase ([Elisabeth Shue](/wiki/Elisabeth_Shue \"Elisabeth Shue\"))\n* *[Moms' Night Out](/wiki/Moms%27_Night_Out \"Moms' Night Out\")* – Allyson ([Sarah Drew](/wiki/Sarah_Drew \"Sarah Drew\"))\n* *[Monrak Transistor](/wiki/Monrak_Transistor \"Monrak Transistor\")* – Sadao ([Siriyakorn Pukkavesh](/wiki/Siriyakorn_Pukkavesh \"Siriyakorn Pukkavesh\"))\n* *[Night Watch](/wiki/Night_Watch_%281995_film%29 \"Night Watch (1995 film)\")* (1999 Fuji TV edition) – Myra Tang ([Irene Ng](/wiki/Irene_Ng \"Irene Ng\"))\n* *[Shane](/wiki/Shane_%28film%29 \"Shane (film)\")* (2016 [Star Channel](/wiki/Star_Channel_%28Japan%29 \"Star Channel (Japan)\") edition) – Marian Starrett ([Jean Arthur](/wiki/Jean_Arthur \"Jean Arthur\"))\n* *[Super Mario Bros.](/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._%28film%29 \"Super Mario Bros. (film)\")* – [Daisy](/wiki/Princess_Daisy \"Princess Daisy\") ([Samantha Mathis](/wiki/Samantha_Mathis \"Samantha Mathis\"))\n* *[Weekend at Bernie's](/wiki/Weekend_at_Bernie%27s \"Weekend at Bernie's\")* – Gwen Saunders ([Catherine Mary Stewart](/wiki/Catherine_Mary_Stewart \"Catherine Mary Stewart\"))\n\n#### Animation\n\n* *[The Garfield Movie](/wiki/The_Garfield_Movie \"The Garfield Movie\")* – Ethel\n* *[The Iron Giant](/wiki/The_Iron_Giant \"The Iron Giant\")* – Annie Hughes\n* *[Miffy the Movie](/wiki/Miffy_the_Movie \"Miffy the Movie\")* – Mother Bunny\n* *[The Oz Kids](/wiki/The_Oz_Kids \"The Oz Kids\")* – Dot Hugson (Until episode 23 before changing by Sayuri Ikemoto)\n",
"### Anime television\n\n* *[Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross](/wiki/Super_Dimension_Cavalry_Southern_Cross \"Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross\")* (1984, Musicaa (debut))\n* *Kaminari no Densetsu Shuu* (1984–1985, Shuuichi Yamamura)\n* *[Touch](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1985–1987, Minami Asakura)\n* *[City Hunter](/wiki/City_Hunter \"City Hunter\")* (1987–1988, Megumi)\n* *[Tsuide ni Tonchinkan](/wiki/Tsuide_ni_Tonchinkan \"Tsuide ni Tonchinkan\")* (1987–1988, Amago Shirai)\n* *[Anime Sanjushi](/wiki/Anime_Sanjushi \"Anime Sanjushi\")* (1987–1989, Constance)\n* *[City Hunter 2](/wiki/City_Hunter \"City Hunter\")* (1988–1989, Mitsuko Shimizu)\n* *[Patlabor](/wiki/Mobile_Police_Patlabor \"Mobile Police Patlabor\")* (1989–1994, Prince Uru)\n* *[Parasol Henbē](/wiki/Parasol_Henb%C4%93 \"Parasol Henbē\")* (1989–1991, Megeru)\n* *[The Adventures of Peter Pan](/wiki/Peter_Pan_no_B%C5%8Dken \"Peter Pan no Bōken\")* (1989, Peter Pan)\n* *[T.P. Pon](/wiki/T.P._Pon \"T.P. Pon\")* (1989, Yumiko Yasugawa)\n* *[Ranma ½](/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD \"Ranma ½\")* (1989–1992, [Akane Tendo](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_characters%23Akane_Tendo \"List of Ranma ½ characters#Akane Tendo\"), Kanna)\n* *[Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water](/wiki/Nadia:The_Secret_of_Blue_Water \"The Secret of Blue Water\")* (1990–1991, [Jean Roque Raltique](/wiki/List_of_Nadia:The_Secret_of_Blue_Water_characters%23Jean \"The Secret of Blue Water characters#Jean\"))\n* *[Ochame na Futago: Kurea Gakuin Monogatari](/wiki/Ochame_na_Futago:Kurea_Gakuin_Monogatari \"Kurea Gakuin Monogatari\")* (1991, Patricia Sullivan)\n* *[Honō no Tōkyūji: Dodge Danpei](/wiki/Hon%C5%8D_no_T%C5%8Dky%C5%ABji:Dodge_Danpei \"Dodge Danpei\")* (1991–1992, Danpei Ichigeki)\n* *[Miracle Girls](/wiki/Miracle_Girls \"Miracle Girls\")* (1993 Mikage Matsunaga (Mika Morgan))\n* *[Aoki Densetsu Shoot!](/wiki/Aoki_Densetsu_Shoot%21 \"Aoki Densetsu Shoot!\")* (1993–1994, Kazumi Endō)\n* *[Akazukin Chacha](/wiki/Akazukin_Chacha \"Akazukin Chacha\")* (1994–1995, Shiine)\n* *[Omakase Scrappers](/wiki/Omakase_Scrappers \"Omakase Scrappers\")* (1994–1995, Sayuri Tachibana)\n* *[Soar High! Isami](/wiki/Soar_High%21_Isami \"Soar High! Isami\")* (1995–1996, Sōshi Yukimi)\n* *[Harimogu Harley](/wiki/Harimogu_Harley \"Harimogu Harley\")* (1996–1997, Harley)\n* *[Rurouni Kenshin](/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin_%28TV_series%29 \"Rurouni Kenshin (TV series)\")* (1996–1998, [Seta Sōjirō](/wiki/Seta_S%C5%8Djir%C5%8D \"Seta Sōjirō\"))\n* *[Bakusō Kyōdai Let's \\& Go!! MAX](/wiki/Bakus%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Ddai_Let%27s_%26_Go%21%21%23MAX \"Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!!#MAX\")* (1998, Retsuya Ichimonji)\n* *[Pocket Monsters](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_%28TV_series%29 \"Pokémon (TV series)\")* (1999, Kaoruko)\n* *[Zoids: Guardian Force](/wiki/Zoids:Guardian_Force \"Guardian Force\")* (1999–2000, Riize)\n* *[Ojarumaru](/wiki/Ojarumaru \"Ojarumaru\")* (1998\\-ongoing, Bispaniora\\-go)\n* *[One Piece](/wiki/One_Piece_%281999_TV_series%29 \"One Piece (1999 TV series)\")* (1999\\-ongoing, [Belle\\-Mère](/wiki/List_of_One_Piece_characters%23Bellemere \"List of One Piece characters#Bellemere\"))\n* *[Inuyasha](/wiki/Inuyasha \"Inuyasha\")* (2000–2004, 2009–2010, [Kikyō](/wiki/List_of_Inuyasha_characters%23Kikyo \"List of Inuyasha characters#Kikyo\"))\n* *[Rockman EXE](/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior \"MegaMan NT Warrior\")* (2002–2003, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Shuryou)\n* *[Sonic X](/wiki/Sonic_X \"Sonic X\")* (2003–2004, Helen)\n* *[Di Gi Charat Nyo!](/wiki/Di_Gi_Charat_Nyo%21 \"Di Gi Charat Nyo!\")* (2003–2004, Di Gi Charat's Mama)\n* *[Rockman EXE AXESS](/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior \"MegaMan NT Warrior\")* (2003–2004, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)\n* *[Croket!](/wiki/Croket%21 \"Croket!\")* (2003–2005, Anchovie)\n* *[Rockman EXE Stream](/wiki/MegaMan_NT_Warrior \"MegaMan NT Warrior\")* (2004–2005, Ms. Mariko Ōzono, Yuriko Ōzono)\n* *[Samurai Champloo](/wiki/Samurai_Champloo \"Samurai Champloo\")* (2004–2005, Yatsuha)\n* *[Major](/wiki/Major_%28anime%29 \"Major (anime)\")* (2004, Chiaki Honda)\n* *[Nanami\\-chan](/wiki/Nanami-chan \"Nanami-chan\")* (2004, Yōko Aoba)\n* *[The Snow Queen](/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_%28anime%29 \"The Snow Queen (anime)\")* (2005–2006, Nina)\n* *[Death Note](/wiki/Death_Note \"Death Note\")* (2007, [Near](/wiki/Near_%28Death_Note%29 \"Near (Death Note)\"))\n* *[Chi's Sweet Home](/wiki/Chi%27s_Sweet_Home \"Chi's Sweet Home\")* (2008–2009, Mom)\n* *[Star Driver](/wiki/Star_Driver \"Star Driver\")* (2010, Fujino Yō)\n* *[Suite PreCure](/wiki/Suite_PreCure \"Suite PreCure\")* (2011–2012, Aphrodite)\n* *[Pretty Rhythm Aurora Dream](/wiki/Pretty_Rhythm_Aurora_Dream \"Pretty Rhythm Aurora Dream\")* (2011–2012, Omi Harune / Bear\\-chi)\n* *[Detective Conan](/wiki/Case_Closed_%28manga%29 \"Case Closed (manga)\")* (2012, Masumi Sera)\n* [*Hunter × Hunter* (second series)](/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter \"Hunter × Hunter\") (2012, Shalnark)\n* *[Psycho\\-Pass](/wiki/Psycho-Pass \"Psycho-Pass\")* (2012, Dominator's voice)\n* *[Love Live School Idol Project](/wiki/Love_Live%21_School_Idol_Project \"Love Live! School Idol Project\")* (Principal Minami / Kotori's mom)\n* *[Wake Up, Girls!](/wiki/Wake_Up%2C_Girls%21 \"Wake Up, Girls!\")* (2014–2018, Junko Tange)\n* *[Seiyu's Life!](/wiki/Seiyu%27s_Life%21 \"Seiyu's Life!\")* (2015, Herself)\n* *[Garo: Guren no Tsuki](/wiki/Garo:The_Animation \"The Animation\")* (2015–2016, Izumi Shikibu)\n* *[Little Witch Academia](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia \"Little Witch Academia\")* (2017, Shiny Chariot / Professor Ursula)\n* *[Pop Team Epic](/wiki/Pop_Team_Epic \"Pop Team Epic\")* (2018, Pipimi (Episode 1\\-A))\n* *[Shinya! Tensai Bakabon](/wiki/Shinya%21_Tensai_Bakabon \"Shinya! Tensai Bakabon\")* (2018, Bakabon's mother)\n* *[Bermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale](/wiki/Colorful_Pastrale \"Colorful Pastrale\")* (2019, Arudi)\n* *[Mix](/wiki/Mix_%28manga%29 \"Mix (manga)\")* (2019, narrator)\n* *[Symphogear XV](/wiki/Symphogear \"Symphogear\")* (2019, Shem\\-Ha Mephorash)\n* *[Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Cinnamon_Nobunaga \"Oda Cinnamon Nobunaga\")* (2020, Ichiko's mother)\n* *[Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!](/wiki/Keep_Your_Hands_Off_Eizouken%21 \"Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!\")* (2020, Tsubame's mother)\n* *[Higurashi: When They Cry – Gou](/wiki/Higurashi_When_They_Cry \"Higurashi When They Cry\")* (2021, Eua)\n* *[Jujutsu Kaisen](/wiki/Jujutsu_Kaisen \"Jujutsu Kaisen\")* (2021, Yuki Tsukumo)\n* *[Komi Can't Communicate](/wiki/Komi_Can%27t_Communicate \"Komi Can't Communicate\")* (2021–2022, narrator)\n* *[The Apothecary Diaries](/wiki/The_Apothecary_Diaries \"The Apothecary Diaries\")* (2023, Fengming)\n* *Ranma ½* (2024, Akane Tendō)\n\nSources:\n\n",
"### Original video animations (OVAs)\n\n* *[Salamander](/wiki/Salamander_%28anime%29 \"Salamander (anime)\")* (1988, Stephanie)\n* *[Top wo Nerae!](/wiki/Gunbuster \"Gunbuster\")* (1988, Noriko Takaya)\n* *[Baoh](/wiki/Baoh \"Baoh\")* (1989, Sumire)\n* *[Blazing Transfer Student](/wiki/Blazing_Transfer_Student \"Blazing Transfer Student\")* (1991, Yukari Takamura)\n* *[Spirit of Wonder: Chaina\\-san no Yūutsu](/wiki/Spirit_of_Wonder \"Spirit of Wonder\")* (1992, China)\n* *[The Hakkenden](/wiki/The_Hakkenden \"The Hakkenden\")* (1993–1995, Shinbei Inue)\n* *Ranma ½* (1993–2008, Akane Tendō)\n* *[Special Duty Combat Unit Shinesman](/wiki/Special_Duty_Combat_Unit_Shinesman \"Special Duty Combat Unit Shinesman\")* (1996, Riko Hidaka / Shinesman Salmon Pink)\n* *[Spirit of Wonder](/wiki/Spirit_of_Wonder \"Spirit of Wonder\")* (2001, China)\n* *[Sakura Wars: Ecole de Paris](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (2003, Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Sakura Wars: Le Nouveau Paris](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (2003, Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Little Witch Academia](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia \"Little Witch Academia\")* (2013, Shiny Chariot / Professor Ursula)\n\nSources:\n\n",
"### Films\n\n* *[Touch: Sebangō no Nai Ace](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1986, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Touch 2: Sayonara no Okurimono](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1986, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Doraemon: Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs](/wiki/Doraemon:Nobita_and_the_Knights_on_Dinosaurs \"Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs\")* (1987, Low)\n* *[Touch 3: Kimi ga Tōri Sugita Ato ni](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1987, Minami Asakura)\n* *[My Neighbor Totoro](/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro \"My Neighbor Totoro\")* (1988, Satsuki Kusakabe)\n* *[Nadia: The Motion Picture](/wiki/Nadia:The_Motion_Picture \"The Motion Picture\")* (1991, Jean Roque Raltique)\n* *[Ranma ½: Big Trouble in Nekonron, China](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_episodes%23Feature_films_%281991-1992%29 \"List of Ranma ½ episodes#Feature films (1991-1992)\")* (1991, Akane Tendo)\n* *[Ranma ½: Nihao, My Concubine](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_episodes%23Feature_films_%281991-1992%29 \"List of Ranma ½ episodes#Feature films (1991-1992)\")* (1992, Akane Tendo)\n* *[Ranma ½: Super Indiscriminate Decisive Battle! Team Ranma vs. the Legendary Phoenix](/wiki/List_of_Ranma_%C2%BD_episodes%23Feature_films_%281991-1992%29 \"List of Ranma ½ episodes#Feature films (1991-1992)\")* (1994, Akane Tendo)\n* *[Hunter × Hunter](/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter \"Hunter × Hunter\")* (1998, [Kurapika](/wiki/Kurapika \"Kurapika\"))\n* *[Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (1998, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Touch: Cross Road](/wiki/Touch_%28manga%29 \"Touch (manga)\")* (2001, Minami Asakura)\n* *[Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time](/wiki/Inuyasha_the_Movie:Affections_Touching_Across_Time \"Affections Touching Across Time\")* (2001, Kikyo)\n* *[Inuyasha the Movie: The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass](/wiki/Inuyasha_the_Movie:The_Castle_Beyond_the_Looking_Glass \"The Castle Beyond the Looking Glass\")* (2002, Kikyo)\n* *[Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:Destiny_Deoxys \"Destiny Deoxys\")* (2004, Tory Lund)\n* *[Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island](/wiki/Inuyasha_the_Movie:Fire_on_the_Mystic_Island \"Fire on the Mystic Island\")* (2004, Kikyo)\n* *[Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:Lucario_and_the_Mystery_of_Mew \"Lucario and the Mystery of Mew\")* (2005, Mother)\n* *[Gunbuster vs. Diebuster](/wiki/Gunbuster \"Gunbuster\")* (2006, Noriko Takaya)\n* *[Detective Conan: Dimensional Sniper](/wiki/Detective_Conan:Dimensional_Sniper \"Dimensional Sniper\")* (2014, Masumi Sera)\n* *[Psycho\\-Pass: The Movie](/wiki/Psycho-Pass:The_Movie \"The Movie\")* (2015, Dominator's voice)\n* *[Love Live! The School Idol Movie](/wiki/Love_Live%21_The_School_Idol_Movie \"Love Live! The School Idol Movie\")* \\- Principal Minami/Kotori's mom\n* *[Little Witch Academia: The Enchanted Parade](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia \"Little Witch Academia\")* (2015, Professor Ursula)\n* *[Detective Conan: The Scarlet Bullet](/wiki/Detective_Conan:The_Scarlet_Bullet \"The Scarlet Bullet\")* (2021, Masumi Sera)\n* *[My Oni Girl](/wiki/My_Oni_Girl \"My Oni Girl\")* (2024, Shion)\nSources:\n",
"### Dubbing roles\n\n#### Live\\-action\n\n* **[Jayma Mays](/wiki/Jayma_Mays \"Jayma Mays\")**\n\t+ *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")* – [Emma Pillsbury](/wiki/Emma_Pillsbury \"Emma Pillsbury\")\n\t+ *[The Smurfs](/wiki/The_Smurfs_%28film%29 \"The Smurfs (film)\")* – Grace Winslow\n\t+ *[The Smurfs 2](/wiki/The_Smurfs_2 \"The Smurfs 2\")* – Grace Winslow\n* *[9\\-1\\-1](/wiki/9-1-1_%28TV_series%29 \"9-1-1 (TV series)\")* – Maddie Buckley Kendall ([Jennifer Love Hewitt](/wiki/Jennifer_Love_Hewitt \"Jennifer Love Hewitt\"))\n* *[The Birdcage](/wiki/The_Birdcage \"The Birdcage\")* (2000 [Fuji TV](/wiki/Fuji_TV \"Fuji TV\") edition) – Barbara Keeley ([Calista Flockhart](/wiki/Calista_Flockhart \"Calista Flockhart\"))\n* *[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory](/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_%28film%29 \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)\")* (2008 [NTV](/wiki/Nippon_TV \"Nippon TV\") edition) – Augustus Gloop ([Philip Wiegratz](/wiki/Philip_Wiegratz \"Philip Wiegratz\"))\n* *[Clifford the Big Red Dog](/wiki/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_%28film%29 \"Clifford the Big Red Dog (film)\")* – Maggie Howard ([Sienna Guillory](/wiki/Sienna_Guillory \"Sienna Guillory\"))\n* *[Edge of Darkness](/wiki/Edge_of_Darkness \"Edge of Darkness\")* – Emma Craven ([Joanne Whalley](/wiki/Joanne_Whalley \"Joanne Whalley\"))\n* *[Eighteen, Twenty\\-Nine](/wiki/Eighteen%2C_Twenty-Nine \"Eighteen, Twenty-Nine\")* – Yoo Hye\\-chan ([Park Sun\\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 \"Park Sun-young (actress)\"))\n* *[Elementary](/wiki/Elementary_%28TV_series%29 \"Elementary (TV series)\")* – Tara Parker ([Sutton Foster](/wiki/Sutton_Foster \"Sutton Foster\"))\n* *[Kingpin](/wiki/Kingpin_%281996_film%29 \"Kingpin (1996 film)\")* – Rebecca ([Michele Matheson](/wiki/Michele_Matheson \"Michele Matheson\"))\n* *[The Last of the Mohicans](/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_%281992_film%29 \"The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)\")* (2001 Fuji TV edition) – Cora Munro ([Madeleine Stowe](/wiki/Madeleine_Stowe \"Madeleine Stowe\"))\n* *[Link](/wiki/Link_%28film%29 \"Link (film)\")* – Jane Chase ([Elisabeth Shue](/wiki/Elisabeth_Shue \"Elisabeth Shue\"))\n* *[Moms' Night Out](/wiki/Moms%27_Night_Out \"Moms' Night Out\")* – Allyson ([Sarah Drew](/wiki/Sarah_Drew \"Sarah Drew\"))\n* *[Monrak Transistor](/wiki/Monrak_Transistor \"Monrak Transistor\")* – Sadao ([Siriyakorn Pukkavesh](/wiki/Siriyakorn_Pukkavesh \"Siriyakorn Pukkavesh\"))\n* *[Night Watch](/wiki/Night_Watch_%281995_film%29 \"Night Watch (1995 film)\")* (1999 Fuji TV edition) – Myra Tang ([Irene Ng](/wiki/Irene_Ng \"Irene Ng\"))\n* *[Shane](/wiki/Shane_%28film%29 \"Shane (film)\")* (2016 [Star Channel](/wiki/Star_Channel_%28Japan%29 \"Star Channel (Japan)\") edition) – Marian Starrett ([Jean Arthur](/wiki/Jean_Arthur \"Jean Arthur\"))\n* *[Super Mario Bros.](/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._%28film%29 \"Super Mario Bros. (film)\")* – [Daisy](/wiki/Princess_Daisy \"Princess Daisy\") ([Samantha Mathis](/wiki/Samantha_Mathis \"Samantha Mathis\"))\n* *[Weekend at Bernie's](/wiki/Weekend_at_Bernie%27s \"Weekend at Bernie's\")* – Gwen Saunders ([Catherine Mary Stewart](/wiki/Catherine_Mary_Stewart \"Catherine Mary Stewart\"))\n\n#### Animation\n\n* *[The Garfield Movie](/wiki/The_Garfield_Movie \"The Garfield Movie\")* – Ethel\n* *[The Iron Giant](/wiki/The_Iron_Giant \"The Iron Giant\")* – Annie Hughes\n* *[Miffy the Movie](/wiki/Miffy_the_Movie \"Miffy the Movie\")* – Mother Bunny\n* *[The Oz Kids](/wiki/The_Oz_Kids \"The Oz Kids\")* – Dot Hugson (Until episode 23 before changing by Sayuri Ikemoto)\n",
"#### Live\\-action\n\n* **[Jayma Mays](/wiki/Jayma_Mays \"Jayma Mays\")**\n\t+ *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")* – [Emma Pillsbury](/wiki/Emma_Pillsbury \"Emma Pillsbury\")\n\t+ *[The Smurfs](/wiki/The_Smurfs_%28film%29 \"The Smurfs (film)\")* – Grace Winslow\n\t+ *[The Smurfs 2](/wiki/The_Smurfs_2 \"The Smurfs 2\")* – Grace Winslow\n* *[9\\-1\\-1](/wiki/9-1-1_%28TV_series%29 \"9-1-1 (TV series)\")* – Maddie Buckley Kendall ([Jennifer Love Hewitt](/wiki/Jennifer_Love_Hewitt \"Jennifer Love Hewitt\"))\n* *[The Birdcage](/wiki/The_Birdcage \"The Birdcage\")* (2000 [Fuji TV](/wiki/Fuji_TV \"Fuji TV\") edition) – Barbara Keeley ([Calista Flockhart](/wiki/Calista_Flockhart \"Calista Flockhart\"))\n* *[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory](/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_%28film%29 \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)\")* (2008 [NTV](/wiki/Nippon_TV \"Nippon TV\") edition) – Augustus Gloop ([Philip Wiegratz](/wiki/Philip_Wiegratz \"Philip Wiegratz\"))\n* *[Clifford the Big Red Dog](/wiki/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_%28film%29 \"Clifford the Big Red Dog (film)\")* – Maggie Howard ([Sienna Guillory](/wiki/Sienna_Guillory \"Sienna Guillory\"))\n* *[Edge of Darkness](/wiki/Edge_of_Darkness \"Edge of Darkness\")* – Emma Craven ([Joanne Whalley](/wiki/Joanne_Whalley \"Joanne Whalley\"))\n* *[Eighteen, Twenty\\-Nine](/wiki/Eighteen%2C_Twenty-Nine \"Eighteen, Twenty-Nine\")* – Yoo Hye\\-chan ([Park Sun\\-young](/wiki/Park_Sun-young_%28actress%29 \"Park Sun-young (actress)\"))\n* *[Elementary](/wiki/Elementary_%28TV_series%29 \"Elementary (TV series)\")* – Tara Parker ([Sutton Foster](/wiki/Sutton_Foster \"Sutton Foster\"))\n* *[Kingpin](/wiki/Kingpin_%281996_film%29 \"Kingpin (1996 film)\")* – Rebecca ([Michele Matheson](/wiki/Michele_Matheson \"Michele Matheson\"))\n* *[The Last of the Mohicans](/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_%281992_film%29 \"The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)\")* (2001 Fuji TV edition) – Cora Munro ([Madeleine Stowe](/wiki/Madeleine_Stowe \"Madeleine Stowe\"))\n* *[Link](/wiki/Link_%28film%29 \"Link (film)\")* – Jane Chase ([Elisabeth Shue](/wiki/Elisabeth_Shue \"Elisabeth Shue\"))\n* *[Moms' Night Out](/wiki/Moms%27_Night_Out \"Moms' Night Out\")* – Allyson ([Sarah Drew](/wiki/Sarah_Drew \"Sarah Drew\"))\n* *[Monrak Transistor](/wiki/Monrak_Transistor \"Monrak Transistor\")* – Sadao ([Siriyakorn Pukkavesh](/wiki/Siriyakorn_Pukkavesh \"Siriyakorn Pukkavesh\"))\n* *[Night Watch](/wiki/Night_Watch_%281995_film%29 \"Night Watch (1995 film)\")* (1999 Fuji TV edition) – Myra Tang ([Irene Ng](/wiki/Irene_Ng \"Irene Ng\"))\n* *[Shane](/wiki/Shane_%28film%29 \"Shane (film)\")* (2016 [Star Channel](/wiki/Star_Channel_%28Japan%29 \"Star Channel (Japan)\") edition) – Marian Starrett ([Jean Arthur](/wiki/Jean_Arthur \"Jean Arthur\"))\n* *[Super Mario Bros.](/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._%28film%29 \"Super Mario Bros. (film)\")* – [Daisy](/wiki/Princess_Daisy \"Princess Daisy\") ([Samantha Mathis](/wiki/Samantha_Mathis \"Samantha Mathis\"))\n* *[Weekend at Bernie's](/wiki/Weekend_at_Bernie%27s \"Weekend at Bernie's\")* – Gwen Saunders ([Catherine Mary Stewart](/wiki/Catherine_Mary_Stewart \"Catherine Mary Stewart\"))\n",
"#### Animation\n\n* *[The Garfield Movie](/wiki/The_Garfield_Movie \"The Garfield Movie\")* – Ethel\n* *[The Iron Giant](/wiki/The_Iron_Giant \"The Iron Giant\")* – Annie Hughes\n* *[Miffy the Movie](/wiki/Miffy_the_Movie \"Miffy the Movie\")* – Mother Bunny\n* *[The Oz Kids](/wiki/The_Oz_Kids \"The Oz Kids\")* – Dot Hugson (Until episode 23 before changing by Sayuri Ikemoto)\n",
"Video games\n-----------\n\n* *[Wonder Project J: Kikai no Shōnen Pīno](/wiki/Wonder_Project_J:Kikai_no_Sh%C5%8Dnen_P%C4%ABno \"Kikai no Shōnen Pīno\")* (1994\\) (Pīno)\n* *[Black Matrix](/wiki/Black_Matrix \"Black Matrix\")* (1998\\) (Domina)\n* *[Yukiwari no Hana](/wiki/Yukiwari_no_Hana \"Yukiwari no Hana\")* (1998\\) (Kaori Sakuragi)\n* *[Inuyasha](/wiki/Inuyasha_%28video_game%29 \"Inuyasha (video game)\")* (2001\\) (Kikyō)\n* *[Rumble Roses](/wiki/Rumble_Roses \"Rumble Roses\")* (2005\\) (Reiko Hinomoto / Rowdy Reiko)\n* *[Rumble Roses XX](/wiki/Rumble_Roses_XX \"Rumble Roses XX\")* (2006\\) (Reiko Hinomoto / Rowdy Reiko)\n* *[Project X Zone](/wiki/Project_X_Zone \"Project X Zone\")* (2012\\) (Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Project X Zone 2](/wiki/Project_X_Zone_2 \"Project X Zone 2\")* (2015\\) (Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Root Letter](/wiki/Root_Letter \"Root Letter\")* (2016\\) (Aya Fumino)\n* *[Little Witch Academia: Chamber of Time](/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia:Chamber_of_Time \"Chamber of Time\")* (2017\\) (Ursula Callistis / Shiny Chariot)\n* *[Our World is Ended](/wiki/Our_World_is_Ended \"Our World is Ended\")* (2019\\) (Nichol Shorter)\n* *[Fate/Grand Order](/wiki/Fate/Grand_Order \"Fate/Grand Order\")* (2020\\) (Aphrodite)\n* *[Final Fantasy VII Remake](/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII_Remake \"Final Fantasy VII Remake\")* (2020\\) (Claudia Strife)\n* *[Senjin Aleste](/wiki/Aleste \"Aleste\")* (2021\\) (Wise\\-N)\n* *[Super Monkey Ball Banana Mania](/wiki/Super_Monkey_Ball_Banana_Mania \"Super Monkey Ball Banana Mania\")* (2021\\) (AiAi, MeeMee, Baby, YanYan)\n\nUnknown date\n* *[Aoi Shiro](/wiki/Aoi_Shiro \"Aoi Shiro\")* (Syouko)\n* *[Croquette! 2: Yami no Bank to Ban Joō](/wiki/Croquette%21_2:Yami_no_Bank_to_Ban_Jo%C5%8D \"Yami no Bank to Ban Joō\")* (Anchovie)\n* *[Croquette! 3: Guranyū Ōkoku no Nazo](/wiki/Croquette%21_3:Gurany%C5%AB_%C5%8Ckoku_no_Nazo \"Guranyū Ōkoku no Nazo\")* (Anchovie)\n* *[Croquette! Great: Jikū no Bōken\\-tachi](/wiki/Croquette%21_Great:Jik%C5%AB_no_B%C5%8Dken-tachi \"Jikū no Bōken-tachi\")* (Anchovie)\n* *[Croquette! DS: Tenkū no Yūsha\\-tachi](/wiki/Croquette%21_DS:Tenk%C5%AB_no_Y%C5%ABsha-tachi \"Tenkū no Yūsha-tachi\")* (Anchovie, Sardine)\n* *[Evil Zone](/wiki/Evil_Zone \"Evil Zone\")* (aka Eretzvaju) (Midori Himeno)\n* *[Grandia](/wiki/Grandia_%28video_game%29 \"Grandia (video game)\")* (Feena)\n* *[Minna no Golf Portable](/wiki/Hot_Shots_Golf_%28series%29%23Hot_Shots_Golf:Coca_Cola_Special_Edition_%282005%29 \"Coca Cola Special Edition (2005)\")* (Sagiri)\n* *[Idol Janshi Suchie Pai](/wiki/Idol_Janshi_Suchie_Pai \"Idol Janshi Suchie Pai\")* (series) (Kotori Ninomiya)\n* *[Neon Genesis Evangelion: Battle Orchestra](/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion:Battle_Orchestra \"Battle Orchestra\")* (Noriko Takaya)\n* *[Panther Bandit](/wiki/Panther_Bandit \"Panther Bandit\")* (Kasumi)\n* *[Puyo Puyo CD](/wiki/Puyo_Puyo \"Puyo Puyo\")* (Panotti)\n* *Puyo Puyo CD Tsū* (Panotti)\n* *[Ranma ½](/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD \"Ranma ½\")* ([Akane Tendo](/wiki/Akane_Tendo \"Akane Tendo\"))\n* *[Rurouni Kenshin: Enjō! Kyoto Rinne](/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin:Enj%C5%8D%21_Kyoto_Rinne \"Enjō! Kyoto Rinne\")* ([Sojiro Seta](/wiki/Sojiro_Seta \"Sojiro Seta\"))\n* *[Sakura Wars](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (series) ([Erica Fontaine](/wiki/Sakura_Wars%23The_Paris_Hanagumi_%28Groupe_Fleur_de_Paris%29 \"Sakura Wars#The Paris Hanagumi (Groupe Fleur de Paris)\"))\n* *[Super Robot Wars](/wiki/Super_Robot_Wars \"Super Robot Wars\")* (series) (Noriko Takaya, Mina Likering, Lenii Ai, Makibi Hari)\n* *[Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 2](/wiki/Tales_of_the_World:Narikiri_Dungeon_2 \"Narikiri Dungeon 2\")* (Thanatos)\n* *[Tengai Makyou III: Namida](/wiki/Tengai_Makyou \"Tengai Makyou\")* (Iyo)\n* *[TwinBee RPG](/wiki/TwinBee_RPG \"TwinBee RPG\")* (Molte)\n* *[Ultima: Kyōfu no Exodus](/wiki/Ultima_III \"Ultima III\")* (game character introduction voice)\n* *VitaminR* (Board Chairman)\n* *[Wonder Project J2: Koruro no Mori no Josette](/wiki/Wonder_Project_J2:Koruro_no_Mori_no_Josette \"Koruro no Mori no Josette\")* (Josette)\n* *Zoids vs.* (Atorē Arcadia, Riize)\n\n**Sources:**\n\n",
"TV shows\n--------\n\n### Regular appearances\n\n* *Bakeruno Shōgakkō Hyūdoro\\-gumi*\n* *[Battle Fever J](/wiki/Battle_Fever_J \"Battle Fever J\")* \\- Keiko Nakahara\n* *[Cool Japan](/wiki/Shoji_Kokami \"Shoji Kokami\")* \\- Narrator\n* *Let's Go Young*\n* *Minna Ikiteiru*\n* *Ohayou Studio*\n* *Shin Afternoon Show 1987*\n* *Tamiya RC Car Gran Prix*\n* *Zawa Zawa Mori no Ganko\\-chan*\n* *[Ressha Sentai ToQger](/wiki/Ressha_Sentai_ToQger \"Ressha Sentai ToQger\")* \\- Miiss Glitta/Empress of Darkness Glitta\n* *[Ressha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S.](/wiki/Ressha_Sentai_ToQger_the_Movie:Galaxy_Line_S.O.S. \"Galaxy Line S.O.S.\")* Miiss Glitta\n* *[Koe Girl!](/wiki/Koe_Girl%21 \"Koe Girl!\")* (2018\\) – Mari Kikuchi\n* *[Kamen Rider Zero\\-One](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Zero-One \"Kamen Rider Zero-One\")* \\- Zatt\n\n### Guest appearances\n\n* *Quiz Nattoku Rekishikan* (xxxx)\n* *Run Run Asa 6\\-sei Jōhō* (xxxx)\n* *Sumai no 110\\-ban* (xxxx)\n* *Tochūgesha Junjō* (xxxx)\n* *[Voice II](/wiki/Voice:110_Emergency_Control_Room \"110 Emergency Control Room\")* (2021\\)\n",
"### Regular appearances\n\n* *Bakeruno Shōgakkō Hyūdoro\\-gumi*\n* *[Battle Fever J](/wiki/Battle_Fever_J \"Battle Fever J\")* \\- Keiko Nakahara\n* *[Cool Japan](/wiki/Shoji_Kokami \"Shoji Kokami\")* \\- Narrator\n* *Let's Go Young*\n* *Minna Ikiteiru*\n* *Ohayou Studio*\n* *Shin Afternoon Show 1987*\n* *Tamiya RC Car Gran Prix*\n* *Zawa Zawa Mori no Ganko\\-chan*\n* *[Ressha Sentai ToQger](/wiki/Ressha_Sentai_ToQger \"Ressha Sentai ToQger\")* \\- Miiss Glitta/Empress of Darkness Glitta\n* *[Ressha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S.](/wiki/Ressha_Sentai_ToQger_the_Movie:Galaxy_Line_S.O.S. \"Galaxy Line S.O.S.\")* Miiss Glitta\n* *[Koe Girl!](/wiki/Koe_Girl%21 \"Koe Girl!\")* (2018\\) – Mari Kikuchi\n* *[Kamen Rider Zero\\-One](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Zero-One \"Kamen Rider Zero-One\")* \\- Zatt\n",
"### Guest appearances\n\n* *Quiz Nattoku Rekishikan* (xxxx)\n* *Run Run Asa 6\\-sei Jōhō* (xxxx)\n* *Sumai no 110\\-ban* (xxxx)\n* *Tochūgesha Junjō* (xxxx)\n* *[Voice II](/wiki/Voice:110_Emergency_Control_Room \"110 Emergency Control Room\")* (2021\\)\n",
"Radio\n-----\n\n* *Asakura Minami no All Night Nippon \\- September 29, 2004*\n* *Clair de Lune* (Banana Fritters)\n* *Earth Conscious Dream*\n* *Hidaka Noriko no Happy @*\n* *Hidaka Noriko no Tokyo Wonder Jam: Uri! Uri! Urihō!*\n* *KBS Kyoto Hyper Night*\n\t+ *Hidaka Noriko no Aromatic Night*\n\t+ *Hidaka Noriko no Hyper Night Getsuyōbi*\n\t+ *Hidaka Noriko no Hyper Night Kinyōbi*\n* *Nisseki Doyō Omoshiro Radio*\n* *Nonko to Nobita no Anime Scramble*\n* *Nonko's Cheerful Mind \"Urara\"*\n* *Saturday Tokimeki Station*\n* *[Shōfukutei Tsuruko no All Night Nippon](/wiki/%E7%AC%91%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%AD%E9%B6%B4%E5%85%89%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3 \"笑福亭鶴光のオールナイトニッポン\")*\n",
"Theatrical roles\n----------------\n\n* *Play a Song*\n* *[Sakura Taisen Dinner Show](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (Erica Fontaine)\n* *[Sakura Taisen Kayō Show](/wiki/Sakura_Wars \"Sakura Wars\")* (Erica Fontaine)\n* *The Star Spangled Girl*\n",
"CDs\n---\n\n### Albums\n\n* *Breath of Air*\n* *Hidaka Noriko Best*\n* *Kazumi* (as Kazumi Endō)\n* *Mega Babe*\n* *Minami no Seishun*\n* *Minamikaze ni Fukarete*\n* *Nonko*\n* *Otakara Song Book*\n* *Paradise*\n* *Personal*\n* *Personal 2*\n* *Ranma ½ Utagoyomi Heisei 3 Nendoban* (as [Akane Tendo](/wiki/Akane_Tendo \"Akane Tendo\"), includes *Yasashii, ii Ko ni Narenai* (a.k.a. the \"Baka Song\"))\n* *Time Capsule*\n* *Touch in Memory* (as Minami Asakura)\n\n**Sources:**\n\n### Singles\n\n* *Anata ga Uchū ～By My Side～*\n* *Ashita he no Tsubasa* / *Niji no Kanata*\n* *Be Natural* / *Megami ga Kureta Ichibyō*\n* *Watashi Datte* (as Kazumi Endō)\n\n**Sources:**\n\n",
"### Albums\n\n* *Breath of Air*\n* *Hidaka Noriko Best*\n* *Kazumi* (as Kazumi Endō)\n* *Mega Babe*\n* *Minami no Seishun*\n* *Minamikaze ni Fukarete*\n* *Nonko*\n* *Otakara Song Book*\n* *Paradise*\n* *Personal*\n* *Personal 2*\n* *Ranma ½ Utagoyomi Heisei 3 Nendoban* (as [Akane Tendo](/wiki/Akane_Tendo \"Akane Tendo\"), includes *Yasashii, ii Ko ni Narenai* (a.k.a. the \"Baka Song\"))\n* *Time Capsule*\n* *Touch in Memory* (as Minami Asakura)\n\n**Sources:**\n\n",
"### Singles\n\n* *Anata ga Uchū ～By My Side～*\n* *Ashita he no Tsubasa* / *Niji no Kanata*\n* *Be Natural* / *Megami ga Kureta Ichibyō*\n* *Watashi Datte* (as Kazumi Endō)\n\n**Sources:**\n\n",
"Books\n-----\n\n* *Nonko* ()\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1962 births](/wiki/Category:1962_births \"1962 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Japanese women pop singers](/wiki/Category:Japanese_women_pop_singers \"Japanese women pop singers\")\n[Category:Japanese idols](/wiki/Category:Japanese_idols \"Japanese idols\")\n[Category:Japanese sopranos](/wiki/Category:Japanese_sopranos \"Japanese sopranos\")\n[Category:Japanese stage actresses](/wiki/Category:Japanese_stage_actresses \"Japanese stage actresses\")\n[Category:Japanese video game actresses](/wiki/Category:Japanese_video_game_actresses \"Japanese video game actresses\")\n[Category:People from Chiyoda, Tokyo](/wiki/Category:People_from_Chiyoda%2C_Tokyo \"People from Chiyoda, Tokyo\")\n[Category:Voice actresses from Tokyo](/wiki/Category:Voice_actresses_from_Tokyo \"Voice actresses from Tokyo\")\n[Category:Singers from Tokyo](/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Tokyo \"Singers from Tokyo\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Japanese actresses](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Japanese_actresses \"20th-century Japanese actresses\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Japanese actresses](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Japanese_actresses \"21st-century Japanese actresses\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Japanese women singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Japanese_women_singers \"20th-century Japanese women singers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Japanese singers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Japanese_singers \"20th-century Japanese singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Japanese women singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Japanese_women_singers \"21st-century Japanese women singers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Japanese singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Japanese_singers \"21st-century Japanese singers\")\n[Category:81 Produce voice actors](/wiki/Category:81_Produce_voice_actors \"81 Produce voice actors\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Jackie Ronne
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
d6065srj0eni3wlbsdpft5d0q4n3z6h
|
2024-09-05T16:28:41Z
| 1,224,147,266 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Legacy",
"Bibliography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Edith Jackie Ronne** (October 13, 1919 – June 14, 2009\\) was an American [explorer](/wiki/Explorer \"Explorer\") of [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica \"Antarctica\") and the first woman in the world to be a working member of an Antarctic expedition (1947–48\\). The [Ronne Ice Shelf](/wiki/Ronne_Ice_Shelf \"Ronne Ice Shelf\") was named by her husband after her.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nBorn Edith Ann Maslin on October 13, 1919, in [Baltimore, Maryland](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\"), Ronne spent her first two years in college at the [College of Wooster](/wiki/College_of_Wooster \"College of Wooster\") in Wooster, Ohio, and received a degree in history from [George Washington University](/wiki/George_Washington_University \"George Washington University\"), where she was a member of [Phi Mu](/wiki/Phi_Mu \"Phi Mu\") sorority. After college she worked in the U.S. State Department where she spent five years serving in several different positions from file clerk to International Information Specialist in the Near and Far Eastern Division of Cultural Affairs. She married [Finn Ronne](/wiki/Finn_Ronne \"Finn Ronne\") on March 18, 1941, and on the expedition of 1946–1948 that her husband commanded, she became the first American woman to set foot on the Antarctic continent. She and [Jennie Darlington](/wiki/Jennie_Darlington \"Jennie Darlington\"), the wife of the expedition's chief pilot, became the first women to overwinter in [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica \"Antarctica\"). They spent 15 months together with 21 other members of the expedition in a small station they had set up\n\nAs the expedition's recorder and historian, Ronne wrote the news releases for the North American Newspaper Alliance. She also kept a daily history of the expedition's accomplishments, which formed the basis for her husband's book, *Antarctic Conquest*, published by Putnam in 1949, as well as making routine tidal and seismographic observations.[Navy Military History](http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/ends/ronne.htm) \n\nEdith Ronne returned fifteen times to Antarctica, including a Navy\\-sponsored flight to the [South Pole](/wiki/South_Pole \"South Pole\") in 1971 to commemorate the 60th anniversary of [Roald Amundsen](/wiki/Roald_Amundsen \"Roald Amundsen\") first reaching the South Pole, and a 1995 trip back to her former base at Stonington Island as guest lecturer on the expedition [cruise ship](/wiki/Cruise_ship \"Cruise ship\") *[Explorer](/wiki/MS_Explorer_II_%28cruise_ship%29 \"MS Explorer II (cruise ship)\")*. She was a fellow of [The Explorers Club](/wiki/The_Explorers_Club \"The Explorers Club\") and served as president of the [Society of Woman Geographers](/wiki/Society_of_Woman_Geographers \"Society of Woman Geographers\") from 1978 to 1981\\.\n\nShe died on June 14, 2009, aged 89, from [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\").\n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\n[Edith Ronne Land](/wiki/Edith_Ronne_Land \"Edith Ronne Land\") was named after her by her husband (Commander [Finn Ronne](/wiki/Finn_Ronne \"Finn Ronne\")), who mapped the last unknown coastline on earth. When the territory was determined to be mostly ice shelf, the name was changed to Edith Ronne Ice Shelf. At her request, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names removed her first name, so that the **Ronne Ice Shelf** would correspond to the continent's other large ice shelf, the [Ross Ice Shelf](/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf \"Ross Ice Shelf\") and to commemorate all three Ronne explorers including her father\\-in\\-law, [Martin Rønne](/wiki/Martin_R%C3%B8nne \"Martin Rønne\"), a member of [Amundsen's South Pole expedition](/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition \"Amundsen's South Pole expedition\").\n\nRonne was the recipient of a special Achievement Award from Columbian College of George Washington University and dedicated a Polar Section to the National Naval Museum.\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* Kafarowski, Joanna. *Antarctic Pioneer The Trailblazing Life of Jackie Ronne.* (Dundurn Press, 2022\\)\n* Ronne, Edith. *Antarctica's First Lady* (2004\\)[Biography](http://www.ronneantarcticexplorers.com/book.htm) \n* [\"From High Heels to Mukluks\" by Edith Ronne](http://xpda.com/junkmail/junk165/heels01.htm)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Memoirs from Antarctica](http://www.ronneantarcticexplorers.com/Edith_Jackie_Ronne.htm)\n* [\"From High Heels to Mukluks\" by Edith Ronne](http://xpda.com/junkmail/junk165/heels01.htm)\n* [Obituary](http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2009/06/19/edith_ronne_89_became_1st_us_woman_on_antarctica/)\n* [New York Times Archive 1948](https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F17FA3E54177A93C4A9178AD85F4C8485F9&scp=6&sq=edith%20ronne&st=cse)\n* [Obituary](http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-ronne2112896513jun18,0,6925061.story)\n* [Wall Street Journal Obituary](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124546920980433709?mod=googlenews_wsj)\n* [Return Trip in 1995](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/17/AR2009061702368.html?sid=ST2009061704045)\n\n[Category:1919 births](/wiki/Category:1919_births \"1919 births\")\n[Category:2009 deaths](/wiki/Category:2009_deaths \"2009 deaths\")\n[Category:Explorers of Antarctica](/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Antarctica \"Explorers of Antarctica\")\n[Category:Explorers of the Arctic](/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_the_Arctic \"Explorers of the Arctic\")\n[Category:Female polar explorers](/wiki/Category:Female_polar_explorers \"Female polar explorers\")\n[Category:American women travel writers](/wiki/Category:American_women_travel_writers \"American women travel writers\")\n[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_the_United_States \"Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States\")\n[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Maryland](/wiki/Category:Neurological_disease_deaths_in_Maryland \"Neurological disease deaths in Maryland\")\n[Category:Filchner\\-Ronne Ice Shelf](/wiki/Category:Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf \"Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf\")\n[Category:Queen Elizabeth Land](/wiki/Category:Queen_Elizabeth_Land \"Queen Elizabeth Land\")\n[Category:American travel writers](/wiki/Category:American_travel_writers \"American travel writers\")\n[Category:Fellows of the Explorers Club](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Explorers_Club \"Fellows of the Explorers Club\")\n[Category:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni](/wiki/Category:Columbian_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences_alumni \"Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni\")\n[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery \"Burials at Arlington National Cemetery\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Andrew Kirkpatrick (lawyer)
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
39px1alu96we98vlp5v51a1rn6lcs30
|
2024-08-16T06:29:17Z
| 1,209,478,683 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Marriage and family",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Andrew Kirkpatrick** (1756–1831\\) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist from [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nAndrew Kirkpatrick was born in Mine Brook, New Jersey on February 17, 1756\\. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (later [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\")) in 1775\\.\n\nHe served one term as a member of the [New Jersey General Assembly](/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly \"New Jersey General Assembly\") from 1797 to 1798\\. He was appointed to the [New Jersey Supreme Court](/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court \"New Jersey Supreme Court\") in 1798\\. In 1804, he became the chief justice of that Court, and remained so until 1825\\.\n\nFor many years Kirkpatrick was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, and trustee of Queen's College (now Rutgers) from 1792 to 1809\\. He also served as a vice\\-president of the [American Bible Society](/wiki/American_Bible_Society \"American Bible Society\"). He died on January 7, 1831, at [New Brunswick, New Jersey](/wiki/New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"New Brunswick, New Jersey\").\n\n",
"Marriage and family\n-------------------\n\nKirpatrick married Jane Bayard in 1792, and they had four children. Their son [Littleton Kirkpatrick](/wiki/Littleton_Kirkpatrick \"Littleton Kirkpatrick\") also became an attorney and politician, serving in Congress and as mayor of [New Brunswick, New Jersey](/wiki/New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"New Brunswick, New Jersey\").\n\nHis namesake grandson, [Andrew Kirkpatrick](/wiki/Andrew_Kirkpatrick_%28judge%29 \"Andrew Kirkpatrick (judge)\") became an attorney and a [United States District Court](/wiki/United_States_District_Court \"United States District Court\") judge.Frank John Urquhart, *A History of the City of Newark, New Jersey* (1913\\), p. 380\\.\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* [The Political Graveyard](http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/kirkpatrick.html)\n\n[Category:1756 births](/wiki/Category:1756_births \"1756 births\")\n[Category:1831 deaths](/wiki/Category:1831_deaths \"1831 deaths\")\n[Category:Politicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey \"Politicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey\")\n[Category:Members of the New Jersey General Assembly](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_New_Jersey_General_Assembly \"Members of the New Jersey General Assembly\")\n[Category:Chief justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey](/wiki/Category:Chief_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey \"Chief justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey\")\n[Category:18th\\-century American legislators](/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_legislators \"18th-century American legislators\")\n[Category:18th\\-century American politicians](/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_politicians \"18th-century American politicians\")\n[Category:18th\\-century New Jersey politicians](/wiki/Category:18th-century_New_Jersey_politicians \"18th-century New Jersey politicians\")\n[Category:19th\\-century American judges](/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_judges \"19th-century American judges\")\n[Category:19th\\-century New Jersey politicians](/wiki/Category:19th-century_New_Jersey_politicians \"19th-century New Jersey politicians\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Vernon Richards
|
{
"id": [
23617408
],
"name": [
"Ismaelinsky"
]
}
|
fau3y4uc3xfjvyyrc8n5qa1vt3j47bk
|
2024-10-15T18:21:12Z
| 1,239,065,843 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Publications",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - \n\n**Vernon Richards** (born **Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni**, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001\\) was an [Anglo](/wiki/England \"England\")\\-Italian [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchist \"Anarchist\"), editor, author, engineer, photographer, and companion of [Marie\\-Louise Berneri](/wiki/Marie-Louise_Berneri \"Marie-Louise Berneri\").\n\nRichards' founding of the paper *[Spain and the World](/wiki/Spain_and_the_World \"Spain and the World\")* in 1936 lead to the revival of the British anarchist publisher [Freedom Press](/wiki/Freedom_Press \"Freedom Press\") and the subsequent publishing of the newspaper *[War Commentary](/wiki/War_Commentary \"War Commentary\")*, followed in 1945 by the relaunch of *[Freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%28British_newspaper%29 \"Freedom (British newspaper)\")* newspaper.\n\nRichards and Berneri were joined in Freedom Press by a group of regular contributors including [John Hewetson](/wiki/John_Hewetson \"John Hewetson\"), [Tony Gibson](/wiki/Tony_Gibson_%28psychologist%29 \"Tony Gibson (psychologist)\"), [Philip Sansom](/wiki/Philip_Sansom \"Philip Sansom\"), [George Woodcock](/wiki/George_Woodcock \"George Woodcock\") and [Colin Ward](/wiki/Colin_Ward \"Colin Ward\"). *Freedom* remained under Richards' editorship until 1968 and he retained a strong influence over Freedom Press until his retirement. He also authored and translated a number of books including *Lessons of the Spanish Revolution* (1953\\) and *Errico Malatesta: His Life \\& Ideas* (1965\\).\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nRichards was born in 1915 in [Soho](/wiki/Soho \"Soho\"), London to the Italian militant anarchist railway worker [Emidio Recchioni](/wiki/Emidio_Recchioni \"Emidio Recchioni\") and his wife Costanza (*née* Benericetti) where they ran a popular [delicatessen](/wiki/Delicatessen \"Delicatessen\"), *King Bomba*. Emidio had fled Italy following a prison escape with [Errico Malatesta](/wiki/Errico_Malatesta \"Errico Malatesta\"). Friends speculated that Richards inherited his single\\-mindedness from his father, though Richards later described his father as a \"bourgeois terrorist\".\n\nRichards was educated at [Emanuel School](/wiki/Emanuel_School \"Emanuel School\") in [Wandsworth](/wiki/Wandsworth \"Wandsworth\") and studied [civil engineering](/wiki/Civil_engineering \"Civil engineering\") at [King's College London](/wiki/King%27s_College_London \"King's College London\"). He then worked as a railway engineer.\n\nIn 1931 in Paris Richards met [Marie Louise Berneri](/wiki/Marie-Louise_Berneri \"Marie-Louise Berneri\"), daughter of [Camillo](/wiki/Camillo_Berneri \"Camillo Berneri\") and [Giovanna Berneri](/wiki/Giovanna_Berneri \"Giovanna Berneri\"), and began a long\\-distance relationship. Richards and Camillo together edited the bilingual Italian and English anti\\-Mussolini paper *Italia Libera*/*Free Italy*, resulting in Richards' deportation from France in 1935\\.\n\nIn 1935, he anglicised his name from Vero Recchioni to Vernon Richards. From December 1936 Richards began work on a new anarchist newspaper in London, *[Spain and the World](/wiki/Spain_and_the_World \"Spain and the World\")*, reporting on the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"). In 1937 Marie moved to London to join him, marrying him in October 1937 so she could gain [British citizenship](/wiki/British_Citizenship \"British Citizenship\").\n\nAfter the first issue of *Spain and the World* the paper was taken on by Freedom Press with Richards' as editor, going on to play a leading role in the revival of British anarchism and Freedom Press.\n\nFollowing the fascist victory in the Spanish Civil War *Spain and the World* was briefly relaunched as *Revolt!* In November 1939 with the onset of war the paper was renamed again as *War Commentary*.\n\nOn 26 April 1945 as an editor of *War Commentary* Richards was sentenced to nine months in prison along with two contributors, [John Hewetson](/wiki/John_Hewetson \"John Hewetson\") and [Philip Sansom](/wiki/Philip_Sansom \"Philip Sansom\"), for conspiring to cause disaffection among members of the armed forces under [Defence Regulation 39a](/wiki/Defence_Regulations \"Defence Regulations\"). The same charges against Berneri were dropped as legally a wife could not be prosecuted for conspiring with her husband – about which she was reportedly furious. Coming at the end of the war, the four day trial at the [Old Bailey](/wiki/Old_Bailey \"Old Bailey\") saw significant press coverage and public controversy. The arrests led to the formation of the prominent [Freedom Defence Committee](/wiki/Freedom_Defence_Committee \"Freedom Defence Committee\"). The trial also saw an end to Richard's career as an engineer, with Richards' and Berneri deciding to try and earn a living as professional photographers.\n\nAfter Richards' release from prison their friend [George Orwell](/wiki/George_Orwell \"George Orwell\"), who was extremely averse to being photographed, allowed Richards and Berneri to photograph him to help them start out. The photos feature a relaxed Orwell at home and in the street and remain in widespread use. The complete set was published in the 1998 book *George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists): Essays and Photographs*.\n\nAt this time a split had formed within Freedom Press between [anarcho\\-syndicalists](/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism \"Anarcho-syndicalism\") with ties to the [Confederación Nacional del Trabajo](/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo \"Confederación Nacional del Trabajo\") (CNT) and [anarcho\\-communists](/wiki/Anarcho-communism \"Anarcho-communism\") associated with Richards and Berneri who aligned more with [Errico Malatesta's](/wiki/Errico_Malatesta \"Errico Malatesta\") critique of revolutionary trade unionism. The split saw the painter and *War Commentary* contributor [Cliff Holden](/wiki/Cliff_Holden \"Cliff Holden\") hold Richards at gunpoint to extract money for a new paper. Richards' views on the Spanish Civil War, including critiques of the CNT from *Freedom* and *Spain and the World* were later republished in the book *Lessons of the Spanish Revolution*.\n\nIn December 1948 Berneri gave birth, but the child died shortly afterwards. She then died of a viral infection in April 1949\\.\n\nIn the 1950s Richards sold the family store, *King Bomba*, and in 1968 with his partner Peta Hewetson he moved to Suffolk where he grew and sold vegetables from a smallholding. He also worked as a travel agent, including trips to [Francoist Spain](/wiki/Francoist_Spain \"Francoist Spain\") and the Soviet Union.\n\nRichards formally retired from Freedom Press in 1995\\. A workaholic, he continued to write books into his eighties, though following Peta Hewetson's death in 1997 he became more reclusive. He died on 10 December 2001 in [Hadleigh](/wiki/Hadleigh%2C_Suffolk \"Hadleigh, Suffolk\"), [Suffolk](/wiki/Suffolk \"Suffolk\").\n\nIn a *Guardian* obituary [Colin Ward](/wiki/Colin_Ward \"Colin Ward\"), who had worked with Richards for decades, described him as a \"ruthless exploiter of others\" and a \"manipulator\" with a noted tendency to lose friends. Richard's papers are held by the [International Institute of Social History](/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History \"International Institute of Social History\") in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\").\n\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\n* *\\[[Lessons of the Spanish Revolution](https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/vernon-richards-lessons-of-the-spanish-revolution)]* (1953\\)\n* *[Errico Malatesta: His Life \\& Ideas](https://libcom.org/article/errico-malatesta-his-life-and-ideas)* (1965\\)\n* *The Impossibilities of Social Democracy* (1978\\)\n* *Why Work? Arguments for the Leisure Society* (1983\\)\n* *Violence and Anarchism: A Polemic* (1983\\)\n* *[Protest without Illusions](https://libcom.org/article/protest-without-illusions)* (1981\\)\n* *A Weekend Photographer's Notebook* (1996\\)\n* *A Part\\-Time Photographers Portrait Gallery* (1999\\)\n* *Beauty Is More Than 'In the Eye of the Beholder': Photographs of Women and Children* (1999\\)\n* *George Orwell at Home (and Among the Anarchists). Essays and Photographs* (1998\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Vernon Richards Papers](https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH01182) at the [International Institute of Social History](/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History \"International Institute of Social History\")\n\n[Category:1915 births](/wiki/Category:1915_births \"1915 births\")\n[Category:2001 deaths](/wiki/Category:2001_deaths \"2001 deaths\")\n[Category:British anti–World War II activists](/wiki/Category:British_anti%E2%80%93World_War_II_activists \"British anti–World War II activists\")\n[Category:British conscientious objectors](/wiki/Category:British_conscientious_objectors \"British conscientious objectors\")\n[Category:Alumni of King's College London](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_King%27s_College_London \"Alumni of King's College London\")\n[Category:English people of Italian descent](/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Italian_descent \"English people of Italian descent\")\n[Category:English prisoners and detainees](/wiki/Category:English_prisoners_and_detainees \"English prisoners and detainees\")\n[Category:English anarchists](/wiki/Category:English_anarchists \"English anarchists\")\n[Category:English anti\\-fascists](/wiki/Category:English_anti-fascists \"English anti-fascists\")\n[Category:People educated at Emanuel School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Emanuel_School \"People educated at Emanuel School\")\n[Category:20th\\-century British photographers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_photographers \"20th-century British photographers\")\n[Category:British newspaper editors](/wiki/Category:British_newspaper_editors \"British newspaper editors\")\n[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prisoners and detainees of the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Writers from the City of Westminster](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_the_City_of_Westminster \"Writers from the City of Westminster\")\n[Category:People from Soho](/wiki/Category:People_from_Soho \"People from Soho\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Hooton Pagnell
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
fo349en8s2xvnn1t25i5jod62o7l4hj
|
2024-04-12T21:11:51Z
| 1,081,952,204 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Hooton Pagnell Hall and the Estate",
"Hooton Pagnell Church",
"St Chad's Hostel",
"Politics",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hooton Pagnell** is a village and [civil parish](/wiki/Civil_parish \"Civil parish\") in the [Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster](/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Doncaster \"Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster\") in [South Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Yorkshire \"South Yorkshire\"), England, on the border with [West Yorkshire](/wiki/West_Yorkshire \"West Yorkshire\"). It lies on the [B6422 road](/wiki/B6422_road \"B6422 road\"), between [Brodsworth](/wiki/Brodsworth \"Brodsworth\") and [South Elmsall](/wiki/South_Elmsall \"South Elmsall\") and is at an elevation of around above [sea level](/wiki/Sea_level \"Sea level\"). It had a population of 211 at the [2001 Census](/wiki/2011_Census_of_the_United_Kingdom \"2011 Census of the United Kingdom\"), reducing slightly to 201 at the 2011 Census. The name of the village derives from [Ralph de Paganel](/wiki/Ralph_de_Paganel \"Ralph de Paganel\") (sometimes spelled Paynell), a Norman who was a [tenant\\-in\\-chief](/wiki/Tenant-in-chief \"Tenant-in-chief\") in Yorkshire named in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\") and an extensive landowner.[A Topographic Dictionary of England, Samuel Lewis (editor), 1848, Institute of Historical Research, British History Online](http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51042#s15)\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe first recorded mention of Hooton Pagnell is found in Domesday Book, where it is called \"Hotone\" (\"The Town on the Hill\" or \"The High Dwelling Place\"). \"In Hotone and Bileham Earl Edwin had one manor of ten carucetes for geld, and ten ploughs may be there.. . . . . . . . . In the time of King Edward it was worth eight pounds, now one hundred shillings.\" The , that was in 1086 the extent of the cultivated land in Hooton, were given to Robert, Count of Mortain. He in turn sublet the land to Richard de Surdeval, a Norman knight.\n\nThe village was variously called \"Hoton\", \"Howton\", \"Hutton\", the second part of the name being added during the time of the Paganals, a distinguished Norman family into whose hands the manor passed towards the end of the 11th Century. The second part of the name is variously spelt \\- \"Paynel\", “Painell\", \"Pannell\", \"Pagnell\". Hence, \"Hooton Pagnell\" \\- \"The High Dwelling Place of the Paynels'.\n\nThe village received a [Royal Charter](/wiki/Royal_Charter \"Royal Charter\") in 1254 entitling it to hold a [market](/wiki/Market_%28place%29 \"Market (place)\") on Thursdays and an annual three\\-day fair. A [butter cross](/wiki/Butter_cross \"Butter cross\") was built, the base of which survives, but the market and fair soon ceased. However the fair has since been revived and is held very first Sunday in July. The ownership of Hooton remained in the hands of the Paganels and their heirs till the reign of Edward IV through the names of Paganel, and through marriage, Luterel and Hilton.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|Hooton Pagnell Hall](/wiki/File:A_glimpse_of_Hooton_Pagnell_Hall.jpg \"A glimpse of Hooton Pagnell Hall.jpg\")\n\n### Hooton Pagnell Hall and the Estate\n\nMuch of the property in the village belongs to the [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28house%29 \"Estate (house)\") of [Hooton Pagnell Hall](/wiki/Hooton_Pagnell_Hall \"Hooton Pagnell Hall\"), which has been in the family of former [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\") Sir [Patience Warde](/wiki/Patience_Warde \"Patience Warde\") since the 17th century. Before that it was owned by [Sir Richard Hutton](/wiki/Richard_Hutton_%28judge%29 \"Richard Hutton (judge)\") of [Goldsborough Hall](/wiki/Goldsborough_Hall \"Goldsborough Hall\") who bought the estate in 1605\\. Hutton's descendant Col Robert Byerley, of [Byerley Turk](/wiki/Byerley_Turk \"Byerley Turk\") fame, sold the hall and estate to Sir Patience Warde in 1703\\. With increased wealth, the Hall was extensively restored in Victorian times: following the sale of many large properties to meet death duties, the estate is now owned by a family trust. Mary Betty Norbury received the Hooton Pagnell estate as a gift from her father, Col William St Andrew Warde\\-Aldam, in 1952, and she and her husband assumed the surname of Warde\\-Norbury by Royal Licence in 1958\\.\n\n### Hooton Pagnell Church\n\nClose to the hall is the [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church \"Parish church\") of *All Saints*: a [Norman](/wiki/Norman_architecture \"Norman architecture\") square\\-towered church. Originally built in Norman times, the church was white\\-washed during [the Reformation](/wiki/The_Reformation \"The Reformation\"). With the revival of ritual as a result of the Oxford Movement, the church was restored to a more High Church style in the 1870s by the owner of the estate, [Julia Warde\\-Aldam](/wiki/Julia_Warde-Aldam \"Julia Warde-Aldam\"), who also restored the church in the neighbouring village of Frickley. The Warde\\-Aldams' wealth was based on land\\-ownership but was boosted significantly by the exploitation of coal reserves in the estates land with the sinking of Frickley colliery, located in [South Elmsall, West Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Elmsall \"South Elmsall\").\n\n### St Chad's Hostel\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|St Chad's Hostel, 1904, now The Hostel pub](/wiki/File:Closed%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_541801.jpg \"Closed^ - geograph.org.uk - 541801.jpg\")\n\nIn 1902 the vicar of Hooton Pagnell, Revd [Frederick Samuel Willoughby](/wiki/Frederick_Samuel_Willoughby \"Frederick Samuel Willoughby\"), opened [St Chad's Hostel](/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Hostel \"St Chad's Hostel\") in the village to prepare men of limited means to enter theological college. He was supported in this by Lady of the Manor [Julia Warde\\-Aldam](/wiki/Julia_Warde-Aldam \"Julia Warde-Aldam\"). Initially students were housed in the vicarage, then, as numbers grew, in surrounding farms; before a dedicated purpose\\-built hostel, funded by Warde\\-Aldam, was opened in 1904\\.\n\nIn 1904, further financial support from Liverpool businessman [Douglas Horsfall](/wiki/Douglas_Horsfall \"Douglas Horsfall\") made it possible to establish [St Chad's Hall](/wiki/St_Chad%27s_College%2C_Durham \"St Chad's College, Durham\") in Durham as a sister institution to the hostel.\n\nThe hostel continued to operate as a preliminary place of study until 1916, when it was requisitioned as a war hospital and all teaching was moved to Durham. The hostel briefly re\\-opened after the war, but closed permanently in 1921\\.\n\nThe hostel building was bequeathed to the village by the Warde\\-Aldam family as a village club, and now operates as a pub, \"The Hostel\".\n\n",
"### Hooton Pagnell Hall and the Estate\n\nMuch of the property in the village belongs to the [estate](/wiki/Estate_%28house%29 \"Estate (house)\") of [Hooton Pagnell Hall](/wiki/Hooton_Pagnell_Hall \"Hooton Pagnell Hall\"), which has been in the family of former [Lord Mayor of London](/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London \"Lord Mayor of London\") Sir [Patience Warde](/wiki/Patience_Warde \"Patience Warde\") since the 17th century. Before that it was owned by [Sir Richard Hutton](/wiki/Richard_Hutton_%28judge%29 \"Richard Hutton (judge)\") of [Goldsborough Hall](/wiki/Goldsborough_Hall \"Goldsborough Hall\") who bought the estate in 1605\\. Hutton's descendant Col Robert Byerley, of [Byerley Turk](/wiki/Byerley_Turk \"Byerley Turk\") fame, sold the hall and estate to Sir Patience Warde in 1703\\. With increased wealth, the Hall was extensively restored in Victorian times: following the sale of many large properties to meet death duties, the estate is now owned by a family trust. Mary Betty Norbury received the Hooton Pagnell estate as a gift from her father, Col William St Andrew Warde\\-Aldam, in 1952, and she and her husband assumed the surname of Warde\\-Norbury by Royal Licence in 1958\\.\n\n",
"### Hooton Pagnell Church\n\nClose to the hall is the [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church \"Parish church\") of *All Saints*: a [Norman](/wiki/Norman_architecture \"Norman architecture\") square\\-towered church. Originally built in Norman times, the church was white\\-washed during [the Reformation](/wiki/The_Reformation \"The Reformation\"). With the revival of ritual as a result of the Oxford Movement, the church was restored to a more High Church style in the 1870s by the owner of the estate, [Julia Warde\\-Aldam](/wiki/Julia_Warde-Aldam \"Julia Warde-Aldam\"), who also restored the church in the neighbouring village of Frickley. The Warde\\-Aldams' wealth was based on land\\-ownership but was boosted significantly by the exploitation of coal reserves in the estates land with the sinking of Frickley colliery, located in [South Elmsall, West Yorkshire](/wiki/South_Elmsall \"South Elmsall\").\n\n",
"### St Chad's Hostel\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|St Chad's Hostel, 1904, now The Hostel pub](/wiki/File:Closed%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_541801.jpg \"Closed^ - geograph.org.uk - 541801.jpg\")\n\nIn 1902 the vicar of Hooton Pagnell, Revd [Frederick Samuel Willoughby](/wiki/Frederick_Samuel_Willoughby \"Frederick Samuel Willoughby\"), opened [St Chad's Hostel](/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Hostel \"St Chad's Hostel\") in the village to prepare men of limited means to enter theological college. He was supported in this by Lady of the Manor [Julia Warde\\-Aldam](/wiki/Julia_Warde-Aldam \"Julia Warde-Aldam\"). Initially students were housed in the vicarage, then, as numbers grew, in surrounding farms; before a dedicated purpose\\-built hostel, funded by Warde\\-Aldam, was opened in 1904\\.\n\nIn 1904, further financial support from Liverpool businessman [Douglas Horsfall](/wiki/Douglas_Horsfall \"Douglas Horsfall\") made it possible to establish [St Chad's Hall](/wiki/St_Chad%27s_College%2C_Durham \"St Chad's College, Durham\") in Durham as a sister institution to the hostel.\n\nThe hostel continued to operate as a preliminary place of study until 1916, when it was requisitioned as a war hospital and all teaching was moved to Durham. The hostel briefly re\\-opened after the war, but closed permanently in 1921\\.\n\nThe hostel building was bequeathed to the village by the Warde\\-Aldam family as a village club, and now operates as a pub, \"The Hostel\".\n\n",
"Politics\n--------\n\nBeing an estate village, politics were traditionally dominated by the local landowners and by the church since Hooton Pagnell has its own vicar up to 1979\\. As the economics of the village have changed, it has become a commuter village in one of the very few Conservative wards in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. The Village lies in the constituency of [Doncaster North](/wiki/Doncaster_North \"Doncaster North\") and the local MP is [Ed Miliband](/wiki/Ed_Miliband \"Ed Miliband\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Listed buildings in Hooton Pagnell](/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Hooton_Pagnell \"Listed buildings in Hooton Pagnell\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Doncaster](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Doncaster \"Villages in Doncaster\")\n[Category:Civil parishes in South Yorkshire](/wiki/Category:Civil_parishes_in_South_Yorkshire \"Civil parishes in South Yorkshire\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Robert Hiltzik
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
pe9lnb0d15fnh4m8kd9n18h551rmamk
|
2024-09-13T10:37:40Z
| 1,222,107,717 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Robert Hiltzik** (born ) is an American director and writer. He is writer and director of the 1983 [summer camp](/wiki/Summer_camp \"Summer camp\") [slasher film](/wiki/Slasher_film \"Slasher film\"), *[Sleepaway Camp](/wiki/Sleepaway_Camp \"Sleepaway Camp\")*, which attracted a cult following.\n\nHiltzik graduated from [Williams College](/wiki/Williams_College \"Williams College\") and continued to NYU's [Tisch School of the Arts](/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts \"Tisch School of the Arts\") for film and then attended [Hofstra University Law School](/wiki/Hofstra_University_Law_School \"Hofstra University Law School\"). He now works as a partner in a New York City law firm.\n\nHiltzik did not know that his film had gained such a devoted following over the years, until he was contacted in March 2000 by Sleepawaycampmovies.com's Jeff Hayes, who arranged for him to record a commentary for the film's [Anchor Bay Entertainment](/wiki/Anchor_Bay_Entertainment \"Anchor Bay Entertainment\") DVD. After a number of sequels directed and written by others, Hiltzik returned to write and direct a 2003 sequel, *[Return to Sleepaway Camp](/wiki/Return_to_Sleepaway_Camp \"Return to Sleepaway Camp\")*. He decided that this newest chapter would ignore the storylines of the other sequels, saying that he wanted to pick up where the original film had ended. The production was stopped for some time (according to Fangoria.com, the digital effects were being redone) before being released in 2008 as a [direct\\-to\\-video](/wiki/Direct-to-video \"Direct-to-video\") sequel. Hiltzik has directed no other films.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1957 births](/wiki/Category:1957_births \"1957 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:American people of Polish descent](/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Polish_descent \"American people of Polish descent\")\n[Category:American horror film directors](/wiki/Category:American_horror_film_directors \"American horror film directors\")\n[Category:Maurice A. Deane School of Law alumni](/wiki/Category:Maurice_A._Deane_School_of_Law_alumni \"Maurice A. Deane School of Law alumni\")\n[Category:New York (state) lawyers](/wiki/Category:New_York_%28state%29_lawyers \"New York (state) lawyers\")\n[Category:Tisch School of the Arts alumni](/wiki/Category:Tisch_School_of_the_Arts_alumni \"Tisch School of the Arts alumni\")\n[Category:Williams College alumni](/wiki/Category:Williams_College_alumni \"Williams College alumni\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"90.217.5.98"
]
}
|
7c18d5drccweoz3d3l2it2tr4hktrrf
|
2022-07-04T07:36:39Z
| 1,084,198,640 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Cristin House, home of the Bardsey Bird \\& Field Observatory](/wiki/File:Cristin_house%2C_from_the_farmyard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_904190.jpg \"Cristin house, from the farmyard - geograph.org.uk - 904190.jpg\")\n**Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory** is a [bird observatory](/wiki/Bird_observatory \"Bird observatory\") on [Bardsey Island](/wiki/Bardsey_Island \"Bardsey Island\"), off the [Welsh](/wiki/Wales \"Wales\") coast.\n\nIt was founded in 1953 by a group of [ornithologists](/wiki/Ornithologist \"Ornithologist\") from the [West Midland Bird Club](/wiki/West_Midland_Bird_Club \"West Midland Bird Club\") (who were represented on the observatory's management committee), the [West Wales Field Society](/wiki/West_Wales_Field_Society \"West Wales Field Society\"), and local people. The West Midlands Bird club not only saw a possibility for a new bird observatory, but an opportunity for studying the complex ecology of a small island.\n\nThe observatory's main objective is to monitor and census the breeding and migratory birds which use the island. Observatory staff undertake a daily census, with a log of the day's sightings taken each evening. Spring and summer are particularly intensive times when the populations of breeding landbirds and seabirds are counted.\n\nBBFO is one of two fully accredited observatory in Wales and is 1 of 20 accredited bird observatories around the coast of the UK and Ireland. It is recognised by the [Bird Observatories Council](/wiki/Bird_Observatories_Council \"Bird Observatories Council\"). Bardsey Island or Ynys Enlli is of great conservation importance and is designated as a [National Nature Reserve](/wiki/National_Nature_Reserve \"National Nature Reserve\") (NNR), [Site of Special Scientific Interest](/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest \"Site of Special Scientific Interest\") (SSSI), [Special Protection Area](/wiki/Special_Protection_Area \"Special Protection Area\") (SPA), [Environmentally Sensitive Area](/wiki/Environmentally_Sensitive_Area \"Environmentally Sensitive Area\") (ESA), [Llyn Peninsula Special Area of Conservation](/wiki/Llyn_Peninsula_Special_Area_of_Conservation \"Llyn Peninsula Special Area of Conservation\") (SAC) and [Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty](/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty \"Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\"). It is part of the [Llyn Peninsula Heritage Coast](/wiki/Llyn_Peninsula_Heritage_Coast \"Llyn Peninsula Heritage Coast\").\n\nSteven Stansfield is the current Warden and Director of Operations and has been resident on the island since January 1998 and is the longest serving member of staff at the Observatory.\n\n \n\nBardsey Bird Observatory and Field Centre is a [registered charity](/wiki/Registered_charity \"Registered charity\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Eifion Jones](/wiki/Eifion_Jones \"Eifion Jones\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Bardsey Lodge \\& Bird Observatory](http://www.bbfo.org.uk/)\n\n[Category:Ornithological organizations](/wiki/Category:Ornithological_organizations \"Ornithological organizations\")\n[Category:Bird observatories in Wales](/wiki/Category:Bird_observatories_in_Wales \"Bird observatories in Wales\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Gwynedd](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Gwynedd \"Tourist attractions in Gwynedd\")\n[Category:1953 establishments in Wales](/wiki/Category:1953_establishments_in_Wales \"1953 establishments in Wales\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Territorial Building
|
{
"id": [
7949351
],
"name": [
"RevelationDirect"
]
}
|
htx8lmnc3k27kvhlnw6fr0ebkq4swef
|
2024-08-21T13:47:14Z
| 1,241,494,487 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"In popular culture",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Territorial Building** is a government building of the [Territory of Hawaii](/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii \"Territory of Hawaii\").\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe building is located at 465 South King Street in [downtown Honolulu](/wiki/Downtown_Honolulu \"Downtown Honolulu\"), [Hawaii](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\").\nThe Territorial Building was designed by the architect Arthur Reynolds, in the [Classical Revival](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") architectural style. Building started in 1925 and was finished in 1926\\. A four\\-story tower sits atop a two\\-story base, with decoration only in the public areas. The front includes a large stairway with double landings, with massive columns for decoration. The central lobby has a leaded glass dome depicting the [seal of Hawaii](/wiki/Seal_of_Hawaii \"Seal of Hawaii\").\n\nIt is also called Kekuanaoa Building after the royal politician [Mataio Kekūanaōʻa](/wiki/Kek%C5%ABana%C5%8D%CA%BBa \"Kekūanaōʻa\") (1793–1868\\).\n\nThe building is adjacent to [Aliiolani Hale](/wiki/Aliiolani_Hale \"Aliiolani Hale\") and within walking distance of the [Hawaii State Capitol](/wiki/Hawaii_State_Capitol \"Hawaii State Capitol\"), [Hawaii State Library](/wiki/Hawaii_State_Library \"Hawaii State Library\"), [Iolani Palace](/wiki/Iolani_Palace \"Iolani Palace\") and [Kawaiahao Church](/wiki/Kawaiahao_Church \"Kawaiahao Church\"). The area was placed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1978 as the [Hawaii Capital Historic District](/wiki/Hawaii_Capital_Historic_District \"Hawaii Capital Historic District\").\n\nThe Territorial State Office Building was originally designed for the United States Federal Government to house Hawaii Territorial Administrative offices. It now hosts the primary offices of the Public Utilities Commission, the Department of the Attorney General Investigations Division, the Hawaii Criminal Justice Data Center and other state offices.\n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nDuring season nine (1976\\) of the television series *[Hawaii Five\\-O](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_%281968_TV_series%29 \"Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)\")*, Steve McGarrett and his men had their offices in the Territorial Building rather than their usual home at the [Iolani Palace](/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace \"ʻIolani Palace\"), which was undergoing renovations at the time. In the [2010 remake](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%29 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)\"), the building facade serves as the [Hawaii Five\\-0 (2010 TV series)](/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_%282010_TV_series%29 \"Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)\") crime lab.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Hawaii State Attorney General](https://web.archive.org/web/20040615085233/http://www.state.hi.us/ag/)\n[Category:Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Government_buildings_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Hawaii \"Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii\")\n[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Neoclassical_architecture_in_Hawaii \"Neoclassical architecture in Hawaii\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Honolulu \"National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu\")\n[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Historic_district_contributing_properties_in_Hawaii \"Historic district contributing properties in Hawaii\")\n[Category:Government buildings completed in 1926](/wiki/Category:Government_buildings_completed_in_1926 \"Government buildings completed in 1926\")\n[Category:1926 establishments in Hawaii](/wiki/Category:1926_establishments_in_Hawaii \"1926 establishments in Hawaii\")\n[Category:Territory of Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Territory_of_Hawaii \"Territory of Hawaii\")\n[Category:Hawaii Register of Historic Places](/wiki/Category:Hawaii_Register_of_Historic_Places \"Hawaii Register of Historic Places\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Funeral Mountains
|
{
"id": [
44111874
],
"name": [
"BrianM0000"
]
}
|
3qfd16f8l4k0klyo4wbdsbu8g6p7b4x
|
2023-11-26T07:36:39Z
| 1,182,052,708 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Funeral Mountains** is a short, arid [mountain range](/wiki/Mountain_range \"Mountain range\") in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") along the [California](/wiki/California \"California\")\\-[Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\") border approximately 100 mi (160 km) west of [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas%2C_Nevada \"Las Vegas, Nevada\"). The mountains are considered a subrange of the [Amargosa Range](/wiki/Amargosa_Range \"Amargosa Range\") that form the eastern wall of [Death Valley](/wiki/Death_Valley \"Death Valley\").\n\nThe crest of the range is within [Death Valley National Park](/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park \"Death Valley National Park\"). The range is separated from the [Grapevine Mountains](/wiki/Grapevine_Mountains \"Grapevine Mountains\") to the northwest by the narrow Boundary Canyon*Beatty, Nevada–California,* 30x60 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1986 and is separated from the [Black Mountains](/wiki/Black_Mountains_%28California%29 \"Black Mountains (California)\") by Furnace Creek Wash on the southwest and from the [Greenwater Range](/wiki/Greenwater_Range \"Greenwater Range\") at the narrow Travertine Point on the south.Death Valley Junction, California Nevada, 30x60 Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1986 The broad flats of the [Amargosa Desert](/wiki/Amargosa_Desert \"Amargosa Desert\") lie across the border to the northeast in Nevada. The highest point in the range is Pyramid Peak, at 6703 ft (2043 m).*East of Echo Canyon, Calif.–Nev.,* 7\\.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1987\n\nThe first movement of [Ferde Grofé](/wiki/Ferde_Grof%C3%A9 \"Ferde Grofé\")'s *[Death Valley Suite](/wiki/Death_Valley_Suite \"Death Valley Suite\")* is a symphonic musical portrayal of pioneer settlers trudging through the dry craggy peaks of the Funeral Mountains.\n\n[none\\|thumb\\|Death Valley](/wiki/Image:Wpdms_shdrlfi020l_death_valley.jpg \"Wpdms shdrlfi020l death valley.jpg\")\n[none\\|thumb\\|The winding road from [Dante's View](/wiki/Dante%27s_View \"Dante's View\") descends into the Funeral Mountains, [Death Valley National Park](/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park \"Death Valley National Park\").](/wiki/File:Funeral_Mountains_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg \"Funeral Mountains - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [BLM: Funeral Mountain Wilderness](https://web.archive.org/web/20040812025254/http://www.ca.blm.gov/barstow/funeralmtn.html)\n\n[Category:Amargosa Desert](/wiki/Category:Amargosa_Desert \"Amargosa Desert\")\n[Category:Death Valley](/wiki/Category:Death_Valley \"Death Valley\")\n[Category:Death Valley National Park](/wiki/Category:Death_Valley_National_Park \"Death Valley National Park\")\n[Category:Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert](/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Mojave_Desert \"Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert\")\n[Category:Mountain ranges of Southern California](/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Southern_California \"Mountain ranges of Southern California\")\n[Category:Mountain ranges of Inyo County, California](/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Inyo_County%2C_California \"Mountain ranges of Inyo County, California\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Lyssavirus
|
{
"id": [
46503360
],
"name": [
"WinstonWolfie"
]
}
|
jaapm6f18ffp6sejhwh3w26lf7tyj8q
|
2024-07-02T08:39:24Z
| 1,195,815,085 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Taxonomy",
"Virology",
"Structure",
"Genome",
"Evolution",
"Life cycle",
"Testing",
"Epidemiology",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * \n\n***Lyssavirus*** (from the [Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\") *lyssa* \"rage, fury, rabies\" and the [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") *[vīrus](/wiki/Virus%23Etymology \"Virus#Etymology\")*). is a genus of [RNA viruses](/wiki/RNA_virus \"RNA virus\") in the family *[Rhabdoviridae](/wiki/Rhabdoviridae \"Rhabdoviridae\")*, order *[Mononegavirales](/wiki/Mononegavirales \"Mononegavirales\")*. Mammals, including humans, can serve as natural [hosts](/wiki/Host_%28biology%29 \"Host (biology)\"). The genus *Lyssavirus* includes the [causative agent](/wiki/Causative_agent \"Causative agent\") ([rabies virus](/wiki/Rabies_virus \"Rabies virus\")) of [rabies](/wiki/Rabies \"Rabies\").\n\n",
"Taxonomy\n--------\n\n| \\+ Genus *Lyssavirus*: species and their viruses |\n| --- |\n| **[Genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\")** | [Phylogroup](/wiki/Phylogroup \"Phylogroup\") | **[Species](/wiki/Species \"Species\")** | **Virus (Abbreviation)** |\n| *Lyssavirus* | I | *[Aravan lyssavirus](/wiki/Aravan_lyssavirus \"Aravan lyssavirus\")* | [Aravan virus](/wiki/Aravan_virus \"Aravan virus\") (ARAV) |\n| *[Australian bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus \"Australian bat lyssavirus\")* | Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) |\n| *[Bokeloh bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Bokeloh_bat_lyssavirus \"Bokeloh bat lyssavirus\")* | Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) |\n| *[Duvenhage lyssavirus](/wiki/Duvenhage_lyssavirus \"Duvenhage lyssavirus\")* | [Duvenhage virus](/wiki/Duvenhage_virus \"Duvenhage virus\") (DUVV) |\n| *[European bat 1 lyssavirus](/wiki/European_bat_1_lyssavirus \"European bat 1 lyssavirus\")* | [European bat lyssavirus 1](/wiki/European_bat_lyssavirus_1 \"European bat lyssavirus 1\") (EBLV\\-1\\) |\n| *[European bat 2 lyssavirus](/wiki/European_bat_2_lyssavirus \"European bat 2 lyssavirus\")* | [European bat lyssavirus 2](/wiki/European_bat_lyssavirus_2 \"European bat lyssavirus 2\") (EBLV\\-2\\) |\n| *[Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Gannoruwa_bat_lyssavirus \"Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus\")* | Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus (GBLV) |\n| *[Irkut lyssavirus](/wiki/Irkut_lyssavirus \"Irkut lyssavirus\")* | [Irkut virus](/wiki/Irkut_virus \"Irkut virus\") (IRKV) |\n| *[Khujand lyssavirus](/wiki/Khujand_lyssavirus \"Khujand lyssavirus\")* | [Khujand virus](/wiki/Khujand_virus \"Khujand virus\") (KHUV) |\n| *[Madagascar bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Madagascar_bat_lyssavirus \"Madagascar bat lyssavirus\")* | [Madagascar bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Madagascar_bat_lyssavirus \"Madagascar bat lyssavirus\") (MABV) |\n| *[Rabies lyssavirus](/wiki/Rabies_lyssavirus \"Rabies lyssavirus\")* | [Rabies virus](/wiki/Rabies_virus \"Rabies virus\") (RABV) |\n| II | *[Lagos bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Lagos_bat_lyssavirus \"Lagos bat lyssavirus\")* | [Lagos bat virus](/wiki/Lagos_bat_virus \"Lagos bat virus\") (LBV) |\n| *[Mokola lyssavirus](/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus \"Mokola lyssavirus\")* | [Mokola virus](/wiki/Mokola_virus \"Mokola virus\") (MOKV) |\n| *[Shimoni bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Shimoni_bat_lyssavirus \"Shimoni bat lyssavirus\")* | [Shimoni bat virus](/wiki/Shimoni_bat_virus \"Shimoni bat virus\") (SHIBV) |\n| III | *[West Caucasian bat lyssavirus](/wiki/West_Caucasian_bat_lyssavirus \"West Caucasian bat lyssavirus\")* | [West Caucasian bat virus](/wiki/West_Caucasian_bat_virus \"West Caucasian bat virus\") (WCBV) |\n| IV | *[Ikoma lyssavirus](/wiki/Ikoma_lyssavirus \"Ikoma lyssavirus\")* | Ikoma lyssavirus (IKOV) |\n| *[Lleida bat lyssavirus](/wiki/Lleida_bat_lyssavirus \"Lleida bat lyssavirus\")* | Lleida bat lyssavirus (LLEBV) |\n\n",
"Virology\n--------\n\n### Structure\n\nLyssavirions are enveloped, with bullet shaped geometries. These virions are about 75 nm wide and 180 nm long. Lyssavirions have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. This is typical of plant\\-infecting viruses. Virions of human\\-infecting viruses more commonly have cubic symmetry and take shapes approximating [regular polyhedra](/wiki/Regular_polyhedron \"Regular polyhedron\").\n\nThe structure consists of a spiked outer [envelope](/wiki/Envelope_%28biology%29 \"Envelope (biology)\"), a middle region consisting of matrix protein M, and an inner [ribonucleocapsid](/wiki/Ribonucleocapsid \"Ribonucleocapsid\") complex region, consisting of the genome associated with other proteins.\n\n### Genome\n\nLyssavirus [genomes](/wiki/Genome \"Genome\") consist of a negative\\-sense, single\\-stranded [RNA](/wiki/RNA \"RNA\") molecule that encodes five viral proteins: [polymerase](/wiki/Polymerase \"Polymerase\") L, matrix [protein](/wiki/Protein \"Protein\") M, [phosphoprotein](/wiki/Phosphoprotein \"Phosphoprotein\") P, [nucleoprotein](/wiki/Nucleoprotein \"Nucleoprotein\") N, and [glycoprotein](/wiki/Glycoprotein \"Glycoprotein\") G. Genomes are linear, around 11kb in length.\n\nBased on recent phylogenetic evidence, lyssaviruses have been categorized into seven major [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\"). In addition, five more species have recently been discovered: West Caucasian bat virus, Aravan virus, Khujand virus, Irkut virus and Shimoni bat virus.[Virus Taxonomy: 2013 Release](http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp). ictvonline.org The lyssavirus genus can be divided into four [phylogroups](/wiki/Phylogroup \"Phylogroup\") based upon DNA sequence homology. Phylogroup I includes viruses, such as Rabies virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2, Australian bat lyssavirus, Khujand virus, Bokeloh bat lyssavirus, Irkut virus, and Aravan virus. Phylogroup II contains Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, and Shimoni bat virus. West Caucasian bat lyssavirus is the only virus that is a part of phylogroup III. Ikoma lyssavirus and Lleida bat lyssavirus are examples in phylogroup IV. West Caucasian bat lyssavirus was classified within its own phylogroup because it is the most divergent lyssavirus that has been discovered.\n\n| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *Lyssavirus* | Bullet\\-shaped | | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |\n\n### Evolution\n\nPhylogenetic studies suggest that the original hosts of these viruses were bats. However, the recent discovery of lyssavirus sequences from amphibians and reptiles challenges the mammalian origin of lyssaviruses. The greater antigenic diversity of lyssaviruses from [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") has led to the assumption that Africa was the origin of these viruses. An examination of 153 viruses collected between 1956 and 2015 from various geographic locations has instead suggested a [Palearctic](/wiki/Palearctic \"Palearctic\") origin (85% likelihood) for these viruses. Date estimates (95% likelihood) for the most recent common ancestor were very broad – between 3,995 and 166,820 years before present – which suggests there is further work to be done in this area. Although bats evolved in the Palearctic, their origins antedate that of the lyssaviruses by millions of years, which argues against their co\\-speciation. The evolution rate in the N gene in the Africa 2 lineage has been estimated to be 3\\.75×10−3 substitutions per site per year. This rate is similar to that of other RNA viruses.\n\n",
"### Structure\n\nLyssavirions are enveloped, with bullet shaped geometries. These virions are about 75 nm wide and 180 nm long. Lyssavirions have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. This is typical of plant\\-infecting viruses. Virions of human\\-infecting viruses more commonly have cubic symmetry and take shapes approximating [regular polyhedra](/wiki/Regular_polyhedron \"Regular polyhedron\").\n\nThe structure consists of a spiked outer [envelope](/wiki/Envelope_%28biology%29 \"Envelope (biology)\"), a middle region consisting of matrix protein M, and an inner [ribonucleocapsid](/wiki/Ribonucleocapsid \"Ribonucleocapsid\") complex region, consisting of the genome associated with other proteins.\n\n",
"### Genome\n\nLyssavirus [genomes](/wiki/Genome \"Genome\") consist of a negative\\-sense, single\\-stranded [RNA](/wiki/RNA \"RNA\") molecule that encodes five viral proteins: [polymerase](/wiki/Polymerase \"Polymerase\") L, matrix [protein](/wiki/Protein \"Protein\") M, [phosphoprotein](/wiki/Phosphoprotein \"Phosphoprotein\") P, [nucleoprotein](/wiki/Nucleoprotein \"Nucleoprotein\") N, and [glycoprotein](/wiki/Glycoprotein \"Glycoprotein\") G. Genomes are linear, around 11kb in length.\n\nBased on recent phylogenetic evidence, lyssaviruses have been categorized into seven major [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\"). In addition, five more species have recently been discovered: West Caucasian bat virus, Aravan virus, Khujand virus, Irkut virus and Shimoni bat virus.[Virus Taxonomy: 2013 Release](http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp). ictvonline.org The lyssavirus genus can be divided into four [phylogroups](/wiki/Phylogroup \"Phylogroup\") based upon DNA sequence homology. Phylogroup I includes viruses, such as Rabies virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat lyssavirus types 1 and 2, Australian bat lyssavirus, Khujand virus, Bokeloh bat lyssavirus, Irkut virus, and Aravan virus. Phylogroup II contains Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, and Shimoni bat virus. West Caucasian bat lyssavirus is the only virus that is a part of phylogroup III. Ikoma lyssavirus and Lleida bat lyssavirus are examples in phylogroup IV. West Caucasian bat lyssavirus was classified within its own phylogroup because it is the most divergent lyssavirus that has been discovered.\n\n| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *Lyssavirus* | Bullet\\-shaped | | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |\n\n",
"### Evolution\n\nPhylogenetic studies suggest that the original hosts of these viruses were bats. However, the recent discovery of lyssavirus sequences from amphibians and reptiles challenges the mammalian origin of lyssaviruses. The greater antigenic diversity of lyssaviruses from [Africa](/wiki/Africa \"Africa\") has led to the assumption that Africa was the origin of these viruses. An examination of 153 viruses collected between 1956 and 2015 from various geographic locations has instead suggested a [Palearctic](/wiki/Palearctic \"Palearctic\") origin (85% likelihood) for these viruses. Date estimates (95% likelihood) for the most recent common ancestor were very broad – between 3,995 and 166,820 years before present – which suggests there is further work to be done in this area. Although bats evolved in the Palearctic, their origins antedate that of the lyssaviruses by millions of years, which argues against their co\\-speciation. The evolution rate in the N gene in the Africa 2 lineage has been estimated to be 3\\.75×10−3 substitutions per site per year. This rate is similar to that of other RNA viruses.\n\n",
"Life cycle\n----------\n\nViral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral G glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates [clathrin\\-mediated endocytosis](/wiki/Receptor-mediated_endocytosis \"Receptor-mediated endocytosis\"). Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative stranded RNA virus transcription, using [polymerase stuttering](/wiki/Polymerase_stuttering \"Polymerase stuttering\"), is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by budding and by tubule\\-guided viral movement.\nWild mammals, especially bats and certain carnivores, serve as natural hosts. Transmission routes are typically via bite wounds.\n\n| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *Lyssavirus* | bats, *[Crocidura](/wiki/Crocidura \"Crocidura\")* shrews and certain carnivores | Neurons | Clathrin\\-mediated endocytosis | Budding | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Bite wounds |\n\n",
"Testing\n-------\n\nAs of 2018 the [direct fluorescent antibody](/wiki/Direct_fluorescent_antibody \"Direct fluorescent antibody\") (DFA) test is still the gold standard to detect lyssavirus infection. Since the new millennium [reverse transcription PCR](/wiki/Reverse_transcription_PCR \"Reverse transcription PCR\") (RT\\-PCR) tests have been developed for rabies but only been used as a confirmatory test. [Real\\-time PCR](/wiki/Real-time_PCR \"Real-time PCR\")\\-based tests which have higher sensitivity and objective diagnostic thresholds and allow samples to be stored at room temperature have been promising since 2005, but require a real\\-time PCR machine and skilled workers with experience in molecular diagnostics. In an international evaluation a single [TaqMan](/wiki/TaqMan \"TaqMan\") LN34 assay could detect Lyssavirus with high sensitivity (99\\.90%) across the genus and high specificity (99\\.68%) when compared to the DFA test. It will become the primary post\\-mortem rabies diagnostic test where possible.\n\n",
"Epidemiology\n------------\n\nClassic [rabies](/wiki/Rabies \"Rabies\") virus is prevalent throughout most of the world and can be carried by any warm blooded mammal. The other lyssaviruses have much less diversity in carriers. Only select [hosts](/wiki/Host_%28biology%29 \"Host (biology)\") can carry each of these [viral species](/wiki/Viral_species \"Viral species\"). Also, these other species are particular only to a specific geographic area. Bats are known to be an animal [vector](/wiki/Vector_%28epidemiology%29 \"Vector (epidemiology)\") for all identified lyssaviruses except the *[Mokola virus](/wiki/Mokola_virus \"Mokola virus\")*.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Bat\\-borne virus](/wiki/Bat-borne_virus \"Bat-borne virus\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Rhabdoviridae](https://www.bv-brc.org/view/Taxonomy/11270)\n* [Lyssavirus](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11286)\n* [**Viralzone**: Lyssavirus](https://viralzone.expasy.org/22.html)\n* [**ICTV**](http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp)\n\n[Category:Lyssaviruses](/wiki/Category:Lyssaviruses \"Lyssaviruses\")\n[Category:Virus genera](/wiki/Category:Virus_genera \"Virus genera\")\n[Category:Chiroptera\\-borne diseases](/wiki/Category:Chiroptera-borne_diseases \"Chiroptera-borne diseases\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Vincenzo Silvano Casulli
|
{
"id": [
9967282
],
"name": [
"Ilvon"
]
}
|
ils3ixexvj2d00shyfykd6qfsubfkg7
|
2024-09-30T08:26:08Z
| 1,248,572,755 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Discoveries",
"9121 Stefanovalentini",
"93061 Barbagallo",
"List of discovered minor planets",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\\_\\_NOTOC\\_\\_\n\n| \\+ [Minor planets](/wiki/Minor_planet \"Minor planet\") discovered: 194 |\n| --- |\n| *see * |\n\n**Vincenzo Silvano Casulli**, usually known as **Silvano Casulli** (25 August 1944 – 24 July 2018[Lutto per la scomparsa del Dr. Silvano Casulli, era cittadino onorario di Cervara di Roma](https://www.confinelive.it/lutto-la-scomparsa-del-dr-silvano-casulli-cittadino-onorario-cervara-roma/) ) was an Italian amateur [astronomer](/wiki/Astronomer \"Astronomer\") and a [discoverer of minor planets](/wiki/Discoverer_of_minor_planets \"Discoverer of minor planets\") at his Vallemare di Borbona Observatory in [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio \"Lazio\").\n\nHe is credited by the [Minor Planet Center](/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center \"Minor Planet Center\") with the discovery of 192 [minor planets](/wiki/Minor_planet \"Minor planet\"). In 1985 he served on a team involved in using the [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope \"Hubble Space Telescope\") in a study that focused on [Transition Comets—UV Search for OH Emissions in Asteroids](/wiki/Transition_Comets%E2%80%94UV_Search_for_OH_Emissions_in_Asteroids \"Transition Comets—UV Search for OH Emissions in Asteroids\"). He was the first [amateur astronomer](/wiki/Amateur_astronomy \"Amateur astronomy\") to obtain precise astronometric positions of [minor planets](/wiki/Minor_planets \"Minor planets\") using a [CCD camera](/wiki/CCD_camera \"CCD camera\"). He is a prolific discoverer of [asteroids](/wiki/Asteroid \"Asteroid\").\n\nIn 1997, the inner main\\-belt asteroid and member of the [Flora family](/wiki/Flora_family \"Flora family\"), [7132 Casulli](/wiki/7132_Casulli \"7132 Casulli\"), was named by astronomer [Antonio Vagnozzi](/wiki/Antonio_Vagnozzi \"Antonio Vagnozzi\") in his honor ().\n\n",
"Discoveries\n-----------\n\n### 9121 Stefanovalentini\n\nOn 24 February 1998, he discovered [9121 Stefanovalentini](/wiki/9121_Stefanovalentini \"9121 Stefanovalentini\") at the Italian [Colleverde Observatory](/wiki/Osservatorio_Colleverde_di_Guidonia \"Osservatorio Colleverde di Guidonia\"). It is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the [main\\-belt](/wiki/Main-belt \"Main-belt\"), approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Casulli also obtained a [light\\-curve](/wiki/Light-curve \"Light-curve\") from photometric observations and determined a [period](/wiki/Rotation_period \"Rotation period\") of 11\\.84 hours for the body's rotation. He named it in honour of [amateur astronomer](/wiki/Amateur_astronomy \"Amateur astronomy\") Stefano Valentini.\n\n### 93061 Barbagallo\n\nTogether with Italian astronomer [Ermes Colombini](/wiki/Ermes_Colombini \"Ermes Colombini\") and others, he co\\-discovered the asteroid [93061 Barbagallo](/wiki/93061_Barbagallo \"93061 Barbagallo\") on 23 September 2000\\. The group\\-discovery is credited to the discovering observatory, [Osservatorio San Vittore](/wiki/Osservatorio_San_Vittore \"Osservatorio San Vittore\"), Bologna. The asteroid was named after Mariano Barbagallo, an Italian colleague and friend of Colombini.\n\n### List of discovered minor planets\n\n| 6339 Giliberti | 20 September 1993 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 6530 Adry | 12 April 1994 | |\n| 6877 Giada | 10 October 1994 | |\n| 6929 Misto | 31 October 1994 | |\n| 7600 Vacchi | 9 September 1994 | |\n| 7665 Putignano | 11 October 1994 | |\n| 7961 Ercolepoli | 10 October 1994 | |\n| 8569 Mameli | 1 October 1996 | |\n| 8716 Ginestra | 23 September 1995 | |\n| 8742 Bonazzoli | 14 February 1998 | |\n| 9121 Stefanovalentini | 24 February 1998 | |\n| 10386 Romulus | 12 October 1996 | |\n| 11142 Facchini | 7 January 1997 | |\n| 11328 Mariotozzi | 19 October 1995 | |\n| 11578 Cimabue | 4 March 1994 | |\n| 12384 Luigimartella | 10 October 1994 | |\n| 13197 Pontecorvo | 17 February 1997 | |\n| 13653 Priscus | 9 February 1997 | |\n| 13684 Borbona | 27 August 1997 | |\n| 14088 Ancus | 3 May 1997 | |\n| 14498 Bernini | 28 February 1995 | |\n| 15007 Edoardopozio | 5 July 1998 | |\n| 15353 Meucci | 22 November 1994 | |\n| 15854 Numa | 15 February 1996 | |\n| 15869 Tullius | 8 August 1996 | |\n\n| 16770 Angkor Wat | 30 October 1996 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 17556 Pierofrancesca | 16 November 1993 | |\n| 17649 Brunorossi | 17 October 1996 | |\n| 18169 Amaldi | 20 August 2000 | |\n| 18509 Bellini | 14 September 1996 | |\n| 18596 Superbus | 21 January 1998 | |\n| 21219 Mascagni | 28 November 1994 | |\n| 21311 Servius | 4 December 1996 | |\n| 23564 Ungaretti | 6 November 1994 | |\n| 24826 Pascoli | 22 August 1995 | |\n| 24946 Foscolo | 1 July 1997 | |\n| 25312 Asiapossenti | 22 December 1998 | |\n| 29347 Natta | 5 March 1995 | |\n| 29361 Botticelli | 9 February 1996 | |\n| 29428 Ettoremajorana | 31 March 1997 | |\n| 29449 Taharbenjelloun | 29 August 1997 | |\n| 29470 Higgs | 26 October 1997 | |\n| 31319 Vespucci | 20 April 1998 | |\n| 31429 Diegoazzaro | 21 January 1999 | |\n| 32891 Amatrice | 9 February 1994 | |\n| 32911 Cervara | 4 November 1994 | |\n| 32945 Lecce | 24 November 1995 | |\n| 32987 Uyuni | 4 December 1996 | |\n| 33002 Everest | 17 February 1997 | |\n| 35295 Omo | 1 November 1996 | |\n\n| 37627 Lucaparmitano | 11 October 1993 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 37640 Luiginegrelli | 20 November 1993 | |\n| 37683 Gustaveeiffel | 19 May 1995 | |\n| 37735 Riccardomuti | 1 November 1996 | |\n| 40134 Marsili | 27 August 1998 | |\n| 42585 Pheidippides | 30 March 1997 | |\n| 43935 Danshechtman | 1 October 1996 | |\n| | 18 September 1998 | |\n| 48720 Enricomentana | 29 September 1996 | |\n| 50866 Davidesprizzi | 1 April 2000 | |\n| 51915 Andry | 20 August 2001 | |\n| 52558 Pigafetta | 27 March 1997 | |\n| | 19 September 1998 | |\n| 56038 Jackmapanje | 7 December 1998 | |\n| 58417 Belzoni | 25 January 1996 | |\n| 58495 Hajin | 19 October 1996 | |\n| 58498 Octaviopaz | 2 November 1996 | |\n| 65785 Carlafracci | 26 October 1995 | |\n| 65821 De Curtis | 30 October 1996 | |\n| 69460 Christibarnard | 17 October 1996 | |\n| 69500 Ginobartali | 6 February 1997 | |\n| 73872 Stefanoragazzi | 7 January 1997 | |\n| 73891 Pietromennea | 10 March 1997 | |\n| 75225 Corradoaugias | 27 November 1999 | |\n| 83657 Albertosordi | 12 October 2001 | |\n\n| 85267 Taj Mahal | 12 January 1994 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | 26 February 1998 | |\n| 90806 Rudaki | 4 January 1995 | |\n| 100292 Harmandir | 28 February 1995 | |\n| 100445 Pisa | 12 September 1996 | |\n| 100456 Chichn Itza | 2 October 1996 | |\n| 100731 Ara Pacis | 18 February 1998 | |\n| 117093 Umbria | 12 July 2004 | |\n| | 17 August 1995 | |\n| 129555 Armazones | 30 October 1996 | |\n| 134369 Sahara | 17 August 1995 | |\n| 145962 Lacchini | 29 December 1999 | |\n| 152227 Argoli | 24 September 2005 | |\n| 160105 Gobi | 26 September 2000 | |\n| 168261 Puglia | 15 August 2006 | |\n| 173094 Wielicki | 14 October 2007 | |\n| 181241 Dipasquale | 28 October 2005 | |\n| 184620 Pippobattaglia | 10 September 2005 | |\n| 185039 Alessiapossenti | 30 August 2006 | |\n| 185321 Kammerlander | 10 November 2006 | |\n| 185325 Anupabhagwat | 14 November 2006 | |\n| 185448 Nomentum | 25 December 2006 | |\n| 190139 Hansküng | 14 September 2005 | |\n| | 2 April 2006 | |\n| 199677 Terzani | 20 April 2006 | |\n\n| 199900 Brunoganz | 8 April 2007 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 204816 Andreacamilleri | 16 July 2007 | |\n| 204896 Giorgiobocca | 16 October 2007 | |\n| 207563 Toscana | 1 August 2006 | |\n| 210032 Enricocastellani | 16 July 2006 | |\n| 210107 Pistoletto | 30 August 2006 | |\n| 210182 Mazzini | 26 October 2006 | |\n| 210290 Borsellino | 13 October 2007 | |\n| 210345 Barbon | 16 October 2007 | |\n| 212373 Pietrocascella | 22 April 2006 | |\n| 212500 Robertojoppolo | 4 September 2006 | |\n| 214772 UNICEF | 23 October 2006 | |\n| 214819 Gianotti | 10 November 2006 | |\n| 214820 Faustocoppi | 14 November 2006 | |\n| 214928 Carrara | 5 November 2007 | |\n| 216241 Renzopiano | 14 November 2006 | |\n| 216757 Vasari | 13 September 2005 | |\n| 218636 Calabria | 24 September 2005 | |\n| 218866 Alexantioch | 15 December 2006 | |\n| 224693 Morganfreeman | 21 January 2006 | |\n| 225076 Vallemare | 8 May 2007 | |\n| 227152 Zupi | 5 August 2005 | |\n| 229781 Arthurmcdonald | 3 August 2008 | |\n| 231265 Saulperlmutter | 5 January 2006 | |\n| 233292 Brianschmidt | 19 January 2006 | |\n\n| 236305 Adamriess | 19 January 2006 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 236746 Chareslindos | 8 June 2007 | |\n| 239105 Marcocattaneo | 28 April 2006 | |\n| 243591 Ignacostantino | 15 September 1998 | |\n| 246821 Satyarthi | 27 August 2009 | |\n| 248321 Cester | 14 August 2005 | |\n| 248388 Namtso | 26 September 2005 | |\n| 248908 Ginostrada | 15 November 2006 | |\n| 248970 Giannimorandi | 19 January 2007 | |\n| 249044 Barrymarshall | 15 October 2007 | |\n| 254863 Robinwarren | 24 September 2005 | |\n| 255587 Gardenia | 21 July 2006 | |\n| 255598 Paullauterbur | 13 August 2006 | |\n| 262972 Petermansfield | 9 March 2007 | |\n| 265924 Franceclemente | 21 January 2006 | |\n| 267017 Yangzhifa | 16 October 1995 | |\n| 268686 Elenaaprile | 2 April 2006 | |\n| 273412 Eduardomissoni | 18 November 2006 | |\n| | 16 December 2006 | |\n| 273994 Cinqueterre | 11 July 2007 | |\n| 274246 Reggiacaserta | 31 July 2008 | |\n| 274264 Piccolomini | 5 August 2008 | |\n| 274472 Piet | 28 September 2008 | |\n| 278447 Saviano | 2 October 2007 | |\n| 278735 Kamioka | 27 September 2008 | |\n\n| | 16 March 2010 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 282903 Masada | 20 April 2007 | |\n| | 8 April 2007 | |\n| 288615 Tempesti | 11 July 2004 | |\n| 292872 Anoushankar | 12 November 2006 | |\n| 293131 Meteora | 15 December 2006 | |\n| 293477 Teotihuacan | 16 March 2007 | |\n| 294296 Efeso | 3 November 2007 | |\n| 295471 Herbertnitsch | 27 August 2008 | |\n| 299777 Tanyastreeter | 21 September 2006 | |\n| | 22 September 2006 | |\n| 300124 Alessiazecchini | 14 November 2006 | |\n| | 27 August 2006 | |\n| | 19 September 2006 | |\n| | 22 December 2008 | |\n| | 12 January 2007 | |\n| | 19 July 2009 | |\n| | 16 October 2007 | |\n| 327943 Xavierbarcons | 9 March 2007 | |\n| 327982 Balducci | 10 April 2007 | |\n| 330712 Rhodescolossus | 3 August 2008 | |\n| 331316 Cavedon | 20 April 2006 | |\n| 332632 Pharos | 22 October 2008 | |\n| 345868 Halicarnassus | 19 August 2007 | |\n| | 13 February 2009 | |\n\n| | 13 October 2007 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 349499 Dechirico | 29 July 2008 | |\n| 349862 Modigliani | 21 February 2009 | |\n| 351976 Borromini | 23 October 2006 | |\n| 352017 Juvarra | 12 November 2006 | |\n| 367392 Zeri | 31 July 2008 | |\n| 374338 Fontana | 25 October 2005 | |\n| 375798 Divini | 12 October 2009 | |\n| 378076 Campani | 23 October 2006 | |\n| 383622 Luigivolta | 11 August 2007 | |\n| 385980 Emiliosegrè | 9 January 2007 | |\n| 429136 Corsali | 13 October 2009 | |\n| | 14 July 2007 | |\n| 440411 Piovani | 26 August 2005 | |\n| 447682 Rambaldi | 15 January 2007 | |\n| 456378 Akashikaikyo | 18 October 2006 | |\n| | 20 August 2008 | |\n| | 31 January 2006 | |\n| | 13 January 2007 | |\n\n",
"### 9121 Stefanovalentini\n\nOn 24 February 1998, he discovered [9121 Stefanovalentini](/wiki/9121_Stefanovalentini \"9121 Stefanovalentini\") at the Italian [Colleverde Observatory](/wiki/Osservatorio_Colleverde_di_Guidonia \"Osservatorio Colleverde di Guidonia\"). It is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the [main\\-belt](/wiki/Main-belt \"Main-belt\"), approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Casulli also obtained a [light\\-curve](/wiki/Light-curve \"Light-curve\") from photometric observations and determined a [period](/wiki/Rotation_period \"Rotation period\") of 11\\.84 hours for the body's rotation. He named it in honour of [amateur astronomer](/wiki/Amateur_astronomy \"Amateur astronomy\") Stefano Valentini.\n\n",
"### 93061 Barbagallo\n\nTogether with Italian astronomer [Ermes Colombini](/wiki/Ermes_Colombini \"Ermes Colombini\") and others, he co\\-discovered the asteroid [93061 Barbagallo](/wiki/93061_Barbagallo \"93061 Barbagallo\") on 23 September 2000\\. The group\\-discovery is credited to the discovering observatory, [Osservatorio San Vittore](/wiki/Osservatorio_San_Vittore \"Osservatorio San Vittore\"), Bologna. The asteroid was named after Mariano Barbagallo, an Italian colleague and friend of Colombini.\n\n",
"### List of discovered minor planets\n\n| 6339 Giliberti | 20 September 1993 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 6530 Adry | 12 April 1994 | |\n| 6877 Giada | 10 October 1994 | |\n| 6929 Misto | 31 October 1994 | |\n| 7600 Vacchi | 9 September 1994 | |\n| 7665 Putignano | 11 October 1994 | |\n| 7961 Ercolepoli | 10 October 1994 | |\n| 8569 Mameli | 1 October 1996 | |\n| 8716 Ginestra | 23 September 1995 | |\n| 8742 Bonazzoli | 14 February 1998 | |\n| 9121 Stefanovalentini | 24 February 1998 | |\n| 10386 Romulus | 12 October 1996 | |\n| 11142 Facchini | 7 January 1997 | |\n| 11328 Mariotozzi | 19 October 1995 | |\n| 11578 Cimabue | 4 March 1994 | |\n| 12384 Luigimartella | 10 October 1994 | |\n| 13197 Pontecorvo | 17 February 1997 | |\n| 13653 Priscus | 9 February 1997 | |\n| 13684 Borbona | 27 August 1997 | |\n| 14088 Ancus | 3 May 1997 | |\n| 14498 Bernini | 28 February 1995 | |\n| 15007 Edoardopozio | 5 July 1998 | |\n| 15353 Meucci | 22 November 1994 | |\n| 15854 Numa | 15 February 1996 | |\n| 15869 Tullius | 8 August 1996 | |\n\n| 16770 Angkor Wat | 30 October 1996 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 17556 Pierofrancesca | 16 November 1993 | |\n| 17649 Brunorossi | 17 October 1996 | |\n| 18169 Amaldi | 20 August 2000 | |\n| 18509 Bellini | 14 September 1996 | |\n| 18596 Superbus | 21 January 1998 | |\n| 21219 Mascagni | 28 November 1994 | |\n| 21311 Servius | 4 December 1996 | |\n| 23564 Ungaretti | 6 November 1994 | |\n| 24826 Pascoli | 22 August 1995 | |\n| 24946 Foscolo | 1 July 1997 | |\n| 25312 Asiapossenti | 22 December 1998 | |\n| 29347 Natta | 5 March 1995 | |\n| 29361 Botticelli | 9 February 1996 | |\n| 29428 Ettoremajorana | 31 March 1997 | |\n| 29449 Taharbenjelloun | 29 August 1997 | |\n| 29470 Higgs | 26 October 1997 | |\n| 31319 Vespucci | 20 April 1998 | |\n| 31429 Diegoazzaro | 21 January 1999 | |\n| 32891 Amatrice | 9 February 1994 | |\n| 32911 Cervara | 4 November 1994 | |\n| 32945 Lecce | 24 November 1995 | |\n| 32987 Uyuni | 4 December 1996 | |\n| 33002 Everest | 17 February 1997 | |\n| 35295 Omo | 1 November 1996 | |\n\n| 37627 Lucaparmitano | 11 October 1993 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 37640 Luiginegrelli | 20 November 1993 | |\n| 37683 Gustaveeiffel | 19 May 1995 | |\n| 37735 Riccardomuti | 1 November 1996 | |\n| 40134 Marsili | 27 August 1998 | |\n| 42585 Pheidippides | 30 March 1997 | |\n| 43935 Danshechtman | 1 October 1996 | |\n| | 18 September 1998 | |\n| 48720 Enricomentana | 29 September 1996 | |\n| 50866 Davidesprizzi | 1 April 2000 | |\n| 51915 Andry | 20 August 2001 | |\n| 52558 Pigafetta | 27 March 1997 | |\n| | 19 September 1998 | |\n| 56038 Jackmapanje | 7 December 1998 | |\n| 58417 Belzoni | 25 January 1996 | |\n| 58495 Hajin | 19 October 1996 | |\n| 58498 Octaviopaz | 2 November 1996 | |\n| 65785 Carlafracci | 26 October 1995 | |\n| 65821 De Curtis | 30 October 1996 | |\n| 69460 Christibarnard | 17 October 1996 | |\n| 69500 Ginobartali | 6 February 1997 | |\n| 73872 Stefanoragazzi | 7 January 1997 | |\n| 73891 Pietromennea | 10 March 1997 | |\n| 75225 Corradoaugias | 27 November 1999 | |\n| 83657 Albertosordi | 12 October 2001 | |\n\n| 85267 Taj Mahal | 12 January 1994 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | 26 February 1998 | |\n| 90806 Rudaki | 4 January 1995 | |\n| 100292 Harmandir | 28 February 1995 | |\n| 100445 Pisa | 12 September 1996 | |\n| 100456 Chichn Itza | 2 October 1996 | |\n| 100731 Ara Pacis | 18 February 1998 | |\n| 117093 Umbria | 12 July 2004 | |\n| | 17 August 1995 | |\n| 129555 Armazones | 30 October 1996 | |\n| 134369 Sahara | 17 August 1995 | |\n| 145962 Lacchini | 29 December 1999 | |\n| 152227 Argoli | 24 September 2005 | |\n| 160105 Gobi | 26 September 2000 | |\n| 168261 Puglia | 15 August 2006 | |\n| 173094 Wielicki | 14 October 2007 | |\n| 181241 Dipasquale | 28 October 2005 | |\n| 184620 Pippobattaglia | 10 September 2005 | |\n| 185039 Alessiapossenti | 30 August 2006 | |\n| 185321 Kammerlander | 10 November 2006 | |\n| 185325 Anupabhagwat | 14 November 2006 | |\n| 185448 Nomentum | 25 December 2006 | |\n| 190139 Hansküng | 14 September 2005 | |\n| | 2 April 2006 | |\n| 199677 Terzani | 20 April 2006 | |\n\n| 199900 Brunoganz | 8 April 2007 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 204816 Andreacamilleri | 16 July 2007 | |\n| 204896 Giorgiobocca | 16 October 2007 | |\n| 207563 Toscana | 1 August 2006 | |\n| 210032 Enricocastellani | 16 July 2006 | |\n| 210107 Pistoletto | 30 August 2006 | |\n| 210182 Mazzini | 26 October 2006 | |\n| 210290 Borsellino | 13 October 2007 | |\n| 210345 Barbon | 16 October 2007 | |\n| 212373 Pietrocascella | 22 April 2006 | |\n| 212500 Robertojoppolo | 4 September 2006 | |\n| 214772 UNICEF | 23 October 2006 | |\n| 214819 Gianotti | 10 November 2006 | |\n| 214820 Faustocoppi | 14 November 2006 | |\n| 214928 Carrara | 5 November 2007 | |\n| 216241 Renzopiano | 14 November 2006 | |\n| 216757 Vasari | 13 September 2005 | |\n| 218636 Calabria | 24 September 2005 | |\n| 218866 Alexantioch | 15 December 2006 | |\n| 224693 Morganfreeman | 21 January 2006 | |\n| 225076 Vallemare | 8 May 2007 | |\n| 227152 Zupi | 5 August 2005 | |\n| 229781 Arthurmcdonald | 3 August 2008 | |\n| 231265 Saulperlmutter | 5 January 2006 | |\n| 233292 Brianschmidt | 19 January 2006 | |\n\n| 236305 Adamriess | 19 January 2006 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 236746 Chareslindos | 8 June 2007 | |\n| 239105 Marcocattaneo | 28 April 2006 | |\n| 243591 Ignacostantino | 15 September 1998 | |\n| 246821 Satyarthi | 27 August 2009 | |\n| 248321 Cester | 14 August 2005 | |\n| 248388 Namtso | 26 September 2005 | |\n| 248908 Ginostrada | 15 November 2006 | |\n| 248970 Giannimorandi | 19 January 2007 | |\n| 249044 Barrymarshall | 15 October 2007 | |\n| 254863 Robinwarren | 24 September 2005 | |\n| 255587 Gardenia | 21 July 2006 | |\n| 255598 Paullauterbur | 13 August 2006 | |\n| 262972 Petermansfield | 9 March 2007 | |\n| 265924 Franceclemente | 21 January 2006 | |\n| 267017 Yangzhifa | 16 October 1995 | |\n| 268686 Elenaaprile | 2 April 2006 | |\n| 273412 Eduardomissoni | 18 November 2006 | |\n| | 16 December 2006 | |\n| 273994 Cinqueterre | 11 July 2007 | |\n| 274246 Reggiacaserta | 31 July 2008 | |\n| 274264 Piccolomini | 5 August 2008 | |\n| 274472 Piet | 28 September 2008 | |\n| 278447 Saviano | 2 October 2007 | |\n| 278735 Kamioka | 27 September 2008 | |\n\n| | 16 March 2010 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 282903 Masada | 20 April 2007 | |\n| | 8 April 2007 | |\n| 288615 Tempesti | 11 July 2004 | |\n| 292872 Anoushankar | 12 November 2006 | |\n| 293131 Meteora | 15 December 2006 | |\n| 293477 Teotihuacan | 16 March 2007 | |\n| 294296 Efeso | 3 November 2007 | |\n| 295471 Herbertnitsch | 27 August 2008 | |\n| 299777 Tanyastreeter | 21 September 2006 | |\n| | 22 September 2006 | |\n| 300124 Alessiazecchini | 14 November 2006 | |\n| | 27 August 2006 | |\n| | 19 September 2006 | |\n| | 22 December 2008 | |\n| | 12 January 2007 | |\n| | 19 July 2009 | |\n| | 16 October 2007 | |\n| 327943 Xavierbarcons | 9 March 2007 | |\n| 327982 Balducci | 10 April 2007 | |\n| 330712 Rhodescolossus | 3 August 2008 | |\n| 331316 Cavedon | 20 April 2006 | |\n| 332632 Pharos | 22 October 2008 | |\n| 345868 Halicarnassus | 19 August 2007 | |\n| | 13 February 2009 | |\n\n| | 13 October 2007 | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 349499 Dechirico | 29 July 2008 | |\n| 349862 Modigliani | 21 February 2009 | |\n| 351976 Borromini | 23 October 2006 | |\n| 352017 Juvarra | 12 November 2006 | |\n| 367392 Zeri | 31 July 2008 | |\n| 374338 Fontana | 25 October 2005 | |\n| 375798 Divini | 12 October 2009 | |\n| 378076 Campani | 23 October 2006 | |\n| 383622 Luigivolta | 11 August 2007 | |\n| 385980 Emiliosegrè | 9 January 2007 | |\n| 429136 Corsali | 13 October 2009 | |\n| | 14 July 2007 | |\n| 440411 Piovani | 26 August 2005 | |\n| 447682 Rambaldi | 15 January 2007 | |\n| 456378 Akashikaikyo | 18 October 2006 | |\n| | 20 August 2008 | |\n| | 31 January 2006 | |\n| | 13 January 2007 | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n \n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [ASTEROIDE N. 7132](https://web.archive.org/web/20070821040250/http://www.giaweb.it/team/asteroidi/casulli.htm), on the naming of asteroid 7132 Casulli, including image of Silvano Casulli\n* [Colleverde di Guidonia](http://www.gamp-pt.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121:colleverde&catid=64:observatory), *Gruppo Astrofili Montagna Pistoiese*\n\n[Category:1944 births](/wiki/Category:1944_births \"1944 births\")\n[Category:2018 deaths](/wiki/Category:2018_deaths \"2018 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Putignano](/wiki/Category:People_from_Putignano \"People from Putignano\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Italian astronomers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_astronomers \"20th-century Italian astronomers\")\n[Category:Discoverers of asteroids](/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_asteroids \"Discoverers of asteroids\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_Vincenzo_Silvano_Casulli \"Discoveries by Vincenzo Silvano Casulli\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Italian astronomers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Italian_astronomers \"21st-century Italian astronomers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
James Lipton
|
{
"id": [
44422658
],
"name": [
"TheCatCollective"
]
}
|
o9omqggoty14ts4y7ls8y685i8ohdgw
|
2024-10-16T08:21:07Z
| 1,249,642,914 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"''Inside the Actors Studio''",
"Personal life",
"Death",
"Filmography",
"Films",
"Television",
"As producer",
"As writer",
"Published works",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Louis James Lipton** (September 19, 1926 – March 2, 2020\\) was an American writer, actor, talk show host, and [dean](/wiki/Dean_%28education%29 \"Dean (education)\") [emeritus](/wiki/Emeritus \"Emeritus\") of the [Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University](/wiki/Actors_Studio_Drama_School_at_Pace_University \"Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University\") in New York City. He was the executive producer, writer, and host of the [Bravo](/wiki/Bravo_%28American_TV_channel%29 \"Bravo (American TV channel)\") cable television series *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")*, which debuted in 1994\\. He retired from the show in 2018\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nLouis James Lipton was born on September 19, 1926, in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\"), the only child of Betty (née Weinberg), a teacher and librarian, and [Lawrence Lipton](/wiki/Lawrence_Lipton \"Lawrence Lipton\"), a journalist and [beat poet](/wiki/Beat_poet \"Beat poet\"). Known for writing the [Beat Generation](/wiki/Beat_Generation \"Beat Generation\") chronicle *The Holy Barbarians*, Lawrence was a [graphic designer](/wiki/Graphic_design \"Graphic design\"), a [columnist](/wiki/Columnist \"Columnist\") for the *[Jewish Daily Forward](/wiki/The_Forward \"The Forward\")*, and a publicity director for a movie theater. [Alt URL](http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/arc/findingaids/lipton/index.html) Lawrence was a [Polish Jewish](/wiki/Polish_Jew \"Polish Jew\") emigrant (from [Łódź](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA \"Łódź\")), whose surname was originally Lipschitz. Betty's parents were [Russian Jews](/wiki/Russian_Jews \"Russian Jews\"). His parents divorced when Lipton was six, and his father abandoned the family.\n\nLipton's family struggled financially, and he started to work at age 13\\. He worked in high school as a newspaper [copy boy](/wiki/Copy_boy \"Copy boy\") for the *[Detroit Times](/wiki/Detroit_Times \"Detroit Times\")* and as an actor in the Catholic Theater of Detroit and in radio.[https://playbill.com/article/stage\\-to\\-screens\\-james\\-lipton\\-chats\\-about\\-sherry\\-and\\-inside\\-the\\-actors\\-studio\\-com\\-117944](https://playbill.com/article/stage-to-screens-james-lipton-chats-about-sherry-and-inside-the-actors-studio-com-117944) Lipton had initially intended to become an [attorney](/wiki/Lawyer \"Lawyer\"). After graduating from [Central High School](/wiki/Central_High_School_%28Detroit%29 \"Central High School (Detroit)\") in Detroit, he attended [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University \"Wayne State University\") for one year in the mid\\-1940s and enlisted in the [United States Army Air Forces](/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces \"United States Army Air Forces\"). In an interview with *[Vanity Fair](/wiki/Vanity_Fair_%28magazine%29 \"Vanity Fair (magazine)\")*, Lipton talked about his time in Paris in the 1950s when he worked for about a year as a [pimp](/wiki/Procuring_%28prostitution%29 \"Procuring (prostitution)\"). On the *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Today (American TV program)\")* show, Lipton clarified that he had worked as a beneficent [*maque*](https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/maque) in the regulated prostitution business.\"*Inside, Inside*,\" Lipton, J., Dutton (2007\\), \n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nShortly after graduating high school, Lipton portrayed Dan Reid, the Lone Ranger's nephew, on [WXYZ Radio](/wiki/WXYT_%28AM%29 \"WXYT (AM)\")'s *[The Lone Ranger](/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger \"The Lone Ranger\")*. He initially studied to be a lawyer in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), and turned to acting to finance his education. From 1952 to 1962, Lipton started in *[The Guiding Light](/wiki/The_Guiding_Light \"The Guiding Light\")*, playing the role of Dr. Dick Grant and eventually becoming head writer. He wrote for several [soap operas](/wiki/Soap_opera \"Soap opera\"): *[Another World](/wiki/Another_World_%28TV_series%29 \"Another World (TV series)\")*, *[The Edge of Night](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night \"The Edge of Night\")*, *[The Best of Everything](/wiki/The_Best_of_Everything_%28TV_series%29 \"The Best of Everything (TV series)\")*, *[Return to Peyton Place](/wiki/Return_to_Peyton_Place_%28TV_series%29 \"Return to Peyton Place (TV series)\")* and *[Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_%28TV_series%29 \"Capitol (TV series)\")*. Lipton studied for two and half years with [Stella Adler](/wiki/Stella_Adler \"Stella Adler\"), four years with [Harold Clurman](/wiki/Harold_Clurman \"Harold Clurman\"), and two years with [Robert Lewis](/wiki/Robert_Lewis_%28director%29 \"Robert Lewis (director)\"). He also started studying voice and dance (including [modern dance](/wiki/Modern_dance \"Modern dance\") and [classical ballet](/wiki/Classical_ballet \"Classical ballet\")), and choreographed a ballet for the [American Ballet Theatre](/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre \"American Ballet Theatre\").\n\nIn 1951, he appeared in the [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") play *[The Autumn Garden](/wiki/The_Autumn_Garden \"The Autumn Garden\")* by [Lillian Hellman](/wiki/Lillian_Hellman \"Lillian Hellman\"). He portrayed a shipping clerk turned gang member in [Joseph Strick](/wiki/Joseph_Strick \"Joseph Strick\")'s 1953 film, *The Big Break*, a crime drama. \n\nHe wrote the book and lyrics for the 1962 [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") musical, *Nowhere To Go But Up.* The show had its tryout in Philadelphia at the Shubert Theatre opening October 6, 1962, to mixed notices. “ ‘Nowhere to Go but Up’ Gets Mixed Philadelphia Notices”, New York Times, November 9, 1962, p. 46\\. The show opened in New York on November 10, 1962, at the Winter Garden, to generally unfavorable reviews. “Producer Ordered to Court As Backers Decry Closing”, New York Times, November 18, 1962, p. 49\\. John Chapman wrote in the NY Daily News that the show “is delicious bathtub gin. . . . This is a happy show.” “ ‘Nowhere to Go But Up’ Is Bright, Funny Prohibition Era Musical”, Daily News, November 12, 1962, p. 63\\. But Howard Taubman said in the New York Times, “Don’t let anyone tell you that “Nowhere to Go but Up” is a little horror. Because it’s a big one.” “The Theatre: ‘Nowhere to Go but Up’ ”, New York Times, November 12, 1962, p. 36\\. As a result, Kermit Bloomgarden, the producer, decided to close the show on November 17, 1962, after 9 performances.“Play’s ‘Angels’ Seek to Prevent Closing”, New York Times, November 16, 1962, p. 24\\. A group of 234 small investors tried to keep the show from closing by parading in front of the theater and sought an injunction, “Producer Ordered to Court As Backers Decry Closing”, New York Times, November 18, 1962, p. 49\\. but the NY Supreme Court ruled in favor of the producer.\n\nHe was the librettist and [lyricist](/wiki/Lyricist \"Lyricist\") for the short\\-lived 1967 [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") musical *[Sherry!](/wiki/Sherry%21 \"Sherry!\")*, based on the [Moss Hart](/wiki/Moss_Hart \"Moss Hart\") and [George S. Kaufman](/wiki/George_S._Kaufman \"George S. Kaufman\") play *[The Man Who Came to Dinner](/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_to_Dinner \"The Man Who Came to Dinner\")*, with music by his childhood friend [Laurence Rosenthal](/wiki/Laurence_Rosenthal \"Laurence Rosenthal\"). The score and orchestrations were lost for over 30 years, and the original cast was never recorded. In 2003, a studio cast recording (with [Nathan Lane](/wiki/Nathan_Lane \"Nathan Lane\"), [Bernadette Peters](/wiki/Bernadette_Peters \"Bernadette Peters\"), [Carol Burnett](/wiki/Carol_Burnett \"Carol Burnett\"), [Tommy Tune](/wiki/Tommy_Tune \"Tommy Tune\"), [Mike Myers](/wiki/Mike_Myers \"Mike Myers\") and others) renewed interest in the show.Miller, Marc.[\"Uncorking Sherry!\"](http://www.theatermania.com/content/news.cfm?int_news_id=4363) theatermania.com, February 9, 2004Buckley, Michael. [\"James Lipton Chats About Sherry and \"Inside the Actor's Studio\"](https://archive.today/20130131092713/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/84394-STAGE_TO_SCREENS_James_Lipton_Chats_About_Sherry_and_Inside_the_Actor's_Studio/pg2) playbill.com, February 15, 2004\n\nHis book, *An Exaltation of Larks*, was first published in 1968, and has been in\\-print and revised several times since then, including a 1993 [Penguin Books](/wiki/Penguin_Books \"Penguin Books\") edition. The book is a collection of \"[terms of venery](/wiki/Collective_noun%23Terms_of_venery \"Collective noun#Terms of venery\")\", both real and created by Lipton himself. The dust jacket biography for the first edition of *Exaltation* said his activities included [fencing](/wiki/Fencing \"Fencing\"), [swimming](/wiki/Human_swimming \"Human swimming\"), and [equestrian](/wiki/Equestrianism \"Equestrianism\") pursuits and that he had written two Broadway productions.\n\nIn 1981, Lipton published his novel, *Mirrors*, about dancers' lives. He later wrote and produced it as a made\\-for\\-television movie. For the genre of television, Lipton produced some two dozen specials including: twelve [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\") Birthday Specials; *The Road to China*, an NBC entertainment special produced in China; and the first televised presidential inaugural gala (for [Jimmy Carter](/wiki/Jimmy_Carter \"Jimmy Carter\")).\n\nIn 2004, 2005, 2013, and 2019, Lipton appeared on several episodes of *[Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development \"Arrested Development\")* as Warden Stefan Gentles. In 2008, he provided the voice for the Director in the Disney animation film *[Bolt](/wiki/Bolt_%282008_film%29 \"Bolt (2008 film)\")*. He played \"himself\" as Brain Wash, interviewer of the monster Eva's acting teacher in the [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\")\\-[Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") animated film *[Igor](/wiki/Igor_%28film%29 \"Igor (film)\")*. Lipton also appears twice in the same episode of *[Family Guy](/wiki/Family_Guy \"Family Guy\")* in cutaways where he simply says \"Improv!\" both times.\n\n### *Inside the Actors Studio*\n\nIn the early 1990s, Lipton was inspired by [Bernard Pivot](/wiki/Bernard_Pivot \"Bernard Pivot\") and sought to create a three\\-year educational program for actors that would be a distillation of what he had learned in the 12 years of his own intensive studies. In 1994, he arranged for the [Actors Studio](/wiki/Actors_Studio \"Actors Studio\")—the home base of \"[method acting](/wiki/Method_acting \"Method acting\")\" in the United States—to join with New York City's [New School University](/wiki/New_School_University \"New School University\") and form the [Actors Studio Drama School](/wiki/Actors_Studio_Drama_School \"Actors Studio Drama School\"), a formal degree\\-granting program at the graduate level. After ending its contract with the New School, the Actors Studio established the [Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University](/wiki/Actors_Studio_Drama_School_at_Pace_University \"Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University\") in 2006\\.\n\nLipton created a project within the Actors Studio Drama School: a non\\-credit class called *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* (1994\\), where successful and accomplished actors, directors and writers would be interviewed and would answer questions from acting students. These sessions were also taped, edited, and broadcast on television for the general public to see. The episodes were viewed in 89 million homes throughout 125 countries. Lipton hosted the show and conducted the main interview. In a 2008 interview, when asked if he had anticipated the show's success, Lipton responded, \"Not in my wildest imaginations. It was a joint, arduous effort involving many people. At a point and time not too distant in the past, I had three lives. I was the dean of the Actors Studio, the writer of the series, its host and executive producer. I maintained a preposterous sixteen\\-hour schedule.\" He was awarded France's [Ordre des Arts et des Lettres](/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres \"Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\") in 2014 for his work on the show.\n\nLipton's last *Inside the Actors Studio*, an interview with [Ted Danson](/wiki/Ted_Danson \"Ted Danson\"), aired on January 11, 2018\\. In September 2018, Lipton stated that he was stepping down from the program after more than 24 years.\n\n",
"### *Inside the Actors Studio*\n\nIn the early 1990s, Lipton was inspired by [Bernard Pivot](/wiki/Bernard_Pivot \"Bernard Pivot\") and sought to create a three\\-year educational program for actors that would be a distillation of what he had learned in the 12 years of his own intensive studies. In 1994, he arranged for the [Actors Studio](/wiki/Actors_Studio \"Actors Studio\")—the home base of \"[method acting](/wiki/Method_acting \"Method acting\")\" in the United States—to join with New York City's [New School University](/wiki/New_School_University \"New School University\") and form the [Actors Studio Drama School](/wiki/Actors_Studio_Drama_School \"Actors Studio Drama School\"), a formal degree\\-granting program at the graduate level. After ending its contract with the New School, the Actors Studio established the [Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University](/wiki/Actors_Studio_Drama_School_at_Pace_University \"Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University\") in 2006\\.\n\nLipton created a project within the Actors Studio Drama School: a non\\-credit class called *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* (1994\\), where successful and accomplished actors, directors and writers would be interviewed and would answer questions from acting students. These sessions were also taped, edited, and broadcast on television for the general public to see. The episodes were viewed in 89 million homes throughout 125 countries. Lipton hosted the show and conducted the main interview. In a 2008 interview, when asked if he had anticipated the show's success, Lipton responded, \"Not in my wildest imaginations. It was a joint, arduous effort involving many people. At a point and time not too distant in the past, I had three lives. I was the dean of the Actors Studio, the writer of the series, its host and executive producer. I maintained a preposterous sixteen\\-hour schedule.\" He was awarded France's [Ordre des Arts et des Lettres](/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres \"Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\") in 2014 for his work on the show.\n\nLipton's last *Inside the Actors Studio*, an interview with [Ted Danson](/wiki/Ted_Danson \"Ted Danson\"), aired on January 11, 2018\\. In September 2018, Lipton stated that he was stepping down from the program after more than 24 years.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nBetween 1954 and 1959, Lipton was married to actress [Nina Foch](/wiki/Nina_Foch \"Nina Foch\"). He was married to Kedakai Turner Lipton, a model and real estate broker, from 1970 until his death. Kedakai was known as the model playing [Miss Scarlet](/wiki/List_of_Cluedo_characters \"List of Cluedo characters\") on the cover of the boardgame [Clue](/wiki/Cluedo \"Cluedo\"). She was the book and illustration designer for Lipton's book, *An Exaltation of Larks, The Ultimate Edition*.\n\nIn the 200th episode of *Inside the Actors Studio*, Lipton revealed that he was an [atheist](/wiki/Atheist \"Atheist\").\n\nLipton stated in interviews that he was a pilot, certified in [Airplane Single Engine Land](/wiki/Airplane_Single_Engine_Land \"Airplane Single Engine Land\") planes. He had been flying since 1980 and learned in a [Cessna 152](/wiki/Cessna_152 \"Cessna 152\") and [172](/wiki/Cessna_172 \"Cessna 172\"), at [Van Nuys Airport](/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport \"Van Nuys Airport\"). As of 2013, he had logged more than 1,000 hours of flight time. Lipton was a member of the [Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association](/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association \"Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association\").\n\n### Death\n\nLipton died of [bladder cancer](/wiki/Bladder_cancer \"Bladder cancer\") at his home in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") on March 2, 2020, at the age of 93\\.\n\n",
"### Death\n\nLipton died of [bladder cancer](/wiki/Bladder_cancer \"Bladder cancer\") at his home in [Manhattan](/wiki/Manhattan \"Manhattan\") on March 2, 2020, at the age of 93\\.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Films\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |\n| 1953 | *The Big Break* | Marty | | |\n| 2005 | *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched_%282005_film%29 \"Bewitched (2005 film)\")* | Himself | | |\n| 2008 | *[Igor](/wiki/Igor_%28film%29 \"Igor (film)\")* | Voice | |\n| *[Bolt](/wiki/Bolt_%282008_film%29 \"Bolt (2008 film)\")* | The Director | |\n\n### Television\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |\n| 1951 | *[Pulitzer Prize Playhouse](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse \"Pulitzer Prize Playhouse\")* | Himself | Episode: \"The Silver Cord\" | |\n| *[Armstrong Circle Theatre](/wiki/Armstrong_Circle_Theatre \"Armstrong Circle Theatre\")* | Himself | Episode: \"Mountain Song\" | |\n| 1952 | *[CBS Television Workshop](/wiki/CBS_Television_Workshop \"CBS Television Workshop\")* | Himself | Episode: \"My Eyes Have a Cold Nose\" | |\n| 1952–1962 | *[The Web](/wiki/The_Web_%281950_TV_series%29 \"The Web (1950 TV series)\")* | young fugitive | Episode: \"The Boy in the Front Row\" | |\n| *[You Are There](/wiki/You_Are_There_%28series%29 \"You Are There (series)\")* | Michelangelo | Episode: \"The Recognition of Michelangelo\" | |\n| 1953 | *[Guiding Light](/wiki/Guiding_Light \"Guiding Light\")* | Dr. Dick Grant | 3 episodes | |\n| 1954 | *Inner Sanctum* | Tony | Episode: \"Guilty Secret\" | |\n| *[The Goldbergs](/wiki/The_Goldbergs_%28broadcast_series%29 \"The Goldbergs (broadcast series)\")* | Lotzi | Episode: \"August 10, 1954\" | |\n| 1994–2018 | *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* | Himself | Creator, Writer, Executive Producer, Host | |\n| 2002, 2011 | *[The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons \"The Simpsons\")* | Himself | 2 episodes | |\n| 2004–2005, 2013, 2019 | *[Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development \"Arrested Development\")* | Warden Stefan Gentles | 6 episodes, (final appearance) | |\n| 2005 | *[Cold Squad](/wiki/Cold_Squad \"Cold Squad\")* | Uniform Cop | Episode: \"Borders\" | |\n| 2006 | *[Joey](/wiki/Joey_%28TV_series%29 \"Joey (TV series)\")* | Himself | Episode: \"Joey and the Actors Studio \" | |\n| 2008 | *[According to Jim](/wiki/According_to_Jim \"According to Jim\")* | Devil | Episode: \"The Devil Went Down to Oak Park\" | |\n| 2009 | *[Family Guy](/wiki/Family_Guy \"Family Guy\")* | Himself | Episode: \"[Spies Reminiscent of Us](/wiki/Spies_Reminiscent_of_Us \"Spies Reminiscent of Us\")\" | |\n| *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")* | Himself | Episode: \"[Bradley Cooper](/wiki/Bradley_Cooper \"Bradley Cooper\")/[TV on the Radio](/wiki/TV_on_the_Radio \"TV on the Radio\")\" | |\n| 2012 | *[Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28U.S._season_12%29 \"The Apprentice (U.S. season 12)\")* | Himself | Episode: \"Getting Medieval\" | |\n| *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")* | Himself | Episode: \"[Goodbye](/wiki/Goodbye_%28Glee%29 \"Goodbye (Glee)\")\" | |\n| *[Suburgatory](/wiki/Suburgatory \"Suburgatory\")* | Dr. Richard Rohl | Episode: \"Down Time\" | |\n\n### As producer\n\n| Year | Title | Role | |\n\n| 1977 | *Jimmy Carter's Inaugural Gala* | Executive producer | |\n| 1978 | *Happy Birthday, Bob* | Executive producer | |\n| 1979 | *Bob Hope on the Road to China* | Producer | |\n| 1981 | *American Dance Machine Presents a Celebration of Broadway Dance* | Executive producer | |\n| 1985 | *Mirrors* | Producer | |\n| 1987 | *Bob Hope Salutes the U.S.A.F. 40th Anniversary* | Executive producer | |\n| 1988 | *Happy Birthday, Bob: 50 Stars Salute Your 50 Years with NBC* | Executive producer | |\n| 1989 | *Bob Hope's Birthday Spectacular in Paris* | Executive producer | |\n| 1994–2018 | *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* | Executive producer | |\n\n### As writer\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1952 | *[Guiding Light](/wiki/Guiding_Light \"Guiding Light\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1956 | *[The Edge of Night](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night \"The Edge of Night\")* | Writer | | |\n| 1960 | *[The United States Steel Hour](/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour \"The United States Steel Hour\")* | Writer | Episode: \"The Charlie and the Kid\" | |\n| 1963 | *[The Doctors](/wiki/The_Doctors_%281963_TV_series%29 \"The Doctors (1963 TV series)\")* | Writer | | |\n| 1965 | *[Another World](/wiki/Another_World_%28TV_series%29 \"Another World (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1970 | *[The Best of Everything](/wiki/The_Best_of_Everything_%28TV_series%29 \"The Best of Everything (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1972 | *[Return to Peyton Place](/wiki/Return_to_Peyton_Place_%28TV_series%29 \"Return to Peyton Place (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1978 | *Happy Birthday, Bob* | Writer | | |\n| 1979 | *All\\-Star Birthday Party for Bob Hope... at Sea* | Writer | | |\n| 1982 | *All\\-Star Birthday Party at Annapolis* | Writer | | |\n| 1985 | *Mirrors* | Writer | | |\n| 1985 | *[Copacabana](/wiki/Copacabana_%281985_film%29 \"Copacabana (1985 film)\")* | Writer | Teleplay story and teleplay | |\n| 1984–1987 | *[Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_%28TV_series%29 \"Capitol (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1987 | *Bob Hope Salutes the U.S.A.F. 40th Anniversary* | Writer | | |\n| 1989 | *Bob Hope's Birthday Spectacular in Paris* | Writer | | |\n| 1994–2018 | *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* | Writer | | |\n\n",
"### Films\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |\n| 1953 | *The Big Break* | Marty | | |\n| 2005 | *[Bewitched](/wiki/Bewitched_%282005_film%29 \"Bewitched (2005 film)\")* | Himself | | |\n| 2008 | *[Igor](/wiki/Igor_%28film%29 \"Igor (film)\")* | Voice | |\n| *[Bolt](/wiki/Bolt_%282008_film%29 \"Bolt (2008 film)\")* | The Director | |\n",
"### Television\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |\n| 1951 | *[Pulitzer Prize Playhouse](/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Playhouse \"Pulitzer Prize Playhouse\")* | Himself | Episode: \"The Silver Cord\" | |\n| *[Armstrong Circle Theatre](/wiki/Armstrong_Circle_Theatre \"Armstrong Circle Theatre\")* | Himself | Episode: \"Mountain Song\" | |\n| 1952 | *[CBS Television Workshop](/wiki/CBS_Television_Workshop \"CBS Television Workshop\")* | Himself | Episode: \"My Eyes Have a Cold Nose\" | |\n| 1952–1962 | *[The Web](/wiki/The_Web_%281950_TV_series%29 \"The Web (1950 TV series)\")* | young fugitive | Episode: \"The Boy in the Front Row\" | |\n| *[You Are There](/wiki/You_Are_There_%28series%29 \"You Are There (series)\")* | Michelangelo | Episode: \"The Recognition of Michelangelo\" | |\n| 1953 | *[Guiding Light](/wiki/Guiding_Light \"Guiding Light\")* | Dr. Dick Grant | 3 episodes | |\n| 1954 | *Inner Sanctum* | Tony | Episode: \"Guilty Secret\" | |\n| *[The Goldbergs](/wiki/The_Goldbergs_%28broadcast_series%29 \"The Goldbergs (broadcast series)\")* | Lotzi | Episode: \"August 10, 1954\" | |\n| 1994–2018 | *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* | Himself | Creator, Writer, Executive Producer, Host | |\n| 2002, 2011 | *[The Simpsons](/wiki/The_Simpsons \"The Simpsons\")* | Himself | 2 episodes | |\n| 2004–2005, 2013, 2019 | *[Arrested Development](/wiki/Arrested_Development \"Arrested Development\")* | Warden Stefan Gentles | 6 episodes, (final appearance) | |\n| 2005 | *[Cold Squad](/wiki/Cold_Squad \"Cold Squad\")* | Uniform Cop | Episode: \"Borders\" | |\n| 2006 | *[Joey](/wiki/Joey_%28TV_series%29 \"Joey (TV series)\")* | Himself | Episode: \"Joey and the Actors Studio \" | |\n| 2008 | *[According to Jim](/wiki/According_to_Jim \"According to Jim\")* | Devil | Episode: \"The Devil Went Down to Oak Park\" | |\n| 2009 | *[Family Guy](/wiki/Family_Guy \"Family Guy\")* | Himself | Episode: \"[Spies Reminiscent of Us](/wiki/Spies_Reminiscent_of_Us \"Spies Reminiscent of Us\")\" | |\n| *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")* | Himself | Episode: \"[Bradley Cooper](/wiki/Bradley_Cooper \"Bradley Cooper\")/[TV on the Radio](/wiki/TV_on_the_Radio \"TV on the Radio\")\" | |\n| 2012 | *[Celebrity Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28U.S._season_12%29 \"The Apprentice (U.S. season 12)\")* | Himself | Episode: \"Getting Medieval\" | |\n| *[Glee](/wiki/Glee_%28TV_series%29 \"Glee (TV series)\")* | Himself | Episode: \"[Goodbye](/wiki/Goodbye_%28Glee%29 \"Goodbye (Glee)\")\" | |\n| *[Suburgatory](/wiki/Suburgatory \"Suburgatory\")* | Dr. Richard Rohl | Episode: \"Down Time\" | |\n",
"### As producer\n\n| Year | Title | Role | |\n\n| 1977 | *Jimmy Carter's Inaugural Gala* | Executive producer | |\n| 1978 | *Happy Birthday, Bob* | Executive producer | |\n| 1979 | *Bob Hope on the Road to China* | Producer | |\n| 1981 | *American Dance Machine Presents a Celebration of Broadway Dance* | Executive producer | |\n| 1985 | *Mirrors* | Producer | |\n| 1987 | *Bob Hope Salutes the U.S.A.F. 40th Anniversary* | Executive producer | |\n| 1988 | *Happy Birthday, Bob: 50 Stars Salute Your 50 Years with NBC* | Executive producer | |\n| 1989 | *Bob Hope's Birthday Spectacular in Paris* | Executive producer | |\n| 1994–2018 | *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* | Executive producer | |\n",
"### As writer\n\n| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1952 | *[Guiding Light](/wiki/Guiding_Light \"Guiding Light\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1956 | *[The Edge of Night](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night \"The Edge of Night\")* | Writer | | |\n| 1960 | *[The United States Steel Hour](/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour \"The United States Steel Hour\")* | Writer | Episode: \"The Charlie and the Kid\" | |\n| 1963 | *[The Doctors](/wiki/The_Doctors_%281963_TV_series%29 \"The Doctors (1963 TV series)\")* | Writer | | |\n| 1965 | *[Another World](/wiki/Another_World_%28TV_series%29 \"Another World (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1970 | *[The Best of Everything](/wiki/The_Best_of_Everything_%28TV_series%29 \"The Best of Everything (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1972 | *[Return to Peyton Place](/wiki/Return_to_Peyton_Place_%28TV_series%29 \"Return to Peyton Place (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1978 | *Happy Birthday, Bob* | Writer | | |\n| 1979 | *All\\-Star Birthday Party for Bob Hope... at Sea* | Writer | | |\n| 1982 | *All\\-Star Birthday Party at Annapolis* | Writer | | |\n| 1985 | *Mirrors* | Writer | | |\n| 1985 | *[Copacabana](/wiki/Copacabana_%281985_film%29 \"Copacabana (1985 film)\")* | Writer | Teleplay story and teleplay | |\n| 1984–1987 | *[Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_%28TV_series%29 \"Capitol (TV series)\")* | Head writer | | |\n| 1987 | *Bob Hope Salutes the U.S.A.F. 40th Anniversary* | Writer | | |\n| 1989 | *Bob Hope's Birthday Spectacular in Paris* | Writer | | |\n| 1994–2018 | *[Inside the Actors Studio](/wiki/Inside_the_Actors_Studio \"Inside the Actors Studio\")* | Writer | | |\n\n",
"Published works\n---------------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of awards and nominations received by James Lipton](/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_James_Lipton \"List of awards and nominations received by James Lipton\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Bravo biography](https://web.archive.org/web/20120814024712/http://www.bravotv.com/inside-the-actors-studio/bio/james-lipton)\n[Category:1926 births](/wiki/Category:1926_births \"1926 births\")\n[Category:2020 deaths](/wiki/Category:2020_deaths \"2020 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American Jews](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_Jews \"20th-century American Jews\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male actors](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_actors \"20th-century American male actors\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers \"20th-century American male writers\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American novelists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_novelists \"20th-century American novelists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American poets](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_poets \"20th-century American poets\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American screenwriters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_screenwriters \"20th-century American screenwriters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American Jews](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_Jews \"21st-century American Jews\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male actors](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_actors \"21st-century American male actors\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male writers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers \"21st-century American male writers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American novelists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_novelists \"21st-century American novelists\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American poets](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_poets \"21st-century American poets\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American screenwriters](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_screenwriters \"21st-century American screenwriters\")\n[Category:American atheists](/wiki/Category:American_atheists \"American atheists\")\n[Category:American ballet choreographers](/wiki/Category:American_ballet_choreographers \"American ballet choreographers\")\n[Category:American expatriates in France](/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_France \"American expatriates in France\")\n[Category:American librettists](/wiki/Category:American_librettists \"American librettists\")\n[Category:American male film actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_film_actors \"American male film actors\")\n[Category:American male novelists](/wiki/Category:American_male_novelists \"American male novelists\")\n[Category:American male poets](/wiki/Category:American_male_poets \"American male poets\")\n[Category:American male radio actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_radio_actors \"American male radio actors\")\n[Category:American male screenwriters](/wiki/Category:American_male_screenwriters \"American male screenwriters\")\n[Category:American male soap opera actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_soap_opera_actors \"American male soap opera actors\")\n[Category:American male television actors](/wiki/Category:American_male_television_actors \"American male television actors\")\n[Category:American male television writers](/wiki/Category:American_male_television_writers \"American male television writers\")\n[Category:American people of Polish\\-Jewish descent](/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Polish-Jewish_descent \"American people of Polish-Jewish descent\")\n[Category:American soap opera writers](/wiki/Category:American_soap_opera_writers \"American soap opera writers\")\n[Category:American television producers](/wiki/Category:American_television_producers \"American television producers\")\n[Category:American television talk show hosts](/wiki/Category:American_television_talk_show_hosts \"American television talk show hosts\")\n[Category:American television writers](/wiki/Category:American_television_writers \"American television writers\")\n[Category:American university and college faculty deans](/wiki/Category:American_university_and_college_faculty_deans \"American university and college faculty deans\")\n[Category:Central High School (Detroit) alumni](/wiki/Category:Central_High_School_%28Detroit%29_alumni \"Central High School (Detroit) alumni\")\n[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres](/wiki/Category:Chevaliers_of_the_Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres \"Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\")\n[Category:Choreographers of American Ballet Theatre](/wiki/Category:Choreographers_of_American_Ballet_Theatre \"Choreographers of American Ballet Theatre\")\n[Category:Deaths from bladder cancer in the United States](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_bladder_cancer_in_the_United_States \"Deaths from bladder cancer in the United States\")\n[Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cancer_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Deaths from cancer in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Jewish American atheists](/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_atheists \"Jewish American atheists\")\n[Category:Jewish American male actors](/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_male_actors \"Jewish American male actors\")\n[Category:Jewish American screenwriters](/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_screenwriters \"Jewish American screenwriters\")\n[Category:Male actors from Detroit](/wiki/Category:Male_actors_from_Detroit \"Male actors from Detroit\")\n[Category:Military personnel from Detroit](/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Detroit \"Military personnel from Detroit\")\n[Category:Novelists from Michigan](/wiki/Category:Novelists_from_Michigan \"Novelists from Michigan\")\n[Category:Novelists from New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Novelists_from_New_York_%28state%29 \"Novelists from New York (state)\")\n[Category:Pace University faculty](/wiki/Category:Pace_University_faculty \"Pace University faculty\")\n[Category:Screenwriters from Michigan](/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_Michigan \"Screenwriters from Michigan\")\n[Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Screenwriters_from_New_York_%28state%29 \"Screenwriters from New York (state)\")\n[Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II](/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Air_Forces_personnel_of_World_War_II \"United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II\")\n[Category:Wayne State University people](/wiki/Category:Wayne_State_University_people \"Wayne State University people\")\n[Category:Writers from Detroit](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Detroit \"Writers from Detroit\")\n\n"
]
}
|
German New Guinea Company
|
{
"id": [
14965160
],
"name": [
"Marcocapelle"
]
}
|
ohha8326f078788puwtz4eyw8eh2zgp
|
2024-08-05T21:22:56Z
| 1,187,387,182 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|right\\|Flag of the German New Guinea Company (1885–1899\\).](/wiki/Image:Flag_of_German_New_Guinea.svg \"Flag of German New Guinea.svg\")\n\nThe **German New Guinea Company** () was a German [Chartered Company](/wiki/Chartered_Company \"Chartered Company\") which exploited insular territory in and near present [Papua New Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea \"Papua New Guinea\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nIn the 1870s and 1880s German commercial firms began to site trading stations in [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\"). Agents of [J.C. Godeffroy \\& Sohn](/wiki/Johann_Cesar_VI._Godeffroy \"Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy\") reached the [Bismarck Archipelago](/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago \"Bismarck Archipelago\") from the [Caroline Islands](/wiki/Caroline_Islands \"Caroline Islands\") in 1872\\. In 1875 Hersheim \\& Company[:de:Hernsheim \\& Co](/wiki/Hernsheim_%26_Co \"Hernsheim & Co\") moved to the Archipelago.\n\nIn 1884, the **New Guinea Company** was founded in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") by [Adolph von Hansemann](/wiki/Adolph_von_Hansemann \"Adolph von Hansemann\") and a syndicate of German bankers for the purpose of colonizing and exploiting resources on *Neuguinea* ([German New Guinea](/wiki/German_New_Guinea \"German New Guinea\")),Linke, R 2006, The influence of German surveying on the development of New Guinea, [Association of Surveyors of PNG](http://www.aspng.org/hs02_04_linke_0976.pdf). Accessed 25 January 2014\\. where [German](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") interest grew after British [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\")'s annexation of part of eastern [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\"). \nThis expedition was with the knowledge and blessing of the German Chancellor, Count [Otto von Bismarck](/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck \"Otto von Bismarck\"), and with secrecy and speed an expedition was fitted out under Dr [Otto Finsch](/wiki/Otto_Finsch \"Otto Finsch\"), ornithologist and explorer.\n[thumb\\|250px\\|1895 20 Mark gold coin issued by the German New Guinea Company for use in [German New Guinea](/wiki/German_New_Guinea \"German New Guinea\").](/wiki/File:German_New_Guinea_1895-A_20_Mark.jpg \"German New Guinea 1895-A 20 Mark.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Share of the Neuguinea Compagnie, issued 28\\. June 1926](/wiki/File:Neu_Guinea_Compagnie_1926.jpg \"Neu Guinea Compagnie 1926.jpg\")\nHis task was to select land for plantation development on the north\\-east coast of New Guinea and establish trading posts. Its influence soon grew to encompass the entire north\\-eastern part of New Guinea and some of the islands off the coast.\n\nThe Neuguinea Compagnie expedition left [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") for New Guinea in the steamer *Samoa* captained by [Eduard Dallmann](/wiki/Eduard_Dallmann \"Eduard Dallmann\"). On 19 August, Chancellor Bismarck ordered the establishment of a German protectorate in the New Britain Archipelago and north\\-eastern New Guinea.\n\n[German colonial rule in New Guinea](/wiki/German_New_Guinea \"German New Guinea\") lasted for a period of thirty years, For the first fifteen years the colony was administered under imperial charters by a private company, in the manner of the old [British](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") and [Dutch East India companies](/wiki/Dutch_East_India_company \"Dutch East India company\"), but with far less success. From 1899 to 1914, the Imperial Government administered German New Guinea through a governor, who was assisted after 1904 by a nominated Government Council.\n\nWhen the Imperial Government took over the running of the colony in 1899, its overriding objective was rapid economic development, based on a German\\- controlled plantation economy.Linke, R 2006, The influence of German surveying on the development of New Guinea, [Association of Surveyors of PNG](http://www.aspng.org/hs02_04_linke_0976.pdf). Accessed 25 January 2014\\.\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* [WorldStatesmen – Papua New Guinea](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Papua_New_Guinea.htm#North%20East%20New%20Guinea)\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:German New Guinea](/wiki/Category:German_New_Guinea \"German New Guinea\")\n[Category:Morobe Province](/wiki/Category:Morobe_Province \"Morobe Province\")\n[Category:Lae](/wiki/Category:Lae \"Lae\")\n[Category:German companies established in 1884](/wiki/Category:German_companies_established_in_1884 \"German companies established in 1884\")\n[Category:Chartered companies](/wiki/Category:Chartered_companies \"Chartered companies\")\n\n"
]
}
|
William Dyke
|
{
"id": [
22709466
],
"name": [
"Asdasdasdff"
]
}
|
3cv73xx40utj6o3fdbdg7a7uo7wh2od
|
2024-05-28T07:20:43Z
| 1,226,045,927 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Political career",
"Post-political career",
"Electoral history",
"Madison Mayor (1969, 1971, 1973)",
"Wisconsin Governor (1974)",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**William D. \"Bill\" Dyke** (April 25, 1930March 10, 2016\\) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. He was the 49th [mayor](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") of [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\"), from 1969 to 1973, and ran for [Vice President of the United States](/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States \"Vice President of the United States\") on the [American Independent Party](/wiki/American_Independent_Party \"American Independent Party\") [ticket](/wiki/Ticket_%28politics%29 \"Ticket (politics)\") with presidential candidate [Lester Maddox](/wiki/Lester_Maddox \"Lester Maddox\") in the [1976 presidential election](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election \"1976 United States presidential election\"). He was also the Republican nominee for [Governor of Wisconsin](/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin \"Governor of Wisconsin\") in the [1974 gubernatorial election](/wiki/1974_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election \"1974 Wisconsin gubernatorial election\"). From 1996 until two months before his death, in 2016, he served as a [Wisconsin circuit court](/wiki/Wisconsin_circuit_courts \"Wisconsin circuit courts\") judge in [Iowa County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Iowa_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Iowa County, Wisconsin\"); he was chief judge of the 7th Judicial Administrative District from 2007 to 2013\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nDyke received his bachelor's degree from [DePauw University](/wiki/DePauw_University \"DePauw University\") in [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\").[Martidaledale.com.\\-Judge Profile: William Dyke](http://www.martindale.com/William-D-Dyke/1803337-lawyer.htm) While completing his degree at the [University of Wisconsin Law School](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Law_School \"University of Wisconsin Law School\"), he hosted *Circus 3*, a local children's television program on [WISC\\-TV](/wiki/WISC-TV \"WISC-TV\").Tim Hollis. *Hi There, Boys and Girls!: America's Local Children's TV Shows*. 2001, p. 301\\. He also moderated *Face the State*, a local political news program modeled after the nationally televised *[Face the Nation](/wiki/Face_the_Nation \"Face the Nation\")*. The program included interviews with [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\"), [Hubert Humphrey](/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey \"Hubert H. Humphrey\"), [Gerald Ford](/wiki/Gerald_Ford \"Gerald Ford\"), [John F. Kennedy](/wiki/John_F._Kennedy \"John F. Kennedy\") and other prominent politicians.Mary Erpenbach. \"[WISC\\-TV Looks Back On 50 Years Of Excellence](http://www.channel3000.com/news/9386634/detail.html) \". *Madison Magazine*.\n\n",
"Political career\n----------------\n\nDyke was a two\\-term [mayor](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") of [Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\") from 1969 to 1973\\. His tenure as mayor is considered a colorful and often controversial part of Madison's history.Richard L. Kenyon. \"[Soglin heats up Madison](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19890326&id=RWsaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2CsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5538,1631418)\". *The Milwaukee Journal*, March 26, 1989\\. Dyke presided over Madison during the most turbulent era in the city's history, highlighted by the [Sterling Hall bombing](/wiki/Sterling_Hall_bombing \"Sterling Hall bombing\") and subsequent clashes with student uprisings. One of those student activists, [Paul Soglin](/wiki/Paul_Soglin \"Paul Soglin\"), defeated Dyke's attempt for re\\-election in 1973\\. Undeterred, Dyke ran as the Republican nominee for governor in 1974, losing to Democrat [Patrick Lucey](/wiki/Patrick_Lucey \"Patrick Lucey\").\n\nA [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States \"Conservatism in the United States\") [Republican](/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Republican Party (United States)\"), Dyke briefly left the party in [1976](/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election \"1976 United States presidential election\") to join Lester Maddox's American Independent Party presidential ticket as the vice presidential nominee; however, he disavowed Maddox's [segregationist](/wiki/Segregation_in_the_United_States \"Segregation in the United States\") views. Maddox and Dyke won 170,274 votes in the general election (or 0\\.21% of votes).[U.S. Election Atlas: 1976 Presidential General Election Results](http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1976&minper=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0).\n\n",
"Post\\-political career\n----------------------\n\nFollowing the end of his political career, Dyke opened a general contracting business in [Mount Horeb, Wisconsin](/wiki/Mount_Horeb%2C_Wisconsin \"Mount Horeb, Wisconsin\"), and bred [horses](/wiki/Horse \"Horse\"). He also worked as a family mediation lawyer in [Mineral Point, Wisconsin](/wiki/Mineral_Point%2C_Wisconsin \"Mineral Point, Wisconsin\").\n\nOn December 3, 1996, [Governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin \"Governor of Wisconsin\") [Tommy Thompson](/wiki/Tommy_Thompson \"Tommy Thompson\") appointed Dyke to the circuit court vacancy in [Iowa County](/wiki/Iowa_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Iowa County, Wisconsin\"), created by the impending retirement of Judge James P. Fiedler. He was elected to a full term on the court in 1998 and subsequently re\\-elected in 2004 and 2010\\. He later was selected as the chief judge of the 7th Judicial Administrative District by the [Wisconsin Supreme Court](/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court \"Wisconsin Supreme Court\"), and served the maximum of three two\\-year terms in that role. Dyke left the bench in January 2016, and died of pancreatic cancer in a [Dodgeville, Wisconsin](/wiki/Dodgeville%2C_Wisconsin \"Dodgeville, Wisconsin\"), nursing home two months later.[Wisconsin Court System: Circuit Court Judges](http://www.wicourts.gov/about/judges/circuit/index.htm)\n\nDyke illustrated the children's book *The General's Hat, or Why the Bell Tower Stopped Working*, a tale written by Kay Price about two mice who get on the same ship with General [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\") on his travels to [Galena](/wiki/Galena%2C_Illinois \"Galena, Illinois\"), [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\").[OCLC World Cat](http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38947193)\n\n",
"Electoral history\n-----------------\n\n### Madison Mayor (1969, 1971, 1973\\)\n\n\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\| **Primary Election, March 6, 1973**\n\n\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\| **General Election, April 3, 1973**\n\n### Wisconsin Governor (1974\\)\n\n\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\| **General Election, November 3, 1974**\n\n",
"### Madison Mayor (1969, 1971, 1973\\)\n\n\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\| **Primary Election, March 6, 1973**\n\n\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\| **General Election, April 3, 1973**\n\n",
"### Wisconsin Governor (1974\\)\n\n\\| colspan\\=\"6\" style\\=\"text\\-align:center;background\\-color: \\#e9e9e9;\"\\| **General Election, November 3, 1974**\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1930 births](/wiki/Category:1930_births \"1930 births\")\n[Category:2016 deaths](/wiki/Category:2016_deaths \"2016 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_politicians \"20th-century American politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American far\\-right politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_far-right_politicians \"20th-century American far-right politicians\")\n[Category:American Independent Party vice presidential nominees](/wiki/Category:American_Independent_Party_vice_presidential_nominees \"American Independent Party vice presidential nominees\")\n[Category:DePauw University alumni](/wiki/Category:DePauw_University_alumni \"DePauw University alumni\")\n[Category:Mayors of Madison, Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Mayors of Madison, Wisconsin\")\n[Category:People from Princeton, Illinois](/wiki/Category:People_from_Princeton%2C_Illinois \"People from Princeton, Illinois\")\n[Category:Artists from Illinois](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Illinois \"Artists from Illinois\")\n[Category:Artists from Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Wisconsin \"Artists from Wisconsin\")\n[Category:1976 United States vice\\-presidential candidates](/wiki/Category:1976_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates \"1976 United States vice-presidential candidates\")\n[Category:University of Wisconsin Law School alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Wisconsin_Law_School_alumni \"University of Wisconsin Law School alumni\")\n[Category:Wisconsin Independents](/wiki/Category:Wisconsin_Independents \"Wisconsin Independents\")\n[Category:Wisconsin Republicans](/wiki/Category:Wisconsin_Republicans \"Wisconsin Republicans\")\n[Category:Wisconsin circuit court judges](/wiki/Category:Wisconsin_circuit_court_judges \"Wisconsin circuit court judges\")\n[Category:People from Mount Horeb, Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:People_from_Mount_Horeb%2C_Wisconsin \"People from Mount Horeb, Wisconsin\")\n[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_pancreatic_cancer_in_Wisconsin \"Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Wisconsin\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American judges](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_judges \"20th-century American judges\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American judges](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_judges \"21st-century American judges\")\n[Category:20th\\-century mayors of places in Wisconsin](/wiki/Category:20th-century_mayors_of_places_in_Wisconsin \"20th-century mayors of places in Wisconsin\")\n\n"
]
}
|
List of U.S. state amphibians
|
{
"id": [
3138265
],
"name": [
"WOSlinker"
]
}
|
plxt4q0ig62oxf40snya8f90xbdx34y
|
2024-08-01T13:39:22Z
| 1,183,319,186 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Table",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThis is a **list of official U.S. state, federal district, and territory [amphibians](/wiki/Amphibians \"Amphibians\")**. State amphibians are designated by tradition or the respective [state legislatures](/wiki/State_legislature_%28United_States%29 \"State legislature (United States)\").[Official State Amphibians](http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_amphibians.htm) *NetState.com*, accessed April 21, 2006\\.\n\nAs of 2023, only 28 states and one territory have a state amphibian.\n\n",
"Table\n-----\n\n| State | Common name | [Scientific name](/wiki/Scientific_name \"Scientific name\") | Photo | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\") | [Red Hills salamander](/wiki/Red_Hills_salamander \"Red Hills salamander\") | *Phaeognathus hubrichti* | [200px](/wiki/File:Phaeognathus_hubrichii.jpg \"Phaeognathus hubrichii.jpg\") | 2000 |\n| [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") | [Arizona tree frog](/wiki/Hyla_eximia \"Hyla eximia\") | *Hyla eximia* | [200px](/wiki/File:Hyla_eximia.jpg \"Hyla eximia.jpg\") | 1986 |\n| [California](/wiki/California \"California\") | [California red\\-legged frog](/wiki/California_red-legged_frog \"California red-legged frog\") | *Rana draytonii* | [200px](/wiki/File:Rana_aurora.jpg \"Rana aurora.jpg\") | 2014 |\n| [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\") | [Western tiger salamander](/wiki/Ambystoma_mavortium \"Ambystoma mavortium\") | *Ambystoma mavortium* | [200px](/wiki/File:Ambystoma_mavortium_2006.jpg \"Ambystoma mavortium 2006.jpg\") | 2012 |\n| [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\") | [American green tree frog](/wiki/American_green_tree_frog \"American green tree frog\") | *Hyla cinerea* | [200px](/wiki/File:American_green_tree_frog_1.JPG \"American green tree frog 1.JPG\") | 2005 |\n| [Idaho](/wiki/Idaho \"Idaho\") | [Idaho giant salamander](/wiki/Idaho_giant_salamander \"Idaho giant salamander\") | *Dicamptodon aterrimus* | | 2015 |\n| [Illinois](/wiki/Illinois \"Illinois\") | [Eastern tiger salamander](/wiki/Tiger_salamander \"Tiger salamander\") | *Ambystoma tigrinum* | [200px](/wiki/File:Tiger_salamander.jpg \"Tiger salamander.jpg\") | 2005 |\n| [Iowa](/wiki/Iowa \"Iowa\") | [American bullfrog](/wiki/American_bullfrog \"American bullfrog\") | *Rana catesbeiana* | [200px](/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg \"North-American-bullfrog1.jpg\") | Unofficial |\n| [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas \"Kansas\") | [Barred tiger salamander](/wiki/Ambystoma_mavortium \"Ambystoma mavortium\") | *Ambystoma mavortium* | [200px](/wiki/File:Ambystoma_mavortium_2006.jpg \"Ambystoma mavortium 2006.jpg\") | 2005 |\n| [Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana \"Louisiana\") | [American green tree frog](/wiki/American_green_tree_frog \"American green tree frog\") | *Hyla cinerea* | [200px](/wiki/File:American_green_tree_frog_1.JPG \"American green tree frog 1.JPG\") | 1993 |\n| [Minnesota](/wiki/Minnesota \"Minnesota\") | [Northern leopard frog](/wiki/Northern_leopard_frog \"Northern leopard frog\") | *Rana pipiens* | [200px](/wiki/File:Northern_leopard_frog_1.jpg \"Northern leopard frog 1.jpg\") | Proposed in 1999 |\n| [Missouri](/wiki/Missouri \"Missouri\") | [American bullfrog](/wiki/American_bullfrog \"American bullfrog\") | *Rana catesbeiana* | [200px](/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg \"North-American-bullfrog1.jpg\") | 2005 |\n| [New Hampshire](/wiki/New_Hampshire \"New Hampshire\") | [Red\\-spotted newt](/wiki/Red-spotted_newt \"Red-spotted newt\") | *Notophthalmus viridescens* | [200px](/wiki/File:Notophthalmus_viridescensPCCA20040816-3983A.jpg \"Notophthalmus viridescensPCCA20040816-3983A.jpg\") | 1985 |\n| [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\") | [Pine Barrens tree frog](/wiki/Pine_Barrens_tree_frog \"Pine Barrens tree frog\") | *Dryophytes andersonii* | [200px](/wiki/File:Pine_Barrens_Tree_Frog.jpg \"Pine Barrens Tree Frog.jpg\") | 2018 |\n| [New Mexico](/wiki/New_Mexico \"New Mexico\") | [New Mexico spadefoot toad](/wiki/New_Mexico_spadefoot_toad \"New Mexico spadefoot toad\") | *Spea multiplicata* | [200px](/wiki/File:Nmspadefoot.jpg \"Nmspadefoot.jpg\") | 2003 |\n| [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\") | [Wood frog](/wiki/Wood_frog \"Wood frog\") | *Lithobates sylvaticus* | [200px](/wiki/File:Lithobates_sylvaticus_%28wood_frog%29.jpg \"Lithobates sylvaticus (wood frog).jpg\") | Proposed in 2015 |\n| [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\") | [Pine barrens tree frog](/wiki/Pine_barrens_tree_frog \"Pine barrens tree frog\") (state frog) | *Hyla andersonii* | [200px](/wiki/File:Pine_Barrens_Tree_Frog.jpg \"Pine Barrens Tree Frog.jpg\") | 2013 |\n| [Marbled salamander](/wiki/Marbled_salamander \"Marbled salamander\") (state salamander) | *Ambystoma opacum* | [200px](/wiki/File:Ambystoma_opacumPCSLXYB.jpg \"Ambystoma opacumPCSLXYB.jpg\") | 2013 |\n| [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\") | [Spotted salamander](/wiki/Spotted_salamander \"Spotted salamander\") (state amphibian) | *Ambystoma maculatum* | [200px](/wiki/File:Spotted_salamander_on_leaf.jpg \"Spotted salamander on leaf.jpg\") | 2010 |\n| [American bullfrog](/wiki/American_bullfrog \"American bullfrog\") (state frog) | *Rana catesbeiana* | [200px](/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg \"North-American-bullfrog1.jpg\") | 2010 |\n| [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\") | [American bullfrog](/wiki/American_bullfrog \"American bullfrog\") | *Rana catesbeiana* | [200px](/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg \"North-American-bullfrog1.jpg\") | 1997 |\n| [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\") | [Eastern hellbender](/wiki/Hellbender \"Hellbender\") | *Cryptobranchus alleganiensis* | [200px](/wiki/File:Hellbender.jpg \"Hellbender.jpg\") | 2019 |\n|\n| [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") | [Spotted salamander](/wiki/Spotted_salamander \"Spotted salamander\") | *Ambystoma maculatum* | [200px](/wiki/File:Spotted_salamander_on_leaf.jpg \"Spotted salamander on leaf.jpg\") | 1999 |\n| [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\") | [Tennessee cave salamander](/wiki/Tennessee_cave_salamander \"Tennessee cave salamander\") | *Gyrinophilus palleucus* | [200px](/wiki/File:Gyrinophilus_palleucus_Tennessee_Cave_Salamander.JPG \"Gyrinophilus palleucus Tennessee Cave Salamander.JPG\") | 1995 |\n| [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") | [Texas toad](/wiki/Texas_toad \"Texas toad\") | *Bufo speciosus* | [200px](/wiki/File:Bufo_speciosus.jpg \"Bufo speciosus.jpg\") | 2009 |\n| [Vermont](/wiki/Vermont \"Vermont\") | [Northern leopard frog](/wiki/Northern_leopard_frog \"Northern leopard frog\") | *Rana pipiens* | [200px](/wiki/File:Northern_leopard_frog_1.jpg \"Northern leopard frog 1.jpg\") | 1998 |\n| [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") | [Red salamander](/wiki/Red_salamander \"Red salamander\") | *Pseudotriton ruber* | [200px](/wiki/File:Northern_red_salamander_%28Pseudotriton_ruber%29.JPG \"Northern red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber).JPG\") | 2018 |\n| [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\") | [Pacific tree frog](/wiki/Pacific_tree_frog \"Pacific tree frog\") | *Pseudacris regilla* | [200px](/wiki/File:Hyla_regilla.jpg \"Hyla regilla.jpg\") | 2007 |\n| [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\") | [Red salamander](/wiki/Red_salamander \"Red salamander\") | *Pseudotriton ruber* | [200px](/wiki/File:Northern_red_salamander_%28Pseudotriton_ruber%29.JPG \"Northern red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber).JPG\") | 2015 |\n| [Wyoming](/wiki/Wyoming \"Wyoming\") | [Blotched tiger salamander](/wiki/Barred_tiger_salamander \"Barred tiger salamander\") | *Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum* | [200px](/wiki/File:Ambystoma_mavortium_2006.jpg \"Ambystoma mavortium 2006.jpg\") | 2019 |\n|\n\n| Federal district or territory | Common name | Scientific name | Image | Year |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Puerto Rico](/wiki/Puerto_Rico \"Puerto Rico\") | [Common coquí](/wiki/Common_coqu%C3%AD \"Common coquí\") | *Eleutherodactylus coqui* | [200px](/wiki/File:Common_Coqu%C3%AD.jpg \"Common Coquí.jpg\") | Unofficial |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Lists of U.S. state insignia](/wiki/Lists_of_U.S._state_insignia \"Lists of U.S. state insignia\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[State](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_amphibians_of_the_United_States \"Lists of amphibians of the United States\")\n[Amphibians](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols \"Lists of United States state symbols\")\n[Category:Amphibians in culture](/wiki/Category:Amphibians_in_culture \"Amphibians in culture\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Seymour, Wisconsin
|
{
"id": [
4850051
],
"name": [
"TheCatalyst31"
]
}
|
88rexngshe99osj4uhpgsjplza7oyr6
|
2024-10-18T03:58:56Z
| 533,149,169 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Seymour, Wisconsin",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Seymour, Wisconsin** may refer to:\n* [Seymour, Wisconsin](/wiki/Seymour%2C_Wisconsin \"Seymour, Wisconsin\"), a city in Outagamie county\n* [Seymour, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Seymour%2C_Eau_Claire_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Seymour, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin\"), a town\n* [Seymour, Lafayette County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Seymour%2C_Lafayette_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Seymour, Lafayette County, Wisconsin\"), a town\n* [Seymour, Outagamie County, Wisconsin](/wiki/Seymour%2C_Outagamie_County%2C_Wisconsin \"Seymour, Outagamie County, Wisconsin\"), a town\n* [Seymour (CDP), Wisconsin](/wiki/Seymour_%28CDP%29%2C_Wisconsin \"Seymour (CDP), Wisconsin\"), a census\\-designated place in Eau Claire County\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Seymour Corners, Wisconsin](/wiki/Seymour_Corners%2C_Wisconsin \"Seymour Corners, Wisconsin\"), an unincorporated community\n\n"
]
}
|
VEB Polytechnik
|
{
"id": [
36384742
],
"name": [
"Cyberfan195"
]
}
|
odpvsfdgiuuhkxp12ujg1j5w1s9igv0
|
2020-05-21T15:40:18Z
| 945,660,094 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"[thumb\\|[Overhead projector](/wiki/Overhead_projector \"Overhead projector\") \"[Polylux](/wiki/Polylux_%28overhead_projector%29 \"Polylux (overhead projector)\")\"](/wiki/File:Pirna_DDR_Museum_Polylux.jpg \"Pirna DDR Museum Polylux.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|[Microcomputer](/wiki/Microcomputer \"Microcomputer\") teaching kit \"[Poly\\-Computer 880](/wiki/Poly-Computer_880 \"Poly-Computer 880\")\"](/wiki/File:Poly-computer880.jpg \"Poly-computer880.jpg\")\n**VEB Polytechnik** was a [company](/wiki/Volkseigener_Betrieb \"Volkseigener Betrieb\") from the [German Democratic Republic](/wiki/East_Germany \"East Germany\") (GDR) located in [Chemnitz](/wiki/Chemnitz \"Chemnitz\") (then called Karl\\-Marx\\-Stadt). In the GDR, it was mainly known for producing [overhead projectors](/wiki/Overhead_projector \"Overhead projector\"), called Polylux.\n\nThe company was founded in 1870 as *Reißzeugrichter* and manufactured drawing table tools. In 1874 the founder Emil Oskar Richter invented the [bow compass](/wiki/Compass_%28drawing_tool%29 \"Compass (drawing tool)\"). After switching its focus to overhead projectors in the late 1960s, it was renamed to VEB Polytechnik. After the collapse of the GDR, the remains of VEB Polytechnik were rescued in a new company called Polytechnik Frankenberg GmbH. It produced overhead projectors and hand lever cutting machines. The new company was closed in 2006\\.\n\nIn 1983, the company started manufacturing a microcomputer teaching kit called \"Poly\\-Computer 880\". VEB Polytechnik is also known for creating *[Poly Play](/wiki/Poly_Play \"Poly Play\")*, the only arcade video game to be made in the German Democratic Republic.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [VEB Polytechnik](http://robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/standorte/polytechnik.htm) at robotrontechnik.de \n\n[Category:Companies established in 1870](/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_1870 \"Companies established in 1870\")\n[Category:Electronics companies of Germany](/wiki/Category:Electronics_companies_of_Germany \"Electronics companies of Germany\")\n[Category:Defunct video game companies of Germany](/wiki/Category:Defunct_video_game_companies_of_Germany \"Defunct video game companies of Germany\")\n[Category:Volkseigene Betriebe](/wiki/Category:Volkseigene_Betriebe \"Volkseigene Betriebe\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Bamber Bridge F.C.
|
{
"id": [
327289
],
"name": [
"Number 57"
]
}
|
dnoeu0pxbzzfsmbqffxwlpz87w0014u
|
2024-09-11T00:37:19Z
| 1,244,821,793 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Ground",
"Honours",
"Records",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bamber Bridge Football Club** is a [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") club based in [Bamber Bridge](/wiki/Bamber_Bridge \"Bamber Bridge\"), near [Preston, Lancashire](/wiki/Preston%2C_Lancashire \"Preston, Lancashire\"), England. They are currently members of the and play at the Sir Tom Finney Stadium. The club is fully owned by a community organisation that represents supporters of the club.[Supporters Direct Case Study: Bamber Bridge](http://clubdevelopment.coop/homepage/case-study/bamber-bridge-fc/) Supporters Direct\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nA Bamber Bridge club played in the late 19th century, but the modern club was established in 1952\\.[Club History](https://web.archive.org/web/20090207062921/http://bamberbridgefc.co.uk/history/history.htm) Bamber Bridge F.C. The new club joined the Preston \\& District League, progressing to the Senior Division. In 1974 they merged with Walton\\-le\\-Dale, continuing in the Preston \\& District League. They went on to win the league's Guildhall Cup in 1978–79, before completing a Premier Division and cup double in 1980–81\\. After winning the Lancashire FA Amateur Shield in 1981–82 and another Guildhall Cup win in 1984–85, they won back\\-to\\-back Premier Division titles in the next two seasons, before winning a league and cup double in 1989–90\\.[Club honours](http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/bamberbridge/a/club-honours-23043.html) Bamber Bridge F.C.\n\nIn 1990 Bamber Bridge moved up to Division Two of the [North West Counties League](/wiki/North_West_Counties_Football_League \"North West Counties Football League\"). Their [second season](/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_North_West_Counties_Football_League \"1991–92 North West Counties Football League\") in the league saw them win the division, resulting in promotion to Division One; they also reached the semi\\-finals of the [FA Vase](/wiki/FA_Vase \"FA Vase\"), where they lost 2–0 to [Wimborne Town](/wiki/Wimborne_Town_F.C. \"Wimborne Town F.C.\"). After finishing as runners\\-up in Division One in the following season ([1992–93](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_North_West_Counties_Football_League \"1992–93 North West Counties Football League\")), a second successive promotion was achieved when the club moved up to Division One of the [Northern Premier League](/wiki/Northern_Premier_League \"Northern Premier League\").\n\nIn [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Northern_Premier_League \"1994–95 Northern Premier League\"), a second\\-place finish saw Bamber Bridge promoted to the Premier Division, with the club also winning the league's Challenge Cup in their first season in the league and victory in the final of the [Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy](/wiki/Lancashire_FA_Challenge_Trophy \"Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy\"). The [following season](/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Northern_Premier_League \"1995–96 Northern Premier League\") they won the Premier Division, which would have usually resulted in promotion to the [Football Conference](/wiki/Football_Conference \"Football Conference\"). However, Irongate was not deemed up to standard for the fifth tier, and the club remained in the Northern Premier League,\n\nIn [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_FA_Cup \"1999–2000 FA Cup\") Bamber Bridge reached the first round of the [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") for the first time. After beating [St Albans City](/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C. \"St Albans City F.C.\") 2–0, they lost 1–0 at [Cambridge United](/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C. \"Cambridge United F.C.\") in the second round. The club remained in the Premier Division until the end of the [2001–02 season](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Northern_Premier_League \"2001–02 Northern Premier League\"), in which they finished bottom; although they beat [Radcliffe Borough](/wiki/Radcliffe_Borough_F.C. \"Radcliffe Borough F.C.\") 3–2 in the promotion/relegation play\\-off semi\\-final, they were beaten 2–1 by [Ashton United](/wiki/Ashton_United_F.C. \"Ashton United F.C.\") in the final.\n\nAlthough Bamber Bridge returned to the Premier Division as a result of league restructuring following the creation of the [Conference North](/wiki/National_League_North \"National League North\") and [South](/wiki/National_League_South \"National League South\"), their stay was short\\-lived as they were relegated to Division One at the end of the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Northern_Premier_League \"2004–05 Northern Premier League\"). However, the season did see them win the President's Cup. When the league added a third division in 2007, the club were placed in Division One North.\n\nA fourth\\-place finish in [2013–14](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Northern_Premier_League \"2013–14 Northern Premier League\") saw Bamber Bridge qualify for the promotion play\\-offs. After beating [Warrington Town](/wiki/Warrington_Town_F.C. \"Warrington Town F.C.\") 1–0 in the semi\\-finals, they lost 3–2 to [Ramsbottom United](/wiki/Ramsbottom_United_F.C. \"Ramsbottom United F.C.\") in the final. In the [following season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Northern_Premier_League \"2014–15 Northern Premier League\") they finished third, again qualifying for the play\\-offs, this time losing 2–0 to [Darlington 1883](/wiki/Darlington_1883 \"Darlington 1883\") in the final after beating [Northwich Victoria](/wiki/Northwich_Victoria_F.C. \"Northwich Victoria F.C.\") 2–1 in the semi\\-final. A fourth\\-place finish in [2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Northern_Premier_League \"2017–18 Northern Premier League\") saw the club reach the play\\-offs, in which they defeated [Tadcaster Albion](/wiki/Tadcaster_Albion_A.F.C. \"Tadcaster Albion A.F.C.\") 2–1 in the semi\\-finals and [Prescot Cables](/wiki/Prescot_Cables_F.C. \"Prescot Cables F.C.\") 1–0 in the final to earn promotion to the Premier Division. The club qualified for the play\\-offs again in [2022–23](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Northern_Premier_League \"2022–23 Northern Premier League\") after finishing third in the league; following a 5–4 win on penalties against [Gainsborough Trinity](/wiki/Gainsborough_Trinity_F.C. \"Gainsborough Trinity F.C.\") in the semi\\-finals (after a 1–1 draw), they lost the final 1–0 to [Warrington Town](/wiki/Warrington_Town_F.C. \"Warrington Town F.C.\").\n\n",
"Ground\n------\n\nFollowing the 1974 merger, the club played at the King George's Playing Field. In 1983 they purchased a plot of derelict land to build their own ground, with the name Irongate taken from the local area. The first game was played in August 1987\\.[History](http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/bamberbridge/a/club-history-23042.html) Bamber Bridge F.C. The ground was officially named the Sir [Tom Finney](/wiki/Tom_Finney \"Tom Finney\") Stadium after Finney's death in 2014\\.[Brig stadium to be named after Sir Tom](http://www.chorley-guardian.co.uk/sport/football/brig-stadium-to-be-named-after-sir-tom-1-6548185) Chorley Guardian, 8 April 2014 It currently has a capacity of 2,642, of which 499 is seated.\n\nThe record attendance of 2,300 was set for a friendly match against the [Czech Republic national team](/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_football_team \"Czech Republic national football team\") shortly before [Euro 96](/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996 \"UEFA Euro 1996\"), as the Czechs were using Irongate as a training ground; the result was a 9–1 win for the Czechs.[FA Cup: Pilsners and Patrik Berger at Bamber Bridge](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34478181) BBC Sport, 9 October 2015 The ground has also formerly hosted the home games of the [Preston North End women's team](/wiki/Fylde_Ladies_F.C. \"Fylde Ladies F.C.\") and [Blackburn Rovers Ladies](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_L.F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers L.F.C.\") (2016–2022\\).[Ladies to play at Bamber Bridge](http://www.rovers.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/blackburn-rovers-ladies-bamber-bridge-irongate-3180856.aspx) Blackburn Rovers, 12 July 2016\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\n* **Northern Premier League**\n\t+ Premier Division champions 1995–96\n\t+ Challenge Cup winners 1994–94\n\t+ President's Cup winners 2004–05\n* **North West Counties League**\n\t+ Division Two champions 1991–92\n* **Preston and District League**\n\t+ Premier Division champions 1980–81, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1989–90\n\t+ Guildhall Cup winners 1978–79, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1989–90\n* **Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy**\n\t+ Winners 1994–95\n* **Lancashire FA Amateur Shield**\n\t+ Winners 1981–82\n* **Lancastrian Brigade Cup**\n\t+ Winners 1976–77, 1989–90, 1990–91\n* **Lytham Medal Competition**\n\t+ Winners 1975–76\n",
"Records\n-------\n\n* Best [FA Cup](/wiki/FA_Cup \"FA Cup\") performance: Second round, [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_FA_Cup \"1999–2000 FA Cup\")\n* Best [FA Trophy](/wiki/FA_Trophy \"FA Trophy\") performance: Second round, [1994–95](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_in_English_football \"1994–95 in English football\"), [1996–97](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_in_English_football \"1996–97 in English football\"), [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_in_English_football \"1998–99 in English football\"), [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_in_English_football \"1999–2000 in English football\")\n* Best [FA Vase](/wiki/FA_Vase \"FA Vase\") performance: Semi\\-finals, [1991–92](/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_in_English_football \"1991–92 in English football\")\n* Record attendance: 2,300 vs [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_football_team \"Czech Republic national football team\"), friendly, 1996\n* Record transfer fee received: £15,000 from [Wigan Athletic](/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C. \"Wigan Athletic F.C.\") for [Tony Black](/wiki/Tony_Black_%28footballer%29 \"Tony Black (footballer)\"), 1995\n* Record transfer fee paid: £10,000 to [Horwich RMI](/wiki/Leigh_Genesis_F.C. \"Leigh Genesis F.C.\") for Mark Edwards\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/bamberbridge)\n\n[Category:Football clubs in England](/wiki/Category:Football_clubs_in_England \"Football clubs in England\")\n[Category:Fan\\-owned football clubs in England](/wiki/Category:Fan-owned_football_clubs_in_England \"Fan-owned football clubs in England\")\n[Category:Sport in South Ribble](/wiki/Category:Sport_in_South_Ribble \"Sport in South Ribble\")\n[Category:Association football clubs established in 1952](/wiki/Category:Association_football_clubs_established_in_1952 \"Association football clubs established in 1952\")\n[Category:Football clubs in Lancashire](/wiki/Category:Football_clubs_in_Lancashire \"Football clubs in Lancashire\")\n[Category:1952 establishments in England](/wiki/Category:1952_establishments_in_England \"1952 establishments in England\")\n[Category:North West Counties Football League clubs](/wiki/Category:North_West_Counties_Football_League_clubs \"North West Counties Football League clubs\")\n[Category:Northern Premier League clubs](/wiki/Category:Northern_Premier_League_clubs \"Northern Premier League clubs\")\n\n"
]
}
|
New Zealand Speleological Society
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
4rk80awwirhi9w8wxfow137rc9ygocj
|
2023-12-05T00:29:32Z
| 1,156,465,106 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Mission",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|A New Zealand group of cavers posing for a group photo in a Waitomo\\-area cave.](/wiki/File:Auckland_Cavers_In_North_Island_Cave.jpg \"Auckland Cavers In North Island Cave.jpg\")\n**New Zealand Speleological Society** is a national organisation for recreational [cavers](/wiki/Caving \"Caving\") in [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\").\n\nIt was formed in 1949 by Henry Lambert and had approximately 300 members in 2010\\.\n\n",
"Mission\n-------\n\nTheir stated mission is: [Welcome to the NZ Speleological Society](http://caves.org.nz)\n* To be the national speleological body\n* To conserve caves and karst\n* To represent the interests of its members\n\nBy:\n* The collection and appropriate dissemination of information on caves, karst and caving\n* Advocating conservation and awareness to cave owners and managers\n* Negotiating access to caves for members\n* The promotion of safe cave use\n* Operating a national cave search and rescue system\n* Encouraging cave users to join NZSS\n* Monitoring the effects of cave use\n\nThrough:\n* Education and training\n* Development and assessment of techniques and equipment\n* Liaison with other groups and agencies\n* Exploration and study of caves\nThe society also maintains the library at the [Waitomo Caves Museum](/wiki/Waitomo_Caves_Museum \"Waitomo Caves Museum\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Caving in New Zealand](/wiki/Caving_in_New_Zealand \"Caving in New Zealand\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [NZSS website](http://caves.org.nz/)\n\n[Category:Caving organizations](/wiki/Category:Caving_organizations \"Caving organizations\")\n[Speleological](/wiki/Category:Sports_governing_bodies_in_New_Zealand \"Sports governing bodies in New Zealand\")\n[Category:Caving in New Zealand](/wiki/Category:Caving_in_New_Zealand \"Caving in New Zealand\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Garfield Dunlop
|
{
"id": [
24902
],
"name": [
"Bearcat"
]
}
|
f29lncyhilvc8935g2yfwo3urfpxzby
|
2024-10-08T04:02:52Z
| 1,247,521,140 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Politics",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Garfield Dunlop** is a former politician in [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"), Canada. He was a [Progressive Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\") member of the [Legislative Assembly of Ontario](/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario \"Legislative Assembly of Ontario\") from 1999 to 2015 who represented the riding of [Simcoe North](/wiki/Simcoe_North_%28provincial_electoral_district%29 \"Simcoe North (provincial electoral district)\"). He resigned from the legislature in 2015 in order to provide a vacancy so that former PC leader [Patrick Brown](/wiki/Patrick_Brown_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"Patrick Brown (Canadian politician)\") could seek a seat in the legislature.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nDunlop was educated at the [University of Waterloo](/wiki/University_of_Waterloo \"University of Waterloo\"). In 1971, he joined his family business, Glen Dunlop Plumbing, Heating and Supplies.\n\n",
"Politics\n--------\n\nIn 1980, Dunlop was elected a councillor in the village of [Coldwater](/wiki/Coldwater%2C_Ontario \"Coldwater, Ontario\"), Ontario. He served as [reeve](/wiki/Reeve_%28Canada%29 \"Reeve (Canada)\") of the village from 1982 to 1994, and as deputy [mayor](/wiki/Mayor \"Mayor\") of the township of [Severn](/wiki/Severn%2C_Ontario \"Severn, Ontario\") from 1994 to 1999\\. In 1998, he was named warden of [Simcoe County](/wiki/Simcoe_County \"Simcoe County\").\n\nDunlop was elected to the Ontario legislature in the [1999 provincial election](/wiki/1999_Ontario_general_election \"1999 Ontario general election\"). He won the [Progressive Conservative](/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\") nomination in Simcoe North following the resignation amid scandal of sitting MPP [Al McLean](/wiki/Al_McLean_%28politician%29 \"Al McLean (politician)\"). Dunlop defeated his [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Ontario \"Liberal Party of Ontario\") opponent George MacDonald, in 1999, by about 7,000 votes. He was re\\-elected in four times from 2003 to 2014\\. In 2014 his vote count dropped dramatically, while his opponents made significant gains, in what has been considered a safe riding for Progressive Conservative candidates.\n\nDunlop was appointed deputy government whip after his election, but was not given a cabinet position in the governments of [Mike Harris](/wiki/Mike_Harris \"Mike Harris\") or [Ernie Eves](/wiki/Ernie_Eves \"Ernie Eves\"). He was one of only 24 Tories re\\-elected in the [2003 election](/wiki/2003_Ontario_general_election \"2003 Ontario general election\"), defeating Liberal Paul Sloan by 3680 votes.\n\nDunlop is [socially conservative](/wiki/Social_conservatism \"Social conservatism\"). While campaigning in 2003, he handed out literature against [same\\-sex marriage](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage \"Same-sex marriage\"), which he referred to as a [sin](/wiki/Sin \"Sin\"). Dunlop is also known to support private prisons.\n\nAs an Opposition member, Dunlop served as chief opposition whip from 2003 to 2005 and was Progressive Conservative critic for community safety and correctional services from 2003 to 2011 and was chair of the Standing Committee on Estimates from 2009 to 2011\\. From 2011 to 2014 he was critic for Training and Apprenticeship and from 2014 until 2015 he served as critic for Education as well as for Training, Colleges and Universities.\n\nDuring the [2015 Progressive Conservative leadership campaign](/wiki/2015_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario_leadership_election \"2015 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election\"), Dunlop supported [Lisa MacLeod](/wiki/Lisa_MacLeod \"Lisa MacLeod\") and criticized eventual winner [Patrick Brown](/wiki/Patrick_Brown_%28Canadian_politician%29 \"Patrick Brown (Canadian politician)\"), at the time federal Member of Parliament for Barrie without a seat in the Ontario legislature, for being \"a federal member who’s made no headway whatsoever in the Harper government in the eight or nine years he’s been there.\" Dunlop added: \"How could I possibly think he could come to Ontario and do a good job when he couldn’t even make cabinet in Ottawa?\"\n\nNevertheless, on July 22, 2015 Dunlop announced he would step aside and allow Brown to run in the riding so that he could enter the legislature. Dunlop's resignation took effect August 1, 2015\\.\n\nHis daughter, [Jill Dunlop](/wiki/Jill_Dunlop \"Jill Dunlop\"), was elected to represent Simcoe North in the [2018 provincial election](/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election \"2018 Ontario general election\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of University of Waterloo people](/wiki/List_of_University_of_Waterloo_people \"List of University of Waterloo people\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:20th\\-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario](/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario \"20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario\")\n[Category:21st\\-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario](/wiki/Category:21st-century_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario \"21st-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:20th\\-century mayors of places in Ontario](/wiki/Category:20th-century_mayors_of_places_in_Ontario \"20th-century mayors of places in Ontario\")\n[Category:Politicians from Simcoe County](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Simcoe_County \"Politicians from Simcoe County\")\n[Category:Businesspeople from Simcoe County](/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Simcoe_County \"Businesspeople from Simcoe County\")\n[Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs](/wiki/Category:Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario_MPPs \"Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs\")\n[Category:University of Waterloo alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_Waterloo_alumni \"University of Waterloo alumni\")\n[Category:1939 births](/wiki/Category:1939_births \"1939 births\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Urchin
|
{
"id": [
42994363
],
"name": [
"7szz"
]
}
|
r9xlc7h54eb33y60b0dp1axge5y50h4
|
2022-05-18T01:14:53Z
| 990,915,142 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Common meanings",
"Arts and entertainment",
"Other uses",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Urchin** or **urcheon** is the [Middle English](/wiki/Middle_English \"Middle English\") term for \"[hedgehog](/wiki/Hedgehog \"Hedgehog\")\". It may refer to:\n\n",
"Common meanings\n---------------\n\n* [Street children](/wiki/Street_children \"Street children\"), homeless children\n* [Sea urchins](/wiki/Sea_urchin \"Sea urchin\"), spiny sea creatures\n",
"Arts and entertainment\n----------------------\n\n* [Urchin (band)](/wiki/Urchin_%28band%29 \"Urchin (band)\"), a band led by Dave Murray and Adrian Smith of Iron Maiden\n* [*Urchin* (album)](/wiki/Urchin_%28album%29 \"Urchin (album)\"), a 1998 album by Inga Liljeström\n* [*Urchin* (film)](/wiki/Urchin_%28film%29 \"Urchin (film)\"), a 2007 film about a homeless boy living underground, by John Harlacher\n* Urchin, the squirrel protagonist in *[The Mistmantle Chronicles](/wiki/The_Mistmantle_Chronicles \"The Mistmantle Chronicles\")* book series\n* Urchin, an enemy in the 1990 video game *[Super Mario World](/wiki/Super_Mario_World \"Super Mario World\")*\n* [Urchin (*Dungeons \\& Dragons*)](/wiki/Urchin_%28Dungeons_%26_Dragons%29 \"Urchin (Dungeons & Dragons)\"), a type of monster in the *Dungeons \\& Dragons* role\\-playing game\n* \"Urchin\", a song by Arca from *[Arca](/wiki/Arca_%28album%29 \"Arca (album)\")*\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [HMS *Urchin*](/wiki/HMS_Urchin \"HMS Urchin\"), five ships of the British Royal Navy\n* [Urchin Software Corporation](/wiki/Urchin_Software_Corporation \"Urchin Software Corporation\"), a US web analytics company owned by Google\n\t+ [Urchin (software)](/wiki/Urchin_%28software%29 \"Urchin (software)\"), a series of web analytics developed by the Urchin Software Corporation (now Google Analytics)\n* [Urchin (detonator)](/wiki/Urchin_%28detonator%29 \"Urchin (detonator)\"), code name for the device that triggered the detonation of the earliest plutonium atomic bombs\n* The Urchins, English [hooligan firm](/wiki/List_of_hooligan_firms \"List of hooligan firms\") associated with Liverpool F.C.\n* [Urchin Rock](/wiki/Urchin_Rock \"Urchin Rock\"), off the coast of Graham Land, Antarctica\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Sea Urchin (disambiguation)](/wiki/Sea_Urchin_%28disambiguation%29 \"Sea Urchin (disambiguation)\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Barrier pipe
|
{
"id": [
6127189
],
"name": [
"Boleyn"
]
}
|
6a7hwcyoz99q13q4nvbtjsd277xdjyu
|
2024-04-05T06:31:19Z
| 1,217,289,051 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Water supply",
"Heating systems",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nA **barrier pipe** is a type of [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\") pipe with a barrier to prevent undesired contaminants from entering the pipe.\n\n",
"Water supply\n------------\n\nWhen running water supply pipes through contaminated ground standard [MDPE](/wiki/MDPE \"MDPE\") piping is unsuitable because it doesn't block entry of contaminants such as hydrocarbons. Barrier piping typically has an [aluminium](/wiki/Aluminium \"Aluminium\") layer between two plastic layers but solid cast iron and other options exist. It's normally required for [brownfield land](/wiki/Brownfield \"Brownfield\") construction.\n\n",
"Heating systems\n---------------\n\nIn hydronic, water\\-carrying, heating systems a [plastic](/wiki/Plastic \"Plastic\") pipe is manufactured with a barrier that prevents [oxygen](/wiki/Oxygen \"Oxygen\") from penetrating the material and entering the water system, reducing the risk of [corrosion](/wiki/Corrosion \"Corrosion\").\nThe 'barrier' is usually a resin material bonded between the outer and inner layer of the pipe itself. The pipe being either a cross linked [polyethylene](/wiki/Polyethylene \"Polyethylene\") or polybutylene. This can be cheaper than the traditional copper piping.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning](/wiki/Category:Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning \"Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Sarracenia
|
{
"id": [
47154295
],
"name": [
"Wikain"
]
}
|
eioy6dkxt7fyuuwf2rwpn58xlybmm8i
|
2024-07-24T11:23:26Z
| 1,234,685,184 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Carnivorous mechanism",
"Potential narcotic function of coniine",
"Flowers and seeds",
"Growth cycle",
"Genetics",
"Range and habitat",
"Environmental status",
"Taxonomy",
"McPherson & Schnell (2011)",
"Hybrids",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|225px\\|*Sarracenia* trap insects using pitchers with nectar and slippery footing around the lip](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_pitcher_anatomy_basic.svg \"Sarracenia pitcher anatomy basic.svg\")\n[thumb\\|225px\\|The anatomy of *S. purpurea*](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_purpurea_-_anatomical_sketch.jpg \"Sarracenia purpurea - anatomical sketch.jpg\")\n\n***Sarracenia*** ( or ) is a [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") comprising 8 to 11 [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of North American [pitcher plants](/wiki/Pitcher_plant \"Pitcher plant\"), commonly called **trumpet pitchers**. The genus belongs to the family [Sarraceniaceae](/wiki/Sarraceniaceae \"Sarraceniaceae\"), which also contain the closely allied genera *[Darlingtonia](/wiki/Darlingtonia_%28plant%29 \"Darlingtonia (plant)\")* and *[Heliamphora](/wiki/Heliamphora \"Heliamphora\")*.\n\n*Sarracenia* is a genus of [carnivorous plants](/wiki/Carnivorous_plant \"Carnivorous plant\") indigenous to the [eastern seaboard of the United States](/wiki/East_coast_of_the_United_States \"East coast of the United States\"), [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\"), the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") area and southeastern Canada, with most species occurring only in the south\\-east [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") (only *[S. purpurea](/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea \"Sarracenia purpurea\")* occurs in cold\\-temperate regions). The plant's leaves have [evolved](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\") into a funnel or pitcher shape in order to trap [insects](/wiki/Insect \"Insect\").\n\nThe plant attracts its insect [prey](/wiki/Prey \"Prey\") with secretions from [extrafloral nectaries](/wiki/Nectar%23Extrafloral_nectaries \"Nectar#Extrafloral nectaries\") on the lip of the pitcher leaves, as well as a combination of the leaves' color and scent. Slippery footing at the pitcher's rim causes insects to fall inside, where they die and are digested by the plant with [proteases](/wiki/Protease \"Protease\") and other enzymes.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n*Sarracenia* are [herbaceous](/wiki/Herbaceous \"Herbaceous\") [perennial plants](/wiki/Perennial_plant \"Perennial plant\") that grow from a subterranean [rhizome](/wiki/Rhizome \"Rhizome\"), with many tubular pitcher\\-shaped leaves radiating out from the growing point, and then turning upwards with their trap openings facing the center of the crown. The trap is a vertical tube with a 'hood' (the [operculum](/wiki/Operculum_%28botany%29 \"Operculum (botany)\")) extending over its entrance; and below it the top of the tube usually has a rolled lip (the [peristome](/wiki/Peristome \"Peristome\")) which secretes nectar and scents. The hood itself frequently produces nectar too, but in lesser quantities.\n\nThe inside of the pitcher tube, depending on the species, can be divided into three to five distinguishable zones: zone 1 is the operculum (or hood), zone 2 is the peristome and rest of the trap entrance, while zones 3 and 4 (which in some species are combined) and 5 (only present in *S. purpurea*) are further divisions of the actual tube. Each of these zones has a specific function, with corresponding morphophysiological characteristics.\n\n* **Zone 1**: *Operculum*. In most species the operculum covers at least part of the pitcher has an opening, preventing rain from excessively filling the pitcher, which would result in the loss of prey and dilute the digestive fluid. The operculum also serves to guide prey to the pitcher opening, using a combination of color, scent, and downward\\-pointing hairs to lead insects toward the trap entrance. Some species, specifically *[S. minor](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\")* and *[S. psittacina](/wiki/Sarracenia_psittacina \"Sarracenia psittacina\")*, have opercula that hang low over the pitcher entrance. These are also studded with [chlorophyll](/wiki/Chlorophyll \"Chlorophyll\")\\-free patches, [translucent](/wiki/Translucent \"Translucent\") \"windows\" which confuse prey into attempting to fly through the operculum, thereby causing them to cascade down the pitcher tube. (A similar, better\\-developed mechanism is found in the closely related *[Darlingtonia californica](/wiki/Darlingtonia_californica \"Darlingtonia californica\")*).\n* **Zone 2**: *Peristome and trap entrance*. This zone is composed mainly of the peristome, which produces copious amounts of nectar, luring insect prey to land or crawl onto the perilous footing surrounding the pitcher trap. This zone also includes the waxy upper portion of the pitcher tube. Footing on this zone is especially treacherous, as the waxy deposits on surface of this zone cause unwary insects to lose their footing and tumble into the pitcher depths.\n* **Zone 3**: Located below Zone 2, this zone features a leaf surface with non\\-existent footing, as well as a coating of ultra\\-fine, downward pointing hairs. Insects that have made it this far lose any chance of escape. It is also studded with digestive [glands](/wiki/Gland \"Gland\"), which secrete digestive [enzymes](/wiki/Enzyme \"Enzyme\") into the digestive fluid.\n* **Zone 4**: This is the final zone in most species. It is filled with digestive fluids, and readily absorbs nutrients released from the insects by the work of the digestive enzymes and [bacteria](/wiki/Bacteria \"Bacteria\") in the pitcher fluid. Along with more digestive glands, this zone features a thick coating of coarse downward pointing hairs, which makes escape from the digestive fluids impossible.\n* **Zone 5**: This zone, located below Zone 4 and found only in *S. purpurea*, is smooth, [glabrous](/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms%23glabrous \"Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous\"), lacks glands, and does not serve as an absorptive zone. Its function is unknown.\n\n### Carnivorous mechanism\n\n[thumb\\|Collembola (*[Dicyrtomina minuta](/wiki/Dicyrtomina_minuta \"Dicyrtomina minuta\")*) caught inside *S. purpurea*](/wiki/File:Sarracenia._Dicyrtomina.jpg \"Sarracenia. Dicyrtomina.jpg\")\nAll *Sarracenia* trap insects and other prey without the use of moving parts. Their traps are static and are based on a combination of lures (including color, scent, and nectar) and inescapability – typically the entrances to the traps are one\\-way by virtue of the highly adapted features listed above.\n\nMost species use a combination of scent, waxy deposits (to clog insect feet) and gravity to topple insect prey into their pitcher. Once inside, the insect finds the footing very slippery with a waxy surface covering the walls of the pitcher. Further down the tube, downward\\-pointing hairs make retreat impossible, and in the lowest region of the tube, a pool of liquid containing digestive enzymes and wetting agents quickly drowns the prey and begins digestion. The exoskeletons are usually not digested, and over the course of the summer fill up the pitcher tube.\n\nOnly *S. purpurea* normally contains significant amounts of rainwater in its tubular pitchers. It is a myth that all species contain water. In fact, the hoods of the other species help to keep out rain water in addition to keeping flying prey from escaping.\n\n[*S. psittacina*](/wiki/Sarracenia_psittacina \"Sarracenia psittacina\"), the parrot pitcher, uses a [lobster\\-pot](/wiki/Lobster_trap \"Lobster trap\") style trap that will admit prey (including [tadpoles](/wiki/Tadpole \"Tadpole\") and small fish during floods) but not allow it to find its way out; and sharp inward\\-pointing hairs force the victim gradually down to the base of the pitcher where it is digested.\n\n#### Potential narcotic function of coniine\n\n[Coniine](/wiki/Coniine \"Coniine\"), a toxic [alkaloid](/wiki/Alkaloid \"Alkaloid\") also present in [poison hemlock](/wiki/Conium_maculatum \"Conium maculatum\"), was first detected in the [nectar](/wiki/Nectar \"Nectar\") of *[S. flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*. and has since been detected in 7 other species of *Sarracenia*. While it was demonstrated that concentrated extracts from *S. flava* could paralyze ants, it has not been demonstrated that coniine has narcotic effects on insects at the concentrations naturally present in pitchers of *S. flava*. Other authors hypothesize that coniine may function as an attractant for insects, or may function both as an attractant and a narcotic.\n\n### Flowers and seeds\n\n[thumb\\|350px\\|Cutaway view of a *Sarracenia* flower](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_flower_notitles.svg \"Sarracenia flower notitles.svg\")\nFlowers are produced early in spring, with or slightly ahead of the first pitchers. They are held singly on long stems, generally well above the pitcher traps to avoid the trapping of potential [pollinators](/wiki/Pollination \"Pollination\"). The flowers, which depending on species are 3–10 centimeters in diameter, are dramatic and have an elaborate design which prevents self\\-pollination. It consists of five [sepals](/wiki/Sepal \"Sepal\") superintended by three [bracts](/wiki/Bract \"Bract\"), numerous anthers, and an [umbrella](/wiki/Umbrella \"Umbrella\")\\-like five\\-pointed [style](/wiki/Style_%28botany%29 \"Style (botany)\"), over which five long yellow or red [petals](/wiki/Petal \"Petal\") dangle. The whole flower is held upside\\-down, so that the umbrella\\-like style catches the [pollen](/wiki/Pollen \"Pollen\") dropped by the [anthers](/wiki/Anther \"Anther\"). The [stigmas](/wiki/Pistil \"Pistil\") are located at the tips of the umbrella\\-like style. The primary pollinators are [bees](/wiki/Bee \"Bee\"). Bees searching for [nectar](/wiki/Nectar \"Nectar\") must force their way past one of the stigmas to enter the chamber formed by the style. Inside, they will inevitably come in contact with a lot of pollen, both from the hanging anthers and from the pollen collected by the style. Upon exiting, the bees must force their way under one of the flap\\-like petals. This keeps them away from the stigma, avoiding self\\-pollination. The next flower visited receives on its stigmata some of the first flower's pollen, and the cycle continues.\n[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|*Sarracenia alata* flowers](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_alata_flowers.jpg \"Sarracenia alata flowers.jpg\")\n\n[Floral formula](/wiki/Floral_formula \"Floral formula\"): **Ca5 Co5 A∞ G(5\\)**\n\nThe flowers of almost all species are scented. The [scent](/wiki/Scent \"Scent\") varies, but is often strong and sometimes unpleasant. *S. flava* has an especially strong odor resembling cat [urine](/wiki/Urine \"Urine\").\n\nFlowers generally last about two weeks. At the end of the flowering period, the petals drop and the ovary, if pollinated, begins to swell. The seed forms in five lobes, with one lobe producing significantly smaller numbers of seeds than the other lobes. On average, 300–600 seed are produced, depending on species and pollination success. Seed takes five months to mature, at which point the seed pod turns brown and splits open, scattering seed. The seeds are 1\\.5–2 mm in length and have a rough, waxy coat which makes it hydrophobic, possibly for seed dispersal by flowing water. *Sarracenia* seed requires a stratification period to germinate in large numbers. Plants grown from seed start producing functioning traps almost immediately, although they differ in morphology from adult traps for the first year or so, being simpler in structure. Plants require 3–5 years to reach maturity from seed.\n\n### Growth cycle\n\nPitcher production begins at the end of the flowering period in spring, and lasts until late autumn. At the end of autumn, the pitchers begin to wither and the plants produce non\\-carnivorous leaves called phyllodia, which play a role in the [economics of carnivory](/wiki/Carnivorous_plant%23Ecology_and_modeling_of_carnivory \"Carnivorous plant#Ecology and modeling of carnivory\") in these species. Since the supply of insects during winter is decreased, and the onset of cold weather slows plant [metabolism](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") and other processes, putting energy into producing carnivorous leaves would be uneconomical for the plant.\n\n### Genetics\n\nThe genus has been found to have a [Chromosome number](/wiki/Chromosome_number \"Chromosome number\") of *2n*\\=26, though some earlier studies had found that number to be *2n*\\=24\\.\n\n",
"### Carnivorous mechanism\n\n[thumb\\|Collembola (*[Dicyrtomina minuta](/wiki/Dicyrtomina_minuta \"Dicyrtomina minuta\")*) caught inside *S. purpurea*](/wiki/File:Sarracenia._Dicyrtomina.jpg \"Sarracenia. Dicyrtomina.jpg\")\nAll *Sarracenia* trap insects and other prey without the use of moving parts. Their traps are static and are based on a combination of lures (including color, scent, and nectar) and inescapability – typically the entrances to the traps are one\\-way by virtue of the highly adapted features listed above.\n\nMost species use a combination of scent, waxy deposits (to clog insect feet) and gravity to topple insect prey into their pitcher. Once inside, the insect finds the footing very slippery with a waxy surface covering the walls of the pitcher. Further down the tube, downward\\-pointing hairs make retreat impossible, and in the lowest region of the tube, a pool of liquid containing digestive enzymes and wetting agents quickly drowns the prey and begins digestion. The exoskeletons are usually not digested, and over the course of the summer fill up the pitcher tube.\n\nOnly *S. purpurea* normally contains significant amounts of rainwater in its tubular pitchers. It is a myth that all species contain water. In fact, the hoods of the other species help to keep out rain water in addition to keeping flying prey from escaping.\n\n[*S. psittacina*](/wiki/Sarracenia_psittacina \"Sarracenia psittacina\"), the parrot pitcher, uses a [lobster\\-pot](/wiki/Lobster_trap \"Lobster trap\") style trap that will admit prey (including [tadpoles](/wiki/Tadpole \"Tadpole\") and small fish during floods) but not allow it to find its way out; and sharp inward\\-pointing hairs force the victim gradually down to the base of the pitcher where it is digested.\n\n#### Potential narcotic function of coniine\n\n[Coniine](/wiki/Coniine \"Coniine\"), a toxic [alkaloid](/wiki/Alkaloid \"Alkaloid\") also present in [poison hemlock](/wiki/Conium_maculatum \"Conium maculatum\"), was first detected in the [nectar](/wiki/Nectar \"Nectar\") of *[S. flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*. and has since been detected in 7 other species of *Sarracenia*. While it was demonstrated that concentrated extracts from *S. flava* could paralyze ants, it has not been demonstrated that coniine has narcotic effects on insects at the concentrations naturally present in pitchers of *S. flava*. Other authors hypothesize that coniine may function as an attractant for insects, or may function both as an attractant and a narcotic.\n\n",
"#### Potential narcotic function of coniine\n\n[Coniine](/wiki/Coniine \"Coniine\"), a toxic [alkaloid](/wiki/Alkaloid \"Alkaloid\") also present in [poison hemlock](/wiki/Conium_maculatum \"Conium maculatum\"), was first detected in the [nectar](/wiki/Nectar \"Nectar\") of *[S. flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*. and has since been detected in 7 other species of *Sarracenia*. While it was demonstrated that concentrated extracts from *S. flava* could paralyze ants, it has not been demonstrated that coniine has narcotic effects on insects at the concentrations naturally present in pitchers of *S. flava*. Other authors hypothesize that coniine may function as an attractant for insects, or may function both as an attractant and a narcotic.\n\n",
"### Flowers and seeds\n\n[thumb\\|350px\\|Cutaway view of a *Sarracenia* flower](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_flower_notitles.svg \"Sarracenia flower notitles.svg\")\nFlowers are produced early in spring, with or slightly ahead of the first pitchers. They are held singly on long stems, generally well above the pitcher traps to avoid the trapping of potential [pollinators](/wiki/Pollination \"Pollination\"). The flowers, which depending on species are 3–10 centimeters in diameter, are dramatic and have an elaborate design which prevents self\\-pollination. It consists of five [sepals](/wiki/Sepal \"Sepal\") superintended by three [bracts](/wiki/Bract \"Bract\"), numerous anthers, and an [umbrella](/wiki/Umbrella \"Umbrella\")\\-like five\\-pointed [style](/wiki/Style_%28botany%29 \"Style (botany)\"), over which five long yellow or red [petals](/wiki/Petal \"Petal\") dangle. The whole flower is held upside\\-down, so that the umbrella\\-like style catches the [pollen](/wiki/Pollen \"Pollen\") dropped by the [anthers](/wiki/Anther \"Anther\"). The [stigmas](/wiki/Pistil \"Pistil\") are located at the tips of the umbrella\\-like style. The primary pollinators are [bees](/wiki/Bee \"Bee\"). Bees searching for [nectar](/wiki/Nectar \"Nectar\") must force their way past one of the stigmas to enter the chamber formed by the style. Inside, they will inevitably come in contact with a lot of pollen, both from the hanging anthers and from the pollen collected by the style. Upon exiting, the bees must force their way under one of the flap\\-like petals. This keeps them away from the stigma, avoiding self\\-pollination. The next flower visited receives on its stigmata some of the first flower's pollen, and the cycle continues.\n[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|*Sarracenia alata* flowers](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_alata_flowers.jpg \"Sarracenia alata flowers.jpg\")\n\n[Floral formula](/wiki/Floral_formula \"Floral formula\"): **Ca5 Co5 A∞ G(5\\)**\n\nThe flowers of almost all species are scented. The [scent](/wiki/Scent \"Scent\") varies, but is often strong and sometimes unpleasant. *S. flava* has an especially strong odor resembling cat [urine](/wiki/Urine \"Urine\").\n\nFlowers generally last about two weeks. At the end of the flowering period, the petals drop and the ovary, if pollinated, begins to swell. The seed forms in five lobes, with one lobe producing significantly smaller numbers of seeds than the other lobes. On average, 300–600 seed are produced, depending on species and pollination success. Seed takes five months to mature, at which point the seed pod turns brown and splits open, scattering seed. The seeds are 1\\.5–2 mm in length and have a rough, waxy coat which makes it hydrophobic, possibly for seed dispersal by flowing water. *Sarracenia* seed requires a stratification period to germinate in large numbers. Plants grown from seed start producing functioning traps almost immediately, although they differ in morphology from adult traps for the first year or so, being simpler in structure. Plants require 3–5 years to reach maturity from seed.\n\n",
"### Growth cycle\n\nPitcher production begins at the end of the flowering period in spring, and lasts until late autumn. At the end of autumn, the pitchers begin to wither and the plants produce non\\-carnivorous leaves called phyllodia, which play a role in the [economics of carnivory](/wiki/Carnivorous_plant%23Ecology_and_modeling_of_carnivory \"Carnivorous plant#Ecology and modeling of carnivory\") in these species. Since the supply of insects during winter is decreased, and the onset of cold weather slows plant [metabolism](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\") and other processes, putting energy into producing carnivorous leaves would be uneconomical for the plant.\n\n",
"### Genetics\n\nThe genus has been found to have a [Chromosome number](/wiki/Chromosome_number \"Chromosome number\") of *2n*\\=26, though some earlier studies had found that number to be *2n*\\=24\\.\n\n",
"Range and habitat\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|260px\\|right\\|A *[Sphagnum](/wiki/Sphagnum \"Sphagnum\")* peat bog with *Sarracenia purpurea* in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. These habitats are constantly wet, acidic, and low in nutrients.](/wiki/Image:LIBog_018.jpg \"LIBog 018.jpg\")\nSeven of the eight species are confined to the south\\-eastern coastal plain of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"). One species, *S. purpurea*, continues north and west well into [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"). The typical habitat is warm\\-temperate; all *Sarracenia* are [perennial](/wiki/Perennial_plant \"Perennial plant\") and require a distinct summer and winter. A few subspecies or varieties (*S. rubra* subsp. *alabamensis*, *S. rubra* subsp. *jonesii*, and *S. purpurea* var. *montana*) can be found more inland in mountains (e.g. the [Appalachian Mountains](/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains \"Appalachian Mountains\")).\n\n*Sarracenia* tend to inhabit [fens](/wiki/Fen \"Fen\"), herb bogs, and seasonally wet grasslands. These habitats tend to be acidic (low pH) with soil made up of sand and *[Sphagnum](/wiki/Sphagnum \"Sphagnum\")* [moss](/wiki/Moss \"Moss\"). Frequently, the soil will be poor in nutrients, particularly [nitrates](/wiki/Nitrate \"Nitrate\"), and often continuously [leached](/wiki/Leaching_%28pedology%29 \"Leaching (pedology)\") by moving water or made unavailable to the plant roots by the low pH. The plants gain their advantage from their ability to extract nutrients from insect prey in this mineral\\-poor environment. The plants prefer strong, direct sunlight with no shade. *Sarracenia* habitats in the southeastern Coastal Plain consist primarily of fire\\-maintained pine savannas, wet prairies, or seepage bogs. Without frequent fire (1–3 years), these habitats undergo ecological succession and are quickly invaded by woody shrubs and trees, which eliminate *Sarracenia* by increasing shade and reducing soil moisture.\n\nIn several cases, carnivorous plant enthusiasts have introduced *S. purpurea* into suitable habitats outside of its natural range, where it has naturalized. Some of these populations are decades old; the oldest known occurrence in the Swiss [Jura mountains](/wiki/Jura_mountains \"Jura mountains\") is around one hundred years old. Besides [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), such naturalized populations can be found in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\") (Lake District), Germany ([Bavaria](/wiki/Bavaria \"Bavaria\"), [Lusatia](/wiki/Lusatia \"Lusatia\")) and in [Mendocino County](/wiki/Mendocino_County \"Mendocino County\") along the [California](/wiki/California \"California\") coast.\n\n",
"Environmental status\n--------------------\n\n*Sarracenia* are threatened in the wild by development and the drainage of their [habitat](/wiki/Habitat_%28ecology%29 \"Habitat (ecology)\"). Estimates indicated that 97\\.5% of *Sarracenia* habitat has already been destroyed in the southeastern U.S.,Groves, M., ed. 1993\\. Horticulture, Trade and Conservation of the Genus *Sarracenia* in the Southeastern States of America: Proceedings of a Meeting Held at the Atlanta Botanical Garden, September 22–23, 1993, 17pp. the home of all but one subspecies of *Sarracenia*. Currently the biggest threats to surviving populations are [urban development](/wiki/Urban_development \"Urban development\"), drainage of habitat for [forestry](/wiki/Forestry \"Forestry\"), runoff of [herbicides](/wiki/Herbicide \"Herbicide\") from [agriculture](/wiki/Agriculture \"Agriculture\"), fire suppression, cut pitcher trade for [floristry](/wiki/Floristry \"Floristry\"), and plant trade.Robbins, C. S. 1998\\. Examination of the U.S. Pitcher\\-plant Trade With a Focus on the White\\-topped Pitcher\\-plant. Traffic Bulletin. Excerpts, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 1998\\) The latter two threaten survival of *Sarracenia* not only through depletion of healthy population, but also because of the damaging effects (soil compaction and altered moisture levels) of repeated foot and vehicular traffic that comes with harvesting. The Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that approximately 1\\.6 million pitchers were cut for the domestic market in 1991\\.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991\\. U.S. CITES Permits and Export Figures for Sarracenia 1990–1991\\. Washington, DC.\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.5\\|left\\|A field with *S. leucophylla*. Scenes such as this used to be common in the coastal plains of the southeast US.](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_leucophylla_field.jpg \"Sarracenia leucophylla field.jpg\")\n\nSome protective [legislation](/wiki/Legislation \"Legislation\") exists. Several southeastern states, such as [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"), and [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") have [conservation](/wiki/Habitat_conservation \"Habitat conservation\") laws which protect *Sarracenia*. However, most of the remaining wetlands in the southeastern U.S. are privately owned. Plants on this land are not protected by state legislation. The key states of [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\") and [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\") have no such legislation at all, so that even plants on public land have no protection. Three *Sarracenia* have been listed as \"Federally Endangered\" under the USA [Endangered Species Act](/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act \"Endangered Species Act\") (1973\\) – *[S. rubra](/wiki/Sarracenia_rubra \"Sarracenia rubra\")* subsp. *alabamensis* (*S. alabamensis*) in [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"), *S. rubra* subsp. *jonesii* (*S. jonesii*) in [North](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\") and [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\"), and *[S. oreophila](/wiki/Sarracenia_oreophila \"Sarracenia oreophila\")* in [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\"), [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29 \"Georgia (U.S. state)\"), and [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"). These taxa are also on [CITES](/wiki/CITES \"CITES\") Appendix I, giving them international protection by making export of wild\\-collected plants illegal. The other species, while appearing on [CITES](/wiki/CITES \"CITES\") Appendix II, have little federal protection.\n\nSome efforts have been made to curb the existing threats to plants. In 2003 the [International Carnivorous Plant Society](/wiki/International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society \"International Carnivorous Plant Society\") ran a trial distribution program in which young *S. rubra* subsp. *alabamanensis* plants were grown from seed collected from 3 of the 12 known *S. alabamanensis* sites, and were distributed to members in an attempt to increase availability of this plant in cultivation, with the hopes of thereby decreasing the poaching that was endangering the survival of this taxon in the wild.\n[thumb\\|*Sarracenia purpurea* pitchers at [Brown's Lake Bog](/wiki/Brown%27s_Lake_Bog \"Brown's Lake Bog\"), [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\").](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_purpurea_pitchers_Brown%27s_Lake_Bog.JPG \"Sarracenia purpurea pitchers Brown's Lake Bog.JPG\")\nIn 1995, the [non\\-profit organization](/wiki/Non-profit_organization \"Non-profit organization\") [Meadowview Biological Research Station](/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station \"Meadowview Biological Research Station\") was created to preserve and restore pitcher plant bogs and associated ecosystems in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\") and [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\").\n\nIn 2004, a number of concerned plant enthusiasts founded the [North American Sarracenia Conservancy](/wiki/North_American_Sarracenia_Conservancy \"North American Sarracenia Conservancy\") (NASC), which aims to \"serve as a living record of the taxonomic, morphological and genetic diversity of the genus Sarracenia for purposes of conservation and cultivation.\" The NASC is a grassroots Nebraska nonprofit organization working to build a genetic *Sarracenia* bank by overseeing the maintenance of genetic strains from all remaining wild populations in cultivation, with the eventual aim of being able to supply these strains for re\\-introduction in suitable habitats. A similar but centralized collection exists in the UK, with 2000\\+ clones representing all species (many with location data) and numerous hybrids currently being housed by *Sarracenia* expert Mike King. This UK collection is part of the [NCCPG National Plant Collection](/wiki/NCCPG_National_Plant_Collection \"NCCPG National Plant Collection\") scheme. While none of these efforts curb the biggest threats – urban development and [habitat destruction](/wiki/Habitat_destruction \"Habitat destruction\") – they aim to help reduce plant [poaching](/wiki/Poaching \"Poaching\") while at the same time making these plants available to future generations.\n\nOne of the biggest challenges of reintroducing plants back into the wild is the unintended introduction of unwanted species, such as pests, diseases, and invasive weeds. Often, it is human destruction of areas in which the Sarracenia thrive that is a major killer. Aside from determining what genetic material is appropriate for reintroduction (which is up for debate), plants must be semi\\-aseptic to keep the habitat pristine and sustainable in the long term. Another challenge is maintaining all of the introduced plant material and determining an optimal site to plant them in. A single hurricane or storm event can change the dynamics of a field. Even within a single bog, some areas may be waterlogged, while other areas may become very dry, so identifying the right location is critical. Short term results on private property indicate planting larger specimens into the field have a higher chance of long\\-term survival compared to planting smaller seedlings.\n\n",
"Taxonomy\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|A flowering specimen of the highly variable *[Sarracenia purpurea](/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea \"Sarracenia purpurea\")*](/wiki/File:Purplepitcherplant.jpg \"Purplepitcherplant.jpg\")\nThe genus *Sarracenia* belongs to the family [Sarraceniaceae](/wiki/Sarraceniaceae \"Sarraceniaceae\"), which also contain the closely allied genera *[Darlingtonia](/wiki/Darlingtonia_californica \"Darlingtonia californica\")* and *[Heliamphora](/wiki/Heliamphora \"Heliamphora\")*. Under the [Cronquist system](/wiki/Cronquist_system \"Cronquist system\"), this family was put in the order [Nepenthales](/wiki/Nepenthales \"Nepenthales\") along with [Nepenthaceae](/wiki/Nepenthaceae \"Nepenthaceae\") and [Droseraceae](/wiki/Droseraceae \"Droseraceae\").Cronquist, Arthur. (1981\\). *An integrated system of classification of flowering plants*. New York: Columbia University Press. The [APG II system](/wiki/APG_II_system \"APG II system\"), however, assigns Sarraceniaceae to the order [Ericales](/wiki/Ericales \"Ericales\") and the other two families to the order [Caryophyllales](/wiki/Caryophyllales \"Caryophyllales\").Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. (2003\\). [An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II](https://archive.today/20121205102805/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118872219/HTMLSTART). *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*, 141: 399–436\\.\n\nTypically anywhere from 8 to 11 species of *Sarracenia* are generally recognized, depending on individual opinions on the [biological species concept](/wiki/Species%23Definition \"Species#Definition\") and which among many [subspecies](/wiki/Subspecies \"Subspecies\") and [varieties](/wiki/Variety_%28botany%29 \"Variety (botany)\") should be elevated to species status, a common [lumping and splitting](/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters \"Lumpers and splitters\") problem in demarcation.Rice, Barry. (2008\\). [*Sarracenia* species lists](http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq5522.html). [Sarracenia.com FAQ](http://www.sarracenia.com/faq.html). Accessed: 10\\-10\\-2008\\. Some authorities split the described subspecific taxa of *S. rubra* into 3 to 5 species. Similarly, *S. rosea* is not always recognized as a species distinct from *S. purpurea*. The most commonly recognized species include:\n\n| Species | Authority | Year | Image | Distribution |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *[Sarracenia alabamensis](/wiki/Sarracenia_alabamensis \"Sarracenia alabamensis\")* | Case \\& R.B.Case | 2005 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_alabamensis_ssp._wherryi_%286081337228%29.jpg \"Sarracenia alabamensis ssp. wherryi (6081337228).jpg\") | Alabama, eastern Mississippi and Florida. |\n| *[Sarracenia alata](/wiki/Sarracenia_alata \"Sarracenia alata\")* Pale pitcher plant | (Alph.Wood) Alph.Wood | 1863 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_alata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg \"Sarracenia alata - Flickr - aspidoscelis (1).jpg\") | eastern Louisiana across southern Mississippi and into western Alabama and a western range from eastern Texas into western Louisiana. |\n| *[Sarracenia flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")* Yellow pitcher plant | L. | 1753 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_flava_cv_maxima_%282943633663%29.jpg \"Sarracenia flava cv maxima (2943633663).jpg\") | southern Alabama, through Florida and Georgia, southern Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. |\n| *[Sarracenia jonesii](/wiki/Sarracenia_jonesii \"Sarracenia jonesii\")* | Wherry | 1929 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_jonesii.jpg \"Sarracenia jonesii.jpg\") | North Carolina and South Carolina. |\n| *[Sarracenia leucophylla](/wiki/Sarracenia_leucophylla \"Sarracenia leucophylla\")* White pitcher plant | Raf. | 1817 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_leucophylla0.jpg \"Sarracenia leucophylla0.jpg\") | west of the Apalachicola River on the Florida Panhandle. It is also found in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina |\n| *[Sarracenia minor](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\")* Hooded pitcher plant | Walt. | 1803 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarraceniaceae_-_Sarracenia_minor-2.jpg \"Sarraceniaceae - Sarracenia minor-2.jpg\") | northern Florida and in Georgia up to the southern part of North Carolina. |\n| *[Sarracenia oreophila](/wiki/Sarracenia_oreophila \"Sarracenia oreophila\")* Green pitcher plant | (Kearney) Wherry | 1933 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_oreophila_ne1.jpg \"Sarracenia oreophila ne1.jpg\") | northern Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia, and—historically—Tennessee |\n| *[Sarracenia psittacina](/wiki/Sarracenia_psittacina \"Sarracenia psittacina\")* Parrot pitcher plant | Michx. | 1803 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_psittacina%2C_exhibition_in_Botanical_garden_Brno.JPG \"Sarracenia psittacina, exhibition in Botanical garden Brno.JPG\") | Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia |\n| *[Sarracenia purpurea](/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea \"Sarracenia purpurea\")* Purple pitcher plant | L. | 1753 | [120px](/wiki/File:Mountaintop_Bog_%283%29_%289340788932%29.jpg \"Mountaintop Bog (3) (9340788932).jpg\") | [Eastern seaboard](/wiki/East_coast_of_the_United_States \"East coast of the United States\"), the [Great Lakes region](/wiki/Great_Lakes_region \"Great Lakes region\"), Canada (except Nunavut and Yukon), Washington state, and Alaska. |\n| *[Sarracenia rosea](/wiki/Sarracenia_rosea \"Sarracenia rosea\")* | Naczi, Case \\& R.B.Case | 1999 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_purpurea_var_venosa_kz1.jpg \"Sarracenia purpurea var venosa kz1.jpg\") | Mississippi to Georgia. |\n| *[Sarracenia rubra](/wiki/Sarracenia_rubra \"Sarracenia rubra\")* Sweet pitcher plant | Walt. | 1788 | [120px](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_rubra_ne.JPG \"Sarracenia rubra ne.JPG\") | southern Mississippi, through southern Alabama, the Florida panhandle and Georgia, to the coastal plains of Virginia and South Carolina. |\n|\n\nCurrently, *S. rubra* can be described as having six subspecies, though it is sometimes argued that the subspecies should be elevated to species rank in recognition of the [species complex](/wiki/Cryptic_species_complex \"Cryptic species complex\") that they are a part of. This division would yield *S. alabamensis*, *S. gulfensis*, *S. jonesii*, *S. rubra* *[sensu stricto](/wiki/Sensu_stricto \"Sensu stricto\")*, *S. viatorum*, and *S. wherryi*. Others have argued that only some of these demand recognition at the species rank.Barthlott, W., S. Porembski, R. Seine, and I. Theisen. (2007\\). *The Curious World of Carnivorous Plants*. Portland: Timber Press.\n\n### McPherson \\& Schnell (2011\\)\n\n[Stewart McPherson](/wiki/Stewart_McPherson_%28geographer%29 \"Stewart McPherson (geographer)\") and Donald Schnell carried out a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus in their 2011 [monograph](/wiki/Monograph \"Monograph\"), *Sarraceniaceae of North America*. They recognized the following taxa:McPherson, S. \\& D. Schnell 2011\\. *Sarraceniaceae of North America*. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.6\\|A \"pitcher plant meadow\" in the Florida panhandle, with mixed varieties of *[Sarracenia flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*: var. *ornata*, var. *rubricorpora*, and var. *rugelii*.](/wiki/File:SarraceniaFlavaVars.JPG \"SarraceniaFlavaVars.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.6\\|Plants of [*Sarracenia minor* var. *okefenokeensis*](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\") in [Okefenokee Swamp Park](/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp_Park \"Okefenokee Swamp Park\")](/wiki/File:Sarraceniaceae_-_Sarracenia_minor.jpg \"Sarraceniaceae - Sarracenia minor.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.6\\|A clump of *[Sarracenia oreophila](/wiki/Sarracenia_oreophila \"Sarracenia oreophila\")* in habitat](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_oreophila_ne4.jpg \"Sarracenia oreophila ne4.jpg\")\n* *[Sarracenia alata](/wiki/Sarracenia_alata \"Sarracenia alata\")*\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *alata*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. alata* var. *alata* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *atrorubra*[S.McPherson](/wiki/Stewart_McPherson_%28geographer%29 \"Stewart McPherson (geographer)\") \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *cuprea*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *nigropurpurea*[P.D'Amato](/wiki/Peter_D%27Amato \"Peter D'Amato\") *ex* S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *ornata*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *rubrioperculata*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *flava*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. flava* var. *flava* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *atropurpurea*(Hort. W.Bull *ex* Mast.) Hort. W.Bull *ex* W.Robinson\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *cuprea*D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *maxima*Hort. W.Bull *ex* Mast.\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *ornata*Hort. Bull *ex* W.Robinson\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *rubricorpora*D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *rugelii*(Shuttlew. *ex* A.DC.) Mast.\n* *[Sarracenia leucophylla](/wiki/Sarracenia_leucophylla \"Sarracenia leucophylla\")*\n\t+ *S. leucophylla* var. *leucophylla*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. leucophylla* var. *leucophylla* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. leucophylla* var. *alba*(Hort. T.Baines *ex* R.Hogg \\& T.Moore) J.Pietropaolo \\& P.Pietropaolo *ex* S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia minor](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\")*\n\t+ *S. minor* var. *minor*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. minor* var. *minor* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. minor* var. *okefenokeensis*D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia oreophila](/wiki/Sarracenia_oreophila \"Sarracenia oreophila\")*\n\t+ *S. oreophila* var. *oreophila*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t+ *S. oreophila* var. *ornata*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia psittacina](/wiki/Sarracenia_psittacina \"Sarracenia psittacina\")*\n\t+ *S. psittacina* var. *psittacina*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. psittacina* var. *psittacina* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. psittacina* var. *okefenokeensis*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t\t- *S. psittacina* var. *okefenokeensis* f. *luteoviridis*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia purpurea](/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea \"Sarracenia purpurea\")*\n\t+ *S. purpurea* subsp. *purpurea*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *purpurea* f. *heterophylla*(Eaton) Fern.\n\t+ *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa*(Raf.) Wherry\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *venosa*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t\t* *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *venosa* f. *pallidiflora*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *burkii*D.E.Schnell\n\t\t\t* *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *burkii* f. *luteola*R.L.Hanrahan \\& J.Miller\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *montana*D.E.Schnell \\& R.O.Determann\n* *[Sarracenia rubra](/wiki/Sarracenia_rubra \"Sarracenia rubra\")*\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *rubra*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *alabamensis*(Case \\& R.B.Case) S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *gulfensis*D.E.Schnell\n\t\t- *S. rubra* subsp. *gulfensis* f. *luteoviridis*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *jonesii*(Wherry) Wherry\n\t\t- *S. rubra* subsp. *jonesii* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *wherryi*(Case \\& R.B.Case) D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* \"Incompletely diagnosed taxon from Georgia and South Carolina\"([Undescribed, but see note below](/wiki/Undescribed_taxon \"Undescribed taxon\"))\n\nNote: The entity McPherson and Schnell referred to as *S. rubra* \"Incompletely diagnosed taxon from Georgia and South Carolina\" has since been established as *Sarracenia rubra* subsp. viatorum B.Rice.\n\n### Hybrids\n\n[thumb\\|A *Sarracenia* hybrid](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_2.jpg \"Sarracenia 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A wild *Sarracenia flava* × *S. purpurea* in northwestern Florida](/wiki/Image:SFlavaXSRosea.JPG \"SFlavaXSRosea.JPG\")\n*Sarracenia* species hybridize and produce fertile offspring freely, making proper classification difficult. *Sarracenia* hybrids are able to hybridize further, giving the possibility of hundreds of different hybrids that have multiple species in varying amounts in their ancestry. Since many species ranges overlap, natural hybrids are relatively common. As a result, initial classification included many of these hybrids as separate species. A recent census of the number of hybrids and cultivars of *Sarracenia* species revealed about 100 unique hybrids and cultivars in cultivation. Many hybrids of *Sarracenia* are still commonly referred to by their obsolete species names, particularly in horticulture. These hybrids are all popularly cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts, and there are consequently a huge number of hybrids and cultivars, most bred for showy pitchers.\n\nSome of the more common named hybrids include:\n\n* *Sarracenia* × *catesbaei* \\= *S. flava* × *S. purpurea*\n* *Sarracenia* × *moorei* \\= *S. flava* × *S. leucophylla*\n* *Sarracenia* × *popei* \\= *S. flava* × *S. rubra*\n* *Sarracenia* × *harperi* \\= *S. flava* × *S. minor*\n* *Sarracenia* × *alava* \\= *S. flava* × *S. alata*\n* *Sarracenia* × *mitchelliana* \\= *S. purpurea* × *S. leucophylla*\n* *Sarracenia* × *exornata* \\= *S. purpurea* × *S. alata*\n* *Sarracenia* × *chelsonii* \\= *S. purpurea* × *S. rubra*\n* \\[\\[Sarracenia × swaniana\\|*Sarracenia* × *swaniana]] \\=* S. purpurea *×* S. minor\n* Sarracenia *×* courtii *\\=* S. purpurea *×* S. psittacina\n* Sarracenia *×* pureophila *\\=* S. purpurea *×* S. oreophila\n* Sarracenia *×* readii *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. rubra\n* Sarracenia *×* farnhamii *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. rubra\n* Sarracenia *×* excellens *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. minor\n* Sarracenia *×* areolata *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. alata\n* Sarracenia *×* wrigleyana *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. psittacina\n* Sarracenia *×* ahlesii *\\=* S. alata *×* S. rubra\n* Sarracenia *×* rehderi *\\=* S. rubra *×* S. minor\n* Sarracenia *×* gilpini *\\=* S. rubra *×* S. psittacina\n* Sarracenia *×* formosa *\\=* S. minor *×* S. psittacina\n\nBotanical history\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|First illustration of a *Sarracenia* from [L'Obel's](/wiki/Matthias_de_Lobel \"Matthias de Lobel\") *Stirpium Adversaria Nova*, 1576](/wiki/Image:SarraceniaIllustration1576LobeliusThuris.png \"SarraceniaIllustration1576LobeliusThuris.png\")\nSarracenia *were known to Europeans as early as the 16th century, within a century of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus \"Christopher Columbus\")' \"discovery\" of the [New World](/wiki/New_World \"New World\"). [L'Obel](/wiki/Matthias_de_Lobel \"Matthias de Lobel\") included an illustration of* [S. minor](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\") *in his* Stirpium Adversaria Nova *in 1576\\. The first description and plate of a* Sarracenia *to show up in botanical literature was published by Carolus Clusius, who received a partial dried specimen of what was later determined to be* S. purpurea*subsp.*purpurea*, publishing it under the name* [Limonium](/wiki/Limonium \"Limonium\") peregrinum*. The exact origins of this specimen remains unknown, as few explorers are known to have collected plant specimens from the range of this subspecies before that time. Cheek and Young suggest that the most likely source is [Cartier's](/wiki/Jacques_Cartier \"Jacques Cartier\") expeditions to what is now Quebec between 1534 and 1541\\. The fragile flowerless specimen that made its way to Clusius 60 years later was enough to excite his interest, but not enough for him to place it among related plants; his closest guess was the wholly unrelated [Sea Lavender](/wiki/Limonium \"Limonium\") genus.*\n\nThe name Sarracenia *was first employed by [Michel Sarrazin](/wiki/Michel_Sarrazin \"Michel Sarrazin\"), the Father of Canadian Botany who in the late 17th century sent live specimens of* S. purpurea *to the Parisian botanist [Joseph Pitton de Tournefort](/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort \"Joseph Pitton de Tournefort\"), who thereupon described the species. [Linnaeus](/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus \"Carl Linnaeus\") adopted this name when he published his* [Species Plantarum](/wiki/Species_Plantarum \"Species Plantarum\") *(1753\\), using it for the two known species at the time:* S. purpurea *and* S. flava*. The first successful flowering in culture occurred in 1773\\. In 1793 [William Bartram](/wiki/William_Bartram \"William Bartram\") noted in his book about his travels in the southeast U.S. that numerous insects were caught in the pitchers of these plants, but doubted that any benefit could be derived from them. It was not until 1887 that research by [Joseph H. Mellichamp](/wiki/Joseph_H._Mellichamp \"Joseph H. Mellichamp\") proved the carnivorous nature of this genus. This finding was supported by a study by J.S. Hepburn, E.Q. St. John and F.M. Jones in 1920\\. Extended field surveys and laboratory studies by [Edgar Wherry](/wiki/Edgar_Theodore_Wherry \"Edgar Theodore Wherry\") in the 1930s greatly increased the knowledge of this genus, which has further been extended by the more recent works of [C. Ritchie Bell](/wiki/C._Ritchie_Bell \"C. Ritchie Bell\") (1949–52\\), [Donald E. Schnell](/wiki/Donald_E._Schnell \"Donald E. Schnell\") (1970–2002\\), [Frederick W. Case](/wiki/Frederick_W._Case \"Frederick W. Case\") (1970–2000s), and [T. Lawrence Mellichamp](/wiki/T._Lawrence_Mellichamp \"T. Lawrence Mellichamp\") (1980s\\-2000s).*\n\nCultivation\n-----------\n\n[thumb\\|A 2\\-year\\-old *S. alata* seedling, with 1st yr. (small) and 2nd yr. (larger) pitchers](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_alata_seedling.JPG \"Sarracenia alata seedling.JPG\")\nSarracenia *are considered easy to grow and are widely propagated and cultivated by gardeners and carnivorous plant enthusiasts. Several hybrids between the very hardy* S. purpurea *and showy species like* [S. leucophylla](/wiki/Sarracenia_leucophylla \"Sarracenia leucophylla\") *are becoming common in garden centers in North America and Europe.*\n\nSarracenia *require constantly moist\\-wet, nutrient free acidic soil. This is most often achieved with a potting mix consisting of peat moss mixed with sand or [perlite](/wiki/Perlite \"Perlite\"). As their roots are sensitive to nutrients and minerals, only pure water, such as distilled, rain, or [reverse osmosis](/wiki/Reverse_osmosis \"Reverse osmosis\") water, can be used to water them.* Sarracenia *prefer sunny conditions during their growing season but require a dormancy period, with decreased light and temperatures, of a few months in the winter.*\n\n### Propagation\n\nSarracenia *do not self\\-pollinate and therefore require hand pollination or access to natural pollinators such as bees.* Sarracenia *pollen remains potent for several weeks when refrigerated, and so is stored by cultivators and used to pollinate later\\-flowering species. Given that all* Sarracenia *hybrids are fertile and will hybridize further, this characteristic allows cultivators to produce a limitless number of variants through hybridization.*\n\n[thumb\\|A *Sarracenia* rhizome with a few\n\n```\ngrowing points, capable of division\n```](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_rhizome.JPG \"Sarracenia rhizome.JPG\")\nThe copious seeds store well if kept dry. In climates or seasons that cannot provide the cold, damp period of stratification required by the seeds for germination, growers mimic this condition by placing the seeds in a refrigerator for 2–6 weeks, depending on species. The seeds are sown on the surface of their substrate and germinate when transferred to warmer, bright conditions. Sarracenia *seedlings all look alike for the first two or three years; the plants reach maturity after four or five years. Regular fertilization (twice a month between April and September) with a balanced fertilizer at the rate of 1 teaspoon per gallon (using a 15\\-16\\-17 peat\\-lite or similar fertilizer) will speed their growth and time to maturity. It is advisable to leach regularly with pure water to prevent the buildup of solutes (fertilizer salts) in the soil. Deep water in a potted plant keeps the soil too waterlogged for proper root functioning.*\n\nMature Sarracenia *are commonly propagated by division. Their rhizomes extend and produce new crowns of pitchers over the course of a few growing seasons, and cultivators divide and separate the rhizomes during the plant's winter dormancy or early in the growing season. This technique is also used to separate sections of rhizomes which have no pitchers: when re\\-potted, the section usually generates a new crown of pitchers. A further technique is employed to encourage new crowns to appear which does not involve division of the rhizome: small notches up to 5 mm deep are cut into the top of the rhizome, whereupon a new crown frequently develops at the site of the notch.*\n\n### AGM cultivars\n\nThe following have won the [Royal Horticultural Society](/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society \"Royal Horticultural Society\")'s [Award of Garden Merit](/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit \"Award of Garden Merit\"):\n\n* Sarracenia *'Anna Carlisle'*\n* Sarracenia *'Colin Clayton'*\n* Sarracenia *'Dixie Lace'*\n* Sarracenia *'Jenny Helen'*\n* Sarracenia *'Juthatip Soper'*\n* Sarracenia *'Vogel'*\n* Sarracenia *×* catesbaei *'Violet'*\n* Sarracenia *×* mitchelliana *'Victoria Morley'*\n* Sarracenia *×* moorei *'Brooks's Hybrid'\nSee also\n--------\n\n[North American Sarracenia Conservancy](/wiki/North_American_Sarracenia_Conservancy \"North American Sarracenia Conservancy\")\n[Meadowview Biological Research Station](/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station \"Meadowview Biological Research Station\")\n[Nephentes](/wiki/Nepenthes \"Nepenthes\")\nNotes\n-----\n\na.Since McPherson \\& Schnell (2011\\) did not assign these [forms](/wiki/Form_%28botany%29 \"Form (botany)\") to any particular [variety](/wiki/Variety_%28botany%29 \"Variety (botany)\"), they are to be placed under the [autonymous](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\") variety according to the [botanical code](/wiki/Botanical_code \"Botanical code\").\nb.This combination had been published previously, but was only validated in McPherson and Schnell's 2011 monograph.\n\nReferences\n----------\n\nFurther reading\n---------------\n\n Schnell, Donald E. 2002\\. * + - * Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada*. Portland. * Schnell, Stewart McPherson, Donald E. (2011\\).\n* Sarraceniaceae of North America''. Poole: Redfern Natural History Productions. .\n",
"### McPherson \\& Schnell (2011\\)\n\n[Stewart McPherson](/wiki/Stewart_McPherson_%28geographer%29 \"Stewart McPherson (geographer)\") and Donald Schnell carried out a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus in their 2011 [monograph](/wiki/Monograph \"Monograph\"), *Sarraceniaceae of North America*. They recognized the following taxa:McPherson, S. \\& D. Schnell 2011\\. *Sarraceniaceae of North America*. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.6\\|A \"pitcher plant meadow\" in the Florida panhandle, with mixed varieties of *[Sarracenia flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*: var. *ornata*, var. *rubricorpora*, and var. *rugelii*.](/wiki/File:SarraceniaFlavaVars.JPG \"SarraceniaFlavaVars.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.6\\|Plants of [*Sarracenia minor* var. *okefenokeensis*](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\") in [Okefenokee Swamp Park](/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp_Park \"Okefenokee Swamp Park\")](/wiki/File:Sarraceniaceae_-_Sarracenia_minor.jpg \"Sarraceniaceae - Sarracenia minor.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|upright 1\\.6\\|A clump of *[Sarracenia oreophila](/wiki/Sarracenia_oreophila \"Sarracenia oreophila\")* in habitat](/wiki/File:Sarracenia_oreophila_ne4.jpg \"Sarracenia oreophila ne4.jpg\")\n* *[Sarracenia alata](/wiki/Sarracenia_alata \"Sarracenia alata\")*\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *alata*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. alata* var. *alata* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *atrorubra*[S.McPherson](/wiki/Stewart_McPherson_%28geographer%29 \"Stewart McPherson (geographer)\") \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *cuprea*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *nigropurpurea*[P.D'Amato](/wiki/Peter_D%27Amato \"Peter D'Amato\") *ex* S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *ornata*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. alata* var. *rubrioperculata*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia flava](/wiki/Sarracenia_flava \"Sarracenia flava\")*\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *flava*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. flava* var. *flava* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *atropurpurea*(Hort. W.Bull *ex* Mast.) Hort. W.Bull *ex* W.Robinson\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *cuprea*D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *maxima*Hort. W.Bull *ex* Mast.\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *ornata*Hort. Bull *ex* W.Robinson\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *rubricorpora*D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. flava* var. *rugelii*(Shuttlew. *ex* A.DC.) Mast.\n* *[Sarracenia leucophylla](/wiki/Sarracenia_leucophylla \"Sarracenia leucophylla\")*\n\t+ *S. leucophylla* var. *leucophylla*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. leucophylla* var. *leucophylla* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. leucophylla* var. *alba*(Hort. T.Baines *ex* R.Hogg \\& T.Moore) J.Pietropaolo \\& P.Pietropaolo *ex* S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia minor](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\")*\n\t+ *S. minor* var. *minor*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. minor* var. *minor* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. minor* var. *okefenokeensis*D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia oreophila](/wiki/Sarracenia_oreophila \"Sarracenia oreophila\")*\n\t+ *S. oreophila* var. *oreophila*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t+ *S. oreophila* var. *ornata*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia psittacina](/wiki/Sarracenia_psittacina \"Sarracenia psittacina\")*\n\t+ *S. psittacina* var. *psittacina*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. psittacina* var. *psittacina* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. psittacina* var. *okefenokeensis*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t\t- *S. psittacina* var. *okefenokeensis* f. *luteoviridis*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n* *[Sarracenia purpurea](/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea \"Sarracenia purpurea\")*\n\t+ *S. purpurea* subsp. *purpurea*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *purpurea* f. *heterophylla*(Eaton) Fern.\n\t+ *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa*(Raf.) Wherry\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *venosa*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t\t\t* *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *venosa* f. *pallidiflora*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *burkii*D.E.Schnell\n\t\t\t* *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *burkii* f. *luteola*R.L.Hanrahan \\& J.Miller\n\t\t- *S. purpurea* subsp. *venosa* var. *montana*D.E.Schnell \\& R.O.Determann\n* *[Sarracenia rubra](/wiki/Sarracenia_rubra \"Sarracenia rubra\")*\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *rubra*([autonym](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\"))\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *alabamensis*(Case \\& R.B.Case) S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *gulfensis*D.E.Schnell\n\t\t- *S. rubra* subsp. *gulfensis* f. *luteoviridis*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *jonesii*(Wherry) Wherry\n\t\t- *S. rubra* subsp. *jonesii* f. *viridescens*S.McPherson \\& D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* subsp. *wherryi*(Case \\& R.B.Case) D.E.Schnell\n\t+ *S. rubra* \"Incompletely diagnosed taxon from Georgia and South Carolina\"([Undescribed, but see note below](/wiki/Undescribed_taxon \"Undescribed taxon\"))\n\nNote: The entity McPherson and Schnell referred to as *S. rubra* \"Incompletely diagnosed taxon from Georgia and South Carolina\" has since been established as *Sarracenia rubra* subsp. viatorum B.Rice.\n\n",
"### Hybrids\n\n[thumb\\|A *Sarracenia* hybrid](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_2.jpg \"Sarracenia 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A wild *Sarracenia flava* × *S. purpurea* in northwestern Florida](/wiki/Image:SFlavaXSRosea.JPG \"SFlavaXSRosea.JPG\")\n*Sarracenia* species hybridize and produce fertile offspring freely, making proper classification difficult. *Sarracenia* hybrids are able to hybridize further, giving the possibility of hundreds of different hybrids that have multiple species in varying amounts in their ancestry. Since many species ranges overlap, natural hybrids are relatively common. As a result, initial classification included many of these hybrids as separate species. A recent census of the number of hybrids and cultivars of *Sarracenia* species revealed about 100 unique hybrids and cultivars in cultivation. Many hybrids of *Sarracenia* are still commonly referred to by their obsolete species names, particularly in horticulture. These hybrids are all popularly cultivated by carnivorous plant enthusiasts, and there are consequently a huge number of hybrids and cultivars, most bred for showy pitchers.\n\nSome of the more common named hybrids include:\n\n* *Sarracenia* × *catesbaei* \\= *S. flava* × *S. purpurea*\n* *Sarracenia* × *moorei* \\= *S. flava* × *S. leucophylla*\n* *Sarracenia* × *popei* \\= *S. flava* × *S. rubra*\n* *Sarracenia* × *harperi* \\= *S. flava* × *S. minor*\n* *Sarracenia* × *alava* \\= *S. flava* × *S. alata*\n* *Sarracenia* × *mitchelliana* \\= *S. purpurea* × *S. leucophylla*\n* *Sarracenia* × *exornata* \\= *S. purpurea* × *S. alata*\n* *Sarracenia* × *chelsonii* \\= *S. purpurea* × *S. rubra*\n* \\[\\[Sarracenia × swaniana\\|*Sarracenia* × *swaniana]] \\=* S. purpurea *×* S. minor\n* Sarracenia *×* courtii *\\=* S. purpurea *×* S. psittacina\n* Sarracenia *×* pureophila *\\=* S. purpurea *×* S. oreophila\n* Sarracenia *×* readii *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. rubra\n* Sarracenia *×* farnhamii *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. rubra\n* Sarracenia *×* excellens *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. minor\n* Sarracenia *×* areolata *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. alata\n* Sarracenia *×* wrigleyana *\\=* S. leucophylla *×* S. psittacina\n* Sarracenia *×* ahlesii *\\=* S. alata *×* S. rubra\n* Sarracenia *×* rehderi *\\=* S. rubra *×* S. minor\n* Sarracenia *×* gilpini *\\=* S. rubra *×* S. psittacina\n* Sarracenia *×* formosa *\\=* S. minor *×* S. psittacina\n\nBotanical history\n-----------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|First illustration of a *Sarracenia* from [L'Obel's](/wiki/Matthias_de_Lobel \"Matthias de Lobel\") *Stirpium Adversaria Nova*, 1576](/wiki/Image:SarraceniaIllustration1576LobeliusThuris.png \"SarraceniaIllustration1576LobeliusThuris.png\")\nSarracenia *were known to Europeans as early as the 16th century, within a century of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus \"Christopher Columbus\")' \"discovery\" of the [New World](/wiki/New_World \"New World\"). [L'Obel](/wiki/Matthias_de_Lobel \"Matthias de Lobel\") included an illustration of* [S. minor](/wiki/Sarracenia_minor \"Sarracenia minor\") *in his* Stirpium Adversaria Nova *in 1576\\. The first description and plate of a* Sarracenia *to show up in botanical literature was published by Carolus Clusius, who received a partial dried specimen of what was later determined to be* S. purpurea*subsp.*purpurea*, publishing it under the name* [Limonium](/wiki/Limonium \"Limonium\") peregrinum*. The exact origins of this specimen remains unknown, as few explorers are known to have collected plant specimens from the range of this subspecies before that time. Cheek and Young suggest that the most likely source is [Cartier's](/wiki/Jacques_Cartier \"Jacques Cartier\") expeditions to what is now Quebec between 1534 and 1541\\. The fragile flowerless specimen that made its way to Clusius 60 years later was enough to excite his interest, but not enough for him to place it among related plants; his closest guess was the wholly unrelated [Sea Lavender](/wiki/Limonium \"Limonium\") genus.*\n\nThe name Sarracenia *was first employed by [Michel Sarrazin](/wiki/Michel_Sarrazin \"Michel Sarrazin\"), the Father of Canadian Botany who in the late 17th century sent live specimens of* S. purpurea *to the Parisian botanist [Joseph Pitton de Tournefort](/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort \"Joseph Pitton de Tournefort\"), who thereupon described the species. [Linnaeus](/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus \"Carl Linnaeus\") adopted this name when he published his* [Species Plantarum](/wiki/Species_Plantarum \"Species Plantarum\") *(1753\\), using it for the two known species at the time:* S. purpurea *and* S. flava*. The first successful flowering in culture occurred in 1773\\. In 1793 [William Bartram](/wiki/William_Bartram \"William Bartram\") noted in his book about his travels in the southeast U.S. that numerous insects were caught in the pitchers of these plants, but doubted that any benefit could be derived from them. It was not until 1887 that research by [Joseph H. Mellichamp](/wiki/Joseph_H._Mellichamp \"Joseph H. Mellichamp\") proved the carnivorous nature of this genus. This finding was supported by a study by J.S. Hepburn, E.Q. St. John and F.M. Jones in 1920\\. Extended field surveys and laboratory studies by [Edgar Wherry](/wiki/Edgar_Theodore_Wherry \"Edgar Theodore Wherry\") in the 1930s greatly increased the knowledge of this genus, which has further been extended by the more recent works of [C. Ritchie Bell](/wiki/C._Ritchie_Bell \"C. Ritchie Bell\") (1949–52\\), [Donald E. Schnell](/wiki/Donald_E._Schnell \"Donald E. Schnell\") (1970–2002\\), [Frederick W. Case](/wiki/Frederick_W._Case \"Frederick W. Case\") (1970–2000s), and [T. Lawrence Mellichamp](/wiki/T._Lawrence_Mellichamp \"T. Lawrence Mellichamp\") (1980s\\-2000s).*\n\nCultivation\n-----------\n\n[thumb\\|A 2\\-year\\-old *S. alata* seedling, with 1st yr. (small) and 2nd yr. (larger) pitchers](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_alata_seedling.JPG \"Sarracenia alata seedling.JPG\")\nSarracenia *are considered easy to grow and are widely propagated and cultivated by gardeners and carnivorous plant enthusiasts. Several hybrids between the very hardy* S. purpurea *and showy species like* [S. leucophylla](/wiki/Sarracenia_leucophylla \"Sarracenia leucophylla\") *are becoming common in garden centers in North America and Europe.*\n\nSarracenia *require constantly moist\\-wet, nutrient free acidic soil. This is most often achieved with a potting mix consisting of peat moss mixed with sand or [perlite](/wiki/Perlite \"Perlite\"). As their roots are sensitive to nutrients and minerals, only pure water, such as distilled, rain, or [reverse osmosis](/wiki/Reverse_osmosis \"Reverse osmosis\") water, can be used to water them.* Sarracenia *prefer sunny conditions during their growing season but require a dormancy period, with decreased light and temperatures, of a few months in the winter.*\n\n### Propagation\n\nSarracenia *do not self\\-pollinate and therefore require hand pollination or access to natural pollinators such as bees.* Sarracenia *pollen remains potent for several weeks when refrigerated, and so is stored by cultivators and used to pollinate later\\-flowering species. Given that all* Sarracenia *hybrids are fertile and will hybridize further, this characteristic allows cultivators to produce a limitless number of variants through hybridization.*\n\n[thumb\\|A *Sarracenia* rhizome with a few\n\n```\ngrowing points, capable of division\n```](/wiki/Image:Sarracenia_rhizome.JPG \"Sarracenia rhizome.JPG\")\nThe copious seeds store well if kept dry. In climates or seasons that cannot provide the cold, damp period of stratification required by the seeds for germination, growers mimic this condition by placing the seeds in a refrigerator for 2–6 weeks, depending on species. The seeds are sown on the surface of their substrate and germinate when transferred to warmer, bright conditions. Sarracenia *seedlings all look alike for the first two or three years; the plants reach maturity after four or five years. Regular fertilization (twice a month between April and September) with a balanced fertilizer at the rate of 1 teaspoon per gallon (using a 15\\-16\\-17 peat\\-lite or similar fertilizer) will speed their growth and time to maturity. It is advisable to leach regularly with pure water to prevent the buildup of solutes (fertilizer salts) in the soil. Deep water in a potted plant keeps the soil too waterlogged for proper root functioning.*\n\nMature Sarracenia *are commonly propagated by division. Their rhizomes extend and produce new crowns of pitchers over the course of a few growing seasons, and cultivators divide and separate the rhizomes during the plant's winter dormancy or early in the growing season. This technique is also used to separate sections of rhizomes which have no pitchers: when re\\-potted, the section usually generates a new crown of pitchers. A further technique is employed to encourage new crowns to appear which does not involve division of the rhizome: small notches up to 5 mm deep are cut into the top of the rhizome, whereupon a new crown frequently develops at the site of the notch.*\n\n### AGM cultivars\n\nThe following have won the [Royal Horticultural Society](/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society \"Royal Horticultural Society\")'s [Award of Garden Merit](/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit \"Award of Garden Merit\"):\n\n* Sarracenia *'Anna Carlisle'*\n* Sarracenia *'Colin Clayton'*\n* Sarracenia *'Dixie Lace'*\n* Sarracenia *'Jenny Helen'*\n* Sarracenia *'Juthatip Soper'*\n* Sarracenia *'Vogel'*\n* Sarracenia *×* catesbaei *'Violet'*\n* Sarracenia *×* mitchelliana *'Victoria Morley'*\n* Sarracenia *×* moorei *'Brooks's Hybrid'\nSee also\n--------\n\n[North American Sarracenia Conservancy](/wiki/North_American_Sarracenia_Conservancy \"North American Sarracenia Conservancy\")\n[Meadowview Biological Research Station](/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station \"Meadowview Biological Research Station\")\n[Nephentes](/wiki/Nepenthes \"Nepenthes\")\nNotes\n-----\n\na.Since McPherson \\& Schnell (2011\\) did not assign these [forms](/wiki/Form_%28botany%29 \"Form (botany)\") to any particular [variety](/wiki/Variety_%28botany%29 \"Variety (botany)\"), they are to be placed under the [autonymous](/wiki/Autonym_%28botany%29 \"Autonym (botany)\") variety according to the [botanical code](/wiki/Botanical_code \"Botanical code\").\nb.This combination had been published previously, but was only validated in McPherson and Schnell's 2011 monograph.\n\nReferences\n----------\n\nFurther reading\n---------------\n\n Schnell, Donald E. 2002\\. * + - * Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada*. Portland. * Schnell, Stewart McPherson, Donald E. (2011\\).\n* Sarraceniaceae of North America''. Poole: Redfern Natural History Productions. .\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Sarracenia* Taxonomy](http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq5520.html) by [Barry Rice](/wiki/Barry_Rice_%28botanist%29 \"Barry Rice (botanist)\")\n* [*Sarracenia* – the Pitcher Plants](https://botany.org/home/resources/carnivorous-plants-insectivorous-plants/sarracenia-the-pitcher-plants.html) by the [Botanical Society of America](/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America \"Botanical Society of America\")\n* [*Sarracenia* Growing Guide and Distribution Map](https://tomscarnivores.com/resources/how-to-grow-pitcher-plants/) by Tom's Carnivores\n* [Growing *Sarracenia*](http://www.carnivorousplants.org/grow/guides/Sarracenia) by the [International Carnivorous Plant Society](/wiki/International_Carnivorous_Plant_Society \"International Carnivorous Plant Society\")\n* [The Inner World of *Sarracenia*](https://innerworlds.jic.ac.uk/inner-worlds/carnivorous-plants/sarracenia/) by the John Innes Centre\n\n[Category:Carnivorous plants of North America](/wiki/Category:Carnivorous_plants_of_North_America \"Carnivorous plants of North America\")\n[Category:Rhizomatous plants](/wiki/Category:Rhizomatous_plants \"Rhizomatous plants\")\n[Category:Ericales genera](/wiki/Category:Ericales_genera \"Ericales genera\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Thunderstone (band)
|
{
"id": [
48396376
],
"name": [
"KristenAnne36"
]
}
|
mguy2w8ip74wt7pzhrqpq50z7w1oeg0
|
2024-09-06T18:46:58Z
| 1,234,286,068 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Eurovision",
"Members",
"Former members",
"Discography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Thunderstone** is a [power metal](/wiki/Power_metal \"Power metal\") band from [Helsinki](/wiki/Helsinki \"Helsinki\"), [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"). The band was formed in 2000 by Nino Laurenne, and the line\\-up became complete in the following year. After the release of the band's self\\-titled debut album, *[Thunderstone](/wiki/Thunderstone_%28album%29 \"Thunderstone (album)\")*, the band toured [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") supporting [Stratovarius](/wiki/Stratovarius \"Stratovarius\") and [Symphony X](/wiki/Symphony_X \"Symphony X\").\\[ Allmusic \\- Thunderstone biography] Thunderstone released its first four albums through [Nuclear Blast](/wiki/Nuclear_Blast \"Nuclear Blast\"); their album *[Dirt Metal](/wiki/Dirt_Metal \"Dirt Metal\")* was released in October 2009 under Sony Music label.\\[ AllMusic \\- Thunderstone discography]\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThunderstone was formed in early 2000 by ex\\-speed/thrash guitarist Nino Laurenne as a side project; his first demo was recorded at Sonic Pump Studios. With a growing awareness of the project's potential, a commitment was made to create a full\\-fledged band. Laurenne then recruited former Antidote bandmate [Titus Hjelm](/wiki/Titus_Hjelm \"Titus Hjelm\") on bass and backing vocals, [Pasi Rantanen](/wiki/Pasi_Rantanen \"Pasi Rantanen\") on vocals, and [Mirka Rantanen](/wiki/Mirka_Rantanen \"Mirka Rantanen\") on drums. By the summer of 2001, [Kari Tornack](/wiki/Kari_Tornack \"Kari Tornack\") joined the band as a keyboardist, and Thunderstone evolved into a quintet. \n\nThunderstone released their [self\\-titled debut](/wiki/Thunderstone_%28album%29 \"Thunderstone (album)\") in 2002\\. Recorded at Sonic Pump Studios in Helsinki (with Laurenne as guitarist, producer, and engineer) and mixed by [Mikko Karmila](/wiki/Mikko_Karmila \"Mikko Karmila\") ([Children Of Bodom](/wiki/Children_Of_Bodom \"Children Of Bodom\"), [Amorphis](/wiki/Amorphis \"Amorphis\")) at Finnvox Studios ([Sentenced](/wiki/Sentenced \"Sentenced\"), [Moonspell](/wiki/Moonspell \"Moonspell\"), [Stratovarius](/wiki/Stratovarius \"Stratovarius\")), Thunderstone ended the year with a strong presence on numerous year\\-end \"Top Metal Albums Of 2002\" lists. In 2003, after being named \"Newcomer of the Year,\" by the readers of [Rock Hard Magazine](/wiki/Rock_Hard_Magazine \"Rock Hard Magazine\"), Thunderstone celebrated their accomplishments with an extensive European tour supporting [Stratovarius](/wiki/Stratovarius \"Stratovarius\") and [Symphony X](/wiki/Symphony_X \"Symphony X\").\n\nThunderstone returned to Sonic Pump to record their second album, [The Burning](/wiki/The_Burning_%28Thunderstone_album%29 \"The Burning (Thunderstone album)\"). Among many accolades the album received (such as the appearance of their promotional video for \"Until We Touch The Burning Sun\" on Finnish television), the album rose to No. 13 on the official Finnish album chart.\n\nThe band entered the studio again in late 2004 and started work on their third album [Tools Of Destruction](/wiki/Tools_Of_Destruction \"Tools Of Destruction\"). The album once again recorded at Sonic Pump Studios. The opening track, \"Tool Of The Devil,\" went straight to No. 3 on the Finnish Singles Chart. Gigs in Finland and the first headlining European tour with label mates Crystal Ball followed.\n\nThe band returned yet again to the studio to record their fourth album in the fall of 2006\\. The same year also witnessed the bands first appearance in the USA. In October the band was invited to take part in the Finnish [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Eurovision Song Contest\"). The band was voted second, losing only narrowly to Finnish Idol [Hanna Pakarinen](/wiki/Hanna_Pakarinen \"Hanna Pakarinen\"). The [Eurovision](/wiki/Eurovision \"Eurovision\") fame resulted in the release of two singles, 10\\.000 Ways and Forevermore/Face in the Mirror, which both went straight to the top 3 in the Finnish single charts. Finally, the efforts of the previous studio sessions came to fruition when Thunderstone’s fourth studio album Evolution 4\\.0 was released in March 2007\\. Showing a darker side of the band and moving them away from the “power metal” of their first release, the album was liked by the fans and entered the Finnish charts at No.10\\. Again, a Finnish tour and summer festivals followed.\n\nLate in 2007 the band posted this statement on their official website:\n\n\"We are sad to announce that Pasi Rantanen and Kari Tornack are no\nlonger part of Thunderstone. Due to personal reasons and a visible\nlack of motivation on their part we saw it best to part with the\nguys, although the decision was not easy and the timing perhaps the\nworst possible. Everything was done in good spirits and we thank the\nguys for an unbelievably great and fun seven years and wish them all\nthe best in their private endeavors.\n\nHowever, the first priority for us was not to let our fans down even\nin a situation like this. Therefore, we will go on with the upcoming\nco\\-headlining tour with Nocturnal Rites as planned. And we are most\nproud to announce two incredible musicians who agreed to fill in for\nthe tour on such a short notice. On keyboards we will have none other\nthan legendary JENS JOHANSSON, the crazy Swede and a long\\-time friend\nfrom Stratovarius. The vocal duties will be handled by the incredible\\-\nsounding TOMMI 'TUPLE' SALMELA who in recent years has shared the\nvocals with Marco Hietala in the classic Finnish metal outfit Tarot.\nAs you can probably imagine, we are more than thrilled to have these\nguys on board. Book your tickets NOW!!!\"\n\nJens Johansson was unable to make it to the tour, but Status Minor keyboardist Jukka Karinen was able to fill in, and was ultimately asked to join the band before the tour even began.\n\nIn 2009, Thunderstone released their fifth album, [Dirt Metal](/wiki/Dirt_Metal \"Dirt Metal\"). Around this time, Mirka Rantanen founded the side project band [Hevisaurus](/wiki/Hevisaurus \"Hevisaurus\"), which has seen heavy media coverage as a [children's music](/wiki/Children%27s_music \"Children's music\") band that plays heavy metal.\n\nIn late July/early August 2013, Thunderstone's official Facebook page made several announcements, including that both singer Rick Altzi and drummer Mirka Rantanen would be parting ways with the band. The last of the notices announced the return of Pasi Rantanen on vocals.\n\nIn early February 2014, band announced on their official Facebook page, that their new drummer is Atte Palokangas ([Agonizer](/wiki/Agonizer \"Agonizer\"), [Before the Dawn](/wiki/Before_the_Dawn_%28band%29 \"Before the Dawn (band)\")).\n\n",
"Eurovision\n----------\n\nThunderstone were in the Finnish preselection final round for [Eurovision](/wiki/Eurovision \"Eurovision\") 2007, with their song \"Forevermore\".[http://www.yle.fi/eurovision/main.php?id\\=2009](http://www.yle.fi/eurovision/main.php?id=2009) They were placed second with 33% of the given votes.\n\n",
"Members\n-------\n\n* [Pasi Rantanen](/wiki/Pasi_Rantanen \"Pasi Rantanen\") \\- lead vocals (2000\\-2007, 2013\\-onwards)\n* [Nino Laurenne](/wiki/Nino_Laurenne \"Nino Laurenne\")\\- guitar, backing vocal\n* [Titus Hjelm](/wiki/Titus_Hjelm \"Titus Hjelm\") \\- bass, backing vocal\n* [Jukka Karinen](/wiki/Jukka_Karinen \"Jukka Karinen\")\\- keyboards\n* [Atte Palokangas](/wiki/Atte_Palokangas \"Atte Palokangas\") \\- drums\n\n### Former members\n\n* Rick Altzi \\- lead vocals (2008\\-2013\\)\n* [Mirka \"Leka\" Rantanen](/wiki/Mirka_Rantanen \"Mirka Rantanen\") \\- drums\n* [Kari Tornack](/wiki/Kari_Tornack \"Kari Tornack\") \\- keyboards (2001–2007\\)\n",
"### Former members\n\n* Rick Altzi \\- lead vocals (2008\\-2013\\)\n* [Mirka \"Leka\" Rantanen](/wiki/Mirka_Rantanen \"Mirka Rantanen\") \\- drums\n* [Kari Tornack](/wiki/Kari_Tornack \"Kari Tornack\") \\- keyboards (2001–2007\\)\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\nDemo\n* *Demo* (2001\\)\n\nStudio albums\n* *[Thunderstone](/wiki/Thunderstone_%28album%29 \"Thunderstone (album)\")* (2002\\)\n* *[The Burning](/wiki/The_Burning_%28Thunderstone_album%29 \"The Burning (Thunderstone album)\")* (2004\\)\n* *[Tools of Destruction](/wiki/Tools_of_Destruction \"Tools of Destruction\")* (2005\\)\n* *[Evolution 4\\.0](/wiki/Evolution_4.0 \"Evolution 4.0\")* (2007\\)\n* *[Dirt Metal](/wiki/Dirt_Metal \"Dirt Metal\")* (2009\\)\n* *[Apocalypse Again](/wiki/Apocalypse_Again \"Apocalypse Again\")* (2016\\)\n\nCompilation\n* *All the Best* (2011\\)\n\nSingles\n* \"Virus\" (2002\\)\n* \"Tool Of The Devil\" (2005\\)\n* \"10\\.000 Ways\" (2007\\)\n* \"Forevermore\" / \"Face In The Mirror\" (2007\\)\n* \"I Almighty\" (2009\\)\n* \"Veterans Of The Apocalypse\" (2016\\)\n* \"Virus 2020\" (2020\\)\n\nMusic videos\n* \"Virus\" (First version) (2002\\)\n* \"Until We Touch The Burning Sun\" (2004\\)\n* \"Tool Of The Devil\" (2005\\)\n* \"Face In The Mirror\" (2007\\)\n* \"Forevermore\" (2007\\)\n* \"I Almighty\" (2009\\)\n* \"Veterans Of The Apocalypse\" (Lyric Video) \\[2016]\n* \"The Path\" (2016\\)\n* \"Fire And Ice\" (2016\\)\n* \"Through The Pain\" (2016\\)\n* \"Virus\" (Second version) (2020\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.thunderstone.org)\n[Category:Musical groups established in 2000](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_2000 \"Musical groups established in 2000\")\n[Category:Finnish power metal musical groups](/wiki/Category:Finnish_power_metal_musical_groups \"Finnish power metal musical groups\")\n[Category:Nuclear Blast artists](/wiki/Category:Nuclear_Blast_artists \"Nuclear Blast artists\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Prudence Heward
|
{
"id": [
37457424
],
"name": [
"Joan arden murray"
]
}
|
t3rg0556wft1hhhpjyi3nfhdif2ne3f
|
2024-05-13T14:14:49Z
| 1,223,542,686 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Work",
"After her death",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Prudence Heward** (July 2, 1896 – March 19, 1947\\)Ferrari, Prudence. \"Prudence Heward: Painting at Home.\" (2001\\). In *Framing Our Past: Canadian Women's History in the Twentieth Century,* S.A. Cook, L.R. McLean, and K. O'Rourke, eds. Montreal: McGill\\-Queen's University Press. p. 129\\-133\\. was a Canadian figure painter, known for using acidic colour, a sculptural treatment, and giving an intense brooding quality to her subjects.[The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/prudence-heward) She was a charter member of the [Canadian Group of Painters](/wiki/Canadian_Group_of_Painters \"Canadian Group of Painters\"), the [Contemporary Arts Society](/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Society \"Contemporary Arts Society\") and the [Federation of Canadian Artists](/wiki/Federation_of_Canadian_Artists \"Federation of Canadian Artists\"). Although she did not show her work with the [Beaver Hall Group](/wiki/Beaver_Hall_Group \"Beaver Hall Group\"), she was allied with many of its artists in her aesthetic aims and through friendships.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nBorn **Efa Prudence Heward** in [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\"), Heward was the sixth of eight children and was educated at private schools. She showed an interest in art at a young age, possibly encouraged by her artistically\\-inclined mother and sister Dorothy, and started drawing lessons at age twelve at the [Art Association of Montreal](/wiki/Art_Association_of_Montreal \"Art Association of Montreal\") school with [William Brymner](/wiki/William_Brymner \"William Brymner\") and [Maurice Cullen](/wiki/Maurice_Galbraith_Cullen \"Maurice Galbraith Cullen\").\n\nDuring [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Heward lived in [England](/wiki/England \"England\") where her brothers served in the [Canadian Army](/wiki/Canadian_Army \"Canadian Army\") while she served as a volunteer with the [Red Cross](/wiki/Red_Cross \"Red Cross\"). Returning to Canada at war's end, she continued her painting, studying at the [Art Association of Montreal](/wiki/Art_Association_of_Montreal \"Art Association of Montreal\"). As a student in the advanced class, in 1924, she won the Women's Art Society Prize for painting and her work was given its first public showing at the [Royal Canadian Academy of Arts](/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Academy_of_Arts \"Royal Canadian Academy of Arts\") in [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\"). However, it was still an era when women artists were given little credibility and it wasn't until 1932 that Heward's first solo exhibition came at the W. Scott \\& Sons Gallery in Montreal. \n\nWanting to refine her skills, and drawn to the great gathering of creative genius in the [Montparnasse Quarter](/wiki/Montparnasse_Quarter \"Montparnasse Quarter\") of [Paris, France](/wiki/Paris%2C_France \"Paris, France\"), between 1925 and 1926 Prudence Heward lived and painted in Paris. While studying at the [Académie Colarossi](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Colarossi \"Académie Colarossi\"), she frequented Le Dome Café in Montparnasse, the favorite haunt of [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") writers and artists and the place where Canadian writer [Morley Callaghan](/wiki/Morley_Callaghan \"Morley Callaghan\") came with his friends [Ernest Hemingway](/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway \"Ernest Hemingway\") and [F. Scott Fitzgerald](/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald \"F. Scott Fitzgerald\"). In 1929, in Paris, Heward met [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario \"Ontario\") painter [Isabel McLaughlin](/wiki/Isabel_McLaughlin \"Isabel McLaughlin\") with whom she became friends and upon her return to Canada, would join with her and other artists on nature painting trips. In the same year 1929 her career got a major boost when her painting, *Girl on a Hill*, won the top prize in the [Governor General Willingdon](/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon \"Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon\") competition organized by the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada \"National Gallery of Canada\").\n\nShe was invited to exhibit with the [Group of Seven](/wiki/Group_of_Seven_%28artists%29 \"Group of Seven (artists)\") and through it became friends with [A. Y. Jackson](/wiki/A._Y._Jackson \"A. Y. Jackson\") with whom she would go on sketching excursions along the [Saint Lawrence River](/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River \"Saint Lawrence River\"). She did a number of landscapes, with a particular attachment for Quebec's [Eastern Townships](/wiki/Eastern_Townships \"Eastern Townships\").\n\nShe joined the executive committee of \"The Atelier: A School of Drawing Painting Sculpture\" in 1931\\. During the Second World War she designed war posters. In 1933, Prudence Heward was a charter member of the [Canadian Group of Painters](/wiki/Canadian_Group_of_Painters \"Canadian Group of Painters\"), but her struggle with [asthma](/wiki/Asthma \"Asthma\") and other health problems eventually slowed her down. A 1939 automobile accident curtailed her abilities further but she still produced some outstanding portraits until 1945 when her health had deteriorated to the point where she had to give up painting. She died two years later, while seeking medical treatment in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\").\n\n",
"Work\n----\n\n[alt\\= The Immigrants, Prudence Heward, 1929, Private Collection, Toronto\\|thumb\\|*The Immigrants*, Prudence Heward, 1929, Private Collection, Toronto](/wiki/File:Immigrantes_-_Prudence_Heward.jpg \"Immigrantes - Prudence Heward.jpg\")\n\nThough Heward also painted landscapes and still lifes, she was primarily a painter of human subjects. As Julia Skelly points out in *Prudence Heward: Life \\& Work*, Heward preferred the term \"figures\" to portraits, and most of her figurative paintings are of women who often return the viewer's gaze, and who are \"realistically rendered rather than unrealistically idealized\". These include [nude](/wiki/Nudity \"Nudity\") subjects which was sometimes controversial in the 1930s. Art historian [Charmaine Nelson](/wiki/Charmaine_Nelson \"Charmaine Nelson\") has critically examined Heward’s depictions of black women she painted.\n\nHer work was influenced by schools of European [modernism](/wiki/Modernism \"Modernism\") and her application of these principles and styles was more than merely formal. They provided her \"with a dynamic visual vocabulary for depicting modern Canadian women in both rural and urban contexts\".\n\nWorks by Prudence Heward can be found in the collections of several Canadian galleries including the [Winnipeg Art Gallery](/wiki/Winnipeg_Art_Gallery \"Winnipeg Art Gallery\"), the [Montréal Museum of Fine Arts](/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_Museum_of_Fine_Arts \"Montréal Museum of Fine Arts\"), the [Musée national des beaux\\-arts du Québec](/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_beaux-arts_du_Qu%C3%A9bec \"Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec\"), the [Robert McLaughlin Gallery](/wiki/Robert_McLaughlin_Gallery \"Robert McLaughlin Gallery\") in Oshawa and the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada \"National Gallery of Canada\").\n\n",
"After her death\n---------------\n\nIn the year after her death in 1947 a memorial touring exhibition with 102 works was shown at the [National Gallery of Canada](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada \"National Gallery of Canada\"). In 1996, her cousin, politician [Heward Grafftey](/wiki/Heward_Grafftey \"Heward Grafftey\"), wrote \"Chapter Four: Prudence Heward\" for the book *Portraits of a Life*. *By Woman's Hand* (1994\\), a National Film Board documentary film by [Pepita Ferrari](/wiki/Pepita_Ferrari \"Pepita Ferrari\"), examines her life and that of two fellow painters, [Anne Savage](/wiki/Anne_Savage_%28artist%29 \"Anne Savage (artist)\") and [Sarah Robertson](/wiki/Sarah_Robertson_%28painter%29 \"Sarah Robertson (painter)\").\n\nOn July 2, 2010, [Canada Post](/wiki/Canada_Post_stamp_releases_%282010-2014%29 \"Canada Post stamp releases (2010-2014)\") released a commemorative stamp and a souvenir sheet in honour of Heward as part of its Art Canada collection. The two paintings featured were *At the Theatre* (1928\\) and *Rollande* (1929\\).Canada Post, *Details/en détail*, vol. 19, no. 3 (July to September 2010\\), p. 6\\.\n\nIn 2021, the [McMichael Canadian Art Collection](/wiki/McMichael_Canadian_Art_Collection \"McMichael Canadian Art Collection\") organized *Uninvited: Canadian Women Artists in the Modern Moment* and included eight of her paintings.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Julia Skelly. *[Prudence Heward: Life \\& Work](https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/prudence-heward)*. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2015\\. \n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Canadian Women Artists History Initiative](http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/nameSearch.php?artist=prudence+heward). Artist biographic database entry for Prudence Heward.\n* [Library and Archives Canada](https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212317/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/femmes/030001-1162-e.html). Themes: Prudence Heward.\n* [National Gallery of Canada](http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artist.php?iartistid=2427). Artist Collections entry: Prudence Heward.\n* [National Gallery of Canada](http://www.gallery.ca/cybermuse/enthusiast/thirties/gallery_of_e.jsp?iartistid=2427). Gallery of paintings by Prudence Heward\n\n[Category:1896 births](/wiki/Category:1896_births \"1896 births\")\n[Category:1947 deaths](/wiki/Category:1947_deaths \"1947 deaths\")\n[Category:Anglophone Quebec people](/wiki/Category:Anglophone_Quebec_people \"Anglophone Quebec people\")\n[Category:Painters from Montreal](/wiki/Category:Painters_from_Montreal \"Painters from Montreal\")\n[Category:Canadian portrait painters](/wiki/Category:Canadian_portrait_painters \"Canadian portrait painters\")\n[Category:Canadian women painters](/wiki/Category:Canadian_women_painters \"Canadian women painters\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Canadian painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_painters \"20th-century Canadian painters\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Canadian women artists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_women_artists \"20th-century Canadian women artists\")\n[Category:Académie Colarossi alumni](/wiki/Category:Acad%C3%A9mie_Colarossi_alumni \"Académie Colarossi alumni\")\n[Category:Canadian Impressionist painters](/wiki/Category:Canadian_Impressionist_painters \"Canadian Impressionist painters\")\n[Category:20th\\-century women painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_women_painters \"20th-century women painters\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Well-Manicured Man
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
menoiko52v36eowarw1hcp63nemossj
|
2024-08-15T13:55:42Z
| 1,231,371,728 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Character arc",
"Conceptual history",
"Reception",
"References",
"Footnotes",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Well\\-Manicured Man** is a fictional character in the American [science fiction](/wiki/Science_fiction \"Science fiction\") [television series](/wiki/Television_series \"Television series\") *[The X\\-Files](/wiki/The_X-Files \"The X-Files\")*. He serves as an antagonist to FBI special agents [Fox Mulder](/wiki/Fox_Mulder \"Fox Mulder\") ([David Duchovny](/wiki/David_Duchovny \"David Duchovny\")) and [Dana Scully](/wiki/Dana_Scully \"Dana Scully\") ([Gillian Anderson](/wiki/Gillian_Anderson \"Gillian Anderson\")), being a member of the sinister [Syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate_%28The_X-Files%29 \"Syndicate (The X-Files)\") the agents seek to foil. Introduced in the [third season](/wiki/The_X-Files_%28season_3%29 \"The X-Files (season 3)\"), the Well\\-Manicured Man served to highlight discord within the ranks of the Syndicate, and ultimately betrayed them by leaking information to Mulder before committing suicide in the series' [first feature film](/wiki/The_X-Files_%28film%29 \"The X-Files (film)\").\n\nThe Well\\-Manicured Man was portrayed by [John Neville](/wiki/John_Neville_%28actor%29 \"John Neville (actor)\") in all of the character's appearances (eight episodes, and the feature film). According to the series' writers, the character represents a non\\-violent \"voice of reason\" amongst the series' antagonists. Neville's portrayal of the Well\\-Manicured Man has been positively received by critics, who have noted his \"moral ambivalence\" and \"unnervingly genteel\" manner.\n\n",
"Character arc\n-------------\n\nIntroduced at the beginning of the third season, the Well\\-Manicured Man is an [English](/wiki/English_people \"English people\") member of the Syndicate, a shadow organization within the [United States government](/wiki/United_States_government \"United States government\") that exists to hide from the public the fact that [aliens](/wiki/Colonist_%28The_X-Files%29 \"Colonist (The X-Files)\") are planning to colonize the Earth. He is an important member of the Syndicate, along with [The Smoking Man](/wiki/The_Smoking_Man \"The Smoking Man\") ([William B. Davis](/wiki/William_B._Davis \"William B. Davis\")) and [The Elder](/wiki/List_of_The_X-Files_characters%23First_Elder \"List of The X-Files characters#First Elder\"), and was a friend of [William Mulder](/wiki/List_of_The_X-Files_characters%23Bill_Mulder \"List of The X-Files characters#Bill Mulder\") earlier in his life.Lowry, pp. 231–233\n\nThe Well\\-Manicured Man prefers subtlety to brute force, and will attempt to manipulate those in his way before using physical violence. Although the Syndicate's goals are opposed to those of [Fox Mulder](/wiki/Fox_Mulder \"Fox Mulder\") ([David Duchovny](/wiki/David_Duchovny \"David Duchovny\")) and [Dana Scully](/wiki/Dana_Scully \"Dana Scully\") ([Gillian Anderson](/wiki/Gillian_Anderson \"Gillian Anderson\")), the Well\\-Manicured Man will, at times, aid them with clues or information, believing that letting out a certain amount of information would help to keep the two close, and consequently allow for them to be controlled. The Well\\-Manicured Man openly despises [The Smoking Man](/wiki/The_Smoking_Man \"The Smoking Man\"), seeing him as impulsive and unprofessional. The two maintain a bitter relationship within the Syndicate throughout the series. The Well\\-Manicured Man is instrumental in the Syndicate's secondary agenda, to develop a vaccination against the [black oil](/wiki/Colonist_%28The_X-Files%29%23Black_oil \"Colonist (The X-Files)#Black oil\") used by the aliens as a means of mind control.Meisler (1998\\), pp. 95–110 To this end, he works with Russian double agent [Alex Krycek](/wiki/Alex_Krycek \"Alex Krycek\") ([Nicholas Lea](/wiki/Nicholas_Lea \"Nicholas Lea\")) to develop a vaccine, eventually testing it—successfully—on a Syndicate [mole](/wiki/Mole_%28espionage%29 \"Mole (espionage)\"), [Marita Covarrubias](/wiki/Marita_Covarrubias \"Marita Covarrubias\") ([Laurie Holden](/wiki/Laurie_Holden \"Laurie Holden\")).Meisler (1999\\), pp. 187–196\n\nIn the 1998 feature film *[The X\\-Files](/wiki/The_X-Files_%28film%29 \"The X-Files (film)\")*, when Scully is infected with the black oil and taken to [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica \"Antarctica\"), it is the Well\\-Manicured Man who, having grown disillusioned with the Syndicate, gives Mulder the coordinates needed to find her and a sample of the vaccine needed to cure Scully. The colonists had kept secret a secondary characteristic of the black oil—that those infected with it for prolonged periods would gestate a new colonist lifeform, killing the host. Upon discovering this, the Syndicate vowed to work more closely with the colonists in the hope of being spared this fate, while only the Well\\-Manicured Man wished to continue working on a vaccination for resistance. This rejection led to his betrayal of the Syndicate, and to him committing suicide by [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") before his duplicity was discovered.\n\n",
"Conceptual history\n------------------\n\nJohn Neville has stated that he was originally hired for just two episodes of the series, but that his character \"was regularly brought back, because the audience simply doesn't know if he stands for good or evil\". Series creator [Chris Carter](/wiki/Chris_Carter_%28screenwriter%29 \"Chris Carter (screenwriter)\") has described the character in terms of his relationship with [The Smoking Man](/wiki/The_Smoking_Man \"The Smoking Man\"), noting that the two characters can be seen as \"differing in approach, differing in philosophy and differing in personality\". Writer [Frank Spotnitz](/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz \"Frank Spotnitz\") has described the Well\\-Manicured Man as \"sort of the white knight to the Cigarette\\-Smoking Man's black knight in this chess game that we were playing\".Hurwitz and Knowles, p. 73\n\nThe character has also been described by Carter and Spotnitz as the \"voice of reason\" within the [Syndicate](/wiki/Syndicate_%28The_X-Files%29 \"Syndicate (The X-Files)\"), who \"believes that violence is the wrong way to protect the secret\" which they guard. The Well\\-Manicured Man's suicide scene in the series' [film adaptation](/wiki/The_X_Files_%28film%29 \"The X Files (film)\") went through several conceptual iterations, with outcomes being considered including an imploding car or suicide by [concussion grenade](/wiki/Concussion_grenade \"Concussion grenade\"), although ultimately a [car bomb](/wiki/Car_bomb \"Car bomb\") scene was decided upon.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nThe character of the Well\\-Manicured Man has been positively received by critics. [MTV](/wiki/MTV \"MTV\")'s Tami Katzoff has called him a \"legendary TV character\", noting his \"moral ambivalence about the work of his shadow organization\" and his ability to show \"empathy for Mulder and Scully\". Writing for *[The A.V. Club](/wiki/The_A.V._Club \"The A.V. Club\")*, Sean O'Neal praised the character's \"unnervingly genteel\" manner, noting that he represented the polar opposite of [The Smoking Man](/wiki/The_Smoking_Man \"The Smoking Man\"). Fellow A.V. Club writer Emily VanDerWerff has also been positive towards the Well\\-Manicured Man, feeling that the series would have benefited from making more use of the character. *The [San Francisco Chronicle](/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\")* Bob Graham has praised Neville's portrayal of the character in the feature film, calling his expository monologue \"a [Wagnerian](/wiki/Richard_Wagner \"Richard Wagner\") demonstration of the art of declamation\". Writing for the *[Los Angeles Daily News](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News \"Los Angeles Daily News\")*, Michael Liedtke and George Avalos described the character as \"white\\-haired, urbane, genteel\\[—]and dangerous\", noting that he was \"equally at ease in Virginia's horse country, the tony rooms of Manhattan's Upper West Side and the antiseptic halls of facilities that house bizarre medical experiments\". Den of Geek's countdown of \"The Top 10 X\\-Files Baddies\" described the Well\\-Manicured Man as a \"super\\-smooth, super\\-creep Brit\", noting that he served as \"a 'boss' of sorts\" for the Smoking Man. Speaking of how the role eclipsed his other acting work, Neville has been quoted as saying \"It's OK, though. \\[*The X\\-Files*] gave me a kind of profile that I didn't have before, and one shouldn't grumble about that\".\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Footnotes\n\n### Bibliography\n\n[Category:Fictional English people](/wiki/Category:Fictional_English_people \"Fictional English people\")\n[Category:Fictional members of secret societies](/wiki/Category:Fictional_members_of_secret_societies \"Fictional members of secret societies\")\n[Category:Television characters introduced in 1995](/wiki/Category:Television_characters_introduced_in_1995 \"Television characters introduced in 1995\")\n[Category:The X\\-Files characters](/wiki/Category:The_X-Files_characters \"The X-Files characters\")\n\n[he:תיקים באפלה\\#דמויות מרכזיות](/wiki/he:%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94%23%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA \"תיקים באפלה#דמויות מרכזיות\")\n\n",
"### Footnotes\n\n",
"### Bibliography\n\n[Category:Fictional English people](/wiki/Category:Fictional_English_people \"Fictional English people\")\n[Category:Fictional members of secret societies](/wiki/Category:Fictional_members_of_secret_societies \"Fictional members of secret societies\")\n[Category:Television characters introduced in 1995](/wiki/Category:Television_characters_introduced_in_1995 \"Television characters introduced in 1995\")\n[Category:The X\\-Files characters](/wiki/Category:The_X-Files_characters \"The X-Files characters\")\n\n[he:תיקים באפלה\\#דמויות מרכזיות](/wiki/he:%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94%23%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA \"תיקים באפלה#דמויות מרכזיות\")\n\n"
]
}
|
John Yarnall
|
{
"id": [
57939
],
"name": [
"Beland"
]
}
|
7ghnz6byxzj52wi0s23htn2szih9709
|
2024-06-15T07:12:54Z
| 1,174,596,291 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Disappearance and death",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**John Joliffe Yarnall** (1786–1815\\) was an officer in the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") during the [War of 1812](/wiki/War_of_1812 \"War of 1812\") and the [Second Barbary War](/wiki/Second_Barbary_War \"Second Barbary War\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nYarnall was born in [Wheeling](/wiki/Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Wheeling, West Virginia\"), [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia \"Virginia\") (later [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\")), Yarnall was appointed [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") in the Navy on 11 January 1809\\. Between 1809 and 1812, Yarnall cruised the coastal waters of the United States in [*Chesapeake*](/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_%281799%29 \"USS Chesapeake (1799)\") and [*Revenge*](/wiki/USS_Revenge_%281806%29 \"USS Revenge (1806)\") performing duty that was tantamount to blockading his own country to enforce President [James Madison](/wiki/James_Madison \"James Madison\")'s embargo on trade with the [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") adversaries during the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\"). In 1813, he was transferred to [Oliver Hazard Perry](/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry \"Oliver Hazard Perry\")'s command on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") and became the first lieutenant on board Perry's [flagship](/wiki/Flagship \"Flagship\"), [*Lawrence*](/wiki/USS_Lawrence_%281813%29 \"USS Lawrence (1813)\").*Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine \\- Volume 5* p. 280 He participated in the decisive [Battle of Lake Erie](/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie \"Battle of Lake Erie\") on 10 September 1813 and, though wounded, refused to leave his post during the engagement. When Perry shifted his flag to [*Niagara*](/wiki/USS_Niagara_%281813%29 \"USS Niagara (1813)\") during the battle, Lt. Yarnall assumed command of *Lawrence*. After the battle, he took the squadron's wounded on board and carried them back to Erie for medical attention. For his performance in the battle, Yarnall earned Perry's commendation as well as a medal expressing the gratitude of [Congress](/wiki/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\") and the country.\n\nIn the spring of 1815, Yarnall sailed from New York with [Stephen Decatur](/wiki/Stephen_Decatur \"Stephen Decatur\") in the [frigate](/wiki/Frigate \"Frigate\") [*Guerriere*](/wiki/USS_Guerriere_%281814%29 \"USS Guerriere (1814)\") for the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\") to conduct the [Second Barbary War](/wiki/Second_Barbary_War \"Second Barbary War\"). On 17 June, off the [Algerian](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\") coast, his ship encountered and captured *[Mashuda](/wiki/Mashuda \"Mashuda\")*, the [flagship](/wiki/Flagship \"Flagship\") of the [Algerian Navy](/wiki/Algerian_Navy \"Algerian Navy\"). During that engagement, Yarnall again suffered wounds. In recognition of his role in the battle, and perhaps because of his wounds, Decatur chose Lt. Yarnall to carry the dispatches from Decatur's squadron to the government in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\")\n\n",
"Disappearance and death\n-----------------------\n\nIn July 1815, Yarnall embarked in the [sloop\\-of\\-war](/wiki/Sloop-of-war \"Sloop-of-war\") [*Epervier*](/wiki/HMS_Epervier_%281812%29 \"HMS Epervier (1812)\") for the voyage home. The warship was last seen on 14 July 1815 as she passed through the [Strait of Gibraltar](/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar \"Strait of Gibraltar\") and into the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\"). Presumably, Yarnall and all others on board went down with her during the transatlantic voyage.*Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels* (1920\\) p. 394\n\nTwo ships, [USS *Yarnall*](/wiki/USS_Yarnall \"USS Yarnall\"), were named for him.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea](/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously_at_sea \"List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1786 births](/wiki/Category:1786_births \"1786 births\")\n[Category:1810s missing person cases](/wiki/Category:1810s_missing_person_cases \"1810s missing person cases\")\n[Category:1815 deaths](/wiki/Category:1815_deaths \"1815 deaths\")\n[Category:American military personnel of the Second Barbary War](/wiki/Category:American_military_personnel_of_the_Second_Barbary_War \"American military personnel of the Second Barbary War\")\n[Category:Military personnel from Wheeling, West Virginia](/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Wheeling%2C_West_Virginia \"Military personnel from Wheeling, West Virginia\")\n[Category:People from West Virginia in the War of 1812](/wiki/Category:People_from_West_Virginia_in_the_War_of_1812 \"People from West Virginia in the War of 1812\")\n[Category:People lost at sea](/wiki/Category:People_lost_at_sea \"People lost at sea\")\n[Category:United States Navy officers](/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_officers \"United States Navy officers\")\n[Category:United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812](/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_personnel_of_the_War_of_1812 \"United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Stevens Thomson Mason (senator)
|
{
"id": [
16185737
],
"name": [
"Smasongarrison"
]
}
|
4mpi7a845v7qek67t0t32cpa2fr1822
|
2024-09-29T03:28:04Z
| 1,243,564,844 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early and family life",
"Officer, lawyer and planter",
"Political career",
"Death and legacy",
"Marriage and children",
"Relations",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Colonel](/wiki/Colonel \"Colonel\") **Stevens Thomson Mason** (December 29, 1760May 10, 1803\\) was an American lawyer, military officer and planter who served in the [Continental Army](/wiki/Continental_Army \"Continental Army\") during the [Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"). Mason was also a delegate in the [Virginia General Assembly](/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly \"Virginia General Assembly\") and a [Republican](/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_%28United_States%29 \"Democratic-Republican Party (United States)\") [U.S. Senator](/wiki/U.S._Senator \"U.S. Senator\") from 1794 to 1803\\.\n\n",
"Early and family life\n---------------------\n\nMason was born to [Thomson Mason](/wiki/Thomson_Mason \"Thomson Mason\") (1733–1785\\); and his wife at [Chopawamsic](/wiki/Chopawamsic_%28plantation%29 \"Chopawamsic (plantation)\") in [Stafford County, Virginia](/wiki/Stafford_County%2C_Virginia \"Stafford County, Virginia\"). His ancestors had emigrated generations earlier and owned thousands of acres of land (some developed and farmed by enslaved labor) in Maryland and Virginia. His maternal great grandfather was an attorney and significant landowner in Maryland, and (his grandmother) Ann Eilbeck Mason was his only heir, and determined to provide for her younger sons (including Thomson Mason) by securing land and slaves. His uncle [George Mason IV](/wiki/George_Mason_IV \"George Mason IV\") had inherited the Mason family estates by [primogeniture](/wiki/Primogeniture \"Primogeniture\") in 1735 (though then underage, he took control upon reaching legal majority). His grandmother invested in real estate being developed along the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River \"Potomac River\") in [Loudoun County](/wiki/Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia \"Loudoun County, Virginia\"), which by the time of her death may have exceeded the lands his uncle inherited by primogeniture. After education by private tutors as a boy, he and his brothers also had access to the library of his lawyer uncle [John Mercer](/wiki/John_Mercer_%28colonial_lawyer%29 \"John Mercer (colonial lawyer)\") near [Fredericksburg](/wiki/Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia \"Fredericksburg, Virginia\"). Stevens T. Mason then traveled to [Williamsburg, Virginia](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Virginia \"Williamsburg, Virginia\") for higher education at the [College of William \\& Mary](/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary \"College of William & Mary\"), concentrating in legal studies.\n\n",
"Officer, lawyer and planter\n---------------------------\n\nAdmitted to the Virginia [bar](/wiki/Bar_%28law%29 \"Bar (law)\"), Mason began a private legal practice in [Dumfries, Virginia](/wiki/Dumfries%2C_Virginia \"Dumfries, Virginia\") in [Prince William County](/wiki/Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia \"Prince William County, Virginia\"). His uncle [George Mason](/wiki/George_Mason \"George Mason\") was one of his clients until his death in 1792\\.search of CD containing remaining Fairfax County order books, though not mentioned in Rutland's compiled papers Especially after his father's 1785 death at the family's [Raspberry Plain](/wiki/Raspberry_Plain \"Raspberry Plain\") plantation in what had become [Loudoun County](/wiki/Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia \"Loudoun County, Virginia\"), Mason operated farms using enslaved labor, as would his descendants. In the 1787 Virginia tax census, Stevens T. Mason owned 33 slaves over 16 years of age, as well as 38 slaves under age 18, 28 horses, 76 cattle, 4 wheeled vehicles and a stud horse.Netti Schreiner\\-Yantis and Florene Speakman Love, The 1787 Census of Virginia in 3 volumes (Springfield, Genealogical Books in Print 1987\\) vol. 1 p. 31\n\nDuring the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), as his uncle George served in the Virginia General Assembly and drafted the [Virginia Declaration of Rights](/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights \"Virginia Declaration of Rights\") as well as the first Virginia constitution and state seal, Stevens Mason served as an officer in the Continental Army and in the Virginia militia. By the [Battle of Yorktown](/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown_%281781%29 \"Battle of Yorktown (1781)\"), he was a brigadier general in the Virginia militia as well as an aide to General [George Washington](/wiki/George_Washington \"George Washington\").\n\n",
"Political career\n----------------\n\nFollowing the war, Loudoun County voters elected him as one of their (part\\-time) representatives in the Virginia State House of Delegates in 1783, and he served alongside veteran John Carter, although neither won re\\-election the following year.Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619\\-1978 (Virginia State Library 1978\\) p. 150 In 1787 he won election to the Virginia State Senate representing Loudoun and nearby Fauquier Counties (thus serving in 4 General Assembly sessions), but failed to win re\\-election in 1791, being replaced by veteran politician Francis Peyton.Leonard p. 167, 171, 173, 177 Meanwhile Stevens Thomson Mason also won election (alongside Levin Powell) as Loudoun County's delegate to the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788,Leonard p. 172 during which his uncle (one of Stafford County's representatives) unsuccessfully fought against ratification, but ultimately caused Virginia's congressional delegates to propose the [Bill of Rights](/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights \"United States Bill of Rights\") modeled on his Virginia Declaration of Rights and which was approved as a Constitutional amendment. Less than two years following his uncle's death, in 1794, Loudoun County voters returned Stevens Thomson Mason to the Virginia House of Delegates.Leonard p. 196 Fellow legislators elected him to the [United States Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [James Monroe](/wiki/James_Monroe \"James Monroe\"). Stevens Thomson Mason won re\\-election in 1797 and again in 1803, and thus served from 18 November 1794, until his death in [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania \"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\").\n\nWhile in the Senate Mason handed a copy of the secret [Jay Treaty](/wiki/Jay_Treaty \"Jay Treaty\") to [Pierre Adét](/wiki/Pierre_Ad%C3%A9t \"Pierre Adét\"), French minister to the United States. The senator along with [Senator Pierce Butler](/wiki/Pierce_Butler_%28American_politician%29 \"Pierce Butler (American politician)\") leaked the document to the American press.Green, Nathaniel C. “‘The Focus of the Wills of Converging Millions’: Public Opposition to the Jay Treaty and the Origins of the People’s Presidency.” *Journal of the Early Republic*, vol. 37, no. 3, 2017, p. 459\\. [JSTOR website](https://www.jstor.org/stable/90014952) Retrieved 21 Dec. 2022\\. Since his country was at war with [Great Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain \"Great Britain\") and hated the idea of a treaty of “amity” between her and the United States, Adét gave the document to [Benjamin Bache](/wiki/Benjamin_Bache \"Benjamin Bache\"), publisher of The Aurora — a newspaper — with the hope of raising just the sort of public outcry that ensued—and even, perhaps, of blocking ratification of the treaty. \n\nMason was the only senator to vote against the confirmation of [Oliver Ellsworth](/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth \"Oliver Ellsworth\") as the chief justice of the Supreme Court.\n\n",
"Death and legacy\n----------------\n\nHe is interred in the family burying ground at [Raspberry Plain](/wiki/Raspberry_Plain \"Raspberry Plain\") in [Loudoun County, Virginia](/wiki/Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia \"Loudoun County, Virginia\").\n\n",
"Marriage and children\n---------------------\n\nMason married Mary Elizabeth Armistead on May 1, 1783\\. The couple had six children:\n\n* [John Thomson Mason](/wiki/John_Thomson_Mason_%281787%E2%80%931850%29 \"John Thomson Mason (1787–1850)\") (January 8, 1787 – April 17, 1850\\)\n* [Armistead Thomson Mason](/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason \"Armistead Thomson Mason\") (1787 – February 6, 1819\\)\n* Stevens Thomson Mason (1789 – 17 November 1815\\)\n* Mary Thomson Mason (1791–1813\\)\n* Emily Rutger Mason (1793–1837\\)\n* Catherine Mason (born 1795\\)\n",
"Relations\n---------\n\nBrother of [John Thomson Mason](/wiki/John_Thomson_Mason \"John Thomson Mason\") (1765–1824\\); half\\-brother of [William Temple Thomson Mason](/wiki/William_Temple_Thomson_Mason \"William Temple Thomson Mason\") (1782–1862\\); first cousin of [George Mason V](/wiki/George_Mason_V \"George Mason V\") (1753–1796\\); first cousin once removed of [Thomson Francis Mason](/wiki/Thomson_Francis_Mason \"Thomson Francis Mason\") (1785–1838\\), [George Mason VI](/wiki/George_Mason_VI \"George Mason VI\") (1786–1834\\), [Richard Barnes Mason](/wiki/Richard_Barnes_Mason \"Richard Barnes Mason\") (1797–1850\\), and [James Murray Mason](/wiki/James_Murray_Mason \"James Murray Mason\") (1798–1871\\); father of [Armistead Thomson Mason](/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason \"Armistead Thomson Mason\") (1787–1819\\) and [John Thomson Mason](/wiki/John_Thomson_Mason_%281787%E2%80%931850%29 \"John Thomson Mason (1787–1850)\") (1787–1850\\); uncle of [John Thomson Mason Jr.](/wiki/John_Thomson_Mason_Jr. \"John Thomson Mason Jr.\") (1815–1873\\); and grandfather of [Stevens Thomson Mason](/wiki/Stevens_T._Mason \"Stevens T. Mason\") (1811–1843\\), first governor of Michigan. His great granddaughter [Kate Mason Rowland](/wiki/Kate_Mason_Rowland \"Kate Mason Rowland\") would be one of the founding members of the [Daughters of the Confederacy](/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Confederacy \"Daughters of the Confederacy\") and also write a two\\-volume biography of [George Mason IV](/wiki/George_Mason_IV \"George Mason IV\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899\\)](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_%281790%E2%80%931899%29 \"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1760 births](/wiki/Category:1760_births \"1760 births\")\n[Category:1803 deaths](/wiki/Category:1803_deaths \"1803 deaths\")\n[Category:18th\\-century American Episcopalians](/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_Episcopalians \"18th-century American Episcopalians\")\n[Category:19th\\-century American Episcopalians](/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_Episcopalians \"19th-century American Episcopalians\")\n[Category:18th\\-century American planters](/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_planters \"18th-century American planters\")\n[Category:Businesspeople from Virginia](/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Virginia \"Businesspeople from Virginia\")\n[Category:Continental Army officers from Virginia](/wiki/Category:Continental_Army_officers_from_Virginia \"Continental Army officers from Virginia\")\n[Category:Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention](/wiki/Category:Delegates_to_the_Virginia_Ratifying_Convention \"Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention\")\n[Category:18th\\-century American legislators](/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_legislators \"18th-century American legislators\")\n[Category:Democratic\\-Republican Party United States senators from Virginia](/wiki/Category:Democratic-Republican_Party_United_States_senators_from_Virginia \"Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from Virginia\")\n[Category:Mason family](/wiki/Category:Mason_family \"Mason family\")\n[Category:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Virginia_House_of_Delegates \"Members of the Virginia House of Delegates\")\n[Category:People from Stafford County, Virginia](/wiki/Category:People_from_Stafford_County%2C_Virginia \"People from Stafford County, Virginia\")\n[Category:College of William \\& Mary alumni](/wiki/Category:College_of_William_%26_Mary_alumni \"College of William & Mary alumni\")\n[Category:United States senators from Virginia](/wiki/Category:United_States_senators_from_Virginia \"United States senators from Virginia\")\n[Category:Virginia Democratic\\-Republicans](/wiki/Category:Virginia_Democratic-Republicans \"Virginia Democratic-Republicans\")\n[Category:Virginia lawyers](/wiki/Category:Virginia_lawyers \"Virginia lawyers\")\n[Category:Virginia state senators](/wiki/Category:Virginia_state_senators \"Virginia state senators\")\n[Category:People from Dumfries, Virginia](/wiki/Category:People_from_Dumfries%2C_Virginia \"People from Dumfries, Virginia\")\n[Category:United States senators who owned slaves](/wiki/Category:United_States_senators_who_owned_slaves \"United States senators who owned slaves\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Stasiland
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
r5cs7ho3jn5bw4qp0q7ki0m1ecdv6ci
|
2024-09-27T03:39:03Z
| 1,245,099,246 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Publication",
"Reception",
"References",
"Further reading and sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Stasiland*** by [Anna Funder](/wiki/Anna_Funder \"Anna Funder\") is a book first published in Australia by [Text Publishing](/wiki/Text_Publishing \"Text Publishing\") in 2002 about individuals who resisted the [East German](/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic \"German Democratic Republic\") regime, and others who worked for its secret police, the [Stasi](/wiki/Stasi \"Stasi\"). It tells the story of what it was like to work for the Stasi, and describes how those who did so now come to terms, or do not, with their pasts.\n\nFunder, an Australian, found that Germans often resorted to [stereotypes](/wiki/Stereotype \"Stereotype\") in describing the [Ossis](/wiki/Ossi_%28East_Germans%29 \"Ossi (East Germans)\"), the German nickname for those who lived in East Germany, dismissing questions about [civil resistance](/wiki/Civil_resistance \"Civil resistance\"). She used [classified ads](/wiki/Classified_ad \"Classified ad\") to reach former members of the Stasi and anti\\-Stasi organizations and interviewed them extensively.\n\\_\\_TOC\\_\\_\n\n",
"Publication\n-----------\n\nA German\\-language version was published by Europäische Verlagsanstalt in 2004\\. The association GBM () obtained an interim injunction in Germany against the publication. In 2006, [S. Fischer Verlag](/wiki/S._Fischer_Verlag \"S. Fischer Verlag\") republished the book in German without the offending passages.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nChris Mitchell of *[Spike Magazine](/wiki/Spike_Magazine \"Spike Magazine\")* called it \"an essential insight into the totalitarian regime\". [Giles MacDonogh](/wiki/Giles_MacDonogh \"Giles MacDonogh\") wrote in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* that the culture of informants and moral capitulations \"comes wonderfully to life in Funder's racy account\".\n\n*Stasiland* has been published in sixty nine countries and translated into a dozen languages. It was shortlisted for many awards in the UK and Australia, among them [The Age Book of the Year Awards](/wiki/The_Age_Book_of_the_Year_Awards \"The Age Book of the Year Awards\"), the [Queensland Premier's Literary Awards](/wiki/Queensland_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards \"Queensland Premier's Literary Awards\"), the [Guardian First Book Award](/wiki/Guardian_First_Book_Award \"Guardian First Book Award\") 2003, the South Australian Festival Awards for Literature (Innovation in Writing) 2004, the Index Freedom of Expression Awards 2004, and the [W.H. Heinemann Award](/wiki/Heinemann_Award \"Heinemann Award\") 2004\\. In June 2004 it was awarded the [Samuel Johnson Prize](/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_Prize \"Samuel Johnson Prize\").\n\n*Stasiland* is being developed for the stage by [The National Theatre](/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre \"Royal National Theatre\") in London.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading and sources\n---------------------------\n\n* Funder, Anna. [Why Germany can’t get over the Wall](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6899929.ece), November 3, 2009\\.\n* [Funder, Anna (2019\\) Interviewed](https://omny.fm/shows/sydney-writers-festival/anna-funder-the-cost-of-lying-and-truth-telling) by Jason Steger at the [Sydney Writers' Festival](/wiki/Sydney_Writers%27_Festival \"Sydney Writers' Festival\").\n\n[Category:2001 non\\-fiction books](/wiki/Category:2001_non-fiction_books \"2001 non-fiction books\")\n[Category:Works about the Stasi](/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_Stasi \"Works about the Stasi\")\n[Category:History books about Germany](/wiki/Category:History_books_about_Germany \"History books about Germany\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Lost season 1
|
{
"id": [
8260261
],
"name": [
"Drovethrughosts"
]
}
|
9j9ih8jcqirgy97t71xte1qh3dg8qcj
|
2024-10-18T11:58:40Z
| 1,251,748,188 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Crew",
"Cast",
"Reception",
"Episodes",
"Home media release",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe first season of the television series *[Lost](/wiki/Lost_%282004_TV_series%29 \"Lost (2004 TV series)\")* commenced airing in the United States and Canada on September 22, 2004, concluded on May 25, 2005, and contained 25 episodes. It introduces the 48 survivors of a plane that broke apart in mid\\-air, scattering them on a remote island somewhere in the South Pacific. Forced to work together to survive, they come to realize it is no ordinary island.\n\nThe first season aired Wednesdays at 8:00 pm in the United States. In addition to the 25 regular episodes, a special, \"[Lost: The Journey](/wiki/Lost:The_Journey \"The Journey\")\", was aired on April 27, 2005, between the 20th and 21st episodes of the season. The season was released on DVD as a seven\\-disc boxed set under the title of *Lost: The Complete First Season* on September 6, 2005, by [Buena Vista Home Entertainment](/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment \"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment\").\n\n",
"Crew\n----\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|From left to right: [Dawn Kelly](/wiki/Dawn_Lambertsen_Kelly \"Dawn Lambertsen Kelly\"), Rachel Mellon, Jennifer Johnson, [Fletcher](/wiki/Brent_Fletcher \"Brent Fletcher\"), [Kitsis](/wiki/Edward_Kitsis \"Edward Kitsis\"), [Monica Macer](/wiki/Monica_Macer \"Monica Macer\"), [Cuse](/wiki/Carlton_Cuse \"Carlton Cuse\"), [Lindelof](/wiki/Damon_Lindelof \"Damon Lindelof\"), [Fury](/wiki/David_Fury \"David Fury\"), [Grillo\\-Marxuach](/wiki/Javier_Grillo-Marxuach \"Javier Grillo-Marxuach\"), [Dick](/wiki/Leonard_Dick \"Leonard Dick\"), [Adam Horowitz](/wiki/Adam_Horowitz_%28screenwriter%29 \"Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)\"), [Matt Ragghianti](/wiki/Matt_Ragghianti \"Matt Ragghianti\"), and [Dini](/wiki/Paul_Dini \"Paul Dini\")](/wiki/File:Lost_season_1_writers.png \"Lost season 1 writers.png\")\nThe season was produced by Touchstone Television (now [ABC Studios](/wiki/ABC_Studios \"ABC Studios\")), [Bad Robot](/wiki/Bad_Robot \"Bad Robot\") and Grass Skirt Productions and was aired on the [ABC Network](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") in the U.S. The executive producers were co\\-creator [J. J. Abrams](/wiki/J._J._Abrams \"J. J. Abrams\"), co\\-creator [Damon Lindelof](/wiki/Damon_Lindelof \"Damon Lindelof\"), [Bryan Burk](/wiki/Bryan_Burk \"Bryan Burk\"), [Jack Bender](/wiki/Jack_Bender \"Jack Bender\") and [Carlton Cuse](/wiki/Carlton_Cuse \"Carlton Cuse\") with [Jesse Alexander](/wiki/Jesse_Alexander_%28TV_producer%29 \"Jesse Alexander (TV producer)\") and [Jeff Pinkner](/wiki/Jeff_Pinkner \"Jeff Pinkner\") serving as executive consultants. The staff writers were Abrams, Lindelof, Cuse, Alexander, Pinkner, co\\-executive producer [David Fury](/wiki/David_Fury \"David Fury\"), supervising producer [Javier Grillo\\-Marxuach](/wiki/Javier_Grillo-Marxuach \"Javier Grillo-Marxuach\"), producer [Leonard Dick](/wiki/Leonard_Dick \"Leonard Dick\"), producers [Edward Kitsis](/wiki/Edward_Kitsis \"Edward Kitsis\") \\& [Adam Horowitz](/wiki/Adam_Horowitz_%28screenwriter%29 \"Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)\"), co\\-producer [Jennifer M. Johnson](/wiki/Jennifer_M._Johnson \"Jennifer M. Johnson\") and story editor [Paul Dini](/wiki/Paul_Dini \"Paul Dini\"). Some of the first season's episodes were written or co\\-written by writers on a [freelance](/wiki/Freelance \"Freelance\") basis. The regular directors throughout the season were J. J. Abrams, Jack Bender, [Stephen Williams](/wiki/Stephen_Williams_%28director%29 \"Stephen Williams (director)\"), [Tucker Gates](/wiki/Tucker_Gates \"Tucker Gates\"), [Greg Yaitanes](/wiki/Greg_Yaitanes \"Greg Yaitanes\") and [Kevin Hooks](/wiki/Kevin_Hooks \"Kevin Hooks\"). Its incidental music was composed by [Michael Giacchino](/wiki/Michael_Giacchino \"Michael Giacchino\"). Abrams, Lindelof and Cuse served as the season's [showrunners](/wiki/Show_runner \"Show runner\").\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|From left to right: [Sawyer](/wiki/James_%22Sawyer%22_Ford \"James \"), [Locke](/wiki/John_Locke_%28Lost%29 \"John Locke (Lost)\"), [Rose](/wiki/Rose_and_Bernard_Nadler \"Rose and Bernard Nadler\"), [Jin](/wiki/Jin-Soo_Kwon \"Jin-Soo Kwon\"), [Sun](/wiki/Sun-Hwa_Kwon \"Sun-Hwa Kwon\"), [Sayid](/wiki/Sayid_Jarrah \"Sayid Jarrah\"), [Charlie](/wiki/Charlie_Pace \"Charlie Pace\"), [Walt](/wiki/Walt_Lloyd \"Walt Lloyd\"), [Michael](/wiki/Michael_Dawson_%28Lost%29 \"Michael Dawson (Lost)\"), [Jack](/wiki/Jack_Shephard \"Jack Shephard\"), [Kate](/wiki/Kate_Austen \"Kate Austen\"), [Hurley](/wiki/Hugo_%22Hurley%22_Reyes \"Hugo \"), [Shannon](/wiki/Shannon_Rutherford \"Shannon Rutherford\"), [Claire](/wiki/Claire_Littleton \"Claire Littleton\"), and [Boone](/wiki/Boone_Carlyle \"Boone Carlyle\")](/wiki/File:Lost_season_1_cast.png \"Lost season 1 cast.png\")\nThe initial season had fourteen major roles getting star [billing](/wiki/Billing_%28film%29 \"Billing (film)\").\n* [Naveen Andrews](/wiki/Naveen_Andrews \"Naveen Andrews\") played [Sayid Jarrah](/wiki/Sayid_Jarrah \"Sayid Jarrah\"), a former [Iraqi Republican Guard](/wiki/Iraqi_Republican_Guard \"Iraqi Republican Guard\").\n* [Emilie de Ravin](/wiki/Emilie_de_Ravin \"Emilie de Ravin\") played [Claire Littleton](/wiki/Claire_Littleton \"Claire Littleton\"), a pregnant Australian. Until later in the season, de Ravin is only credited for the episodes in which she appears.\n* [Matthew Fox](/wiki/Matthew_Fox \"Matthew Fox\") played [Jack Shephard](/wiki/Jack_Shephard \"Jack Shephard\"), a troubled surgeon, leader of the group, and protagonist.\n* [Jorge Garcia](/wiki/Jorge_Garcia \"Jorge Garcia\") played [Hugo \"Hurley\" Reyes](/wiki/Hugo_%22Hurley%22_Reyes \"Hugo \"), an unlucky [lottery](/wiki/Lottery \"Lottery\") winner.\n* [Maggie Grace](/wiki/Maggie_Grace \"Maggie Grace\") played [Shannon Rutherford](/wiki/Shannon_Rutherford \"Shannon Rutherford\"), a former dance teacher and Boone's stepsister.\n* [Josh Holloway](/wiki/Josh_Holloway \"Josh Holloway\") played [James \"Sawyer\" Ford](/wiki/James_%22Sawyer%22_Ford \"James \"), a con man.\n* [Malcolm David Kelley](/wiki/Malcolm_David_Kelley \"Malcolm David Kelley\") played [Walt Lloyd](/wiki/Walt_Lloyd \"Walt Lloyd\"), Michael's young son.\n* [Daniel Dae Kim](/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim \"Daniel Dae Kim\") played [Jin\\-Soo Kwon](/wiki/Jin-Soo_Kwon \"Jin-Soo Kwon\"), Sun\\-Hwa Kwon's husband.\n* [Yunjin Kim](/wiki/Yunjin_Kim \"Yunjin Kim\") played [Sun\\-Hwa Kwon](/wiki/Sun-Hwa_Kwon \"Sun-Hwa Kwon\"), the daughter of a powerful Korean businessman and mobster.\n* [Evangeline Lilly](/wiki/Evangeline_Lilly \"Evangeline Lilly\") played [Kate Austen](/wiki/Kate_Austen \"Kate Austen\"), a fugitive.\n* [Dominic Monaghan](/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan \"Dominic Monaghan\") played [Charlie Pace](/wiki/Charlie_Pace \"Charlie Pace\"), an ex\\-rock star drug addict.\n* [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\") played the mysterious [John Locke](/wiki/John_Locke_%28Lost%29 \"John Locke (Lost)\").\n* [Harold Perrineau](/wiki/Harold_Perrineau \"Harold Perrineau\") played [Michael Dawson](/wiki/Michael_Dawson_%28Lost%29 \"Michael Dawson (Lost)\"), a construction worker and estranged father of Walt.\n* [Ian Somerhalder](/wiki/Ian_Somerhalder \"Ian Somerhalder\") played [Boone Carlyle](/wiki/Boone_Carlyle \"Boone Carlyle\"), chief operating officer of his mother's wedding business and step brother of Shannon.\n\nNumerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including: [L. Scott Caldwell](/wiki/L._Scott_Caldwell \"L. Scott Caldwell\") as [Rose Henderson](/wiki/Rose_and_Bernard_Nadler \"Rose and Bernard Nadler\"), [Mira Furlan](/wiki/Mira_Furlan \"Mira Furlan\") as [Danielle Rousseau](/wiki/Danielle_Rousseau \"Danielle Rousseau\"), [Kimberley Joseph](/wiki/Kimberley_Joseph \"Kimberley Joseph\") as [Cindy](/wiki/Cindy_Chandler_%28Lost%29 \"Cindy Chandler (Lost)\"), [Fredric Lane](/wiki/Fredric_Lehne \"Fredric Lehne\") as [Edward Mars](/wiki/Characters_of_Lost%23Edward_Mars \"Characters of Lost#Edward Mars\"), [William Mapother](/wiki/William_Mapother \"William Mapother\") as [Ethan Rom](/wiki/Ethan_Rom \"Ethan Rom\"), [Daniel Roebuck](/wiki/Daniel_Roebuck \"Daniel Roebuck\") as [Leslie Arzt](/wiki/Characters_of_Lost%23Dr._Leslie_Arzt \"Characters of Lost#Dr. Leslie Arzt\") and [John Terry](/wiki/John_Terry_%28actor%29 \"John Terry (actor)\") as [Christian Shephard](/wiki/Christian_Shephard \"Christian Shephard\"). [Ana Lucia Cortez](/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Cortez \"Ana Lucia Cortez\"), played by [Michelle Rodriguez](/wiki/Michelle_Rodriguez \"Michelle Rodriguez\"), made her first appearance this season, and she became a major character during the second season.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\nOn the review aggregator website [Metacritic](/wiki/Metacritic \"Metacritic\"), the first season scored 87 out of 100, based on 26 reviews, indicating \"Universal acclaim\". On [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\"), the season has an approval rating of 94% with an average score of 8\\.9/10 based on 46 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Unpredictable and addictive, *Lost* is a new kind of TV mystery that grips as often as it guffaws.\"\n\nThe pilot episode garnered 18\\.6 million viewers, winning the 9:00 pm (Eastern) timeslot, and giving ABC its strongest [ratings](/wiki/Nielsen_ratings \"Nielsen ratings\") since 2000 when *[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire](/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_%28U.S._game_show%29 \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)\")* initially aired—beaten only the following month by the premiere of *[Desperate Housewives](/wiki/Desperate_Housewives \"Desperate Housewives\")*. Based on its strong opening, [Reuters](/wiki/Reuters \"Reuters\") dubbed it a \"hit drama\" noting that \"the show appeared to have benefited from an all\\-out marketing blitz that included radio spots, special screenings and ABC's first billboard advertising campaign in five years.\" After four episodes aired, ABC announced *Lost* had been picked up for a full season order. *Lost*s first season averaged about 17\\.6 million American viewers.\n\nThe first season was nominated for twelve [Primetime Emmy Awards](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award \"Primetime Emmy Award\"). They won six: Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series, [Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_for_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series\") ([J. J. Abrams](/wiki/J._J._Abrams \"J. J. Abrams\") for \"Pilot\"), [Outstanding Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series\"), Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore) ([Michael Giacchino](/wiki/Michael_Giacchino \"Michael Giacchino\")), Outstanding Single\\-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series. [Terry O'Quinn](/wiki/Terry_O%27Quinn \"Terry O'Quinn\") and [Naveen Andrews](/wiki/Naveen_Andrews \"Naveen Andrews\") received nominations for [Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series](/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series\"). J. J. Abrams, [Damon Lindelof](/wiki/Damon_Lindelof \"Damon Lindelof\") and [Jeffrey Lieber](/wiki/Jeffrey_Lieber \"Jeffrey Lieber\") were nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for \"Pilot\", with [David Fury](/wiki/David_Fury \"David Fury\") receiving a nomination in the same category for the episode \"Walkabout\". The series also received nominations for Outstanding Single\\-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series. The show was also nominated for the [Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama](/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Television_Series_%E2%80%93_Drama \"Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama\").\n\n",
"Episodes\n--------\n\nThe number in the \"No. in series\" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the \"No. in season\" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. \"Featured character(s)\" refers to the character(s) whose back story is featured in the episode's flashbacks. \"U.S. viewers (million)\" refers to the number of viewers in the United States in millions who watched the episode as it was aired.\n\n",
"",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* List of [*Lost* season 1 episodes](http://lostpedia.wikia.com/wiki/Season_1) at [Lostpedia](/wiki/Lostpedia \"Lostpedia\")\n\n[Category:Lost (2004 TV series)](/wiki/Category:Lost_%282004_TV_series%29 \"Lost (2004 TV series)\")\n[Category:2004 American television seasons](/wiki/Category:2004_American_television_seasons \"2004 American television seasons\")\n[Category:2005 American television seasons](/wiki/Category:2005_American_television_seasons \"2005 American television seasons\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
|
{
"id": [
32087068
],
"name": [
"TJMSmith"
]
}
|
b5rrqx77jzyjldv0bw79dzgc2laj338
|
2024-08-03T03:54:23Z
| 1,238,290,739 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and career",
"Tenure in U.S. Congress",
"Later political career",
"Personal life",
"Memberships",
"Electoral history",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t**Yvonne Pearl Burke** (née **Watson**, later **Brathwaite**; born October 5, 1932\\) is an American politician and lawyer from [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). She was the first African\\-American woman to represent the [West Coast](/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States \"West Coast of the United States\") in Congress. She served in the U.S. Congress from 1973–1979\\. She represented the 2nd District on the [Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors \"Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors\") from 1992–2008\\. She served as [Chair of Los Angeles County](/wiki/Chair_of_Los_Angeles_County \"Chair of Los Angeles County\") four times and served as chair pro tem three times.\n\nIn 1973, she became the first member of the U.S. Congress to give birth while in office, and she was the first person to be granted maternity leave by the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.\n\nShe serves on the Board of Directors of [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\"), having been appointed to the position by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") in 2012\\.\n\n",
"Early life and career\n---------------------\n\n[thumb\\|150px\\|left\\|Yvonne Brathwaite Burke in 1950](/wiki/File:Yvonne_Watson_-_Manual_Arts_High_School_-_W_1950.jpg \"Yvonne Watson - Manual Arts High School - W 1950.jpg\")\nPerle Yvonne Watson was born on October 5, 1932, in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Los Angeles, California\") as the only child of James A. Watson and the former Lola Moore.\n\nAfter first attending a public school, she was sent to a model school for exceptional children. At [Manual Arts High School](/wiki/Manual_Arts_High_School \"Manual Arts High School\") she was a member of the debate team and served as vice president of the Latin Club her junior year and girls' vice president in her senior year.\n\nBurke attended the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\") from c. 1949 to 1951 before receiving a bachelor's degree in political science from the [University of California, Los Angeles](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles \"University of California, Los Angeles\") in 1953\\. She subsequently earned a [J.D.](/wiki/Juris_Doctor \"Juris Doctor\") degree from the [University of Southern California Law School](/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_Law_School \"University of Southern California Law School\") in 1956\\. Burke is one of the first black women to be admitted to the University of Southern California Law School.\n\nHer first entry into the world of politics was when she worked as a volunteer for the reelection of President [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") in 1964\\.\"Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite.\" *Current Biography 1975\\.* The H.W. Wilson Company. 1975\\.p.61 She was elected to the [California State Assembly](/wiki/California_State_Assembly \"California State Assembly\") in 1966, representing Los Angeles' 63rd District (1966–1972\\). Many of her early legislative efforts centered around juvenile issues and limiting garnishment of wages.\n\nShe served as vice\\-chairperson of the [1972 Democratic National Convention](/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention \"1972 Democratic National Convention\"). She was the first African American and the first woman of color to hold that position, and presided for about fourteen hours when the chair left the convention on its last day.\n\nThat same year, she was elected to the first of three terms in the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives \"U.S. House of Representatives\").\n\n",
"Tenure in U.S. Congress\n-----------------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, c. 1975During](/wiki/File:Yvonne_Brathwaite.jpg \"Yvonne Brathwaite.jpg\") her tenure in Congress, she served on the [House Select Committee on Assassinations](/wiki/House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations \"House Select Committee on Assassinations\"), [House Beauty Shop Committee](/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_House_Beauty_Shop \"United States House Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop\"), and the [House Committee on Appropriations](/wiki/House_Committee_on_Appropriations \"House Committee on Appropriations\"); during her tenure on the Appropriations Committee, she fought for increased funding to aid local jurisdictions to comply with desegregation mandates \n\nIn 1973, with the birth of her daughter [Autumn](/wiki/Autumn_Burke \"Autumn Burke\"), Burke became the first member of Congress to give birth while in office and the first to be granted maternity leave by the [Speaker of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\").\n\nShe did not seek re\\-election to Congress in 1978, but instead [ran](/wiki/1978_California_Attorney_General_election \"1978 California Attorney General election\") for [Attorney General of California](/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California \"Attorney General of California\"). She lost to Republican [George Deukmejian](/wiki/George_Deukmejian \"George Deukmejian\").\n\n",
"Later political career\n----------------------\n\nIn 1979, shortly after she left Congress, Governor [Jerry Brown](/wiki/Jerry_Brown \"Jerry Brown\") appointed Burke to the Board of [Regents of the University of California](/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California \"Regents of the University of California\"); but she resigned later that year when Governor Brown appointed her to fill a vacancy in the District 4 seat on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Burke was the first female and first African\\-American supervisor. Her district, however, was largely made up of affluent, conservative white areas on the coast. In 1980, Burke was defeated in her bid for a full term in the seat by Republican [Deane Dana](/wiki/Deane_Dana \"Deane Dana\"). In 1982, Brown again appointed her to the Regents.\n\nIn 1992, Burke ran for the District 2 seat on the L.A. County Board of Supervisors. The primary election was held in June, 1992, just weeks after the [1992 Los Angeles Riots](/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots \"1992 Los Angeles riots\"). After a hard\\-fought campaign that often turned negative, Burke narrowly defeated State Senator [Diane Watson](/wiki/Diane_Watson \"Diane Watson\").\n\nIn 2007, Burke announced that she would retire when her term expired in 2008\\. On July 27, 2007, the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* published a front\\-page story revealing that she was not living in the mostly low\\-income district she represented, but rather in the wealthy [Brentwood neighborhood](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Brentwood, Los Angeles, California\"), an apparent violation of state law. Burke responded that she was living at her Brentwood mansion because the townhouse she listed in official political filings was being remodeled.Prince, Richard. [L.A. Times Stakes Out Politician's Digs](http://www.maynardije.org/columns/dickprince/070727_prince/). [Richard Prince's Journal\\-isms](http://www.maynardije.org/columns/dickprince/), July 27, 2007\\.\n\nOn March 29, 2012, she was nominated by President [Barack Obama](/wiki/Barack_Obama \"Barack Obama\") to serve on the [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") Board of Directors. Confirmed by the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\"), she has held a seat on that board ever since.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nIn 1957 she married Louis Brathwaite, divorcing in 1964\\. She married William A. Burke in Los Angeles on June 14, 1972, just days after she won a Congressional primary against [Billy Mills](/wiki/Billy_G._Mills \"Billy G. Mills\"), a [Los Angeles City Council](/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council \"Los Angeles City Council\") member for whom William Burke had worked. William Burke is also the creator of the [Los Angeles Marathon](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Marathon \"Los Angeles Marathon\"). Their daughter [Autumn Burke](/wiki/Autumn_Burke \"Autumn Burke\") was born on November 23, 1973\\.\n Yvonne and Autumn are the first mother\\-and\\-daughter to both serve in the [California Assembly](/wiki/California_Assembly \"California Assembly\").\n\n",
"Memberships\n-----------\n\nBurke is a member of [Alpha Kappa Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha \"Alpha Kappa Alpha\") sorority.\n\nBurke is a Fellow of the [National Academy of Public Administration.](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_%28United_States%29 \"National Academy of Public Administration (United States)\")\n\n",
"Electoral history\n-----------------\n\n \n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Women in the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Women in the United States House of Representatives\")\n* [List of African\\-American United States representatives](/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives \"List of African-American United States representatives\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* [\"Yvonne Brathwaite Burke\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=aHw-88bZdboC&dq=%22give+birth+in+office%22&pg=RA1-PA331), *Africana: The Encyclopedia.*\n* *Ebony* (September 1967\\). \"Women Who Make State Laws\": pp. 27–34\\.\n* Gray, Pamela Lee. \"Yvonne Brathwaite Burke: The Congressional Career of California's First Black Congresswoman, 1972–1978\\.\" Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 1987\\.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Yvonne Burke's oral history video excerpts](http://www.visionaryproject.com/burkeyvonne) at The National Visionary Leadership Project\n* [Join California Yvonne Brathwaite Burke](http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/2378)\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n \n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n \n\n\\|\\-\n\n[Category:1932 births](/wiki/Category:1932_births \"1932 births\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_politicians \"20th-century American politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American women politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_politicians \"20th-century American women politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_politicians \"21st-century American politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_politicians \"21st-century American women politicians\")\n[Category:African\\-American members of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:African-American_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"African-American members of the United States House of Representatives\")\n[Category:African\\-American state legislators in California](/wiki/Category:African-American_state_legislators_in_California \"African-American state legislators in California\")\n[Category:20th\\-century African\\-American women politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women_politicians \"20th-century African-American women politicians\")\n[Category:Amtrak people](/wiki/Category:Amtrak_people \"Amtrak people\")\n[Category:Candidates in the 1978 United States elections](/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1978_United_States_elections \"Candidates in the 1978 United States elections\")\n[Category:Female members of the United States House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Female_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives \"Female members of the United States House of Representatives\")\n[Category:Jones Day people](/wiki/Category:Jones_Day_people \"Jones Day people\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors](/wiki/Category:Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors \"Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors\")\n[Category:Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly](/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_California_State_Assembly \"Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly\")\n[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California](/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_California \"Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California\")\n[Category:People from Brentwood, Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:People_from_Brentwood%2C_Los_Angeles \"People from Brentwood, Los Angeles\")\n[Category:Politicians from Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Los_Angeles \"Politicians from Los Angeles\")\n[Category:USC Gould School of Law alumni](/wiki/Category:USC_Gould_School_of_Law_alumni \"USC Gould School of Law alumni\")\n[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_alumni \"University of California, Los Angeles alumni\")\n[Category:Women state legislators in California](/wiki/Category:Women_state_legislators_in_California \"Women state legislators in California\")\n[Category:20th\\-century African\\-American politicians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_politicians \"20th-century African-American politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American women politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_women_politicians \"21st-century African-American women politicians\")\n[Category:21st\\-century African\\-American politicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_politicians \"21st-century African-American politicians\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Harmonices Mundi
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2601:1C2:4100:6240:1CCF:707:96C2:1264"
]
}
|
qshfscxq12daakrwxgnh2yoaedo4i48
|
2024-06-10T12:37:58Z
| 1,226,213,246 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background and history",
"Content",
"Chapter 1 and 2",
"Chapter 5",
"Recent history",
"Use in recent music",
"See also",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Harmonice Mundi (Harmonices mundi libri V)***The full title is *Ioannis Keppleri Harmonices mundi libri V* (*The Five Books of Johannes Kepler's The Harmony of the World*). ([Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\"): *The Harmony of the World*, 1619\\) is a book by [Johannes Kepler](/wiki/Johannes_Kepler \"Johannes Kepler\"). In the work, written entirely in Latin, Kepler discusses [harmony](/wiki/Harmony \"Harmony\") and [congruence](/wiki/wikt:Congruence \"Congruence\") in geometrical forms and physical phenomena. The final section of the work relates his discovery of the so\\-called [third law of planetary motion](/wiki/Third_law_of_planetary_motion \"Third law of planetary motion\").Johannes Kepler, *Harmonice Mundi* \\[The Harmony of the World] (Linz, (Austria): Johann Planck, 1619\\), [p. 189\\.](https://archive.org/details/ioanniskepplerih00kepl/page/189) From the bottom of p. 189: *\"Sed res est certissima extactissimaque quod* proportio qua est inter binorum quorumcunque Planetarum tempora periodica, sit præcise sesquialtera proportionis *mediarum distantiarum, id est* Orbium *ipsorum; ...\"* (But it is absolutely certain and exact that the *proportion between the periodic times of any two planets is precisely the sesquialternate proportion* \\[i.e., the ratio of 3:2] of their mean distances, that is, of the actual *spheres*, ...\" \n\nAn English translation of Kepler's *Harmonice Mundi* is available as: Johannes Kepler with E. J. Aiton, A. M. Duncan, and [J. V. Field](/wiki/Judith_V._Field \"Judith V. Field\"), trans., *The Harmony of the World* (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 1997\\); see especially [music is deadly ?id\\=rEkLAAAAIAAJ\\&pg\\=PA411 p. 411](https://books.google.com/books).\n\n",
"Background and history\n----------------------\n\nKepler began working on *Harmonice Mundi* around 1599, which was the year Kepler sent a letter to [Michael Maestlin](/wiki/Michael_Maestlin \"Michael Maestlin\") detailing the mathematical data and proofs that he intended to use for his upcoming text, which he originally planned to name *De harmonia mundi*. Kepler was aware that the content of *Harmonice Mundi* closely resembled that of the subject matter for [Ptolemy](/wiki/Ptolemy \"Ptolemy\")'s *Harmonica*, but was not concerned. The new [astronomy](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\") Kepler would use (most notably the adoption of [elliptic orbits](/wiki/Elliptic_orbit \"Elliptic orbit\") in the [Copernican system](/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism \"Copernican heliocentrism\")) allowed him to explore new theorems. Another important development that allowed Kepler to establish his celestial\\-harmonic relationships was the abandonment of the [Pythagorean tuning](/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning \"Pythagorean tuning\") as the basis for [musical consonance](/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance \"Consonance and dissonance\") and the adoption of geometrically supported musical ratios; this would eventually be what allowed Kepler to relate musical consonance and the angular velocities of the planets. Thus, Kepler could reason that his relationships gave evidence for God acting as a grand geometer, rather than a [Pythagorean numerologist](/wiki/Numerology \"Numerology\").[Field, J. V.](/wiki/Judith_V._Field \"Judith V. Field\") (1984\\). A Lutheran astrologer: Johannes Kepler. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 207–219\\.\n\nThe concept of musical harmonies intrinsically existing within the spacing of the planets existed in medieval philosophy prior to Kepler. *[Musica universalis](/wiki/Musica_universalis \"Musica universalis\")* was a traditional philosophical metaphor that was taught in the [quadrivium](/wiki/Quadrivium \"Quadrivium\"), and was often called the \"music of the spheres.\" Kepler was intrigued by this idea while he sought explanation for a rational arrangement of the heavenly bodies.Voelkel, J. R. (1995\\). The music of the heavens: Kepler's harmonic astronomy. 1994\\. Physics Today, 48(6\\), 59–60\\. When Kepler uses the term \"harmony\" it is not strictly referring to the musical definition, but rather a broader definition encompassing congruence in [Nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\") and the workings of both the [celestial](/wiki/Astronomical_object \"Astronomical object\") and [terrestrial](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\") bodies. He notes musical harmony as being a product of man, derived from angles, in contrast to a harmony that he refers to as being a phenomenon that interacts with the human [soul](/wiki/Soul \"Soul\"). In turn, this allowed Kepler to claim the [Earth](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\") has a soul because it is subjected to [astrological](/wiki/Astrology \"Astrology\") harmony.\n\nWhile writing the book, Kepler had to defend [his mother](/wiki/Katharina_Kepler \"Katharina Kepler\") in court after she had been accused of [witchcraft](/wiki/Witchcraft \"Witchcraft\").\n\n",
"Content\n-------\n\nKepler divides *The Harmony of the World* into five long chapters: the first is on regular polygons; the second is on the congruence of figures; the third is on the origin of harmonic proportions in music; the fourth is on [harmonic configurations in astrology](/wiki/Astrological_aspect \"Astrological aspect\"); the fifth is on the harmony of the motions of the planets.Brackenridge, J. (1982\\). Kepler, elliptical orbits, and celestial circularity: A study in the persistence of metaphysical commitment part II. Annals of Science, 39(3\\), 265\\.\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|Page with geometric illustrations, including a [truncated trihexagonal tiling](/wiki/Truncated_trihexagonal_tiling \"Truncated trihexagonal tiling\"), the stellated dodecahedra ([small](/wiki/Small_stellated_dodecahedron \"Small stellated dodecahedron\") and [great](/wiki/Great_stellated_dodecahedron \"Great stellated dodecahedron\")) and the [Platonic solids](/wiki/Platonic_solids \"Platonic solids\") assigned to [elements](/wiki/Classical_element \"Classical element\").](/wiki/File:Ioanniskepplerih00kepl_0081.jpg \"Ioanniskepplerih00kepl 0081.jpg\")\n\n### Chapter 1 and 2\n\nChapters 1 and 2 of *The Harmony of the World* contain most of Kepler's contributions concerning [polyhedra](/wiki/Polyhedron \"Polyhedron\"). He is primarily interested with how polygons, which he defines as either regular or semiregular, can come to be fixed together around a central point on a plane to form congruence. His primary objective was to be able to rank polygons based on a measure of sociability, or rather, their ability to form partial congruence when combined with other polyhedra. He returns to this concept later in *Harmonice Mundi* with relation to astronomical explanations. In the second chapter is the earliest mathematical understanding of two types of [regular](/wiki/Regular_polyhedron \"Regular polyhedron\") [star polyhedra](/wiki/Star_polyhedron \"Star polyhedron\"), the [small](/wiki/Small_stellated_dodecahedron \"Small stellated dodecahedron\") and [great stellated dodecahedron](/wiki/Great_stellated_dodecahedron \"Great stellated dodecahedron\"); they would later be called Kepler's solids or Kepler Polyhedra and, together with two regular polyhedra discovered by [Louis Poinsot](/wiki/Louis_Poinsot \"Louis Poinsot\"), as the [Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra](/wiki/Kepler%E2%80%93Poinsot_polyhedron \"Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron\").Cromwell, P. R. (1995\\). Kepler's work on polyhedra. Mathematical Intelligencer, 17(3\\), 23\\. He describes polyhedra in terms of their faces, which is similar to the model used in [Plato](/wiki/Plato \"Plato\")'s *[Timaeus](/wiki/Timaeus_%28dialogue%29 \"Timaeus (dialogue)\")* to describe the formation of [Platonic solids](/wiki/Platonic_solid \"Platonic solid\") in terms of basic triangles. The book features illustrations of solids and [tiling](/wiki/Tessellation \"Tessellation\") patterns, some of which are related to the [golden ratio](/wiki/Golden_ratio \"Golden ratio\").\n\nWhile medieval philosophers spoke metaphorically of the \"music of the spheres\", Kepler discovered physical harmonies in planetary motion. He found that the difference between the maximum and minimum angular speeds of a [planet](/wiki/Planet \"Planet\") in its orbit approximates a harmonic proportion. For instance, the maximum angular speed of the Earth as measured from the Sun varies by a [semitone](/wiki/Semitone \"Semitone\") (a ratio of 16:15\\), from *mi* to *fa*, between [aphelion](/wiki/Apsis \"Apsis\") and [perihelion](/wiki/Apsis \"Apsis\"). [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") only varies by a tiny 25:24 interval (called a [diesis](/wiki/Diesis \"Diesis\") in musical terms). Kepler explains the reason for the Earth's small harmonic range:\n\nThe celestial choir Kepler formed was made up of a tenor ([Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\")), two bass ([Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\") and [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\")), a soprano ([Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\")), and two altos (Venus and Earth). Mercury, with its large elliptical orbit, was determined to be able to produce the greatest number of notes, while Venus was found to be capable of only a single note because its orbit is nearly a circle.The opening of the film *[Mars et Avril](/wiki/Mars_and_April \"Mars and April\")*, by [Martin Villeneuve](/wiki/Martin_Villeneuve \"Martin Villeneuve\"), is based on Kepler's cosmological model in *Harmonice Mundi*, in which the harmony of the universe is determined by the motion of celestial bodies. [Benoît Charest](/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Charest \"Benoît Charest\") also composed the score according to this theory. This opening sequence can be seen here: <https://vimeo.com/66697472> At very rare intervals all of the planets would sing together in \"perfect concord\": Kepler proposed that this may have happened only once in history, perhaps at the time of creation.Walker, D. P. (1964\\). Kepler’s celestial music. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 30, pp. 249\\. Kepler reminds us that harmonic order is only mimicked by man, but has origin in the alignment of the heavenly bodies:\n\nKepler discovers that all but one of the ratios of the maximum and minimum speeds of planets on neighboring [orbits](/wiki/Orbit \"Orbit\") approximate musical harmonies within a margin of error of less than a diesis (a 25:24 interval). The orbits of Mars and Jupiter produce the one exception to this rule, creating the inharmonic ratio of 18:19\\.\n\n### Chapter 5\n\nChapter 5 includes a long digression on astrology. This is immediately followed by Kepler's [third law of planetary motion](/wiki/Third_law_of_planetary_motion \"Third law of planetary motion\"), which shows a constant proportionality between the cube of the semi\\-major axis of a planet's orbit and the square of the time of its orbital period. Kepler's previous book, *[Astronomia nova](/wiki/Astronomia_nova \"Astronomia nova\")*, related the discovery of the first two principles now known as Kepler's laws.\n\n",
"### Chapter 1 and 2\n\nChapters 1 and 2 of *The Harmony of the World* contain most of Kepler's contributions concerning [polyhedra](/wiki/Polyhedron \"Polyhedron\"). He is primarily interested with how polygons, which he defines as either regular or semiregular, can come to be fixed together around a central point on a plane to form congruence. His primary objective was to be able to rank polygons based on a measure of sociability, or rather, their ability to form partial congruence when combined with other polyhedra. He returns to this concept later in *Harmonice Mundi* with relation to astronomical explanations. In the second chapter is the earliest mathematical understanding of two types of [regular](/wiki/Regular_polyhedron \"Regular polyhedron\") [star polyhedra](/wiki/Star_polyhedron \"Star polyhedron\"), the [small](/wiki/Small_stellated_dodecahedron \"Small stellated dodecahedron\") and [great stellated dodecahedron](/wiki/Great_stellated_dodecahedron \"Great stellated dodecahedron\"); they would later be called Kepler's solids or Kepler Polyhedra and, together with two regular polyhedra discovered by [Louis Poinsot](/wiki/Louis_Poinsot \"Louis Poinsot\"), as the [Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra](/wiki/Kepler%E2%80%93Poinsot_polyhedron \"Kepler–Poinsot polyhedron\").Cromwell, P. R. (1995\\). Kepler's work on polyhedra. Mathematical Intelligencer, 17(3\\), 23\\. He describes polyhedra in terms of their faces, which is similar to the model used in [Plato](/wiki/Plato \"Plato\")'s *[Timaeus](/wiki/Timaeus_%28dialogue%29 \"Timaeus (dialogue)\")* to describe the formation of [Platonic solids](/wiki/Platonic_solid \"Platonic solid\") in terms of basic triangles. The book features illustrations of solids and [tiling](/wiki/Tessellation \"Tessellation\") patterns, some of which are related to the [golden ratio](/wiki/Golden_ratio \"Golden ratio\").\n\nWhile medieval philosophers spoke metaphorically of the \"music of the spheres\", Kepler discovered physical harmonies in planetary motion. He found that the difference between the maximum and minimum angular speeds of a [planet](/wiki/Planet \"Planet\") in its orbit approximates a harmonic proportion. For instance, the maximum angular speed of the Earth as measured from the Sun varies by a [semitone](/wiki/Semitone \"Semitone\") (a ratio of 16:15\\), from *mi* to *fa*, between [aphelion](/wiki/Apsis \"Apsis\") and [perihelion](/wiki/Apsis \"Apsis\"). [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\") only varies by a tiny 25:24 interval (called a [diesis](/wiki/Diesis \"Diesis\") in musical terms). Kepler explains the reason for the Earth's small harmonic range:\n\nThe celestial choir Kepler formed was made up of a tenor ([Mars](/wiki/Mars \"Mars\")), two bass ([Saturn](/wiki/Saturn \"Saturn\") and [Jupiter](/wiki/Jupiter \"Jupiter\")), a soprano ([Mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28planet%29 \"Mercury (planet)\")), and two altos (Venus and Earth). Mercury, with its large elliptical orbit, was determined to be able to produce the greatest number of notes, while Venus was found to be capable of only a single note because its orbit is nearly a circle.The opening of the film *[Mars et Avril](/wiki/Mars_and_April \"Mars and April\")*, by [Martin Villeneuve](/wiki/Martin_Villeneuve \"Martin Villeneuve\"), is based on Kepler's cosmological model in *Harmonice Mundi*, in which the harmony of the universe is determined by the motion of celestial bodies. [Benoît Charest](/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Charest \"Benoît Charest\") also composed the score according to this theory. This opening sequence can be seen here: <https://vimeo.com/66697472> At very rare intervals all of the planets would sing together in \"perfect concord\": Kepler proposed that this may have happened only once in history, perhaps at the time of creation.Walker, D. P. (1964\\). Kepler’s celestial music. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 30, pp. 249\\. Kepler reminds us that harmonic order is only mimicked by man, but has origin in the alignment of the heavenly bodies:\n\nKepler discovers that all but one of the ratios of the maximum and minimum speeds of planets on neighboring [orbits](/wiki/Orbit \"Orbit\") approximate musical harmonies within a margin of error of less than a diesis (a 25:24 interval). The orbits of Mars and Jupiter produce the one exception to this rule, creating the inharmonic ratio of 18:19\\.\n\n",
"### Chapter 5\n\nChapter 5 includes a long digression on astrology. This is immediately followed by Kepler's [third law of planetary motion](/wiki/Third_law_of_planetary_motion \"Third law of planetary motion\"), which shows a constant proportionality between the cube of the semi\\-major axis of a planet's orbit and the square of the time of its orbital period. Kepler's previous book, *[Astronomia nova](/wiki/Astronomia_nova \"Astronomia nova\")*, related the discovery of the first two principles now known as Kepler's laws.\n\n",
"Recent history\n--------------\n\nA copy of the 1619 edition was stolen from the [National Library of Sweden](/wiki/National_Library_of_Sweden \"National Library of Sweden\") in the 1990s.\n\n",
"Use in recent music\n-------------------\n\nA small number of recent compositions either make reference to or are based on the concepts of Harmonice Mundi or Harmony of the Spheres. The most notable of these are:\n* [Laurie Spiegel](/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel \"Laurie Spiegel\"): *Kepler's Harmony of the Worlds* (1977\\). An excerpt of the piece was selected by [Carl Sagan](/wiki/Carl_Sagan \"Carl Sagan\") for inclusion on the [Voyager Golden Record](/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record \"Voyager Golden Record\"), launched aboard the [Voyager spacecraft](/wiki/Voyager_program \"Voyager program\").\n* [Mike Oldfield](/wiki/Mike_Oldfield \"Mike Oldfield\"), (English musician and composer, born 1953\\), *Music of the Spheres* (album released in 2008 by [Mercury Records](/wiki/Mercury_Records \"Mercury Records\")).[Music of the Spheres](/wiki/Music_of_the_Spheres_%28Mike_Oldfield_album%29 \"Music of the Spheres (Mike Oldfield album)\")\n* [Joep Franssens](/wiki/Joep_Franssens \"Joep Franssens\") (Dutch composer, born 1955\\), *Harmony of the Spheres* (cycle in five movements for mixed choir and string orchestra), composed 2001\\.\n* [Philip Glass](/wiki/Philip_Glass \"Philip Glass\"), American composer, [*Kepler* opera](/wiki/Kepler_%28opera%29 \"Kepler (opera)\") (2009\\), homage to [Johannes Kepler](/wiki/Johannes_Kepler \"Johannes Kepler\"), commissioned by the city of [Linz](/wiki/Linz \"Linz\"), where the astronomer lived.\n* [Tim Watts](/wiki/Tim_Watts_%28composer%29 \"Tim Watts (composer)\"), (English composer, born 1979\\), *Kepler's Trial* (2016–2017\\), premiered at St John's College, Cambridge (2016\\); revised version performed at the [Victoria and Albert Museum](/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum \"Victoria and Albert Museum\"), 9 November 2017\n* [Paul Hindemith](/wiki/Paul_Hindemith \"Paul Hindemith\"), German composer, *Die Harmonie der Welt* Symphony (originally entitled Symphonie „Die Harmonie der Welt“ in German), IPH 50, is a symphony composed in 1951, and which served as the basis for the 1957 opera *[Die Harmonie der Welt](/wiki/Die_Harmonie_der_Welt \"Die Harmonie der Welt\")*.\n* Miriam Monaghan (British recorder player and composer) *Kepler’s Planets* (2019\\), written for [Palisander Recorder Quartet](https://www.palisanderrecorders.com). Extracts were premiered live on [BBC Radio 3](/wiki/BBC_Radio_3 \"BBC Radio 3\") In Tune (October 2019\\) with full concert premiere at [London International Festival of Early Music](/wiki/London_International_Festival_of_Early_Music \"London International Festival of Early Music\") (November 2019\\).\n* [Dave Soldier](/wiki/Dave_Soldier \"Dave Soldier\"), American composer, wrote *Motet: Harmony of the World* (2022\\), closely hewing to Kepler's instructions in the book for a future composer to write a [motet](/wiki/Motet \"Motet\"), including the use of a specific six\\-voice choir (recorded by the microtonal choir Ekmeles), the particular just intonation intervals, and the harmonies allowed in Kepler's diagrams. The text sets the Prayer to the Sun by [Proclus](/wiki/Proclus \"Proclus\") in ancient Greek, a poet heavily quoted in Kepler's text.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Pythagoreanism](/wiki/Pythagoreanism \"Pythagoreanism\")\n* *[Mysterium Cosmographicum](/wiki/Mysterium_Cosmographicum \"Mysterium Cosmographicum\")*\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n* Johannes Kepler, *The Harmony of the World*. Tr. Charles Glenn Wallis. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952\\.\n* \"Johannes Kepler,\" in *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*. Ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers, 1980\\. .\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Harmonice mundi*](http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=520_K38PI) (\"The Harmony of the Worlds\") in fulltext facsimile; Carnegie\\-Mellon University\n* [*Harmonice Mundi*](https://archive.org/details/ioanniskepplerih00kepl) at [Archive.org](/wiki/Archive.org \"Archive.org\")\n* [Harmonies of the World](http://www.sacred-texts.com/astro/how/index.htm) excerpt from ** translated by Charles Glenn Wallis\n\n[Category:17th\\-century books in Latin](/wiki/Category:17th-century_books_in_Latin \"17th-century books in Latin\")\n[Harmonice Mundi](/wiki/Category:1619_books \"1619 books\")\n[Category:1619 in science](/wiki/Category:1619_in_science \"1619 in science\")\n[Category:Astronomy books](/wiki/Category:Astronomy_books \"Astronomy books\")\n[Category:Astrological texts](/wiki/Category:Astrological_texts \"Astrological texts\")\n[Category:Physics books](/wiki/Category:Physics_books \"Physics books\")\n[Category:Pythagorean philosophy](/wiki/Category:Pythagorean_philosophy \"Pythagorean philosophy\")\n[Category:Astrological aspects](/wiki/Category:Astrological_aspects \"Astrological aspects\")\n[Category:Platonic solids](/wiki/Category:Platonic_solids \"Platonic solids\")\n[Category:Mathematics books](/wiki/Category:Mathematics_books \"Mathematics books\")\n[Category:Dynamics of the Solar System](/wiki/Category:Dynamics_of_the_Solar_System \"Dynamics of the Solar System\")\n[Category:Harmony](/wiki/Category:Harmony \"Harmony\")\n[Category:Works by Johannes Kepler](/wiki/Category:Works_by_Johannes_Kepler \"Works by Johannes Kepler\")\n[Category:Music in space](/wiki/Category:Music_in_space \"Music in space\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Houston Field House
|
{
"id": [
1008048
],
"name": [
"Namiba"
]
}
|
brpc6f1fmfjmf7sn5bqjmf11evre4xt
|
2024-04-30T17:40:40Z
| 1,185,769,323 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Origins",
"Early history",
"Hockey line",
"Renovation and rejuvenation",
"Today",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Houston Field House** is a multi\\-purpose [arena](/wiki/Arena \"Arena\") located on the campus of [Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute](/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute \"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\") (RPI) in [Troy, New York](/wiki/Troy%2C_New_York \"Troy, New York\"). \nIt is the nation's third\\-oldest college hockey rink, behind [Northeastern University](/wiki/Northeastern_University \"Northeastern University\")'s [Matthews Arena](/wiki/Matthews_Arena \"Matthews Arena\") and [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\")'s [Hobey Baker Memorial Rink](/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink \"Hobey Baker Memorial Rink\"). Further, it is the second\\-oldest arena in the [ECAC Hockey League](/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_League \"ECAC Hockey League\"), behind Princeton's rink. Until the opening of the [Times Union Center](/wiki/Times_Union_Center \"Times Union Center\") in [Albany](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\") in 1990, it was the largest arena in the [Capital Region](/wiki/Capital_District%2C_New_York \"Capital District, New York\").\n\n",
"Origins\n-------\n\nPopular legend holds that Houston Field House was previously an [airplane](/wiki/Aircraft \"Aircraft\") or [dirigible](/wiki/Airship \"Airship\") [hangar](/wiki/Hangar \"Hangar\") for the [United States armed forces](/wiki/United_States_armed_forces \"United States armed forces\") during World War II. In reality, it originated as a [warehouse](/wiki/Warehouse \"Warehouse\") for the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") in Davisville, Rhode Island.\n\nFollowing the war, the [federal government](/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States \"Federal Government of the United States\") established the Veterans Education Facilities Program (VEFP) to help colleges build facilities to handle the increased enrollment of veterans returning from the war. One aspect of the VEFP was to offer buildings designated as \"war surplus\" to colleges and academic institutions who applied for them.\n\nOriginally, the RPI Board of Trustees, led by then\\-RPI President Dr. Livingston W. Houston, sought a hangar from the VEFP in order to establish a \"sports\\-civic arena\" for the RPI campus and the city of Troy. Unfortunately, hangars were not considered \"war surplus.\" An investigation sponsored by the Board of Trustees discovered the warehouse facility in [Rhode Island](/wiki/Rhode_Island \"Rhode Island\") and applied under the VEFP to bring it to campus, despite the fact that its original design was not satisfactory for the creation of an arena.\n\nThe VEFP underwrote both the cost of transporting the warehouse from Davisville to Troy and the cost to reassemble it upon its arrival. RPI, however, spent nearly $500,000 on its own to redesign the warehouse to its own specifications, including the re\\-fabrication of initial materials and the purchase of new materials.\n\nConstruction was originally planned to be completed by June 1948; however, inclement weather throughout the project pushed completion back 16 months to October 1949\\. On October 13, Houston officially opened the building as the RPI Field House as part of a ceremony honoring the Institute's 125th anniversary.\n\n",
"Early history\n-------------\n\nA month later, on November 12, 1949, the RPI Field House hosted its first event, an Interfraternity Ball, with music performed by Elliot Lawrence and his Orchestra. On December 3, 1949, the first sporting event in the Field House's history took place as RPI defeated the [New York State Maritime Academy](/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Maritime_College \"State University of New York Maritime College\"), 55–43, in [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\").\n\nA large impetus for the construction of the Field House was to create a home for the school's [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") team, which had played its first games in 1901 at Van Schaick Pond in nearby [Cohoes, New York](/wiki/Cohoes%2C_New_York \"Cohoes, New York\"), and later played in various other locations in Cohoes and [Albany, New York](/wiki/Albany%2C_New_York \"Albany, New York\"). From 1912 to 1938 (with the exception of 1937\\), the team played on an outdoor rink built every winter on campus along Sage Avenue, at the current location of Anderson Field. After the 1938 season, the team went into hiatus. Houston, an RPI [alumnus](/wiki/Alumn \"Alumn\") who played hockey for RPI during his school years, originally sought to build the Field House as a means of returning hockey to campus. On January 10, 1950, the \"Engineers\" under head coach [Ned Harkness](/wiki/Ned_Harkness \"Ned Harkness\") played their first game at home since 1938, dropping an 8–2 contest to [Middlebury](/wiki/Middlebury_College \"Middlebury College\"). However, and possibly thanks to the construction of the Field House, Harkness would lead the Engineers to an [NCAA championship](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Championship \"NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship\") only four years later in 1954\\.\n\nTwo weeks after the first hockey game, the RPI Field House hosted its first [commencement](/wiki/Graduation \"Graduation\") ceremony, on January 27, 1950\\. General [Omar Bradley](/wiki/Omar_Bradley \"Omar Bradley\"), the [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff](/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff \"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\"), gave the first commencement address.\n\nOn December 27, 1951, the Field House hosted the first annual [RPI Invitational Tournament](/wiki/Rensselaer_Holiday_Tournament \"Rensselaer Holiday Tournament\"). The first tournament featured 8 schools playing 12 games over three days, and was won by [Brown University](/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey \"Brown Bears men's ice hockey\"). The following year, the tournament was cut to 4 teams playing a round\\-robin schedule over 3 days, which remained the tournament's format until 1982, when it gained a 2nd\\-day consolation game/championship game format. The RPI Invitational was the nation's oldest in\\-season invitational tournament in college hockey until its final iteration in 2010\\.\n\nThroughout the 1950s, several RPI sporting events were held at the RPI Field House, including basketball, [tennis](/wiki/Tennis \"Tennis\"), [wrestling](/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling \"Collegiate wrestling\"), and pistol and rifle shooting.\n\nIn March 1959, the Field House hosted the [NCAA](/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\") tournament known today as the [Frozen Four](/wiki/Frozen_Four \"Frozen Four\"). [North Dakota](/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota \"University of North Dakota\") won its first of several NCAA championships, defeating [Michigan State](/wiki/Michigan_State_University \"Michigan State University\"), [Boston College](/wiki/Boston_College \"Boston College\"), and [St. Lawrence](/wiki/St._Lawrence_University \"St. Lawrence University\"). Three of the tournament's four games went into overtime.\n\nThroughout the 1950s and 1960s, the RPI Field House was often referred to as \"The [Madison Square Garden](/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden \"Madison Square Garden\") of Upstate [New York](/wiki/New_York_%28state%29 \"New York (state)\")\". In its first two decades, it played host to more than 300 theatrical and musical events, countless hockey games, and several commencement ceremonies.\n\n",
"Hockey line\n-----------\n\nAs the popularity of hockey grew, tickets became hot items among students. Owing to its origins as a military warehouse, most views were obstructed at least some angle between the rink and the seats due to large support columns that held up the Field House's roof. This led to the birth of what is known simply as \"hockey line.\" Groups of people – usually members of various [fraternities and sororities](/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities \"Fraternities and sororities\") – take a place outside of the RPI [Student Union](/wiki/Student_Union \"Student Union\") building. Traditionally, the line began sometime during late July or early August prior to the beginning of Fall classes and continued until tickets went on sale in mid\\-September. People in line are allowed to buy up to eight tickets and can have people hold their place in line while they eat or go to class. Students set up beds, couches, television sets, and, more recently, computers and video games to pass the time as someone occupies each place in line on a 24\\-hour basis.\n\nFollowing the Engineers' 1985 national championship victory, the [Epsilon Iota](/wiki/Epsilon_Iota \"Epsilon Iota\") chapter of the [Psi Upsilon](/wiki/Psi_Upsilon \"Psi Upsilon\") fraternity set a hockey line record by beginning the line on the very next day – March 31, 1985 – and continuing the line through the summer until tickets went on sale on September 25, 1985 — besting the previous record of 33 days with 178 days.\n\n",
"Renovation and rejuvenation\n---------------------------\n\nIn 1978, a new tradition started that continues today – the annual Big Red Freakout! event. This event fills the Field House with thousands of screaming fans, and there is a giveaway each year.\n\nAt the 1978 Commencement ceremonies, it was announced that the RPI Field House would be renamed Houston Field House in honor of former president [Livingston W. Houston](/wiki/Livingston_W._Houston \"Livingston W. Houston\"), who had died the previous winter. Houston had been RPI's 11th president from 1943 to 1958, and was president when the Field House was built.\n\n1983 brought several changes to the Field House. The Institute spent $2\\.5 million to renovate the building during the summer, including a support renovation which allowed the removal of all but four of the columns. Some think the view obstruction caused by the original columns gave rise to \"hockey line\" and that column removal led to the demise of \"hockey line\", but popularity of hockey was at least as large a factor. Indeed, \"hockey line\" reached its peak several years after the 1983 renovations. New scoreboards were installed, and the ice surface was lengthened to a full NHL size. In 1984, the NCAA tournament returned to Houston Field House for the first time since 1959 as the Engineers took on North Dakota. The Fighting Sioux, coming in as heavy underdogs, upset the homestanding Engineers on consecutive nights, ending the Engineers national title hopes. The next season, the Field House would host its final two NCAA tournament games as RPI dispatched [Lake Superior State](/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_University \"Lake Superior State University\") on their way to their second NCAA championship. Today's NCAA tournament games all take place at neutral ice sites with a minimum capacity higher than that of the Field House.\n\nDuring the mid\\-1980s, Houston Field House was part of a vibrant [boxing](/wiki/Boxing \"Boxing\") scene in the Capital District. [Mike Tyson](/wiki/Mike_Tyson \"Mike Tyson\") fought twice at the venue in 1986, but Tyson's rise to the [heavyweight championship](/wiki/List_of_heavyweight_boxing_champions \"List of heavyweight boxing champions\") at the end of the year helped lead to a decline, and boxing has not been featured at Houston Field House in recent years.\n\nThe 1987 Big Red Freakout! event featured plastic [horns](/wiki/Vuvuzela \"Vuvuzela\") as the giveaway. These horns made Houston Field House reverberate with noise – so much noise, in fact, that the evening's opponent, Brown, filed a complaint with the NCAA. In turn, this led to the creation of what is today known as \"the RPI rule\" nationwide, which prohibits fans from bringing artificial noisemakers into NCAA events.\n\nIn 1990, the [New York Islanders](/wiki/New_York_Islanders \"New York Islanders\") of the NHL moved their primary minor\\-league team to Houston Field House, naming them the Capital District Islanders. \"CDI\" played in the [American Hockey League](/wiki/American_Hockey_League \"American Hockey League\") from 1990 to 1993\\. In 1993, the Capital District Islanders were sold to Albert Lawerence and moved across the river the play at the Knick/Pepsi/Times Union Center as the Albany River Rats. The team affiliated with the New Jersey Devils.\n\nThe RPI women's hockey team, a club team beginning in 1976, hosted the AWCHA national women's club championship at Houston Field House in 1994, winning the national championship, and in 1995, when they finished in 3rd. The team became a varsity program later that year, and joined their male counterparts in NCAA's Division I in 2005\\.\n\nDuring the 1998–1999 hockey season, a new four\\-sided scoreboard was added to the center of the Field House, replacing the scoreboards on the eastern and western walls.\n\n",
"Today\n-----\n\nToday, the Houston Field House seats 4,780 for hockey games, and remains the largest capacity in the [ECAC Hockey League](/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_League \"ECAC Hockey League\") despite a decrease from its capacity of 5,217 in 2008\\. Its modern function is primarily as a home for the RPI men's and women's hockey teams to compete and practice, though several skating clubs also call the Field House home.\n\nBefore the opening of the Times Union Center in Albany, the Houston Field House was the Capital District's main venue for concerts. Recent guests have included [The Offspring](/wiki/The_Offspring \"The Offspring\"), [Red Hot Chili Peppers](/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers \"Red Hot Chili Peppers\"), [Marilyn Manson](/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_%28band%29 \"Marilyn Manson (band)\"), [Sting](/wiki/Sting_%28musician%29 \"Sting (musician)\"), [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"), [John Mayer](/wiki/John_Mayer_%28musician%29 \"John Mayer (musician)\"), [moe.](/wiki/Moe. \"Moe.\"), [Counting Crows](/wiki/Counting_Crows \"Counting Crows\"), [Matchbox Twenty](/wiki/Matchbox_Twenty \"Matchbox Twenty\"), [Guster](/wiki/Guster \"Guster\") \\& [O.A.R.](/wiki/Of_A_Revolution \"Of A Revolution\"), among others.\n\nSince the Field House's opening, the Institute has opened several other venues for athletic teams to play in, and today is used only by the hockey teams among the 21 other varsity sports offered at RPI. This decrease in activity allowed the Institute's intramural hockey program to utilize the Field House. Also, with the increase in enrollment, the Field House now no longer serves as the primary location for Commencement ceremonies. Today, the ceremonies are held at next\\-door East Campus Stadium. Houston Field House is considered the emergency venue, last holding ceremonies on May 25, 2013 when low temperatures and rain forced the ceremony indoors. Ironically, what may have initially prompted moving commencement out of the Field House was its lack of [air conditioning](/wiki/Air_conditioning \"Air conditioning\"), as the May, 1989 commencement was shortened because of the near\\-90° heat and stifling temperatures inside the arena.\n\nToday's \"hockey line\" is a shadow of what it was during its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. With the number of obstructed view seats now at a minimum, it is no longer necessary to stay on line for weeks to ensure good seats, and the men's hockey team is currently not as successful as it once was. When the Student Union itself was renovated in the late 1990s, the hockey line all but died completely. Today, the [Delta Phi](/wiki/Delta_Phi \"Delta Phi\") fraternity tends to start the line every year in early September, and most other fraternities and many dormatories join the line a day or two before tickets go on sale. When it was a more major local concert venue in the 1970s and 1980s, one would frequently see lines for those tickets as well. In a usual occurrence in 1985, tickets for a joint [Night Ranger](/wiki/Night_Ranger \"Night Ranger\")/[Jefferson Starship](/wiki/Jefferson_Starship \"Jefferson Starship\") concert were to go on sale the morning after a [Howard Jones](/wiki/Howard_Jones_%28British_musician%29 \"Howard Jones (British musician)\") concert commenced, so many people attending the concert went on line right after to wait for the ticket booth to open. As Howard Jones left his concert, he noticed the fans waiting outside in the 35° cold and asked what was going on. To show support he offered to sign autographs for everyone on the line.\n\nNotable features in the Field House today include the Rensselaer Alumni Association display at the entrance to the arena, which features RPI hockey players who have been named [All\\-Americans](/wiki/All-America \"All-America\") and those who have played in the NHL. On the eastern side of the Field House is a stage, upon which \"[America's Pep Band](/wiki/RPI_Pep_Band \"RPI Pep Band\")\" plays during hockey games. On the western wall of the Field House, centered by the seal of the Institute, are six banners honoring the men's team's NCAA championships in 1954 and 1985, their ECAC championships in 1984, 1985 and 1995 and a banner honoring the women's club team's AWCHA national championship of 1994\\.\n\nOn November 5, 2004, RPI began its \"Ring of Honor\" at Houston Field House by unveiling a banner honoring [Adam Oates](/wiki/Adam_Oates \"Adam Oates\") and his number 12\\. Oates' banner was joined on November 12, 2005 by one recognizing number 9, [Joé Juneau](/wiki/Jo%C3%A9_Juneau \"Joé Juneau\"). Legendary coach [Ned Harkness](/wiki/Ned_Harkness \"Ned Harkness\") and 1954 standout [Frank Chiarelli](/wiki/Frank_Chiarelli \"Frank Chiarelli\") have since been added to the Ring as well.\n\nAs part of a major campus improvement project to build the East Campus Athletic Village, the Houston Field House underwent several renovations starting in 2007\\. These included the renovations of the locker rooms, addition of a new weight room, and a new special reception room dedicated to Ned Harkness. Additionally, as part of the renovations, solar panels were added installed on the roof to supply power to the building through a government grant.\n\nThe [indie pop](/wiki/Indie_pop \"Indie pop\") duo [Matt \\& Kim](/wiki/Matt_%26_Kim \"Matt & Kim\") recorded a [Harlem Shake](/wiki/Harlem_Shake_%28meme%29 \"Harlem Shake (meme)\") video during a concert at the Houston Field House on February 11, 2013\\.Archived at [Ghostarchive](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/DABphlXEyW8) and the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20130212191539/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DABphlXEyW8): \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Houston Field House website](https://rpiathletics.com/sports/2010/5/20/GEN_0520104208.aspx?id=2762)\n* [RinkAtlas listing for Houston Field House](https://rinkatlas.com/rinks/6)\n* [RPI Men's Hockey](http://www.rpiathletics.com/index.aspx?path=hockey)\n* [RPI Women's Hockey](http://www.rpiathletics.com/index.aspx?path=whock)\n\n[Category:College ice hockey venues in the United States](/wiki/Category:College_ice_hockey_venues_in_the_United_States \"College ice hockey venues in the United States\")\n[Category:Ice hockey venues in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Ice_hockey_venues_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Ice hockey venues in New York (state)\")\n[Category:RPI Engineers ice hockey](/wiki/Category:RPI_Engineers_ice_hockey \"RPI Engineers ice hockey\")\n[Category:Sports venues in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Sports venues in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Troy, New York](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Troy%2C_New_York \"Buildings and structures in Troy, New York\")\n[Category:Sports venues in Rensselaer County, New York](/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_Rensselaer_County%2C_New_York \"Sports venues in Rensselaer County, New York\")\n[Category:1949 establishments in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:1949_establishments_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"1949 establishments in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Sports venues completed in 1949](/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_completed_in_1949 \"Sports venues completed in 1949\")\n\n"
]
}
|
BNY Mellon Center (Philadelphia)
|
{
"id": [
33501121
],
"name": [
"Keystone18"
]
}
|
rolgenfr5g6oi8a49frwx3kcafpmyql
|
2024-02-27T01:45:44Z
| 1,195,021,386 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Tenants",
"In popular culture",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**BNY Mellon Center** is a 54\\-[story](/wiki/Storey \"Storey\") office [skyscraper](/wiki/Skyscraper \"Skyscraper\") located in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), [Pennsylvania](/wiki/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). The height to its structural top is 792 ft (241 m). Construction was completed in 1990\\. The building was formerly called **Mellon Bank Center** until 2009, when it was renamed as part of a branding initiative for the newly formed [Bank of New York Mellon](/wiki/Bank_of_New_York_Mellon \"Bank of New York Mellon\"). In early 2019, the building was sold for $451\\.6 million to [Silverstein Properties](/wiki/Silverstein_Properties \"Silverstein Properties\"), a record for a Philadelphia property.\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nThe building was designed by the architectural firm of [Kohn Pedersen Fox](/wiki/Kohn_Pedersen_Fox \"Kohn Pedersen Fox\") and is owned by HRPT Properties Trust. The building stands on the former site of the city's [Greyhound](/wiki/Greyhound_Lines \"Greyhound Lines\") bus terminal. The address of the building is 1735 [Market Street](/wiki/Market_Street_%28Philadelphia%29 \"Market Street (Philadelphia)\") (between Market Street and John F. Kennedy Boulevard, just east of 18th Street.\n\nBNY Mellon Center is part of a complex of office buildings known as [Penn Center](/wiki/Penn_Center%2C_Philadelphia \"Penn Center, Philadelphia\") and as such is alternately known as **Nine Penn Center**. A shopping concourse underneath the building connects to an adjacent winter garden and [Suburban Station](/wiki/Suburban_Station \"Suburban Station\"). BNY Mellon Center is currently the [161st tallest building in the world](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world \"List of tallest buildings in the world\") and the fifth tallest building in Philadelphia.\n\nA private club called the Pyramid Club occupies the 52nd floor of the building.\n\n",
"Tenants\n-------\n\nTenants have included the [headquarters](/wiki/Headquarters \"Headquarters\") of [Sunoco](/wiki/Sunoco \"Sunoco\") and [FMC Corporation](/wiki/FMC_Corporation \"FMC Corporation\").\"[Sunoco will move out of Philadelphia to new headquarters in Pa. suburbs](https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2013/12/17/sunoco-will-move-corporate-headquarters-out-of-philadelphia-to-pa-suburbs/)\"[\"FMC Locations\"](http://www.fmc.com/AboutFMC/FMCLocations/tabid/732/Default.aspx) , FMC Corp. It also houses offices of [Raymond James](/wiki/Raymond_James \"Raymond James\"), [Citizens Bank](/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group \"Citizens Financial Group\"), [Aberdeen Asset Management](/wiki/Aberdeen_Asset_Management \"Aberdeen Asset Management\"), [Aon Corporation](/wiki/Aon_Corporation \"Aon Corporation\"), [The Boston Consulting Group](/wiki/The_Boston_Consulting_Group \"The Boston Consulting Group\"), [UBS](/wiki/UBS \"UBS\"), CrowdConnect Group, the PFM Group, [Goldman Sachs](/wiki/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\"), [e\\-commerce](/wiki/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") company iDealster, and the law firm [Ballard Spahr](/wiki/Ballard_Spahr \"Ballard Spahr\").\n\n",
"In popular culture\n------------------\n\nThe lobby of this building made an appearance in the [1993](/wiki/1993_in_film \"1993 in film\") film *[Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia_%28film%29 \"Philadelphia (film)\")*, starring [Tom Hanks](/wiki/Tom_Hanks \"Tom Hanks\") and [Denzel Washington](/wiki/Denzel_Washington \"Denzel Washington\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of skyscrapers](/wiki/List_of_skyscrapers \"List of skyscrapers\")\n* [List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia \"List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia\")\n* [List of tallest buildings in the world](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world \"List of tallest buildings in the world\")\n* [List of tallest buildings in the United States](/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States \"List of tallest buildings in the United States\")\n* [List of masts](/wiki/List_of_masts \"List of masts\")\n* [List of towers](/wiki/List_of_towers \"List of towers\")\n* [BNY Mellon Center (Pittsburgh)](/wiki/BNY_Mellon_Center_%28Pittsburgh%29 \"BNY Mellon Center (Pittsburgh)\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1990 establishments in Pennsylvania](/wiki/Category:1990_establishments_in_Pennsylvania \"1990 establishments in Pennsylvania\")\n[Category:Bank company headquarters in the United States](/wiki/Category:Bank_company_headquarters_in_the_United_States \"Bank company headquarters in the United States\")\n[Category:Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings](/wiki/Category:Kohn_Pedersen_Fox_buildings \"Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings\")\n[Category:Market Street (Philadelphia)](/wiki/Category:Market_Street_%28Philadelphia%29 \"Market Street (Philadelphia)\")\n[Category:Office buildings completed in 1990](/wiki/Category:Office_buildings_completed_in_1990 \"Office buildings completed in 1990\")\n[Category:Penn Center, Philadelphia](/wiki/Category:Penn_Center%2C_Philadelphia \"Penn Center, Philadelphia\")\n[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Philadelphia](/wiki/Category:Skyscraper_office_buildings_in_Philadelphia \"Skyscraper office buildings in Philadelphia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Harney & Sons
|
{
"id": [
27823944
],
"name": [
"GreenC bot"
]
}
|
tjgvmx33fny12cg2ajccosttt3m8jhz
|
2023-08-24T04:02:02Z
| 1,102,006,119 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|right\\|A [metal tea box](/wiki/Tea_caddy \"Tea caddy\") of Harney \\& Sons's [English Breakfast Tea](/wiki/English_Breakfast_Tea \"English Breakfast Tea\")](/wiki/Image:Harney_and_Sons_English_Breakfast_Tea.jpg \"Harney and Sons English Breakfast Tea.jpg\")[thumb\\|right\\|Harney \\& Son [Darjeeling](/wiki/Darjeeling \"Darjeeling\") Tea Bag](/wiki/File:Harney_%26_Son_Darjeeling_Tea_Bag.jpg \"Harney & Son Darjeeling Tea Bag.jpg\")\n**Harney \\& Sons** is an American [tea company](/wiki/List_of_tea_companies \"List of tea companies\") founded in 1983 in [Salisbury, Connecticut](/wiki/Salisbury%2C_Connecticut \"Salisbury, Connecticut\"), and now located in [Millerton, New York](/wiki/Millerton%2C_New_York \"Millerton, New York\"). It specializes in high\\-quality [loose teas](/wiki/Loose_tea \"Loose tea\") and [herbal teas](/wiki/Herbal_tea \"Herbal tea\"), and offers several products that are [organic](/wiki/Organic_certification \"Organic certification\") and certified [kosher](/wiki/Kashrut \"Kashrut\"). In addition to loose teas, the company offers selected blends packaged in [tetrahedral](/wiki/Tetrahedron \"Tetrahedron\") \"silken [sachet](/wiki/Sachet \"Sachet\")\" [tea bags](/wiki/Tea_bag \"Tea bag\"), and other teas in standard tea bags.\n\nHarney \\& Sons distributes to [restaurants](/wiki/Restaurant \"Restaurant\"), [hotels](/wiki/Hotel \"Hotel\"), and specialty shops. Institutions that serve its teas include [Barnes \\& Noble](/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble \"Barnes & Noble\") cafés, [Four Seasons Hotels](/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotels \"Four Seasons Hotels\"), and the Hotel Affinia in Chicago. A Harney \\& Sons tasting room and tea shop is located in Millerton, where the company has a factory. On November 16, 2010, the company opened a tasting room in [Soho](/wiki/SoHo%2C_Manhattan \"SoHo, Manhattan\"), New York City. *The Harney and Sons Guide to Tea*, co\\-authored by Michael Harney (son of company founder John Harney), was nominated for a [James Beard Foundation](/wiki/James_Beard_Foundation \"James Beard Foundation\") book award in 2009\\.\n\nThe company reports about $30 million in annual sales and employs 150 people. It imports about a million pounds of tea each year, which it sells in the United States and abroad in a wide variety of styles and packages at prices ranging from $2 to $500 a pound.\n\nThe founder, John Harney, died on June 17, 2014, in his home in Salisbury, Connecticut, from a heart attack at the age of 83\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official Site](http://www.harney.com/)\n* [Edward Linsley, F\\&B director, Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia discusses Harney and Sons Tea](https://web.archive.org/web/20170223045413/http://www.hotelfandb.com/reader-picks/06january-harney-teas-fine-hotel-teas.asp)\n* [An Interview with Emeric Harney of Harney \\& Sons Fine Teas](http://www.artisansofleisuretraveler.com/blog/2013/04/an-interview-with-emeric-harney-of-harney-sons-fine-teas/)\n* [Kelle Marlow's podcast Interview](https://www.spark-conversations.com/episode-34-cbd-brent-bauer-harney)\n\n[Category:Tea brands in the United States](/wiki/Category:Tea_brands_in_the_United_States \"Tea brands in the United States\")\n[Category:Companies based in Dutchess County, New York](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Dutchess_County%2C_New_York \"Companies based in Dutchess County, New York\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Alagoa
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"76.20.25.243"
]
}
|
bhy6i7yis48t69awiq4ky2wn8ghix61
|
2014-05-02T18:42:22Z
| 603,377,247 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Alagoa",
"Places"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Alagoa** may refer to:\n\n",
"Places\n------\n\n**Brazil**:\n* [Alagoas](/wiki/Alagoas \"Alagoas\"), a northeastern [state](/wiki/States_of_Brazil \"States of Brazil\")\n* [Alagoa, Minas Gerais](/wiki/Alagoa%2C_Minas_Gerais \"Alagoa, Minas Gerais\")\n* [Alagoa Grande](/wiki/Alagoa_Grande \"Alagoa Grande\"), Paraíba\n* [Alagoa Nova](/wiki/Alagoa_Nova \"Alagoa Nova\"), Paraíba\n* [Conceição das Alagoas](/wiki/Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Alagoas \"Conceição das Alagoas\"), Minas Gerais\n* [Estrela de Alagoas](/wiki/Estrela_de_Alagoas \"Estrela de Alagoas\"), Alagoas\n\n**Portugal**:\n* [Alagoa, Portalegre](/wiki/Alagoa%2C_Portalegre \"Alagoa, Portalegre\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Franchi (firearms)
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
73gukxkr26ej3imevciwt9hencqlz1z
|
2024-09-18T20:49:33Z
| 1,240,488,925 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Firearms",
"Submachine guns",
"Rifles",
"Shotguns",
"Revolvers",
"See also",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Luigi Franchi [S.p.A.](/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_Azioni \"Società per Azioni\")** () is an Italian manufacturer of [firearms](/wiki/Firearm \"Firearm\"), a division of [Beretta Holding](/wiki/Beretta_Holding \"Beretta Holding\").\n\nFranchi products include the military [SPAS\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-12 \"Franchi SPAS-12\") and [SPAS\\-15](/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-15 \"Franchi SPAS-15\") and the sporting\\-type long\\-recoil action [AL\\-48](/wiki/Franchi_AL-48 \"Franchi AL-48\"). Franchi manufactures over and under, and semi\\-automatic [shotguns](/wiki/Shotguns \"Shotguns\").\n\nFranchi remained a family business since its founding until 1987, when it was acquired by the industrial conglomerate [Socimi](/wiki/Socimi \"Socimi\"), based in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\"); with the bankruptcy of Socimi in 1993, Franchi was acquired by [Beretta](/wiki/Beretta \"Beretta\") Holding.\n\n[thumb\\|245px\\|Franchi Renaissance Classic O/U 20Ga](/wiki/File:Franchi-Renaissance-20.jpg \"Franchi-Renaissance-20.jpg\")\n\n",
"Firearms\n--------\n\n### Submachine guns\n\n* [Franchi LF\\-57](/wiki/Franchi_LF-57 \"Franchi LF-57\")\n\n### Rifles\n\n* Franchi [LF\\-58](/wiki/LF-58 \"LF-58\") \\- .30 Carbine assault rifle.\n* Franchi LF\\-59 \\- 7\\.62×51mm NATO battle rifle.\n* Franchi mod. 641 \\- 5\\.56×45mm NATO assault rifle\n* Franchi 'Centennial' \\- .22LR rifle. Made in 1968 only to commemorate their 100\\-year anniversary.\n* Franchi Para \\- .22LR Rifle \\- 8000 made, 3000 of which imported to the US by FIE\n\n### Shotguns\n\n[thumb\\|245px\\|SPAS\\-12 with a fixed stock, a scope, \\& a shot diverter](/wiki/File:Franchi_SPAS-12_Shotgun.JPG \"Franchi SPAS-12 Shotgun.JPG\")\n* [SPAS\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-12 \"Franchi SPAS-12\")\n* [SPAS\\-15](/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-15 \"Franchi SPAS-15\")\n* [AL\\-48500](/wiki/Franchi_AL-48 \"Franchi AL-48\")\n* [PA3](/wiki/Franchi_PA3 \"Franchi PA3\")\n* [PA8](/wiki/Franchi_PA8 \"Franchi PA8\")\n* [Franchi 912](/wiki/Franchi_912 \"Franchi 912\")\n* [Franchi 612](/wiki/Franchi_612 \"Franchi 612\")\n* [Franchi 620](/wiki/Franchi_620 \"Franchi 620\")\n* [Franchi 720](/wiki/Franchi_720 \"Franchi 720\")\n* [Franchi Intensity](/wiki/Franchi_Intensity \"Franchi Intensity\")\n* [Franchi Instinct L and SL](/wiki/Franchi_Instinct_L_and_SL \"Franchi Instinct L and SL\")\n* [Franchi Renaissance Classic and Elite](/wiki/Franchi_Renaissance \"Franchi Renaissance\")\n* [Franchi Affinity](/wiki/Franchi_Affinity \"Franchi Affinity\")\n* [Franchi Alcione](/wiki/Franchi_Alcione \"Franchi Alcione\")\n* [Franchi LAW\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_LAW-12 \"Franchi LAW-12\")\n* [Franchi SAS\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_SAS-12 \"Franchi SAS-12\")\n* [Franchi 500](/wiki/Franchi_500 \"Franchi 500\")\n* [Franchi Momentum](/wiki/Franchi_Momentum \"Franchi Momentum\")\n* [Franchi Horizon](/wiki/Franchi_Horizon \"Franchi Horizon\")\n\n### Revolvers\n\n* RF 83 \\- Inexpensive service revolver chambered in .38 Special\n",
"### Submachine guns\n\n* [Franchi LF\\-57](/wiki/Franchi_LF-57 \"Franchi LF-57\")\n",
"### Rifles\n\n* Franchi [LF\\-58](/wiki/LF-58 \"LF-58\") \\- .30 Carbine assault rifle.\n* Franchi LF\\-59 \\- 7\\.62×51mm NATO battle rifle.\n* Franchi mod. 641 \\- 5\\.56×45mm NATO assault rifle\n* Franchi 'Centennial' \\- .22LR rifle. Made in 1968 only to commemorate their 100\\-year anniversary.\n* Franchi Para \\- .22LR Rifle \\- 8000 made, 3000 of which imported to the US by FIE\n",
"### Shotguns\n\n[thumb\\|245px\\|SPAS\\-12 with a fixed stock, a scope, \\& a shot diverter](/wiki/File:Franchi_SPAS-12_Shotgun.JPG \"Franchi SPAS-12 Shotgun.JPG\")\n* [SPAS\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-12 \"Franchi SPAS-12\")\n* [SPAS\\-15](/wiki/Franchi_SPAS-15 \"Franchi SPAS-15\")\n* [AL\\-48500](/wiki/Franchi_AL-48 \"Franchi AL-48\")\n* [PA3](/wiki/Franchi_PA3 \"Franchi PA3\")\n* [PA8](/wiki/Franchi_PA8 \"Franchi PA8\")\n* [Franchi 912](/wiki/Franchi_912 \"Franchi 912\")\n* [Franchi 612](/wiki/Franchi_612 \"Franchi 612\")\n* [Franchi 620](/wiki/Franchi_620 \"Franchi 620\")\n* [Franchi 720](/wiki/Franchi_720 \"Franchi 720\")\n* [Franchi Intensity](/wiki/Franchi_Intensity \"Franchi Intensity\")\n* [Franchi Instinct L and SL](/wiki/Franchi_Instinct_L_and_SL \"Franchi Instinct L and SL\")\n* [Franchi Renaissance Classic and Elite](/wiki/Franchi_Renaissance \"Franchi Renaissance\")\n* [Franchi Affinity](/wiki/Franchi_Affinity \"Franchi Affinity\")\n* [Franchi Alcione](/wiki/Franchi_Alcione \"Franchi Alcione\")\n* [Franchi LAW\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_LAW-12 \"Franchi LAW-12\")\n* [Franchi SAS\\-12](/wiki/Franchi_SAS-12 \"Franchi SAS-12\")\n* [Franchi 500](/wiki/Franchi_500 \"Franchi 500\")\n* [Franchi Momentum](/wiki/Franchi_Momentum \"Franchi Momentum\")\n* [Franchi Horizon](/wiki/Franchi_Horizon \"Franchi Horizon\")\n\n",
"### Revolvers\n\n* RF 83 \\- Inexpensive service revolver chambered in .38 Special\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Italian companies](/wiki/List_of_Italian_companies \"List of Italian companies\")\n* [List of Italian submachine guns](/wiki/List_of_Italian_submachine_guns \"List of Italian submachine guns\")\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* <http://www.franchi.com/>\n* <http://www.franchiusa.com/>\n\n[Category:Firearm manufacturers of Italy](/wiki/Category:Firearm_manufacturers_of_Italy \"Firearm manufacturers of Italy\")\n[Category:Defence companies of Italy](/wiki/Category:Defence_companies_of_Italy \"Defence companies of Italy\")\n[Category:Beretta Holding](/wiki/Category:Beretta_Holding \"Beretta Holding\")\n[Category:Italian brands](/wiki/Category:Italian_brands \"Italian brands\")\n[Category:Companies based in Marche](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Marche \"Companies based in Marche\")\n[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1868](/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1868 \"Manufacturing companies established in 1868\")\n[Category:Italian companies established in 1868](/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1868 \"Italian companies established in 1868\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
ixpy5md3gcbeix0lc2aoj8p52yfowoz
|
2024-05-01T22:11:09Z
| 1,217,437,597 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Works",
"See also",
"Bibliography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski** (30 December 1888, [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") – 22 August 1974, Kraków) was a Polish politician and economist, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, government minister and manager of the Second Polish Republic.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\n \nHe studied at the prestigious [Jesuit college in Chyrów](/wiki/Jesuit_College_in_Khyriv \"Jesuit College in Khyriv\"), and then graduated chemistry at the [University of Lwów](/wiki/Lviv_University \"Lviv University\") and [Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich](/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich \"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich\").\n\nAfter [Józef Piłsudski](/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski \"Józef Piłsudski\")'s [May coup d'état](/wiki/May_Coup_%28Poland%29 \"May Coup (Poland)\") of 1926 in the [Second Polish Republic](/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic \"Second Polish Republic\"), he was recommended by president [Ignacy Mościcki](/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki \"Ignacy Mościcki\") for the post Minister of Industry and Trade in the government of [Kazimierz Bartel](/wiki/Kazimierz_Bartel \"Kazimierz Bartel\"). Kwiatkowski was a minister in eight successive governments (1926–30\\) and Deputy Prime Minister of Poland and [Minister of Finance of Poland](/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_of_Poland \"Minister of Finance of Poland\") in two governments (1935–39\\).\n\nAmong the most famous achievements of Kwiatkowski are the giant construction projects: the construction of [Gdynia](/wiki/Gdynia \"Gdynia\") seaport, the development of the Polish Merchant Navy and sea trade, and the creation of [Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy](/wiki/Centralny_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy \"Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy\") (*The Central Industrial Region*).\n\nAfter the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") joined [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") in the [invasion of Poland](/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_%281939%29 \"Invasion of Poland (1939)\") in 1939, he evacuated Poland with the rest of the Government on 17 September. He was interned in [Romania](/wiki/Romania \"Romania\") until 1945\\. He returned to Poland and supervised the projects of reconstruction of the Polish seacoast, and in the years 1947–1952, he was a deputy to the Polish parliament ([Sejm](/wiki/Sejm \"Sejm\")).\n\nWith the strengthening of the [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") and [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") grip on the Polish government, which he opposed, he fell out of favour of the communist government of the [Polish People's Republic](/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic \"Polish People's Republic\") and was forced to retire in 1948\\. From 1952 onward, he concentrated on studies of [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\"), and [history](/wiki/History \"History\").\n\nHe died in [Kraków](/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w \"Kraków\") on 22 August 1974\\.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* *Zagadnienie przemysłu chemicznego na tle wielkiej wojny* (1923\\)\n* *Postęp gospodarczy Polski* (Economic Progress of Poland) (1928\\)\n* *Polska gospodarcza w roku 1928* (Economic Poland in 1928\\) (1928\\)\n* *Powrót Polski nad Bałtyk* (The Return of Poland to Baltic) (1930\\)\n* *Dysproporcje. Rzecz o Polsce przeszłej i obecnej* (1932\\)\n* *\"Rzecz najważniejsza Polska\" \\- Wybór myśli politycznych i społecznych* (1988\\) \\- selection of his papers\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Poles](/wiki/List_of_Poles%23Economics \"List of Poles#Economics\")\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n* Janusz Zaręba, *Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski \\- romantyczny pragmatyk*, Centrum Edukacji i Rozwoju Biznesu. Instytut Naukowo\\-Wydawniczy, Warszawa, 1998 ()\n* *Archiwum polityczne Eugeniusza Kwiatkowskiego*, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa, 2002 ()\n* Marian Marek Drozdowski, *Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski*, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich \\- Wydawnictwo, Wrocław, 2001 ()\n* Marian Marek Drozdowski, *Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski w polskiej historiografii i publicystyce historyczno\\-ekonomicznej*, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa, 1992 ()\n* Marian Marek Drozdowski, *Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski : człowiek i dzieło*, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków, 1989 ()\n* Marian Marek Drozdowski, Piotr Dwojacki, *Archiwum Morskie Eugeniusza Kwiatkowskiego*, E. Kwiatkowski University of Business and Administration, Gdynia, 2009 ()\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1888 births](/wiki/Category:1888_births \"1888 births\")\n[Category:1974 deaths](/wiki/Category:1974_deaths \"1974 deaths\")\n[Category:Politicians from Kraków](/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Krak%C3%B3w \"Politicians from Kraków\")\n[Category:People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria](/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria \"People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria\")\n[Category:Sanacja politicians](/wiki/Category:Sanacja_politicians \"Sanacja politicians\")\n[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Poland](/wiki/Category:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Poland \"Deputy prime ministers of Poland\")\n[Category:Ministers of finance of Poland](/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_finance_of_Poland \"Ministers of finance of Poland\")\n[Category:Government ministers of Poland](/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Poland \"Government ministers of Poland\")\n[Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1947–1952](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Polish_Sejm_1947%E2%80%931952 \"Members of the Polish Sejm 1947–1952\")\n[Category:Polish Rifle Squads members](/wiki/Category:Polish_Rifle_Squads_members \"Polish Rifle Squads members\")\n[Category:Polish Military Organisation members](/wiki/Category:Polish_Military_Organisation_members \"Polish Military Organisation members\")\n[Category:Association of the Polish Youth \"Zet\" members](/wiki/Category:Association_of_the_Polish_Youth_%22Zet%22_members \"Association of the Polish Youth \")\n[Category:Polish legionnaires (World War I)](/wiki/Category:Polish_legionnaires_%28World_War_I%29 \"Polish legionnaires (World War I)\")\n[Category:Polish Austro\\-Hungarians](/wiki/Category:Polish_Austro-Hungarians \"Polish Austro-Hungarians\")\n[Category:Polish economists](/wiki/Category:Polish_economists \"Polish economists\")\n[Category:Lviv Polytechnic alumni](/wiki/Category:Lviv_Polytechnic_alumni \"Lviv Polytechnic alumni\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Warsaw_University_of_Technology \"Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology\")\n[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta\")\n[Category:Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Category:Commanders_with_Star_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta\")\n[Category:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta](/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta \"Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta\")\n[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour](/wiki/Category:Grand_Officers_of_the_Legion_of_Honour \"Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour\")\n[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania](/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania \"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania\")\n[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava](/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_St._Sava \"Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava\")\n[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star](/wiki/Category:Commanders_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Polar_Star \"Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star\")\n[Category:Order of Saint Olav](/wiki/Category:Order_of_Saint_Olav \"Order of Saint Olav\")\n[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion](/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Lion \"Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion\")\n[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)](/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_%28Greece%29 \"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)\")\n[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)](/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Crown_%28Belgium%29 \"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)\")\n[Category:Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Rakowicki_Cemetery \"Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_%28Poland%29 \"Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)\")\n[Category:People associated with Chyrów](/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Chyr%C3%B3w \"People associated with Chyrów\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Doug Christie (disambiguation)
|
{
"id": [
6127189
],
"name": [
"Boleyn"
]
}
|
43nm179s85ir7yw8iovznqdghyviwed
|
2024-02-15T13:05:13Z
| 1,186,949,539 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n**Doug Christie** may refer to:\n\n* [Doug Christie](/wiki/Doug_Christie \"Doug Christie\") (born 1970\\), American basketball player\n* [Doug Christie (lawyer)](/wiki/Doug_Christie_%28lawyer%29 \"Doug Christie (lawyer)\") (1946–2013\\), Canadian lawyer and activist\n\n"
]
}
|
Free information
|
{
"id": [
14383484
],
"name": [
"Wbm1058"
]
}
|
dowxo1wxrz16vcvfkcja9ilbrllembj
|
2022-07-21T20:12:52Z
| 1,099,563,720 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Free information"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Free information** may refer to:\n* the tenet that \"[Information wants to be free](/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free \"Information wants to be free\")\"\n\t+ [Free content](/wiki/Free_content \"Free content\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Tennessee Department of Transportation
|
{
"id": [
38604124
],
"name": [
"Vanished user 7782930114"
]
}
|
az8566k2ecaxmxy8j5t8bjsvcvig3le
|
2023-07-20T00:03:41Z
| 1,164,139,401 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Major responsibilities",
"History",
"Organization",
"Bureau of Administration",
"Bureau of Environment and Planning",
"Bureau of Engineering",
"Transportation system",
"Highway system",
"Airport system",
"Rail system",
"Transit system",
"Waterways",
"Bicycle and pedestrian system",
"Funding",
"Leadership history",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * \n\nThe **Tennessee Department of Transportation** (**TDOT**) is the [department of transportation](/wiki/Department_of_transportation \"Department of transportation\") for the [State of Tennessee](/wiki/State_of_Tennessee \"State of Tennessee\"), with multimodal responsibilities in [roadways](/wiki/Roadways \"Roadways\"), [aviation](/wiki/Aviation \"Aviation\"), [public transit](/wiki/Public_transit \"Public transit\"), [waterways](/wiki/Waterway \"Waterway\"), and [railroads](/wiki/Railroad \"Railroad\"). It was established in 1915 as the **Tennessee Department of Highways and Public Works**, and renamed the Tennessee Department of Transportation in 1972\\. The core agency mission of TDOT is to provide a safe and reliable [transportation system](/wiki/Transportation_system \"Transportation system\") for [people](/wiki/People \"People\"), goods, and services that supports [economic prosperity](/wiki/Economic_prosperity \"Economic prosperity\") in Tennessee. Since 1998, TDOT has been ranked amongst the top five in the nation for quality highway infrastructure. It is primarily headquartered in downtown [Nashville](/wiki/Nashville \"Nashville\") and operates four regional offices in [Chattanooga](/wiki/Chattanooga \"Chattanooga\"), [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Tennessee \"Jackson, Tennessee\"), [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville \"Knoxville\"), and Nashville.\n\n",
"Major responsibilities\n----------------------\n\nThe major duties and responsibilities of TDOT are to:\n* plan, build, and maintain the [state\\-owned highway and Interstate system](/wiki/List_of_state_routes_in_Tennessee \"List of state routes in Tennessee\") of over ;\n* administer funding and provide technical assistance in the planning and construction of state and federal aid road programs for cities and counties;\n* provide incident management on Tennessee's Interstate system through TDOT SmartWay, an intelligent transportation network of cameras and dynamic message signs;\n* staff transportation management centers in the four largest urban cities in Tennessee;\n* provide motorist information;\n* construct and maintain 19 rest area facilities and 17 welcome centers;\n* administer program for control of outdoor advertising adjacent to Interstate and state highways;\n* issue and administer special permits for movement of overweight and over\\-dimensional vehicles;\n* prepare and distribute city, county, and state road maps, aeronautical charts, and airport directories;\n* promote safe driving behaviors on highways;\n* provide management, technical and financial assistance, and supervision to public, private, and nonprofit public transportation agencies in the state\n* administer funding and assistance in location, design, construction, and maintenance of the state's 80 public airports;\n* support improvements in Tennessee's railroads and rail service;\n* inspect over 19,000 bridges, 80 public airports, and all of the state's railroads;\n* maintain state park roads;\n* operate Reelfoot Airpark and ferry operations;\n* respond to initiatives of the Tennessee Aeronautics Commission;\n* provide aerial photography and mapping services to all state agencies;\n* provide aircraft for state executive transportation and economic development recruiting;\n* administer highway beautification programs;\n* provide grants to all Tennessee counties for litter abatement and litter prevention education; and\n* provide cycling trails that connect or go through state parks and natural areas.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\| Map of early federal\\-\\-\"interstate\" highway system in Tennessee, circa 1927](/wiki/File:Tennessee_Map_of_Interstate_Routes_1927.png \"Tennessee Map of Interstate Routes 1927.png\")\nPrior to 1915, the state had no central authority governing construction and maintenance of roads. The governor, legislature, other road associations, and local governments all attempted to serve these tasks, leading to a lack of planning and management. In 1915, a State Highway Commission was created to organize transportation services. The original commission consisted of six volunteer members. As responsibilities of the commission grew, this became inadequate, and in 1919 the commission was replaced with three paid members. By 1922, roads in Tennessee were behind surrounding states. [Governor Austin Peay](/wiki/Austin_Peay \"Austin Peay\") created a new Department of Highways and Public Works and appointed J.G. Creveling, Jr. as the single commissioner. Peavy also implemented a tax of two cents per gallon to fund the new department. The collapse of the banking system in 1930 resulted in significant losses for the state and led to an inability to fund the department. All of its workers had to be released. However, in 1933 the [New Deal](/wiki/New_Deal \"New Deal\") projects gave $11 million of federal money for highway projects. Diversion of federal funds and military enlistment of personnel during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") again crippled the department. Following the war, the construction of the new [Interstate Highway](/wiki/Interstate_Highway \"Interstate Highway\") system brought a massive boom to the department. In 1972, due to its expanding role in all modes of transportation, it was renamed the Tennessee Department of Transportation. In the 1980s, TDOT began the $3\\.3 billion Better Roads Program to clear a backlog of projects and improve aging roads. In 1989, the gas tax was set at 21\\.40 cents per gallon to help fund this project. Through the 1990s and early 2000s, the department began working on ways to improve efficiency and involve communities.\n\n",
"",
"### Bureau of Administration\n\nThis bureau serves the administrative tasks of the department. It is further divided into the following divisions:\n* Division of Central Services\n* Division of Finance\n* Division of [Internal Audit](/wiki/Internal_Audit \"Internal Audit\")\n* Division of [Human Resources](/wiki/Human_Resources \"Human Resources\")\n* Division of Strategic Planning\n* Division of Information Technology\n* Division of Procurement and Contracts\n\n",
"### Bureau of Environment and Planning\n\nThis bureau studies environmental effects and ensures compliance with environmental policy. It also collects and analyses data to develop long range project and safety plans. It contains the following divisions:\n* Environmental Division\n* Long Range Planning Division\n* Freight and Logistics Division\n\n",
"### Bureau of Engineering\n\nThis bureau designs, constructs, and maintains the state's highway system. This Bureau is directed by the Chief Engineer. The majority of the bureau is split into two categories: Design and Operations, with each overseen by an Assistant Chief Engineer.\n\nThe Assistant Chief Engineer of Design oversees the following divisions:\n* Roadway Design Division\n* Right of Way Division\n* Structures Division\n\nThe Assistant Chief Engineer of Operations is responsible for overseeing the four regional offices. They also oversee the following divisions:\n* Traffic Operations Division\n* Materials and Tests Division\n* Construction Division\n* Maintenance Division\n\nAdditionally there are three independent divisions that report directly to the Chief Engineer:\n* Bid Analysis and Estimating Office\n* Program Administration and Development Division\n* Strategic Transportation Investments Division\n\n",
"Transportation system\n---------------------\n\nTDOT reports the following as Tennessee's transportation system:\n\n### Highway system\n\n* Bridges: 19,500, including 8,150 state owned bridges and 11,419 locally owned bridges\n* Interstates: (Centerline Miles)\n* 19 Interstate rest areas\n* 17 Interstate and U.S. Route welcome centers\n* 9 truck [weigh stations](/wiki/Weigh_station \"Weigh station\")\n* State highways, (Centerline Miles)\n* Total highways, (Lane Miles)\n\n### Airport system\n\n* 74 general aviation\n* 5 commercial\n* 142 [heliports](/wiki/Heliports \"Heliports\")\n\n### Rail system\n\n* 18 [shortline railroads](/wiki/Shortline_railroad \"Shortline railroad\") on of rail\n* 6 major rail lines on of rail\n\n### Transit system\n\n* 28 transit systems serving all 95 counties\n\n### Waterways\n\n* of main channel navigable waterways\n* 2 [ferries](/wiki/Ferries \"Ferries\")\n\n### Bicycle and pedestrian system\n\n* of greenways, sidewalks, and trails\n* 9 [bicycle](/wiki/Bicycle \"Bicycle\") trails on including a single across state trail totaling \n* of greenways, sidewalks, and trails\n",
"### Highway system\n\n* Bridges: 19,500, including 8,150 state owned bridges and 11,419 locally owned bridges\n* Interstates: (Centerline Miles)\n* 19 Interstate rest areas\n* 17 Interstate and U.S. Route welcome centers\n* 9 truck [weigh stations](/wiki/Weigh_station \"Weigh station\")\n* State highways, (Centerline Miles)\n* Total highways, (Lane Miles)\n",
"### Airport system\n\n* 74 general aviation\n* 5 commercial\n* 142 [heliports](/wiki/Heliports \"Heliports\")\n",
"### Rail system\n\n* 18 [shortline railroads](/wiki/Shortline_railroad \"Shortline railroad\") on of rail\n* 6 major rail lines on of rail\n",
"### Transit system\n\n* 28 transit systems serving all 95 counties\n",
"### Waterways\n\n* of main channel navigable waterways\n* 2 [ferries](/wiki/Ferries \"Ferries\")\n",
"### Bicycle and pedestrian system\n\n* of greenways, sidewalks, and trails\n* 9 [bicycle](/wiki/Bicycle \"Bicycle\") trails on including a single across state trail totaling \n* of greenways, sidewalks, and trails\n",
"Funding\n-------\n\nFunding for the state transportation system in Tennessee comes from a fund that is separate from the state's general fund which operates most of the other state agencies in Tennessee. Transportation revenues come from both federal transportation monies and from state funding resources. Those state funds come from a combination of dollars collected from gas and diesel tax revenues, titling and registration fees. Tennessee operates on a \"pay as you go\" system by using available revenues resulting in no debt service. Tennessee is one of three states in the nation that does not finance transportation through bonding. Critics of this mechanism claim that it inhibits the ability of the department to sufficiently complete necessary infrastructure improvements.\n\n",
"Leadership history\n------------------\n\nThe leaders of the department and its preceding organizations have been:\n\n| Tennessee Department of Transportation Commissioners |\n| --- |\n| [Thomas Clarke Rye](/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Rye \"Thomas Clarke Rye\"), A.H. Purdue, Charles, E. Ferris, Authur Crownover, Charles W. Williams, William H. Crox, 1915–1919 W.P. Moore, W.W. House, W.T. Testerman, 1919–1923 J.G. Creveling, Jr., 1923–1925 C.N. Bass, 1925–1928 Harry S. Berry, 1928–1929 R. H. Baker, 1929–1933 F.W. Webster, 1933–1934 H.S. Walters, 1934–1935 Briggs Smith, 1935–1937 M.O. Allen, 1937–1939 C.W. Phillips, 1939–1949 E.W. Eggleston, 1949–1950 Charles Wayland, 1950–1951 C.W. Bond, 1951–1952 Herbert A. McKee, 1952–1953 W.M Leech, 1953–1958 Herbert M. Bates, 1958–1959 D.W. Moulton, 1959–1963 David M. Pack, 1963–1967 E.W. Speight, 1967–1971 Robert F. Smith, 1971–1975 Eddie L. Shaw, 1975–1979 William B. Sansom, 1979–1981 Robert E. Farris, 1981–1985 Dale R. Kelley, 1985–1987 Jimmy M. Evans, 1987–1992 Carl Johnson, 1992–1994 Carl Wood, 1994–1995 [Bruce Saltsman](/wiki/Bruce_Saltsman \"Bruce Saltsman\"), 1995–2003 Gerald F. Nicely, 2003–2011 John Schroer, 2011–2019 Clay Bright, 2019–2021 Joe Galbato, 2021–2022 Butch Eley, 2022\\-present |\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * \n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official website](http://www.tn.gov/tdot/)\n* [TDOT Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/pages/Nashville-TN/myTDOT/79232382550)\n* [TDOT Twitter pages](http://www.tn.gov/tdot/article/twitter)\n* [TDOT Smartway Cameras](http://www.TNSmartWay.com/traffic)\n* [Tennessee 511](http://www.tn511.com/)\n* [TDOT HELP program](http://www.tn.gov/tdot/topic/help-program)\n* [TDOT Civil Rights Division](http://www.tn.gov/tdot/section/civil-rights)\n* [Governor’s Highway Safety Office](http://www.tn.gov/tdot/section/ghso)\n* [SmartCommute](http://www.tn.gov/tdot/section/smartcommute)\n* [Stop Litter](http://www.stoplitter.org/)\n\n[Department](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Tennessee \"Transportation in Tennessee\")\n[Category:State departments of transportation of the United States](/wiki/Category:State_departments_of_transportation_of_the_United_States \"State departments of transportation of the United States\")\n[Category:Transportation in Nashville, Tennessee](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Nashville%2C_Tennessee \"Transportation in Nashville, Tennessee\")\n[Transportation](/wiki/Category:State_agencies_of_Tennessee \"State agencies of Tennessee\")\n[Category:1915 establishments in Tennessee](/wiki/Category:1915_establishments_in_Tennessee \"1915 establishments in Tennessee\")\n[Category:Government agencies established in 1915](/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_established_in_1915 \"Government agencies established in 1915\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Mezzo Mix
|
{
"id": [
33299988
],
"name": [
"Rootoflinux"
]
}
|
4ilnu3mhs6ju8hdtnirocf2xbbogzdi
|
2024-08-08T23:21:31Z
| 1,213,168,444 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Market",
"Varieties",
"Ingredients",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|A 500 ml Mezzo Mix bottle](/wiki/File:Mezzo_Mix.jpg \"Mezzo Mix.jpg\")\n**Mezzo Mix** (stylised mezzo mix) is a product of [The Coca\\-Cola Company](/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company \"The Coca-Cola Company\"), first introduced in [West Germany](/wiki/West_Germany \"West Germany\") in 1973\\. It is a mixture of [orange soda](/wiki/Orange_soda \"Orange soda\") and [cola](/wiki/Cola \"Cola\"), a beverage popular in [German\\-speaking countries](/wiki/German-speaking_countries \"German-speaking countries\"), commonly known there as [spezi](/wiki/Spezi \"Spezi\"), the [generic trademark](/wiki/Generic_trademark \"Generic trademark\") of the first brand of that type of soda.\n\n",
"Market\n------\n\nMezzo Mix is sold and produced officially only in [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\") and [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), but there have been cases that the beverage is visible in Belgium as well. The brand's [slogan](/wiki/Slogan \"Slogan\") translates into [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") as \"Cola Kisses Orange\". In Spain it is called Fanta Mezzo Mix Naranja \\& Cola. In Sweden it is called Fanta Mezzo and was released in late January 2017 as a limited edition, connected to the music event called [Melodifestivalen](/wiki/Melodifestivalen \"Melodifestivalen\") (Swedish qualifications to [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Eurovision Song Contest\")).\n\nUp until 2013, Mezzo Mix was one of eight international soda flavors featured and available for tasting at [Club Cool](/wiki/Club_Cool \"Club Cool\") in [Epcot](/wiki/Epcot \"Epcot\").\n\nMezzo Mix was later introduced in the United Kingdom in 2019, as a selection for the [Coca\\-Cola Freestyle](/wiki/Coca-Cola_Freestyle \"Coca-Cola Freestyle\") machine.\n\n",
"Varieties\n---------\n\nThere were two kinds of Mezzo Mix in the 1990s: orange and lemon. The latter was unpopular and was discontinued, but a [lemon](/wiki/Lemon \"Lemon\") flavoured Coke entered the market again in 2003\\. In July 2007, **Mezzo Mix Zero** was introduced in Germany as a low\\-calorie variant. Early 2013 around Valentine's Day, Mezzo Mix Berry Love was introduced in Germany. Instead of an orange\\-like flavour, it is a raspberry flavour mixed with cola. It was a limited edition, being available only in February.\n\n",
"Ingredients\n-----------\n\nMezzo Mix contains [water](/wiki/Water \"Water\"), [sugar](/wiki/Sugar \"Sugar\"), [orange juice](/wiki/Orange_juice \"Orange juice\"), [carbonation](/wiki/Carbonation \"Carbonation\"), [caramel coloring](/wiki/Caramel_color \"Caramel color\") for color, [citric acid](/wiki/Citric_acid \"Citric acid\"), flavoring, [caffeine](/wiki/Caffeine \"Caffeine\"), [ascorbic acid](/wiki/Ascorbic_acid \"Ascorbic acid\"), and [stabilizer](/wiki/Food_additive%23Categories \"Food additive#Categories\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official site](http://www.mezzomix.de/) \n* [Mezzo Mix berry love](http://www.mezzomix.de/history.html) \n\n[Category:Coca\\-Cola brands](/wiki/Category:Coca-Cola_brands \"Coca-Cola brands\")\n[Category:Cola brands](/wiki/Category:Cola_brands \"Cola brands\")\n[Category:Soft drinks](/wiki/Category:Soft_drinks \"Soft drinks\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Bloodrock
|
{
"id": [
7611264
],
"name": [
"AnomieBOT"
]
}
|
7jgd4tg90l8kbet17s5b8dkre35sm0n
|
2024-09-01T18:51:21Z
| 1,243,481,270 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"The Naturals, Crowd + 1 (1963-1969)",
"''Bloodrock 2'' and \"D.O.A.\" (1970-1971)",
"Style and personnel change (1972-1973)",
"Unspoken Words, Break-Up (1974-1976)",
"2005 reunion concert",
"Music",
"Members",
"Classic lineup",
"Former members",
"Session/touring musicians",
"Timeline",
"Discography",
"Studio albums",
"Live albums",
"Compilations",
"Singles",
"Other releases",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Bloodrock** was an American [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\") band based in [Fort Worth, Texas](/wiki/Fort_Worth%2C_Texas \"Fort Worth, Texas\"), that had success in the 1970s. The band emerged from the Fort Worth club and music scene during the early to mid\\-1970s.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### The Naturals, Crowd \\+ 1 (1963\\-1969\\)\n\nBloodrock initially formed in [Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth \"Fort Worth\") in 1963, under the name the Naturals. This first lineup featured Jim Rutledge on drums and vocals, Nick Taylor on guitar and vocals, Ed Grundy on bass and vocals, and [Dean Parks](/wiki/Dean_Parks \"Dean Parks\") on guitar. They toured the region playing at battle of the bands, opened locally for national acts like [The Beach Boys](/wiki/The_Beach_Boys \"The Beach Boys\"), [Paul Revere \\& The Raiders](/wiki/Paul_Revere_%26_The_Raiders \"Paul Revere & The Raiders\"), and [The Five Americans](/wiki/Five_Americans \"Five Americans\"), and released their first single in 1965 \"Hey Girl\" b/w \"I Want You\" (Rebel MME 1003\\). In 1966, they changed their name to Crowd \\+ 1, and released the single: \"Mary Ann Regrets” b/w \"Whatcha Tryin’ to Do to Me\" (BOX 6604\\), that same year they signed a deal with Capitol Records and released two more singles: \"Don’t Hold Back\" b/w \"Try,\" and \"Circles\" b/w “Most Peculiar Things.\"\n\nDespite a growing regional fanbase, the singles failed to chart and Capitol dropped the group, not long after Parks left Crowd \\+1 to become the musical director for *[The Sonny \\& Cher Show](/wiki/The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Comedy_Hour%23The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Show_%281976%E2%80%931977%29 \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour#The Sonny & Cher Show (1976–1977)\")* (the beginning of a long career as a session musician). He was replaced by Lee Pickens on guitar. It was also at this time that Stevie Hill joined the group on keyboards and vocals. They continued as Crowd \\+ 1 until 1969 when they changed their name to Bloodrock, a name conceived by [Grand Funk Railroad](/wiki/Grand_Funk_Railroad \"Grand Funk Railroad\") manager/producer [Terry Knight](/wiki/Terry_Knight \"Terry Knight\"), who signed the band to Capitol almost within two weeks of hearing them. They also recorded their first album with Knight as producer, *Bloodrock* (Capitol ST\\-435\\). The album, released in March 1970, peaked at 160 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") [chart](/wiki/Record_chart \"Record chart\").\n\nShortly after the first album was recorded, Rutledge (at Knight's behest) moved from behind the drum set to take on lead vocal duties exclusively. Austin\\-area drummer Rick Cobb took over the percussive duties and added his voice to the group as well. This lineup recorded their next four albums: *Bloodrock 2* (ST\\-491\\), *Bloodrock 3* (ST\\-765\\), *Bloodrock USA* (SMAS 645\\), and *Bloodrock Live* (SVBB\\-11038\\).\n\nBloodrock opened for Grand Funk on the 1970 tour.\n\n### *Bloodrock 2* and \"D.O.A.\" (1970\\-1971\\)\n\n[thumb\\|Taylor and Grundy in 1971](/wiki/File:Bloodrock_trade_ad_1971_crop.jpeg \"Bloodrock trade ad 1971 crop.jpeg\")\n*[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* was their most successful album peaking at number 21 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* [Pop Album Chart](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") in 1971, mostly on the strength of their single [\"D.O.A.\"](/wiki/D.O.A._%28song%29 \"D.O.A. (song)\"), which reached number 36 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") chart on March 6, 1971\\. \"D.O.A.\" also gave the band considerable regional exposure throughout the Southwest and West, particularly in Texas and Southern California. \"D.O.A.\" was probably the band's most well\\-known and well\\-remembered single. However, some radio stations would not play the song because of its explicit, gruesome description of fatal injury and the use of sirens, the latter out of concerns that the siren sound would confuse motorists. The motivation for writing this song was explained in 2005 by guitarist Lee Pickens. “When I was 17, I wanted to be an airline pilot,” Pickens said. “I had just gotten out of this airplane with a friend of mine, at this little airport, and I watched him take off. He went about 200 feet in the air, rolled and crashed.” The band decided to write a song around the incident and include it on their second album.Wheeler, Lisa. “Grapevine: I Remember . . . Bloodrock Reunite”. Goldmine 31 (18 March 2005\\): 10, 51\\.\n\n### Style and personnel change (1972\\-1973\\)\n\nIn May 1972, both Lee Pickens and Jim Rutledge left Bloodrock, with Pickens forming the Lee Pickens Group (LPG) and released the album *LPG* in early 1973 on Capitol Records. Meanwhile, Rutledge released a solo album in 1976 on Capitol Records titled *Hooray for Good Times*. Bloodrock replaced Rutledge on vocals and Pickens on guitar with [Warren Ham](/wiki/Warren_Ham \"Warren Ham\") on vocals, flute and saxophone. Stevie Hill on keyboards adjusted to Ham's presence by shifting his own style. These changes to personnel and style moved the hard rock sound of the band in a lighter direction, more toward [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\"), pop and jazz, alienating some fans. The subsequent album, *Passage* was the last time Bloodrock visited the charts. It peaked at number 104 on the Billboard 200 in 1972\\.\n\n1973 brought another personnel change: Rick Cobb left the band, he was replaced by Randy Reader. This lineup recorded one album: *[Whirlwind Tongues](/wiki/Whirlwind_Tongues \"Whirlwind Tongues\")* (1974\\).\n\n### Unspoken Words, Break\\-Up (1974\\-1976\\)\n\nNick Taylor quit the group, and he was replaced by Warren's brother, Bill Ham, and Randy Reader was replaced by Matt Betton, an album, later titled *Unspoken Words*, was recorded, but Capitol rejected the material due to the group’s waning popularity, and the recordings would go unreleased until 2000 when it was included as part of the CD release *[Triptych](/wiki/Triptych_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Triptych (Bloodrock album)\")* (along with cuts from *Passage* and *Whirlwind Tongues*).\n\nThe band would break\\-up not long after they were dropped by Capitol, they performed their last gig on April 14, 1974 in [Flint, Michigan](/wiki/Flint%2C_Michigan \"Flint, Michigan\").\n\nAfter the breakup, Rutledge, Pickens, and Taylor hired a rhythm section and briefly formed a Bloodrock spinoff group, performing in small clubs for about a year.\n\nIn 1976, Capitol issued a greatest hits album, Bloodrock N Roll, which featured only tracks from the first three albums and the live set.\n\nAround the same time, the original lineup temporarily put their differences aside and attempted a comeback. Initially led by Rutledge, the group lasted long enough to record some demos, including a cover of [Heartbreak Hotel](/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel \"Heartbreak Hotel\"), Rutledge eventually dropped out, and was replaced by Rusty Robertson, a friend of Pickens, but due to lack of label interest, and the departure of Cobb, the band called it quits.\n\n### 2005 reunion concert\n\nA reunion concert featuring all five members of the original lineup (Jim Rutledge, Lee Pickens, Ed Grundy, Nick Taylor, and Stevie Hill), plus Chris Taylor (Nick's son) in place of drummer Rick Cobb III from the classic six\\-member lineup, was held on March 12, 2005, in Fort Worth, for the [benefit](/wiki/Benefit_concert \"Benefit concert\") of their keyboardist Stevie Hill, to help with medical costs related to his combating leukemia. The reunion concert was filmed and released on DVD.\n\nNick Taylor (born Doyle Taylor in [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") on October 29, 1946\\) died on March 10, 2010, after a car accident in [Cleburne, Texas](/wiki/Cleburne%2C_Texas \"Cleburne, Texas\"), at age 63\\.\n\nStevie Hill died on September 12, 2013, from leukemia.\n\n",
"### The Naturals, Crowd \\+ 1 (1963\\-1969\\)\n\nBloodrock initially formed in [Fort Worth](/wiki/Fort_Worth \"Fort Worth\") in 1963, under the name the Naturals. This first lineup featured Jim Rutledge on drums and vocals, Nick Taylor on guitar and vocals, Ed Grundy on bass and vocals, and [Dean Parks](/wiki/Dean_Parks \"Dean Parks\") on guitar. They toured the region playing at battle of the bands, opened locally for national acts like [The Beach Boys](/wiki/The_Beach_Boys \"The Beach Boys\"), [Paul Revere \\& The Raiders](/wiki/Paul_Revere_%26_The_Raiders \"Paul Revere & The Raiders\"), and [The Five Americans](/wiki/Five_Americans \"Five Americans\"), and released their first single in 1965 \"Hey Girl\" b/w \"I Want You\" (Rebel MME 1003\\). In 1966, they changed their name to Crowd \\+ 1, and released the single: \"Mary Ann Regrets” b/w \"Whatcha Tryin’ to Do to Me\" (BOX 6604\\), that same year they signed a deal with Capitol Records and released two more singles: \"Don’t Hold Back\" b/w \"Try,\" and \"Circles\" b/w “Most Peculiar Things.\"\n\nDespite a growing regional fanbase, the singles failed to chart and Capitol dropped the group, not long after Parks left Crowd \\+1 to become the musical director for *[The Sonny \\& Cher Show](/wiki/The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Comedy_Hour%23The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Show_%281976%E2%80%931977%29 \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour#The Sonny & Cher Show (1976–1977)\")* (the beginning of a long career as a session musician). He was replaced by Lee Pickens on guitar. It was also at this time that Stevie Hill joined the group on keyboards and vocals. They continued as Crowd \\+ 1 until 1969 when they changed their name to Bloodrock, a name conceived by [Grand Funk Railroad](/wiki/Grand_Funk_Railroad \"Grand Funk Railroad\") manager/producer [Terry Knight](/wiki/Terry_Knight \"Terry Knight\"), who signed the band to Capitol almost within two weeks of hearing them. They also recorded their first album with Knight as producer, *Bloodrock* (Capitol ST\\-435\\). The album, released in March 1970, peaked at 160 on the [*Billboard* 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") [chart](/wiki/Record_chart \"Record chart\").\n\nShortly after the first album was recorded, Rutledge (at Knight's behest) moved from behind the drum set to take on lead vocal duties exclusively. Austin\\-area drummer Rick Cobb took over the percussive duties and added his voice to the group as well. This lineup recorded their next four albums: *Bloodrock 2* (ST\\-491\\), *Bloodrock 3* (ST\\-765\\), *Bloodrock USA* (SMAS 645\\), and *Bloodrock Live* (SVBB\\-11038\\).\n\nBloodrock opened for Grand Funk on the 1970 tour.\n\n",
"### *Bloodrock 2* and \"D.O.A.\" (1970\\-1971\\)\n\n[thumb\\|Taylor and Grundy in 1971](/wiki/File:Bloodrock_trade_ad_1971_crop.jpeg \"Bloodrock trade ad 1971 crop.jpeg\")\n*[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* was their most successful album peaking at number 21 on the *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* [Pop Album Chart](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") in 1971, mostly on the strength of their single [\"D.O.A.\"](/wiki/D.O.A._%28song%29 \"D.O.A. (song)\"), which reached number 36 on the [*Billboard* Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") chart on March 6, 1971\\. \"D.O.A.\" also gave the band considerable regional exposure throughout the Southwest and West, particularly in Texas and Southern California. \"D.O.A.\" was probably the band's most well\\-known and well\\-remembered single. However, some radio stations would not play the song because of its explicit, gruesome description of fatal injury and the use of sirens, the latter out of concerns that the siren sound would confuse motorists. The motivation for writing this song was explained in 2005 by guitarist Lee Pickens. “When I was 17, I wanted to be an airline pilot,” Pickens said. “I had just gotten out of this airplane with a friend of mine, at this little airport, and I watched him take off. He went about 200 feet in the air, rolled and crashed.” The band decided to write a song around the incident and include it on their second album.Wheeler, Lisa. “Grapevine: I Remember . . . Bloodrock Reunite”. Goldmine 31 (18 March 2005\\): 10, 51\\.\n\n",
"### Style and personnel change (1972\\-1973\\)\n\nIn May 1972, both Lee Pickens and Jim Rutledge left Bloodrock, with Pickens forming the Lee Pickens Group (LPG) and released the album *LPG* in early 1973 on Capitol Records. Meanwhile, Rutledge released a solo album in 1976 on Capitol Records titled *Hooray for Good Times*. Bloodrock replaced Rutledge on vocals and Pickens on guitar with [Warren Ham](/wiki/Warren_Ham \"Warren Ham\") on vocals, flute and saxophone. Stevie Hill on keyboards adjusted to Ham's presence by shifting his own style. These changes to personnel and style moved the hard rock sound of the band in a lighter direction, more toward [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\"), pop and jazz, alienating some fans. The subsequent album, *Passage* was the last time Bloodrock visited the charts. It peaked at number 104 on the Billboard 200 in 1972\\.\n\n1973 brought another personnel change: Rick Cobb left the band, he was replaced by Randy Reader. This lineup recorded one album: *[Whirlwind Tongues](/wiki/Whirlwind_Tongues \"Whirlwind Tongues\")* (1974\\).\n\n",
"### Unspoken Words, Break\\-Up (1974\\-1976\\)\n\nNick Taylor quit the group, and he was replaced by Warren's brother, Bill Ham, and Randy Reader was replaced by Matt Betton, an album, later titled *Unspoken Words*, was recorded, but Capitol rejected the material due to the group’s waning popularity, and the recordings would go unreleased until 2000 when it was included as part of the CD release *[Triptych](/wiki/Triptych_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Triptych (Bloodrock album)\")* (along with cuts from *Passage* and *Whirlwind Tongues*).\n\nThe band would break\\-up not long after they were dropped by Capitol, they performed their last gig on April 14, 1974 in [Flint, Michigan](/wiki/Flint%2C_Michigan \"Flint, Michigan\").\n\nAfter the breakup, Rutledge, Pickens, and Taylor hired a rhythm section and briefly formed a Bloodrock spinoff group, performing in small clubs for about a year.\n\nIn 1976, Capitol issued a greatest hits album, Bloodrock N Roll, which featured only tracks from the first three albums and the live set.\n\nAround the same time, the original lineup temporarily put their differences aside and attempted a comeback. Initially led by Rutledge, the group lasted long enough to record some demos, including a cover of [Heartbreak Hotel](/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel \"Heartbreak Hotel\"), Rutledge eventually dropped out, and was replaced by Rusty Robertson, a friend of Pickens, but due to lack of label interest, and the departure of Cobb, the band called it quits.\n\n",
"### 2005 reunion concert\n\nA reunion concert featuring all five members of the original lineup (Jim Rutledge, Lee Pickens, Ed Grundy, Nick Taylor, and Stevie Hill), plus Chris Taylor (Nick's son) in place of drummer Rick Cobb III from the classic six\\-member lineup, was held on March 12, 2005, in Fort Worth, for the [benefit](/wiki/Benefit_concert \"Benefit concert\") of their keyboardist Stevie Hill, to help with medical costs related to his combating leukemia. The reunion concert was filmed and released on DVD.\n\nNick Taylor (born Doyle Taylor in [Texas](/wiki/Texas \"Texas\") on October 29, 1946\\) died on March 10, 2010, after a car accident in [Cleburne, Texas](/wiki/Cleburne%2C_Texas \"Cleburne, Texas\"), at age 63\\.\n\nStevie Hill died on September 12, 2013, from leukemia.\n\n",
"Music\n-----\n\nBloodrock's music has been categorized primarily as [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\"). Bloodrock's [1970 self\\-titled debut album](/wiki/Bloodrock_%28album%29 \"Bloodrock (album)\") was described in the context of hard rock and early [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\") by [AllMusic](/wiki/AllMusic \"AllMusic\")'s Donald A. Guarisco. *[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* was not as gloomy (except for \"D.O.A.\") and heavy, and more of a chart success, while *[Bloodrock 3](/wiki/Bloodrock_3 \"Bloodrock 3\")* and *[Bloodrock U.S.A.](/wiki/Bloodrock_U.S.A. \"Bloodrock U.S.A.\")* saw the band introduce [progressive rock](/wiki/Progressive_rock \"Progressive rock\") elements. The band's 1972 personnel changes shifted them toward prog rock (like Jethro Tull), [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") and [pop music](/wiki/Pop_music \"Pop music\").\n\n",
"Members\n-------\n\n### Classic lineup\n\n* Jim Rutledge – [lead vocals](/wiki/Singing \"Singing\") (1969–1972, 2005\\), [drums](/wiki/Drumkit \"Drumkit\") (1969–1970\\)\n* Lee Pickens – [lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar \"Lead guitar\"), [backing vocals](/wiki/Backing_vocalist \"Backing vocalist\") (1969–1972, 2005\\)\n* Nick Taylor – [rhythm guitar](/wiki/Rhythm_guitar \"Rhythm guitar\"), backing vocals (1969–1972, 2005 , [lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar \"Lead guitar\") (1972–1974\\) (died 2010\\)\n* Stevie Hill – [keyboards](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\"), backing vocals (1969–1974, 2005\\) (died 2013\\)\n* Ed Grundy – [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\"), backing vocals (1969–1974, 2005\\)\n* Rick Cobb – drums, [percussion](/wiki/Percussion \"Percussion\") (1970–1974\\)\n\n### Former members\n\n* [Warren Ham](/wiki/Warren_Ham \"Warren Ham\") – lead vocals, [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\"), [flute](/wiki/Flute \"Flute\") (1972–1974\\)\n* Randy Reeder – drums (1974\\)\n* Matt Betton – drums (1974\\)\n\n### Session/touring musicians\n\n* Bill Ham – lead guitar (1974\\)\n* Chris Taylor – drums (2005\\)\n\n### Timeline\n\n",
"### Classic lineup\n\n* Jim Rutledge – [lead vocals](/wiki/Singing \"Singing\") (1969–1972, 2005\\), [drums](/wiki/Drumkit \"Drumkit\") (1969–1970\\)\n* Lee Pickens – [lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar \"Lead guitar\"), [backing vocals](/wiki/Backing_vocalist \"Backing vocalist\") (1969–1972, 2005\\)\n* Nick Taylor – [rhythm guitar](/wiki/Rhythm_guitar \"Rhythm guitar\"), backing vocals (1969–1972, 2005 , [lead guitar](/wiki/Lead_guitar \"Lead guitar\") (1972–1974\\) (died 2010\\)\n* Stevie Hill – [keyboards](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument \"Keyboard instrument\"), backing vocals (1969–1974, 2005\\) (died 2013\\)\n* Ed Grundy – [bass guitar](/wiki/Bass_guitar \"Bass guitar\"), backing vocals (1969–1974, 2005\\)\n* Rick Cobb – drums, [percussion](/wiki/Percussion \"Percussion\") (1970–1974\\)\n",
"### Former members\n\n* [Warren Ham](/wiki/Warren_Ham \"Warren Ham\") – lead vocals, [saxophone](/wiki/Saxophone \"Saxophone\"), [flute](/wiki/Flute \"Flute\") (1972–1974\\)\n* Randy Reeder – drums (1974\\)\n* Matt Betton – drums (1974\\)\n",
"### Session/touring musicians\n\n* Bill Ham – lead guitar (1974\\)\n* Chris Taylor – drums (2005\\)\n",
"### Timeline\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Studio albums\n\n| Year | Title | Details | Peak chartposition | Certifications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1970 | *[Bloodrock](/wiki/Bloodrock_%28album%29 \"Bloodrock (album)\")* | Released: March 1970 Label: [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), [One Way](/wiki/One_Way_Records \"One Way Records\") Formats: [LP](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\"), [8\\-track](/wiki/8-track_tape \"8-track tape\"), [cassette](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\"), [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") | 160 | |\n| *[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* | Released: October 1970 Label: Capitol, One Way Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette, CD | 21 | [RIAA Gold](/wiki/RIAA_certification \"RIAA certification\") |\n| 1971 | *[Bloodrock 3](/wiki/Bloodrock_3 \"Bloodrock 3\")* | Released: April 1971 Label: Capitol, One Way Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette, CD | 27 | |\n| *[Bloodrock U.S.A.](/wiki/Bloodrock_U.S.A. \"Bloodrock U.S.A.\")* | Released: October 1971 Label: Capitol, One Way Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette, CD | 88 | |\n| 1972 | *[Passage](/wiki/Passage_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Passage (Bloodrock album)\")* | Released: November 1972 Label: Capitol Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette | 105 | |\n| 1974 | *[Whirlwind Tongues](/wiki/Whirlwind_Tongues \"Whirlwind Tongues\")* | Released: February 1974 Label: Capitol Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette | — | |\n\n### Live albums\n\n| Title | Details | Peak chartposition |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *[Bloodrock Live](/wiki/Bloodrock_Live \"Bloodrock Live\")* | Released: May 1972 Label: [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), [One Way](/wiki/One_Way_Records \"One Way Records\") 2×[LP](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\"), double\\-play [cassette](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\"), double\\-play [8 track](/wiki/8-track_tape \"8-track tape\"), [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") | 67 |\n| *The Bloodrock Reunion Concert* | Released: 2007 Label: Self\\-released Format: CD, DVD (self\\-released) | — |\n\n### Compilations\n\n| Title | Details | Remark |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Hit Road* | Released: 1972 Label: [Music for Pleasure](/wiki/Music_for_Pleasure_%28record_label%29 \"Music for Pleasure (record label)\") , [Sounds Superb](/wiki/Sounds_Superb \"Sounds Superb\") Format: [LP](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\") | European compilation |\n| *Bloodrock 'n' Roll* | Released: 1976 Label: [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\") Formats: LP, [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\"), [8 track tape](/wiki/8_track_tape \"8 track tape\") \\& [cassette tape](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\") | U.S. compilation |\n| *D.O.A.* | Released: 1989 Label: Capitol Format: Cassette | Budget U.S. compilation |\n| *[Triptych](/wiki/Triptych_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Triptych (Bloodrock album)\")* | Released: 2000 Label: [One Way](/wiki/One_Way_Records \"One Way Records\") Format: 2×CD | *Passage*, *Whirlwind Tongues* and *Unspoken Words* |\n\n### Singles\n\n| Year | Title | Format | Label | Catalog | From album | Peak chartposition |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1970 | \"Gotta Find a Way\" b/w \"Fatback\" | [7\" single](/wiki/7%22_single \"7\") | [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\") | ST 2736 | *[Bloodrock](/wiki/Bloodrock_%28album%29 \"Bloodrock (album)\")* | — |\n| 1971 | \"[D.O.A.](/wiki/D.O.A._%28song%29 \"D.O.A. (song)\")\" b/w \"Children's Heritage\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3009 | *[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* | 36 |\n| \"A Certain Kind\" b/w \"You Gotta Roll\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3089 | *[Bloodrock 3](/wiki/Bloodrock_3 \"Bloodrock 3\")* | — |\n| \"Jessica\" b/w \"You Gotta Roll\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3161 | *Bloodrock 3* | 129 |\n| \"Rock \\& Roll Candy Man\" b/w \"Don't Eat the Children\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3227 | *[Bloodrock U.S.A.](/wiki/Bloodrock_U.S.A. \"Bloodrock U.S.A.\")* | — |\n| 1972 | \"Erosion\" b/w \"Castle of Thoughts\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3320 | Non\\-album single | — |\n| \"Help Is on the Way\" b/w \"Thank You Daniel Ellsberg\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3451 | *[Passage](/wiki/Passage_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Passage (Bloodrock album)\")* | — |\n| 1973 | \"Thank You Daniel Ellsberg\" b/w \"Voices\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3770 | *Passage* | — |\n\n### Other releases\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * *Unspoken Words* (2000\\) \n* *Bloodrock 2013* (2013\\) \n",
"### Studio albums\n\n| Year | Title | Details | Peak chartposition | Certifications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1970 | *[Bloodrock](/wiki/Bloodrock_%28album%29 \"Bloodrock (album)\")* | Released: March 1970 Label: [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), [One Way](/wiki/One_Way_Records \"One Way Records\") Formats: [LP](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\"), [8\\-track](/wiki/8-track_tape \"8-track tape\"), [cassette](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\"), [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") | 160 | |\n| *[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* | Released: October 1970 Label: Capitol, One Way Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette, CD | 21 | [RIAA Gold](/wiki/RIAA_certification \"RIAA certification\") |\n| 1971 | *[Bloodrock 3](/wiki/Bloodrock_3 \"Bloodrock 3\")* | Released: April 1971 Label: Capitol, One Way Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette, CD | 27 | |\n| *[Bloodrock U.S.A.](/wiki/Bloodrock_U.S.A. \"Bloodrock U.S.A.\")* | Released: October 1971 Label: Capitol, One Way Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette, CD | 88 | |\n| 1972 | *[Passage](/wiki/Passage_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Passage (Bloodrock album)\")* | Released: November 1972 Label: Capitol Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette | 105 | |\n| 1974 | *[Whirlwind Tongues](/wiki/Whirlwind_Tongues \"Whirlwind Tongues\")* | Released: February 1974 Label: Capitol Formats: LP, 8\\-track, cassette | — | |\n\n",
"### Live albums\n\n| Title | Details | Peak chartposition |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *[Bloodrock Live](/wiki/Bloodrock_Live \"Bloodrock Live\")* | Released: May 1972 Label: [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\"), [One Way](/wiki/One_Way_Records \"One Way Records\") 2×[LP](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\"), double\\-play [cassette](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\"), double\\-play [8 track](/wiki/8-track_tape \"8-track tape\"), [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") | 67 |\n| *The Bloodrock Reunion Concert* | Released: 2007 Label: Self\\-released Format: CD, DVD (self\\-released) | — |\n\n",
"### Compilations\n\n| Title | Details | Remark |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| *Hit Road* | Released: 1972 Label: [Music for Pleasure](/wiki/Music_for_Pleasure_%28record_label%29 \"Music for Pleasure (record label)\") , [Sounds Superb](/wiki/Sounds_Superb \"Sounds Superb\") Format: [LP](/wiki/LP_record \"LP record\") | European compilation |\n| *Bloodrock 'n' Roll* | Released: 1976 Label: [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\") Formats: LP, [CD](/wiki/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\"), [8 track tape](/wiki/8_track_tape \"8 track tape\") \\& [cassette tape](/wiki/Cassette_tape \"Cassette tape\") | U.S. compilation |\n| *D.O.A.* | Released: 1989 Label: Capitol Format: Cassette | Budget U.S. compilation |\n| *[Triptych](/wiki/Triptych_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Triptych (Bloodrock album)\")* | Released: 2000 Label: [One Way](/wiki/One_Way_Records \"One Way Records\") Format: 2×CD | *Passage*, *Whirlwind Tongues* and *Unspoken Words* |\n\n",
"### Singles\n\n| Year | Title | Format | Label | Catalog | From album | Peak chartposition |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1970 | \"Gotta Find a Way\" b/w \"Fatback\" | [7\" single](/wiki/7%22_single \"7\") | [Capitol](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\") | ST 2736 | *[Bloodrock](/wiki/Bloodrock_%28album%29 \"Bloodrock (album)\")* | — |\n| 1971 | \"[D.O.A.](/wiki/D.O.A._%28song%29 \"D.O.A. (song)\")\" b/w \"Children's Heritage\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3009 | *[Bloodrock 2](/wiki/Bloodrock_2 \"Bloodrock 2\")* | 36 |\n| \"A Certain Kind\" b/w \"You Gotta Roll\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3089 | *[Bloodrock 3](/wiki/Bloodrock_3 \"Bloodrock 3\")* | — |\n| \"Jessica\" b/w \"You Gotta Roll\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3161 | *Bloodrock 3* | 129 |\n| \"Rock \\& Roll Candy Man\" b/w \"Don't Eat the Children\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3227 | *[Bloodrock U.S.A.](/wiki/Bloodrock_U.S.A. \"Bloodrock U.S.A.\")* | — |\n| 1972 | \"Erosion\" b/w \"Castle of Thoughts\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3320 | Non\\-album single | — |\n| \"Help Is on the Way\" b/w \"Thank You Daniel Ellsberg\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3451 | *[Passage](/wiki/Passage_%28Bloodrock_album%29 \"Passage (Bloodrock album)\")* | — |\n| 1973 | \"Thank You Daniel Ellsberg\" b/w \"Voices\" | 7\" single | Capitol | ST 3770 | *Passage* | — |\n\n",
"### Other releases\n\n* *Unspoken Words* (2000\\) \n* *Bloodrock 2013* (2013\\) \n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Bloodrock early history](https://web.archive.org/web/20090220090149/http://classicwebs.com/bloodroc.htm) on ClassicWebs.com\n\n[Category:Hard rock musical groups from Texas](/wiki/Category:Hard_rock_musical_groups_from_Texas \"Hard rock musical groups from Texas\")\n[Category:Capitol Records artists](/wiki/Category:Capitol_Records_artists \"Capitol Records artists\")\n[Category:Musical groups established in 1969](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_1969 \"Musical groups established in 1969\")\n[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1975](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_disestablished_in_1975 \"Musical groups disestablished in 1975\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Conecuh National Forest
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
q8op7ll46hu3zj8nrzsep6y6zilubfb
|
2024-10-08T00:55:45Z
| 1,248,766,927 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Recreational Facilities",
"Open Pond Recreation Area",
"Fees",
"Camping",
"Open Pond Fire Tower",
"Blue Lake Recreation Area",
"Fees",
"Adjacent Land Use",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Conecuh National Forest** in southern [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama \"Alabama\") covers , along the Alabama \\- [Florida](/wiki/Florida \"Florida\") line in [Covington](/wiki/Covington_County%2C_Alabama \"Covington County, Alabama\") and [Escambia](/wiki/Escambia_County%2C_Alabama \"Escambia County, Alabama\") counties. Topography is level to moderately sloping, broad ridges with stream terraces and broad floodplains.\n\nThe Conecuh Trail winds 20 miles (30 km) through Alabama's coastal plain. The trail was built by the [Youth Conservation Corps](/wiki/Youth_Conservation_Corps \"Youth Conservation Corps\"). Each year, beginning in 1976, the young people of the Corps extend the trail through park\\-like longleaf pine stands, hardwood bottomlands, and other plant communities of the Conecuh National Forest.\n\nThe name Conecuh is believed to be of [Muskogee](/wiki/Creek_language \"Creek language\") origin. It means \"land of cane,\" which is appropriate because the trail runs through [canebrakes](/wiki/Canebrakes \"Canebrakes\") in several sections.\n\nSituated just above the [Florida panhandle](/wiki/Florida_panhandle \"Florida panhandle\"), the forest has a distinct southern flavor of mist\\-laden hardwood swamps, pitcher plant bogs, and southern coastal plain pine forest. These hilly coastal plains are also home to [longleaf pine](/wiki/Longleaf_pine \"Longleaf pine\"), upland scrub oak, and dogwood, as well as an aquatic labyrinth of winding creeks and cypress ponds.\n\nClear\\-cut in the 1930s, the Conecuh was reforested with slash pine that reduced the number of nesting trees for the endangered red\\-cockaded woodpecker. The forest is currently undergoing a [reforestation](/wiki/Reforestation \"Reforestation\") from slash pine to the native longleaf. In time, this should increase the number of red\\-cockaded woodpeckers as the trees mature.\n\nThe forest is headquartered in [Montgomery](/wiki/Montgomery%2C_Alabama \"Montgomery, Alabama\"), as are all four of Alabama's National Forests. The other National Forests in this state are [Talladega](/wiki/Talladega_National_Forest \"Talladega National Forest\"), [Tuskegee](/wiki/Tuskegee_National_Forest \"Tuskegee National Forest\"), and [William B. Bankhead](/wiki/William_B._Bankhead_National_Forest \"William B. Bankhead National Forest\"). There are local ranger district offices located in [Andalusia](/wiki/Andalusia%2C_Alabama \"Andalusia, Alabama\").\n\n",
"Recreational Facilities\n-----------------------\n\nThere are two developed National Forest recreation areas in Conecuh National Forest. Both are located along [Alabama State Road 137](/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_137 \"Alabama State Route 137\") north of the community of Wing.\n\n### Open Pond Recreation Area\n\n[Open Pond Recreation Area](http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTSw8jAwgAykeaxcN4jhYG_h4eYX5hPgYwefy6w0H24dcPNgEHcDTQ9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEAIzTHkw!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfME80MEkxVkFCOTBFMktTNUJIMjAwMDAwMDA!/?ss=110801&ttype=recarea&recid=30113&actid=31&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&navid=110130000000000&pnavid=110000000000000&cid=FSE_003705&pname=National+Forests+in+Alabama+-+Open+Pond+Recreation+Area) is a 450 acre area set aside for hiking, fishing, bicycling, and camping. It is located about eight miles north of the Alabama/Florida State line along Alabama State Road 137\\. At the center of the recreation area is Open Pond, a natural [sinkhole lake](/wiki/Sinkhole_lake \"Sinkhole lake\"). Several other lakes are in the immediate vicinity of the facilities and can be reached by trail or on unpaved roads. Open Pond itself is available for freshwater fishing. Two piers are available, and non\\-motorized or electric motorized boats are permitted on the lake (two boat ramps are available for launching). An [Alabama fishing license](https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232416/http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/license/) is required. Also available is a large picnic shelter for group gatherings. This shelter was constructed by the [Civilian Conservation Corps](/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps \"Civilian Conservation Corps\") in 1938, according to a plaque in the log and stone structure. No swimming is allowed at Open Pond.\n\n#### Fees\n\nDay use fees at Open Pond are US$5 per vehicle. This allows for all recreational uses (picnics, hiking, bicycling, fishing, etc.). These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid [Federal Interagency Recreation Pass](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). Camping fees for non\\-electric sites are US$6, and US$12 for electric/water sites. Discounts are available for camping fees when using the senior citizen [Federal Interagency Recreation Passes](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). With the senior Interagency Recreation Pass, camping fees are US$3 for non\\-electric sites, and US$8 for electric/water sites. Those paying for campsites do not have to pay day use fees. Day use fees paid at Open Pond may also be used to enter the Blue Lake Recreation Area two miles north of Open Pond.\n\n#### Camping\n\nSeventy\\-five campsites are available on a first\\-come, first\\-served basis at the Open Pond Campground. Campsites are found on the waterfront as well as in woodlands. There are four campground loops (A, B, C, and D). Roadways along all loops are paved.\n\nThe \"A Loop\" is primarily for tent camping, and water is available at spigots in the loop. There are no electric hookups in the A Loop. Restrooms and showers are available within the \"A Loop\". There are ten campsites available.\n\nThe \"B Loop\" is a group camping area. There are no hookups, restrooms, or showers in the \"B Loop\". The group camping area generally consists of a large field surrounded by woodlands, clearly separated from the developed camping loops. A trail connects to water supplies in the \"A Loop\". Restrooms and showers are a short hike away in the \"C Loop\".\n\nThe \"C and D Loops\" are both similar in that they provide recreational vehicles (RV) water electric hookups. 15, 30, and 50 Amp receptacles are available. Each site consists of a fine gravel pad for an RV, a pad for a tent, picnic table, and lantern hangar. Several sites are entirely concrete and are primarily for, but not limited to, use as handicapped accessible. These loops contain modern restrooms and bath houses with private hot showers. Forty campsites are located in the \"C Loop\", while twenty\\-five sites are in the \"D Loop\".\n\nAn RV dump station is located at the entrance to the Open Pond Recreation Area.\n\nTrails connect the \"D Loop\" of the campground to additional small sinkhole ponds and the day\\-use picnic areas. By using the roadway that begins at the picnic areas, hiking and bicycling around Open Pond is possible. The trail is blazed with small white diamond reflective signs attached to trees and posts.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Open Pond Fire Lookout Tower](/wiki/File:Open_pond_fire_tower%2C_conecuh_national_forest%2C_alabama.jpg \"Open pond fire tower, conecuh national forest, alabama.jpg\")\n\n#### Open Pond Fire Tower\n\nThe Open Pond Fire Tower is located on the north side of the Open Pond Recreation Area. According to a plaque at the bottom of the tower, the tower was built in 1938\\. The plaque indicates the tower is registered as U.S. Tower \\#97 on the [National Historic Lookout Register](/wiki/National_Historic_Lookout_Register \"National Historic Lookout Register\").[National Historic Lookouts Register](http://www.nhlr.org/Lookouts/each_lookout.aspx?which_lookout=97) According to the Register, the tower was constructed between 1938 and 1939 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The tower is one of two such towers in Conecuh National Forest.\n\n### Blue Lake Recreation Area\n\n[Blue Lake Recreation Area](http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTSw8jAwgAykeaxcN4jhYG_h4eYX5hPgYwefy6w0H24dcPNgEHcDTQ9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEAIzTHkw!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfME80MEkxVkFCOTBFMktTNUJIMjAwMDAwMDA!/?ss=110801&ttype=recarea&recid=30109&actid=82&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&navid=110400000000000&pnavid=110000000000000&cid=null&pname=National+Forests+in+Alabama+-+Blue+Lake+Recreation+Area) is located about nine miles north of the Alabama/Florida State line off of Alabama State Road 137\\. This day use area, located along the north shore of Blue Lake, provides the only official location in Conecuh National Forest where swimming is permitted. A bath house is provided, along with picnic tables and a small sandy beach. Limited non\\-motorized boating is permitted, and two boat launches are available.\n\n#### Fees\n\nThere is a day use fee of US$5 per vehicle. This allows for all recreational uses available at Blue Lake. These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid [Federal Interagency Recreation Pass](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). Day use fees paid at Blue Lake may also be used to enter the Open Pond Recreation Area (day use only) two miles south of Blue Lake.\n\n#### Adjacent Land Use\n\nThe south, west, and eastern shores of Blue Lake are privately held by the [Alabama\\-West Florida Conference of the United Methodist Church](http://www.awfumc.org/) under the name \"[Blue Lake Methodist Assembly](http://bluelakecamp.com/)\".\n\n",
"### Open Pond Recreation Area\n\n[Open Pond Recreation Area](http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTSw8jAwgAykeaxcN4jhYG_h4eYX5hPgYwefy6w0H24dcPNgEHcDTQ9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEAIzTHkw!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfME80MEkxVkFCOTBFMktTNUJIMjAwMDAwMDA!/?ss=110801&ttype=recarea&recid=30113&actid=31&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&navid=110130000000000&pnavid=110000000000000&cid=FSE_003705&pname=National+Forests+in+Alabama+-+Open+Pond+Recreation+Area) is a 450 acre area set aside for hiking, fishing, bicycling, and camping. It is located about eight miles north of the Alabama/Florida State line along Alabama State Road 137\\. At the center of the recreation area is Open Pond, a natural [sinkhole lake](/wiki/Sinkhole_lake \"Sinkhole lake\"). Several other lakes are in the immediate vicinity of the facilities and can be reached by trail or on unpaved roads. Open Pond itself is available for freshwater fishing. Two piers are available, and non\\-motorized or electric motorized boats are permitted on the lake (two boat ramps are available for launching). An [Alabama fishing license](https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232416/http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/license/) is required. Also available is a large picnic shelter for group gatherings. This shelter was constructed by the [Civilian Conservation Corps](/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps \"Civilian Conservation Corps\") in 1938, according to a plaque in the log and stone structure. No swimming is allowed at Open Pond.\n\n#### Fees\n\nDay use fees at Open Pond are US$5 per vehicle. This allows for all recreational uses (picnics, hiking, bicycling, fishing, etc.). These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid [Federal Interagency Recreation Pass](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). Camping fees for non\\-electric sites are US$6, and US$12 for electric/water sites. Discounts are available for camping fees when using the senior citizen [Federal Interagency Recreation Passes](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). With the senior Interagency Recreation Pass, camping fees are US$3 for non\\-electric sites, and US$8 for electric/water sites. Those paying for campsites do not have to pay day use fees. Day use fees paid at Open Pond may also be used to enter the Blue Lake Recreation Area two miles north of Open Pond.\n\n#### Camping\n\nSeventy\\-five campsites are available on a first\\-come, first\\-served basis at the Open Pond Campground. Campsites are found on the waterfront as well as in woodlands. There are four campground loops (A, B, C, and D). Roadways along all loops are paved.\n\nThe \"A Loop\" is primarily for tent camping, and water is available at spigots in the loop. There are no electric hookups in the A Loop. Restrooms and showers are available within the \"A Loop\". There are ten campsites available.\n\nThe \"B Loop\" is a group camping area. There are no hookups, restrooms, or showers in the \"B Loop\". The group camping area generally consists of a large field surrounded by woodlands, clearly separated from the developed camping loops. A trail connects to water supplies in the \"A Loop\". Restrooms and showers are a short hike away in the \"C Loop\".\n\nThe \"C and D Loops\" are both similar in that they provide recreational vehicles (RV) water electric hookups. 15, 30, and 50 Amp receptacles are available. Each site consists of a fine gravel pad for an RV, a pad for a tent, picnic table, and lantern hangar. Several sites are entirely concrete and are primarily for, but not limited to, use as handicapped accessible. These loops contain modern restrooms and bath houses with private hot showers. Forty campsites are located in the \"C Loop\", while twenty\\-five sites are in the \"D Loop\".\n\nAn RV dump station is located at the entrance to the Open Pond Recreation Area.\n\nTrails connect the \"D Loop\" of the campground to additional small sinkhole ponds and the day\\-use picnic areas. By using the roadway that begins at the picnic areas, hiking and bicycling around Open Pond is possible. The trail is blazed with small white diamond reflective signs attached to trees and posts.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Open Pond Fire Lookout Tower](/wiki/File:Open_pond_fire_tower%2C_conecuh_national_forest%2C_alabama.jpg \"Open pond fire tower, conecuh national forest, alabama.jpg\")\n\n#### Open Pond Fire Tower\n\nThe Open Pond Fire Tower is located on the north side of the Open Pond Recreation Area. According to a plaque at the bottom of the tower, the tower was built in 1938\\. The plaque indicates the tower is registered as U.S. Tower \\#97 on the [National Historic Lookout Register](/wiki/National_Historic_Lookout_Register \"National Historic Lookout Register\").[National Historic Lookouts Register](http://www.nhlr.org/Lookouts/each_lookout.aspx?which_lookout=97) According to the Register, the tower was constructed between 1938 and 1939 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The tower is one of two such towers in Conecuh National Forest.\n\n",
"#### Fees\n\nDay use fees at Open Pond are US$5 per vehicle. This allows for all recreational uses (picnics, hiking, bicycling, fishing, etc.). These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid [Federal Interagency Recreation Pass](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). Camping fees for non\\-electric sites are US$6, and US$12 for electric/water sites. Discounts are available for camping fees when using the senior citizen [Federal Interagency Recreation Passes](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). With the senior Interagency Recreation Pass, camping fees are US$3 for non\\-electric sites, and US$8 for electric/water sites. Those paying for campsites do not have to pay day use fees. Day use fees paid at Open Pond may also be used to enter the Blue Lake Recreation Area two miles north of Open Pond.\n\n",
"#### Camping\n\nSeventy\\-five campsites are available on a first\\-come, first\\-served basis at the Open Pond Campground. Campsites are found on the waterfront as well as in woodlands. There are four campground loops (A, B, C, and D). Roadways along all loops are paved.\n\nThe \"A Loop\" is primarily for tent camping, and water is available at spigots in the loop. There are no electric hookups in the A Loop. Restrooms and showers are available within the \"A Loop\". There are ten campsites available.\n\nThe \"B Loop\" is a group camping area. There are no hookups, restrooms, or showers in the \"B Loop\". The group camping area generally consists of a large field surrounded by woodlands, clearly separated from the developed camping loops. A trail connects to water supplies in the \"A Loop\". Restrooms and showers are a short hike away in the \"C Loop\".\n\nThe \"C and D Loops\" are both similar in that they provide recreational vehicles (RV) water electric hookups. 15, 30, and 50 Amp receptacles are available. Each site consists of a fine gravel pad for an RV, a pad for a tent, picnic table, and lantern hangar. Several sites are entirely concrete and are primarily for, but not limited to, use as handicapped accessible. These loops contain modern restrooms and bath houses with private hot showers. Forty campsites are located in the \"C Loop\", while twenty\\-five sites are in the \"D Loop\".\n\nAn RV dump station is located at the entrance to the Open Pond Recreation Area.\n\nTrails connect the \"D Loop\" of the campground to additional small sinkhole ponds and the day\\-use picnic areas. By using the roadway that begins at the picnic areas, hiking and bicycling around Open Pond is possible. The trail is blazed with small white diamond reflective signs attached to trees and posts.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Open Pond Fire Lookout Tower](/wiki/File:Open_pond_fire_tower%2C_conecuh_national_forest%2C_alabama.jpg \"Open pond fire tower, conecuh national forest, alabama.jpg\")\n\n",
"#### Open Pond Fire Tower\n\nThe Open Pond Fire Tower is located on the north side of the Open Pond Recreation Area. According to a plaque at the bottom of the tower, the tower was built in 1938\\. The plaque indicates the tower is registered as U.S. Tower \\#97 on the [National Historic Lookout Register](/wiki/National_Historic_Lookout_Register \"National Historic Lookout Register\").[National Historic Lookouts Register](http://www.nhlr.org/Lookouts/each_lookout.aspx?which_lookout=97) According to the Register, the tower was constructed between 1938 and 1939 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The tower is one of two such towers in Conecuh National Forest.\n\n",
"### Blue Lake Recreation Area\n\n[Blue Lake Recreation Area](http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTSw8jAwgAykeaxcN4jhYG_h4eYX5hPgYwefy6w0H24dcPNgEHcDTQ9_PIz03VL8iNMMgycVQEAIzTHkw!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfME80MEkxVkFCOTBFMktTNUJIMjAwMDAwMDA!/?ss=110801&ttype=recarea&recid=30109&actid=82&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&navid=110400000000000&pnavid=110000000000000&cid=null&pname=National+Forests+in+Alabama+-+Blue+Lake+Recreation+Area) is located about nine miles north of the Alabama/Florida State line off of Alabama State Road 137\\. This day use area, located along the north shore of Blue Lake, provides the only official location in Conecuh National Forest where swimming is permitted. A bath house is provided, along with picnic tables and a small sandy beach. Limited non\\-motorized boating is permitted, and two boat launches are available.\n\n#### Fees\n\nThere is a day use fee of US$5 per vehicle. This allows for all recreational uses available at Blue Lake. These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid [Federal Interagency Recreation Pass](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). Day use fees paid at Blue Lake may also be used to enter the Open Pond Recreation Area (day use only) two miles south of Blue Lake.\n\n#### Adjacent Land Use\n\nThe south, west, and eastern shores of Blue Lake are privately held by the [Alabama\\-West Florida Conference of the United Methodist Church](http://www.awfumc.org/) under the name \"[Blue Lake Methodist Assembly](http://bluelakecamp.com/)\".\n\n",
"#### Fees\n\nThere is a day use fee of US$5 per vehicle. This allows for all recreational uses available at Blue Lake. These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid [Federal Interagency Recreation Pass](http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/recreation/passports.htm). Day use fees paid at Blue Lake may also be used to enter the Open Pond Recreation Area (day use only) two miles south of Blue Lake.\n\n",
"#### Adjacent Land Use\n\nThe south, west, and eastern shores of Blue Lake are privately held by the [Alabama\\-West Florida Conference of the United Methodist Church](http://www.awfumc.org/) under the name \"[Blue Lake Methodist Assembly](http://bluelakecamp.com/)\".\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of national forests of the United States](/wiki/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States \"List of national forests of the United States\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Forest Service website for Alabama National Forests](http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/alabama/)\n* [Forest Service website for Conecuh National Forest](http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPwhQoY6IeDdGCqCPOBqwDLG-AAjgb6fh75uan6BdnZaY6OiooA1tkqlQ!!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfMjAwMDAwMDBBODBPSEhWTjJNMDAwMDAwMDA!/?navtype=&cid=fsbdev3_002554&navid=170110000000000&pnavid=170000000000000&ss=110801&position=Not%20Yet%20Determined.Html&ttype=detail&pname=Alabama%20National%20Forest-%20Home)\n\n[Category:Protected areas of Covington County, Alabama](/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Covington_County%2C_Alabama \"Protected areas of Covington County, Alabama\")\n[Category:Protected areas of Escambia County, Alabama](/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Escambia_County%2C_Alabama \"Protected areas of Escambia County, Alabama\")\n[Category:National forests of Alabama](/wiki/Category:National_forests_of_Alabama \"National forests of Alabama\")\n[Category:Protected areas established in 1936](/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_established_in_1936 \"Protected areas established in 1936\")\n[Category:1936 establishments in Alabama](/wiki/Category:1936_establishments_in_Alabama \"1936 establishments in Alabama\")\n[Category:Alabama placenames of Native American origin](/wiki/Category:Alabama_placenames_of_Native_American_origin \"Alabama placenames of Native American origin\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Two of a Kind (1983 film)
|
{
"id": [
32651679
],
"name": [
"Trailblazer101"
]
}
|
sdn8mx6fbq4lyzmn26fk83zltkgd5f2
|
2024-10-10T23:34:15Z
| 1,248,380,168 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Cast",
"Filming",
"Reception",
"Soundtrack",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - \n\t\t\t\t\t***Two of a Kind*** is a 1983 American [romantic fantasy](/wiki/Romantic_fantasy \"Romantic fantasy\") [crime](/wiki/Crime \"Crime\") [comedy\\-drama film](/wiki/Comedy-drama_film \"Comedy-drama film\") directed by [John Herzfeld](/wiki/John_Herzfeld \"John Herzfeld\") and starring [John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta \"John Travolta\") and [Olivia Newton\\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John \"Olivia Newton-John\"). The film reunited Travolta and Newton\\-John who had appeared together in 1978's *[Grease](/wiki/Grease_%28film%29 \"Grease (film)\")*. The original musical score was composed by [Patrick Williams](/wiki/Patrick_Williams_%28composer%29 \"Patrick Williams (composer)\"). Travolta plays a cash\\-strapped [inventor](/wiki/Inventor \"Inventor\") while Newton\\-John plays the [bank teller](/wiki/Bank_teller \"Bank teller\") whom he attempts to rob. They must come to show compassion for one another in order to delay [God](/wiki/God \"God\")'s judgment upon the Earth. Despite being a critical failure, the film's soundtrack was a commercial success, yielding three hit singles for Newton\\-John and being certified [Platinum](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification \"Music recording sales certification\").\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nFour [angels](/wiki/Angel \"Angel\") — Charlie ([Charles Durning](/wiki/Charles_Durning \"Charles Durning\")), Earl ([Scatman Crothers](/wiki/Scatman_Crothers \"Scatman Crothers\")), Gonzales ([Castulo Guerra](/wiki/Castulo_Guerra \"Castulo Guerra\")), and Ruth ([Beatrice Straight](/wiki/Beatrice_Straight \"Beatrice Straight\")) — have been in charge of [Heaven](/wiki/Heaven \"Heaven\") for the last twenty\\-five years. They are playing a [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\") match in Heaven when their game is interrupted by [God](/wiki/God \"God\") (voiced by [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman \"Gene Hackman\")), who has returned to the office and does not like what he sees down on Earth. God wants to order up another flood and start all over again (despite his promise in the rainbow that he never would again), but the four angels persuade him to reconsider, reasoning that, if a typical Earth man can reform, it would prove that all mankind is capable of it.\n\nGod agrees to the scheme, and the typical Earth man selected by the angels is Zack Melon ([John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta \"John Travolta\")), a failed inventor who, threatened by [loan sharks](/wiki/Loan_shark \"Loan shark\"), decides to [hold up a bank](/wiki/Bank_robbery \"Bank robbery\"). Zack points his gun at bank teller Debbie Wylder ([Olivia Newton\\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John \"Olivia Newton-John\")), who ostensibly gives him all the money. However, when Zack peers into the sack after the robbery, he sees that Debbie has substituted bank deposit slips for the cash and has kept the money for herself. Zack tracks her down to reclaim his stolen money. While dodging the loan sharks and the evil interventions of the [Devil](/wiki/Devil \"Devil\") ([Oliver Reed](/wiki/Oliver_Reed \"Oliver Reed\")), the two come to develop a romantic relationship which is put to the test when they are threatened by a masked thug.\n\n",
"Cast\n----\n\n* [John Travolta](/wiki/John_Travolta \"John Travolta\") as Zack Melon\n* [Olivia Newton\\-John](/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John \"Olivia Newton-John\") as Debbie Wylder\n* [Charles Durning](/wiki/Charles_Durning \"Charles Durning\") as Charlie\n* [Oliver Reed](/wiki/Oliver_Reed \"Oliver Reed\") as Beasley/The Devil\n* [Beatrice Straight](/wiki/Beatrice_Straight \"Beatrice Straight\") as Ruth\n* [Scatman Crothers](/wiki/Scatman_Crothers \"Scatman Crothers\") as Earl\n* [Richard Bright](/wiki/Richard_Bright_%28actor%29 \"Richard Bright (actor)\") as Stuart\n* [Toni Kalem](/wiki/Toni_Kalem \"Toni Kalem\") as Terri\n* [Ernie Hudson](/wiki/Ernie_Hudson \"Ernie Hudson\") as Detective Skaggs\n* [Jack Kehoe](/wiki/Jack_Kehoe \"Jack Kehoe\") as Mr. Chotiner\n* [Robert Costanzo](/wiki/Robert_Costanzo \"Robert Costanzo\") as Captain Cinzari\n* [Castulo Guerra](/wiki/Castulo_Guerra \"Castulo Guerra\") as Gonzales\n* [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman \"Gene Hackman\") as God (uncredited)\n",
"Filming\n-------\n\nThe film was originally called *Second Chance* and was to be directed by [Richard Rush](/wiki/Richard_Rush_%28director%29 \"Richard Rush (director)\").FILM CLIPS: HOW LONG IS A SPOCK SPAN? NOBODY KNOWS FILM CLIPS: HOW LONG A SPOCK SPAN?\nBoyer, Peter J. Los Angeles Times 30 Oct 1981: h1\\.\n\n[Principal photography](/wiki/Principal_photography \"Principal photography\") of *Two of a Kind* took place from May 9 to July 21, 1983, beginning in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") with two weeks of location shooting and then continuing in [California](/wiki/California \"California\") at 20th Century Fox Studios in [Century City](/wiki/Century_City%2C_Los_Angeles \"Century City, Los Angeles\"), [MGM Studios](/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Studios \"Sony Pictures Studios\") in [Culver City](/wiki/Culver_City%2C_California \"Culver City, California\") and [The Burbank Studios](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios_Burbank \"Warner Bros. Studios Burbank\") in [Burbank](/wiki/Burbank%2C_California \"Burbank, California\"). The heaven scene was shot on MGM's Stage 27\\.\n\nDirector John Herzfeld explained in an interview with [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone \"Sylvester Stallone\") that the original cut of the film was considered to be too controversial and included [Orson Welles](/wiki/Orson_Welles \"Orson Welles\") as God. The interview is a special feature on the Blu\\-ray for Herzfeld's *[2 Days in the Valley](/wiki/2_Days_in_the_Valley \"2 Days in the Valley\")* released by [Kino Lorber](/wiki/Kino_Lorber \"Kino Lorber\"). Herzfeld said the original cut was never screened for test audiences and upon studio alterations, [Gene Hackman](/wiki/Gene_Hackman \"Gene Hackman\") was brought in to replace Welles and record new audio for the re\\-edited film.\n\nNewton\\-John recorded a song \"[Twist of Fate](/wiki/Twist_of_Fate_%28Olivia_Newton-John_song%29 \"Twist of Fate (Olivia Newton-John song)\")\" which was played over the end credits. It proved so popular on radio that release of the film was delayed to redo the film's soundtrack.FILM CLIPS: CUBA\\-BORN ACTOR A 'SCARFACE' HIT FILM CLIPS: BAUER SCORES IN 'SCARFACE'\nLondon, Michael. Los Angeles Times 16 Dec 1983: m1\\.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n[Roger Ebert](/wiki/Roger_Ebert \"Roger Ebert\") gave the film one\\-and\\-a\\-half stars out of four and wrote, \"The romance, alas, never really gets airborne, if only because John Travolta, Olivia Newton\\-John and the plot are followed everywhere by countless unnecessary supporting characters.\" [Janet Maslin](/wiki/Janet_Maslin \"Janet Maslin\") of *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* asked, \"Can it really have been *that* difficult to find a passable screen vehicle for John Travolta and Olivia Newton\\-John? Any old romantic fluff should have sufficed, and yet something as horrible as 'Two of a Kind' has been tailor\\-made for its stars. The results are so disastrous that absolutely no one is shown off to good advantage, with the possible exception of the hairdressers involved.\"Maslin, Janet (December 16, 1983\\). [\"The Screen: Travolta in 'Two of Kind'\".](https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/16/movies/the-screen-travolta-in-two-of-kind.html) *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*. C12\\. [Todd McCarthy](/wiki/Todd_McCarthy \"Todd McCarthy\") of *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* slammed the film as \"an embarrassment of the first order ... Aside from the presence of the two stars, confection has all the earmarks of a bargain\\-basement job.\"\n\n[Gene Siskel](/wiki/Gene_Siskel \"Gene Siskel\") of the *[Chicago Tribune](/wiki/Chicago_Tribune \"Chicago Tribune\")* gave the film two\\-and\\-a\\-half stars out of four and wrote that director John Herzfeld \"has placed one of America's favorite fantasy couples in a gimmick\\-filled story that requires the almost\\-constant presence of seven of the dullest supporting characters you'll ever meet. That's too bad, because whenever Newton\\-John and Travolta are on screen together, 'Two of a Kind' flashes with a spark of entertainment, and you want to tell them to get up and go to another film where they can have a long talk or makeout scene together.\"\n\n[Sheila Benson](/wiki/Sheila_Benson \"Sheila Benson\") of the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* said that with \"flaccid direction, ugly photography and performances that rely on charm generated a few movies ago (and sealed in plastic), you have reason enough to give 'Two of a Kind' a wide berth.\" Rita Kempley of *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* wrote, \"The acting's not all that bad, but the script is.\"\n\n*[FilmInk](/wiki/FilmInk \"FilmInk\")* magazine later wrote the two stars \"really shouldn’t have been so snobby about *[Grease 2](/wiki/Grease_2 \"Grease 2\")* if this is what they did instead.\"\n\n*Two of a Kind* was nominated for five [Razzie Awards](/wiki/Razzie_Awards \"Razzie Awards\"): [Worst Actor](/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_Actor \"Razzie Award for Worst Actor\") (Travolta, also for *[Staying Alive](/wiki/Staying_Alive_%281983_film%29 \"Staying Alive (1983 film)\")*), [Worst Actress](/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_Actress \"Razzie Award for Worst Actress\") (Newton\\-John), Worst Director (Herzfeld), Worst Screenplay, and [Worst Picture](/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Picture \"Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture\"). The movie was nominated for a [Stinkers Bad Movie Award](/wiki/Stinkers_Bad_Movie_Awards \"Stinkers Bad Movie Awards\") for Worst Picture.\n\nAs of November 2022, the film holds a 17% rating on [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\") based on 12 reviews.['Two of a Kind'.](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1022225_two_of_a_kind?) [Rotten Tomatoes](/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes \"Rotten Tomatoes\"). Retrieved September 17, 2019\\.\n\n",
"Soundtrack\n----------\n\nThe film was salvaged by a platinum soundtrack which yielded three singles for Newton\\-John:\n\n* \"[Twist of Fate](/wiki/Twist_of_Fate_%28Olivia_Newton-John_song%29 \"Twist of Fate (Olivia Newton-John song)\")\" \\- No. 5 Pop (her last of 15 Top 10 Pop hits)\n* \"Take a Chance\" (duet with John Travolta) \\- No. 3 AC (B\\-side to \"Twist of Fate\")\n* \"Livin' in Desperate Times\" \\- No. 31 Pop\n\nThe album was further bolstered by featuring \"Ask the Lonely\", a song which the rock group [Journey](/wiki/Journey_%28band%29 \"Journey (band)\") had initially intended for their 1983 album *[Frontiers](/wiki/Frontiers_%28Journey_album%29 \"Frontiers (Journey album)\")* but which was only available on the soundtrack album (No. 3 [Mainstream Rock](/wiki/Mainstream_Rock \"Mainstream Rock\")); it was also added to the playlist of a few Pop stations but did not chart there. Additionally included was [Patti Austin](/wiki/Patti_Austin \"Patti Austin\")'s \"It's Gonna Be Special\", which was not a major Pop hit, but peaked at \\#15 on the R\\&B charts and \\#5 on the Dance charts in 1984\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The Two of A Kind Only Olivia movie website](http://www.onlyolivia.com/visual/toak/index.html)\n\n[Category:1980s American films](/wiki/Category:1980s_American_films \"1980s American films\")\n[Category:1980s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1980s_English-language_films \"1980s English-language films\")\n[Category:1980s romantic fantasy films](/wiki/Category:1980s_romantic_fantasy_films \"1980s romantic fantasy films\")\n[Category:1983 directorial debut films](/wiki/Category:1983_directorial_debut_films \"1983 directorial debut films\")\n[Category:1983 films](/wiki/Category:1983_films \"1983 films\")\n[Category:1983 romantic comedy films](/wiki/Category:1983_romantic_comedy_films \"1983 romantic comedy films\")\n[Category:20th Century Fox films](/wiki/Category:20th_Century_Fox_films \"20th Century Fox films\")\n[Category:American fantasy comedy films](/wiki/Category:American_fantasy_comedy_films \"American fantasy comedy films\")\n[Category:American romantic comedy films](/wiki/Category:American_romantic_comedy_films \"American romantic comedy films\")\n[Category:Films about angels](/wiki/Category:Films_about_angels \"Films about angels\")\n[Category:Films about bank robbery](/wiki/Category:Films_about_bank_robbery \"Films about bank robbery\")\n[Category:Films about God](/wiki/Category:Films_about_God \"Films about God\")\n[Category:Films directed by John Herzfeld](/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_John_Herzfeld \"Films directed by John Herzfeld\")\n[Category:Films scored by Patrick Williams (composer)](/wiki/Category:Films_scored_by_Patrick_Williams_%28composer%29 \"Films scored by Patrick Williams (composer)\")\n[Category:Films set in heaven](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_heaven \"Films set in heaven\")\n[Category:Films set in New York City](/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_New_York_City \"Films set in New York City\")\n[Category:The Devil in film](/wiki/Category:The_Devil_in_film \"The Devil in film\")\n[Category:English\\-language romantic comedy films](/wiki/Category:English-language_romantic_comedy_films \"English-language romantic comedy films\")\n[Category:English\\-language romantic fantasy films](/wiki/Category:English-language_romantic_fantasy_films \"English-language romantic fantasy films\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Old American Company
|
{
"id": [
1739907
],
"name": [
"DuncanHill"
]
}
|
fslgl4f265wvjp8fjf1dusen1vj43me
|
2024-06-07T16:41:21Z
| 1,227,654,336 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Hallam Company",
"First Jamaica Tour",
"American Company",
"Second Jamaica Tour",
"Old American Company",
"Legacy",
"Managers",
"Members",
"Hallam Company in 1752",
"American Company in 1766",
"American Company in 1773",
"Old American Company in 1788",
"Old American Company in 1798",
"Old American Company in 1804",
"References",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Old American Company** was an American theatre company. It was the first fully professional theatre company to perform in North America. It also played a vital role in the theatre history of Jamaica. It was founded in 1752 and disbanded in 1805\\. It was known as the **Hallam Company** (1752–1758\\), the **American Company** (1758–1785\\) and the **Old American Company** (1785–1805\\).Seilhamer, George Overcash: *[History of the American theatre](https://archive.org/stream/cu31924091760011/cu31924091760011_djvu.txt)* With a few temporary exceptions, the Company enjoyed a [de facto](/wiki/De_facto \"De facto\") monopoly of professional theatre in the United States until 1790\\.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Hallam Company\n\nThe company was organised by [William Hallam](/wiki/William_Hallam_%28theatre_manager%29 \"William Hallam (theatre manager)\"), former proprietor of the New Wells Theatre in London, and was led by his brother [Lewis Hallam](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam \"Lewis Hallam\"). Their company consisted of 12 adults and three children, drawn from English actors of \"modest accomplishment\". They were also known as the \"Comedy of Comedians from London.\"\n\nThey arrived by the vessel *Charming Sally* at [Yorktown, Virginia](/wiki/Yorktown%2C_Virginia \"Yorktown, Virginia\"), on 2 June 1752, and made their early performances in nearby [Williamsburg](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Virginia \"Williamsburg, Virginia\"). Their first performance, *[The Merchant of Venice](/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice \"The Merchant of Venice\")*, is generally considered to be the first professional staging of [Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") in America. In 1753, the Hallam company moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), and played there from September 17, 1753, to March 18, 1754\\. They played in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") for two months starting on April 15, 1754\\. The company then traveled to [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\").\n\n### First Jamaica Tour\n\nIn 1755 the company moved to Jamaica in the West Indies. In Jamaica, the performed in the \"New Theatre\" in the King's Store on Harbour Street in Kingston with the company of [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\").Errol Hill, *[The Jamaican Stage, 1655\\-1900: Profile of a Colonial Theatre](https://books.google.com/books?id=NkW2RqfhxPQC&dq=theatre+jamaica+hallam&pg=PA127)* On Lewis Hallam's death, David Douglass married his widow [Sarah Hallam Douglass](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\"). The Hallam company merged with the company of David Douglass. In 1758, the company returned to tour the mainland, as the \"American Company\".\n\n### American Company\n\nLewis' son, [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), eighteen at the time of the American Company's first tour, took leading roles alongside Douglass. Lewis Jr.'s style was described as declaratory rather than realistic, but he was much admired and became known as America's leading Shakespearean interpreter. Douglass had his limitations: one Alexander Graydon described him as \"rather a decent than shining actor\". However, he was a capable manager and he gave North America its first [Falstaff](/wiki/Falstaff \"Falstaff\") and [King John](/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_King_John \"The Life and Death of King John\"). Within the repertoire was *[Cymbeline](/wiki/Cymbeline \"Cymbeline\")*, which proved a popular vehicle for two of the company's actresses, [Margaret Cheer](/wiki/Margaret_Cheer \"Margaret Cheer\") and [Nancy Hallam](/wiki/Nancy_Hallam \"Nancy Hallam\"). Douglass built the Society Hill Theatre in Philadelphia in 1759, having the company play there for six months before protests halted theatrical performances. He also built the [Southwark Theatre](/wiki/Southwark_Theatre \"Southwark Theatre\") in Philadelphia in 1766, which was the first permanent theatre structure in North America. On April 24, 1767, at the Southwark, the American Company staged *[The Prince of Parthia](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Parthia \"The Prince of Parthia\")* by [Thomas Godfrey](/wiki/Thomas_Godfrey_%28poet%29 \"Thomas Godfrey (poet)\"), the first production in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") of a play written by an American. The [John Street Theatre](/wiki/John_Street_Theatre \"John Street Theatre\") was built in New York in 1767, modeled after the Southwark.*[Cambridge Guide to American Theatre](https://books.google.com/books?id=F-MMwSBrdikC&q=%22John+Street+Theatre%22)*\n\nIn Quaker and Puritan areas, the company encountered religious opposition to theatre in general. At Rhode Island in 1761 they were obliged to perform Othello disguised as \"a series of moral dialogues\".\n\n### Second Jamaica Tour\n\nIn 1774, the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\") banned theatre entirely, and the company resettled in Jamaica. By that time, Hugh F. Ranking calculates that the company had performed at least 180 times, their repertoire having included fourteen of Shakespeare's plays.\n\nThe Company achieved great success in Jamaica, as the island had a great interest for theatre but no professional theater had existed since they left sixteen years prior. Finding the old playhouse in Kingston not sufficient to their needs, the company successfully asked the authorities to construct the [Kingston Theatre](/wiki/Kingston_Theatre \"Kingston Theatre\") in Kingston, where they performed three or four times a week from 1775 onward: they also constructed theatres in [Spanish Town](/wiki/Spanish_Town \"Spanish Town\") and [Montego Bay](/wiki/Montego_Bay \"Montego Bay\"). David Douglass even served in the office of Master of the Revels, responsible of the representational festivities of the Governor, in 1779–80, and Lewis Hallam Jr. in 1781–1783\\.\n\n### Old American Company\n\nAfter the peace of 1783, the company left Jamaica in July 1785 and returned to New York, with Lewis Hallam Jr. as the leading actor, and [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\") as his co\\-manager. The theatre ban was still in place, and until it was lifted, the company officially named its plays \"recitals\", operatic performances and similar euphemisms for theater plays. For part of 1786 the company was in residence at the newly built [Richmond Theatre](/wiki/Richmond_Theatre_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"Richmond Theatre (Richmond, Virginia)\") in Virginia, then known as Quesnay's Academy. \n\nThe Old American Company virtually had monopoly of theatre performances in the United States until 1790, when [Thomas Wade West](/wiki/Thomas_Wade_West \"Thomas Wade West\") and [John Bignall](/wiki/John_Bignall \"John Bignall\") split from the Company and formed the [Virginia Comedians](/wiki/Virginia_Comedians \"Virginia Comedians\"), performing in Virginia and South Carolina, followed the next year by the foundation of the Philadelphia Company of [Thomas Wignell](/wiki/Thomas_Wignell \"Thomas Wignell\") and [Owen Morris](/wiki/Owen_Morris \"Owen Morris\").Robin O. Warren, *[Women on Southern Stages, 1800\\-1865: Performance, Gender and Identity](https://books.google.com/books?id=gP9NDQAAQBAJ&q=Margaret+Cheer&pg=PA36)* After this, the Old American Company was essentially active in New York: first at the [John Street Theatre](/wiki/John_Street_Theatre \"John Street Theatre\"), and from 1798 at the [Park Theatre](/wiki/Park_Theatre_%28Manhattan%29 \"Park Theatre (Manhattan)\"). In 1805, the Company went bankrupt.\n\n### Legacy\n\nThe Company enjoyed a [de facto](/wiki/De_facto \"De facto\") monopoly on professional theatrical performances in North America until the 1790s. In many places, they were the first professional company to perform theatre, and they founded playhouses for their use in many of the cities and towns they visited, often the very first playhouses in those places. They toured from Newport in Rhode Island to Williamsburg in Virginia, and between Annapolis, Philadelphia and New York. They founded a playhouse in New York in 1754, the 'New Theatre' playhouse in [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\") in 1754, the [Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia](/wiki/Southwark_Theatre_in_Philadelphia \"Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia\") in 1766, the [John Street Theatre](/wiki/John_Street_Theatre \"John Street Theatre\") in New York in 1767, and the New Theatre in Annapolis in 1770\\.Odai Johnson, William J. Burling, James A. Coombs, \n*[The Colonial American Stage, 1665\\-1774: A Documentary Calendar](https://books.google.com/books?id=IaYTwebG0RgC&q=The+Colonial+American+Stage%2C+1665-1774%3A+A+Documentary+Calendar)*\n\n",
"### Hallam Company\n\nThe company was organised by [William Hallam](/wiki/William_Hallam_%28theatre_manager%29 \"William Hallam (theatre manager)\"), former proprietor of the New Wells Theatre in London, and was led by his brother [Lewis Hallam](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam \"Lewis Hallam\"). Their company consisted of 12 adults and three children, drawn from English actors of \"modest accomplishment\". They were also known as the \"Comedy of Comedians from London.\"\n\nThey arrived by the vessel *Charming Sally* at [Yorktown, Virginia](/wiki/Yorktown%2C_Virginia \"Yorktown, Virginia\"), on 2 June 1752, and made their early performances in nearby [Williamsburg](/wiki/Williamsburg%2C_Virginia \"Williamsburg, Virginia\"). Their first performance, *[The Merchant of Venice](/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice \"The Merchant of Venice\")*, is generally considered to be the first professional staging of [Shakespeare](/wiki/William_Shakespeare \"William Shakespeare\") in America. In 1753, the Hallam company moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\"), and played there from September 17, 1753, to March 18, 1754\\. They played in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") for two months starting on April 15, 1754\\. The company then traveled to [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\").\n\n",
"### First Jamaica Tour\n\nIn 1755 the company moved to Jamaica in the West Indies. In Jamaica, the performed in the \"New Theatre\" in the King's Store on Harbour Street in Kingston with the company of [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\").Errol Hill, *[The Jamaican Stage, 1655\\-1900: Profile of a Colonial Theatre](https://books.google.com/books?id=NkW2RqfhxPQC&dq=theatre+jamaica+hallam&pg=PA127)* On Lewis Hallam's death, David Douglass married his widow [Sarah Hallam Douglass](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\"). The Hallam company merged with the company of David Douglass. In 1758, the company returned to tour the mainland, as the \"American Company\".\n\n",
"### American Company\n\nLewis' son, [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), eighteen at the time of the American Company's first tour, took leading roles alongside Douglass. Lewis Jr.'s style was described as declaratory rather than realistic, but he was much admired and became known as America's leading Shakespearean interpreter. Douglass had his limitations: one Alexander Graydon described him as \"rather a decent than shining actor\". However, he was a capable manager and he gave North America its first [Falstaff](/wiki/Falstaff \"Falstaff\") and [King John](/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_King_John \"The Life and Death of King John\"). Within the repertoire was *[Cymbeline](/wiki/Cymbeline \"Cymbeline\")*, which proved a popular vehicle for two of the company's actresses, [Margaret Cheer](/wiki/Margaret_Cheer \"Margaret Cheer\") and [Nancy Hallam](/wiki/Nancy_Hallam \"Nancy Hallam\"). Douglass built the Society Hill Theatre in Philadelphia in 1759, having the company play there for six months before protests halted theatrical performances. He also built the [Southwark Theatre](/wiki/Southwark_Theatre \"Southwark Theatre\") in Philadelphia in 1766, which was the first permanent theatre structure in North America. On April 24, 1767, at the Southwark, the American Company staged *[The Prince of Parthia](/wiki/The_Prince_of_Parthia \"The Prince of Parthia\")* by [Thomas Godfrey](/wiki/Thomas_Godfrey_%28poet%29 \"Thomas Godfrey (poet)\"), the first production in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") of a play written by an American. The [John Street Theatre](/wiki/John_Street_Theatre \"John Street Theatre\") was built in New York in 1767, modeled after the Southwark.*[Cambridge Guide to American Theatre](https://books.google.com/books?id=F-MMwSBrdikC&q=%22John+Street+Theatre%22)*\n\nIn Quaker and Puritan areas, the company encountered religious opposition to theatre in general. At Rhode Island in 1761 they were obliged to perform Othello disguised as \"a series of moral dialogues\".\n\n",
"### Second Jamaica Tour\n\nIn 1774, the [Continental Congress](/wiki/Continental_Congress \"Continental Congress\") banned theatre entirely, and the company resettled in Jamaica. By that time, Hugh F. Ranking calculates that the company had performed at least 180 times, their repertoire having included fourteen of Shakespeare's plays.\n\nThe Company achieved great success in Jamaica, as the island had a great interest for theatre but no professional theater had existed since they left sixteen years prior. Finding the old playhouse in Kingston not sufficient to their needs, the company successfully asked the authorities to construct the [Kingston Theatre](/wiki/Kingston_Theatre \"Kingston Theatre\") in Kingston, where they performed three or four times a week from 1775 onward: they also constructed theatres in [Spanish Town](/wiki/Spanish_Town \"Spanish Town\") and [Montego Bay](/wiki/Montego_Bay \"Montego Bay\"). David Douglass even served in the office of Master of the Revels, responsible of the representational festivities of the Governor, in 1779–80, and Lewis Hallam Jr. in 1781–1783\\.\n\n",
"### Old American Company\n\nAfter the peace of 1783, the company left Jamaica in July 1785 and returned to New York, with Lewis Hallam Jr. as the leading actor, and [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\") as his co\\-manager. The theatre ban was still in place, and until it was lifted, the company officially named its plays \"recitals\", operatic performances and similar euphemisms for theater plays. For part of 1786 the company was in residence at the newly built [Richmond Theatre](/wiki/Richmond_Theatre_%28Richmond%2C_Virginia%29 \"Richmond Theatre (Richmond, Virginia)\") in Virginia, then known as Quesnay's Academy. \n\nThe Old American Company virtually had monopoly of theatre performances in the United States until 1790, when [Thomas Wade West](/wiki/Thomas_Wade_West \"Thomas Wade West\") and [John Bignall](/wiki/John_Bignall \"John Bignall\") split from the Company and formed the [Virginia Comedians](/wiki/Virginia_Comedians \"Virginia Comedians\"), performing in Virginia and South Carolina, followed the next year by the foundation of the Philadelphia Company of [Thomas Wignell](/wiki/Thomas_Wignell \"Thomas Wignell\") and [Owen Morris](/wiki/Owen_Morris \"Owen Morris\").Robin O. Warren, *[Women on Southern Stages, 1800\\-1865: Performance, Gender and Identity](https://books.google.com/books?id=gP9NDQAAQBAJ&q=Margaret+Cheer&pg=PA36)* After this, the Old American Company was essentially active in New York: first at the [John Street Theatre](/wiki/John_Street_Theatre \"John Street Theatre\"), and from 1798 at the [Park Theatre](/wiki/Park_Theatre_%28Manhattan%29 \"Park Theatre (Manhattan)\"). In 1805, the Company went bankrupt.\n\n",
"### Legacy\n\nThe Company enjoyed a [de facto](/wiki/De_facto \"De facto\") monopoly on professional theatrical performances in North America until the 1790s. In many places, they were the first professional company to perform theatre, and they founded playhouses for their use in many of the cities and towns they visited, often the very first playhouses in those places. They toured from Newport in Rhode Island to Williamsburg in Virginia, and between Annapolis, Philadelphia and New York. They founded a playhouse in New York in 1754, the 'New Theatre' playhouse in [Charleston, South Carolina](/wiki/Charleston%2C_South_Carolina \"Charleston, South Carolina\") in 1754, the [Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia](/wiki/Southwark_Theatre_in_Philadelphia \"Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia\") in 1766, the [John Street Theatre](/wiki/John_Street_Theatre \"John Street Theatre\") in New York in 1767, and the New Theatre in Annapolis in 1770\\.Odai Johnson, William J. Burling, James A. Coombs, \n*[The Colonial American Stage, 1665\\-1774: A Documentary Calendar](https://books.google.com/books?id=IaYTwebG0RgC&q=The+Colonial+American+Stage%2C+1665-1774%3A+A+Documentary+Calendar)*\n\n",
"Managers\n--------\n\n* 1752\\-1756: [Lewis Hallam](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam \"Lewis Hallam\")\n* 1756\\-1758: [Sarah Hallam Douglass](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\")\n* 1758\\-1779: [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\")\n* 1779\\-1796: [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\")\n* 1780\\-1794: [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), Co\\-manager\n* 1794\\-1799: [John Hodgkinson](/wiki/John_Hodgkinson_%28actor%2C_born_1766%29 \"John Hodgkinson (actor, born 1766)\"), Co\\-manager\n* 1796\\-1805: [William Dunlap](/wiki/William_Dunlap \"William Dunlap\")\n",
"Members\n-------\n\n### Hallam Company in 1752\n\nIn 1752, when the Hallam Company departed from London and arrived in Williamsburg in Virginia, the Company had twelve adult members: [Lewis Hallam](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam \"Lewis Hallam\") and his wife [Sarah Hallam](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\"), William Rigby and his wife, Thomas Clarkson and his wife, Mary Palmer, John Singleton, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Winnell, William Adcock, and Patrick Malone.\n\n### American Company in 1766\n\nIn November 1766, when the [Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia](/wiki/Southwark_Theatre_in_Philadelphia \"Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia\") opened, the American Company had the following members: [Sarah Hallam Douglass](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\"), her husband [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\"), and her son [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"); [Margaret Cheer](/wiki/Margaret_Cheer \"Margaret Cheer\"); [Stephen Woolls](/wiki/Stephen_Woolls \"Stephen Woolls\"); Adam Allyn; Miss Dowthwaite; James Godwin; Catharine Maria Harman; Mr. Mathews; Owen and Mary Morris; Anna Tomlinson and her husband; Sarah Wainwright; and Thomas Wall.\n\nBy October 1767, new members were [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), Ms. Storers (Ann, [Maria](/wiki/Maria_Henry \"Maria Henry\") and Fanny), Patrick Malone, and Mr. Roberts.\n\n### American Company in 1773\n\nIn 1773–74, when the American Company departed to Jamaica, the Company had the following members: [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\"), [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [Nancy Hallam](/wiki/Nancy_Hallam \"Nancy Hallam\"), [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), [Elizabeth Walker Morris](/wiki/Elizabeth_Walker_Morris \"Elizabeth Walker Morris\"), Mr. Byerley, Mr. Dermot, Richard Goodman, Catharine Maria Harman, Mr. Johnson, Owen Morris, Charles Parker, Mary Richardson, Mr. Roberts, Miss Storer (Ann, [Maria](/wiki/Maria_Henry \"Maria Henry\") or Fanny), Thomas Wall, Mrs. Wall, Stephen Woolls, George Hughues, and Sarah Wainwright.\n\nThe cast lists mention [Thomas Wignell](/wiki/Thomas_Wignell \"Thomas Wignell\"), Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Raynard, Mr. Sales, Mr. Mores, Mr. and Mrs. Godwin in the period of 1779\\-82\\.\n\n### Old American Company in 1788\n\nIn 1788, around the time when the theatre ban was lifted in the United States, the American Company had the following members: [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), [Maria Henry](/wiki/Maria_Henry \"Maria Henry\"), Stephen Woolls, Owen Morris, [Elizabeth Walker Morris](/wiki/Elizabeth_Walker_Morris \"Elizabeth Walker Morris\"), [Thomas Wignell](/wiki/Thomas_Wignell \"Thomas Wignell\"), Charles Biddle, Mr. J. Kenna, Mrs. Kenna, Miss Kenna, [Eliza Tuke](/wiki/Eliza_Hallam \"Eliza Hallam\"), Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Williamsson, [Joseph Harper](/wiki/Joseph_Harper_%28actor%29 \"Joseph Harper (actor)\"), Mrs. Harper, and Fanny Storer.\n\nOther members included John Martin (from 1790\\), referred to as the first American\\-born actor. In 1792, [John Hodgkinson](/wiki/John_Hodgkinson_%28actor%2C_born_1766%29 \"John Hodgkinson (actor, born 1766)\") joined.\n\n### Old American Company in 1798\n\nIn 1798, when the American Company moved into Park Theatre in New York, the Company had the following members (listed in order of salary): [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [Eliza Hallam](/wiki/Eliza_Hallam \"Eliza Hallam\"), John Johnson, [Mrs. Johnson](/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_%28actress%29 \"Elizabeth Johnson (actress)\"), Georgina George Oldmixon, Thomas Apthorpe Cooper, [Charlotte Melmoth](/wiki/Charlotte_Melmoth \"Charlotte Melmoth\"), Joseph Tyler, Joseph Jefferson I, John Martin, Mirvan Hallam, Ann Storer Hogg, John Hogg, [Juliana Westray](/wiki/Juliana_Westray \"Juliana Westray\"), Ellen Westray, Mr. Lee, Mrs. Seymour, Mr. Seymour, John D. Miller, Miss. Hogg, and Mrs. Collins.\n\n### Old American Company in 1804\n\nIn 1804, the last season of the American Company, the Company had the following members: [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [Eliza Hallam](/wiki/Eliza_Hallam \"Eliza Hallam\"), John E. Harwood, John Johnson, Elizabeth Ford Johnson, Joseph Tyler, Ann Storer Hogg, John Hogg, John Martin, John Claude, Mrs. Claude, [Joseph Harper](/wiki/Joseph_Harper_%28actor%29 \"Joseph Harper (actor)\"), Mrs. Harper, John Darley, Ellen Darley, Mr. Darby, [Charlotte Melmoth](/wiki/Charlotte_Melmoth \"Charlotte Melmoth\"), Mirvan Hallam, Mr. Shapter, Mr. Robinson, and Mr. M'Donald.\n\n",
"### Hallam Company in 1752\n\nIn 1752, when the Hallam Company departed from London and arrived in Williamsburg in Virginia, the Company had twelve adult members: [Lewis Hallam](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam \"Lewis Hallam\") and his wife [Sarah Hallam](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\"), William Rigby and his wife, Thomas Clarkson and his wife, Mary Palmer, John Singleton, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Winnell, William Adcock, and Patrick Malone.\n\n",
"### American Company in 1766\n\nIn November 1766, when the [Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia](/wiki/Southwark_Theatre_in_Philadelphia \"Southwark Theatre in Philadelphia\") opened, the American Company had the following members: [Sarah Hallam Douglass](/wiki/Sarah_Hallam_Douglass \"Sarah Hallam Douglass\"), her husband [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\"), and her son [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"); [Margaret Cheer](/wiki/Margaret_Cheer \"Margaret Cheer\"); [Stephen Woolls](/wiki/Stephen_Woolls \"Stephen Woolls\"); Adam Allyn; Miss Dowthwaite; James Godwin; Catharine Maria Harman; Mr. Mathews; Owen and Mary Morris; Anna Tomlinson and her husband; Sarah Wainwright; and Thomas Wall.\n\nBy October 1767, new members were [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), Ms. Storers (Ann, [Maria](/wiki/Maria_Henry \"Maria Henry\") and Fanny), Patrick Malone, and Mr. Roberts.\n\n",
"### American Company in 1773\n\nIn 1773–74, when the American Company departed to Jamaica, the Company had the following members: [David Douglass](/wiki/David_Douglass_%28actor%29 \"David Douglass (actor)\"), [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [Nancy Hallam](/wiki/Nancy_Hallam \"Nancy Hallam\"), [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), [Elizabeth Walker Morris](/wiki/Elizabeth_Walker_Morris \"Elizabeth Walker Morris\"), Mr. Byerley, Mr. Dermot, Richard Goodman, Catharine Maria Harman, Mr. Johnson, Owen Morris, Charles Parker, Mary Richardson, Mr. Roberts, Miss Storer (Ann, [Maria](/wiki/Maria_Henry \"Maria Henry\") or Fanny), Thomas Wall, Mrs. Wall, Stephen Woolls, George Hughues, and Sarah Wainwright.\n\nThe cast lists mention [Thomas Wignell](/wiki/Thomas_Wignell \"Thomas Wignell\"), Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Raynard, Mr. Sales, Mr. Mores, Mr. and Mrs. Godwin in the period of 1779\\-82\\.\n\n",
"### Old American Company in 1788\n\nIn 1788, around the time when the theatre ban was lifted in the United States, the American Company had the following members: [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [John Henry](/wiki/John_Henry_%28actor%29 \"John Henry (actor)\"), [Maria Henry](/wiki/Maria_Henry \"Maria Henry\"), Stephen Woolls, Owen Morris, [Elizabeth Walker Morris](/wiki/Elizabeth_Walker_Morris \"Elizabeth Walker Morris\"), [Thomas Wignell](/wiki/Thomas_Wignell \"Thomas Wignell\"), Charles Biddle, Mr. J. Kenna, Mrs. Kenna, Miss Kenna, [Eliza Tuke](/wiki/Eliza_Hallam \"Eliza Hallam\"), Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Williamsson, [Joseph Harper](/wiki/Joseph_Harper_%28actor%29 \"Joseph Harper (actor)\"), Mrs. Harper, and Fanny Storer.\n\nOther members included John Martin (from 1790\\), referred to as the first American\\-born actor. In 1792, [John Hodgkinson](/wiki/John_Hodgkinson_%28actor%2C_born_1766%29 \"John Hodgkinson (actor, born 1766)\") joined.\n\n",
"### Old American Company in 1798\n\nIn 1798, when the American Company moved into Park Theatre in New York, the Company had the following members (listed in order of salary): [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [Eliza Hallam](/wiki/Eliza_Hallam \"Eliza Hallam\"), John Johnson, [Mrs. Johnson](/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_%28actress%29 \"Elizabeth Johnson (actress)\"), Georgina George Oldmixon, Thomas Apthorpe Cooper, [Charlotte Melmoth](/wiki/Charlotte_Melmoth \"Charlotte Melmoth\"), Joseph Tyler, Joseph Jefferson I, John Martin, Mirvan Hallam, Ann Storer Hogg, John Hogg, [Juliana Westray](/wiki/Juliana_Westray \"Juliana Westray\"), Ellen Westray, Mr. Lee, Mrs. Seymour, Mr. Seymour, John D. Miller, Miss. Hogg, and Mrs. Collins.\n\n",
"### Old American Company in 1804\n\nIn 1804, the last season of the American Company, the Company had the following members: [Lewis Hallam Jr.](/wiki/Lewis_Hallam_Jr. \"Lewis Hallam Jr.\"), [Eliza Hallam](/wiki/Eliza_Hallam \"Eliza Hallam\"), John E. Harwood, John Johnson, Elizabeth Ford Johnson, Joseph Tyler, Ann Storer Hogg, John Hogg, John Martin, John Claude, Mrs. Claude, [Joseph Harper](/wiki/Joseph_Harper_%28actor%29 \"Joseph Harper (actor)\"), Mrs. Harper, John Darley, Ellen Darley, Mr. Darby, [Charlotte Melmoth](/wiki/Charlotte_Melmoth \"Charlotte Melmoth\"), Mirvan Hallam, Mr. Shapter, Mr. Robinson, and Mr. M'Donald.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n[Category:Theatre in the United States](/wiki/Category:Theatre_in_the_United_States \"Theatre in the United States\")\n[Category:18th century in the United States](/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_the_United_States \"18th century in the United States\")\n[Category:18th\\-century theatre](/wiki/Category:18th-century_theatre \"18th-century theatre\")\n[Category:18th century in Jamaica](/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Jamaica \"18th century in Jamaica\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Mr. Six (mascot)
|
{
"id": [
2304267
],
"name": [
"CommonsDelinker"
]
}
|
puhnq33udbor49eey1ypdrbf95v2jji
|
2024-09-27T18:26:07Z
| 1,237,824,264 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Origin",
"Mr. Six impersonators",
"Hiatus & Return",
"Parodies",
"See also",
"Footnotes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Mr. Six** is an advertising character since 2004 for an [advertising campaign](/wiki/Advertising_campaign \"Advertising campaign\") by the American [theme park](/wiki/Theme_park \"Theme park\") chain [Six Flags](/wiki/Six_Flags \"Six Flags\"). Appearing as an elderly man wearing a [tuxedo](/wiki/Black_tie \"Black tie\") and thick\\-framed [glasses](/wiki/Glasses \"Glasses\"), he was usually shown stepping slowly off a [bus](/wiki/Bus \"Bus\") before he suddenly performed a frenetic dance to an instrumental version of the [Vengaboys](/wiki/Vengaboys \"Vengaboys\") song \"[We Like to Party](/wiki/We_Like_to_Party%21_%28Vengaboys_song%29 \"We Like to Party! (Vengaboys song)\")\" to invite stressed and overworked people to Six Flags. Mr. Six last appeared in 2010, with Six Flags stating the character was on a hiatus. On June 25th, 2024, Six Flags brought Mr. Six back in a Fright Fest ad after 14 years.\n\n",
"Origin\n------\n\nAccording to *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*, Mr. Six is the creation of [Doner Advertising](/wiki/Doner_Company \"Doner Company\") of [Southfield, Michigan](/wiki/Southfield%2C_Michigan \"Southfield, Michigan\"). The success of the ad became such that Six Flags toured the vintage bus featured in the ad to all of its 31 parks selling old T\\-shirts based on the Mr. Six advertisement. Mr. Six also appeared on the nationally broadcast U.S. TV morning show *[Good Morning America](/wiki/Good_Morning_America \"Good Morning America\")*.\n\nThe first airing had Mr. Six as an apparently elderly, slow\\-moving man dressed in his trademark tuxedo and large glasses, entering a suburban neighborhood in a [retro\\-style](/wiki/Retro_style \"Retro style\") bus. The neighborhood's families are working hard but appear to be bored when doing so. Mr. Six slowly shuffles off the bus, then suddenly becomes more limber and performs a high\\-energy dance routine as \"We Like to Party\" begins playing. The suburban families happily board the bus and are driven to Six Flags, where Mr. Six dances around park guests and joins them on various attractions. His dance borrows moves from the [Melbourne shuffle](/wiki/Melbourne_shuffle \"Melbourne shuffle\"), [jumpstyle](/wiki/Jumpstyle \"Jumpstyle\"), and [Techtonik](/wiki/Techtonik \"Techtonik\"). Ads later showed different variations of Mr. Six dancing and inviting people to Six Flags. Initially he had a non\\-speaking role.\n\nSix Flags did not disclose the identity of the actor playing Mr. Six for some time, but eventually it became known that Mr. Six was played by choreographer Danny Teeson. Teeson said in 2018, \"The first few years, I had a hefty NDA \\[non\\-disclosure agreement] agreement with my contract.\"\n\n",
"Mr. Six impersonators\n---------------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|A [Halloween costume](/wiki/Halloween_costume \"Halloween costume\") based on the likeness of Mr. Six](/wiki/File:Mr._Six_Flags_%286631845%29.jpg \"Mr. Six Flags (6631845).jpg\")\nOn July 9, 2004, [Six Flags Great America](/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_America \"Six Flags Great America\") held a contest to find the best person who could impersonate the new \"Ambassador of Fun\" Mr. Six and dance like him. The reward was $2,500 cash and other small prizes. About 200 people who wore tuxedos and red bow ties, went out onto the stage and danced. Jordan Pope, 13, won the contest. Jim Crowley, Six Flags Great America marketing director, said, \"Jordan truly embodies the spirit of Six Flags!... He had Mr. Six's unique dance moves down to a science, the crowd went wild when he took the stage!\"\n\n",
"Hiatus \\& Return\n----------------\n\nOn November 29, 2005, [Daniel Snyder](/wiki/Daniel_Snyder \"Daniel Snyder\"), then the owner of the [NFL](/wiki/NFL \"NFL\")'s [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\") (now the Washington Commanders), took over [Six Flags](/wiki/Six_Flags \"Six Flags\") and the next day, he announced the retirement of the ad campaign. Snyder said that Mr. Six was \"pointless\". Mr. Six and the \"It's Playtime!\" motto were dropped and Six Flags' next ad campaign was \"Friendly, Clean, Fast, Safe, Service.\" (The mascot was still prominently featured at Six Flags theme parks on merchandise until his revival in 2009\\.) The Mr. Six campaign was replaced by the \"More Flags, More Fun\" campaign, which introduced an unnamed [Asian](/wiki/Asian_people \"Asian people\") character shouting the tagline at viewers.\n\nOn February 2, 2009, Mr. Six began appearing in place of the unnamed Asian character in the \"More Flags, More Fun\" ads on the Six Flags website. In March 2009, Six Flags announced the return of Mr. Six to promote their 2009 season opening in numerous press releases. Mr. Six also resumed appearances in a number of new [television commercials](/wiki/Television_commercials \"Television commercials\") where he dances and says the \"More Flags, More Fun\" tagline, alongside his sidekick Little Six, a much younger version of himself.\n\nMr. Six appeared as a [bobblehead](/wiki/Bobblehead \"Bobblehead\") in the Six Flags New for 2017 announcement video.\n\nThroughout the first half of 2024, Six Flags began teasing the return of Mr. Six. On March 21, several of Six Flags' social media accounts posted a video featuring \"We Like to Party\" playing in the background on speakers. On June 21, the Six Flags [Instagram](/wiki/Instagram \"Instagram\") account posted a video featuring a Halloween remix of “We Like to Party”, depicting the Six Flags bus opening with fog coming out of the back. On June 25, Six Flags released a Fright Fest ad featuring Mr. Six, marking his first appearance since 2010\\.\n\n",
"Parodies\n--------\n\n* A 2004 episode of *[The Late Show with David Letterman](/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_David_Letterman \"The Late Show with David Letterman\")* featured a parody with show announcer [Alan Kalter](/wiki/Alan_Kalter \"Alan Kalter\") driving the Six Flags bus and \"accidentally\" running over Mr. Six.\n* Mr. Six is also parodied in the *[Robot Chicken](/wiki/Robot_Chicken \"Robot Chicken\")* episode \"[Celebrity Rocket](/wiki/Celebrity_Rocket \"Celebrity Rocket\")\". In a sketch, Mr. Six appears at the site of a car accident and whisks all involved to Six Flags (including a woman, a man, a cop, and a corpse in a body bag). At one point, he dances behind the woman in a very provocative manner, causing the cop to yank him away from her. At the end, Mr. Six begins driving them away from Six Flags only to cause another fatal accident. As the bus passengers look on at the horrifying results, Mr. Six begins dancing again. The cop gets annoyed and shoots him in the head.\n* Mr. Six was parodied twice on *[Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\")*.\n\t+ He was parodied on the [February 23, 2008](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_%28season_33%29 \"Saturday Night Live (season 33)\") episode hosted by [Tina Fey](/wiki/Tina_Fey \"Tina Fey\"). In the sketch, [NBC](/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company \"National Broadcasting Company\") has over\\-scheduled *[The Apprentice](/wiki/The_Apprentice_%28American_TV_series%29 \"The Apprentice (American TV series)\")* and dozens of spinoffs have been created, including one in which the contestants are TV commercial characters. [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") (played by [Darrell Hammond](/wiki/Darrell_Hammond \"Darrell Hammond\")) asks Mr. Six (played by [Amy Poehler](/wiki/Amy_Poehler \"Amy Poehler\")) if he would dance for him. Mr. Six says he would rather not, but the skit ends with Mr. Six next to Trump dancing to \"We Like to Party\".\n\t+ On the [April 16, 2022](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_%28season_47%29 \"Saturday Night Live (season 47)\") episode, host [Lizzo](/wiki/Lizzo \"Lizzo\") brings a date (played by [Mikey Day](/wiki/Mikey_Day \"Mikey Day\")) home, only for it to be revealed that her grandfather (played by [Sarah Sherman](/wiki/Sarah_Sherman \"Sarah Sherman\")), with whom she lives, is Mr. Six, referred to throughout the sketch as \"The Six Flags Guy\". Further, it is revealed that her grandmother ([Ego Nwodim](/wiki/Ego_Nwodim \"Ego Nwodim\")) and their poker club ([Aristotle Athari](/wiki/Aristotle_Athari \"Aristotle Athari\"), [Kate McKinnon](/wiki/Kate_McKinnon \"Kate McKinnon\"), [Kyle Mooney](/wiki/Kyle_Mooney \"Kyle Mooney\")) are all also \"Six Flags Guys\". The sketch ends with everyone doing the Mr. Six dance to \"We Like to Party\".\n* [Art Wander](/wiki/Art_Wander \"Art Wander\") portrayed \"Mr. Empire,\" a direct parody of Mr. Six, in an advertisement for [Empire Sports Network](/wiki/Empire_Sports_Network \"Empire Sports Network\"). The original Mr. Six ads were in heavy rotation at the time to promote [Six Flags Darien Lake](/wiki/Six_Flags_Darien_Lake \"Six Flags Darien Lake\") in Empire's coverage area.Koshinski, Bob (March 19, 2007\\). [Empire Sports Network \"Mr Empire\" promo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lCqQ34mxx8). Retrieved August 12, 2023\\.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of American advertising characters](/wiki/List_of_American_advertising_characters \"List of American advertising characters\")\n",
"Footnotes\n---------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Male characters in advertising](/wiki/Category:Male_characters_in_advertising \"Male characters in advertising\")\n[Category:Advertising characters](/wiki/Category:Advertising_characters \"Advertising characters\")\n[Category:Six Flags](/wiki/Category:Six_Flags \"Six Flags\")\n[Category:Corporate mascots](/wiki/Category:Corporate_mascots \"Corporate mascots\")\n[Category:Mascots introduced in 2004](/wiki/Category:Mascots_introduced_in_2004 \"Mascots introduced in 2004\")\n\n"
]
}
|
LGBT rights in Mali
|
{
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
}
|
ts9ztfaqhqae1i5qa9ob5f1xe58b8lj
|
2024-09-23T17:43:34Z
| 1,247,206,635 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Legal status",
"Discrimination protections",
"Adoption and family planning",
"Living conditions",
"Summary table",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nLesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Mali face legal and societal challenges not experienced by non\\-[LGBTQ](/wiki/LGBTQ \"LGBTQ\") residents. Although same\\-sex sexual activity is not illegal in Mali, LGBT people face widespread discrimination among the broader population. According to the 2007 [Pew Global Attitudes Project](/wiki/Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project \"Pew Global Attitudes Project\"), 98 percent of Malian adults believed that homosexuality is considered something society should not accept, which was the highest rate of non\\-acceptance in the 45 countries surveyed. The Constitution of Mali has outlawed same\\-sex marriage since 2023\\.\n\nThe United States Department of States points to laws in [Mali](/wiki/Mali \"Mali\") which prohibit \"attacks on morality\", and states these laws are used to target LGBT persons; these laws are actively enforced.\n\n",
"Legal status\n------------\n\nPrivate, adult, consensual and non\\-commercial same\\-sex sexual acts are legal in Mali and have never been criminalised.[*State\\-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults*](http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf), International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2012, p. 12 While legal, the prevailing cultural and religious beliefs of most Mali citizens view same\\-sex sexual activity and non\\-traditional gender roles as immoral.\n\nThere are provisions against \"public outrages on decency\", under which LGBT individuals are disproportionately prosecuted. Article 224 of the allows for penalties of up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 200,000 FCFA ([West African CFA francs](/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc \"West African CFA franc\")) for offences. It may be used against LGBT people who engage in public displays of affection, for example.\n\nThe age of consent is set at 15 years; it does not differ for same\\-sex participants.\n\n",
"Discrimination protections\n--------------------------\n\nThere are no anti\\-discrimination laws to protect the LGBT community from harassment and abuse on the basis of [sexual orientation](/wiki/Sexual_orientation \"Sexual orientation\") and [gender identity](/wiki/Gender_identity \"Gender identity\"). Also, societal discrimination is widespread.\n\n",
"Adoption and family planning\n----------------------------\n\nArticle 522 of the \"Code des Personnes et de la Famille\", which was passed by the National Assembly on 2 December 2011 and subsequently signed into the law by the president of Mali, forbids same\\-sex couples from adopting children.\n\nMali's new constitution, adopted by referendum in June 2023, includes a clause limiting marriage to a union of one man and one woman.\n\n",
"Living conditions\n-----------------\n\nAccording to Dr. Dembelé Bintou Keita, the director of ARCAD/SIDA, an HIV/AIDS organization in Mali that provides health care for [men who have sex with men](/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men \"Men who have sex with men\") (MSM), Malian society is not tolerant to MSM. They \"have no rights and certainly no right to claim their sexual orientation. All cultural beliefs towards MSM are negative.\" MSM are forced into bisexuality or underground sexual practices that put them at high risk of sexually transmitted and HIV infections. \"Men who are attracted to other men are forced to get married so that they will not bring shame to the family ... but they still have men as sexual partners.\"\n\nThe [U.S. Department of State](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State \"U.S. Department of State\")'s 2011 human rights report found that,\n\n",
"Summary table\n-------------\n\n| Same\\-sex sexual activity legal | [15px\\|Yes](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") (Always legal) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Equal age of consent (15\\) | [15px\\|Yes](/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg \"Yes check.svg\") (Always equal) |\n| Anti\\-discrimination laws in hate speech and violence | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Anti\\-discrimination laws in employment | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Anti\\-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Same\\-sex marriage | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") (Constitutional ban on same\\-sex marriage since 2023\\) |\n| Recognition of same\\-sex couples | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Step\\-child adoption by same\\-sex couples | [15px\\|No](/wiki/Image:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Joint adoption by same\\-sex couples | [15px\\|No](/wiki/Image:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Right to change legal gender | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Access to IVF for lesbians | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples | [15px\\|No](/wiki/Image:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n| [MSMs](/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men \"Men who have sex with men\") allowed to donate blood | [15px\\|No](/wiki/File:X_mark.svg \"X mark.svg\") |\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Human rights in Mali](/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali \"Human rights in Mali\")\n* [LGBT rights in Africa](/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa \"LGBT rights in Africa\")\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Law of Mali](/wiki/Category:Law_of_Mali \"Law of Mali\")\n[Mali](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights_in_Africa_by_country \"LGBTQ rights in Africa by country\")\n[Category:Human rights in Mali](/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Mali \"Human rights in Mali\")\n[Category:Politics of Mali](/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Mali \"Politics of Mali\")\n[Category:LGBTQ in Mali](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_in_Mali \"LGBTQ in Mali\")\n\n"
]
}
|
WKRC-TV
|
{
"id": [
24050972
],
"name": [
"AntiDionysius"
]
}
|
g807y17xlzlrrcigiiv35a5mvcexi0j
|
2024-10-16T00:20:00Z
| 1,251,408,661 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Early history",
"Tri-State Network",
"As an ABC affiliate",
"Return to CBS",
"WKRC-DT2 (The CW Cincinnati)",
"History",
"Programming",
"Sports programming",
"Past program preemptions and deferrals",
"News operation",
"Notable alumni",
"Technical information",
"Subchannels",
"Analog-to-digital transition",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**WKRC\\-TV** (channel 12\\) is a [television station](/wiki/Television_station \"Television station\") in [Cincinnati, Ohio](/wiki/Cincinnati%2C_Ohio \"Cincinnati, Ohio\"), United States, affiliated with [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") and [The CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\"). It is owned by [Sinclair Broadcast Group](/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group \"Sinclair Broadcast Group\"), which provides certain services to [MyNetworkTV](/wiki/MyNetworkTV \"MyNetworkTV\") affiliate [WSTR\\-TV](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") (channel 64\\) under a [local marketing agreement](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement \"Local marketing agreement\") (LMA) with [Deerfield Media](/wiki/Deerfield_Media \"Deerfield Media\"). The two stations share studios on Highland Avenue in the [Mount Auburn](/wiki/Mount_Auburn%2C_Cincinnati \"Mount Auburn, Cincinnati\") section of Cincinnati, where WKRC\\-TV's transmitter is also located.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n### Early history\n\nWKRC\\-TV first signed on the air on April 4, 1949, originally operating as a CBS affiliate on VHF channel 11; it is Cincinnati's second\\-oldest television station, but the first to receive an FCC license. The station was owned by the Ohio\\-based [Taft family](/wiki/Taft_family \"Taft family\"), who were active in both politics and media. The Tafts published *[The Cincinnati Times\\-Star](/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Times-Star \"The Cincinnati Times-Star\")*, and also owned WKRC radio ([550 AM](/wiki/WKRC_%28AM%29 \"WKRC (AM)\") and 101\\.9 FM, now [WKRQ](/wiki/WKRQ \"WKRQ\")) under their broadcasting subsidiary, Radio Cincinnati. In 1958, the Tafts sold the *Times\\-Star* to the locally based rival [E. W. Scripps Company](/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company \"E. W. Scripps Company\"), owner of *[The Cincinnati Post](/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post \"The Cincinnati Post\")* and [WCPO\\-AM](/wiki/WCPO-AM \"WCPO-AM\")\\-[FM](/wiki/WUBE-FM \"WUBE-FM\")\\-[TV](/wiki/WCPO-TV \"WCPO-TV\"). The Tafts' broadcasting interests were then reorganized as [Taft Broadcasting](/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting \"Taft Broadcasting\"), with WKRC\\-AM\\-FM\\-TV as the flagship stations. The WKRC stations' [call letters](/wiki/Call_letters \"Call letters\") were derived from the original owner of WKRC radio, Clarence Ogden of the Kodel Radio Company (\"Ko\" for Clarence O. and \"del\" for Della his wife). Following the release of the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") (FCC)'s *Sixth Report and Order*, WKRC\\-TV moved to channel 12 on October 12, 1952\\.\n\n### Tri\\-State Network\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|Advertisement for the premiere of *The Wendy Barrie Show* originating from [WHIO\\-TV](/wiki/WHIO-TV \"WHIO-TV\") in [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton \"Dayton\") and simulcast on WKRC\\-TV in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\") and [WTVN](/wiki/WSYX \"WSYX\") (now WSYX) in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"), all in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\")](/wiki/File:Wendy_barrie_1953.png \"Wendy barrie 1953.png\")\nIn 1953, three television stations owned by Taft Broadcasting Company and [Cox Enterprises](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises \"Cox Enterprises\") formed the short\\-lived \"Tri\\-State Network\" to compete with entertainment programming produced by [Crosley Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Crosley_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Crosley Broadcasting Corporation\") on Crosley television stations in the Cincinnati, [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\") and [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton \"Dayton\") broadcast markets. On January 11, 1954, *[The Wendy Barrie Show](/wiki/The_Wendy_Barrie_Show \"The Wendy Barrie Show\")* premiered from the studios of [WHIO\\-TV](/wiki/WHIO-TV \"WHIO-TV\") in Dayton, simulcast on Taft Broadcasting's WKRC\\-TV in Cincinnati and [WTVN](/wiki/WSYX \"WSYX\") (now WSYX) in Columbus. Barrie's contract was terminated in October 1954, and she was replaced by her co\\-host of nine months, Don Williams.\n\n### As an ABC affiliate\n\nIn 1961, the station became an [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") affiliate, switching networks with WCPO\\-TV.*Broadcasting*, February 27, 1961, p. 36\\. [\"Taft stations switch to ABC\\-TV.\"](https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1961/1961-02-27-BC.pdf) This came after that network's founder [Leonard Goldenson](/wiki/Leonard_Goldenson \"Leonard Goldenson\") persuaded Taft president Hulbert Taft Jr., a longtime friend, to switch several of the company's stations to ABC. During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the [NTA Film Network](/wiki/NTA_Film_Network \"NTA Film Network\"). WKRC's nickname in the 1960s was \"Tall 12\", a reference to the station's transmitter tower which was the tallest in Cincinnati at the time. Like WCPO\\-TV, channel 12 used a distinctive jingle ID at the top of the hour in the 1960s. The upbeat, orchestrated \"Channel 12\" jingle was followed by children's show host Glenn Ryle announcing: \"This is WKRC\\-TV Cincinnati\". Also, during its tenure with ABC, WKRC (through ABC) aired a number of [animated](/wiki/Traditional_animation \"Traditional animation\") shows produced by [Hanna\\-Barbera](/wiki/Hanna-Barbera \"Hanna-Barbera\"), which Taft purchased in 1967\\. In 1975, it began airing movies on late night Saturdays in a program called *The Past Prime Playhouse*. Hosted live by local personality [Bob Shreve](/wiki/Bob_Shreve \"Bob Shreve\"), the show would air until 1988\\.\n\nOn June 23, 1983, after a yearlong field trial, WKRC began broadcasting [teletext](/wiki/Teletext \"Teletext\") magazines to Cincinnati\\-area owners of [Electra](/wiki/Electra_%28teletext%29 \"Electra (teletext)\") decoders, making Cincinnati the first market in the United States where teletext was commercially available. [https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting\\-IDX/1983\\-Broadcasting/1983\\-06\\-27\\-Broadcasting\\-Page\\-0042\\.pdf](https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1983-Broadcasting/1983-06-27-Broadcasting-Page-0042.pdf) WKRC broadcast 100 screens of information and games, along with [closed captioning](/wiki/Closed_captioning \"Closed captioning\") of ABC programming, from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. daily. Electra's manufacturer, [Zenith Electronics](/wiki/Zenith_Electronics \"Zenith Electronics\"), marketed the service with a mobile demonstration van at locations around the city to promote sales of its decoder. David Klein, the media critic for *The Cincinnati Post*, wrote a negative review of the service, noting slow loading time, unengaging content, and primitive graphics. WKRC's teletext magazine was later syndicated nationally by [Satellite Syndicated Systems](/wiki/Satellite_Syndicated_Systems \"Satellite Syndicated Systems\").\n\nIn 1987, Taft was dissolved in a hostile takeover of its board and all of its stations (except WTVN\\-TV in Columbus and [WGHP\\-TV](/wiki/WGHP-TV \"WGHP-TV\") in [High Point, North Carolina](/wiki/High_Point%2C_North_Carolina \"High Point, North Carolina\")) were absorbed into Great American Broadcasting. In 1993, Great American Broadcasting became Citicasters shortly before filing for bankruptcy. The Electra service shut down that year.\n\n### Return to CBS\n\n[thumb\\|150px\\|\"12 WKRC\" logo, used from 1994 to 2004 with the slogan \"A New Generation of News\"](/wiki/File:WKRC.png \"WKRC.png\")\nWhile Cincinnati was initially unaffected by the 1994–96 affiliation switches, as WCPO was in a middle of a long\\-term affiliation contract with CBS, such contract was abruptly stopped. WKRC returned to CBS in 1996, reversing the 1961 affiliation swap. WCPO had agreed to affiliate with ABC in September 1995, but WKRC's contract with ABC was not set to expire for another year. In May 1996, WKRC began airing half\\-hour\\-long special programs detailing upcoming programming changes at the two stations. On June 3, 1996, WKRC's contract ended, and WKRC rejoined CBS while WCPO rejoined ABC. The last ABC program to air on WKRC was the *ABC Sunday Night Movie* airing of the 1993 [telefilm](/wiki/Telefilm \"Telefilm\") *The Only Way Out*, and the first CBS program since it rejoined was *[CBS This Morning](/wiki/CBS_This_Morning \"CBS This Morning\")*.\n\nIn September 1996, WKRC was acquired by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor \"Jacor\") after most of Citicasters' other television stations were sold to [New World Communications](/wiki/New_World_Pictures%23New_World_Communications \"New World Pictures#New World Communications\"), which had become involved in an [affiliation deal](/wiki/1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment \"1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment\") with [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") that was announced in May 1994\\. The Jacor deal reunited channel 12 with its AM sister, which had been bought by Jacor in 1993 during Great American Broadcasting's [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States \"Bankruptcy in the United States\") reorganization. Jacor merged with [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") in 1998\\.\n\nAlthough owned by Clear Channel at the time, the station changed its branding to \"Local 12\" in 2003\\. This was inspired by the \"Local Mandate\", a station brand standardization adopted by [Post\\-Newsweek Stations](/wiki/Post-Newsweek_Stations \"Post-Newsweek Stations\") for its own television stations.\n\n[210px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Original \"Local 12\" logo used from 2004 to September 2009](/wiki/File:WKRCLocal12.png \"WKRCLocal12.png\")\nIn 2006, Clear Channel ranked WKRC as the top CBS affiliate in the United States. On November 16 of that year, the company announced that it would sell its entire television division, including WKRC, after being bought by private equity firms in order to focus on its radio and event properties. On April 20, 2007, Clear Channel entered into an agreement to sell its stations to [Providence Equity Partners](/wiki/Providence_Equity_Partners \"Providence Equity Partners\"). Providence Equity teamed up with [Sandy DiPasquale](/wiki/Sandy_DiPasquale \"Sandy DiPasquale\") to form a new holding company, [Newport Television](/wiki/Newport_Television \"Newport Television\"), for the station group. Concurrently, Clear Channel applied to place WKRC and several other stations to the [Aloha Station Trust](/wiki/Aloha_Station_Trust \"Aloha Station Trust\") just in case Newport Television failed to close on the group. However, as a result of Newport Television closing on the purchase of WKRC and the other stations on March 14, 2008, Aloha Station Trust and the would\\-be new owners of Clear Channel opted not to consummate on the acquisition of the station. As a result, Newport Television became WKRC's fourth owner in just over 20 years. As a result of the sale, the Citicasters name disappeared from WKRC's license, dissolving channel 12's last link to Taft Broadcasting; the Citicasters name is still alive as a holding company within the corporate structure of Clear Channel's successor, iHeartMedia.\n\nOn June 18, 2008, Newport announced that it was eliminating 7\\.5% of the jobs at its 56 stations, attributing the layoffs to a weak economy. As a result, WKRC fired 18 staff members. On July 19, 2012, Newport Television reached deals to sell 22 of its 27 stations to three station groups – [Nexstar Broadcasting Group](/wiki/Nexstar_Broadcasting_Group \"Nexstar Broadcasting Group\"), [Sinclair Broadcast Group](/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group \"Sinclair Broadcast Group\") and [Cox Media Group](/wiki/Cox_Media_Group \"Cox Media Group\"). WKRC\\-TV was among the six sold to Sinclair.[Newport Sells 22 Stations For $1 Billion](http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/60876/newport-sells-22-stations-for-1-billion), *TVNewsCheck*, July 19, 2012\\. [WSTR\\-TV](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") (channel 64\\) was transferred to [Deerfield Media](/wiki/Deerfield_Media \"Deerfield Media\") (who also received [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio \"San Antonio\")'s [CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") affiliate [KMYS](/wiki/KMYS \"KMYS\") in the same deal) because the Cincinnati market, despite being the 35th\\-largest market, has only seven full\\-power commercial stations, which are not enough to legally permit a [duopoly](/wiki/Duopoly_%28broadcasting%29 \"Duopoly (broadcasting)\"). However, Sinclair retained control of WSTR through a [local marketing agreement](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement \"Local marketing agreement\"). The deal also reunited WKRC\\-TV with WSYX (the former WTVN\\-TV), another station formerly owned by Taft. The sale was completed on December 3\\.\n\n",
"### Early history\n\nWKRC\\-TV first signed on the air on April 4, 1949, originally operating as a CBS affiliate on VHF channel 11; it is Cincinnati's second\\-oldest television station, but the first to receive an FCC license. The station was owned by the Ohio\\-based [Taft family](/wiki/Taft_family \"Taft family\"), who were active in both politics and media. The Tafts published *[The Cincinnati Times\\-Star](/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Times-Star \"The Cincinnati Times-Star\")*, and also owned WKRC radio ([550 AM](/wiki/WKRC_%28AM%29 \"WKRC (AM)\") and 101\\.9 FM, now [WKRQ](/wiki/WKRQ \"WKRQ\")) under their broadcasting subsidiary, Radio Cincinnati. In 1958, the Tafts sold the *Times\\-Star* to the locally based rival [E. W. Scripps Company](/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company \"E. W. Scripps Company\"), owner of *[The Cincinnati Post](/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Post \"The Cincinnati Post\")* and [WCPO\\-AM](/wiki/WCPO-AM \"WCPO-AM\")\\-[FM](/wiki/WUBE-FM \"WUBE-FM\")\\-[TV](/wiki/WCPO-TV \"WCPO-TV\"). The Tafts' broadcasting interests were then reorganized as [Taft Broadcasting](/wiki/Taft_Broadcasting \"Taft Broadcasting\"), with WKRC\\-AM\\-FM\\-TV as the flagship stations. The WKRC stations' [call letters](/wiki/Call_letters \"Call letters\") were derived from the original owner of WKRC radio, Clarence Ogden of the Kodel Radio Company (\"Ko\" for Clarence O. and \"del\" for Della his wife). Following the release of the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") (FCC)'s *Sixth Report and Order*, WKRC\\-TV moved to channel 12 on October 12, 1952\\.\n\n",
"### Tri\\-State Network\n\n[thumb\\|265px\\|Advertisement for the premiere of *The Wendy Barrie Show* originating from [WHIO\\-TV](/wiki/WHIO-TV \"WHIO-TV\") in [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton \"Dayton\") and simulcast on WKRC\\-TV in [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati \"Cincinnati\") and [WTVN](/wiki/WSYX \"WSYX\") (now WSYX) in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"), all in [Ohio](/wiki/Ohio \"Ohio\")](/wiki/File:Wendy_barrie_1953.png \"Wendy barrie 1953.png\")\nIn 1953, three television stations owned by Taft Broadcasting Company and [Cox Enterprises](/wiki/Cox_Enterprises \"Cox Enterprises\") formed the short\\-lived \"Tri\\-State Network\" to compete with entertainment programming produced by [Crosley Broadcasting Corporation](/wiki/Crosley_Broadcasting_Corporation \"Crosley Broadcasting Corporation\") on Crosley television stations in the Cincinnati, [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\") and [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton \"Dayton\") broadcast markets. On January 11, 1954, *[The Wendy Barrie Show](/wiki/The_Wendy_Barrie_Show \"The Wendy Barrie Show\")* premiered from the studios of [WHIO\\-TV](/wiki/WHIO-TV \"WHIO-TV\") in Dayton, simulcast on Taft Broadcasting's WKRC\\-TV in Cincinnati and [WTVN](/wiki/WSYX \"WSYX\") (now WSYX) in Columbus. Barrie's contract was terminated in October 1954, and she was replaced by her co\\-host of nine months, Don Williams.\n\n",
"### As an ABC affiliate\n\nIn 1961, the station became an [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") affiliate, switching networks with WCPO\\-TV.*Broadcasting*, February 27, 1961, p. 36\\. [\"Taft stations switch to ABC\\-TV.\"](https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1961/1961-02-27-BC.pdf) This came after that network's founder [Leonard Goldenson](/wiki/Leonard_Goldenson \"Leonard Goldenson\") persuaded Taft president Hulbert Taft Jr., a longtime friend, to switch several of the company's stations to ABC. During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the [NTA Film Network](/wiki/NTA_Film_Network \"NTA Film Network\"). WKRC's nickname in the 1960s was \"Tall 12\", a reference to the station's transmitter tower which was the tallest in Cincinnati at the time. Like WCPO\\-TV, channel 12 used a distinctive jingle ID at the top of the hour in the 1960s. The upbeat, orchestrated \"Channel 12\" jingle was followed by children's show host Glenn Ryle announcing: \"This is WKRC\\-TV Cincinnati\". Also, during its tenure with ABC, WKRC (through ABC) aired a number of [animated](/wiki/Traditional_animation \"Traditional animation\") shows produced by [Hanna\\-Barbera](/wiki/Hanna-Barbera \"Hanna-Barbera\"), which Taft purchased in 1967\\. In 1975, it began airing movies on late night Saturdays in a program called *The Past Prime Playhouse*. Hosted live by local personality [Bob Shreve](/wiki/Bob_Shreve \"Bob Shreve\"), the show would air until 1988\\.\n\nOn June 23, 1983, after a yearlong field trial, WKRC began broadcasting [teletext](/wiki/Teletext \"Teletext\") magazines to Cincinnati\\-area owners of [Electra](/wiki/Electra_%28teletext%29 \"Electra (teletext)\") decoders, making Cincinnati the first market in the United States where teletext was commercially available. [https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX\\-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting\\-IDX/1983\\-Broadcasting/1983\\-06\\-27\\-Broadcasting\\-Page\\-0042\\.pdf](https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1983-Broadcasting/1983-06-27-Broadcasting-Page-0042.pdf) WKRC broadcast 100 screens of information and games, along with [closed captioning](/wiki/Closed_captioning \"Closed captioning\") of ABC programming, from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. daily. Electra's manufacturer, [Zenith Electronics](/wiki/Zenith_Electronics \"Zenith Electronics\"), marketed the service with a mobile demonstration van at locations around the city to promote sales of its decoder. David Klein, the media critic for *The Cincinnati Post*, wrote a negative review of the service, noting slow loading time, unengaging content, and primitive graphics. WKRC's teletext magazine was later syndicated nationally by [Satellite Syndicated Systems](/wiki/Satellite_Syndicated_Systems \"Satellite Syndicated Systems\").\n\nIn 1987, Taft was dissolved in a hostile takeover of its board and all of its stations (except WTVN\\-TV in Columbus and [WGHP\\-TV](/wiki/WGHP-TV \"WGHP-TV\") in [High Point, North Carolina](/wiki/High_Point%2C_North_Carolina \"High Point, North Carolina\")) were absorbed into Great American Broadcasting. In 1993, Great American Broadcasting became Citicasters shortly before filing for bankruptcy. The Electra service shut down that year.\n\n",
"### Return to CBS\n\n[thumb\\|150px\\|\"12 WKRC\" logo, used from 1994 to 2004 with the slogan \"A New Generation of News\"](/wiki/File:WKRC.png \"WKRC.png\")\nWhile Cincinnati was initially unaffected by the 1994–96 affiliation switches, as WCPO was in a middle of a long\\-term affiliation contract with CBS, such contract was abruptly stopped. WKRC returned to CBS in 1996, reversing the 1961 affiliation swap. WCPO had agreed to affiliate with ABC in September 1995, but WKRC's contract with ABC was not set to expire for another year. In May 1996, WKRC began airing half\\-hour\\-long special programs detailing upcoming programming changes at the two stations. On June 3, 1996, WKRC's contract ended, and WKRC rejoined CBS while WCPO rejoined ABC. The last ABC program to air on WKRC was the *ABC Sunday Night Movie* airing of the 1993 [telefilm](/wiki/Telefilm \"Telefilm\") *The Only Way Out*, and the first CBS program since it rejoined was *[CBS This Morning](/wiki/CBS_This_Morning \"CBS This Morning\")*.\n\nIn September 1996, WKRC was acquired by [Jacor](/wiki/Jacor \"Jacor\") after most of Citicasters' other television stations were sold to [New World Communications](/wiki/New_World_Pictures%23New_World_Communications \"New World Pictures#New World Communications\"), which had become involved in an [affiliation deal](/wiki/1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment \"1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment\") with [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") that was announced in May 1994\\. The Jacor deal reunited channel 12 with its AM sister, which had been bought by Jacor in 1993 during Great American Broadcasting's [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States \"Bankruptcy in the United States\") reorganization. Jacor merged with [Clear Channel Communications](/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications \"Clear Channel Communications\") in 1998\\.\n\nAlthough owned by Clear Channel at the time, the station changed its branding to \"Local 12\" in 2003\\. This was inspired by the \"Local Mandate\", a station brand standardization adopted by [Post\\-Newsweek Stations](/wiki/Post-Newsweek_Stations \"Post-Newsweek Stations\") for its own television stations.\n\n[210px\\|thumb\\|right\\|Original \"Local 12\" logo used from 2004 to September 2009](/wiki/File:WKRCLocal12.png \"WKRCLocal12.png\")\nIn 2006, Clear Channel ranked WKRC as the top CBS affiliate in the United States. On November 16 of that year, the company announced that it would sell its entire television division, including WKRC, after being bought by private equity firms in order to focus on its radio and event properties. On April 20, 2007, Clear Channel entered into an agreement to sell its stations to [Providence Equity Partners](/wiki/Providence_Equity_Partners \"Providence Equity Partners\"). Providence Equity teamed up with [Sandy DiPasquale](/wiki/Sandy_DiPasquale \"Sandy DiPasquale\") to form a new holding company, [Newport Television](/wiki/Newport_Television \"Newport Television\"), for the station group. Concurrently, Clear Channel applied to place WKRC and several other stations to the [Aloha Station Trust](/wiki/Aloha_Station_Trust \"Aloha Station Trust\") just in case Newport Television failed to close on the group. However, as a result of Newport Television closing on the purchase of WKRC and the other stations on March 14, 2008, Aloha Station Trust and the would\\-be new owners of Clear Channel opted not to consummate on the acquisition of the station. As a result, Newport Television became WKRC's fourth owner in just over 20 years. As a result of the sale, the Citicasters name disappeared from WKRC's license, dissolving channel 12's last link to Taft Broadcasting; the Citicasters name is still alive as a holding company within the corporate structure of Clear Channel's successor, iHeartMedia.\n\nOn June 18, 2008, Newport announced that it was eliminating 7\\.5% of the jobs at its 56 stations, attributing the layoffs to a weak economy. As a result, WKRC fired 18 staff members. On July 19, 2012, Newport Television reached deals to sell 22 of its 27 stations to three station groups – [Nexstar Broadcasting Group](/wiki/Nexstar_Broadcasting_Group \"Nexstar Broadcasting Group\"), [Sinclair Broadcast Group](/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group \"Sinclair Broadcast Group\") and [Cox Media Group](/wiki/Cox_Media_Group \"Cox Media Group\"). WKRC\\-TV was among the six sold to Sinclair.[Newport Sells 22 Stations For $1 Billion](http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/60876/newport-sells-22-stations-for-1-billion), *TVNewsCheck*, July 19, 2012\\. [WSTR\\-TV](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") (channel 64\\) was transferred to [Deerfield Media](/wiki/Deerfield_Media \"Deerfield Media\") (who also received [San Antonio](/wiki/San_Antonio \"San Antonio\")'s [CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") affiliate [KMYS](/wiki/KMYS \"KMYS\") in the same deal) because the Cincinnati market, despite being the 35th\\-largest market, has only seven full\\-power commercial stations, which are not enough to legally permit a [duopoly](/wiki/Duopoly_%28broadcasting%29 \"Duopoly (broadcasting)\"). However, Sinclair retained control of WSTR through a [local marketing agreement](/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement \"Local marketing agreement\"). The deal also reunited WKRC\\-TV with WSYX (the former WTVN\\-TV), another station formerly owned by Taft. The sale was completed on December 3\\.\n\n",
"WKRC\\-DT2 (The CW Cincinnati)\n-----------------------------\n\n**WKRC\\-DT2**, branded on\\-air as **The CW Cincinnati**, is the CW\\-affiliated second [digital subchannel](/wiki/Digital_subchannel \"Digital subchannel\") of WKRC\\-TV, broadcasting in high definition on channel 12\\.2\\.\n\n### History\n\nOn January 24, 2006, the [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\") unit of [Time Warner](/wiki/WarnerMedia \"WarnerMedia\") and [CBS Corporation](/wiki/CBS_Corporation \"CBS Corporation\") announced that the two companies would shut down [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\") and [UPN](/wiki/UPN \"UPN\") and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new \"fifth\" network called The CW.['Gilmore Girls' meet 'Smackdown'; CW Network to combine WB, UPN in CBS\\-Warner venture beginning in September](https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/24/news/companies/cbs_warner/), [CNNMoney.com](/wiki/CNNMoney.com \"CNNMoney.com\"), January 24, 2006\\.[UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/24/business/media/24cnd-network.html?bl), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, January 24, 2006\\. WKRC signed a deal to affiliate with the new network on a new second digital subchannel resulting in UPN affiliate [WBQC\\-CA](/wiki/WBQC-CA \"WBQC-CA\") (channel 25\\) becoming an [independent station](/wiki/Independent_station \"Independent station\"). Meanwhile, WB affiliate WSTR\\-TV joined another new network, [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation \"News Corporation\")\\-owned [MyNetworkTV](/wiki/MyNetworkTV \"MyNetworkTV\") (now owned by [Fox Corporation](/wiki/Fox_Corporation \"Fox Corporation\")) which launched on September 5\\. With the affiliation, WKRC\\-DT2 became the largest subchannel\\-only CW affiliate by market size, and was one of the few such stations located in the top 100 markets (most CW\\-affiliated stations that carry the network via a subchannel are located in the 110 smallest U.S. television markets and carry [The CW Plus](/wiki/The_CW_Plus \"The CW Plus\"), an automated feed featuring a pre\\-packaged schedule of syndicated programs outside CW programming hours; the few that are located among the top 100—such as [WTVG\\-DT2](/wiki/WTVG-DT2 \"WTVG-DT2\") in [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Ohio \"Toledo, Ohio\")—maintain an independently programmed schedule as their primary channel counterparts do). This distinction ended on May 31, 2017, when [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\")'s CBS affiliate, [KFMB\\-TV](/wiki/KFMB-TV \"KFMB-TV\"), affiliated its DT2 subchannel with The CW (which had previously been carried on the primary feed of [Tijuana](/wiki/Tijuana \"Tijuana\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\")\\-based [XETV](/wiki/XETV \"XETV\")).\n\nCincinnati cable viewers were concerned that WKRC\\-DT2 would face the same problems as WBQC. For years, [Time Warner Cable](/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable \"Time Warner Cable\") had refused to carry that station full\\-time, and eventually the station brokered an agreement to air WB prime time on a [leased access](/wiki/Leased_access \"Leased access\") channel which was barely promoted. However, Time Warner Cable was a division of Time Warner at the time (who would be half\\-owner of The CW), so it was in the company's best interest to air WKRC\\-DT2 over its systems. By late in the day on September 17, Time Warner Cable agreed to carry the new station only hours before the network's launch on September 18\\. WKRC\\-DT2 launched on Time Warner channel 2 in prime time only to start out with and 24 hours a day on [digital cable](/wiki/Digital_cable \"Digital cable\") channel 913, before earning a full\\-time broadcast basic placement on channel 20 as of October 18, displacing WBQC and a commercial access channel. The station also debuted on [Insight Communications](/wiki/Insight_Communications \"Insight Communications\") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\") under WBQC's former channel slots. As a result, the channel can be viewed by 66% of the local population.\n\nWhile now branded as simply \"The CW Cincinnati\", the subchannel originally branded as \"The CinCW\", a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") with \"[Cincy](/wiki/wikt:Cincy \"Cincy\")\", a common nickname for the city. It currently airs the entire CW schedule in\\-pattern with films and syndicated programming (and sometimes second runs of WKRC's programming) airing outside network hours along with occasional coverage of high school sports and/or telecasts from [FC Cincinnati](/wiki/FC_Cincinnati \"FC Cincinnati\") on weekends. In the event of breaking news (either from WKRC or [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")) or sports coverage, WKRC\\-DT2 airs CBS programming when needed. Repeats of some shows formerly aired by WKRC, along with the second half of CBS' *[Face the Nation](/wiki/Face_the_Nation \"Face the Nation\")*, can also be seen. Through The CW, it also carried the daily [self\\-titled talk show](/wiki/The_Bill_Cunningham_Show \"The Bill Cunningham Show\") of local [WLW](/wiki/WLW \"WLW\") radio personality [Bill Cunningham](/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_%28talk_show_host%29 \"Bill Cunningham (talk show host)\") until that show ended in 2016\\.\n\nDue to a conflict on [Bally Sports Ohio](/wiki/Bally_Sports_Ohio \"Bally Sports Ohio\"), WKRC\\-DT2 aired a Blue Jackets game on April 4, 2023\\.\n\n",
"### History\n\nOn January 24, 2006, the [Warner Bros.](/wiki/Warner_Bros. \"Warner Bros.\") unit of [Time Warner](/wiki/WarnerMedia \"WarnerMedia\") and [CBS Corporation](/wiki/CBS_Corporation \"CBS Corporation\") announced that the two companies would shut down [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\") and [UPN](/wiki/UPN \"UPN\") and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new \"fifth\" network called The CW.['Gilmore Girls' meet 'Smackdown'; CW Network to combine WB, UPN in CBS\\-Warner venture beginning in September](https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/24/news/companies/cbs_warner/), [CNNMoney.com](/wiki/CNNMoney.com \"CNNMoney.com\"), January 24, 2006\\.[UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/24/business/media/24cnd-network.html?bl), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, January 24, 2006\\. WKRC signed a deal to affiliate with the new network on a new second digital subchannel resulting in UPN affiliate [WBQC\\-CA](/wiki/WBQC-CA \"WBQC-CA\") (channel 25\\) becoming an [independent station](/wiki/Independent_station \"Independent station\"). Meanwhile, WB affiliate WSTR\\-TV joined another new network, [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation \"News Corporation\")\\-owned [MyNetworkTV](/wiki/MyNetworkTV \"MyNetworkTV\") (now owned by [Fox Corporation](/wiki/Fox_Corporation \"Fox Corporation\")) which launched on September 5\\. With the affiliation, WKRC\\-DT2 became the largest subchannel\\-only CW affiliate by market size, and was one of the few such stations located in the top 100 markets (most CW\\-affiliated stations that carry the network via a subchannel are located in the 110 smallest U.S. television markets and carry [The CW Plus](/wiki/The_CW_Plus \"The CW Plus\"), an automated feed featuring a pre\\-packaged schedule of syndicated programs outside CW programming hours; the few that are located among the top 100—such as [WTVG\\-DT2](/wiki/WTVG-DT2 \"WTVG-DT2\") in [Toledo](/wiki/Toledo%2C_Ohio \"Toledo, Ohio\")—maintain an independently programmed schedule as their primary channel counterparts do). This distinction ended on May 31, 2017, when [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\")'s CBS affiliate, [KFMB\\-TV](/wiki/KFMB-TV \"KFMB-TV\"), affiliated its DT2 subchannel with The CW (which had previously been carried on the primary feed of [Tijuana](/wiki/Tijuana \"Tijuana\"), [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico \"Mexico\")\\-based [XETV](/wiki/XETV \"XETV\")).\n\nCincinnati cable viewers were concerned that WKRC\\-DT2 would face the same problems as WBQC. For years, [Time Warner Cable](/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable \"Time Warner Cable\") had refused to carry that station full\\-time, and eventually the station brokered an agreement to air WB prime time on a [leased access](/wiki/Leased_access \"Leased access\") channel which was barely promoted. However, Time Warner Cable was a division of Time Warner at the time (who would be half\\-owner of The CW), so it was in the company's best interest to air WKRC\\-DT2 over its systems. By late in the day on September 17, Time Warner Cable agreed to carry the new station only hours before the network's launch on September 18\\. WKRC\\-DT2 launched on Time Warner channel 2 in prime time only to start out with and 24 hours a day on [digital cable](/wiki/Digital_cable \"Digital cable\") channel 913, before earning a full\\-time broadcast basic placement on channel 20 as of October 18, displacing WBQC and a commercial access channel. The station also debuted on [Insight Communications](/wiki/Insight_Communications \"Insight Communications\") and [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\") under WBQC's former channel slots. As a result, the channel can be viewed by 66% of the local population.\n\nWhile now branded as simply \"The CW Cincinnati\", the subchannel originally branded as \"The CinCW\", a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") with \"[Cincy](/wiki/wikt:Cincy \"Cincy\")\", a common nickname for the city. It currently airs the entire CW schedule in\\-pattern with films and syndicated programming (and sometimes second runs of WKRC's programming) airing outside network hours along with occasional coverage of high school sports and/or telecasts from [FC Cincinnati](/wiki/FC_Cincinnati \"FC Cincinnati\") on weekends. In the event of breaking news (either from WKRC or [CBS News](/wiki/CBS_News \"CBS News\")) or sports coverage, WKRC\\-DT2 airs CBS programming when needed. Repeats of some shows formerly aired by WKRC, along with the second half of CBS' *[Face the Nation](/wiki/Face_the_Nation \"Face the Nation\")*, can also be seen. Through The CW, it also carried the daily [self\\-titled talk show](/wiki/The_Bill_Cunningham_Show \"The Bill Cunningham Show\") of local [WLW](/wiki/WLW \"WLW\") radio personality [Bill Cunningham](/wiki/Bill_Cunningham_%28talk_show_host%29 \"Bill Cunningham (talk show host)\") until that show ended in 2016\\.\n\nDue to a conflict on [Bally Sports Ohio](/wiki/Bally_Sports_Ohio \"Bally Sports Ohio\"), WKRC\\-DT2 aired a Blue Jackets game on April 4, 2023\\.\n\n",
"Programming\n-----------\n\nDuring its first few years as a CBS affiliate, WKRC\\-TV ran the entire schedule except for several hours of the CBS Saturday morning cartoon lineup which would soon be reduced to only a few hours. Once that reduction was made, WKRC\\-TV began running the entire CBS schedule with occasional exceptions.\n\n### Sports programming\n\nIn [1998](/wiki/1998_Cincinnati_Bengals_season \"1998 Cincinnati Bengals season\"), the station became the primary home market outlet for most [Cincinnati Bengals](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals \"Cincinnati Bengals\") games when [CBS](/wiki/NFL_on_CBS \"NFL on CBS\") acquired the [AFC](/wiki/American_Football_Conference \"American Football Conference\") broadcast rights. Previously, most Bengals games aired on WLWT as NBC carried the AFC. WKRC also annually simulcasts [Bally Sports Ohio](/wiki/Bally_Sports_Ohio \"Bally Sports Ohio\")'s coverage of the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") [opening day](/wiki/Opening_day \"Opening day\") game.\n\n### Past program preemptions and deferrals\n\nOver the years, as an ABC affiliate, WKRC\\-TV preempted moderate amounts of weekday programming and the Sunday morning [cartoon](/wiki/Animated_cartoon \"Animated cartoon\") reruns from ABC; when an ABC game show hosted by WKRC\\-TV personality [Nick Clooney](/wiki/Nick_Clooney \"Nick Clooney\"), *[The Money Maze](/wiki/The_Money_Maze \"The Money Maze\")*, aired from December 1974 to June 1975, WKRC opted to [delay](/wiki/Broadcast_delay \"Broadcast delay\") that program from the national scheduled time of 4 p.m. to 10:30 a.m. the following day, so it would be presented in tandem with their local [talk program](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\"), *The Nick Clooney Show*, at 11 a.m. Other shows delayed by WKRC included Friday night sitcoms *[Here Come the Brides](/wiki/Here_Come_the_Brides \"Here Come the Brides\")* (delayed to nine days after their original ABC airing) and *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch \"The Brady Bunch\")* (delayed to the following afternoon). It also briefly ran [instrumental music](/wiki/Instrumental_music \"Instrumental music\") over the closing credits of prime time network shows in lieu of program promos during the [1973\\-74 season](/wiki/1973-74_United_States_network_television_schedule \"1973-74 United States network television schedule\"). At one point during the [1987\\-88 season](/wiki/1987-88_United_States_network_television_schedule \"1987-88 United States network television schedule\"), WKRC briefly preempted the 8:30 p.m. ABC prime time slot (occupied by such shows as *[I Married Dora](/wiki/I_Married_Dora \"I Married Dora\")*, *[Mr. Belvedere](/wiki/Mr._Belvedere \"Mr. Belvedere\")* and part of the first season of *[Full House](/wiki/Full_House \"Full House\")*) in favor of the syndicated sitcom *[Small Wonder](/wiki/Small_Wonder_%28TV_series%29 \"Small Wonder (TV series)\")*.\n\nWhen ABC offered late night programming from 11:30 p.m. to about 2 a.m., WKRC, as with several other ABC affiliates, chose not to air it. However, it aired *[Nightline](/wiki/Nightline \"Nightline\")* once that show began in 1979 as a program on the [Iran hostage crisis](/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis \"Iran hostage crisis\"). Occasionally, WKRC preempted a lower\\-rated prime time program or [movie](/wiki/Feature_film \"Feature film\") from ABC to air either a stronger movie or a locally based special. Most of the programs not shown on WKRC were widely preempted by many affiliates. Also, most every program not shown on WKRC\\-TV was aired on the ABC station in nearby Dayton, [WKEF](/wiki/WKEF \"WKEF\") until 1980 and [WDTN](/wiki/WDTN \"WDTN\") after 1980\\. WKEF provided [grade B](/wiki/Broadcast_range \"Broadcast range\") coverage to most of the market, while WDTN provided city\\-grade coverage to nearly the entire market. Locally, WKRC aired news, talk shows, movies, and a few off\\-network sitcoms at some points. Beginning in 1992, WKRC\\-TV began preempting portions of ABC's [Saturday morning cartoons](/wiki/Saturday_morning_cartoon \"Saturday morning cartoon\") in favor of a local Saturday morning newscast. For a while, WKRC\\-TV was also one of the very few ABC affiliates that did not clear *[This Week with David Brinkley](/wiki/This_Week_with_David_Brinkley \"This Week with David Brinkley\")*, choosing to air religious programs instead.\n\nRegardless of its network, at least one program airing on both, *[The Edge of Night](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night \"The Edge of Night\")*, always had shabby treatment in Cincinnati, which was ironic because the series' producer [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") was headquartered there, and *Edge*s fictional locale of Monticello was loosely based on the city. WKRC did not clear that program as late as 1958, but by 1960–1961 (its last initial season as a CBS affiliate) it telecast the program at 10 a.m. When ABC picked the program up in 1975, it originally carried the ABC run at 11 a.m. By fall 1976 the show was airing on WKRC at 10:30 a.m., and by May 1981 it was on at 9 a.m. WKRC had an unusual broadcast of the 90\\-minute ABC premiere. It aired the first hour from 3 to 4 p.m. on December 1\\. The final 30 minutes was telecast December 2 at 11 a.m., where all subsequent episodes aired on a one\\-day delay.\n\n### News operation\n\n[225px\\|thumb\\|right\\|The Weather Beacon atop the Chiquita Center indicating \"no change in sight\"](/wiki/File:Chicquita_Center_weather_beacon.JPG \"Chicquita Center weather beacon.JPG\")\nWKRC currently broadcasts hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday, four hours on Saturdays and hours on Sundays); it also produces an additional hours of newscasts weekly (with hours each weekday and a half\\-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays) for WSTR. WKRC's newscasts and reports were formerly seen on the [Ohio News Network](/wiki/Ohio_News_Network \"Ohio News Network\") until the regional cable news channel shut down on August 31, 2012\\. During weather segments, it uses regional [weather radar](/wiki/Weather_radar \"Weather radar\") data in a system called \"Precision Doppler 12 Network\".\n\nFor most of its history, WKRC has been a solid runner\\-up to WCPO in the local newscast ratings. However, in the past decade or so, WKRC and WCPO have taken turns in first and second place. WKRC usually wins on weekday mornings and at 11 p.m., while WCPO leads in the 5 to 7 p.m. block. However, since the May 2010 Nielsen ratings period, WKRC has dominated its competition in all newscast timeslots, with WCPO slipping to second. This dominance in the Cincinnati local news race continued as of the May 2012 sweeps period. At one point, all three of Cincinnati's \"Big Three\" network affiliates were locally owned. WLWT began falling behind in the ratings after becoming the first of the three to be sold to outside interests. WCPO is now the only one of the three to remain under locally based ownership.\n\nFrom 1977 to 1992, its news division was branded *[Eyewitness 12 News](/wiki/Eyewitness_News \"Eyewitness News\")*. (The *Eyewitness News* moniker would be reused by [WLWT](/wiki/WLWT \"WLWT\") in 1998\\.) Afterward, the station was usually announced as *12 News*. With the arrival of chief meteorologist Tim Hedrick in 1988, WKRC began using the top of the [Chiquita](/wiki/Chiquita \"Chiquita\") Center as its [Weather beacon](/wiki/Weather_beacon \"Weather beacon\").\n\nIn 1994, WKRC refreshed its newscasts with the slogan \"A New Generation of News\", which referred to anchors Kit Andrews and Rob Braun, along with new graphics, a [green screen](/wiki/Green_screen \"Green screen\") set, and music originally composed by Rick Krizman for [KRON\\-TV](/wiki/KRON-TV \"KRON-TV\") in San Francisco. WKRC made extensive use of \"Texta\", a graphics package that included a persistent [on\\-screen banner](/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic \"Digital on-screen graphic\") with the current story's headline. Seasonal [school closing](/wiki/School_closing \"School closing\") information and eventually a [news ticker](/wiki/News_ticker \"News ticker\") appeared below the Texta headline. That October, WKRC debuted 11 minutes of \"Non\\-Stop News\" on its 11 p.m. newscast, reviving a feature the station attempted in 1989\\. In 1996, the station debuted a half\\-hour 4 p.m. newscast on weekday afternoons that remains the Cincinnati area's earliest afternoon newscast.\n\nFrom August 22, 2001, to January 2005, WKRC aired its weekday *Good Morning Cincinnati* broadcast live from a $500,000 remote studio at the Greater Cincinnati Convention and Visitors Bureau on the ground floor of [Fifth Third Bank](/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank \"Fifth Third Bank\")'s downtown headquarters, with the [Tyler Davidson Fountain](/wiki/Tyler_Davidson_Fountain \"Tyler Davidson Fountain\") as the backdrop. Despite WKRC's initial hopes for a *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Today (American TV program)\")*\\-like atmosphere, the show failed to attract a regular crowd on [Fountain Square](/wiki/Fountain_Square%2C_Cincinnati \"Fountain Square, Cincinnati\"). From March 2004 to 2008, WKRC aired *Nuestro Rincón* (\"Our Corner\"), a twice\\-weekly [Spanish\\-language](/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States \"Spanish language in the United States\") news program hosted by [Sasha Rionda](/wiki/Sasha_Rionda \"Sasha Rionda\"). It was the only television program in the market airing in a language other than English.\n\nOn April 26, 2006, WKRC entered into a news share agreement with WSTR to produce a nightly prime time newscast at 10 p.m., which began airing on August 21\\. On January 7, 2008, WKRC began simulcasting *Good Morning Cincinnati* on WKRC\\-DT2; it had been aired on the main channel from 5 to 8 am, but the third hour was dropped when CBS reclaimed the 7 a.m. hour for *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show \"The Early Show\")*, after the network required all of its affiliates to air the show (which was replaced by *CBS This Morning* in 2012\\) in its entirety after receiving a makeover hoping to better compete against its rivals, [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")'s *Today* and ABC's *[Good Morning America](/wiki/Good_Morning_America \"Good Morning America\")*. The 7–8 a.m. hour of *Good Morning Cincinnati* is now only seen on WKRC\\-DT2\\. WKRC announced its intent to move the prime time newscast on WSTR to WKRC\\-DT2 in August 2008; on August 4, 2008, it began a brief simulcast of the program on WKRC\\-DT2, with it eventually being dropped from WSTR on August 22\\. The program then became known as *CW News at 10*.\n\n[thumb\\|A WKRC news vehicle](/wiki/File:WKRC_Truck.jpg \"WKRC Truck.jpg\")\nNewport Television released a statement in October 2008 stating that WKRC would eventually begin broadcasting its newscasts in [1080i](/wiki/1080i \"1080i\") [high definition](/wiki/High-definition_television \"High-definition television\"). The company used channel 12 as a pilot station before investing in HD equipment for its other television stations. On October 30, it debuted a new set on its *First at 4* broadcast in preparation for the HD debut. After nearly a year of delay, the station launched its high definition newscasts along with a revised logo and new graphics on September 27, 2009, during its 11 p.m. newscast; WKRC became the third station in the Cincinnati market (after WCPO and [WXIX\\-TV](/wiki/WXIX-TV \"WXIX-TV\"), channel 19\\) and the second in the Newport group (after [WOAI\\-TV](/wiki/WOAI-TV \"WOAI-TV\")) to make the upgrade. WKRC currently use JVC [ProHD](/wiki/ProHD \"ProHD\") 250 Series cameras in its studios.[Newport Sails Into HD News With JVC](http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6604460.html), *[Broadcasting \\& Cable](/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable \"Broadcasting & Cable\")*, October 12, 2008\\. The newscasts on The CW Cincinnati were not initially included in the upgrade, until it upgraded to HD at some point in 2013\\. On July 7, 2013, WKRC launched Sunday morning newscasts, airing in two blocks: one hour at 8 a.m. and an additional half\\-hour at 11:30 a.m.[Channel 12 adds Sunday morning newscasts](http://cincinnati.com/blogs/tv/2013/06/13/ch-12-adds-sunday-morning-newscasts/) *Cincinnati.com*, June 13, 2013 On January 6, 2014, the 10 p.m. newscast was moved back to WSTR, where it is called the *Local 12 News at 10 on STAR 64*.[Why 10 p.m. news moves to Ch 64 today](http://cincinnati.com/blogs/tv/2014/01/06/why-10-p-m-news-moves-to-ch-64-today/) *Cincinnati.com*, January 6, 2014 On February 3, 2014, the 7 a.m. newscasts would follow suit to WSTR.\n\n#### Notable alumni\n\n* [George Ciccarone](/wiki/George_Ciccarone \"George Ciccarone\") – features reporter; left in 1988\n* [Nick Clooney](/wiki/Nick_Clooney \"Nick Clooney\") – hosted his own talk show on WKRC in the early to mid\\-1970s, news anchor from 1975 to 1984 (father of [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney \"George Clooney\"))\n* [Ira Joe Fisher](/wiki/Ira_Joe_Fisher \"Ira Joe Fisher\") – weather anchor (1980–1983, then 1985–1989, known for writing backwards on plexiglass; and later the weather reporter for *[The Saturday Early Show](/wiki/The_Saturday_Early_Show \"The Saturday Early Show\")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"))\n* [Brad Johansen](/wiki/Brad_Johansen \"Brad Johansen\") – news and sports anchor (1992–2018, later at [WRAL\\-TV](/wiki/WRAL-TV \"WRAL-TV\") in [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh \"Raleigh\"), and [WCMH\\-TV](/wiki/WCMH-TV \"WCMH-TV\") in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"))\n* [Sasha Rionda](/wiki/Sasha_Rionda \"Sasha Rionda\") – reporter/host of *Nuestro Rincón* (later with [CNN International](/wiki/CNN_International \"CNN International\"), now with [Local Now](/wiki/Local_Now \"Local Now\"))\n* [Glenn Ryle](/wiki/Glenn_Ryle \"Glenn Ryle\") – [staff announcer](/wiki/Continuity_announcer \"Continuity announcer\") (1954–late 1980s, was also a children's show host, taking the on\\-air name \"Skipper Ryle\" until 1973; his program was second only to [WCPO\\-TV](/wiki/WCPO-TV \"WCPO-TV\")'s *Uncle Al* show in popularity)\n* [Rod Serling](/wiki/Rod_Serling \"Rod Serling\") – worked for WKRC\\-TV between 1948 and 1953, writing a regular weekly series of live dramas for the anthology show *The Storm*.\n* [Bob Shreve](/wiki/Bob_Shreve \"Bob Shreve\") – host of Saturday late night film showcase *The Past Prime Playhouse* (1975–1985\\)\n* [Linda Vester](/wiki/Linda_Vester \"Linda Vester\") – station intern (went on to work as reporter/anchor for [Fox News Channel](/wiki/Fox_News_Channel \"Fox News Channel\"), [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\") and [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\"))\n",
"### Sports programming\n\nIn [1998](/wiki/1998_Cincinnati_Bengals_season \"1998 Cincinnati Bengals season\"), the station became the primary home market outlet for most [Cincinnati Bengals](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals \"Cincinnati Bengals\") games when [CBS](/wiki/NFL_on_CBS \"NFL on CBS\") acquired the [AFC](/wiki/American_Football_Conference \"American Football Conference\") broadcast rights. Previously, most Bengals games aired on WLWT as NBC carried the AFC. WKRC also annually simulcasts [Bally Sports Ohio](/wiki/Bally_Sports_Ohio \"Bally Sports Ohio\")'s coverage of the [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") [opening day](/wiki/Opening_day \"Opening day\") game.\n\n",
"### Past program preemptions and deferrals\n\nOver the years, as an ABC affiliate, WKRC\\-TV preempted moderate amounts of weekday programming and the Sunday morning [cartoon](/wiki/Animated_cartoon \"Animated cartoon\") reruns from ABC; when an ABC game show hosted by WKRC\\-TV personality [Nick Clooney](/wiki/Nick_Clooney \"Nick Clooney\"), *[The Money Maze](/wiki/The_Money_Maze \"The Money Maze\")*, aired from December 1974 to June 1975, WKRC opted to [delay](/wiki/Broadcast_delay \"Broadcast delay\") that program from the national scheduled time of 4 p.m. to 10:30 a.m. the following day, so it would be presented in tandem with their local [talk program](/wiki/Talk_show \"Talk show\"), *The Nick Clooney Show*, at 11 a.m. Other shows delayed by WKRC included Friday night sitcoms *[Here Come the Brides](/wiki/Here_Come_the_Brides \"Here Come the Brides\")* (delayed to nine days after their original ABC airing) and *[The Brady Bunch](/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch \"The Brady Bunch\")* (delayed to the following afternoon). It also briefly ran [instrumental music](/wiki/Instrumental_music \"Instrumental music\") over the closing credits of prime time network shows in lieu of program promos during the [1973\\-74 season](/wiki/1973-74_United_States_network_television_schedule \"1973-74 United States network television schedule\"). At one point during the [1987\\-88 season](/wiki/1987-88_United_States_network_television_schedule \"1987-88 United States network television schedule\"), WKRC briefly preempted the 8:30 p.m. ABC prime time slot (occupied by such shows as *[I Married Dora](/wiki/I_Married_Dora \"I Married Dora\")*, *[Mr. Belvedere](/wiki/Mr._Belvedere \"Mr. Belvedere\")* and part of the first season of *[Full House](/wiki/Full_House \"Full House\")*) in favor of the syndicated sitcom *[Small Wonder](/wiki/Small_Wonder_%28TV_series%29 \"Small Wonder (TV series)\")*.\n\nWhen ABC offered late night programming from 11:30 p.m. to about 2 a.m., WKRC, as with several other ABC affiliates, chose not to air it. However, it aired *[Nightline](/wiki/Nightline \"Nightline\")* once that show began in 1979 as a program on the [Iran hostage crisis](/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis \"Iran hostage crisis\"). Occasionally, WKRC preempted a lower\\-rated prime time program or [movie](/wiki/Feature_film \"Feature film\") from ABC to air either a stronger movie or a locally based special. Most of the programs not shown on WKRC were widely preempted by many affiliates. Also, most every program not shown on WKRC\\-TV was aired on the ABC station in nearby Dayton, [WKEF](/wiki/WKEF \"WKEF\") until 1980 and [WDTN](/wiki/WDTN \"WDTN\") after 1980\\. WKEF provided [grade B](/wiki/Broadcast_range \"Broadcast range\") coverage to most of the market, while WDTN provided city\\-grade coverage to nearly the entire market. Locally, WKRC aired news, talk shows, movies, and a few off\\-network sitcoms at some points. Beginning in 1992, WKRC\\-TV began preempting portions of ABC's [Saturday morning cartoons](/wiki/Saturday_morning_cartoon \"Saturday morning cartoon\") in favor of a local Saturday morning newscast. For a while, WKRC\\-TV was also one of the very few ABC affiliates that did not clear *[This Week with David Brinkley](/wiki/This_Week_with_David_Brinkley \"This Week with David Brinkley\")*, choosing to air religious programs instead.\n\nRegardless of its network, at least one program airing on both, *[The Edge of Night](/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night \"The Edge of Night\")*, always had shabby treatment in Cincinnati, which was ironic because the series' producer [Procter \\& Gamble](/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") was headquartered there, and *Edge*s fictional locale of Monticello was loosely based on the city. WKRC did not clear that program as late as 1958, but by 1960–1961 (its last initial season as a CBS affiliate) it telecast the program at 10 a.m. When ABC picked the program up in 1975, it originally carried the ABC run at 11 a.m. By fall 1976 the show was airing on WKRC at 10:30 a.m., and by May 1981 it was on at 9 a.m. WKRC had an unusual broadcast of the 90\\-minute ABC premiere. It aired the first hour from 3 to 4 p.m. on December 1\\. The final 30 minutes was telecast December 2 at 11 a.m., where all subsequent episodes aired on a one\\-day delay.\n\n",
"### News operation\n\n[225px\\|thumb\\|right\\|The Weather Beacon atop the Chiquita Center indicating \"no change in sight\"](/wiki/File:Chicquita_Center_weather_beacon.JPG \"Chicquita Center weather beacon.JPG\")\nWKRC currently broadcasts hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday, four hours on Saturdays and hours on Sundays); it also produces an additional hours of newscasts weekly (with hours each weekday and a half\\-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays) for WSTR. WKRC's newscasts and reports were formerly seen on the [Ohio News Network](/wiki/Ohio_News_Network \"Ohio News Network\") until the regional cable news channel shut down on August 31, 2012\\. During weather segments, it uses regional [weather radar](/wiki/Weather_radar \"Weather radar\") data in a system called \"Precision Doppler 12 Network\".\n\nFor most of its history, WKRC has been a solid runner\\-up to WCPO in the local newscast ratings. However, in the past decade or so, WKRC and WCPO have taken turns in first and second place. WKRC usually wins on weekday mornings and at 11 p.m., while WCPO leads in the 5 to 7 p.m. block. However, since the May 2010 Nielsen ratings period, WKRC has dominated its competition in all newscast timeslots, with WCPO slipping to second. This dominance in the Cincinnati local news race continued as of the May 2012 sweeps period. At one point, all three of Cincinnati's \"Big Three\" network affiliates were locally owned. WLWT began falling behind in the ratings after becoming the first of the three to be sold to outside interests. WCPO is now the only one of the three to remain under locally based ownership.\n\nFrom 1977 to 1992, its news division was branded *[Eyewitness 12 News](/wiki/Eyewitness_News \"Eyewitness News\")*. (The *Eyewitness News* moniker would be reused by [WLWT](/wiki/WLWT \"WLWT\") in 1998\\.) Afterward, the station was usually announced as *12 News*. With the arrival of chief meteorologist Tim Hedrick in 1988, WKRC began using the top of the [Chiquita](/wiki/Chiquita \"Chiquita\") Center as its [Weather beacon](/wiki/Weather_beacon \"Weather beacon\").\n\nIn 1994, WKRC refreshed its newscasts with the slogan \"A New Generation of News\", which referred to anchors Kit Andrews and Rob Braun, along with new graphics, a [green screen](/wiki/Green_screen \"Green screen\") set, and music originally composed by Rick Krizman for [KRON\\-TV](/wiki/KRON-TV \"KRON-TV\") in San Francisco. WKRC made extensive use of \"Texta\", a graphics package that included a persistent [on\\-screen banner](/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic \"Digital on-screen graphic\") with the current story's headline. Seasonal [school closing](/wiki/School_closing \"School closing\") information and eventually a [news ticker](/wiki/News_ticker \"News ticker\") appeared below the Texta headline. That October, WKRC debuted 11 minutes of \"Non\\-Stop News\" on its 11 p.m. newscast, reviving a feature the station attempted in 1989\\. In 1996, the station debuted a half\\-hour 4 p.m. newscast on weekday afternoons that remains the Cincinnati area's earliest afternoon newscast.\n\nFrom August 22, 2001, to January 2005, WKRC aired its weekday *Good Morning Cincinnati* broadcast live from a $500,000 remote studio at the Greater Cincinnati Convention and Visitors Bureau on the ground floor of [Fifth Third Bank](/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank \"Fifth Third Bank\")'s downtown headquarters, with the [Tyler Davidson Fountain](/wiki/Tyler_Davidson_Fountain \"Tyler Davidson Fountain\") as the backdrop. Despite WKRC's initial hopes for a *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28American_TV_program%29 \"Today (American TV program)\")*\\-like atmosphere, the show failed to attract a regular crowd on [Fountain Square](/wiki/Fountain_Square%2C_Cincinnati \"Fountain Square, Cincinnati\"). From March 2004 to 2008, WKRC aired *Nuestro Rincón* (\"Our Corner\"), a twice\\-weekly [Spanish\\-language](/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States \"Spanish language in the United States\") news program hosted by [Sasha Rionda](/wiki/Sasha_Rionda \"Sasha Rionda\"). It was the only television program in the market airing in a language other than English.\n\nOn April 26, 2006, WKRC entered into a news share agreement with WSTR to produce a nightly prime time newscast at 10 p.m., which began airing on August 21\\. On January 7, 2008, WKRC began simulcasting *Good Morning Cincinnati* on WKRC\\-DT2; it had been aired on the main channel from 5 to 8 am, but the third hour was dropped when CBS reclaimed the 7 a.m. hour for *[The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show \"The Early Show\")*, after the network required all of its affiliates to air the show (which was replaced by *CBS This Morning* in 2012\\) in its entirety after receiving a makeover hoping to better compete against its rivals, [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\")'s *Today* and ABC's *[Good Morning America](/wiki/Good_Morning_America \"Good Morning America\")*. The 7–8 a.m. hour of *Good Morning Cincinnati* is now only seen on WKRC\\-DT2\\. WKRC announced its intent to move the prime time newscast on WSTR to WKRC\\-DT2 in August 2008; on August 4, 2008, it began a brief simulcast of the program on WKRC\\-DT2, with it eventually being dropped from WSTR on August 22\\. The program then became known as *CW News at 10*.\n\n[thumb\\|A WKRC news vehicle](/wiki/File:WKRC_Truck.jpg \"WKRC Truck.jpg\")\nNewport Television released a statement in October 2008 stating that WKRC would eventually begin broadcasting its newscasts in [1080i](/wiki/1080i \"1080i\") [high definition](/wiki/High-definition_television \"High-definition television\"). The company used channel 12 as a pilot station before investing in HD equipment for its other television stations. On October 30, it debuted a new set on its *First at 4* broadcast in preparation for the HD debut. After nearly a year of delay, the station launched its high definition newscasts along with a revised logo and new graphics on September 27, 2009, during its 11 p.m. newscast; WKRC became the third station in the Cincinnati market (after WCPO and [WXIX\\-TV](/wiki/WXIX-TV \"WXIX-TV\"), channel 19\\) and the second in the Newport group (after [WOAI\\-TV](/wiki/WOAI-TV \"WOAI-TV\")) to make the upgrade. WKRC currently use JVC [ProHD](/wiki/ProHD \"ProHD\") 250 Series cameras in its studios.[Newport Sails Into HD News With JVC](http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6604460.html), *[Broadcasting \\& Cable](/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable \"Broadcasting & Cable\")*, October 12, 2008\\. The newscasts on The CW Cincinnati were not initially included in the upgrade, until it upgraded to HD at some point in 2013\\. On July 7, 2013, WKRC launched Sunday morning newscasts, airing in two blocks: one hour at 8 a.m. and an additional half\\-hour at 11:30 a.m.[Channel 12 adds Sunday morning newscasts](http://cincinnati.com/blogs/tv/2013/06/13/ch-12-adds-sunday-morning-newscasts/) *Cincinnati.com*, June 13, 2013 On January 6, 2014, the 10 p.m. newscast was moved back to WSTR, where it is called the *Local 12 News at 10 on STAR 64*.[Why 10 p.m. news moves to Ch 64 today](http://cincinnati.com/blogs/tv/2014/01/06/why-10-p-m-news-moves-to-ch-64-today/) *Cincinnati.com*, January 6, 2014 On February 3, 2014, the 7 a.m. newscasts would follow suit to WSTR.\n\n#### Notable alumni\n\n* [George Ciccarone](/wiki/George_Ciccarone \"George Ciccarone\") – features reporter; left in 1988\n* [Nick Clooney](/wiki/Nick_Clooney \"Nick Clooney\") – hosted his own talk show on WKRC in the early to mid\\-1970s, news anchor from 1975 to 1984 (father of [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney \"George Clooney\"))\n* [Ira Joe Fisher](/wiki/Ira_Joe_Fisher \"Ira Joe Fisher\") – weather anchor (1980–1983, then 1985–1989, known for writing backwards on plexiglass; and later the weather reporter for *[The Saturday Early Show](/wiki/The_Saturday_Early_Show \"The Saturday Early Show\")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"))\n* [Brad Johansen](/wiki/Brad_Johansen \"Brad Johansen\") – news and sports anchor (1992–2018, later at [WRAL\\-TV](/wiki/WRAL-TV \"WRAL-TV\") in [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh \"Raleigh\"), and [WCMH\\-TV](/wiki/WCMH-TV \"WCMH-TV\") in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"))\n* [Sasha Rionda](/wiki/Sasha_Rionda \"Sasha Rionda\") – reporter/host of *Nuestro Rincón* (later with [CNN International](/wiki/CNN_International \"CNN International\"), now with [Local Now](/wiki/Local_Now \"Local Now\"))\n* [Glenn Ryle](/wiki/Glenn_Ryle \"Glenn Ryle\") – [staff announcer](/wiki/Continuity_announcer \"Continuity announcer\") (1954–late 1980s, was also a children's show host, taking the on\\-air name \"Skipper Ryle\" until 1973; his program was second only to [WCPO\\-TV](/wiki/WCPO-TV \"WCPO-TV\")'s *Uncle Al* show in popularity)\n* [Rod Serling](/wiki/Rod_Serling \"Rod Serling\") – worked for WKRC\\-TV between 1948 and 1953, writing a regular weekly series of live dramas for the anthology show *The Storm*.\n* [Bob Shreve](/wiki/Bob_Shreve \"Bob Shreve\") – host of Saturday late night film showcase *The Past Prime Playhouse* (1975–1985\\)\n* [Linda Vester](/wiki/Linda_Vester \"Linda Vester\") – station intern (went on to work as reporter/anchor for [Fox News Channel](/wiki/Fox_News_Channel \"Fox News Channel\"), [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\") and [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\"))\n",
"#### Notable alumni\n\n* [George Ciccarone](/wiki/George_Ciccarone \"George Ciccarone\") – features reporter; left in 1988\n* [Nick Clooney](/wiki/Nick_Clooney \"Nick Clooney\") – hosted his own talk show on WKRC in the early to mid\\-1970s, news anchor from 1975 to 1984 (father of [George Clooney](/wiki/George_Clooney \"George Clooney\"))\n* [Ira Joe Fisher](/wiki/Ira_Joe_Fisher \"Ira Joe Fisher\") – weather anchor (1980–1983, then 1985–1989, known for writing backwards on plexiglass; and later the weather reporter for *[The Saturday Early Show](/wiki/The_Saturday_Early_Show \"The Saturday Early Show\")* on [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\"))\n* [Brad Johansen](/wiki/Brad_Johansen \"Brad Johansen\") – news and sports anchor (1992–2018, later at [WRAL\\-TV](/wiki/WRAL-TV \"WRAL-TV\") in [Raleigh](/wiki/Raleigh \"Raleigh\"), and [WCMH\\-TV](/wiki/WCMH-TV \"WCMH-TV\") in [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio \"Columbus, Ohio\"))\n* [Sasha Rionda](/wiki/Sasha_Rionda \"Sasha Rionda\") – reporter/host of *Nuestro Rincón* (later with [CNN International](/wiki/CNN_International \"CNN International\"), now with [Local Now](/wiki/Local_Now \"Local Now\"))\n* [Glenn Ryle](/wiki/Glenn_Ryle \"Glenn Ryle\") – [staff announcer](/wiki/Continuity_announcer \"Continuity announcer\") (1954–late 1980s, was also a children's show host, taking the on\\-air name \"Skipper Ryle\" until 1973; his program was second only to [WCPO\\-TV](/wiki/WCPO-TV \"WCPO-TV\")'s *Uncle Al* show in popularity)\n* [Rod Serling](/wiki/Rod_Serling \"Rod Serling\") – worked for WKRC\\-TV between 1948 and 1953, writing a regular weekly series of live dramas for the anthology show *The Storm*.\n* [Bob Shreve](/wiki/Bob_Shreve \"Bob Shreve\") – host of Saturday late night film showcase *The Past Prime Playhouse* (1975–1985\\)\n* [Linda Vester](/wiki/Linda_Vester \"Linda Vester\") – station intern (went on to work as reporter/anchor for [Fox News Channel](/wiki/Fox_News_Channel \"Fox News Channel\"), [NBC News](/wiki/NBC_News \"NBC News\") and [MSNBC](/wiki/MSNBC \"MSNBC\"))\n",
"Technical information\n---------------------\n\n### Subchannels\n\nThe station's signal is [multiplexed](/wiki/Multiplex_%28TV%29 \"Multiplex (TV)\"):\n\n| \\+Subchannels of WKRC\\-TV | [Channel](/wiki/Digital_subchannel%23United_States \"Digital subchannel#United States\") | [Res.](/wiki/Display_resolution \"Display resolution\") | [Aspect](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28image%29 \"Aspect ratio (image)\") | Short name | Programming |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 12\\.1 | [1080i](/wiki/1080i \"1080i\") | [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") | CBS | [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") |\n| 12\\.2 | [720p](/wiki/720p \"720p\") | CW | [The CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") |\n| 12\\.3 | [480i](/wiki/480i \"480i\") | TheNest | [The Nest](/wiki/The_Nest_%28TV_network%29 \"The Nest (TV network)\") |\n| [64\\.2](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") | 480i | [4:3](/wiki/4:3 \"3\") | Antenna | [Antenna TV](/wiki/Antenna_TV \"Antenna TV\") ([WSTR\\-DT2](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\")) |\n| [64\\.3](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") | 16:9 | Comet | [Comet](/wiki/Comet_%28TV_network%29 \"Comet (TV network)\") ([WSTR\\-DT3](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\")) |\n\n### Analog\\-to\\-digital transition\n\nWKRC\\-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over [VHF](/wiki/VHF \"VHF\") channel 12, on June 12, 2009, as part of the [federally mandated transition from analog to digital television](/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States \"Digital television transition in the United States\"). The station's digital signal relocated from its pre\\-transition [UHF](/wiki/UHF \"UHF\") channel 31 to VHF channel 12\\.\n\n",
"### Subchannels\n\nThe station's signal is [multiplexed](/wiki/Multiplex_%28TV%29 \"Multiplex (TV)\"):\n\n| \\+Subchannels of WKRC\\-TV | [Channel](/wiki/Digital_subchannel%23United_States \"Digital subchannel#United States\") | [Res.](/wiki/Display_resolution \"Display resolution\") | [Aspect](/wiki/Aspect_ratio_%28image%29 \"Aspect ratio (image)\") | Short name | Programming |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 12\\.1 | [1080i](/wiki/1080i \"1080i\") | [16:9](/wiki/16:9 \"9\") | CBS | [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") |\n| 12\\.2 | [720p](/wiki/720p \"720p\") | CW | [The CW](/wiki/The_CW \"The CW\") |\n| 12\\.3 | [480i](/wiki/480i \"480i\") | TheNest | [The Nest](/wiki/The_Nest_%28TV_network%29 \"The Nest (TV network)\") |\n| [64\\.2](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") | 480i | [4:3](/wiki/4:3 \"3\") | Antenna | [Antenna TV](/wiki/Antenna_TV \"Antenna TV\") ([WSTR\\-DT2](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\")) |\n| [64\\.3](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\") | 16:9 | Comet | [Comet](/wiki/Comet_%28TV_network%29 \"Comet (TV network)\") ([WSTR\\-DT3](/wiki/WSTR-TV \"WSTR-TV\")) |\n\n",
"### Analog\\-to\\-digital transition\n\nWKRC\\-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over [VHF](/wiki/VHF \"VHF\") channel 12, on June 12, 2009, as part of the [federally mandated transition from analog to digital television](/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States \"Digital television transition in the United States\"). The station's digital signal relocated from its pre\\-transition [UHF](/wiki/UHF \"UHF\") channel 31 to VHF channel 12\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [WKRC\\-DT2 \"The CW Cincinnati\"](http://cwcincinnati.com/)\n\n[Category:1949 establishments in Ohio](/wiki/Category:1949_establishments_in_Ohio \"1949 establishments in Ohio\")\n[Category:CBS affiliates](/wiki/Category:CBS_affiliates \"CBS affiliates\")\n[Category:National Football League primary television stations](/wiki/Category:National_Football_League_primary_television_stations \"National Football League primary television stations\")\n[Category:The Nest (TV network) affiliates](/wiki/Category:The_Nest_%28TV_network%29_affiliates \"The Nest (TV network) affiliates\")\n[Category:Sinclair Broadcast Group](/wiki/Category:Sinclair_Broadcast_Group \"Sinclair Broadcast Group\")\n[Category:Taft Broadcasting](/wiki/Category:Taft_Broadcasting \"Taft Broadcasting\")\n[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1949](/wiki/Category:Television_channels_and_stations_established_in_1949 \"Television channels and stations established in 1949\")\n[KRC\\-TV](/wiki/Category:Television_stations_in_Cincinnati \"Television stations in Cincinnati\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Kasagh (river)
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"45.43.14.104"
]
}
|
etzd5byjc6ae0kmyjcb8tyhx98zbp3k
|
2022-08-14T13:27:04Z
| 1,032,486,307 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Sites along the river",
"Gallery",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Kasagh waterfall](/wiki/File:Kasakh_Waterfall3.jpg \"Kasakh Waterfall3.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Kasagh river and its basin (orange) within Armenia](/wiki/File:Rivers_of_Armenia.jpg \"Rivers of Armenia.jpg\")\n\n**Kasagh** () is a river in the west\\-central region of modern [Armenia](/wiki/Armenia \"Armenia\") which flows north to south. It originates near [Mount Aragats](/wiki/Mount_Aragats \"Mount Aragats\") in [Aragatsotn province](/wiki/Aragatsotn \"Aragatsotn\"), flows south into [Armavir province](/wiki/Armavir_%28province%29 \"Armavir (province)\") and into the [Metsamor](/wiki/Metsamor_%28river%29 \"Metsamor (river)\"), which itself is a tributary of the [Aras](/wiki/Aras_%28river%29 \"Aras (river)\").\n\n",
"Sites along the river\n---------------------\n\nFrom north to south:\n* the town of [Aparan](/wiki/Aparan \"Aparan\")\n* the [Aparan reservoir](/wiki/Aparan_reservoir \"Aparan reservoir\")\n* [Saghmosavank](/wiki/Saghmosavank \"Saghmosavank\"), an Armenian monastic complex\n* [Hovhannavank](/wiki/Hovhannavank \"Hovhannavank\"), a 13th\\-century Armenian monastic complex\n* the town of [Ashtarak](/wiki/Ashtarak \"Ashtarak\")\n* the town of [Oshakan](/wiki/Oshakan \"Oshakan\")\n* the city of [Vagharshapat](/wiki/Vagharshapat \"Vagharshapat\")\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of lakes of Armenia](/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia \"List of lakes of Armenia\")\n* [Geography of Armenia](/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia \"Geography of Armenia\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Rivers of Armenia](/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Armenia \"Rivers of Armenia\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Polar topology
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"81.194.27.158"
]
}
|
ngmpxe36ywtlkp37seoyqdosj89gwbc
|
2024-10-07T09:37:45Z
| 1,249,353,144 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Preliminaries",
"Polars",
"Weak topologies",
"Weak boundedness and absorbing polars",
"Dual definitions and results",
"Polar topologies",
"Properties",
"Examples of polar topologies induced by a pairing",
"Weak topology σ(''Y'', ''X'')",
"Mackey topology τ(''Y'', ''X'')",
"Strong topology 𝛽(''Y'', ''X'')",
"Polar topologies and topological vector spaces",
"Properties",
"Polar topologies on the continuous dual space",
"Weak/weak* topology {{math|σ(X{{'}}, X)}}",
"Compact-convex convergence {{math|γ(X{{'}}, X)}}",
"Compact convergence {{math|c(X{{'}}, X)}}",
"Precompact convergence",
"Mackey topology {{math|τ(''X''{{big|{{'}}}}, ''X'')}}",
"Strong dual topology {{math|b(X{{'}}, X)}}",
"Mackey topology {{math|τ(''X'', ''X''{{big|{{'}}{{'}}}})}}",
"Polar topologies induced by subsets of the continuous dual space",
"Weak topology {{math|𝜎(''X'', ''X''{{big|{{'}}}})}}",
"Convergence on equicontinuous sets {{math|𝜀(''X'', ''X''{{big|{{'}}}})}}",
"Mackey topology {{math|τ(''X'', ''X''{{big|{{'}}}})}}",
"Topologies compatible with pairings",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nIn [functional analysis](/wiki/Functional_analysis \"Functional analysis\") and related areas of [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") a **polar topology**, **topology of \\\\mathcal{G}\\-convergence** or **topology of uniform convergence on the sets of** \\\\mathcal{G} is a method to define [locally convex topologies](/wiki/Locally_convex_topology \"Locally convex topology\") on the [vector spaces](/wiki/Vector_space \"Vector space\") of a [pairing](/wiki/Dual_system \"Dual system\").\n\n",
"Preliminaries\n-------------\n\nA **[pairing](/wiki/Dual_system \"Dual system\")** is a triple (X, Y, b) consisting of two vector spaces over a field \\\\mathbb{K} (either the [real numbers](/wiki/Real_numbers \"Real numbers\") or [complex numbers](/wiki/Complex_numbers \"Complex numbers\")) and a [bilinear map](/wiki/Bilinear_map \"Bilinear map\") b : X \\\\times Y \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K}.\nA **dual pair** or **dual system** is a pairing (X, Y, b) satisfying the following two separation axioms:\n1. **Y separates/distinguishes points of X**: for all non\\-zero x \\\\in X, there exists y \\\\in Y such that b(x, y) \\\\neq 0, and\n2. **X separates/distinguishes points of Y**: for all non\\-zero y \\\\in Y, there exists x \\\\in X such that b(x, y) \\\\neq 0\\.\n\n### Polars\n\nThe **[polar](/wiki/Polar_set \"Polar set\")** or **absolute polar** of a subset A \\\\subseteq X is the set\n\nA^{\\\\circ} :\\= \\\\left\\\\{ y \\\\in Y : \\\\sup\\_{x \\\\in A} \\|b(x, y)\\| \\\\leq 1 \\\\right\\\\}.\nDually, the **polar** or **absolute polar** of a subset B \\\\subseteq Y is denoted by B^{\\\\circ}, and defined by\n\nB^{\\\\circ} :\\= \\\\left\\\\{ x \\\\in X : \\\\sup\\_{y \\\\in B} \\|b(x, y)\\| \\\\leq 1 \\\\right\\\\}.\nIn this case, the absolute polar of a subset B \\\\subseteq Y is also called the **prepolar** of B and may be denoted by {}^{\\\\circ} B.\n\nThe polar is a [convex balanced](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") set containing the origin.\n\nIf A \\\\subseteq X then the **bipolar** of A, denoted by A^{\\\\circ \\\\circ}, is defined by A^{\\\\circ \\\\circ} \\= {}^{\\\\circ}(A^\\\\circ). Similarly, if B \\\\subseteq Y then the **bipolar** of B is defined to be B^{\\\\circ \\\\circ} \\= \\\\left({}^{\\\\circ} B\\\\right)^{\\\\circ}.\n\n### Weak topologies\n\nSuppose that (X, Y, b) is a pairing of vector spaces over \\\\mathbb{K}.\n\n**Notation**: For all x \\\\in X, let b(x, \\\\cdot) : Y \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} denote the linear functional on Y defined by y \\\\mapsto b(x, y) and let b(X, \\\\cdot) \\= \\\\left\\\\{ b(x, \\\\cdot) \\~:\\~ x \\\\in X \\\\right\\\\}.\nSimilarly, for all y \\\\in Y, let b(\\\\cdot, y) : X \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} be defined by x \\\\mapsto b(x, y) and let b(\\\\cdot, Y) \\= \\\\left\\\\{ b(\\\\cdot, y) \\~:\\~ y \\\\in Y \\\\right\\\\}.\nThe **weak topology** on X induced by Y (and b) is the weakest TVS topology on X, denoted by \\\\sigma(X, Y, b) or simply \\\\sigma(X, Y), making all maps b(\\\\cdot, y) : X \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} continuous, as y ranges over Y. Similarly, there are the dual definition of the **weak topology** on Y induced by X (and b), which is denoted by \\\\sigma(Y, X, b) or simply \\\\sigma(Y, X): it is the weakest TVS topology on Y making all maps b(x, \\\\cdot) : Y \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} continuous, as x ranges over X.\n\n### Weak boundedness and absorbing polars\n\nIt is because of the following theorem that it is almost always assumed that the family \\\\mathcal{G} consists of \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded subsets of X.\n\n### Dual definitions and results\n\nEvery pairing (X, Y, b) can be associated with a corresponding pairing (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}) where by definition \\\\hat{b}(y, x) \\= b(x, y).\n\nThere is a repeating theme in duality theory, which is that any definition for a pairing (X, Y, b) has a corresponding dual definition for the pairing (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}).\n\n**Convention and Definition**: Given any definition for a pairing (X, Y, b), one obtains a *dual definition* by applying it to the pairing (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}). If the definition depends on the order of X and Y (e.g. the definition of \"the weak topology \\\\sigma(X, Y) defined on X by Y\") then by switching the order of X and Y, it is meant that this definition should be applied to (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}) (e.g. this gives us the definition of \"the weak topology \\\\sigma(Y, X) defined on Y by X\").\nFor instance, after defining \"X distinguishes points of Y\" (resp, \"S is a total subset of Y\") as above, then the dual definition of \"Y distinguishes points of X\" (resp, \"S is a total subset of X\") is immediately obtained. \nFor instance, once \\\\sigma(X, Y) is defined then it should be automatically assume that \\\\sigma(Y, X) has been defined without mentioning the analogous definition. \nThe same applies to many theorems.\n\n**Convention**: Adhering to common practice, unless clarity is needed, whenever a definition (or result) is given for a pairing (X, Y, b) then mention the corresponding dual definition (or result) will be omitted but it may nevertheless be used.\nIn particular, although this article will only define the general notion of polar topologies on Y with \\\\mathcal{G} being a collection of \\\\sigma(X, Y)\\-bounded subsets of X, this article will nevertheless use the dual definition for polar topologies on X with \\\\mathcal{G} being a collection of \\\\sigma(Y, X)\\-bounded subsets of Y.\n\nIdentification of (X, Y) with (Y, X)\nAlthough it is technically incorrect and an abuse of notation, the following convention is nearly ubiquitous:\n\n**Convention**: This article will use the common practice of treating a pairing (X, Y, b) interchangeably with \\\\left(Y, X, \\\\hat{b}\\\\right) and also denoting \\\\left(Y, X, \\\\hat{b}\\\\right) by (Y, X, b).\n",
"### Polars\n\nThe **[polar](/wiki/Polar_set \"Polar set\")** or **absolute polar** of a subset A \\\\subseteq X is the set\n\nA^{\\\\circ} :\\= \\\\left\\\\{ y \\\\in Y : \\\\sup\\_{x \\\\in A} \\|b(x, y)\\| \\\\leq 1 \\\\right\\\\}.\nDually, the **polar** or **absolute polar** of a subset B \\\\subseteq Y is denoted by B^{\\\\circ}, and defined by\n\nB^{\\\\circ} :\\= \\\\left\\\\{ x \\\\in X : \\\\sup\\_{y \\\\in B} \\|b(x, y)\\| \\\\leq 1 \\\\right\\\\}.\nIn this case, the absolute polar of a subset B \\\\subseteq Y is also called the **prepolar** of B and may be denoted by {}^{\\\\circ} B.\n\nThe polar is a [convex balanced](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") set containing the origin.\n\nIf A \\\\subseteq X then the **bipolar** of A, denoted by A^{\\\\circ \\\\circ}, is defined by A^{\\\\circ \\\\circ} \\= {}^{\\\\circ}(A^\\\\circ). Similarly, if B \\\\subseteq Y then the **bipolar** of B is defined to be B^{\\\\circ \\\\circ} \\= \\\\left({}^{\\\\circ} B\\\\right)^{\\\\circ}.\n\n",
"### Weak topologies\n\nSuppose that (X, Y, b) is a pairing of vector spaces over \\\\mathbb{K}.\n\n**Notation**: For all x \\\\in X, let b(x, \\\\cdot) : Y \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} denote the linear functional on Y defined by y \\\\mapsto b(x, y) and let b(X, \\\\cdot) \\= \\\\left\\\\{ b(x, \\\\cdot) \\~:\\~ x \\\\in X \\\\right\\\\}.\nSimilarly, for all y \\\\in Y, let b(\\\\cdot, y) : X \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} be defined by x \\\\mapsto b(x, y) and let b(\\\\cdot, Y) \\= \\\\left\\\\{ b(\\\\cdot, y) \\~:\\~ y \\\\in Y \\\\right\\\\}.\nThe **weak topology** on X induced by Y (and b) is the weakest TVS topology on X, denoted by \\\\sigma(X, Y, b) or simply \\\\sigma(X, Y), making all maps b(\\\\cdot, y) : X \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} continuous, as y ranges over Y. Similarly, there are the dual definition of the **weak topology** on Y induced by X (and b), which is denoted by \\\\sigma(Y, X, b) or simply \\\\sigma(Y, X): it is the weakest TVS topology on Y making all maps b(x, \\\\cdot) : Y \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} continuous, as x ranges over X.\n\n",
"### Weak boundedness and absorbing polars\n\nIt is because of the following theorem that it is almost always assumed that the family \\\\mathcal{G} consists of \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded subsets of X.\n\n",
"### Dual definitions and results\n\nEvery pairing (X, Y, b) can be associated with a corresponding pairing (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}) where by definition \\\\hat{b}(y, x) \\= b(x, y).\n\nThere is a repeating theme in duality theory, which is that any definition for a pairing (X, Y, b) has a corresponding dual definition for the pairing (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}).\n\n**Convention and Definition**: Given any definition for a pairing (X, Y, b), one obtains a *dual definition* by applying it to the pairing (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}). If the definition depends on the order of X and Y (e.g. the definition of \"the weak topology \\\\sigma(X, Y) defined on X by Y\") then by switching the order of X and Y, it is meant that this definition should be applied to (Y, X, \\\\hat{b}) (e.g. this gives us the definition of \"the weak topology \\\\sigma(Y, X) defined on Y by X\").\nFor instance, after defining \"X distinguishes points of Y\" (resp, \"S is a total subset of Y\") as above, then the dual definition of \"Y distinguishes points of X\" (resp, \"S is a total subset of X\") is immediately obtained. \nFor instance, once \\\\sigma(X, Y) is defined then it should be automatically assume that \\\\sigma(Y, X) has been defined without mentioning the analogous definition. \nThe same applies to many theorems.\n\n**Convention**: Adhering to common practice, unless clarity is needed, whenever a definition (or result) is given for a pairing (X, Y, b) then mention the corresponding dual definition (or result) will be omitted but it may nevertheless be used.\nIn particular, although this article will only define the general notion of polar topologies on Y with \\\\mathcal{G} being a collection of \\\\sigma(X, Y)\\-bounded subsets of X, this article will nevertheless use the dual definition for polar topologies on X with \\\\mathcal{G} being a collection of \\\\sigma(Y, X)\\-bounded subsets of Y.\n\nIdentification of (X, Y) with (Y, X)\nAlthough it is technically incorrect and an abuse of notation, the following convention is nearly ubiquitous:\n\n**Convention**: This article will use the common practice of treating a pairing (X, Y, b) interchangeably with \\\\left(Y, X, \\\\hat{b}\\\\right) and also denoting \\\\left(Y, X, \\\\hat{b}\\\\right) by (Y, X, b).\n",
"Polar topologies\n----------------\n\nThroughout, (X, Y, b) is a [pairing](/wiki/Dual_system \"Dual system\") of vector spaces over the field \\\\mathbb{K} and \\\\mathcal{G} is a non\\-empty collection of \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded subsets of X.\n\nFor every G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} and r \\> 0, r G^{\\\\circ} \\= r \\\\left(G^{\\\\circ}\\\\right) is [convex and balanced](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") and because G is a \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded, the set r G^{\\\\circ} is [absorbing](/wiki/Absorbing_set \"Absorbing set\") in Y.\n\nThe **polar topology** on Y determined (or generated) by \\\\mathcal{G} (and b), also called the **\\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology** on Y or the **topology of [uniform convergence](/wiki/Uniform_convergence \"Uniform convergence\") on the sets of \\\\mathcal{G},** is the unique [topological vector space](/wiki/Topological_vector_space \"Topological vector space\") (TVS) topology on Y for which\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ r G^{\\\\circ} \\~:\\~ G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}, r \\> 0 \\\\right\\\\}\nforms a [neighbourhood ***sub***basis](/wiki/Neighbourhood_subbasis \"Neighbourhood subbasis\") at the origin. When Y is endowed with this \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology then it is denoted by Y\\_{\\\\mathcal{G.\n\nIf \\\\left(r\\_i\\\\right)\\_{i\\=1}^{\\\\infty} is a sequence of positive numbers converging to 0 then the defining neighborhood subbasis at 0 may be replaced with\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ r\\_i G^{\\\\circ} \\~:\\~ G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}, i \\= 1, 2, \\\\ldots \\\\right\\\\}\nwithout changing the resulting topology.\n\nWhen \\\\mathcal{G} is a [directed set](/wiki/Directed_set \"Directed set\") with respect to subset inclusion (i.e. if for all G, H \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}, there exists some K \\\\not\\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} such that G \\\\cup H \\\\subseteq K) then the defining neighborhood subbasis at the origin actually forms a [neighborhood basis](/wiki/Neighborhood_basis \"Neighborhood basis\") at 0\\.\n\nSeminorms defining the polar topology\nEvery G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} determines a [seminorm](/wiki/Seminorm \"Seminorm\") p\\_G : Y \\\\to \\\\mathbb{R} defined by\n\np\\_G(y) \\=\\\\sup\\_{g \\\\in G} \\|b(g, y)\\| \\= \\\\sup\\|b(G,y)\\|\nwhere G^{\\\\circ} \\= \\\\left\\\\{ y \\\\in Y : p\\_G(y) \\\\leq 1 \\\\right\\\\} and p\\_G is in fact the [Minkowski functional](/wiki/Minkowski_functional \"Minkowski functional\") of G^{\\\\circ}. Because of this, the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y is always a [locally convex](/wiki/Locally_convex \"Locally convex\") topology.\n\nModifying \\\\mathcal{G}\nIf every positive scalar multiple of a set in \\\\mathcal{G} is contained in some set belonging to \\\\mathcal{G} then the defining neighborhood subbasis at the origin can be replaced with\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ G^{\\\\circ} : G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} \\\\right\\\\}\nwithout changing the resulting topology.\n\nThe following theorem gives ways in which \\\\mathcal{G} can be modified without changing the resulting \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y.\n\nIt is because of this theorem that many authors often require that \\\\mathcal{G} also satisfy the following additional conditions:\n* The union of any two sets A, B \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} is contained in some set C \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G};\n* All scalar multiples of every G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} belongs to \\\\mathcal{G}.\n\nSome authors further assume that every x \\\\in X belongs to some set G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} because this assumption suffices to ensure that the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology is Hausdorff.\n\nConvergence of nets and filters\nIf \\\\left(y\\_i\\\\right)\\_{i \\\\in I} is a [net](/wiki/Net_%28mathematics%29 \"Net (mathematics)\") in Y then \\\\left(y\\_i\\\\right)\\_{i \\\\in I} \\\\to 0 in the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y if and only if for every G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}, p\\_G(y\\_i) \\= \\\\sup\\_{g \\\\in G} \\|b(g, y\\_i)\\| \\\\to 0, or in words, if and only if for every G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}, the net of linear functionals (b(\\\\cdot, y\\_i))\\_{i \\\\in I} on X converges uniformly to 0 on G; here, for each i \\\\in I, the linear functional b(\\\\cdot, y\\_i) is defined by x \\\\mapsto b(x, y\\_i).\n\nIf y \\\\in Y then \\\\left(y\\_i\\\\right)\\_{i \\\\in I} \\\\to y in the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y if and only if for all G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}, p\\_G\\\\left(y\\_i \\- y\\\\right) \\= \\\\sup \\\\left\\|b\\\\left(G, y\\_i \\- y\\\\right)\\\\right\\| \\\\to 0\\.\n\nA [filter](/wiki/Filters_in_topology \"Filters in topology\") \\\\mathcal{F} on Y converges to an element y \\\\in Y in the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y if \\\\mathcal{F} converges uniformly to y on each G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G}.\n\n",
"Properties\n----------\n\nThe results in the article [Topologies on spaces of linear maps](/wiki/Topologies_on_spaces_of_linear_maps \"Topologies on spaces of linear maps\") can be applied to polar topologies.\nThroughout, (X, Y, b) is a [pairing](/wiki/Dual_system \"Dual system\") of vector spaces over the field \\\\mathbb{K} and \\\\mathcal{G} is a non\\-empty collection of \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded subsets of X.\n\nHausdorffness\nWe say that \\\\mathcal{G} ***covers*** X if every point in X belong to some set in \\\\mathcal{G}.\nWe say that \\\\mathcal{G} is ***total in X*** if the [linear span](/wiki/Linear_span \"Linear span\") of \\\\bigcup\\\\nolimits\\_{G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G G is dense in X.\n G is a \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-dense subset of X then the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y is Hausdorff.\n3. If (X, Y, b) is a \\[\\[dual system]] (rather than merely a pairing) then the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y is Hausdorff if and only if span of \\\\bigcup\\\\nolimits\\_{G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G G is dense in (X,\\\\sigma(X, Y, b)).\n\n \nProof of (2\\): \nIf Y \\=\\\\{ 0 \\\\} then we're done, so assume otherwise. Since the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y is a TVS topology, it suffices to show that the set \\\\{ 0 \\\\} is closed in Y. Let y \\\\in Y be non\\-zero, let f : X \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} be defined by f(x) \\= b(x, y) for all x \\\\in X, and let V \\= \\\\left\\\\{ s \\\\in \\\\mathbb{K} : \\| s \\| \\> 1 \\\\right\\\\}.\n\nSince X distinguishes points of Y, there exists some (non\\-zero) x \\\\in X such that f(x) \\\\neq 0 where (since f is surjective) it can be assumed [without loss of generality](/wiki/Without_loss_of_generality \"Without loss of generality\") that \\|f(x)\\| \\> 1\\. The set U \\= f^{\\-1}(V) is a \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-open subset of X that is not empty (since it contains x). Since \\\\bigcup\\\\nolimits\\_{G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G G is a \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-dense subset of X there exists some G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} and some g \\\\in G such that g \\\\in U. Since g \\\\in U, \\| b(g, y) \\| \\> 1 so that y \\\\not\\\\in G^{\\\\circ}, where G^{\\\\circ} is a subbasic closed neighborhood of the origin in the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on Y. ■\n\n",
"Examples of polar topologies induced by a pairing\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nThroughout, (X, Y, b) will be a pairing of vector spaces over the field \\\\mathbb{K} and \\\\mathcal{G} will be a non\\-empty collection of \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded subsets of X.\n\nThe following table will omit mention of b. The topologies are listed in an order that roughly corresponds with [coarser](/wiki/Comparison_of_topologies \"Comparison of topologies\") topologies first and the finer topologies last; note that some of these topologies may be out of order e.g. c(X, Y, b) and the topology below it (i.e. the topology generated by \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-complete and bounded disks) or if \\\\sigma(X, Y, b) is not Hausdorff. If more than one collection of subsets appears the same row in the left\\-most column then that means that the same polar topology is generated by these collections.\n\n**Notation**: If \\\\Delta(Y, X, b) denotes a polar topology on Y then Y endowed with this topology will be denoted by Y\\_{\\\\Delta(Y, X, b)}, Y\\_{\\\\Delta(Y, X)} or simply Y\\_{\\\\Delta}. For example, if \\\\sigma(X, Y, b) then \\\\Delta(Y, X, b) \\= \\\\sigma so that Y\\_{\\\\sigma(Y, X, b)}, Y\\_{\\\\sigma(Y, X)} and Y\\_{\\\\sigma} all denote Y with endowed with \\\\sigma(X, Y, b).\n\n| \\\\mathcal{G} \\\\subseteq \\\\wp(X)(\"topology of uniform convergence on ...\") | Notation | Name (\"topology of...\") | Alternative name |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| finite subsets of X(or \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-closed [disked hulls](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of finite subsets of X) | \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)s(X, Y, b) | pointwise/simple convergence | [weak/weak\\* topology](/wiki/Weak_topology \"Weak topology\") |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-compact [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | \\\\tau(X, Y, b) | | [Mackey topology](/wiki/Mackey_topology \"Mackey topology\") |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-compact convex subsets | \\\\gamma(X, Y, b) | compact convex convergence | |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-compact subsets(or balanced \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-compact subsets) | c(X, Y, b) | compact convergence | |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-complete and bounded [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | | convex balanced complete bounded convergence | |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-precompact/[totally bounded](/wiki/Totally_bounded \"Totally bounded\") subsets(or balanced \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-precompact subsets) | | precompact convergence | |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-[infracomplete](/wiki/Auxiliary_normed_space \"Auxiliary normed space\") and bounded [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | | convex balanced infracomplete bounded convergence | |\n| \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-bounded subsets | b(X, Y, b)\\\\beta(X, Y, b) | bounded convergence | [strong topology](/wiki/Strong_dual_space \"Strong dual space\")Strongest polar topology |\n\n### Weak topology σ(*Y*, *X*)\n\nFor any x \\\\in X, a basic \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-neighborhood of x in X is a set of the form:\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ z \\\\in X : \\|b(z\\-x, y\\_{i})\\| \\\\leq r \\\\text{ for all } i \\\\right\\\\}\nfor some real r \\> 0 and some finite set of points y\\_1, \\\\ldots, y\\_n in Y.\n\nThe continuous dual space of (Y, \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)) is X, where more precisely, this means that a linear functional f on Y belongs to this continuous dual space if and only if there exists some x \\\\in X such that f(y) \\= b(x, y) for all y \\\\in Y. The weak topology is the coarsest TVS topology on Y for which this is true.\n\nIn general, the [convex balanced hull](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of a \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact subset of Y need not be \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact.\n\nIf X and Y are vector spaces over the complex numbers (which implies that b is complex valued) then let X\\_{\\\\mathbb{R and Y\\_{\\\\R} denote these spaces when they are considered as vector spaces over the real numbers \\\\R. Let \\\\operatorname{Re} b denote the real part of b and observe that \\\\left(X\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, Y\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, \\\\operatorname{Re} b\\\\right) is a pairing. The weak topology \\\\sigma(Y, X, b) on Y is identical to the weak topology \\\\sigma\\\\left(X\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, Y\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, \\\\operatorname{Re} b\\\\right). This ultimately stems from the fact that for any complex\\-valued linear functional f on Y with real part r :\\= \\\\operatorname{Re} f. then\n\nf \\= r(y) \\- i r(i y) for all y \\\\in Y.\n### Mackey topology τ(*Y*, *X*)\n\nThe continuous dual space of (Y, \\\\tau(Y, X, b)) is X (in the exact same way as was described for the weak topology). Moreover, the Mackey topology is the finest locally convex topology on Y for which this is true, which is what makes this topology important.\n\nSince in general, the [convex balanced hull](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of a \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact subset of Y need not be \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact, the Mackey topology may be strictly coarser than the topology c(X, Y, b). Since every \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact set is \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-bounded, the Mackey topology is coarser than the strong topology b(X, Y, b).\n\n### Strong topology 𝛽(*Y*, *X*)\n\nA [neighborhood basis](/wiki/Neighborhood_basis \"Neighborhood basis\") (not just a *sub*basis) at the origin for the \\\\beta(Y, X, b) topology is:\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ A^{\\\\circ} \\~:\\~ A \\\\subseteq X \\\\text{ is a } \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-\\\\text{bounded} \\\\text{ subset of } X \\\\right\\\\}.\nThe strong topology \\\\beta(Y, X, b) is finer than the Mackey topology.\n\n",
"### Weak topology σ(*Y*, *X*)\n\nFor any x \\\\in X, a basic \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-neighborhood of x in X is a set of the form:\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ z \\\\in X : \\|b(z\\-x, y\\_{i})\\| \\\\leq r \\\\text{ for all } i \\\\right\\\\}\nfor some real r \\> 0 and some finite set of points y\\_1, \\\\ldots, y\\_n in Y.\n\nThe continuous dual space of (Y, \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)) is X, where more precisely, this means that a linear functional f on Y belongs to this continuous dual space if and only if there exists some x \\\\in X such that f(y) \\= b(x, y) for all y \\\\in Y. The weak topology is the coarsest TVS topology on Y for which this is true.\n\nIn general, the [convex balanced hull](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of a \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact subset of Y need not be \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact.\n\nIf X and Y are vector spaces over the complex numbers (which implies that b is complex valued) then let X\\_{\\\\mathbb{R and Y\\_{\\\\R} denote these spaces when they are considered as vector spaces over the real numbers \\\\R. Let \\\\operatorname{Re} b denote the real part of b and observe that \\\\left(X\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, Y\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, \\\\operatorname{Re} b\\\\right) is a pairing. The weak topology \\\\sigma(Y, X, b) on Y is identical to the weak topology \\\\sigma\\\\left(X\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, Y\\_{\\\\mathbb{R, \\\\operatorname{Re} b\\\\right). This ultimately stems from the fact that for any complex\\-valued linear functional f on Y with real part r :\\= \\\\operatorname{Re} f. then\n\nf \\= r(y) \\- i r(i y) for all y \\\\in Y.\n",
"### Mackey topology τ(*Y*, *X*)\n\nThe continuous dual space of (Y, \\\\tau(Y, X, b)) is X (in the exact same way as was described for the weak topology). Moreover, the Mackey topology is the finest locally convex topology on Y for which this is true, which is what makes this topology important.\n\nSince in general, the [convex balanced hull](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of a \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact subset of Y need not be \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact, the Mackey topology may be strictly coarser than the topology c(X, Y, b). Since every \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-compact set is \\\\sigma(Y, X, b)\\-bounded, the Mackey topology is coarser than the strong topology b(X, Y, b).\n\n",
"### Strong topology 𝛽(*Y*, *X*)\n\nA [neighborhood basis](/wiki/Neighborhood_basis \"Neighborhood basis\") (not just a *sub*basis) at the origin for the \\\\beta(Y, X, b) topology is:\n\n\\\\left\\\\{ A^{\\\\circ} \\~:\\~ A \\\\subseteq X \\\\text{ is a } \\\\sigma(X, Y, b)\\-\\\\text{bounded} \\\\text{ subset of } X \\\\right\\\\}.\nThe strong topology \\\\beta(Y, X, b) is finer than the Mackey topology.\n\n",
"Polar topologies and topological vector spaces\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThroughout this section, X will be a [topological vector space](/wiki/Topological_vector_space \"Topological vector space\") (TVS) with continuous dual space X' and (X, X', \\\\langle \\\\cdot, \\\\cdot \\\\rangle) will be the canonical [pairing](/wiki/Dual_system \"Dual system\"), where by definition \\\\langle x, x' \\\\rangle \\= x'(x). The vector space X always distinguishes/separates the points of X' but X' may fail to distinguishes the points of X (this necessarily happens if, for instance, X is not Hausdorff), in which case the pairing (X, X', \\\\langle \\\\cdot, \\\\cdot\\\\rangle) is not a dual pair. By the [Hahn–Banach theorem](/wiki/Hahn%E2%80%93Banach_theorem \"Hahn–Banach theorem\"), if X is a Hausdorff [locally convex](/wiki/Locally_convex \"Locally convex\") space then X' separates points of X and thus (X, X',\\\\langle \\\\cdot, \\\\cdot\\\\rangle) forms a dual pair.\n\n### Properties\n\n* If \\\\bigcup\\_{G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G G covers X then the canonical map from X into \\\\left(X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G\\\\right)' is well\\-defined. That is, for all x \\\\in X the evaluation functional on X'. meaning the map x' \\\\in X' \\\\mapsto \\\\langle x', x \\\\rangle, is continuous on X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G. \n If in addition X' separates points on X then the canonical map of X into \\\\left(X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G\\\\right)' is an injection.\n* Suppose that u : E \\\\to F is a continuous linear and that \\\\mathcal{G} and \\\\mathcal{H} are collections of bounded subsets of X and Y, respectively, that each satisfy axioms \\\\mathcal{G}\\_1 and \\\\mathcal{G}\\_2\\. Then the [transpose](/wiki/Transpose \"Transpose\") of u, {}^t u : Y'\\_{\\\\mathcal{H \\\\to X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G is continuous if for every G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} there is some H \\\\in \\\\mathcal{H} such that u(G) \\\\subseteq H.\n In particular, the transpose of u is continuous if X' carries the \\\\sigma(X', X) (respectively, \\\\gamma(X', X), c(X', X), b(X', X)) topology and Y' carry any topology stronger than the \\\\sigma(Y', Y) topology (respectively, \\\\gamma(Y', Y), c(Y', Y), b(Y', Y)).\n* If X is a locally convex Hausdorff TVS over the field \\\\mathbb{K} and \\\\mathcal{G} is a collection of bounded subsets of X that satisfies axioms \\\\mathcal{G}\\_1 and \\\\mathcal{G}\\_2 then the bilinear map X \\\\times X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} defined by (x, x') \\\\mapsto \\\\langle x', x \\\\rangle \\= x'(x) is continuous if and only if X is normable and the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on X' is the strong dual topology b(X', X).\n* Suppose that X is a [Fréchet space](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\") and \\\\mathcal{G} is a collection of bounded subsets of X that satisfies axioms \\\\mathcal{G}\\_1 and \\\\mathcal{G}\\_2\\. If \\\\mathcal{G} contains all compact subsets of X then X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G is complete.\n",
"### Properties\n\n* If \\\\bigcup\\_{G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G G covers X then the canonical map from X into \\\\left(X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G\\\\right)' is well\\-defined. That is, for all x \\\\in X the evaluation functional on X'. meaning the map x' \\\\in X' \\\\mapsto \\\\langle x', x \\\\rangle, is continuous on X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G. \n If in addition X' separates points on X then the canonical map of X into \\\\left(X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G\\\\right)' is an injection.\n* Suppose that u : E \\\\to F is a continuous linear and that \\\\mathcal{G} and \\\\mathcal{H} are collections of bounded subsets of X and Y, respectively, that each satisfy axioms \\\\mathcal{G}\\_1 and \\\\mathcal{G}\\_2\\. Then the [transpose](/wiki/Transpose \"Transpose\") of u, {}^t u : Y'\\_{\\\\mathcal{H \\\\to X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G is continuous if for every G \\\\in \\\\mathcal{G} there is some H \\\\in \\\\mathcal{H} such that u(G) \\\\subseteq H.\n In particular, the transpose of u is continuous if X' carries the \\\\sigma(X', X) (respectively, \\\\gamma(X', X), c(X', X), b(X', X)) topology and Y' carry any topology stronger than the \\\\sigma(Y', Y) topology (respectively, \\\\gamma(Y', Y), c(Y', Y), b(Y', Y)).\n* If X is a locally convex Hausdorff TVS over the field \\\\mathbb{K} and \\\\mathcal{G} is a collection of bounded subsets of X that satisfies axioms \\\\mathcal{G}\\_1 and \\\\mathcal{G}\\_2 then the bilinear map X \\\\times X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G \\\\to \\\\mathbb{K} defined by (x, x') \\\\mapsto \\\\langle x', x \\\\rangle \\= x'(x) is continuous if and only if X is normable and the \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topology on X' is the strong dual topology b(X', X).\n* Suppose that X is a [Fréchet space](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\") and \\\\mathcal{G} is a collection of bounded subsets of X that satisfies axioms \\\\mathcal{G}\\_1 and \\\\mathcal{G}\\_2\\. If \\\\mathcal{G} contains all compact subsets of X then X'\\_{\\\\mathcal{G is complete.\n",
"Polar topologies on the continuous dual space\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThroughout, X will be a TVS over the field \\\\mathbb{K} with continuous dual space X' and X and X' will be associated with the canonical pairing. The table below defines many of the most common polar topologies on X'.\n\n**Notation**: If \\\\Delta(X', Z) denotes a polar topology then X' endowed with this topology will be denoted by X'\\_{\\\\Delta(X', Z)} (e.g. if \\\\tau(X', X'') then \\\\Delta \\= \\\\tau and Z \\= X'' so that X'\\_{\\\\tau(X', X'')} denotes X' with endowed with \\\\tau(X', X'')). \n If in addition, Z \\= X then this TVS may be denoted by X'\\_{\\\\Delta} (for example, X'\\_{\\\\sigma} :\\= X'\\_{\\\\sigma(X', X)}).\n\n| \\\\mathcal{G} \\\\subseteq \\\\wp(X)(\"topology of uniform convergence on ...\") | Notation | Name (\"topology of...\") | Alternative name |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| finite subsets of X(or \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-closed [disked hulls](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of finite subsets of X) | \\\\sigma(X', X)s(X', X) | pointwise/simple convergence | [weak/weak\\* topology](/wiki/Weak_topology \"Weak topology\") |\n| compact convex subsets | \\\\gamma(X', X) | compact convex convergence | |\n| compact subsets(or balanced compact subsets) | c(X', X) | compact convergence | |\n| \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-compact [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | \\\\tau(X', X) | | [Mackey topology](/wiki/Mackey_topology \"Mackey topology\") |\n| precompact/[totally bounded](/wiki/Totally_bounded \"Totally bounded\") subsets(or balanced precompact subsets) | | precompact convergence | |\n| complete and bounded [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | | convex balanced complete bounded convergence | |\n| [infracomplete](/wiki/Auxiliary_normed_space \"Auxiliary normed space\") and bounded [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | | convex balanced infracomplete bounded convergence | |\n| bounded subsets | b(X',X)\\\\beta(X',X) | bounded convergence | [strong topology](/wiki/Strong_dual_space \"Strong dual space\") |\n| \\\\sigma(X'', X')\\-compact [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") in X'' :\\= \\\\left(X'\\_b\\\\right)' | \\\\tau(X', X'') | | [Mackey topology](/wiki/Mackey_topology \"Mackey topology\") |\n\nThe reason why some of the above collections (in the same row) induce the same polar topologies is due to some basic results. A closed subset of a complete TVS is complete and that a complete subset of a Hausdorff and complete TVS is closed. Furthermore, in every TVS, compact subsets are complete and the [balanced hull](/wiki/Balanced_set \"Balanced set\") of a compact (resp. [totally bounded](/wiki/Totally_bounded \"Totally bounded\")) subset is again compact (resp. totally bounded). Also, a Banach space can be complete without being weakly complete.\n\nIf B \\\\subseteq X is bounded then B^{\\\\circ} is [absorbing](/wiki/Absorbing_set \"Absorbing set\") in X' (note that being absorbing is a necessary condition for B^{\\\\circ} to be a neighborhood of the origin in any TVS topology on X'). If X is a locally convex space and B^{\\\\circ} is absorbing in X' then B is bounded in X. Moreover, a subset S \\\\subseteq X is weakly bounded if and only if S^{\\\\circ} is [absorbing](/wiki/Absorbing_set \"Absorbing set\") in X'. For this reason, it is common to restrict attention to families of bounded subsets of X.\n\n### Weak/weak\\* topology \n\nThe \\\\sigma(X', X) topology has the following properties:\n* **[Banach–Alaoglu theorem](/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Alaoglu_theorem \"Banach–Alaoglu theorem\")**: Every equicontinuous subset of X' is [relatively compact](/wiki/Relatively_compact \"Relatively compact\") for \\\\sigma(X', X).\n it follows that the \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-closure of the convex balanced hull of an equicontinuous subset of X' is equicontinuous and \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-compact.\n* **Theorem** (S. Banach): Suppose that X and Y are Fréchet spaces or that they are duals of reflexive Fréchet spaces and that u : X \\\\to Y is a continuous linear map. Then u is surjective if and only if the transpose of u, {}^t u : Y' \\\\to X', is one\\-to\\-one and the [image](/wiki/Image_%28mathematics%29 \"Image (mathematics)\") of {}^t u is weakly closed in X'\\_{\\\\sigma(X', X)}.\n* Suppose that X and Y are [Fréchet spaces](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\"), Z is a Hausdorff locally convex space and that u : X'\\_{\\\\sigma} \\\\times Y'\\_{\\\\sigma} \\\\to Z'\\_{\\\\sigma} is a separately\\-continuous bilinear map. Then u : X'\\_b \\\\times Y'\\_b \\\\to Z'\\_b is continuous.\n In particular, any separately continuous bilinear maps from the product of two duals of reflexive Fréchet spaces into a third one is continuous.\n* X'\\_{\\\\sigma(X', X)} is normable if and only if X is finite\\-dimensional.\n* When X is infinite\\-dimensional the \\\\sigma(X', X) topology on X' is strictly coarser than the strong dual topology b(X',X).\n* Suppose that X is a locally convex Hausdorff space and that \\\\hat{X} is its completion. If X \\\\neq \\\\hat{X} then \\\\sigma(X', \\\\hat{X}) is strictly finer than \\\\sigma(X', X).\n* Any equicontinuous subset in the dual of a separable Hausdorff locally convex vector space is metrizable in the \\\\sigma(X', X) topology.\n* If X is locally convex then a subset H \\\\subseteq X' is \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-bounded if and only if there exists a [barrel](/wiki/Barreled_space \"Barreled space\") B in X such that H \\\\subseteq B^{\\\\circ}.\n\n### Compact\\-convex convergence \n\n* + If X is a Fréchet space then the topologies \\\\gamma\\\\left(X', X\\\\right) \\= c\\\\left(X', X\\\\right).\n\n### Compact convergence \n\nIf X is a [Fréchet space](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\") or a [LF\\-space](/wiki/LF-space \"LF-space\") then c(X',X) is complete.\n\nSuppose that X is a metrizable topological vector space and that W' \\\\subseteq X'. If the intersection of W' with every equicontinuous subset of X' is weakly\\-open, then W' is open in c(X',X).\n\n### Precompact convergence\n\n**[Banach–Alaoglu theorem](/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Alaoglu_theorem \"Banach–Alaoglu theorem\")**: An equicontinuous subset K \\\\subseteq X' has compact closure in the topology of uniform convergence on precompact sets. Furthermore, this topology on K coincides with the \\\\sigma(X', X) topology.\n\n### Mackey topology \n\nBy letting \\\\mathcal{G} be the set of all convex balanced weakly compact subsets of X, X' will have the **Mackey topology on X'** or **the topology of uniform convergence on convex balanced weakly compact sets**, which is denoted by \\\\tau(X', X) and X' with this topology is denoted by X'\\_{\\\\tau(X', X)}.\n\n### Strong dual topology \n\nDue to the importance of this topology, the continuous dual space of X'\\_b is commonly denoted simply by X''. Consequently, (X'\\_b)' \\= X''.\n\nThe b(X',X) topology has the following properties:\n* If X is locally convex, then this topology is finer than all other \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topologies on X' when considering only \\\\mathcal{G}'s whose sets are subsets of X.\n* If X is a [bornological space](/wiki/Bornological_space \"Bornological space\") (e.g. [metrizable](/wiki/Metrizable \"Metrizable\") or [LF\\-space](/wiki/LF-space \"LF-space\")) then X'\\_{b(X', X)} is complete.\n* If X is a normed space then the strong dual topology on X' may be defined by the norm \\\\left\\\\\\|x'\\\\right\\\\\\| :\\= \\\\sup\\_{x \\\\in X, \\\\\\|x\\\\\\| \\= 1} \\\\left\\|\\\\left\\\\langle x', x \\\\right\\\\rangle\\\\right\\|, where x' \\\\in X'.\n* If X is a [LF\\-space](/wiki/LF-space \"LF-space\") that is the inductive limit of the sequence of space X\\_k (for k \\= 0,1 \\\\dots) then X'\\_{b(X', X)} is a [Fréchet space](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\") if and only if all X\\_k are normable.\n* If X is a [Montel space](/wiki/Montel_space \"Montel space\") then\n X'\\_{b(X', X)} has the Heine–Borel property (i.e. every closed and bounded subset of X'\\_{b(X', X)} is compact in X'\\_{b(X', X)})\n On bounded subsets of X'\\_{b(X', X)}, the strong and weak topologies coincide (and hence so do all other topologies finer than \\\\sigma(X', X) and coarser than b(X',X)).\n Every weakly convergent sequence in X' is strongly convergent.\n\n### Mackey topology \n\n* + - \n\nBy letting \\\\mathcal{G}\\\\,'\\\\,' be the set of all convex balanced weakly compact subsets of X'' \\= \\\\left(X'\\_b\\\\right)', X' will have the **Mackey topology on X' induced by X''** or **the topology of uniform convergence on convex balanced weakly compact subsets of X''**, which is denoted by \\\\tau(X', X'') and X' with this topology is denoted by X'\\_{\\\\tau(X', X'')}.\n\n* This topology is finer than b(X', X) and hence finer than \\\\tau(X', X).\n",
"### Weak/weak\\* topology \n\nThe \\\\sigma(X', X) topology has the following properties:\n* **[Banach–Alaoglu theorem](/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Alaoglu_theorem \"Banach–Alaoglu theorem\")**: Every equicontinuous subset of X' is [relatively compact](/wiki/Relatively_compact \"Relatively compact\") for \\\\sigma(X', X).\n it follows that the \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-closure of the convex balanced hull of an equicontinuous subset of X' is equicontinuous and \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-compact.\n* **Theorem** (S. Banach): Suppose that X and Y are Fréchet spaces or that they are duals of reflexive Fréchet spaces and that u : X \\\\to Y is a continuous linear map. Then u is surjective if and only if the transpose of u, {}^t u : Y' \\\\to X', is one\\-to\\-one and the [image](/wiki/Image_%28mathematics%29 \"Image (mathematics)\") of {}^t u is weakly closed in X'\\_{\\\\sigma(X', X)}.\n* Suppose that X and Y are [Fréchet spaces](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\"), Z is a Hausdorff locally convex space and that u : X'\\_{\\\\sigma} \\\\times Y'\\_{\\\\sigma} \\\\to Z'\\_{\\\\sigma} is a separately\\-continuous bilinear map. Then u : X'\\_b \\\\times Y'\\_b \\\\to Z'\\_b is continuous.\n In particular, any separately continuous bilinear maps from the product of two duals of reflexive Fréchet spaces into a third one is continuous.\n* X'\\_{\\\\sigma(X', X)} is normable if and only if X is finite\\-dimensional.\n* When X is infinite\\-dimensional the \\\\sigma(X', X) topology on X' is strictly coarser than the strong dual topology b(X',X).\n* Suppose that X is a locally convex Hausdorff space and that \\\\hat{X} is its completion. If X \\\\neq \\\\hat{X} then \\\\sigma(X', \\\\hat{X}) is strictly finer than \\\\sigma(X', X).\n* Any equicontinuous subset in the dual of a separable Hausdorff locally convex vector space is metrizable in the \\\\sigma(X', X) topology.\n* If X is locally convex then a subset H \\\\subseteq X' is \\\\sigma(X', X)\\-bounded if and only if there exists a [barrel](/wiki/Barreled_space \"Barreled space\") B in X such that H \\\\subseteq B^{\\\\circ}.\n\n",
"### Compact\\-convex convergence \n\nIf X is a Fréchet space then the topologies \\\\gamma\\\\left(X', X\\\\right) \\= c\\\\left(X', X\\\\right).\n\n",
"### Compact convergence \n\nIf X is a [Fréchet space](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\") or a [LF\\-space](/wiki/LF-space \"LF-space\") then c(X',X) is complete.\n\nSuppose that X is a metrizable topological vector space and that W' \\\\subseteq X'. If the intersection of W' with every equicontinuous subset of X' is weakly\\-open, then W' is open in c(X',X).\n\n",
"### Precompact convergence\n\n**[Banach–Alaoglu theorem](/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Alaoglu_theorem \"Banach–Alaoglu theorem\")**: An equicontinuous subset K \\\\subseteq X' has compact closure in the topology of uniform convergence on precompact sets. Furthermore, this topology on K coincides with the \\\\sigma(X', X) topology.\n\n",
"### Mackey topology \n\nBy letting \\\\mathcal{G} be the set of all convex balanced weakly compact subsets of X, X' will have the **Mackey topology on X'** or **the topology of uniform convergence on convex balanced weakly compact sets**, which is denoted by \\\\tau(X', X) and X' with this topology is denoted by X'\\_{\\\\tau(X', X)}.\n\n",
"### Strong dual topology \n\nDue to the importance of this topology, the continuous dual space of X'\\_b is commonly denoted simply by X''. Consequently, (X'\\_b)' \\= X''.\n\nThe b(X',X) topology has the following properties:\n* If X is locally convex, then this topology is finer than all other \\\\mathcal{G}\\-topologies on X' when considering only \\\\mathcal{G}'s whose sets are subsets of X.\n* If X is a [bornological space](/wiki/Bornological_space \"Bornological space\") (e.g. [metrizable](/wiki/Metrizable \"Metrizable\") or [LF\\-space](/wiki/LF-space \"LF-space\")) then X'\\_{b(X', X)} is complete.\n* If X is a normed space then the strong dual topology on X' may be defined by the norm \\\\left\\\\\\|x'\\\\right\\\\\\| :\\= \\\\sup\\_{x \\\\in X, \\\\\\|x\\\\\\| \\= 1} \\\\left\\|\\\\left\\\\langle x', x \\\\right\\\\rangle\\\\right\\|, where x' \\\\in X'.\n* If X is a [LF\\-space](/wiki/LF-space \"LF-space\") that is the inductive limit of the sequence of space X\\_k (for k \\= 0,1 \\\\dots) then X'\\_{b(X', X)} is a [Fréchet space](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_space \"Fréchet space\") if and only if all X\\_k are normable.\n* If X is a [Montel space](/wiki/Montel_space \"Montel space\") then\n X'\\_{b(X', X)} has the Heine–Borel property (i.e. every closed and bounded subset of X'\\_{b(X', X)} is compact in X'\\_{b(X', X)})\n On bounded subsets of X'\\_{b(X', X)}, the strong and weak topologies coincide (and hence so do all other topologies finer than \\\\sigma(X', X) and coarser than b(X',X)).\n Every weakly convergent sequence in X' is strongly convergent.\n\n",
"### Mackey topology \n\nBy letting \\\\mathcal{G}\\\\,'\\\\,' be the set of all convex balanced weakly compact subsets of X'' \\= \\\\left(X'\\_b\\\\right)', X' will have the **Mackey topology on X' induced by X''** or **the topology of uniform convergence on convex balanced weakly compact subsets of X''**, which is denoted by \\\\tau(X', X'') and X' with this topology is denoted by X'\\_{\\\\tau(X', X'')}.\n\n* This topology is finer than b(X', X) and hence finer than \\\\tau(X', X).\n",
"Polar topologies induced by subsets of the continuous dual space\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThroughout, X will be a TVS over the field \\\\mathbb{K} with continuous dual space X' and the canonical pairing will be associated with X and X'. The table below defines many of the most common polar topologies on X.\n\n**Notation**: If \\\\Delta\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) denotes a polar topology on X then X endowed with this topology will be denoted by X\\_{\\\\Delta\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right)} or X\\_{\\\\Delta} (e.g. for \\\\sigma\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) we'd have \\\\Delta \\= \\\\sigma so that X\\_{\\\\sigma(X,X')} and X\\_{\\\\sigma} both denote X with endowed with \\\\sigma\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right)).\n\n| \\\\mathcal{G} \\\\subseteq \\\\wp(X)(\"topology of uniform convergence on ...\") | Notation | Name (\"topology of...\") | Alternative name |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| finite subsets of X'(or \\\\sigma(X', Y)\\-closed [disked hulls](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") of finite subsets of X') | \\\\sigma\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) s\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) | pointwise/simple convergence | [weak topology](/wiki/Weak_topology \"Weak topology\") |\n| equicontinuous subsets(or equicontinuous disks)(or weak\\-\\* compact equicontinuous disks) | \\\\varepsilon(X, X') | equicontinuous convergence | |\n| weak\\-\\* compact [disks](/wiki/Absolutely_convex_set \"Absolutely convex set\") | \\\\tau\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) | | [Mackey topology](/wiki/Mackey_topology \"Mackey topology\") |\n| weak\\-\\* compact convex subsets | \\\\gamma\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) | compact convex convergence | |\n| weak\\-\\* compact subsets(or balanced weak\\-\\* compact subsets) | c\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) | compact convergence | |\n| weak\\-\\* bounded subsets | b\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right)\\\\beta\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) | bounded convergence | [strong topology](/wiki/Strong_dual_space \"Strong dual space\") |\n\nThe closure of an [equicontinuous](/wiki/Equicontinuous \"Equicontinuous\") subset of X' is weak\\-\\* compact and equicontinuous and furthermore, the convex balanced hull of an equicontinuous subset is equicontinuous.\n\n### Weak topology \n\nSuppose that X and Y are Hausdorff locally convex spaces with X metrizable and that u:X\\\\to Y is a linear map. Then u:X\\\\to Y is continuous if and only if u : \\\\sigma\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) \\\\to \\\\sigma\\\\left(Y, Y'\\\\right) is continuous. That is, u : X \\\\to Y is continuous when X and Y carry their given topologies if and only if u is continuous when X and Y carry their weak topologies.\n\n### Convergence on equicontinuous sets \n\nIf \\\\mathcal{G}' was the set of all convex balanced weakly compact equicontinuous subsets of X', then the same topology would have been induced.\n\nIf X is locally convex and Hausdorff then X's given topology (i.e. the topology that X started with) is exactly \\\\varepsilon(X, X'). \nThat is, for X Hausdorff and locally convex, if E\\\\subset X' then E is equicontinuous if and only if E^{\\\\circ} is equicontinuous and furthermore, for any S \\\\subseteq X, S is a neighborhood of the origin if and only if S^{\\\\circ} is equicontinuous.\n\nImportantly, a set of continuous linear functionals H on a TVS X is equicontinuous if and only if it is contained in the [polar](/wiki/Polar_set \"Polar set\") of some neighborhood U of the origin in X (i.e. H \\\\subseteq U^{\\\\circ}). Since a TVS's topology is completely determined by the open neighborhoods of the origin, this means that via operation of taking the polar of a set, the collection of equicontinuous subsets of X' \"encode\" all information about X's topology (i.e. distinct TVS topologies on X produce distinct collections of equicontinuous subsets, and given any such collection one may recover the TVS original topology by taking the polars of sets in the collection). Thus uniform convergence on the collection of equicontinuous subsets is essentially \"convergence on the topology of X\".\n\n### Mackey topology \n\nSuppose that X is a locally convex Hausdorff space. If X is metrizable or [barrelled](/wiki/Barreled_space \"Barreled space\") then X's original topology is identical to the Mackey topology \\\\tau\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right).\n\n#### Topologies compatible with pairings\n\nLet X be a vector space and let Y be a vector subspace of the algebraic dual of X that [separates points](/wiki/Separating_set \"Separating set\") on X. If \\\\tau is any other locally convex Hausdorff topological vector space topology on X, then \\\\tau is **compatible with duality between X and Y** if when X is equipped with \\\\tau, then it has Y as its continuous dual space. If X is given the weak topology \\\\sigma(X, Y) then X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)} is a Hausdorff locally convex [topological vector space](/wiki/Topological_vector_space \"Topological vector space\") (TVS) and \\\\sigma(X, Y) is compatible with duality between X and Y (i.e. X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)}' \\= \\\\left(X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)}\\\\right)' \\= Y). \nThe question arises: what are *all* of the locally convex Hausdorff TVS topologies that can be placed on X that are compatible with duality between X and Y? The answer to this question is called the [Mackey–Arens theorem](/wiki/Mackey%E2%80%93Arens_theorem \"Mackey–Arens theorem\").\n\n",
"### Weak topology \n\nSuppose that X and Y are Hausdorff locally convex spaces with X metrizable and that u:X\\\\to Y is a linear map. Then u:X\\\\to Y is continuous if and only if u : \\\\sigma\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right) \\\\to \\\\sigma\\\\left(Y, Y'\\\\right) is continuous. That is, u : X \\\\to Y is continuous when X and Y carry their given topologies if and only if u is continuous when X and Y carry their weak topologies.\n\n",
"### Convergence on equicontinuous sets \n\nIf \\\\mathcal{G}' was the set of all convex balanced weakly compact equicontinuous subsets of X', then the same topology would have been induced.\n\nIf X is locally convex and Hausdorff then X's given topology (i.e. the topology that X started with) is exactly \\\\varepsilon(X, X'). \nThat is, for X Hausdorff and locally convex, if E\\\\subset X' then E is equicontinuous if and only if E^{\\\\circ} is equicontinuous and furthermore, for any S \\\\subseteq X, S is a neighborhood of the origin if and only if S^{\\\\circ} is equicontinuous.\n\nImportantly, a set of continuous linear functionals H on a TVS X is equicontinuous if and only if it is contained in the [polar](/wiki/Polar_set \"Polar set\") of some neighborhood U of the origin in X (i.e. H \\\\subseteq U^{\\\\circ}). Since a TVS's topology is completely determined by the open neighborhoods of the origin, this means that via operation of taking the polar of a set, the collection of equicontinuous subsets of X' \"encode\" all information about X's topology (i.e. distinct TVS topologies on X produce distinct collections of equicontinuous subsets, and given any such collection one may recover the TVS original topology by taking the polars of sets in the collection). Thus uniform convergence on the collection of equicontinuous subsets is essentially \"convergence on the topology of X\".\n\n",
"### Mackey topology \n\nSuppose that X is a locally convex Hausdorff space. If X is metrizable or [barrelled](/wiki/Barreled_space \"Barreled space\") then X's original topology is identical to the Mackey topology \\\\tau\\\\left(X, X'\\\\right).\n\n#### Topologies compatible with pairings\n\nLet X be a vector space and let Y be a vector subspace of the algebraic dual of X that [separates points](/wiki/Separating_set \"Separating set\") on X. If \\\\tau is any other locally convex Hausdorff topological vector space topology on X, then \\\\tau is **compatible with duality between X and Y** if when X is equipped with \\\\tau, then it has Y as its continuous dual space. If X is given the weak topology \\\\sigma(X, Y) then X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)} is a Hausdorff locally convex [topological vector space](/wiki/Topological_vector_space \"Topological vector space\") (TVS) and \\\\sigma(X, Y) is compatible with duality between X and Y (i.e. X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)}' \\= \\\\left(X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)}\\\\right)' \\= Y). \nThe question arises: what are *all* of the locally convex Hausdorff TVS topologies that can be placed on X that are compatible with duality between X and Y? The answer to this question is called the [Mackey–Arens theorem](/wiki/Mackey%E2%80%93Arens_theorem \"Mackey–Arens theorem\").\n\n",
"#### Topologies compatible with pairings\n\nLet X be a vector space and let Y be a vector subspace of the algebraic dual of X that [separates points](/wiki/Separating_set \"Separating set\") on X. If \\\\tau is any other locally convex Hausdorff topological vector space topology on X, then \\\\tau is **compatible with duality between X and Y** if when X is equipped with \\\\tau, then it has Y as its continuous dual space. If X is given the weak topology \\\\sigma(X, Y) then X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)} is a Hausdorff locally convex [topological vector space](/wiki/Topological_vector_space \"Topological vector space\") (TVS) and \\\\sigma(X, Y) is compatible with duality between X and Y (i.e. X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)}' \\= \\\\left(X\\_{\\\\sigma(X, Y)}\\\\right)' \\= Y). \nThe question arises: what are *all* of the locally convex Hausdorff TVS topologies that can be placed on X that are compatible with duality between X and Y? The answer to this question is called the [Mackey–Arens theorem](/wiki/Mackey%E2%80%93Arens_theorem \"Mackey–Arens theorem\").\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Topology of function spaces](/wiki/Category:Topology_of_function_spaces \"Topology of function spaces\")\n[Category:Linear functionals](/wiki/Category:Linear_functionals \"Linear functionals\")\n\n"
]
}
|
J-Wave
|
{
"id": [
41662400
],
"name": [
"Danilmay"
]
}
|
2fnfncos9vxwwdjfffhra4a136bf3td
|
2024-07-14T18:19:29Z
| 1,217,792,481 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Features",
"History",
"Navigators (DJs)",
"Programs",
"Tokio Hot 100",
"Others",
"Song of the year (Slam Jam)",
"Notes",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**J\\-Wave** is a commercial [radio station](/wiki/Radio_broadcasting \"Radio broadcasting\") based in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"), broadcasting on 81\\.3 [FM](/wiki/FM_broadcasting \"FM broadcasting\") from the [Tokyo Skytree](/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree \"Tokyo Skytree\") to the Tokyo area. J\\-Wave airs mostly music, including [J\\-pop](/wiki/J-pop \"J-pop\"), [C\\-pop](/wiki/C-pop \"C-pop\") and Western music, covering a wide range of formats. The station is considered the most popular among FM broadcasts in Tokyo, and has surprised the radio broadcast industry by gaining a higher popularity rate than an AM station ([JOQR](/wiki/Nippon_Cultural_Broadcasting \"Nippon Cultural Broadcasting\")) in a survey conducted in June 2008\\.\"J\\-Wave has drawn considerable attention in the industry with the 'phenomenal overtaking by an FM station of AM'\", reported ZAKZAK, an internet news branch of Sankei Digital on 2008\\-07\\-23\\. It said that J\\-Wave ranked fourth with 0\\.9% share, overtaking [Nippon Cultural Broadcasting](/wiki/Nippon_Cultural_Broadcasting \"Nippon Cultural Broadcasting\") (0\\.8%).<http://www.zakzak.co.jp/gei/2008_07/g2008072321_all.html> J\\-Wave was founded in October 1988 with the callsign of JOAV\\-FM. It is a member station of the [Japan FM League](/wiki/Japan_FM_League \"Japan FM League\") (JFL) commercial radio network.\n\n",
"Features\n--------\n\nJ\\-WAVE's slogan is \"The Best Music on the Planet.\" The [DJs](/wiki/DJ \"DJ\") are known as . The music format can be considered a Japanese equivalent of the Western concept of [Top 40](/wiki/Top_40 \"Top 40\") or [CHR](/wiki/Contemporary_Hit_Radio \"Contemporary Hit Radio\") radio.\n\nHundreds of different jingles separate programs from commercials; they are generally played at the same decibel level and are variations on a single melody. J\\-Wave has been broadcast via satellite since 1994 and some of its programs also air on some community radio stations in Japan.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nOn December 10, 1987, J\\-WAVE was incorporated and started test broadcasts in the FM band on 81\\.3 MHz on August 1, 1988\\. On October 1 of that year at 5:00 a.m., it started transmission from [Tokyo Tower](/wiki/Tokyo_Tower \"Tokyo Tower\"). J\\-Wave was the 27th FM radio station nationwide to launch at that time, and the second in Tokyo. The name ”J\\-WAVE” originally derived from a record shop WAVE in Roppongi, which also belonged to \"[Saison Group](/wiki/Credit_Saison \"Credit Saison\")\". While other radio stations focused more on presentation, J\\-WAVE adopted a \"more music less talk\" format. The station had a large fanbase because of its unusual programming style, playing music non\\-stop except for jingles and breaks for news, traffic and weather. The law in Japan at that time stipulated that programming had to be maximum 80% music, and minimum 20% talk and continuity. J\\-WAVE coined the term \"[J\\-pop](/wiki/J-pop \"J-pop\")\", which is only vaguely defined but led to the eventual mirror term, [K\\-pop](/wiki/K-pop \"K-pop\"). \n\nAround 1995, J\\-WAVE hired new personalities in an attempt to rejuvenate itself. Its term \"J\\-POP\" became synonymous with commercially palatable Japanese music from across the spectrum, except for traditional Japanese music. Specials started to air around this time, and the station took steps to attract a listener base desirable for higher ad revenues.\n\nOn October 1, 2003, J\\-WAVE moved its head office to the 33rd floor of the [Roppongi Hills Mori Tower](/wiki/Roppongi_Hills_Mori_Tower \"Roppongi Hills Mori Tower\") in [Minato, Tokyo](/wiki/Minato%2C_Tokyo \"Minato, Tokyo\").\nOn April 23, 2012, J\\-WAVE moved its transmitting station at Tokyo Tower to the Tokyo Sky Tree with new transmission power of 7 kilowatts with an ERP of 57 kilowatts. Before the move, the transmission power was 10 kilowatts with an ERP of 44 kilowatts.\n\n",
"Navigators (DJs)\n----------------\n\nPopular Navigators with \"obis\", or daily shows, on J\\-Wave (1988–1993\\) include:\n* [Jon Kabira](/wiki/Jon_Kabira \"Jon Kabira\")\n* Carole Hisasue\n* [Chris Peppler](/wiki/Chris_Peppler \"Chris Peppler\")\n* [Cara Jones](/wiki/Cara_Jones \"Cara Jones\")\n* [Barry White](/wiki/Barry_White \"Barry White\")\n* [Mike Rogers (producer)](/wiki/Mike_Rogers_%28producer%29 \"Mike Rogers (producer)\")\n\n",
"Programs\n--------\n\n### Tokio Hot 100\n\nJ\\-WAVE publishes the Tokyo Hot 100 singles chart which is compiled from *[Billboard Japan](/wiki/Billboard_Japan \"Billboard Japan\")* data: data for each music streaming service, download data, number of video views, [CD](/wiki/CD_single \"CD single\") sales data, number of tweets on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"). These should not be confused with the Japanese single charts, [Oricon](/wiki/Oricon \"Oricon\"), which has its own national airplay charts.\n\nThere is also a TV version shown on [MTV Japan](/wiki/MTV_Japan \"MTV Japan\").\n\n### Others\n\n* [Saude Saudade](/wiki/Saude_Saudade_%28J-Wave%29 \"Saude Saudade (J-Wave)\")\n",
"### Tokio Hot 100\n\nJ\\-WAVE publishes the Tokyo Hot 100 singles chart which is compiled from *[Billboard Japan](/wiki/Billboard_Japan \"Billboard Japan\")* data: data for each music streaming service, download data, number of video views, [CD](/wiki/CD_single \"CD single\") sales data, number of tweets on [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"). These should not be confused with the Japanese single charts, [Oricon](/wiki/Oricon \"Oricon\"), which has its own national airplay charts.\n\nThere is also a TV version shown on [MTV Japan](/wiki/MTV_Japan \"MTV Japan\").\n\n",
"### Others\n\n* [Saude Saudade](/wiki/Saude_Saudade_%28J-Wave%29 \"Saude Saudade (J-Wave)\")\n",
"Song of the year (Slam Jam)\n---------------------------\n\n* 1988: [U2](/wiki/U2 \"U2\") — \"[Desire](/wiki/Desire_%28U2_song%29 \"Desire (U2 song)\")\"\n* 1989: [Prince](/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29 \"Prince (musician)\") — \"[Batdance](/wiki/Batdance \"Batdance\")\"\n* 1990: [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\") — \"[Vogue](/wiki/Vogue_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Vogue (Madonna song)\")\"\n* 1991: [Stevie B](/wiki/Stevie_B \"Stevie B\") — \"[Because I Love You (The Postman Song)](/wiki/Because_I_Love_You_%28The_Postman_Song%29 \"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)\")\"\n* 1992: [Shanice](/wiki/Shanice \"Shanice\") — \"[I Love Your Smile](/wiki/I_Love_Your_Smile \"I Love Your Smile\")\"\n* 1993: [Mariah Carey](/wiki/Mariah_Carey \"Mariah Carey\") — \"[Dreamlover](/wiki/Dreamlover_%28song%29 \"Dreamlover (song)\")\"\n* 1994: [Big Mountain](/wiki/Big_Mountain_%28band%29 \"Big Mountain (band)\") — \"[Baby I Love Your Way](/wiki/Baby_I_Love_Your_Way \"Baby I Love Your Way\")\"\n* 1995: [Diana King](/wiki/Diana_King \"Diana King\") — \"[Shy Guy](/wiki/Shy_Guy_%28song%29 \"Shy Guy (song)\")\"\n* 1996: [Eric Clapton](/wiki/Eric_Clapton \"Eric Clapton\") — \"[Change the World](/wiki/Change_the_World \"Change the World\")\"\n* 1997: [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai \"Jamiroquai\") — \"[Cosmic Girl](/wiki/Cosmic_Girl_%28song%29 \"Cosmic Girl (song)\")\"\n* 1998: [Celine Dion](/wiki/Celine_Dion \"Celine Dion\") — \"[My Heart Will Go On](/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On \"My Heart Will Go On\")\"\n* 1999: [Jamiroquai](/wiki/Jamiroquai \"Jamiroquai\") — \"[Canned Heat](/wiki/Canned_Heat_%28song%29 \"Canned Heat (song)\")\"\n* 2000: [Madonna](/wiki/Madonna \"Madonna\") — \"[Music](/wiki/Music_%28Madonna_song%29 \"Music (Madonna song)\")\"\n* 2001: [Janet Jackson](/wiki/Janet_Jackson \"Janet Jackson\") — \"[All for You](/wiki/All_for_You_%28Janet_Jackson_song%29 \"All for You (Janet Jackson song)\")\"\n* 2002: [Underworld](/wiki/Underworld_%28band%29 \"Underworld (band)\") — \"[Two Months Off](/wiki/Two_Months_Off \"Two Months Off\")\"\n* 2003: [Beyoncé Knowles](/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles \"Beyoncé Knowles\") featuring [Jay\\-Z](/wiki/Jay-Z \"Jay-Z\") — \"[Crazy in Love](/wiki/Crazy_in_Love_%28Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_song%29 \"Crazy in Love (Beyoncé Knowles song)\")\"\n* 2004: [Avril Lavigne](/wiki/Avril_Lavigne \"Avril Lavigne\") — \"[Don't Tell Me](/wiki/Don%27t_Tell_Me_%28Avril_Lavigne_song%29 \"Don't Tell Me (Avril Lavigne song)\")\"\n* 2005: [Def Tech](/wiki/Def_Tech \"Def Tech\") — \"[My Way](/wiki/My_Way_%28Def_Tech_song%29 \"My Way (Def Tech song)\")\"\n* 2006: [Sharlene](/wiki/Sharlene \"Sharlene\") — \"[Sweeta Sweeta](/wiki/Sweeta_Sweeta \"Sweeta Sweeta\")\"\n* 2007: [Beyoncé](/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles \"Beyoncé Knowles\") — \"[Irreplaceable](/wiki/Irreplaceable \"Irreplaceable\")\"\n* 2008: [Leona Lewis](/wiki/Leona_Lewis \"Leona Lewis\") \\- \"[Bleeding Love](/wiki/Bleeding_Love \"Bleeding Love\")\"\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Links to other Japan FM League stations on J\\-Wave website](http://www.j-wave.co.jp/jfl/) \n\n[Category:Radio stations in Japan](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_Japan \"Radio stations in Japan\")\n[Category:Radio stations established in 1988](/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1988 \"Radio stations established in 1988\")\n[Category:Mass media companies based in Tokyo](/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_based_in_Tokyo \"Mass media companies based in Tokyo\")\n[Category:Contemporary hit radio stations](/wiki/Category:Contemporary_hit_radio_stations \"Contemporary hit radio stations\")\n[Category:Roppongi](/wiki/Category:Roppongi \"Roppongi\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Estadio León
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"189.217.199.88"
]
}
|
o9r1cvnygrnlwbyyv9in8er8gzrp64y
|
2024-10-02T06:02:02Z
| 1,239,218,967 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"1970 FIFA World Cup",
"1986 FIFA World Cup",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Estadio León**, unofficially known as ***Nou Camp***, is a mid\\-sized football stadium with a [seating capacity](/wiki/Seating_capacity \"Seating capacity\") of 31,297 built in 1967, and located in the city of [León, Guanajuato](/wiki/Le%C3%B3n%2C_Guanajuato \"León, Guanajuato\"), in the [Bajío](/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo \"Bajío\") region of central Mexico.\n\nBecause of its excellent location and facilities, this stadium hosted matches for the [1970 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup \"1970 FIFA World Cup\"), [1983 FIFA World Youth Championship](/wiki/1983_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship \"1983 FIFA World Youth Championship\"), and the [1986 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup \"1986 FIFA World Cup\"). It also hosted [football](/wiki/Football_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics \"Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics\") matches during the [1968 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics \"1968 Summer Olympics\"). During those games, it seated 23,609\\.[1968 Summer Olympics official report.](https://web.archive.org/web/20081118070058/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/1968v2pt1.pdf) Volume 2\\. Part 1\\. p. 79\\.\n\nOn March 8, 2017, judiciary officials of the city of León determined that ownership of Estadio León is still in fact property of Zermeño Reyes y Héctor González. It is unknown if negotiations will begin for Grupo Pachuca to purchase the stadium. One possible alternative was the [New Estadio León](/wiki/Nuevo_Estadio_Le%C3%B3n \"Nuevo Estadio León\"), originally proposed in 2008\\.\n\n",
"1970 FIFA World Cup\n-------------------\n\n| Date | Time | Team \\#1 | Res. | Team \\#2 | Round | Attendance |\n| 2 June 1970 | 16:00 | |3–2 | [Group 4](/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_4 \"1970 FIFA World Cup Group 4\") | 13,765\n\n| 3 June 1970 | |2–1 | 12,942 |\n| 6 June 1970 | |3–0 | 13,537 |\n| 7 June 1970 | 12:00 | |5–2 | 12,710 |\n| 10 June 1970 | 16:00 | |3–1 | 17,875 |\n| 11 June 1970 | |1–1 | 12,299 |\n| 14 June 1970 | 12:00 | |3–2 (a. e. t.) | [Quarter\\-finals](/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage%23Quarter-finals \"1970 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals\") | 23,357\n\n",
"1986 FIFA World Cup\n-------------------\n\n| Date | Time | Team \\#1 | Res. | Team \\#2 | Round | Attendance |\n| 1 June 1986 | 16:00 | |0–1 | [Group C](/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_C \"1986 FIFA World Cup Group C\") | 36,000\n\n| 5 June 1986 | 12:00 | |1–1 | 36,540 |\n| 9 June 1986 | |0–3 | 31,420 |\n| 15 June 1986 | 16:00 | |3–4 (a. e. t.) | [Round of 16](/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage%23Round_of_16 \"1986 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Round of 16\") | 32,277\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Club León](/wiki/Category:Club_Le%C3%B3n \"Club León\")\n[Category:Sports venues in Guanajuato](/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_Guanajuato \"Sports venues in Guanajuato\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in León, Guanajuato](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Le%C3%B3n%2C_Guanajuato \"Buildings and structures in León, Guanajuato\")\n[Category:Football venues in Mexico](/wiki/Category:Football_venues_in_Mexico \"Football venues in Mexico\")\n[Category:Olympic football venues](/wiki/Category:Olympic_football_venues \"Olympic football venues\")\n[Category:1970 FIFA World Cup stadiums](/wiki/Category:1970_FIFA_World_Cup_stadiums \"1970 FIFA World Cup stadiums\")\n[Category:1986 FIFA World Cup stadiums](/wiki/Category:1986_FIFA_World_Cup_stadiums \"1986 FIFA World Cup stadiums\")\n[Category:Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Venues_of_the_1968_Summer_Olympics \"Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
White Bay
|
{
"id": [
7556759
],
"name": [
"Againme"
]
}
|
rb7yzt5fynfa4p9hpzv1gdcd5yul56y
|
2010-09-18T13:50:40Z
| 380,835,227 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"White Bay"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**White Bay** may refer to a number of geographic locations:\n\n* [White Bay (New South Wales)](/wiki/White_Bay_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"White Bay (New South Wales)\"), Sydney, Australia\n* [White Bay (Newfoundland)](/wiki/White_Bay_%28Newfoundland%29 \"White Bay (Newfoundland)\"), Canada\n* White Bay, [British Virgin Islands](/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands \"British Virgin Islands\")\n* [Bahía Blanca](/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca \"Bahía Blanca\") (*White Bay*) in the south east of the [province](/wiki/Provinces_of_Argentina \"Provinces of Argentina\") of [Buenos Aires](/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province \"Buenos Aires Province\"), [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\")\n* [White Bay, Umm Al Quwain](/wiki/White_Bay%2C_Umm_Al_Quwain \"White Bay, Umm Al Quwain\") \\- United Arab Emirates\n\n"
]
}
|
Mystery of the Desert Giant
|
{
"id": [
44127043
],
"name": [
"Atremari"
]
}
|
gpbzd1dt9fnqc2dufuyp1fu4jhn551z
|
2024-02-12T01:49:09Z
| 1,184,873,297 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot summary",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Mystery of the Desert Giant*** is Volume 40 in the original [The Hardy Boys](/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys \"The Hardy Boys\") [Mystery Stories](/wiki/List_of_Hardy_Boys_books%23stories \"List of Hardy Boys books#stories\") published by [Grosset \\& Dunlap](/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap \"Grosset & Dunlap\").\n\nThis book was written for the [Stratemeyer Syndicate](/wiki/Stratemeyer_Syndicate \"Stratemeyer Syndicate\") by James Buechler in 1961\\.\n\n",
"Plot summary\n------------\n\nThe Hardy Boys and [Chet Morton](/wiki/Chet_Morton \"Chet Morton\") search on the [California](/wiki/California \"California\") [desert](/wiki/Desert \"Desert\") for missing industrialist, Willard Grafton, and break up a gang of criminals whose motive is on [defrauding](/wiki/Defraud \"Defraud\") the [US government](/wiki/US_government \"US government\").\n\nMuch of this book takes place in [Blythe, California](/wiki/Blythe%2C_California \"Blythe, California\") and it cites real, current locales, such as Hobson Way and the [giant intaglios](/wiki/Blythe_Intaglios \"Blythe Intaglios\") north of Blythe on [U.S. Highway 95](/wiki/U.S._Highway_95 \"U.S. Highway 95\"). <https://archive.today/20030629211312/http://www.blytheareachamberofcommerce.com/intag.htm> In the end, the boys discover that Grafton's fellow explorer had a part in the gang of criminal's racket. With this, Grafton is rescued, and the thugs who apparently were smuggling illegal checks across the border are caught.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:The Hardy Boys books](/wiki/Category:The_Hardy_Boys_books \"The Hardy Boys books\")\n[Category:1960 American novels](/wiki/Category:1960_American_novels \"1960 American novels\")\n[Category:1960 children's books](/wiki/Category:1960_children%27s_books \"1960 children's books\")\n[Category:Blythe, California](/wiki/Category:Blythe%2C_California \"Blythe, California\")\n[Category:Novels set in California](/wiki/Category:Novels_set_in_California \"Novels set in California\")\n[Category:Grosset \\& Dunlap books](/wiki/Category:Grosset_%26_Dunlap_books \"Grosset & Dunlap books\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
|
{
"id": [
6101321
],
"name": [
"Local hero"
]
}
|
qdnjiib66n9ztqkvyanr4xnbi8mdqnq
|
2024-04-30T01:52:03Z
| 1,221,445,696 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Departments and faculties",
"Faculties",
"Research Institutes",
"Alumni",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Saints Cyril and Methodius University** () is a [public](/wiki/Public_university \"Public university\") [research university](/wiki/Research_university \"Research university\") in [Skopje](/wiki/Skopje \"Skopje\"), [North Macedonia](/wiki/North_Macedonia \"North Macedonia\"). It is the oldest and largest public university in the country. It is named after the [Byzantine](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") [Christian theologians](/wiki/Christian_theology \"Christian theology\") and [missionaries](/wiki/Mission_%28Christianity%29 \"Mission (Christianity)\") [Cyril and Methodius](/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius \"Cyril and Methodius\"). As of 2018–19 school year, a total of 25,220 students are enrolled at the university. Furthermore, the teaching and research staff number 2,390 people; this is further supported by over 300 members in the university's institutions.\n\nThe primary language of instruction is [Macedonian](/wiki/Macedonian_language \"Macedonian language\"), but there are a number of courses which are carried out in [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\"), [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\"), [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\") and [Albanian](/wiki/Albanian_language \"Albanian language\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nDuring the [World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia](/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia \"World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia\") the Bulgarian occupation authorities established in 1943, in Skopje, the first institute of higher education – the Tsar [Boris III](/wiki/Boris_III \"Boris III\") University. Due to the withdrawal of the Bulgarian army in the autumn of 1944, the University stopped its educational activity. However, after the establishment of the [Socialist Republic of Macedonia](/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia \"Socialist Republic of Macedonia\"), on the third session of the Presidium of the [Antifascist Council of the National Liberation of Macedonia](/wiki/ASNOM \"ASNOM\"), held in April 1945, one of the items on the agenda was the question of opening a Macedonian university to replace the Bulgarian one. At the end of 1946, the concept of a university began to be realized and the official opening ceremony for the Faculty of Philosophy, the cornerstone of the University of Skopje, took place on 29 November of that year. This marked the beginning of a Macedonian [state university](/wiki/State_university \"State university\"). The first faculty consisted of the Department of History and [Philology](/wiki/Philology \"Philology\") and the Department of [Mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") and [Natural Science](/wiki/Natural_Science \"Natural Science\"), while the Medical Faculty and the Faculty of Agriculture and [Forestry](/wiki/Forestry \"Forestry\") were added in 1947\\. Fifty\\-eight students enrolled during the first academic year of 1946–1947; in the next year this number grew to 907\\. The development of higher education in Macedonia was characterized by rapid growth, and several other faculties were added in the following years. Parallel to the education activities in the existing faculties, scholarly research was undertaken with the development of independent institutes of research. Thus, the Institute of National History was founded in 1948, followed by Institute of Folklore in 1949, and the Institute of Economics in 1952\\. Today, there are 10 research institutes affiliated with the University of Skopje.\n\nAfter the great [1963 Skopje earthquake](/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake \"1963 Skopje earthquake\"), which destroyed most of the city of Skopje, the university was leveled and some of the most modern laboratories in [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") were destroyed. By this time the University of Skopje was the third largest in Yugoslavia. It was quickly rebuilt on the premises of a much larger and modern urban campus. At the request of Yugoslav authorities, scientists from [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO \"UNESCO\")'s Department of Natural Sciences were sent to meet with the university's scientists to develop plans for the rehabilitation of the university's science laboratories. As a result, a large donation of equipment for science teaching and research was gathered from around the world through UNESCO's international programme of aid to Skopje.\n\nAt present, the University of Skopje is carried out in the spirit of the 1991 [Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia \"Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia\"), which incorporated the social, economic and political changes that had taken place after North Macedonia proclaimed its independence from the Former Yugoslav Federate State. On 3 August 2000 the Parliament of the Republic of North Macedonia brought the new Law on Higher Education which adopted the overall European standards of higher education. The management organs of the university are the University Senate, consisting of two staff members from each faculty and scientific research institutes, five appointed members by the government of the Republic of North Macedonia and five students delegated from the Student Organization; the University Board, consisting of the rector, the vice\\-rectors, the secretary general, the deans of the faculties, the directors of the scientific\\-research institutes and one student representative; and the rector. The university represents a functional community of 25 faculties and 10 research institutes.\n\n",
"Departments and faculties\n-------------------------\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Statue of Ss. [Cyril and Methodius](/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius \"Cyril and Methodius\") in the center of the campus](/wiki/File:Kiril.metodi4.png \"Kiril.metodi4.png\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|The central building of the university](/wiki/File:Kiril.metodi3.png \"Kiril.metodi3.png\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|The student [dormitory](/wiki/Dormitory \"Dormitory\") complex](/wiki/File:Students%27_dormitory_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Skopje_1.jpg \"Students' dormitory Goce Delčev Skopje 1.jpg\")\nThe university is divided into 23 [faculties](/wiki/Faculty_%28division%29 \"Faculty (division)\") and 10 [research institutes](/wiki/Research_institute \"Research institute\"):\n\n### Faculties\n\n* **Faculty of Philosophy**\n\t+ Founded in 1946\n\t+ 12 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 17 postgraduate study programmes\n* **\"[Blaže Koneski](/wiki/Bla%C5%BEe_Koneski \"Blaže Koneski\")\" Faculty of [Philology](/wiki/Philology \"Philology\")** \n\t+ Founded in 1946\n\t+ 11 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 13 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Science \"Natural Science\") and [Mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1946\n\t+ 24 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 31 postgraduate study programmes\n* **[Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food](/wiki/Faculty_of_Agricultural_Science_and_Food_in_Skopje \"Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food in Skopje\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 10 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 24 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Forestry**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 4 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 17 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Medical Faculty**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 3 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 24 postgraduate study programmes\n* **\"St. [Clement of Ohrid](/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid \"Clement of Ohrid\")\" Faculty of [Pedagogy](/wiki/Pedagogy \"Pedagogy\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 6 undergraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Architecture**\n\t+ Founded in 1949\n\t+ 1 undergraduate study programme\n\t+ 4 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Civil Engineering](/wiki/Civil_Engineering \"Civil Engineering\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1949\n\t+ 5 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 4 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Economics**\n\t+ Founded in 1950\n\t+ 7 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 10 postgraduate study programmes\n* **\"[Iustinianus Primus](/wiki/Justinian_the_Great \"Justinian the Great\")\" Faculty of Law** \n\t+ Founded in 1951\n\t+ 3 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 6 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Mechanical Engineering](/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering \"Mechanical Engineering\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 9 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 6 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Electrical Engineering](/wiki/Electrical_Engineering \"Electrical Engineering\") and [Information Technology](/wiki/Information_Technology \"Information Technology\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 8 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 9 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Technology and [Metallurgy](/wiki/Metallurgy \"Metallurgy\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 9 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 16 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Stomatology](/wiki/Stomatology \"Stomatology\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 3 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 7 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Music**\n\t+ Founded in 1966\n\t+ 27 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 36 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Dramatic Arts](/wiki/Drama \"Drama\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1969\n\t+ 7 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 13 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Physical Education](/wiki/Physical_Education \"Physical Education\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1977\n\t+ 2 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 2 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Pharmacy](/wiki/Pharmacy \"Pharmacy\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1977\n\t+ 2 undergraduate study programme\n\t+ 9 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Fine Arts](/wiki/Fine_Arts \"Fine Arts\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1980\n\t+ 4 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 3 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Veterinary Medicine](/wiki/Veterinary_Medicine \"Veterinary Medicine\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1991\n\t+ 1 undergraduate study programme\n\t+ 5 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Design](/wiki/Interior_Design \"Interior Design\") and Technologies of Furniture and Interior**\n\t+ Founded in 2010\n\t+ 2 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 8 postgraduate study programmes\n* **[Faculty of Computer Science and Computer Engineering](/wiki/Faculty_of_Computer_Science_and_Computer_Engineering \"Faculty of Computer Science and Computer Engineering\")**\n\t+ Founded in 2010 by uniting of institutes (institutes founded 1982\\)\n\t+ 8 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 16 postgraduate study programmes\n\n### Research Institutes\n\n* **Institute of Agriculture**\n\t+ Founded in 1923\n* **Institute of National History**\n\t+ Founded in 1948\n* **\"[Marko Cepenkov](/wiki/Marko_Cepenkov \"Marko Cepenkov\")\" Institute of [Folklore](/wiki/Folklore \"Folklore\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1950\n* **Institute of Cattle Breeding**\n\t+ Founded in 1952\n* **Institute of Economics**\n\t+ Founded in 1952\n* **\"[Krste Misirkov](/wiki/Krste_Misirkov \"Krste Misirkov\") [Institute of the Macedonian Language](/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22 \"Institute for Macedonian language \")\"**\n\t+ Founded in 1953\n* **Institute of Sociological, Political, and Juridical Research** \n\t+ Founded in 1965\n* **Institute of Earthquake and [Seismology](/wiki/Seismology \"Seismology\") Engineering**\n\t+ Founded in 1965\n* **\"St. Clement of Ohrid\" Faculty of [Theology](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1977\n* **Institute of Macedonian Literature**\n\t+ Founded in 1998\n* **Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics**\n",
"### Faculties\n\n* **Faculty of Philosophy**\n\t+ Founded in 1946\n\t+ 12 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 17 postgraduate study programmes\n* **\"[Blaže Koneski](/wiki/Bla%C5%BEe_Koneski \"Blaže Koneski\")\" Faculty of [Philology](/wiki/Philology \"Philology\")** \n\t+ Founded in 1946\n\t+ 11 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 13 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Science \"Natural Science\") and [Mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1946\n\t+ 24 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 31 postgraduate study programmes\n* **[Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food](/wiki/Faculty_of_Agricultural_Science_and_Food_in_Skopje \"Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food in Skopje\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 10 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 24 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Forestry**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 4 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 17 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Medical Faculty**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 3 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 24 postgraduate study programmes\n* **\"St. [Clement of Ohrid](/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid \"Clement of Ohrid\")\" Faculty of [Pedagogy](/wiki/Pedagogy \"Pedagogy\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1947\n\t+ 6 undergraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Architecture**\n\t+ Founded in 1949\n\t+ 1 undergraduate study programme\n\t+ 4 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Civil Engineering](/wiki/Civil_Engineering \"Civil Engineering\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1949\n\t+ 5 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 4 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Economics**\n\t+ Founded in 1950\n\t+ 7 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 10 postgraduate study programmes\n* **\"[Iustinianus Primus](/wiki/Justinian_the_Great \"Justinian the Great\")\" Faculty of Law** \n\t+ Founded in 1951\n\t+ 3 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 6 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Mechanical Engineering](/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering \"Mechanical Engineering\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 9 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 6 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Electrical Engineering](/wiki/Electrical_Engineering \"Electrical Engineering\") and [Information Technology](/wiki/Information_Technology \"Information Technology\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 8 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 9 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Technology and [Metallurgy](/wiki/Metallurgy \"Metallurgy\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 9 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 16 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Stomatology](/wiki/Stomatology \"Stomatology\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1959\n\t+ 3 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 7 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of Music**\n\t+ Founded in 1966\n\t+ 27 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 36 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Dramatic Arts](/wiki/Drama \"Drama\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1969\n\t+ 7 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 13 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Physical Education](/wiki/Physical_Education \"Physical Education\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1977\n\t+ 2 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 2 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Pharmacy](/wiki/Pharmacy \"Pharmacy\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1977\n\t+ 2 undergraduate study programme\n\t+ 9 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Fine Arts](/wiki/Fine_Arts \"Fine Arts\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1980\n\t+ 4 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 3 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Veterinary Medicine](/wiki/Veterinary_Medicine \"Veterinary Medicine\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1991\n\t+ 1 undergraduate study programme\n\t+ 5 postgraduate study programmes\n* **Faculty of [Design](/wiki/Interior_Design \"Interior Design\") and Technologies of Furniture and Interior**\n\t+ Founded in 2010\n\t+ 2 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 8 postgraduate study programmes\n* **[Faculty of Computer Science and Computer Engineering](/wiki/Faculty_of_Computer_Science_and_Computer_Engineering \"Faculty of Computer Science and Computer Engineering\")**\n\t+ Founded in 2010 by uniting of institutes (institutes founded 1982\\)\n\t+ 8 undergraduate study programmes\n\t+ 16 postgraduate study programmes\n",
"### Research Institutes\n\n* **Institute of Agriculture**\n\t+ Founded in 1923\n* **Institute of National History**\n\t+ Founded in 1948\n* **\"[Marko Cepenkov](/wiki/Marko_Cepenkov \"Marko Cepenkov\")\" Institute of [Folklore](/wiki/Folklore \"Folklore\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1950\n* **Institute of Cattle Breeding**\n\t+ Founded in 1952\n* **Institute of Economics**\n\t+ Founded in 1952\n* **\"[Krste Misirkov](/wiki/Krste_Misirkov \"Krste Misirkov\") [Institute of the Macedonian Language](/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22 \"Institute for Macedonian language \")\"**\n\t+ Founded in 1953\n* **Institute of Sociological, Political, and Juridical Research** \n\t+ Founded in 1965\n* **Institute of Earthquake and [Seismology](/wiki/Seismology \"Seismology\") Engineering**\n\t+ Founded in 1965\n* **\"St. Clement of Ohrid\" Faculty of [Theology](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\")**\n\t+ Founded in 1977\n* **Institute of Macedonian Literature**\n\t+ Founded in 1998\n* **Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics**\n",
"Alumni\n------\n\n* [Nina Angelovska](/wiki/Nina_Angelovska \"Nina Angelovska\") – Finance minister\n* [Džordže Arsov](/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEe_Arsov \"Džordže Arsov\") – Mayor of [Kisela Voda](/wiki/Kisela_Voda \"Kisela Voda\")\n* [Ljube Boškoski](/wiki/Ljube_Bo%C5%A1koski \"Ljube Boškoski\") – Former Minister of Internal Affairs of North Macedonia\n* [Vlado Bučkovski](/wiki/Vlado_Bu%C4%8Dkovski \"Vlado Bučkovski\") – Former Prime Minister of North Macedonia\n* [Branko Crvenkovski](/wiki/Branko_Crvenkovski \"Branko Crvenkovski\") – 3rd President of North Macedonia\n* [Živko Čingo](/wiki/%C5%BDivko_%C4%8Cingo \"Živko Čingo\") – Writer\n* [Georgi Efremov](/wiki/Georgi_Efremov \"Georgi Efremov\") – Macedonian [Academician](/wiki/Academician \"Academician\") and scientist at [Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts](/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts \"Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts\") in the field of [Genetic Engineering](/wiki/Genetic_Engineering \"Genetic Engineering\") and [Biotechnology](/wiki/Biotechnology \"Biotechnology\")\n* [Fatmir Besimi](/wiki/Fatmir_Besimi \"Fatmir Besimi\") – Minister of Economy\n* [Nikola Dimitrov](/wiki/Nikola_Dimitrov \"Nikola Dimitrov\") – former Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and [Ambassador to the United States](/wiki/Macedonian_Ambassador_to_the_United_States \"Macedonian Ambassador to the United States\")\n* [Elizabeta Dimitrova](/wiki/Elizabeta_Dimitrova \"Elizabeta Dimitrova\") – art historian\n* [Igor Durlovski](/wiki/Igor_Durlovski \"Igor Durlovski\") – opera singer\n* [Lazar Elenovski](/wiki/Lazar_Elenovski \"Lazar Elenovski\") – former Minister of Defense\n* [Elena Filipovska](/wiki/Elena_Filipovska \"Elena Filipovska\") \\- philologist, teacher, writer\n* [Taki Fiti](/wiki/Taki_Fiti \"Taki Fiti\") – former Minister of Finance\n* [Ljubomir Frčkoski](/wiki/Ljubomir_Fr%C4%8Dkoski \"Ljubomir Frčkoski\") – author of the [Constitution of North Macedonia](/wiki/Constitution_of_Macedonia \"Constitution of Macedonia\")\n* [Ljubčo Georgievski](/wiki/Ljub%C4%8Do_Georgievski \"Ljubčo Georgievski\") – former Prime Minister of North Macedonia\n* [Sofija Grandakovska](/wiki/Sofija_Grandakovska \"Sofija Grandakovska\"), author in the field of comparative literature studies and interdisciplinary studies in [Holocaust](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\"), [Jewish history](/wiki/Jewish_history \"Jewish history\"), [literature](/wiki/Jewish_literature \"Jewish literature\") and [culture](/wiki/Jewish_culture \"Jewish culture\")\n* [Maja Hill](/wiki/Maja_Hill \"Maja Hill\") – Artist, formerly Maja Dzartovska\n* [Gjorge Ivanov](/wiki/Gjorge_Ivanov \"Gjorge Ivanov\") – President of North Macedonia and Supreme Commander\\-in\\-Chief of [Macedonian Army](/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia \"Army of the Republic of Macedonia\")\n* [Zoran Jolevski](/wiki/Zoran_Jolevski \"Zoran Jolevski\") – [Ambassador to the United States](/wiki/Macedonian_Ambassador_to_the_United_States \"Macedonian Ambassador to the United States\") and Negotiator for the [Macedonia naming dispute](/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute \"Macedonia naming dispute\")\n* [Sashko Kedev](/wiki/Sashko_Kedev \"Sashko Kedev\") – former Presidential Candidate\n* [Gabriela Konevska\\-Trajkovska](/wiki/Gabriela_Konevska-Trajkovska \"Gabriela Konevska-Trajkovska\") – Deputy Prime Minister in charge of European Integration\n* [Trifun Kostovski](/wiki/Trifun_Kostovski \"Trifun Kostovski\") – businessman and former Mayor of [Skopje](/wiki/Skopje \"Skopje\")\n* [Tamara Kotevska](/wiki/Tamara_Kotevska \"Tamara Kotevska\") \\- Filmmaker, best known for the documentary [Honeyland](/wiki/Honeyland \"Honeyland\") which won three awards at the [2019 Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/2019_Sundance_Film_Festival \"2019 Sundance Film Festival\") and received two nominations at the [92nd Academy Awards](/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards \"92nd Academy Awards\")\n* [Jagnula Kunovska](/wiki/Jagnula_Kunovska \"Jagnula Kunovska\") – Member of Parliament\n* [Denko Maleski](/wiki/Denko_Maleski \"Denko Maleski\") \\- intellectual, diplomat, and professor\n* [Sehadete Mekuli](/wiki/Sehadete_Mekuli \"Sehadete Mekuli\") – gynecologist\n* [Antonio Milošoski](/wiki/Antonio_Milo%C5%A1oski \"Antonio Milošoski\") – Minister of Foreign Affairs\n* [Zan Mitrev](/wiki/Zan_Mitrev \"Zan Mitrev\") \\- General Manager of the Zan Mitrev Clinic\n* [Tito Petkovski](/wiki/Tito_Petkovski \"Tito Petkovski\") – Member of Parliament\n* [Filip Petrovski](/wiki/Filip_Petrovski \"Filip Petrovski\") – former Member of Parliament and Director of the City Library\n* [Petar Popovski](/wiki/Petar_Popovski \"Petar Popovski\") – Full professor at [Aalborg University](/wiki/Aalborg_University \"Aalborg University\") and [IEEE](/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers \"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers\") fellow\n* [Nikola Ristanovski](/wiki/Nikola_Ristanovski \"Nikola Ristanovski\") \\- actor\n* [Luan Starova](/wiki/Luan_Starova \"Luan Starova\") – writer and scholar\n* [Zoran Stavrevski](/wiki/Zoran_Stavrevski \"Zoran Stavrevski\") – Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finances of North Macedonia\n* General [Miroslav Stojanovski](/wiki/Miroslav_Stojanovski \"Miroslav Stojanovski\") – Chief of General Staff of North Macedonia\n* [Boris Trajkovski](/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski \"Boris Trajkovski\") – 2nd [President of North Macedonia](/wiki/President_of_Macedonia \"President of Macedonia\")\n* [Simon Trpčeski](/wiki/Simon_Trp%C4%8Deski \"Simon Trpčeski\") \\- World\\-renowned classical [pianist](/wiki/Pianist \"Pianist\")\n* [Vasil Tupurkovski](/wiki/Vasil_Tupurkovski \"Vasil Tupurkovski\") – Macedonian politician.\n* [Xheladin Murati](/wiki/Xheladin_Murati \"Xheladin Murati\") \\- university professor\n* [Gëzime Starova](/wiki/G%C3%ABzime_Starova \"Gëzime Starova\") \\- university professor\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Balkan Universities Network](/wiki/Balkan_Universities_Network \"Balkan Universities Network\")\n* [Lists of universities and colleges](/wiki/Lists_of_universities_and_colleges \"Lists of universities and colleges\")\n* *[Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences](/wiki/Macedonian_Journal_of_Medical_Sciences \"Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences\")*\n* *[Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering](/wiki/Macedonian_Journal_of_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Engineering \"Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering\")*\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1946 establishments in Yugoslavia](/wiki/Category:1946_establishments_in_Yugoslavia \"1946 establishments in Yugoslavia\")\n[Category:Education in Skopje](/wiki/Category:Education_in_Skopje \"Education in Skopje\")\n[Category:Law schools in Yugoslavia](/wiki/Category:Law_schools_in_Yugoslavia \"Law schools in Yugoslavia\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Rodrigo García (director)
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"96.244.220.188"
]
}
|
pze7cq6982b356s7gd6l9eho60dq8np
|
2024-10-07T00:04:03Z
| 1,249,412,496 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life and career",
"Filmography",
"Feature films",
"TV series",
"TV films",
"Short films",
"Books",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Rodrigo García Barcha** (born 24 August 1959\\) is a Colombian and Mexican television and film director, screenwriter, author and former cinematographer, best known for his films *[Nine Lives](/wiki/Nine_Lives_%282005_film%29 \"Nine Lives (2005 film)\")* (2005\\), *[Mother and Child](/wiki/Mother_and_Child_%282009_film%29 \"Mother and Child (2009 film)\")* (2009\\), *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs \"Albert Nobbs\")* (2011\\), *[Last Days in the Desert](/wiki/Last_Days_in_the_Desert \"Last Days in the Desert\")* (2015\\), as well as his work on the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") [drama series](/wiki/Drama_%28film_and_television%29 \"Drama (film and television)\") *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"In Treatment (U.S. TV series)\")*. He also created, wrote, and directed the award\\-winning web series *[Blue](/wiki/Blue_%28web_series%29 \"Blue (web series)\")* (2012–2015\\), starring [Julia Stiles](/wiki/Julia_Stiles \"Julia Stiles\"), for which he won an [IAWTV Award](/wiki/IAWTV_Awards \"IAWTV Awards\") in 2014\\. In 2021 García released his first memoir, *A Farewell to Gabo and Mercedes: A Son's Memoir of Gabriel García Márquez and Mercedes Barcha*.\n\n",
"Life and career\n---------------\n\nGarcía was born in [Bogotá](/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 \"Bogotá\"), [Colombia](/wiki/Colombia \"Colombia\"), the son of Colombian Nobel\\-winner writer [Gabriel García Márquez](/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez \"Gabriel García Márquez\") and [Mercedes Barcha Pardo](/wiki/Mercedes_Barcha_Pardo \"Mercedes Barcha Pardo\"). Because of his father, he grew up around [Carlos Fuentes](/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes \"Carlos Fuentes\"), [Julio Cortázar](/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar \"Julio Cortázar\"), [Pablo Neruda](/wiki/Pablo_Neruda \"Pablo Neruda\") and [Luis Buñuel](/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel \"Luis Buñuel\").[\"Gabriel Garcia Marquez's son on the art of storytelling\"](http://entertainment.inquirer.net/17641/gabriel-garcia-marquez%E2%80%99s-son-on-the-art-of-storytelling). Inquirer. 15 October 2011\\.\n\nGarcía is married to Adriana Sheinbaum, a teacher who is the sister of Mexican president [Claudia Sheinbaum](/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum \"Claudia Sheinbaum\").\n\nGarcía has directed a variety of independent films, such as the award\\-winning *[Nine Lives](/wiki/Nine_Lives_%282005_film%29 \"Nine Lives (2005 film)\")* (2005\\), which was nominated for the [William Shatner](/wiki/William_Shatner \"William Shatner\") Golden Groundhog Award for Best Underground Movie, and *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs \"Albert Nobbs\")* (2011\\), which screened at several film festivals, as well as episodes of several [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") series, including *[Six Feet Under](/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Feet Under (TV series)\")*, *[Carnivàle](/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le \"Carnivàle\")*, and *[Big Love](/wiki/Big_Love \"Big Love\")*. He produced and developed the [HBO](/wiki/HBO \"HBO\") [drama series](/wiki/Drama_%28film_and_television%29 \"Drama (film and television)\") *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"In Treatment (U.S. TV series)\")*.\n\nHe worked as a [camera operator](/wiki/Camera_operator \"Camera operator\") for *[Cold Heaven](/wiki/Cold_Heaven_%28film%29 \"Cold Heaven (film)\")*, *[Reality Bites](/wiki/Reality_Bites \"Reality Bites\")*, *[A Walk in the Clouds](/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Clouds \"A Walk in the Clouds\")*, *[The Birdcage](/wiki/The_Birdcage \"The Birdcage\")*, *[Twilight](/wiki/Twilight_%281998_film%29 \"Twilight (1998 film)\")* and *[Great Expectations](/wiki/Great_Expectations_%281998_film%29 \"Great Expectations (1998 film)\")*, and as director of photography for *[Gia](/wiki/Gia \"Gia\")* and *[Poison Ivy](/wiki/Poison_Ivy_%281992_film%29 \"Poison Ivy (1992 film)\")*.\n\nIn 2012, García and [Jon Avnet](/wiki/Jon_Avnet \"Jon Avnet\") created [WIGS](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"), a web channel part of [YouTube Original Channel Initiative](/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative \"YouTube Original Channel Initiative\") that produces scripted drama mainly targeted to female audiences. For WIGS, García created, wrote and directed several web series, notably *[Blue](/wiki/Blue_%28web_series%29 \"Blue (web series)\")*, starring [Julia Stiles](/wiki/Julia_Stiles \"Julia Stiles\"), for which he won an [IAWTV Award](/wiki/IAWTV_Awards \"IAWTV Awards\") for Best Director – Drama in 2014\\.\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Feature films\n\n| Year | Film | Credited as | | | | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") | [Cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") |\n| 1989 | *Lola* | | | | | |\n| 1991 | *[Danzón](/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n_%28film%29 \"Danzón (film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 1992 | ** | | | | | |\n| *The Minister's Wife* | | | | | |\n| 1993 | *[Mi Vida Loca](/wiki/Mi_Vida_Loca \"Mi Vida Loca\")* | | | | | |\n| 1994 | *Something Extraordinary* | | | | | |\n| 1995 | *[Four Rooms](/wiki/Four_Rooms \"Four Rooms\")* | | | | | |\n| 1999 | *[Body Shots](/wiki/Body_Shots_%28film%29 \"Body Shots (film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2000 | *[Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her](/wiki/Things_You_Can_Tell_Just_by_Looking_at_Her \"Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her\")* | | | | | |\n| 2001 | *[Ten Tiny Love Stories](/wiki/Ten_Tiny_Love_Stories \"Ten Tiny Love Stories\")* | | | | | |\n| 2005 | *[Nine Lives](/wiki/Nine_Lives_%282005_film%29 \"Nine Lives (2005 film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2008 | *[Passengers](/wiki/Passengers_%282008_film%29 \"Passengers (2008 film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2009 | *[Mother and Child](/wiki/Mother_and_Child_%282009_film%29 \"Mother and Child (2009 film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2010 | *Revolución* | | | | | |\n| *The Pilgrims* | | | | | Documentary. |\n| 2011 | *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs \"Albert Nobbs\")* | | | | | |\n| 2014 | *[Jackie \\& Ryan](/wiki/Jackie_%26_Ryan \"Jackie & Ryan\")* | | | | | |\n| 2015 | *[Last Days in the Desert](/wiki/Last_Days_in_the_Desert \"Last Days in the Desert\")* | | | | | |\n| 2016 | *The Sweet Life* | | | | | |\n| 2016 | *[Sickhouse](/wiki/Sickhouse \"Sickhouse\")* | | | | | |\n| 2017 | *[Walking Out](/wiki/Walking_Out \"Walking Out\")* | | | | | |\n| 2020 | *[Four Good Days](/wiki/Four_Good_Days \"Four Good Days\")* | | | | | |\n| 2022 | *[Raymond \\& Ray](/wiki/Raymond_%26_Ray \"Raymond & Ray\")* | | | | | Screening at the [Toronto International Film Festival 2022](https://tiff.net/events/raymond-ray) and at the [27th Busan International Film Festival](/wiki/27th_Busan_International_Film_Festival \"27th Busan International Film Festival\") in October |\n| 2023 | *[Familia](/wiki/Familia_%282023_film%29 \"Familia (2023 film)\")* | | | | | [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") |\n\n### TV series\n\n| Year | Serie | Credited as | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Television_director \"Television director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Television_producer \"Television producer\") | Notes |\n| 1999–2007 | *[The Sopranos](/wiki/The_Sopranos \"The Sopranos\")* | | | | One episode (*[All Happy Families...](/wiki/All_Happy_Families... \"All Happy Families...\")*). |\n| 2001–2005 | *[Six Feet Under](/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Feet Under (TV series)\")* | | | | 5 episodes. |\n| 2002–2003 | *[Boomtown](/wiki/Boomtown_%282002_TV_series%29 \"Boomtown (2002 TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Monster's Brawl*). |\n| 2003–2005 | *[Carnivàle](/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le \"Carnivàle\")* | | | | 5 episodes. |\n| 2006–2007 | *[Six Degrees](/wiki/Six_Degrees_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Degrees (TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Pilot*). |\n| 2006–2011 | *[Big Love](/wiki/Big_Love_%28TV_series%29 \"Big Love (TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Pilot*). |\n| 2007 | *[Tell Me You Love Me](/wiki/Tell_Me_You_Love_Me_%28TV_series%29 \"Tell Me You Love Me (TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (Episode 4 from Season 1\\). |\n| 2008–2011 | *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"In Treatment (U.S. TV series)\")* | | | | 21 episodes. |\n| 2012 | *[Audrey](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Christine](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). All episodes (12\\). |\n| 2012 | *[Dakota](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Georgia](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Jan](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Kendra](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Leslie](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Ro](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Rochelle](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Ruth \\& Erica](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Vanessa \\& Jan](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012–2013 | *[Lauren](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012–2015 | *[Blue](/wiki/Blue_%28web_series%29 \"Blue (web series)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). All episodes (42\\). |\n| 2013 | *[Susanna](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2013–2014 | *[Paloma](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2014 | *Delirium* | | | | TV pilot |\n| 2015 | *Gone: A Wayward Pines Story* | | | | TV mini\\-series. Spin\\-off of [Wayward Pines](/wiki/Wayward_Pines \"Wayward Pines\"). |\n| 2016 | *[Bull](/wiki/Bull_%282016_TV_series%29 \"Bull (2016 TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*The Necklace*). |\n| 2018 | *[The Affair](/wiki/The_Affair_%28TV_series%29 \"The Affair (TV series)\")* | | | | 3 episodes. |\n| 2018 | *[The Good Cop](/wiki/The_Good_Cop_%28American_TV_series%29 \"The Good Cop (American TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Who is The Ugly German Lady?*). |\n| 2020 | *[Party of Five](/wiki/Party_of_Five_%282020_TV_series%29 \"Party of Five (2020 TV series)\")* | | | | 2 episodes |\n\n### TV films\n\n| Year | Short film | Credited as | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") | [Cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") | Notes |\n| 1989 | *El verano de la señora Forbes* | | | | | |\n| 1995 | *[Indictment: The McMartin Trial](/wiki/Indictment:The_McMartin_Trial \"The McMartin Trial\")* | | | | | |\n| 1998 | *[Gia](/wiki/Gia \"Gia\")* | | | | | |\n| 2005 | *Fathers and Sons* | | | | |\n\n### Short films\n\n| Year | Short film | Credited as | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") | [Cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") | Notes |\n| 1989 | *Aram* | | | | | |\n| 2007 | *Put It in a Book* | | | | | |\n| 2009 | *Tired of Being Funny* | | | | | |\n| 2012 | *[Celia](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Mary](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Serena](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n\n",
"### Feature films\n\n| Year | Film | Credited as | | | | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") | [Cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") |\n| 1989 | *Lola* | | | | | |\n| 1991 | *[Danzón](/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n_%28film%29 \"Danzón (film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 1992 | ** | | | | | |\n| *The Minister's Wife* | | | | | |\n| 1993 | *[Mi Vida Loca](/wiki/Mi_Vida_Loca \"Mi Vida Loca\")* | | | | | |\n| 1994 | *Something Extraordinary* | | | | | |\n| 1995 | *[Four Rooms](/wiki/Four_Rooms \"Four Rooms\")* | | | | | |\n| 1999 | *[Body Shots](/wiki/Body_Shots_%28film%29 \"Body Shots (film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2000 | *[Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her](/wiki/Things_You_Can_Tell_Just_by_Looking_at_Her \"Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her\")* | | | | | |\n| 2001 | *[Ten Tiny Love Stories](/wiki/Ten_Tiny_Love_Stories \"Ten Tiny Love Stories\")* | | | | | |\n| 2005 | *[Nine Lives](/wiki/Nine_Lives_%282005_film%29 \"Nine Lives (2005 film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2008 | *[Passengers](/wiki/Passengers_%282008_film%29 \"Passengers (2008 film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2009 | *[Mother and Child](/wiki/Mother_and_Child_%282009_film%29 \"Mother and Child (2009 film)\")* | | | | | |\n| 2010 | *Revolución* | | | | | |\n| *The Pilgrims* | | | | | Documentary. |\n| 2011 | *[Albert Nobbs](/wiki/Albert_Nobbs \"Albert Nobbs\")* | | | | | |\n| 2014 | *[Jackie \\& Ryan](/wiki/Jackie_%26_Ryan \"Jackie & Ryan\")* | | | | | |\n| 2015 | *[Last Days in the Desert](/wiki/Last_Days_in_the_Desert \"Last Days in the Desert\")* | | | | | |\n| 2016 | *The Sweet Life* | | | | | |\n| 2016 | *[Sickhouse](/wiki/Sickhouse \"Sickhouse\")* | | | | | |\n| 2017 | *[Walking Out](/wiki/Walking_Out \"Walking Out\")* | | | | | |\n| 2020 | *[Four Good Days](/wiki/Four_Good_Days \"Four Good Days\")* | | | | | |\n| 2022 | *[Raymond \\& Ray](/wiki/Raymond_%26_Ray \"Raymond & Ray\")* | | | | | Screening at the [Toronto International Film Festival 2022](https://tiff.net/events/raymond-ray) and at the [27th Busan International Film Festival](/wiki/27th_Busan_International_Film_Festival \"27th Busan International Film Festival\") in October |\n| 2023 | *[Familia](/wiki/Familia_%282023_film%29 \"Familia (2023 film)\")* | | | | | [Netflix](/wiki/Netflix \"Netflix\") |\n\n",
"### TV series\n\n| Year | Serie | Credited as | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Television_director \"Television director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Television_producer \"Television producer\") | Notes |\n| 1999–2007 | *[The Sopranos](/wiki/The_Sopranos \"The Sopranos\")* | | | | One episode (*[All Happy Families...](/wiki/All_Happy_Families... \"All Happy Families...\")*). |\n| 2001–2005 | *[Six Feet Under](/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Feet Under (TV series)\")* | | | | 5 episodes. |\n| 2002–2003 | *[Boomtown](/wiki/Boomtown_%282002_TV_series%29 \"Boomtown (2002 TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Monster's Brawl*). |\n| 2003–2005 | *[Carnivàle](/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le \"Carnivàle\")* | | | | 5 episodes. |\n| 2006–2007 | *[Six Degrees](/wiki/Six_Degrees_%28TV_series%29 \"Six Degrees (TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Pilot*). |\n| 2006–2011 | *[Big Love](/wiki/Big_Love_%28TV_series%29 \"Big Love (TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Pilot*). |\n| 2007 | *[Tell Me You Love Me](/wiki/Tell_Me_You_Love_Me_%28TV_series%29 \"Tell Me You Love Me (TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (Episode 4 from Season 1\\). |\n| 2008–2011 | *[In Treatment](/wiki/In_Treatment_%28U.S._TV_series%29 \"In Treatment (U.S. TV series)\")* | | | | 21 episodes. |\n| 2012 | *[Audrey](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Christine](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). All episodes (12\\). |\n| 2012 | *[Dakota](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Georgia](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Jan](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Kendra](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Leslie](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Ro](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Rochelle](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Ruth \\& Erica](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Vanessa \\& Jan](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012–2013 | *[Lauren](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012–2015 | *[Blue](/wiki/Blue_%28web_series%29 \"Blue (web series)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). All episodes (42\\). |\n| 2013 | *[Susanna](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2013–2014 | *[Paloma](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2014 | *Delirium* | | | | TV pilot |\n| 2015 | *Gone: A Wayward Pines Story* | | | | TV mini\\-series. Spin\\-off of [Wayward Pines](/wiki/Wayward_Pines \"Wayward Pines\"). |\n| 2016 | *[Bull](/wiki/Bull_%282016_TV_series%29 \"Bull (2016 TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*The Necklace*). |\n| 2018 | *[The Affair](/wiki/The_Affair_%28TV_series%29 \"The Affair (TV series)\")* | | | | 3 episodes. |\n| 2018 | *[The Good Cop](/wiki/The_Good_Cop_%28American_TV_series%29 \"The Good Cop (American TV series)\")* | | | | One episode (*Who is The Ugly German Lady?*). |\n| 2020 | *[Party of Five](/wiki/Party_of_Five_%282020_TV_series%29 \"Party of Five (2020 TV series)\")* | | | | 2 episodes |\n\n",
"### TV films\n\n| Year | Short film | Credited as | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") | [Cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") | Notes |\n| 1989 | *El verano de la señora Forbes* | | | | | |\n| 1995 | *[Indictment: The McMartin Trial](/wiki/Indictment:The_McMartin_Trial \"The McMartin Trial\")* | | | | | |\n| 1998 | *[Gia](/wiki/Gia \"Gia\")* | | | | | |\n| 2005 | *Fathers and Sons* | | | | |\n\n",
"### Short films\n\n| Year | Short film | Credited as | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Director](/wiki/Film_director \"Film director\") | [Writer](/wiki/Screenwriter \"Screenwriter\") | [Producer](/wiki/Film_producer \"Film producer\") | [Cinematographer](/wiki/Cinematographer \"Cinematographer\") | Notes |\n| 1989 | *Aram* | | | | | |\n| 2007 | *Put It in a Book* | | | | | |\n| 2009 | *Tired of Being Funny* | | | | | |\n| 2012 | *[Celia](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Mary](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n| 2012 | *[Serena](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\")* | | | | | Part of the [WIGS Series](/wiki/WIGS_%28web_channel%29 \"WIGS (web channel)\"). |\n\n",
"Books\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:AFI Conservatory alumni](/wiki/Category:AFI_Conservatory_alumni \"AFI Conservatory alumni\")\n[Category:Mexican film directors](/wiki/Category:Mexican_film_directors \"Mexican film directors\")\n[Category:Mexican television directors](/wiki/Category:Mexican_television_directors \"Mexican television directors\")\n[Category:Colombian emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:Colombian_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"Colombian emigrants to the United States\")\n[Category:Colombian film directors](/wiki/Category:Colombian_film_directors \"Colombian film directors\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Bogotá](/wiki/Category:People_from_Bogot%C3%A1 \"People from Bogotá\")\n[Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners](/wiki/Category:Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_winners \"Writers Guild of America Award winners\")\n[Category:Harvard College alumni](/wiki/Category:Harvard_College_alumni \"Harvard College alumni\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Gold Canyon, Arizona
|
{
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2600:1700:190:AE30:55D0:9045:D469:98E1"
]
}
|
f5fsi4g83xpo9tj1pqn97w005wozl9a
|
2024-04-27T11:58:36Z
| 1,221,028,261 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Geography",
"Demographics",
"Local media",
"Attractions",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gold Canyon** is a [census\\-designated place](/wiki/Census-designated_place \"Census-designated place\") (CDP) and unincorporated community in [Pinal County, Arizona](/wiki/Pinal_County%2C_Arizona \"Pinal County, Arizona\"), United States. The community is sometimes incorrectly called Gold Camp.\n\nThe town name is referred to as Gold Camp on weather statements issued by the National Weather Service (as seen in citation). The closest city to Gold Canyon is [Apache Junction, Arizona](/wiki/Apache_Junction%2C_Arizona \"Apache Junction, Arizona\").\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\nGold Canyon is located at (33\\.361913, \\-111\\.451629\\).\n\nAccording to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau \"United States Census Bureau\"), the CDP has a total area of 22\\.3 square miles (57\\.8 km), all land.\n\nGold Canyon is located on [U.S. Route 60](/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona \"U.S. Route 60 in Arizona\").\n\nPeralta Regional Park, a [Regional Park](/wiki/Regional_park \"Regional park\"), is located in Gold Canyon, east of Peralta Road. The park is 498 acres in area. The park was opened at 10:00 a.m. on January 11, 2023\\.\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nAt the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\") there were 6,029 people, 2,785 households, and 2,211 families in the CDP. (In 2007, the population was recounted and was declared 10,064\\.) The population density was . There were 4,139 housing units at an average density of . The [racial makup](/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census%232000_census \"Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census\") of the CDP was 96\\.2% [White](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.3% [Black](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), 1\\.4% from other races, and 0\\.9% from two or more races. 3\\.5%. were [Hispanic](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of any race.\n\nOf the 2,785 households 13\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73\\.8% were married couples living together, 3\\.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20\\.6% were non\\-families. 16\\.1% of households were one person and 6\\.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2\\.16 and the average family size was 2\\.38\\.\n[thumb\\|Hole \\#4 on Dinosaur course at Gold Canyon Golf Club](/wiki/Image:Gold_Canyon_Dinosaur.jpg \"Gold Canyon Dinosaur.jpg\")\n\nThe age distribution was 12\\.4% under the age of 18, 3\\.0% from 18 to 24, 17\\.8% from 25 to 44, 37\\.0% from 45 to 64, and 29\\.8% 65 or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 95\\.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95\\.5 males.\n\nThe median household income was $57,705 and the median family income was $60,438\\. Males had a median income of $47,727 versus $31,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $35,010\\. About 2\\.8% of families and 3\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 10\\.6% of those under age 18 and 2\\.4% of those age 65 or over.\n\n",
"Local media\n-----------\n\nOn August 7, 2014, Gold Canyon Public Radio ([KRWV\\-LP](/wiki/KRWV-LP \"KRWV-LP\") 99\\.3\\) \"The Wave\" began broadcasting as a low\\-power station for the area.\n\n",
"Attractions\n-----------\n\n* Gold Canyon is the closest community to the [Arizona Renaissance Festival](/wiki/Arizona_Renaissance_Festival \"Arizona Renaissance Festival\").\n* Gold Canyon is also home to the Gold Canyon Arts Festival.\n* The town has the best views of the [Superstition Mountains](/wiki/Superstition_Mountains \"Superstition Mountains\") of the area\n* there are many large golf courses around the area\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Gold Canyon Website](https://goldcanyon.net/)\n* [Gold Canyon Communities](http://www.goldcanyonmlsonline.com/)\n* [Gold Canyon Public Radio](http://www.goldcanyonpublicradio.org/)\n\n[Category:Census\\-designated places in Pinal County, Arizona](/wiki/Category:Census-designated_places_in_Pinal_County%2C_Arizona \"Census-designated places in Pinal County, Arizona\")\n[Category:Census\\-designated places in Arizona](/wiki/Category:Census-designated_places_in_Arizona \"Census-designated places in Arizona\")\n[Category:Phoenix metropolitan area](/wiki/Category:Phoenix_metropolitan_area \"Phoenix metropolitan area\")\n\n"
]
}
|
William Pett Ridge
|
{
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
}
|
d8i5iglc4vxgg6vwd8w3koz5spt0qkj
|
2024-01-12T12:58:41Z
| 1,176,661,445 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Writings and character",
"Legacy",
"Works",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Pett Ridge ](/wiki/File:W._Pett_Ridge_LCCN2014715293.jpg \"W. Pett Ridge LCCN2014715293.jpg\")\n**William Pett Ridge** (22 April 18592 October 1930\\) was an English fiction writer, born at [Chartham](/wiki/Chartham \"Chartham\"), near [Canterbury](/wiki/Canterbury \"Canterbury\"), Kent, and educated at [Marden, Kent](/wiki/Marden%2C_Kent \"Marden, Kent\"), and at the [Birkbeck Institute](/wiki/Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London \"Birkbeck, University of London\"), London. He was for some time a clerk in the Railway Clearing House, and began about 1891 to write humorous sketches for the *[St James's Gazette](/wiki/St_James%27s_Gazette \"St James's Gazette\")* and other papers.\n\n",
"Writings and character\n----------------------\n\nHis published first novel was *A Clever Wife* (1895\\), but he secured his first striking success with his fifth, *Mord Em'ly* (1898\\), which showed his ability to draw humorous portraits of lower\\-class life.\n\nIn 1924, fellow novelist [Edwin Pugh](/wiki/Edwin_Pugh \"Edwin Pugh\") recalled his early memories of Pett Ridge in the 1890s: \n\nPett Ridge was a compassionate man, giving generously of both his time and money to charity. He founded the Babies Home at [Hoxton](/wiki/Hoxton \"Hoxton\") in 1907 and was an ardent supporter of many organisations that had the welfare of children as their object. This charitable zeal, and the fact that he established himself as the leading novelist of London life and character, led to him being marked as a natural successor of [Dickens](/wiki/Charles_Dickens \"Charles Dickens\"). On 7 January 1914, in King's Hall, Covent Garden, he was a member of the jury in the mock trial of John Jasper for the murder of [Edwin Drood](/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood\"). At this all\\-star event, arranged by The Dickens Fellowship, [G.K. Chesterton](/wiki/G.K._Chesterton \"G.K. Chesterton\") was Judge and [George Bernard Shaw](/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw \"George Bernard Shaw\") appeared as foreman of the jury.Programme, *The Trial of John Jasper for the Murder of Edwin Drood*, at King's Hall, Covent Garden, January 7th 1914\\. (A copy in a private collection, annotated by the original owner.)\n\nAll his friends considered Pett Ridge to be one of life's natural bachelors. They were rather surprised therefore in 1909 when he married Olga Hentschel. Four of his books, including *Mord Em'ly*, were adapted as films in the early 1920s, all with scripts by [Eliot Stannard](/wiki/Eliot_Stannard \"Eliot Stannard\"). Pett Ridge's great popularity as a novelist in the early part of the century declined in the latter years of his life. His work was considered to be rather old fashioned, though he still wrote and had published at least one book in each year in the final decade of his life. His last work, *Led by Westmacott*, was published in the year after his death.\n\nWilliam Pett Ridge died, aged 71, at his home, Ampthill, Willow Grove, Chislehurst, on 29 September 1930 and was cremated at West Norwood on 2 October 1930\\. His ashes were taken away by his surviving family, his wife, a son, and his daughter Olga, a pianist and teacher who married the composer [Norman Fulton](/wiki/Norman_Fulton \"Norman Fulton\") in 1936\\.*Who's Who in Music and Musicians*, Fifth Edition, Burke's Peerage Ltd (1969\\) His headstone in St Nicholas Churchyard, Chislehurst describes him as a ‘Novelist and Friend of the Cockneys’.['William Pett Ridge' at *billiongraves.com*](https://billiongraves.com/grave/William-Pett-Ridge/40169897)\n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\nPett Ridge completed over sixty volumes of novels, short stories, and two memoirs. But by the end of his life his popularity had waned. George Malcolm Johnson has said that he:\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\nHis books and stories include:\n\n* *Eighteen of Them* (1894\\) (Under the pseudonym of Warwick Simpson.)\n* *Telling Stories from St. James Gazette* (1895\\)\n* *Minor Dialogues* (1895\\)\n* *A Clever Wife* (1895\\)\n* *An Important Man and Others* (1896\\)\n* *Second Opportunity of Mr Staplehurst* (1896\\) Online\n* *Secretary to Bayne M.P.* (1897\\)\n* *Three Women and Mr. Frank Cardwell* (1897\\)\n* *Mord Em'ly* (1898\\)\n* *Outside The Radius. Stories of a London suburb* (1899\\)\n* *A Son of the State (1899\\)* Online\n* *A Breaker of Laws (1900\\)* Online\n* *London Only. A Set Of Common Occurrences* (1901\\)\n* *Lost Property* (1902\\) Online\n* *Up Side Streets – Short Stories* (1903\\)\n* *Erb* (1903\\)\n* *George And The General* (1904\\)\n* *Next Door Neighbours* (1904\\) Online\n* *Mrs Galer's Business* (1905\\) Online\n* *On Company's Service* (1905\\)\n* *The Wickhamses* (1906\\)\n* *Name of Garland* (1907\\) Online\n* *Nearly Five Million* (1907\\)\n* *Speaking Rather Seriously* (1908\\)\n* *Sixty Nine Birnam Road* (1908\\)\n* *Thomas Henry* (1909\\)\n* *Table d'Hôte. Tales* (1910\\)\n* *Splendid Brother* (1910\\)\n* *From Nine to Six\\-Thirty* (1910\\)\n* *Light Refreshment* (1911\\)\n* *Thanks to Sanderson* (1911\\)\n* *Love at Paddington* (1912\\) Online\n* *Devoted Sparkes* (1912\\)\n* *The Remington Sentence* (1913\\)\n* *Mixed Grill* (1913\\) Online\n* *The Happy Recruit* (1914\\)\n* *The Kennedy People* (1915\\)\n* *Book Here – Short Stories* (1915\\)\n* *Stray Thoughts from W. Pett Ridge* (1916\\)\n* *On Toast* (1916\\)\n* *Madam Prince* (1916\\)\n* *The Amazing Years* (1917\\) Online\n* *Special Performance* (1918\\)\n* *Top Speed* (1918\\)\n* *Well\\-To\\-Do\\-Arthur* (1920\\)\n* *Just Open. Short Stories* (1920\\)\n* *Bannerton's Agency* (1921\\)\n* *Richard Triumphant* (1922\\)\n* *Lunch Basket – Tales* (1923\\)\n* *Miss Mannering* (1923\\)\n* *Rare Luck* (1924\\)\n* *Leaps And Bounds* (1924\\)\n* *A Story Teller – Forty Years In London* (1923\\)\n* *Just Like Aunt Bertha* (1925\\)\n* *I Like To Remember* (1925\\)\n* *Our Mr Willis* (1926\\)\n* *London Types Taken From Life* (1926\\)\n* *Easy Distances* (1927\\)\n* *Hayward's Fight* (1927\\)\n* *The Two Mackenzies* (1928\\)\n* *The Slippery Ladder* (1929\\)\n* *Affectionate Regards* (1929\\)\n* *Eldest Miss Collingwood* (1930\\)\n* *Led by Westmacott* (1931\\)\n\nWilliam Pett Ridge also wrote a play titled \"Four small plays\"; one of the originals is in the ownership of direct descendants of his.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Vincent Brome, *Four Realist Novelists: Arthur Morrison, Edwin Pugh, Richard Whiteing, William Pett Ridge* (1965\\), 'Writers and their Work'\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1859 births](/wiki/Category:1859_births \"1859 births\")\n[Category:1930 deaths](/wiki/Category:1930_deaths \"1930 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English novelists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_novelists \"20th-century English novelists\")\n[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Birkbeck%2C_University_of_London \"Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London\")\n[Category:People from Chartham](/wiki/Category:People_from_Chartham \"People from Chartham\")\n[Category:Burials at West Norwood Cemetery](/wiki/Category:Burials_at_West_Norwood_Cemetery \"Burials at West Norwood Cemetery\")\n[Category:English male novelists](/wiki/Category:English_male_novelists \"English male novelists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English male writers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_male_writers \"20th-century English male writers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Sergei Brukhonenko
|
{
"id": [
30292728
],
"name": [
"Frost"
]
}
|
8iqmnc12gfw9527fr7wuyd42cn3hr8f
|
2024-09-06T18:58:45Z
| 1,244,380,721 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Legacy",
"Decorations",
"Notes",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Sergei Sergeevich Brukhonenko** (; 30 April 1890 – 20 April 1960\\) was a [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") physician, biomedical scientist and technologist during the [Stalinist](/wiki/Stalinism \"Stalinism\") era. Brukhonenko's research was vital to the development of open\\-heart procedures in Russia. He was one of the leaders of the Research Institute of Experimental Surgery, where Professor [Alexander Vishnevsky](/wiki/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Vishnevsky \"Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky\") performed the first Soviet open\\-heart operation in 1957\\.\n\nBrukhonenko is primarily remembered for his development of the autojektor, one of the first [heart and lung machines](/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass \"Cardiopulmonary bypass\"). The device was used to mixed results in a series of experiments with canines during the year 1939, which can be seen in the film *[Experiments in the Revival of Organisms](/wiki/Experiments_in_the_Revival_of_Organisms \"Experiments in the Revival of Organisms\")*. While there is some speculation today that the film is a re\\-staging of the procedures, the experiments themselves were well documented, and resulted in Brukhonenko being posthumously awarded the prestigious [Lenin Prize](/wiki/Lenin_Prize \"Lenin Prize\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBrukhonenko received his secondary education in [Saratov](/wiki/Saratov \"Saratov\"), later joining the medical faculty of [Moscow State University](/wiki/Moscow_State_University \"Moscow State University\"). He was drafted to serve in World War I in 1914, witnessing numerous combat injuries while assigned to the active army as a junior physician. He returned in 1917 to work in Moscow. During 1919 to 1926, Brukhonenko was the assistant professor at the Department of Clinical Pathology and Therapy in Moscow.\n\nBrukhonenko's work in creating the autojektor, an early heart\\-lung machine, was displayed in a series of experiments with canines in 1939\\. These experiments are shown in the 1940 documentary film *[Experiments in the Revival of Organisms](/wiki/Experiments_in_the_Revival_of_Organisms \"Experiments in the Revival of Organisms\")*, directed by .\n\nWhile the film is commonly suspected to be a re\\-staging of the procedures, as none of the more scientifically questionable experiments are shown in full\\-frame shots, the experiments in question were documented thoroughly. Additionally, the film's claim that dogs had been drained of blood and revived to live for years after was found to be only partially true, as according to the lab records the dogs survived for only days after the experiment, not years as the film claimed, and suffered serious brain damage.\n\nThrough 1951 to 1958, Brukhonenko lead the Institute of Experimental Surgical Devices and Instruments. Following his experiments with canines, Brukhonenko was granted permission to continue his autojektor experiments with human cadavers. However, these experiments failed to produce encouraging results, resulting in Brukhonenko losing favor with Soviet leadership.\n\nBrukhonenko died 20 April 1960 from rectal cancer.\n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\nin 1965, 5 years after his death, Brukhonenko was posthumously awarded the [Lenin Prize](/wiki/Lenin_Prize \"Lenin Prize\") for advancing knowledge of artificial blood circulation and laying the ground for future advancements.\n\nHis experiments laid the groundwork for further advancements in cardiac surgery in the Soviet Union.\n\n",
"Decorations\n-----------\n\n* [60x60px](/wiki/File:RUS_Order_%C5%9Bw._Stanis%C5%82awa_%28baretka%29.svg \"RUS Order św. Stanisława (baretka).svg\") 3rd class of the [Order of Saint Stanislaus](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_%28House_of_Romanov%29 \"Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)\") (1914\\)\n* [60x60px](/wiki/File:Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg \"Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg\") 3rd class of the [Order of Saint Anna](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anna \"Order of Saint Anna\") (1915\\)\n* [60x60px](/wiki/File:Gold_Star_Medal_of_Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union.gif \"Gold Star Medal of Hero of the Soviet Union.gif\") [Lenin Prize](/wiki/Lenin_Prize \"Lenin Prize\") (1965, posthumously)\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [*Experiments in the Revival of Organisms*, English version](https://archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=19635) at the [Internet Archive](/wiki/Internet_Archive \"Internet Archive\")\n* [*Опыты по оживлению организма*, Russian version](https://www.culture.ru/live/movies/19059/opyty-po-ozhivleniyu-organizma) at culture.ru\n* [Information and patents related to the autojektor](https://web.archive.org/web/20041019092316/http://www.dgfkt.de/artikel/203/Pionier.htm)\n\n[Category:1890 births](/wiki/Category:1890_births \"1890 births\")\n[Category:1960 deaths](/wiki/Category:1960_deaths \"1960 deaths\")\n[Category:People from Michurinsk](/wiki/Category:People_from_Michurinsk \"People from Michurinsk\")\n[Category:People from Kozlovsky Uyezd](/wiki/Category:People_from_Kozlovsky_Uyezd \"People from Kozlovsky Uyezd\")\n[Category:Russian medical researchers](/wiki/Category:Russian_medical_researchers \"Russian medical researchers\")\n[Category:Russian inventors](/wiki/Category:Russian_inventors \"Russian inventors\")\n[Category:Soviet inventors](/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventors \"Soviet inventors\")\n[Category:Soviet biologists](/wiki/Category:Soviet_biologists \"Soviet biologists\")\n[Category:Soviet surgeons](/wiki/Category:Soviet_surgeons \"Soviet surgeons\")\n[Category:Russian military personnel of World War I](/wiki/Category:Russian_military_personnel_of_World_War_I \"Russian military personnel of World War I\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Lenin Prize](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Lenin_Prize \"Recipients of the Lenin Prize\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Damulog
|
{
"id": [
46048951
],
"name": [
"TheNuggeteer"
]
}
|
ppzov5po1m61vomnewk8o54mv49skl5
|
2024-07-05T09:53:21Z
| 1,232,735,430 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Political development",
"Geography",
"Barangays",
"Climate",
"Demographics",
"Economy",
"Infrastructure",
"Transportation",
"Water",
"Utilities",
"Communication",
"Education",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Damulog**, officially the **Municipality of Damulog** (; ), is a 4th class [municipality](/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Philippines \"Municipality of the Philippines\") in the [province](/wiki/Philippine_Province \"Philippine Province\") of [Bukidnon](/wiki/Bukidnon \"Bukidnon\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\"). According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,322 people.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nHistorically, the first settlers of Damulog were the Manobos. They are the indigenous people of the place. Testimonials of the old folks disclosed that the name of the place was “Ramulog” meaning a place to take a bath. A river at the town proper is a place where the Manobos take a bath. It also became a place of gathering where the men were fishing nearby, their wives washed clothes and the children are either swimming or gathering shells. Over time, “Ramulog” changed to “Damulog” due to assimilation of the Manobos and the new settlers. The river is now called Damulog River.\n\nThe opening of the Sayre Highway in 1953 opened Damulog into external trade. Manobos and Maguindanaons from nearby Cotabato gathered abaca from the forests and sell it to the traders. The traders processed the abaca into raw fiber and resell it in Cagayan de Oro process these into fiber. More immigrants from the Visayas came and started to acquire farm lots. Slowly, the new settlers soon dominated trade and business.\n\nDamulog celebrates its Araw ng Damulog every 16th day of August with exhilarating activities that comprehends every walk of life. The municipality celebrates its town fiesta every 7th day of October of the year in honor of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary. In line are different activities that draw many expectators from other municipalities and neighboring towns.\n\n### Political development\n\nDamulog once a barrio of Kibawe was officially created a regular Municipality in January 1972 pursuant to Republic Act No. 6369\\. The author was Congressman Cesar \"Titang\" Fortich. The approval was on August 16, 1971, and Damulog started as municipality in 1972\\. Presently, the municipality has seventeen (17\\) regular barangays, namely: Aludas, Angga\\-an, Kinapat, Kiraon, Kitingting, Lagandang, Macapari, Maican, Migcawayan, New Compostela, Old Damulog, Omonay, Poblacion, Pocopoco, Sampagar, San Isidro, and Tangkulan.\n\nIt is difficult to trace the political lineage who handled the reins of power prior to the creation of the barrio of Damulog into a municipality. The kapitan del barrio then was Tito C. Balangyao who assumed as mayor upon its creation as a municipality in 1972\\. He remained mayor until March 1980 when Emiterio D. Luis won the mayoralty election. At the height of the EDSA People Power revolution, Corazon C. Aquino toppled President Ferdinand E. Marcos and subsequently, Mr. Luis was replaced by Erlito Bagas who was appointed as Officer\\-In\\-Charge (OIC) in the Office of the Mayor. After about two months, Rev. Romeo P. Tiongco assumed as mayor. He relinquished his post a year after wherein then Vice Mayor Basilio Beltran assumed the top post.\n\nIn 1992 election, Emiterio D. Luis again won the mayoralty post. It was during his term that RA 7160 known as the Local Government Code of 1991 was implemented. It was also this time that local governance became multidisciplinary and multifaceted. He finished his three terms in 1998\\.\n\nIn July 1998, the first lady chief executive was elected. She was then Josefina G. Tero who served a one\\-term office. She was succeeded by Fortunato E. Gudito, a retired military intelligence officer, who won the May 2001 local election. He served two terms.\n\nIn the May 2007 elections, [Romeo P. Tiongco](/wiki/Romeo_P._Tiongco \"Romeo P. Tiongco\") contested Gudito and won and is serving now as the incumbent mayor of the municipality of Damulog.\n\n",
"### Political development\n\nDamulog once a barrio of Kibawe was officially created a regular Municipality in January 1972 pursuant to Republic Act No. 6369\\. The author was Congressman Cesar \"Titang\" Fortich. The approval was on August 16, 1971, and Damulog started as municipality in 1972\\. Presently, the municipality has seventeen (17\\) regular barangays, namely: Aludas, Angga\\-an, Kinapat, Kiraon, Kitingting, Lagandang, Macapari, Maican, Migcawayan, New Compostela, Old Damulog, Omonay, Poblacion, Pocopoco, Sampagar, San Isidro, and Tangkulan.\n\nIt is difficult to trace the political lineage who handled the reins of power prior to the creation of the barrio of Damulog into a municipality. The kapitan del barrio then was Tito C. Balangyao who assumed as mayor upon its creation as a municipality in 1972\\. He remained mayor until March 1980 when Emiterio D. Luis won the mayoralty election. At the height of the EDSA People Power revolution, Corazon C. Aquino toppled President Ferdinand E. Marcos and subsequently, Mr. Luis was replaced by Erlito Bagas who was appointed as Officer\\-In\\-Charge (OIC) in the Office of the Mayor. After about two months, Rev. Romeo P. Tiongco assumed as mayor. He relinquished his post a year after wherein then Vice Mayor Basilio Beltran assumed the top post.\n\nIn 1992 election, Emiterio D. Luis again won the mayoralty post. It was during his term that RA 7160 known as the Local Government Code of 1991 was implemented. It was also this time that local governance became multidisciplinary and multifaceted. He finished his three terms in 1998\\.\n\nIn July 1998, the first lady chief executive was elected. She was then Josefina G. Tero who served a one\\-term office. She was succeeded by Fortunato E. Gudito, a retired military intelligence officer, who won the May 2001 local election. He served two terms.\n\nIn the May 2007 elections, [Romeo P. Tiongco](/wiki/Romeo_P._Tiongco \"Romeo P. Tiongco\") contested Gudito and won and is serving now as the incumbent mayor of the municipality of Damulog.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\n### Barangays\n\nDamulog is politically subdivided into 17 [barangays](/wiki/Barangay \"Barangay\"). Each barangay consists of [puroks](/wiki/Purok \"Purok\") while some have [sitios](/wiki/Sitios \"Sitios\").\n\n### Climate\n\n",
"### Barangays\n\nDamulog is politically subdivided into 17 [barangays](/wiki/Barangay \"Barangay\"). Each barangay consists of [puroks](/wiki/Purok \"Purok\") while some have [sitios](/wiki/Sitios \"Sitios\").\n\n",
"### Climate\n\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nIn the 2020 census, the population of Damulog, Bukidnon, was 39,322 people, with a density of .\n\n",
"Economy\n-------\n\n",
"Infrastructure\n--------------\n\n### Transportation\n\nDamulog is accessible by land transportation. The existing land transportation in the city consists of [multicabs](/wiki/Multicab \"Multicab\") from nearby towns, single motorcycles, buses from [Cagayan de Oro](/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro \"Cagayan de Oro\") and [General Santos](/wiki/General_Santos \"General Santos\"), tricycles, and private vehicles facilitate the movement of people and goods to and from all places in the town. Traveling from the Poblacion is mainly by land through all kinds of vehicles.\n\nDamulog is traversed by Sayre Highway. This is from barangay Sampagar in the north to Old Damulog, Poblacion, Pocopoco, Macapari to Omonay in the south. There is concrete road from Poblacion to Kinapat, then all\\-weather road from Kinapat to Kiraon, then again concrete from Kiraon to Old Damulog forming a complete loop with the Sayre Highway. Another loop is the Sayre Highway in Pocopoco to Kinapat to Poblacion. The third loop is the Poblacion to Doncilyon to Old Damulog.\n\nMost of these roads were built with grants from Asian Development Bank under the ARC Program. The Poblacion to Kinapat concrete road is also a part of the program.\n\nBarangays Old Damulog and Macapari has covered courts. All 17 barangays have their respective office building, health center, Tanod outpost and complete school buildings.\n\n### Water\n\nTo focus on other development concerns, the local government spun off its water service creating the Damulog Water System. The spinning\\-off was a part of the grant in 2013 from the SALINTUBIG program of the Department of Health. Before 2013, the water system provides running water for 2 hours every 2 days. Water was so scarce that water cannot reached households away from the transmission line. The new system now provides 24 hour service which is managed by the water district.\n\n### Utilities\n\nAll barangays enjoy electricity supplied by the First Bukidnon Electric Cooperative or popularly known in the town as FIBECO. All barangays have either Level 2 or Level 3 water system.\n\n### Communication\n\nMobile services are primarily offered by [Smart Communications](/wiki/Smart_Communications \"Smart Communications\"), [Globe Telecom](/wiki/Globe_Telecom \"Globe Telecom\"), and [Sun Cellular](/wiki/Sun_Cellular \"Sun Cellular\"). Internet services are also offered by Sun Cellular, Smart Communications, and Globe Telecom in [3G](/wiki/3G \"3G\") and [LTE](/wiki/LTE_%28telecommunication%29 \"LTE (telecommunication)\") or 4G technology.\n\n",
"### Transportation\n\nDamulog is accessible by land transportation. The existing land transportation in the city consists of [multicabs](/wiki/Multicab \"Multicab\") from nearby towns, single motorcycles, buses from [Cagayan de Oro](/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro \"Cagayan de Oro\") and [General Santos](/wiki/General_Santos \"General Santos\"), tricycles, and private vehicles facilitate the movement of people and goods to and from all places in the town. Traveling from the Poblacion is mainly by land through all kinds of vehicles.\n\nDamulog is traversed by Sayre Highway. This is from barangay Sampagar in the north to Old Damulog, Poblacion, Pocopoco, Macapari to Omonay in the south. There is concrete road from Poblacion to Kinapat, then all\\-weather road from Kinapat to Kiraon, then again concrete from Kiraon to Old Damulog forming a complete loop with the Sayre Highway. Another loop is the Sayre Highway in Pocopoco to Kinapat to Poblacion. The third loop is the Poblacion to Doncilyon to Old Damulog.\n\nMost of these roads were built with grants from Asian Development Bank under the ARC Program. The Poblacion to Kinapat concrete road is also a part of the program.\n\nBarangays Old Damulog and Macapari has covered courts. All 17 barangays have their respective office building, health center, Tanod outpost and complete school buildings.\n\n",
"### Water\n\nTo focus on other development concerns, the local government spun off its water service creating the Damulog Water System. The spinning\\-off was a part of the grant in 2013 from the SALINTUBIG program of the Department of Health. Before 2013, the water system provides running water for 2 hours every 2 days. Water was so scarce that water cannot reached households away from the transmission line. The new system now provides 24 hour service which is managed by the water district.\n\n",
"### Utilities\n\nAll barangays enjoy electricity supplied by the First Bukidnon Electric Cooperative or popularly known in the town as FIBECO. All barangays have either Level 2 or Level 3 water system.\n\n",
"### Communication\n\nMobile services are primarily offered by [Smart Communications](/wiki/Smart_Communications \"Smart Communications\"), [Globe Telecom](/wiki/Globe_Telecom \"Globe Telecom\"), and [Sun Cellular](/wiki/Sun_Cellular \"Sun Cellular\"). Internet services are also offered by Sun Cellular, Smart Communications, and Globe Telecom in [3G](/wiki/3G \"3G\") and [LTE](/wiki/LTE_%28telecommunication%29 \"LTE (telecommunication)\") or 4G technology.\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nAll barangays have complete elementary schools. Day Care centers are also present in barangays and sitios where there is considerable number of children. Secondary schools include the Damulog NHS, the Macapari NHS, the private Xavier de Damulog HS and Kitingting Laguna Academy in barangay Kitingting.\n\nWithin Damulog and its periphery, the Korea\\-based Join Together Society built 34 school buildings with 2\\-classroom each. This is part of the peace\\-building effort of the local government promoting co\\-existence to Lumad, Muslims and Christians.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* \\[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]\n* [Philippine Census Information](https://web.archive.org/web/20160215003931/http://census.gov.ph/)\n\n[Category:Municipalities of Bukidnon](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Bukidnon \"Municipalities of Bukidnon\")\n[Category:Populated places on the Rio Grande de Mindanao](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_on_the_Rio_Grande_de_Mindanao \"Populated places on the Rio Grande de Mindanao\")\n\n"
]
}
|
L Line (Los Angeles Metro)
|
{
"id": [
27015025
],
"name": [
"InternetArchiveBot"
]
}
|
fmulpjup9qsdv9o7bw43y12j883rjkv
|
2024-09-19T07:26:13Z
| 1,241,117,697 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Service description",
"Route description",
"Hours and frequency",
"Speed",
"Station listing",
"Ridership",
"History",
"Regional Connector",
"Future developments",
"Foothill Extension",
"Eastside Transit Corridor",
"Operations",
"Maintenance facilities",
"Rolling stock",
"Incidents",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **L Line** and **Gold Line** are former designations for a section of the current [Los Angeles Metro Rail](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail \"Los Angeles Metro Rail\") system. These names referred to a single [light rail](/wiki/Light_rail \"Light rail\") line of providing service between [Azusa](/wiki/Azusa%2C_California \"Azusa, California\") and [East Los Angeles](/wiki/East_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"East Los Angeles, California\") via the northeastern corner of [Downtown Los Angeles](/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles \"Downtown Los Angeles\"), serving several attractions, including [Little Tokyo](/wiki/Little_Tokyo%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California\"), [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Union Station (Los Angeles)\"), the [Southwest Museum](/wiki/Southwest_Museum \"Southwest Museum\"), [Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Chinatown, Los Angeles, California\"), and the shops of [Old Pasadena](/wiki/Old_Pasadena \"Old Pasadena\"). The line, formerly one of seven in the system, entered service in 2003\\. The L Line served 26 stations (including two underground stations, and one open trench station).\n\nIn October 2020, the line was broken into two disconnected segments with the closure of the [Little Tokyo/Arts District station](/wiki/Little_Tokyo/Arts_District_station \"Little Tokyo/Arts District station\") in preparation for the opening of the [Regional Connector](/wiki/Regional_Connector \"Regional Connector\") tunnel. On June 16, 2023, the new tunnel opened, along with a new Little Tokyo/Arts District station in a nearby location. As of that date, passengers may now transfer between the two segments of the former L Line at this station, or stay on board to continue through Downtown LA. The L Line ceased to exist as a distinct line within the system, with the northern half serving as an extension to the [A Line](/wiki/A_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") and the southern half serving as an extension to the [E Line](/wiki/E_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"E Line (Los Angeles Metro)\").\n\n",
"Service description\n-------------------\n\n### Route description\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Northbound train at [Atlantic station](/wiki/Atlantic_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Atlantic station (Los Angeles Metro)\")](/wiki/File:Atlantic_Gold_Line_3.JPG \"Atlantic Gold Line 3.JPG\")\nThe line's northern terminus was at [APU/Citrus College station](/wiki/APU/Citrus_College_station \"APU/Citrus College station\") just west of Citrus Avenue and the two universities. The line ran west through Azusa before stopping at [Azusa Downtown station](/wiki/Azusa_Downtown_station \"Azusa Downtown station\") at Azusa Avenue, north of Foothill Boulevard, near the downtown shops and government buildings. \n\nContinuing west, the line crossed over the [I\\-210](/wiki/Foothill_Freeway \"Foothill Freeway\") freeway and ran parallel to it, entering [Irwindale](/wiki/Irwindale%2C_California \"Irwindale, California\") before stopping at [Irwindale station](/wiki/Irwindale_station \"Irwindale station\") at Irwindale Avenue. After this station, the line continued west, crossing over the [San Gabriel River](/wiki/San_Gabriel_River_%28California%29 \"San Gabriel River (California)\") and underneath the [I\\-605](/wiki/Interstate_605 \"Interstate 605\") freeway, diverging from I\\-210 and entering [Duarte](/wiki/Duarte%2C_California \"Duarte, California\"), before stopping at [Duarte/City of Hope station](/wiki/Duarte/City_of_Hope_station \"Duarte/City of Hope station\") located on the north side of Duarte Road, across from the [City of Hope National Medical Center](/wiki/City_of_Hope_National_Medical_Center \"City of Hope National Medical Center\"). \n\nContinuing west, the line paralleled Duarte Road, entering [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia%2C_California \"Monrovia, California\"), before diverging northwest just before arriving at [Monrovia station](/wiki/Monrovia_station \"Monrovia station\"). In this area, the line ran adjacent to single\\-family homes. Entering [Arcadia](/wiki/Arcadia%2C_California \"Arcadia, California\"), the train crossed all street crossings on bridges except for First Avenue at the at\\-grade [Arcadia station](/wiki/Arcadia_station \"Arcadia station\").\n\nContinuing west, the line reconverged with and entered the median of I\\-210 and continued west to [Sierra Madre Villa station](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Villa_station \"Sierra Madre Villa station\") in [Pasadena](/wiki/Pasadena%2C_California \"Pasadena, California\"). Six stations served different parts of Pasadena, with three of them in the freeway's median. In [Old Pasadena](/wiki/Old_Pasadena \"Old Pasadena\"), the line traveled underground for almost half a mile, passing under Pasadena's main thoroughfare, [Colorado Boulevard](/wiki/Colorado_Boulevard \"Colorado Boulevard\"), which makes the [Memorial Park station](/wiki/Memorial_Park_station \"Memorial Park station\") below grade. The station served most of Pasadena's fine dining, shops, malls, and civic center. The [Pasadena City Hall](/wiki/Pasadena_City_Hall \"Pasadena City Hall\") is visible upon exiting the station. The line continued south through downtown Pasadena and [South Pasadena](/wiki/South_Pasadena%2C_California \"South Pasadena, California\"), primarily at grade. \n\nNorth of Highland Park, the route crossed over the [Arroyo Seco Parkway](/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_Parkway \"Arroyo Seco Parkway\") (State Route 110\\) via the grand [Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Arroyo_Seco_Railroad_Bridge \"Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge\") towards [Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Los_Angeles \"Highland Park, Los Angeles\"). After [Highland Park station](/wiki/Highland_Park_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Highland Park station (Los Angeles Metro)\"), the train ran in the median of Marmion Way, where trains went at only . After 50th Avenue, the L Line operated primarily at grade in its own right of way, except for a short underpass below [Figueroa Street](/wiki/Figueroa_Street \"Figueroa Street\"). \n\nFrom here, the route continued, with a handful of stations serving the hillside communities north of downtown, including [Lincoln Heights](/wiki/Lincoln_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California\"), [Mount Washington](/wiki/Mount_Washington%2C_Los_Angeles \"Mount Washington, Los Angeles\"), the [Southwest Museum of the American Indian](/wiki/Southwest_Museum_of_the_American_Indian \"Southwest Museum of the American Indian\"). Northeast of [Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Los_Angeles \"Chinatown, Los Angeles\"), the line crossed over the [Los Angeles River](/wiki/Los_Angeles_River \"Los Angeles River\") on an elevated viaduct. Continuing on the elevated viaduct, the line stopped at [Chinatown station](/wiki/Chinatown_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Chinatown station (Los Angeles Metro)\") before arriving at [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Union Station (Los Angeles)\"). This entire section of the line north of Union Station followed the current and former [right\\-of\\-way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28transportation%29 \"Right-of-way (transportation)\") of the [Pasadena Subdivision](/wiki/Pasadena_Subdivision \"Pasadena Subdivision\").\n\nAt Union Station, riders could transfer to other trains and modes. \n\nTransfers included:\n* The [B](/wiki/B_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"B Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") and [D](/wiki/D_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"D Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") lines.\n* The [J](/wiki/J_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"J Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") [bus rapid transit](/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit \"Bus rapid transit\") line.\n* Other bus services.\n* [Metrolink](/wiki/Metrolink_%28California%29 \"Metrolink (California)\") [commuter rail](/wiki/Commuter_rail \"Commuter rail\").\n* [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") [inter\\-city](/wiki/Inter-city_rail \"Inter-city rail\") services.\n\nSouth of Union Station, the L Line crossed over [US 101](/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California \"U.S. Route 101 in California\") on a curved elevated viaduct into [Little Tokyo](/wiki/Little_Tokyo%2C_Los_Angeles \"Little Tokyo, Los Angeles\"), where the line then serviced the former at\\-grade [Little Tokyo/Arts District station](/wiki/Little_Tokyo/Arts_District_station \"Little Tokyo/Arts District station\"). After this, the line then swerved right to enter the median of [1st Street](/wiki/1st_Street%2C_Los_Angeles \"1st Street, Los Angeles\"), crossing the Los Angeles River again, entering the neighborhood of [Boyle Heights](/wiki/Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles \"Boyle Heights, Los Angeles\"). Here, the L Line then serviced [Pico/Aliso station](/wiki/Pico/Aliso_station \"Pico/Aliso station\"), before diving underground underneath 1st Street to service [Mariachi Plaza station](/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza_station \"Mariachi Plaza station\") and [Soto station](/wiki/Soto_station \"Soto station\"). Adjacent to [Evergreen Cemetery](/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Evergreen Cemetery (Los Angeles)\"), the line then reemerged at\\-grade in the median of 1st Street before swerving to the east side of Indiana street to service [Indiana station](/wiki/Indiana_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Indiana station (Los Angeles Metro)\"). After this, the line swerved again to enter the median of [3rd Street](/wiki/3rd_Street%2C_Los_Angeles \"3rd Street, Los Angeles\"), entering [East Los Angeles](/wiki/East_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"East Los Angeles, California\"). Crossing underneath [SR 60](/wiki/California_State_Route_60 \"California State Route 60\") and above [I\\-710](/wiki/Interstate_710_and_State_Route_710_%28California%29 \"Interstate 710 and State Route 710 (California)\"), the line then serviced [Maravilla station](/wiki/Maravilla_station \"Maravilla station\"), [East LA Civic Center station](/wiki/East_LA_Civic_Center_station \"East LA Civic Center station\"), and [Atlantic station](/wiki/Atlantic_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Atlantic station (Los Angeles Metro)\"), where the line terminated.\n\nPrior to its discontinuation, the L Line was broken into two disconnected segments in October 2020, with the closure of the segment between Union Station and Pico/Aliso station, including the closure of Little Tokyo/Arts District station. This was done in preparation for the opening of the [Regional Connector](/wiki/Regional_Connector \"Regional Connector\"), which opened on June 16, 2023\\. Prior to this date, riders seeking to travel between the then disconnected segments of the L Line had to use a temporary bus shuttle to make the connection.\n\n### Hours and frequency\n\nAs of 2023, before the L Line was subsumed into the A and E lines, L Line trains ran every day between approximately 4:30 a.m. and 12:15 a.m. Trains operated every 10 minutes during peak hours Monday through Friday, and every twelve minutes during the daytime on weekdays and all day on the weekends. Evening service (after 7 p.m.) was every 20 minutes.\n\n### Speed\n\nL Line trains traveled at a maximum speed of . It took 48 minutes to travel its length, at an average speed of over its length. The L Line was particularly slow through the Highland Park area, where trains reach speeds of only while operating in a street running section on Marmion Way.\n\n### Station listing\n\nThe following table lists the stations of the former L Line, from north to south.\n\n| Station | Date Opened | City/Neighborhood | Major connections and notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | March 5, 2016 | [Azusa](/wiki/Azusa%2C_California \"Azusa, California\") | [Park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride \"Park and ride\"): 200 spaces |\n| | Park and ride: 521 spaces |\n| | [Irwindale](/wiki/Irwindale%2C_California \"Irwindale, California\") | Park and ride: 350 spaces |\n| | [Duarte](/wiki/Duarte%2C_California \"Duarte, California\") | Park and ride: 125 spaces |\n| | [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia%2C_California \"Monrovia, California\") | Park and ride: 350 spaces |\n| | [Arcadia](/wiki/Arcadia%2C_California \"Arcadia, California\") | Park and ride: 300 spaces |\n| | July 26, 2003 | [Pasadena](/wiki/Pasadena%2C_California \"Pasadena, California\") | Park and ride: 965 spaces |\n| | |\n| | Park and ride: 22 spaces |\n| | |\n| | Park and ride: 610 spaces |\n| | Park and ride: 155 spaces |\n| | [South Pasadena](/wiki/South_Pasadena%2C_California \"South Pasadena, California\") | Park and ride: 142 spaces |\n| | Los Angeles ([Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Los_Angeles \"Highland Park, Los Angeles\")) | |\n| | Los Angeles ([Mount Washington](/wiki/Mount_Washington%2C_Los_Angeles \"Mount Washington, Los Angeles\")) | |\n| | Los Angeles ([Montecito Heights](/wiki/Montecito_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles \"Montecito Heights, Los Angeles\")) | Park and ride: 129 spaces |\n| | Los Angeles ([Lincoln Heights](/wiki/Lincoln_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles \"Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles\")/[Cypress Park](/wiki/Cypress_Park%2C_Los_Angeles \"Cypress Park, Los Angeles\")) | Park and ride: 94 spaces |\n| | Los Angeles ([Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Los_Angeles \"Chinatown, Los Angeles\")) | |\n| | Los Angeles ([Downtown](/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles \"Downtown Los Angeles\")) | [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\"), [LAX FlyAway](/wiki/FlyAway_%28bus%29 \"FlyAway (bus)\") and [Metrolink](/wiki/Metrolink_%28California%29 \"Metrolink (California)\")Paid parking: 3,000 spaces |\n| | November 15, 2009 | Los Angeles ([Little Tokyo](/wiki/Little_Tokyo%2C_Los_Angeles \"Little Tokyo, Los Angeles\")/[Arts District](/wiki/Arts_District%2C_Los_Angeles \"Arts District, Los Angeles\")) | At\\-grade station closed on October 24, 2020 |\n| | November 15, 2009 | [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") ([Boyle Heights](/wiki/Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California\")) | |\n| | |\n| | |\n| | [East Los Angeles](/wiki/East_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"East Los Angeles, California\") | Park and ride: 42 spaces |\n| | |\n| | |\n| | Park and ride: 289 spaces |\n\n### Ridership\n\nFollowing the extension to East Los Angeles in 2009, the line's ridership increased to almost 30,000 daily boardings. , the average weekday daily boardings for the L Line stood at 42,417, and the average daily weekday boardings had increased to 44,707\\. Following the extension to Azusa, ridership rose to 49,238 as of May 2016\\.\n\n| \\+ Annual ridership |\n| --- |\n| Year | Ridership | \n\n| 2009 | | — |\n| 2010 | | |\n| 2011 | | |\n| 2012 | | |\n| 2013 | | |\n| 2014 | | |\n| 2015 | | |\n| 2016 | | |\n| 2017 | | |\n| 2018 | | |\n| 2019 | | |\n| 2020 | | |\n| 2021 | | |\n| 2022 | | |\n| Source: Metro | | |\n\n",
"### Route description\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Northbound train at [Atlantic station](/wiki/Atlantic_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Atlantic station (Los Angeles Metro)\")](/wiki/File:Atlantic_Gold_Line_3.JPG \"Atlantic Gold Line 3.JPG\")\nThe line's northern terminus was at [APU/Citrus College station](/wiki/APU/Citrus_College_station \"APU/Citrus College station\") just west of Citrus Avenue and the two universities. The line ran west through Azusa before stopping at [Azusa Downtown station](/wiki/Azusa_Downtown_station \"Azusa Downtown station\") at Azusa Avenue, north of Foothill Boulevard, near the downtown shops and government buildings. \n\nContinuing west, the line crossed over the [I\\-210](/wiki/Foothill_Freeway \"Foothill Freeway\") freeway and ran parallel to it, entering [Irwindale](/wiki/Irwindale%2C_California \"Irwindale, California\") before stopping at [Irwindale station](/wiki/Irwindale_station \"Irwindale station\") at Irwindale Avenue. After this station, the line continued west, crossing over the [San Gabriel River](/wiki/San_Gabriel_River_%28California%29 \"San Gabriel River (California)\") and underneath the [I\\-605](/wiki/Interstate_605 \"Interstate 605\") freeway, diverging from I\\-210 and entering [Duarte](/wiki/Duarte%2C_California \"Duarte, California\"), before stopping at [Duarte/City of Hope station](/wiki/Duarte/City_of_Hope_station \"Duarte/City of Hope station\") located on the north side of Duarte Road, across from the [City of Hope National Medical Center](/wiki/City_of_Hope_National_Medical_Center \"City of Hope National Medical Center\"). \n\nContinuing west, the line paralleled Duarte Road, entering [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia%2C_California \"Monrovia, California\"), before diverging northwest just before arriving at [Monrovia station](/wiki/Monrovia_station \"Monrovia station\"). In this area, the line ran adjacent to single\\-family homes. Entering [Arcadia](/wiki/Arcadia%2C_California \"Arcadia, California\"), the train crossed all street crossings on bridges except for First Avenue at the at\\-grade [Arcadia station](/wiki/Arcadia_station \"Arcadia station\").\n\nContinuing west, the line reconverged with and entered the median of I\\-210 and continued west to [Sierra Madre Villa station](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Villa_station \"Sierra Madre Villa station\") in [Pasadena](/wiki/Pasadena%2C_California \"Pasadena, California\"). Six stations served different parts of Pasadena, with three of them in the freeway's median. In [Old Pasadena](/wiki/Old_Pasadena \"Old Pasadena\"), the line traveled underground for almost half a mile, passing under Pasadena's main thoroughfare, [Colorado Boulevard](/wiki/Colorado_Boulevard \"Colorado Boulevard\"), which makes the [Memorial Park station](/wiki/Memorial_Park_station \"Memorial Park station\") below grade. The station served most of Pasadena's fine dining, shops, malls, and civic center. The [Pasadena City Hall](/wiki/Pasadena_City_Hall \"Pasadena City Hall\") is visible upon exiting the station. The line continued south through downtown Pasadena and [South Pasadena](/wiki/South_Pasadena%2C_California \"South Pasadena, California\"), primarily at grade. \n\nNorth of Highland Park, the route crossed over the [Arroyo Seco Parkway](/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_Parkway \"Arroyo Seco Parkway\") (State Route 110\\) via the grand [Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Arroyo_Seco_Railroad_Bridge \"Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge\") towards [Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Los_Angeles \"Highland Park, Los Angeles\"). After [Highland Park station](/wiki/Highland_Park_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Highland Park station (Los Angeles Metro)\"), the train ran in the median of Marmion Way, where trains went at only . After 50th Avenue, the L Line operated primarily at grade in its own right of way, except for a short underpass below [Figueroa Street](/wiki/Figueroa_Street \"Figueroa Street\"). \n\nFrom here, the route continued, with a handful of stations serving the hillside communities north of downtown, including [Lincoln Heights](/wiki/Lincoln_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California\"), [Mount Washington](/wiki/Mount_Washington%2C_Los_Angeles \"Mount Washington, Los Angeles\"), the [Southwest Museum of the American Indian](/wiki/Southwest_Museum_of_the_American_Indian \"Southwest Museum of the American Indian\"). Northeast of [Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Los_Angeles \"Chinatown, Los Angeles\"), the line crossed over the [Los Angeles River](/wiki/Los_Angeles_River \"Los Angeles River\") on an elevated viaduct. Continuing on the elevated viaduct, the line stopped at [Chinatown station](/wiki/Chinatown_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Chinatown station (Los Angeles Metro)\") before arriving at [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Union Station (Los Angeles)\"). This entire section of the line north of Union Station followed the current and former [right\\-of\\-way](/wiki/Right-of-way_%28transportation%29 \"Right-of-way (transportation)\") of the [Pasadena Subdivision](/wiki/Pasadena_Subdivision \"Pasadena Subdivision\").\n\nAt Union Station, riders could transfer to other trains and modes. \n\nTransfers included:\n* The [B](/wiki/B_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"B Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") and [D](/wiki/D_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"D Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") [rapid transit](/wiki/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\") lines.\n* The [J](/wiki/J_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"J Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") [bus rapid transit](/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit \"Bus rapid transit\") line.\n* Other bus services.\n* [Metrolink](/wiki/Metrolink_%28California%29 \"Metrolink (California)\") [commuter rail](/wiki/Commuter_rail \"Commuter rail\").\n* [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") [inter\\-city](/wiki/Inter-city_rail \"Inter-city rail\") services.\n\nSouth of Union Station, the L Line crossed over [US 101](/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California \"U.S. Route 101 in California\") on a curved elevated viaduct into [Little Tokyo](/wiki/Little_Tokyo%2C_Los_Angeles \"Little Tokyo, Los Angeles\"), where the line then serviced the former at\\-grade [Little Tokyo/Arts District station](/wiki/Little_Tokyo/Arts_District_station \"Little Tokyo/Arts District station\"). After this, the line then swerved right to enter the median of [1st Street](/wiki/1st_Street%2C_Los_Angeles \"1st Street, Los Angeles\"), crossing the Los Angeles River again, entering the neighborhood of [Boyle Heights](/wiki/Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles \"Boyle Heights, Los Angeles\"). Here, the L Line then serviced [Pico/Aliso station](/wiki/Pico/Aliso_station \"Pico/Aliso station\"), before diving underground underneath 1st Street to service [Mariachi Plaza station](/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza_station \"Mariachi Plaza station\") and [Soto station](/wiki/Soto_station \"Soto station\"). Adjacent to [Evergreen Cemetery](/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Evergreen Cemetery (Los Angeles)\"), the line then reemerged at\\-grade in the median of 1st Street before swerving to the east side of Indiana street to service [Indiana station](/wiki/Indiana_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Indiana station (Los Angeles Metro)\"). After this, the line swerved again to enter the median of [3rd Street](/wiki/3rd_Street%2C_Los_Angeles \"3rd Street, Los Angeles\"), entering [East Los Angeles](/wiki/East_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"East Los Angeles, California\"). Crossing underneath [SR 60](/wiki/California_State_Route_60 \"California State Route 60\") and above [I\\-710](/wiki/Interstate_710_and_State_Route_710_%28California%29 \"Interstate 710 and State Route 710 (California)\"), the line then serviced [Maravilla station](/wiki/Maravilla_station \"Maravilla station\"), [East LA Civic Center station](/wiki/East_LA_Civic_Center_station \"East LA Civic Center station\"), and [Atlantic station](/wiki/Atlantic_station_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"Atlantic station (Los Angeles Metro)\"), where the line terminated.\n\nPrior to its discontinuation, the L Line was broken into two disconnected segments in October 2020, with the closure of the segment between Union Station and Pico/Aliso station, including the closure of Little Tokyo/Arts District station. This was done in preparation for the opening of the [Regional Connector](/wiki/Regional_Connector \"Regional Connector\"), which opened on June 16, 2023\\. Prior to this date, riders seeking to travel between the then disconnected segments of the L Line had to use a temporary bus shuttle to make the connection.\n\n",
"### Hours and frequency\n\nAs of 2023, before the L Line was subsumed into the A and E lines, L Line trains ran every day between approximately 4:30 a.m. and 12:15 a.m. Trains operated every 10 minutes during peak hours Monday through Friday, and every twelve minutes during the daytime on weekdays and all day on the weekends. Evening service (after 7 p.m.) was every 20 minutes.\n\n",
"### Speed\n\nL Line trains traveled at a maximum speed of . It took 48 minutes to travel its length, at an average speed of over its length. The L Line was particularly slow through the Highland Park area, where trains reach speeds of only while operating in a street running section on Marmion Way.\n\n",
"### Station listing\n\nThe following table lists the stations of the former L Line, from north to south.\n\n| Station | Date Opened | City/Neighborhood | Major connections and notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | March 5, 2016 | [Azusa](/wiki/Azusa%2C_California \"Azusa, California\") | [Park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride \"Park and ride\"): 200 spaces |\n| | Park and ride: 521 spaces |\n| | [Irwindale](/wiki/Irwindale%2C_California \"Irwindale, California\") | Park and ride: 350 spaces |\n| | [Duarte](/wiki/Duarte%2C_California \"Duarte, California\") | Park and ride: 125 spaces |\n| | [Monrovia](/wiki/Monrovia%2C_California \"Monrovia, California\") | Park and ride: 350 spaces |\n| | [Arcadia](/wiki/Arcadia%2C_California \"Arcadia, California\") | Park and ride: 300 spaces |\n| | July 26, 2003 | [Pasadena](/wiki/Pasadena%2C_California \"Pasadena, California\") | Park and ride: 965 spaces |\n| | |\n| | Park and ride: 22 spaces |\n| | |\n| | Park and ride: 610 spaces |\n| | Park and ride: 155 spaces |\n| | [South Pasadena](/wiki/South_Pasadena%2C_California \"South Pasadena, California\") | Park and ride: 142 spaces |\n| | Los Angeles ([Highland Park](/wiki/Highland_Park%2C_Los_Angeles \"Highland Park, Los Angeles\")) | |\n| | Los Angeles ([Mount Washington](/wiki/Mount_Washington%2C_Los_Angeles \"Mount Washington, Los Angeles\")) | |\n| | Los Angeles ([Montecito Heights](/wiki/Montecito_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles \"Montecito Heights, Los Angeles\")) | Park and ride: 129 spaces |\n| | Los Angeles ([Lincoln Heights](/wiki/Lincoln_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles \"Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles\")/[Cypress Park](/wiki/Cypress_Park%2C_Los_Angeles \"Cypress Park, Los Angeles\")) | Park and ride: 94 spaces |\n| | Los Angeles ([Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown%2C_Los_Angeles \"Chinatown, Los Angeles\")) | |\n| | Los Angeles ([Downtown](/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles \"Downtown Los Angeles\")) | [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\"), [LAX FlyAway](/wiki/FlyAway_%28bus%29 \"FlyAway (bus)\") and [Metrolink](/wiki/Metrolink_%28California%29 \"Metrolink (California)\")Paid parking: 3,000 spaces |\n| | November 15, 2009 | Los Angeles ([Little Tokyo](/wiki/Little_Tokyo%2C_Los_Angeles \"Little Tokyo, Los Angeles\")/[Arts District](/wiki/Arts_District%2C_Los_Angeles \"Arts District, Los Angeles\")) | At\\-grade station closed on October 24, 2020 |\n| | November 15, 2009 | [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") ([Boyle Heights](/wiki/Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California\")) | |\n| | |\n| | |\n| | [East Los Angeles](/wiki/East_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"East Los Angeles, California\") | Park and ride: 42 spaces |\n| | |\n| | |\n| | Park and ride: 289 spaces |\n\n",
"### Ridership\n\nFollowing the extension to East Los Angeles in 2009, the line's ridership increased to almost 30,000 daily boardings. , the average weekday daily boardings for the L Line stood at 42,417, and the average daily weekday boardings had increased to 44,707\\. Following the extension to Azusa, ridership rose to 49,238 as of May 2016\\.\n\n| \\+ Annual ridership |\n| --- |\n| Year | Ridership | \n\n| 2009 | | — |\n| 2010 | | |\n| 2011 | | |\n| 2012 | | |\n| 2013 | | |\n| 2014 | | |\n| 2015 | | |\n| 2016 | | |\n| 2017 | | |\n| 2018 | | |\n| 2019 | | |\n| 2020 | | |\n| 2021 | | |\n| 2022 | | |\n| Source: Metro | | |\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Construction of the L Line, near [Duarte](/wiki/Duarte%2C_California \"Duarte, California\") in 2014\\. Tracks are laid, but the overhead catenary has not been installed yet.](/wiki/File:Gold_Line_Construction_LA.jpg \"Gold Line Construction LA.jpg\")\nMuch of the L Line's right\\-of\\-way through the [San Gabriel Valley](/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley \"San Gabriel Valley\") was built by the [Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad](/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_San_Gabriel_Valley_Railroad \"Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad\") in 1885, eventually taken over by the [Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway](/wiki/Atchison%2C_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway \"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway\"), as part of the [Pasadena Subdivision](/wiki/Pasadena_Subdivision \"Pasadena Subdivision\"), which saw [Amtrak](/wiki/Amtrak \"Amtrak\") service until 1994, when construction began on the conversion to light rail. The project was originally called the \"Pasadena Metro Blue Line,\" and planners envisioned extending the existing [Blue Line](/wiki/A_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") from Long Beach, but when a ban on sales tax spending on subway tunnels passed in 1998, the project became a separate line terminating at [Union Station](/wiki/Union_Station_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Union Station (Los Angeles)\").\n\nThe Gold Line opened between Union Station and [Sierra Madre Villa station](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Villa_station \"Sierra Madre Villa station\") in East Pasadena on July 26, 2003\\.\n\nFollowing a new right\\-of\\-way, the Gold Line Eastside Extension extended the line east between Union Station and [East Los Angeles](/wiki/East_Los_Angeles%2C_California \"East Los Angeles, California\"), opening on November 15, 2009\\.\n\nPhase 2A (the section between LA and Pasadena was Phase 1\\) of the [Foothill Extension](/wiki/Foothill_Extension \"Foothill Extension\"), running between Sierra Madre Villa station and [APU/Citrus College station](/wiki/APU/Citrus_College_station \"APU/Citrus College station\") in Azusa, opened on March 5, 2016\\.\n\n### Regional Connector\n\nThe **Regional Connector Transit Project** constructed a light rail [tunnel](/wiki/Tunnel \"Tunnel\") across Downtown Los Angeles that connected the L Line with the A and E lines. The project finally completed the late 1990s vision of the \"Pasadena Blue Line,\" connecting the northern (Union Station–Azusa) segment of the L Line to the A Line (formerly the Blue Line), which runs between Los Angeles and Long Beach. The southern (Pico/Aliso–East LA) segment was combined with the previously existing E Line, which ran between Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica. The new east–west line kept the E Line name but uses the L Line's gold color.\n\nThe at\\-grade [Little Tokyo/Arts District station](/wiki/Little_Tokyo/Arts_District_%28Los_Angeles_Metro_station%29 \"Little Tokyo/Arts District (Los Angeles Metro station)\") was demolished in 2020 and was rebuilt as a subway station approximately south and on the opposite side of Alameda from its former location. Between 2020\\-2023, shuttles connected the two portions of the line.\n\nThe groundbreaking for constructing the Regional Connector took place on September 30, 2014, and it opened on June 16, 2023\\.\n\nAfter the Regional Connector opened, the L Line became the first letter designation on the Los Angeles Metro Rail system to be permanently discontinued.\n\n",
"### Regional Connector\n\nThe **Regional Connector Transit Project** constructed a light rail [tunnel](/wiki/Tunnel \"Tunnel\") across Downtown Los Angeles that connected the L Line with the A and E lines. The project finally completed the late 1990s vision of the \"Pasadena Blue Line,\" connecting the northern (Union Station–Azusa) segment of the L Line to the A Line (formerly the Blue Line), which runs between Los Angeles and Long Beach. The southern (Pico/Aliso–East LA) segment was combined with the previously existing E Line, which ran between Downtown Los Angeles and Santa Monica. The new east–west line kept the E Line name but uses the L Line's gold color.\n\nThe at\\-grade [Little Tokyo/Arts District station](/wiki/Little_Tokyo/Arts_District_%28Los_Angeles_Metro_station%29 \"Little Tokyo/Arts District (Los Angeles Metro station)\") was demolished in 2020 and was rebuilt as a subway station approximately south and on the opposite side of Alameda from its former location. Between 2020\\-2023, shuttles connected the two portions of the line.\n\nThe groundbreaking for constructing the Regional Connector took place on September 30, 2014, and it opened on June 16, 2023\\.\n\nAfter the Regional Connector opened, the L Line became the first letter designation on the Los Angeles Metro Rail system to be permanently discontinued.\n\n",
"Future developments\n-------------------\n\n### Foothill Extension\n\nPhase 2B of the Foothill Extension, running between APU/Citrus College station in Azusa and the [Pomona–North Metrolink station](/wiki/Pomona%E2%80%93North_station \"Pomona–North station\") in Pomona, is currently under construction, with a current estimated completion date of 2026\\. This extension, like the original Gold Line to Pasadena, and the first phase of the Foothill Extension is being built by a specialized construction authority, independent of Metro. The original plan called for the extension to end at [Montclair](/wiki/Montclair%2C_California \"Montclair, California\") in [San Bernardino County](/wiki/San_Bernardino_County%2C_California \"San Bernardino County, California\"), but budget challenges forced the construction authority to cut the line back to Pomona.\n\nWhen this project is completed, it will be served by the A Line.\n\n### Eastside Transit Corridor\n\nMetro is planning an extension of the L Line's southern leg eastward from its current terminus at [Atlantic station](/wiki/Atlantic_%28Los_Angeles_Metro_station%29 \"Atlantic (Los Angeles Metro station)\"). The proposed line would travel south on [Garfield Avenue](/wiki/Garfield_Avenue_%28Los_Angeles_County%29 \"Garfield Avenue (Los Angeles County)\") to the [Citadel Outlets](/wiki/Citadel_Outlets \"Citadel Outlets\") in [Commerce](/wiki/Commerce%2C_California \"Commerce, California\"), then turn east on [Washington Boulevard](/wiki/Washington_Boulevard_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Washington Boulevard (Los Angeles)\") making stops in [Montebello](/wiki/Montebello%2C_California \"Montebello, California\"), [Pico Rivera](/wiki/Pico_Rivera%2C_California \"Pico Rivera, California\"), [Santa Fe Springs](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Springs%2C_California \"Santa Fe Springs, California\") and [Whittier](/wiki/Whittier%2C_California \"Whittier, California\"). The project is currently under environmental review, with a forecasted opening in 2035\\. When this project is completed, it will be served by the E Line.\n\n",
"### Foothill Extension\n\nPhase 2B of the Foothill Extension, running between APU/Citrus College station in Azusa and the [Pomona–North Metrolink station](/wiki/Pomona%E2%80%93North_station \"Pomona–North station\") in Pomona, is currently under construction, with a current estimated completion date of 2026\\. This extension, like the original Gold Line to Pasadena, and the first phase of the Foothill Extension is being built by a specialized construction authority, independent of Metro. The original plan called for the extension to end at [Montclair](/wiki/Montclair%2C_California \"Montclair, California\") in [San Bernardino County](/wiki/San_Bernardino_County%2C_California \"San Bernardino County, California\"), but budget challenges forced the construction authority to cut the line back to Pomona.\n\nWhen this project is completed, it will be served by the A Line.\n\n",
"### Eastside Transit Corridor\n\nMetro is planning an extension of the L Line's southern leg eastward from its current terminus at [Atlantic station](/wiki/Atlantic_%28Los_Angeles_Metro_station%29 \"Atlantic (Los Angeles Metro station)\"). The proposed line would travel south on [Garfield Avenue](/wiki/Garfield_Avenue_%28Los_Angeles_County%29 \"Garfield Avenue (Los Angeles County)\") to the [Citadel Outlets](/wiki/Citadel_Outlets \"Citadel Outlets\") in [Commerce](/wiki/Commerce%2C_California \"Commerce, California\"), then turn east on [Washington Boulevard](/wiki/Washington_Boulevard_%28Los_Angeles%29 \"Washington Boulevard (Los Angeles)\") making stops in [Montebello](/wiki/Montebello%2C_California \"Montebello, California\"), [Pico Rivera](/wiki/Pico_Rivera%2C_California \"Pico Rivera, California\"), [Santa Fe Springs](/wiki/Santa_Fe_Springs%2C_California \"Santa Fe Springs, California\") and [Whittier](/wiki/Whittier%2C_California \"Whittier, California\"). The project is currently under environmental review, with a forecasted opening in 2035\\. When this project is completed, it will be served by the E Line.\n\n",
"Operations\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|[AnsaldoBreda P2550](/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_P2550 \"AnsaldoBreda P2550\") train at Highland Park](/wiki/File:Metro_Gold_Line_AnsaldoBreda_P2550.jpg \"Metro Gold Line AnsaldoBreda P2550.jpg\")\n\nThe L Line was operated by the [Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority](/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority \"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority\") (Metro). \n\n### Maintenance facilities\n\nThe L Line fleet is stored and maintained and is operated at Division 21 and Division 24\\. Division 21 is located on Vin Scully Drive (Elysian Park Drive) just north of North Broadway, overlooking the Los Angeles River, and Division 24 is located south of the I\\-210 freeway in Monrovia.\n\nAs of April 2023, Division 11 and Division 14 have been added to the operations of the L Line. Division 11 is situated at the end of 208th Street between I\\-710 and the Los Angeles River in North Long Beach within the A Line. Division 14 is situated between Centinela Avenue and Stewart Street in Santa Monica within the E Line.\n\n### Rolling stock\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|An eastbound trainset on the then\\-Gold Line using two Kinki Sharyo P3010s](/wiki/File:Gold_Line_leaving_Downtown_Los_Angeles_%2829720275683%29.jpg \"Gold Line leaving Downtown Los Angeles (29720275683).jpg\")\n\nL Line trains are typically two\\-car trains off\\-peak. During peak hours on weekdays, some three\\-car trains run. On New Year's Day, the L Line uses three\\-car trains for service to the [Tournament of Roses Parade](/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade \"Tournament of Roses Parade\") and the [Rose Bowl Game](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game \"Rose Bowl Game\").\n\nLike the A, C, E, and K lines, trains are composed of high\\-floor [articulated](/wiki/Articulated_vehicles \"Articulated vehicles\") light rail vehicles (LRVs). The [AnsaldoBreda P2550](/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_P2550 \"AnsaldoBreda P2550\"), the [Kinki Sharyo P3010](/wiki/Kinki_Sharyo_P3010 \"Kinki Sharyo P3010\"), or the [Siemens P2000](/wiki/Siemens_P2000 \"Siemens P2000\") operated the line. The P2000 initially operated the line in 2003 until 2012 when the fleet was transferred to increase availability at the [A Line](/wiki/A_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") yard for service as a result of the inauguration of the [E Line](/wiki/E_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"E Line (Los Angeles Metro)\"). During testing of the [Regional Connector](/wiki/Regional_Connector \"Regional Connector\"), the P2000 returned to L Line service as a result of training operations for post–Regional Connector service. Rolling stock is now shared between the A and E Lines, which subsumed the trackage of the L Line.\n\n",
"### Maintenance facilities\n\nThe L Line fleet is stored and maintained and is operated at Division 21 and Division 24\\. Division 21 is located on Vin Scully Drive (Elysian Park Drive) just north of North Broadway, overlooking the Los Angeles River, and Division 24 is located south of the I\\-210 freeway in Monrovia.\n\nAs of April 2023, Division 11 and Division 14 have been added to the operations of the L Line. Division 11 is situated at the end of 208th Street between I\\-710 and the Los Angeles River in North Long Beach within the A Line. Division 14 is situated between Centinela Avenue and Stewart Street in Santa Monica within the E Line.\n\n",
"### Rolling stock\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|An eastbound trainset on the then\\-Gold Line using two Kinki Sharyo P3010s](/wiki/File:Gold_Line_leaving_Downtown_Los_Angeles_%2829720275683%29.jpg \"Gold Line leaving Downtown Los Angeles (29720275683).jpg\")\n\nL Line trains are typically two\\-car trains off\\-peak. During peak hours on weekdays, some three\\-car trains run. On New Year's Day, the L Line uses three\\-car trains for service to the [Tournament of Roses Parade](/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade \"Tournament of Roses Parade\") and the [Rose Bowl Game](/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game \"Rose Bowl Game\").\n\nLike the A, C, E, and K lines, trains are composed of high\\-floor [articulated](/wiki/Articulated_vehicles \"Articulated vehicles\") light rail vehicles (LRVs). The [AnsaldoBreda P2550](/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_P2550 \"AnsaldoBreda P2550\"), the [Kinki Sharyo P3010](/wiki/Kinki_Sharyo_P3010 \"Kinki Sharyo P3010\"), or the [Siemens P2000](/wiki/Siemens_P2000 \"Siemens P2000\") operated the line. The P2000 initially operated the line in 2003 until 2012 when the fleet was transferred to increase availability at the [A Line](/wiki/A_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\") yard for service as a result of the inauguration of the [E Line](/wiki/E_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"E Line (Los Angeles Metro)\"). During testing of the [Regional Connector](/wiki/Regional_Connector \"Regional Connector\"), the P2000 returned to L Line service as a result of training operations for post–Regional Connector service. Rolling stock is now shared between the A and E Lines, which subsumed the trackage of the L Line.\n\n",
"Incidents\n---------\n\nThe following noteworthy incidents have occurred on the L Line since opening.\n\n* **September 11, 2007** – A driver was critically injured and six passengers, including an LA County Deputy Sheriff and the train operator, suffered minor injuries when a [pickup truck](/wiki/Pickup_truck \"Pickup truck\") ran a red light at Avenue 55 and Marmion Way before being hit by a train.\n* **September 21, 2007** – Six people suffered non\\-life\\-threatening injuries, including two minor injuries, after an SUV broke off the crossing arms and was struck by a northbound train (car 243\\) at Avenue 50 and Marmion Way in Mt. Washington. The vehicle caught fire, and a train section was also burnt. It was claimed that the female SUV driver had tried to beat the train. A resident extinguished the fire in the car with a garden hose before [Los Angeles Fire](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department \"Los Angeles Fire Department\") arrived. The train that suffered fire damage was repaired and later placed on the [Metro C Line](/wiki/C_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"C Line (Los Angeles Metro)\").\n* **October 13, 2007** – Service was suspended for 12 hours after a [big rig](/wiki/Big_rig \"Big rig\") hit the center divider of the eastbound [Foothill Freeway](/wiki/Foothill_Freeway \"Foothill Freeway\") at [Sierra Madre Boulevard](/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Boulevard \"Sierra Madre Boulevard\") and went on the tracks.\n* **August 26, 2011** – An altercation between passengers resulted in a non\\-fatal stabbing during a trip through Pasadena. The train was stopped at Memorial Park station, where the victim was transported to a hospital, and the suspect was detained.\n* **April 24, 2014** – Service was suspended between the Lake and Sierra Madre Villa stations after a collision between two tractor\\-trailers on the eastbound Foothill Freeway resulted in one vehicle landing on the line, damaging the rails and overhead wires. Full return to normal service took several days.\n* **March 6, 2016** – Service between Allen and Arcadia stations was disrupted for most of the evening, resuming Monday morning, one day after the opening of the Foothill Extension when a semi\\-truck driver lost control and sent his trailer onto the tracks.\n* **February 20, 2018** – A high\\-speed pursuit ended when the pursuit suspect drove into the tunnel between Soto and Indiana stations, suspending service.\n* **April 26, 2018** – An accident on the Foothill Freeway sent a [FedEx](/wiki/FedEx \"FedEx\") truck onto the tracks between Lake and Memorial Park stations, damaging the rails and overhead wires.\n* **November 27, 2018** – A man was fatally stabbed near the Azusa station.\n* **May 7, 2022** – A man was sprayed with a flammable liquid before being lit on fire at Lake Station. The man was seriously injured, but survived.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad](/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_San_Gabriel_Valley_Railroad \"Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Gold Line Eastside Extension website](https://www.metro.net/projects/foothill-extension/)\n* [Gold Line schedule](https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/28104929/804_TT_02-20-22_Revised.pdf)\n* [Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension Construction Authority](http://www.metrogoldline.org/) \n\n[Category:A Line (Los Angeles Metro)](/wiki/Category:A_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\")\n[Category:E Line (Los Angeles Metro)](/wiki/Category:E_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"E Line (Los Angeles Metro)\")\n[Category:L Line (Los Angeles Metro)](/wiki/Category:L_Line_%28Los_Angeles_Metro%29 \"L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\")\n[Category:Light rail in California](/wiki/Category:Light_rail_in_California \"Light rail in California\")\n[Category:Public transportation in Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:Public_transportation_in_Los_Angeles \"Public transportation in Los Angeles\")\n[Category:Public transportation in Los Angeles County, California](/wiki/Category:Public_transportation_in_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California \"Public transportation in Los Angeles County, California\")\n[Gold](/wiki/Category:Public_transportation_in_the_San_Gabriel_Valley \"Public transportation in the San Gabriel Valley\")\n[Gold](/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Pasadena%2C_California \"Transportation in Pasadena, California\")\n[Gold Line](/wiki/Category:Eastside_Los_Angeles \"Eastside Los Angeles\")\n[Gold Line](/wiki/Category:Northeast_Los_Angeles \"Northeast Los Angeles\")\n[Gold](/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_opened_in_2003 \"Railway lines opened in 2003\")\n[Gold](/wiki/Category:2003_establishments_in_California \"2003 establishments in California\")\n[Gold](/wiki/Category:San_Gabriel_Valley \"San Gabriel Valley\")\n[Category:Railway lines in highway medians](/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_in_highway_medians \"Railway lines in highway medians\")\n[Category:750 V DC railway electrification](/wiki/Category:750_V_DC_railway_electrification \"750 V DC railway electrification\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Regulation Colours
|
{
"id": [
237850
],
"name": [
"Catsmeat"
]
}
|
0aq6lxtoei4doeewzxiyu7upksvwpb4
|
2024-06-13T10:46:32Z
| 1,192,342,821 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"British Armed Forces colours",
"British Army",
"Guards Division",
"References",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|The Queen's colour of the [Coldstream Guards](/wiki/Coldstream_Guards \"Coldstream Guards\") in 2018\\.](/wiki/File:Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_MOD_45164080.jpg \"Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting MOD 45164080.jpg\")\nThe **Regulation Colours** are the [standard colours](/wiki/Military_colours%2C_standards_and_guidons \"Military colours, standards and guidons\") used in the armed forces of the countries of the [Commonwealth of Nations](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations \"Commonwealth of Nations\").\n\n",
"British Armed Forces colours\n----------------------------\n\n[British Armed Forces](/wiki/British_Armed_Forces \"British Armed Forces\") units usually carry two Regulation Colours: the Regulation King's Colour and Regulation Regimental Colour. These are often referred to as the [standard](/wiki/Standard_%28flag%29 \"Standard (flag)\") or [ensign](/wiki/Ensign_%28flag%29 \"Ensign (flag)\").\n\nColours are the identifying [battle flags](/wiki/War_flag \"War flag\") carried by military [regiments](/wiki/Regiment \"Regiment\") to show where their respective soldiers should rally in battle. Originally these were × in size, though have now been reduced to × , as regiments no longer carry their colours on the battlefield.\n\n### British Army\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|The Kings's colour of [Barrell’s Regiment of Foot](/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_%28Lancaster%29 \"King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)\") that was carried at the [Battle of Culloden](/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden \"Battle of Culloden\") in 1746\\. National Museum of Scotland, accession number M.1931\\.299\\.2](/wiki/File:King%27s_colour_of_the_King%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Foot_carried_at_Culloden.jpg \"King's colour of the King's Own Regiment of Foot carried at Culloden.jpg\")\n\nPrior to 1743, each infantry regiment of the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") was responsible for the design and quantity of standards carried, often with each company having its own design. In that year King [George II](/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain \"George II of Great Britain\") issued a [royal warrant](/wiki/Warrant_%28law%29 \"Warrant (law)\") to require each regiment to have, as their first colour, the King's colour. It was also to consist of the [Union Jack](/wiki/Union_Jack \"Union Jack\") throughout, as a symbol of royal allegiance. The second colour was to be the colour of the facings (uniform linings) of each regiment, with the Union flag in the upper canton. When regiments had red or white facings, this was to be replaced by the red cross of [St George](/wiki/St_George \"St George\") on a white background. Regiments with \"Royal\" designation or named after the members of the royal family, regardless of facings, used [royal blue](/wiki/Royal_blue \"Royal blue\") regimental colours (plus the optional Union Jack canton), Irish regiments green facings.\nA second royal warrant was issued in 1747, requiring the regimental number to be displayed on the colours. As many regiments at that time were known by the name of the regimental colonel instead of a number, this requirement was often ignored. On 1 July 1751 a third royal warrant was issued stating *\"No Colonel is to put his Arms, Crest, Device, or Livery on any part of the Appointments of the Regiment under his Command.\"* Company colours were phased out altogether, with the battalion colours of the regiment using the designs issued being the only sanctioned ones used.\n\nOver time, these colours have evolved to include the battle honours awarded to each regiment, though these have also been limited.\n\nThe last British Army regiment to carry its regimental colours into battle was the [58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot](/wiki/58th_%28Rutlandshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot \"58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot\") in January 1881 at the [Battle of Laing's Nek](/wiki/Battle_of_Laing%27s_Nek \"Battle of Laing's Nek\") during the [First Boer War](/wiki/First_Boer_War \"First Boer War\").\n\n[thumb\\|600px\\|Colours of the [Duke of Wellington's Regiment](/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment \"Duke of Wellington's Regiment\")](/wiki/File:DWR_Regimental_Colours_RLH.jpg \"DWR Regimental Colours RLH.jpg\")\nOnly one British regiment carries more than two colours on parade. This is the [Yorkshire Regiment](/wiki/Yorkshire_Regiment \"Yorkshire Regiment\"), who carry four colours. The second pair consists of a stand of honorary battle flags, which are the original size of 6 ft 6 in × 6 ft. These honorary colours, 'King's Honorary Colour' and 'Regimental Honorary Colour,' were originally awarded to the [76th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/76th_Regiment_of_Foot \"76th Regiment of Foot\"), which later became the 2nd Battalion of the [Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)](/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment \"Duke of Wellington's Regiment\") in 1808, by the Honorable [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") for their distinguished services during the [Battle of Ally Ghur](/wiki/Battle_of_Ally_Ghur \"Battle of Ally Ghur\") and again at [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") between 1802 and 1804\\.[British Army website \\- Yorks Honorary Colours](http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/YORKS_Honorary_Colours.pdf) In 1948 the 1st and 2nd Battalions merged and retained the Honorary Colours. In 2006 the Duke of Wellington's Regiment merged with the [Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Yorkshire \"Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire\") and the [Green Howards](/wiki/Green_Howards \"Green Howards\") to form the 'Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot)'.[British Army website \\- Yorkshire Regiment History](http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/26215.aspx)\n\nRifle regiments (today [The Rifles](/wiki/The_Rifles \"The Rifles\")) plus the [Brigade of Gurkhas](/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas \"Brigade of Gurkhas\") do not use colours at all owing to their role. The latter, however, carries the [Queen's Truncheon](/wiki/Queen%27s_Truncheon \"Queen's Truncheon\") awarded in 1857 instead.\n\n#### Guards Division\n\nUnlike the rest of the Army, all five [Foot Guards](/wiki/Foot_Guards \"Foot Guards\") infantry regiments sport a different variant pattern.\n\nGiven the status of the guards regiments as units under royal patronage and for the defence of the [British Royal Family](/wiki/British_royal_family \"British royal family\") and facilities belonging to them, the design of the colours are:\n\n* Queen's/King's Colour \\- Scarlet with the regimental insignia, arms and battle honours (Union Flag canton on the colours of any additional battalions)\n* Regimental Colours \\- Union Flag with regimental insignia and any battle honours\n\nUnlike most infantry regiments, all five carry all battle honours on both colours.\n\nUntil the 1820s, the Guards infantry carried company colours alongside the regimental battalion colours.\n\nA third colour, the Guards State Colour, is unique to the [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards \"Grenadier Guards\"), [Coldstream](/wiki/Coldstream_Guards \"Coldstream Guards\"), and [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards \"Scots Guards\"), and only used when the monarch is present. Their design is scarlet with the regimental insignia and arms at the centre with the [Royal Cypher](/wiki/Royal_cypher \"Royal cypher\") at the corners. No battle honours are present.\n\n",
"### British Army\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|The Kings's colour of [Barrell’s Regiment of Foot](/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_%28Lancaster%29 \"King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)\") that was carried at the [Battle of Culloden](/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden \"Battle of Culloden\") in 1746\\. National Museum of Scotland, accession number M.1931\\.299\\.2](/wiki/File:King%27s_colour_of_the_King%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Foot_carried_at_Culloden.jpg \"King's colour of the King's Own Regiment of Foot carried at Culloden.jpg\")\n\nPrior to 1743, each infantry regiment of the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") was responsible for the design and quantity of standards carried, often with each company having its own design. In that year King [George II](/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain \"George II of Great Britain\") issued a [royal warrant](/wiki/Warrant_%28law%29 \"Warrant (law)\") to require each regiment to have, as their first colour, the King's colour. It was also to consist of the [Union Jack](/wiki/Union_Jack \"Union Jack\") throughout, as a symbol of royal allegiance. The second colour was to be the colour of the facings (uniform linings) of each regiment, with the Union flag in the upper canton. When regiments had red or white facings, this was to be replaced by the red cross of [St George](/wiki/St_George \"St George\") on a white background. Regiments with \"Royal\" designation or named after the members of the royal family, regardless of facings, used [royal blue](/wiki/Royal_blue \"Royal blue\") regimental colours (plus the optional Union Jack canton), Irish regiments green facings.\nA second royal warrant was issued in 1747, requiring the regimental number to be displayed on the colours. As many regiments at that time were known by the name of the regimental colonel instead of a number, this requirement was often ignored. On 1 July 1751 a third royal warrant was issued stating *\"No Colonel is to put his Arms, Crest, Device, or Livery on any part of the Appointments of the Regiment under his Command.\"* Company colours were phased out altogether, with the battalion colours of the regiment using the designs issued being the only sanctioned ones used.\n\nOver time, these colours have evolved to include the battle honours awarded to each regiment, though these have also been limited.\n\nThe last British Army regiment to carry its regimental colours into battle was the [58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot](/wiki/58th_%28Rutlandshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot \"58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot\") in January 1881 at the [Battle of Laing's Nek](/wiki/Battle_of_Laing%27s_Nek \"Battle of Laing's Nek\") during the [First Boer War](/wiki/First_Boer_War \"First Boer War\").\n\n[thumb\\|600px\\|Colours of the [Duke of Wellington's Regiment](/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment \"Duke of Wellington's Regiment\")](/wiki/File:DWR_Regimental_Colours_RLH.jpg \"DWR Regimental Colours RLH.jpg\")\nOnly one British regiment carries more than two colours on parade. This is the [Yorkshire Regiment](/wiki/Yorkshire_Regiment \"Yorkshire Regiment\"), who carry four colours. The second pair consists of a stand of honorary battle flags, which are the original size of 6 ft 6 in × 6 ft. These honorary colours, 'King's Honorary Colour' and 'Regimental Honorary Colour,' were originally awarded to the [76th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/76th_Regiment_of_Foot \"76th Regiment of Foot\"), which later became the 2nd Battalion of the [Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)](/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment \"Duke of Wellington's Regiment\") in 1808, by the Honorable [East India Company](/wiki/British_East_India_Company \"British East India Company\") for their distinguished services during the [Battle of Ally Ghur](/wiki/Battle_of_Ally_Ghur \"Battle of Ally Ghur\") and again at [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") between 1802 and 1804\\.[British Army website \\- Yorks Honorary Colours](http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/YORKS_Honorary_Colours.pdf) In 1948 the 1st and 2nd Battalions merged and retained the Honorary Colours. In 2006 the Duke of Wellington's Regiment merged with the [Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire](/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Regiment_of_Yorkshire \"Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire\") and the [Green Howards](/wiki/Green_Howards \"Green Howards\") to form the 'Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot)'.[British Army website \\- Yorkshire Regiment History](http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/26215.aspx)\n\nRifle regiments (today [The Rifles](/wiki/The_Rifles \"The Rifles\")) plus the [Brigade of Gurkhas](/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas \"Brigade of Gurkhas\") do not use colours at all owing to their role. The latter, however, carries the [Queen's Truncheon](/wiki/Queen%27s_Truncheon \"Queen's Truncheon\") awarded in 1857 instead.\n\n#### Guards Division\n\nUnlike the rest of the Army, all five [Foot Guards](/wiki/Foot_Guards \"Foot Guards\") infantry regiments sport a different variant pattern.\n\nGiven the status of the guards regiments as units under royal patronage and for the defence of the [British Royal Family](/wiki/British_royal_family \"British royal family\") and facilities belonging to them, the design of the colours are:\n\n* Queen's/King's Colour \\- Scarlet with the regimental insignia, arms and battle honours (Union Flag canton on the colours of any additional battalions)\n* Regimental Colours \\- Union Flag with regimental insignia and any battle honours\n\nUnlike most infantry regiments, all five carry all battle honours on both colours.\n\nUntil the 1820s, the Guards infantry carried company colours alongside the regimental battalion colours.\n\nA third colour, the Guards State Colour, is unique to the [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards \"Grenadier Guards\"), [Coldstream](/wiki/Coldstream_Guards \"Coldstream Guards\"), and [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards \"Scots Guards\"), and only used when the monarch is present. Their design is scarlet with the regimental insignia and arms at the centre with the [Royal Cypher](/wiki/Royal_cypher \"Royal cypher\") at the corners. No battle honours are present.\n\n",
"#### Guards Division\n\nUnlike the rest of the Army, all five [Foot Guards](/wiki/Foot_Guards \"Foot Guards\") infantry regiments sport a different variant pattern.\n\nGiven the status of the guards regiments as units under royal patronage and for the defence of the [British Royal Family](/wiki/British_royal_family \"British royal family\") and facilities belonging to them, the design of the colours are:\n\n* Queen's/King's Colour \\- Scarlet with the regimental insignia, arms and battle honours (Union Flag canton on the colours of any additional battalions)\n* Regimental Colours \\- Union Flag with regimental insignia and any battle honours\n\nUnlike most infantry regiments, all five carry all battle honours on both colours.\n\nUntil the 1820s, the Guards infantry carried company colours alongside the regimental battalion colours.\n\nA third colour, the Guards State Colour, is unique to the [Grenadier](/wiki/Grenadier_Guards \"Grenadier Guards\"), [Coldstream](/wiki/Coldstream_Guards \"Coldstream Guards\"), and [Scots Guards](/wiki/Scots_Guards \"Scots Guards\"), and only used when the monarch is present. Their design is scarlet with the regimental insignia and arms at the centre with the [Royal Cypher](/wiki/Royal_cypher \"Royal cypher\") at the corners. No battle honours are present.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Military colours, standards and guidons](/wiki/Military_colours%2C_standards_and_guidons \"Military colours, standards and guidons\")\n\n[Category:Military of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Military of the United Kingdom\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Mismi
|
{
"id": [
11774442
],
"name": [
"Smallchief"
]
}
|
8suu2zmj6osnccdsz8pzooh9xgi5iw7
|
2024-03-09T08:55:06Z
| 1,186,114,959 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Location",
"The Cousteau Amazon Expedition",
"National Geographic Society Expedition",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Mismi** is a mountain peak of [volcanic](/wiki/Volcano \"Volcano\") origin in the [Chila mountain range](/wiki/Chila_mountain_range \"Chila mountain range\") in the [Andes](/wiki/Andes \"Andes\") of [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\"). A glacial stream on the Mismi was identified as the most distant source of the [Amazon River](/wiki/Amazon_River \"Amazon River\") in 1996;[Source of the Amazon River Identified (Jacek Palkiewicz)](http://www.palkiewicz.com/ekspedycje/index.php?p=zrodl_amaz) this finding was confirmed in 2001 and again in 2007\\. This claim has been challenged with three locations for the source of the Amazon identified, depending upon the definition of \"source.\"Contos, James and Tripcevich, Nicholas (2014\\), \"Correct Placement of the most distant stream of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River Drainage,\" *Wiley Online Library,*, p. 38, [https://rgs\\-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1111/ara.12069](https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ara.12069), accessed 6 Oct 2018 \nThe waters from Mismi flow into the streams [Carhuasanta](/wiki/Carhuasanta \"Carhuasanta\") and Apachita, which flow into the [Apurímac River](/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_River \"Apurímac River\"). It is a tributary of the [Ucayali](/wiki/Ucayali \"Ucayali\") which later joins the [Marañón](/wiki/Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River \"Marañón River\") to form the Amazon proper.\n\n",
"Location\n--------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|The Amazon originates from a cliff at Mismi, with a sole sign of a wooden cross.](/wiki/File:Amazon_origin_at_Mismi.jpg \"Amazon origin at Mismi.jpg\")\n\nMismi is about west of [Lake Titicaca](/wiki/Lake_Titicaca \"Lake Titicaca\") and southeast of Peru's capital city, [Lima](/wiki/Lima \"Lima\"), in the [Arequipa Region](/wiki/Arequipa_Region \"Arequipa Region\"). It is one of the highest points of [Colca Canyon](/wiki/Colca_Canyon \"Colca Canyon\"). There are several glaciers on the peak.\n\n",
"The Cousteau Amazon Expedition\n------------------------------\n\nIn 1982 [Jean\\-Michel Cousteau](/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau \"Jean-Michel Cousteau\") led a large scale scientific exploration of the Amazon from its mouth to its origin. The \"Cousteau Amazon Expedition\"[One Cold Day](http://www.rcmurph.com/menu/author/articles/one-cold-day.pdf) cost eleven million dollars and culminated in a six\\-hour television documentary titled \"Cousteau's Amazon\" released in 1983\\. It offered study information to last years and gave insights into the biology and geology of the largest river system on earth. This expedition was broken into three separate groups and the upper Amazon section was covered by \"The Flying Expedition\" tasked with exploring the upper third to Arequipa from the river's origin.\n\nTraditionally, explorers and geographers define the origin of a river system by tracking the longest tributaries while heading upstream, as volume can change dramatically from month to month. In a system as complex as the Amazon basin with dozen of streams as candidates in previously poorly mapped areas, no consensus could plausibly be substantiated for some time, and the origin was left to speculation. Half a dozen sites claimed title to \"The Origin of the Amazon\" and until 1982 several were in the running. But, in 1971, [Loren McIntyre](/wiki/Loren_McIntyre \"Loren McIntyre\") discovered the true source of the Amazon before anyone else. This has since been confirmed by satellite.\n\nUsing an international team of twelve and bringing in expeditionary specialists from Germany, France, Argentina, Peru and the US, Jean\\-Michel Cousteau put together resources and logistics spanning a thousand miles of unknown jungle.\n\nThe Upper Amazon expedition (The Flying Expedition) included an Eastern European multi\\-axled articulated Land Rover for use on land, a float plane Papagaiu, for air support and reconnaissance, and the Peruvian Air Force offered a high elevation helicopter to reach the upper levels of the [Chila mountain range](/wiki/Chila_mountain_range \"Chila mountain range\") in [Peru](/wiki/Peru \"Peru\").\n\nExpedition support bases were established in [Cuzco](/wiki/Cuzco \"Cuzco\"), in the mountains, in [Arequipa](/wiki/Arequipa \"Arequipa\"), and high in the Chilca mountain range at [Caylloma](/wiki/Caylloma_District \"Caylloma District\") for the quest to find the origin of the Amazon. Many locations were remote, making it necessary to surmount language, terrain and logistical difficulties, as the mountain team made their way up the Selinque River to the flanks of the Mismi. At this mountain's base, Cousteau dispatched a team of German alpinists who climbed the volcano and returned in two days. During their descent, they found melt water dropping into a fissure. This cleft varied from two meters to half a meter wide, angling down the slope. This stream flowed nearly fifty meters before disappearing, emerging again lower downstream to flow between stones and continue its course. They discovered that within the fissure, the water was deep enough to float a small craft, and realized that they were presented with an opportunity. Utilizing pack llamas, kayaker Caril Ridley was brought to the site, and in June 1982, navigating by kayak, became the first person to run the origins of the Amazon. Later expeditions refined the understanding of the river's many origins and its subsequent course to the Atlantic Ocean.\n\n",
"National Geographic Society Expedition\n--------------------------------------\n\nIn 2001, it was verified that one of the headwaters of the Amazon River has its glacial source on the Mismi. An expedition of the [National Geographic Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society \"National Geographic Society\") discovered that the Qarwasanta stream flowing into Apurímac River originates on the northern slopes of the mountain and then runs its course through other tributaries and rivers to help form the main Amazon River. [Brazilian](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") scientists in 2007 confirmed that the headwaters of Apurímac River are the source of the Amazon River and pointed to Mismi as the most probable source of the Amazon.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Carhuasanta](/wiki/Carhuasanta \"Carhuasanta\"), the source of the Amazon\n* [Cantumayo](/wiki/Cantumayo \"Cantumayo\")\n* [Ripon Falls](/wiki/Ripon_Falls \"Ripon Falls\"), considered to be the source of the [Nile](/wiki/Nile \"Nile\") river\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Landscapes of the Soul](http://www.landscapesofthesoul.com/?page_id=342) \\- photos and story of a solo hike to the Source of the Amazon via the continental divide.\n\n[Mismi](/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Peru \"Mountains of Peru\")\n[Category:Upper Amazon](/wiki/Category:Upper_Amazon \"Upper Amazon\")\n[Category:Mountains of Arequipa Region](/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Arequipa_Region \"Mountains of Arequipa Region\")\n[Category:Five\\-thousanders of the Andes](/wiki/Category:Five-thousanders_of_the_Andes \"Five-thousanders of the Andes\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Gracillarioidea
|
{
"id": [
14423536
],
"name": [
"Plantdrew"
]
}
|
dvqec4r9y0lwbeqqahu67gsrjrzq8a4
|
2023-06-30T21:29:38Z
| 999,533,804 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * \n\n**Gracillarioidea** is a large superfamily containing four families of [insects](/wiki/Insect \"Insect\") in the order [Lepidoptera](/wiki/Lepidoptera \"Lepidoptera\"). These generally small [moths](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") are miners in plant tissue as [caterpillars](/wiki/Caterpillars \"Caterpillars\"). There are about 113 described genera distributed worldwide, the most commonly encountered of which are [leaf miners](/wiki/Leaf_miner \"Leaf miner\") in the family [Gracillariidae](/wiki/Gracillariidae \"Gracillariidae\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Davis, D.R, and Robinson, G.S. (1999\\). The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N.P. (ed.), *Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography*. Handbuch der Zoologie **4** (35\\): 91\\-117\\. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, New York.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Tree of Life](http://tolweb.org/Gracillarioidea)\n\n[Category:Lepidoptera superfamilies](/wiki/Category:Lepidoptera_superfamilies \"Lepidoptera superfamilies\")\n[Category:Leaf miners](/wiki/Category:Leaf_miners \"Leaf miners\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Agrarian Labour Action Party
|
{
"id": [
152145
],
"name": [
"Red dwarf"
]
}
|
sahhjdzr5zl1i0ehczg1d6fnx1rybdk
|
2024-10-05T07:30:09Z
| 1,165,842,087 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Agricultural Labour Action Party** () was a [political party](/wiki/Political_party \"Political party\") in [Costa Rica](/wiki/Costa_Rica \"Costa Rica\").\n\nThe party was founded after the end of the [Agrarian Politics Union Party](/wiki/Agrarian_Politics_Union_Party \"Agrarian Politics Union Party\"). The first general elections contested by the party were in [1990](/wiki/1990_Costa_Rican_general_election \"1990 Costa Rican general election\"), in which it received only 0\\.4% of the vote, and failed to win a seat. In [1994](/wiki/1994_Costa_Rican_general_election \"1994 Costa Rican general election\") its vote share dropped to 0\\.3%, again failing to win a seat. In [1998](/wiki/1998_Costa_Rican_general_election \"1998 Costa Rican general election\"), its electoral performance improved, as it received 1\\.2% of the national vote and winning its first seat. However, in [2002](/wiki/2002_Costa_Rican_general_election \"2002 Costa Rican general election\"), its vote share dropped to 0\\.7% and it lost its parliamentary representation.[Nohlen, D](/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen \"Dieter Nohlen\") (2005\\) *Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I*, p175 \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Agrarian parties in Costa Rica](/wiki/Category:Agrarian_parties_in_Costa_Rica \"Agrarian parties in Costa Rica\")\n[Category:Labour parties](/wiki/Category:Labour_parties \"Labour parties\")\n[Category:Political parties in Costa Rica](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Costa_Rica \"Political parties in Costa Rica\")\n[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing](/wiki/Category:Political_parties_with_year_of_establishment_missing \"Political parties with year of establishment missing\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
Betts v. Brady
|
{
"id": [
32116043
],
"name": [
"射命丸"
]
}
|
4xoc44dtfew87wzwfrbvvqluf69bxhr
|
2024-05-13T16:04:21Z
| 1,223,667,344 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Issue",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Betts v. Brady***, 316 U.S. 455 (1942\\), was a landmark [United States Supreme Court](/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States \"Supreme Court of the United States\") case that denied counsel to indigent defendants prosecuted by a state. The reinforcement that such a case is not to be reckoned as denial of [fundamental due process](/wiki/Due_process \"Due process\") was famously overruled by *[Gideon v. Wainwright](/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright \"Gideon v. Wainwright\")*. In the dissent, Justice Hugo Black famously opined that \"A practice cannot be reconciled with \"common and fundamental ideas of fairness and right which subjects innocent men to increased dangers of conviction merely because of their poverty.\"\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nIn its decision in *[Johnson v. Zerbst](/wiki/Johnson_v._Zerbst \"Johnson v. Zerbst\")*, the Supreme Court had held that defendants in federal courts had a right to counsel guaranteed by the [Sixth Amendment](/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"). In *[Powell v. Alabama](/wiki/Powell_v._Alabama \"Powell v. Alabama\")*, the Court had held that state defendants in capital cases were entitled to counsel, even when they could not afford it; however, the right to an attorney in trials in the states was not yet obligatory in all cases as it was in federal courts under *Johnson v. Zerbst*. In *Betts v. Brady*, Betts was indicted for robbery and upon his request for counsel, the trial judge refused, forcing Betts to represent himself. He was convicted of robbery, a conviction he eventually appealed to the Supreme Court on the basis that he was being held unlawfully because he had been denied counsel.\n\nBetts filed [writ of habeas corpus](/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus \"Writ of habeas corpus\") at the Circuit Court for [Washington County, Maryland](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Maryland \"Washington County, Maryland\"), and claimed that he had been denied counsel. He then filed a petition for writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, the state's ultimate appellate court. All of his petitions were denied. Finally, he filed for [certiorari](/wiki/Certiorari \"Certiorari\") to the Supreme Court.\n\n",
"Issue\n-----\n\nIn a 6–3 decision, the Court found that Betts did not have the right to be appointed counsel with Justice [Hugo Black](/wiki/Hugo_Black \"Hugo Black\") emphatically dissenting. In the majority opinion, Justice [Owen Roberts](/wiki/Owen_Roberts \"Owen Roberts\") stated,\n\nThroughout the opinion, Roberts continually makes the point that not all defendants in all cases will need the assistance of counsel in order to receive a fair trial with [due process](/wiki/Due_process \"Due process\"). Roberts appears to be of the opinion that while counsel may be necessary to receive a fair trial in some cases, it is not necessary in all cases. However, in his dissent, Black wrote:\n\nBlack stated in his dissent that the denial of counsel based on financial stability makes it that those in poverty have an increased chance of conviction, which is not equal protection of the laws under the [Fourteenth Amendment](/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"). During his dissent, Black also cited *[Johnson v. Zerbst](/wiki/Johnson_v._Zerbst \"Johnson v. Zerbst\")* and made the point that had the proceedings of Betts's case been held in federal court, his petition for counsel to be appointed to him would have been accepted, and counsel would have been appointed. Black argued that because this right was guaranteed in federal courts, the Fourteenth Amendment should make the right obligatory upon the states, but the majority disagreed. Black argued also that a man of even average intelligence could not possibly be expected to represent himself without any training in such matters as the law.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 316](/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_316 \"List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 316\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1942 in United States case law](/wiki/Category:1942_in_United_States_case_law \"1942 in United States case law\")\n[Category:United States Supreme Court cases](/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases \"United States Supreme Court cases\")\n[Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court](/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Stone_Court \"United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court\")\n[Category:United States Sixth Amendment appointment of counsel case law](/wiki/Category:United_States_Sixth_Amendment_appointment_of_counsel_case_law \"United States Sixth Amendment appointment of counsel case law\")\n[Category:American Civil Liberties Union litigation](/wiki/Category:American_Civil_Liberties_Union_litigation \"American Civil Liberties Union litigation\")\n[Category:Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions](/wiki/Category:Overruled_United_States_Supreme_Court_decisions \"Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions\")\n\n"
]
}
|
International Bridge
|
{
"id": [
11360876
],
"name": [
"Useddenim"
]
}
|
cgq4so75xzaclnut4tpxqeyvvbbbhz9
|
2022-11-28T15:11:29Z
| 876,449,621 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"International Bridge",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**International Bridge** may refer to:\n\n* [Baudette\\-Rainy River International Bridge](/wiki/Baudette-Rainy_River_International_Bridge \"Baudette-Rainy River International Bridge\"), connecting Rainy River, Ontario and Baudette, Minnesota\n* [Fort Frances\\-International Falls International Bridge](/wiki/Fort_Frances-International_Falls_International_Bridge \"Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge\"), connecting Fort Frances, Ontario and International Falls, Minnesota\n* [International Railway Bridge](/wiki/International_Railway_Bridge \"International Railway Bridge\"), a railroad bridge connecting Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York\n* [Laredo International Bridge 1](/wiki/Laredo_International_Bridge_1 \"Laredo International Bridge 1\"), connecting Laredo, Texas and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas\n* [Laredo International Bridge 2](/wiki/Laredo_International_Bridge_2 \"Laredo International Bridge 2\"), connecting Laredo, Texas and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas\n* [Laredo International Bridge 3](/wiki/Laredo_International_Bridge_3 \"Laredo International Bridge 3\"), connecting Laredo, Texas and Colombia, Nuevo León\n* [Laredo International Bridge 4](/wiki/Laredo_International_Bridge_4 \"Laredo International Bridge 4\"), connecting Laredo, Texas and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas\n* [Laredo International Railway Bridge](/wiki/Laredo_International_Railway_Bridge \"Laredo International Railway Bridge\"), connecting Laredo, Texas and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas\n* [Pharr\\-Reynosa International Bridge](/wiki/Pharr-Reynosa_International_Bridge \"Pharr-Reynosa International Bridge\"), connecting Pharr, Texas and Reynosa, Tamaulipas\n* [Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_International_Bridge \"Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge\"), connecting Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan\n* [Seaway International Bridge](/wiki/Seaway_International_Bridge \"Seaway International Bridge\"), connecting Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [International Railway Bridge (disambiguation)](/wiki/International_Railway_Bridge_%28disambiguation%29 \"International Railway Bridge (disambiguation)\")\n\n* [:Category:International bridges](/wiki/International_bridges \"International bridges\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Escapist (character)
|
{
"id": [
3742946
],
"name": [
"NinjaRobotPirate"
]
}
|
bfih2azhab9prwiing272kvhd9wgfdr
|
2024-09-27T02:29:38Z
| 1,247,321,555 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Publication history",
"''Kavalier & Clay''",
"Comics adaptation",
"Character history",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Escapist** is a [superhero](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") character created by [Michael Chabon](/wiki/Michael_Chabon \"Michael Chabon\") in the 2000 novel *[The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier \\& Clay](/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay \"The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay\")*. In the novel, the Escapist is a fictional character created by the comics writer protagonists. The character later featured in the [metafictional](/wiki/Metafiction \"Metafiction\") work *Michael Chabon Presents the Amazing Adventures of the Escapist* and [Brian K. Vaughan](/wiki/Brian_K._Vaughan \"Brian K. Vaughan\")'s comic *The Escapists*.\n\nChabon created the Escapist as an homage to the heroes of the [Golden Age of Comic Books](/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books \"Golden Age of Comic Books\"). The character's abilities as an escape artist are inspired by escape artist [Harry Houdini](/wiki/Harry_Houdini \"Harry Houdini\") as well as [Robin Hood](/wiki/Robin_Hood \"Robin Hood\") and [Albert Schweitzer](/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer \"Albert Schweitzer\"). Another inspiration was the early [illusionist](/wiki/Illusionist \"Illusionist\") career of comic book artist [Jim Steranko](/wiki/Jim_Steranko \"Jim Steranko\").[real kavaliers \\& clays](https://web.archive.org/web/20080117214428/http://www.sugarbombs.com/kavalier/realkavaliers.html)\n\n",
"Publication history\n-------------------\n\n### *Kavalier \\& Clay*\n\nIntroduced in Chabon's novel in 2000, the Escapist is said to be the creation of the book's [protagonists](/wiki/Protagonist \"Protagonist\"), the cousins Joe Kavalier and Sam Clay, a pair of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") comic book creators in the 1930s and 1940s. The character's [modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi \"Modus operandi\") is part of a recurring theme of [escapism](/wiki/Escapism \"Escapism\") in the novel, representing the imaginative and positive effects of escapism in [superhero](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") comics as well as Kavalier and Clay's attempts to escape from the troubles of their past. Joe Kavalier has fled to America from [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\")\\-occupied [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), leaving the rest of his family behind. Unable to help them, he starts fleeing from himself and everyone trying to get close to him. Sam Clay also wants to escape from himself – both his [polio](/wiki/Polio \"Polio\")\\-stricken body and repressed [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\").\n\nWithin the story, the Escapist makes his first appearance in *Amazing Midget Radio Comics* \\#1, published by Empire Comics, a former novelty device company. He provides Kavalier and Clay with a measure of success and fame. However, having signed the rights to the character to the publisher, they make comparatively little from the massively successful character.\n\n### Comics adaptation\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Writer [Brian K. Vaughan](/wiki/Brian_K._Vaughan \"Brian K. Vaughan\") signing a copy of the comics adaptation at [Midtown Comics](/wiki/Midtown_Comics \"Midtown Comics\") in Manhattan](/wiki/File:3.15.12BrianKVaughanByLuigiNovi37.jpg \"3.15.12BrianKVaughanByLuigiNovi37.jpg\")\nIn [2004](/wiki/2004_in_comics \"2004 in comics\"), Chabon teamed with [Dark Horse Comics](/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics \"Dark Horse Comics\") to create an actual comic book series of the Escapist. Named *Michael Chabon Presents the Amazing Adventures of the Escapist*, the comic chronicled the supposed decades\\-long publishing history of the character. The stories and text pieces were written with the concept that Kavalier and Clay were real people and that the Escapist had actually been a character from the Golden Age of Comics. As such, the stories in the anthology were frequently written and drawn in older or simpler styles, in homage to the comics of past eras.\n\nIn addition to the Escapist himself, the comic featured stories of other characters supposedly created by Kavalier and Clay, such as the heroine Luna Moth and [villains](/wiki/Villain \"Villain\") such as the gun\\-wielding Mr. Machine Gun or The Saboteur.\n\nThe comic book won \"[Best Anthology](/wiki/Eisner_Award_for_Best_Anthology \"Eisner Award for Best Anthology\")\" at the 2005 [Eisner Awards](/wiki/Eisner_Award \"Eisner Award\"). It is also notable for featuring the final story of [The Spirit](/wiki/Spirit_%28comics_character%29 \"Spirit (comics character)\") by the late [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner \"Will Eisner\"), which appeared in issue \\#6 of *The Escapist*.\n\nIn [2006](/wiki/2006_in_comics \"2006 in comics\"), writer [Brian K. Vaughan](/wiki/Brian_K._Vaughan \"Brian K. Vaughan\") took on a 6\\-part miniseries titled *The Escapists*, which follows a longtime fan's dreams of reviving the character in all new comic adventures. Partly mirroring the story of Kavalier and Clay, *The Escapists* focuses on [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\")\\-born Jewish writer Max Roth, whose late father was an avid Escapist fan. Using his inheritance money to buy the rights to the character, Max teams with artist Case Weaver and letterer Denny Jones, the latter of whom dresses as the Escapist and stops a crime in an attempt to stir up publicity for their comic. Inevitably, things begin to spiral out of the trio's control.\n\n",
"### *Kavalier \\& Clay*\n\nIntroduced in Chabon's novel in 2000, the Escapist is said to be the creation of the book's [protagonists](/wiki/Protagonist \"Protagonist\"), the cousins Joe Kavalier and Sam Clay, a pair of [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") comic book creators in the 1930s and 1940s. The character's [modus operandi](/wiki/Modus_operandi \"Modus operandi\") is part of a recurring theme of [escapism](/wiki/Escapism \"Escapism\") in the novel, representing the imaginative and positive effects of escapism in [superhero](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") comics as well as Kavalier and Clay's attempts to escape from the troubles of their past. Joe Kavalier has fled to America from [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi \"Nazi\")\\-occupied [Prague](/wiki/Prague \"Prague\") in [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), leaving the rest of his family behind. Unable to help them, he starts fleeing from himself and everyone trying to get close to him. Sam Clay also wants to escape from himself – both his [polio](/wiki/Polio \"Polio\")\\-stricken body and repressed [homosexuality](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\").\n\nWithin the story, the Escapist makes his first appearance in *Amazing Midget Radio Comics* \\#1, published by Empire Comics, a former novelty device company. He provides Kavalier and Clay with a measure of success and fame. However, having signed the rights to the character to the publisher, they make comparatively little from the massively successful character.\n\n",
"### Comics adaptation\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Writer [Brian K. Vaughan](/wiki/Brian_K._Vaughan \"Brian K. Vaughan\") signing a copy of the comics adaptation at [Midtown Comics](/wiki/Midtown_Comics \"Midtown Comics\") in Manhattan](/wiki/File:3.15.12BrianKVaughanByLuigiNovi37.jpg \"3.15.12BrianKVaughanByLuigiNovi37.jpg\")\nIn [2004](/wiki/2004_in_comics \"2004 in comics\"), Chabon teamed with [Dark Horse Comics](/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics \"Dark Horse Comics\") to create an actual comic book series of the Escapist. Named *Michael Chabon Presents the Amazing Adventures of the Escapist*, the comic chronicled the supposed decades\\-long publishing history of the character. The stories and text pieces were written with the concept that Kavalier and Clay were real people and that the Escapist had actually been a character from the Golden Age of Comics. As such, the stories in the anthology were frequently written and drawn in older or simpler styles, in homage to the comics of past eras.\n\nIn addition to the Escapist himself, the comic featured stories of other characters supposedly created by Kavalier and Clay, such as the heroine Luna Moth and [villains](/wiki/Villain \"Villain\") such as the gun\\-wielding Mr. Machine Gun or The Saboteur.\n\nThe comic book won \"[Best Anthology](/wiki/Eisner_Award_for_Best_Anthology \"Eisner Award for Best Anthology\")\" at the 2005 [Eisner Awards](/wiki/Eisner_Award \"Eisner Award\"). It is also notable for featuring the final story of [The Spirit](/wiki/Spirit_%28comics_character%29 \"Spirit (comics character)\") by the late [Will Eisner](/wiki/Will_Eisner \"Will Eisner\"), which appeared in issue \\#6 of *The Escapist*.\n\nIn [2006](/wiki/2006_in_comics \"2006 in comics\"), writer [Brian K. Vaughan](/wiki/Brian_K._Vaughan \"Brian K. Vaughan\") took on a 6\\-part miniseries titled *The Escapists*, which follows a longtime fan's dreams of reviving the character in all new comic adventures. Partly mirroring the story of Kavalier and Clay, *The Escapists* focuses on [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland \"Cleveland\")\\-born Jewish writer Max Roth, whose late father was an avid Escapist fan. Using his inheritance money to buy the rights to the character, Max teams with artist Case Weaver and letterer Denny Jones, the latter of whom dresses as the Escapist and stops a crime in an attempt to stir up publicity for their comic. Inevitably, things begin to spiral out of the trio's control.\n\n",
"Character history\n-----------------\n\nThe Escapist's true identity is Tom Mayflower. He is the crippled nephew of escape artist Max Mayflower (who performs under the stage name of Misterioso). When Max is fatally shot while performing onstage, he reveals that he isn't his real uncle, having rescued him from a cruel orphanage as a baby. He gives Tom a golden key and a costume, explaining that he was recruited long ago by a mysterious organization called the League of the Golden Key to fight tyranny and free the oppressed. With his dying breath, Max commissions Tom to carry on his work. As long as Tom is wearing the costume and the key, he finds that he is no longer lame of leg and can perform amazing feats of [escapology](/wiki/Escapology \"Escapology\"). Tom uses his powers to fight crime under the guise of the Escapist, especially against the evil forces of the mysterious criminal network, the Iron Chain.\n\nLike [The Shadow](/wiki/The_Shadow \"The Shadow\"), the Escapist is assisted in his quest by specially gifted agents, his [sidekicks](/wiki/Sidekick \"Sidekick\"), who include the former [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") strongman Big Al, exotic [Asian](/wiki/Asian_people \"Asian people\") beauty Miss Plum Blossom, and Omar, an [East Indian](/wiki/India \"India\") [mystic](/wiki/Mysticism \"Mysticism\") who possesses the power of [hypnosis](/wiki/Hypnosis \"Hypnosis\").\n\nThe Escapist is also sometimes aided by his benefactors, the League of the Golden Key, a secret society dedicated to freeing the oppressed and imprisoned. They are the source of the mystic key that grants the Escapist his powers, having granted it to Tom's uncle after freeing him from kidnappers when he was younger. \n\nDuring [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), the League makes the Escapist an emergency Champion of Freedom and grants him full access to the powers of the Golden Key. This temporarily grants the Escapist superhuman strength and agility, allowing him to openly combat the Axis forces (coinciding in the novel with Joe Kavalier's feeling of helplessness as the war continues to rage on, while he is unable to rescue his family from Nazi\\-occupied Europe). Following the war, the Escapist's abilities return to their original level.\n\nIn the comic\\-within\\-a\\-comic sequences of *The Escapists*, Tom's final fate is revealed, and a new Escapist takes up the mantle of the hero. Things are not quite as they appear, however.\n\nIn a story meant to embody and comment on the darker \"grim and gritty\" trend of modern comics, the original Escapist is said to have been killed in action, leaving a young locksmith as his successor. The new Escapist is aided by a new Luna Moth, who claims to be the original Escapist's daughter. She is soon revealed as a fraud however and betrays him to his enemies. When all seems lost, the dark and violent world fades, revealed as a dream of Tom Mayflower, still very much alive. This coincides in the \"real world\" with Max Roth losing the rights to the Escapist to a corporation that prefers to revert the series to its classic style.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Interview with Michael Chabon about *The Escapist*](http://www.darkhorse.com/news/interviews.php?id=907)\n\n[Category:2004 comics debuts](/wiki/Category:2004_comics_debuts \"2004 comics debuts\")\n[Category:Comics characters introduced in 2004](/wiki/Category:Comics_characters_introduced_in_2004 \"Comics characters introduced in 2004\")\n[Category:Comics based on novels](/wiki/Category:Comics_based_on_novels \"Comics based on novels\")\n[Category:Dark Horse Comics superheroes](/wiki/Category:Dark_Horse_Comics_superheroes \"Dark Horse Comics superheroes\")\n[Category:Dark Horse Comics titles](/wiki/Category:Dark_Horse_Comics_titles \"Dark Horse Comics titles\")\n[Category:Fictional escapologists](/wiki/Category:Fictional_escapologists \"Fictional escapologists\")\n[Category:Fictional Jews in comics](/wiki/Category:Fictional_Jews_in_comics \"Fictional Jews in comics\")\n[Category:Jewish superheroes](/wiki/Category:Jewish_superheroes \"Jewish superheroes\")\n\n"
]
}
|
John Stevenson (scriptwriter)
|
{
"id": [
9021902
],
"name": [
"FrescoBot"
]
}
|
inid1auew3t4ocl9p15glkdktqtheo2
|
2023-10-05T01:33:59Z
| 1,175,354,287 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Television writing",
"Personal life and death",
"Awards",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**John Stevenson** (10 May 1937 – 5 September 2023\\) was a British screenwriter who, between 1976 and 2006, was a regular writer on Britain's longest\\-running [soap opera](/wiki/Soap_opera \"Soap opera\"), *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street \"Coronation Street\")*.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nStevenson was born in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") in 1937\\. He attended the [London School of Economics](/wiki/London_School_of_Economics \"London School of Economics\") and was originally a newspaper journalist. He wrote for the *[Oldham Evening Chronicle](/wiki/Oldham_Evening_Chronicle \"Oldham Evening Chronicle\")* from 1958 to 1964, and then worked as an entertainment journalist and theatre critic for the *[Daily Mail](/wiki/Daily_Mail \"Daily Mail\")*, based in Manchester.\n\n",
"Television writing\n------------------\n\nStevenson moved into screenwriting after producer [Peter Eckersley](/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_%28TV_producer%29 \"Peter Eckersley (TV producer)\") showed him a sitcom pilot entitled *Her Majesty's Pleasure*, and asked him to come up with story ideas. Stevenson worked on the show during its run from 1968 to 1969, writing with [Leslie Duxbury](/wiki/Leslie_Duxbury \"Leslie Duxbury\"). He continued to write comedy through the 1970s, with his credits including *The Last of the Baskets* and *How's Your Father?* He co\\-wrote the popular comedy\\-drama *[Brass](/wiki/Brass_%28TV_series%29 \"Brass (TV series)\")* with Julian Roach in the 1980s and in 1994, the sitcom, *Mother's Ruin*, starring [Roy Barraclough](/wiki/Roy_Barraclough \"Roy Barraclough\"). However, this was not a ratings success and only ran for one series.\n\nIn 1976, Stevenson began writing for *[Coronation Street](/wiki/Coronation_Street \"Coronation Street\")*, where he worked on 447 episodes over the next thirty years.\n\n",
"Personal life and death\n-----------------------\n\nStevenson married Barbara Sutcliffe in 1957; they had two children and later divorced. In 1977, he married Sheila McGregor, though their marriage also ended in divorce. He married Myra Davies in 1985; they had three children and remained together until Stevenson's death, from complications of [Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\"), on 5 September 2023, at the age of 86\\.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nStevenson won the Special Achievement Award at the [2005 British Soap Awards](/wiki/The_British_Soap_Awards \"The British Soap Awards\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1937 births](/wiki/Category:1937_births \"1937 births\")\n[Category:2023 deaths](/wiki/Category:2023_deaths \"2023 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English journalists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_journalists \"20th-century English journalists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century English screenwriters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_screenwriters \"20th-century English screenwriters\")\n[Category:British soap opera writers](/wiki/Category:British_soap_opera_writers \"British soap opera writers\")\n[Category:British television writers](/wiki/Category:British_television_writers \"British television writers\")\n[Category:British theatre critics](/wiki/Category:British_theatre_critics \"British theatre critics\")\n[Category:Daily Mail journalists](/wiki/Category:Daily_Mail_journalists \"Daily Mail journalists\")\n[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Deaths from Alzheimer's disease\")\n[Category:Place of death missing](/wiki/Category:Place_of_death_missing \"Place of death missing\")\n[Category:Writers from Manchester](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Manchester \"Writers from Manchester\")\n[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_London_School_of_Economics \"Alumni of the London School of Economics\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Roland Juno-106
|
{
"id": [
9021902
],
"name": [
"FrescoBot"
]
}
|
8740nbdw9qpqa1swnvl7b22dffyay2a
|
2024-08-19T00:49:16Z
| 1,237,976,088 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Features",
"Impact",
"Hardware re-issues and recreations",
"Software emulations",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n",
"Features\n--------\n\nThe Juno\\-106 is a [polyphonic](/wiki/Polyphony \"Polyphony\") synthesizer with six voices. It is an analog synthesizer but with [digitally controlled oscillators](/wiki/Digitally_controlled_oscillator \"Digitally controlled oscillator\") and chorus effects. Whereas its predecessor, the [Juno\\-60](/wiki/Roland_Juno-60 \"Roland Juno-60\"), has 56 patches, the Juno\\-106 has 128\\. It introduced Roland's performance lever for pitch bends and modulation, which became a standard feature of Roland instruments. It also adds [MIDI](/wiki/MIDI \"MIDI\") and was one of the first analog synthesizers to allow users to sequence parameter changes.\n\n",
"Impact\n------\n\nArtists who have used the Juno\\-106 include Jacob Mann, [Vince Clarke](/wiki/Vince_Clarke \"Vince Clarke\"), [Frankie Goes to Hollywood](/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood \"Frankie Goes to Hollywood\"), [Chvrches](/wiki/Chvrches \"Chvrches\"), [Leftfield](/wiki/Leftfield \"Leftfield\"), [William Orbit](/wiki/William_Orbit \"William Orbit\"), Paul Frick from [Tangerine Dream](/wiki/Tangerine_Dream \"Tangerine Dream\"), [Underworld](/wiki/Underworld_%28band%29 \"Underworld (band)\"), [Reel 2 Real](/wiki/Reel_2_Real \"Reel 2 Real\"), [Jam \\& Spoon](/wiki/Jam_%26_Spoon \"Jam & Spoon\"), and [Vangelis](/wiki/Vangelis \"Vangelis\").Peter Manning, [Daft Punk](/wiki/Daft_Punk \"Daft Punk\"),\n[*Electronic and Computer Music*, page 297](https://books.google.com/books?id=ryet1i-8OlYC&pg=PA297), [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\")\n\nThe Juno\\-106 was Roland's bestselling synthesizer until the release of the [Roland D\\-50](/wiki/Roland_D-50 \"Roland D-50\") later in the decade. It remains one of the bestselling synthesizers. In 1985, Roland released two versions with built\\-in speakers: the Juno\\-106S and the HS60 Synth Plus.\n\nThe synth's popularity continues to the present day, especially with [EDM](/wiki/Electronic_dance_music \"Electronic dance music\") and artists such as [Tame Impala](/wiki/Tame_Impala \"Tame Impala\"), [Daft Punk](/wiki/Daft_Punk \"Daft Punk\"), [Calvin Harris](/wiki/Calvin_Harris \"Calvin Harris\"), [Armin van Buuren](/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren \"Armin van Buuren\"), [Mark Ronson](/wiki/Mark_Ronson \"Mark Ronson\"), [Caribou](/wiki/Dan_Snaith \"Dan Snaith\") among many others.\n\n",
"Hardware re\\-issues and recreations\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe Roland MKS\\-7 Super Quartet, a multi\\-timbral synth module with dedicated sections for each part, used the same 80017 filter chip as the Juno\\-106 for the bass section.\n\nIn 2015, Roland released the JU\\-06 sound module, a digital recreation of the Juno\\-106 using Roland's digital Analog Circuit Behaviour (ACB) technology. It is battery powered, has 4\\-voices and 23 parameters controlled from the front panel. It cost $299 at the time of the release.\n\nin 2016, [Behringer](/wiki/Behringer \"Behringer\") released the Deepmind\\-12, an analog synthesizer inspired by the Juno\\-106 which features 12 voices. It was priced at $999 at the time of release. In 2020, developer Momo Müller released an unofficial PC MIDI editor with the interface of June\\-106, called the Deepmind \\- Juno\\-106 Editor.\n\nIn 2019, Roland released the JU\\-06A, which is a digitally based synthesizer combining the [JUNO\\-60](/wiki/Roland_Juno-60 \"Roland Juno-60\") and JUNO\\-106\\. It has the continuous high\\-pass filter of the 106, the envelope\\-controllable pulse\\-width\\-modulation of the 60, and the filter of both switchable from the front panel. It cost $399 at the time of the release.\n\nRoland released the Juno\\-X in 2022, a modern synth featuring digital emulations of the Juno\\-60 and Juno\\-106 as well as an additional Juno\\-X model that features a supersaw waveform, velocity sensitivity and an Alpha\\-Juno style pitch envelope control. The Juno X's control panel design directly references the controls of the Juno\\-106 while the sound engine follows on from the Jupiter\\-X and Jupiter\\-Xm modern digital synths.\n\n",
"Software emulations\n-------------------\n\nIn 2017, Roland released some software synthesizers in the cloud, including *Cloud Juno\\-106*. The cloud subscription cost $240/yr at the time.\n\nIn June 2020, Roland released *Zenology* plugins for Roland synths, which includes a Juno\\-106 emulator.\n\nIn 2020, *Cherry Audio* released the *DCO\\-106* plugin, a juiced up version of the Juno\\-106 which was priced at $39 USD in 2020\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Juno Series history](https://www.musictech.net/reviews/roland-juno-series/)\n* [The Juno\\-106 Connection](http://www.hinzen.de/midi/juno-106/)\n\n[Juno\\-106](/wiki/Category:Roland_synthesizers \"Roland synthesizers\")\n[Category:Analog synthesizers](/wiki/Category:Analog_synthesizers \"Analog synthesizers\")\n[Category:Polyphonic synthesizers](/wiki/Category:Polyphonic_synthesizers \"Polyphonic synthesizers\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Hypsiprymnodontidae
|
{
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
}
|
m21r9ubdc648r3ktwddfdc8ssrqr0hh
|
2024-01-09T13:47:21Z
| 1,160,989,877 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Classification",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - \n\nThe **Hypsiprymnodontidae** are a [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") of [macropods](/wiki/Macropodiformes \"Macropodiformes\"), one of two families containing animals commonly referred to as rat\\-kangaroos. The single known extant genus and species in this family, the [musky rat\\-kangaroo](/wiki/Musky_rat-kangaroo \"Musky rat-kangaroo\"), *Hypsiprymnodon moschatus*, occurs in northern [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). During the [Pleistocene](/wiki/Pleistocene \"Pleistocene\"), this family included the [megafauna](/wiki/Megafauna \"Megafauna\") genus *[Propleopus](/wiki/Propleopus \"Propleopus\")*.\n\n",
"Classification\n--------------\n\n* **Family Hypsiprymnodontidae**\n\t+ Subfamily [Hypsiprymnodontinae](/wiki/Hypsiprymnodontinae \"Hypsiprymnodontinae\")\n\t\t- Genus *[Hypsiprymnodon](/wiki/Hypsiprymnodon \"Hypsiprymnodon\")*\n\t\t\t* *Hypsiprymnodon moschatus*, [musky rat\\-kangaroo](/wiki/Musky_rat-kangaroo \"Musky rat-kangaroo\")\n\t\t\t* †*[Hypsiprymnodon bartholomaii](/wiki/Hypsiprymnodon_bartholomaii \"Hypsiprymnodon bartholomaii\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Hypsiprymnodon philcreaseri](/wiki/Hypsiprymnodon_philcreaseri \"Hypsiprymnodon philcreaseri\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Hypsiprymnodon dennisi](/wiki/Hypsiprymnodon_dennisi \"Hypsiprymnodon dennisi\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Hypsiprymnodon karenblackae](/wiki/Hypsiprymnodon_karenblackae \"Hypsiprymnodon karenblackae\")*\n\t+ Subfamily †[Propleopinae](/wiki/Propleopinae \"Propleopinae\") Archer and Flannery, 1985\n\t\t- Genus †*[Ekaltadeta](/wiki/Ekaltadeta \"Ekaltadeta\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Ekaltadeta ima](/wiki/Ekaltadeta_ima \"Ekaltadeta ima\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Ekaltadeta jamiemulveneyi](/wiki/Ekaltadeta_jamiemulvaneyi \"Ekaltadeta jamiemulvaneyi\")*\n\t\t- Genus †*[Propleopus](/wiki/Propleopus \"Propleopus\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Propleopus oscillans](/wiki/Propleopus \"Propleopus\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Propleopus chillagoensis](/wiki/Propleopus \"Propleopus\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Propleopus wellingtonensis](/wiki/Propleopus_wellingtonensis \"Propleopus wellingtonensis\")*\n\t\t- Genus †*[Jackmahoneyi](/wiki/Jackmahoneyi \"Jackmahoneyi\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Jackmahoneyi toxoniensis](/wiki/Jackmahoneyi_toxoniensis \"Jackmahoneyi toxoniensis\")*\n\t\t- Genus †*[Brachalletes](/wiki/Brachalletes \"Brachalletes\")*\n\t\t\t* †*[Brachalletes palmeri](/wiki/Brachalletes_palmeri \"Brachalletes palmeri\")*\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Diprotodonts](/wiki/Category:Diprotodonts \"Diprotodonts\")\n[Category:Extant Chattian first appearances](/wiki/Category:Extant_Chattian_first_appearances \"Extant Chattian first appearances\")\n[Category:Taxa named by Robert Collett](/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Robert_Collett \"Taxa named by Robert Collett\")\n[Category:Mammal families](/wiki/Category:Mammal_families \"Mammal families\")\n\n \n\n"
]
}
|
List of World War II aces from Austria
|
{
"id": [
24465790
],
"name": [
"Aadirulez8"
]
}
|
5sptsbevzks7qs92qlfbcau41n8w11r
|
2024-10-03T21:28:53Z
| 1,230,069,956 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List",
"References",
"Citations",
"Bibliography"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\nThis is a list of [flying aces](/wiki/Flying_ace \"Flying ace\") in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") from [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"). For other countries see [List of World War II aces by country](/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_by_country \"List of World War II aces by country\")\n\n \n\n",
"List\n----\n\n| Name | Kills | Awards | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | 5 | | |\n| | 13/11/12 | | KIA 14 January 1944 |\n| | 34 | | |\n| | 99/94 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIA 23 December 1944 |\n| | 11 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 18 | | POW |\n| | 58 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | Me 262 pilot |\n| | 3 | | flew with [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Air_Force \"Royal Air Force\") [Jan J. Safarik: Air Aces Home Page; Austria \\- World War II \\- Royal Air Force](http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/austria-ww2-raf.html) |\n| | 18 | DFC, DSO, MC | Flew with RAF |\n| | 65 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | WIA 1943 |\n| | 41/36 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 9 | | MIA 31 May 1942 |\n| | 27 (3 incl. Spain)/23 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | WIFA 1942 |\n| | 64 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 150/146 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves%2C_Swords_and_Diamonds \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds\") | |\n| | 103/96\\+ | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\") | |\n| | 138 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 73 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | WIA 1944 |\n| | 67/63 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | MIA 2 March 1943 |\n| | 86/83 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | MIA 27 July 1942 |\n| | 56 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 51 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\") | KIFA 12 March 1944 |\n| | 6 | [DFC](/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\") and [Bar](/wiki/Medal_bar \"Medal bar\") | as air gunner (later Navigator/Radar Operator) in RAF |\n| | 76 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 59 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | [258](/wiki/List_of_aerial_victories_claimed_by_Walter_Nowotny \"List of aerial victories claimed by Walter Nowotny\")/256 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves%2C_Swords_and_Diamonds \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds\") | KIA 8 November 1944 |\n| | 26 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIA 17 June 1944 |\n| | 11 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\") | |\n| | 43 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIFA 30 December 1943 |\n| | 31 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 12 | | KIA 19 July 1944 |\n| | 19 (incl. 2 in Spain) | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 15 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 137/133 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIFA 10 April 1945 |\n| | 67 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIA 2 September 1943 |\n| | 45 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | MIA 6 November 1941 |\n| | 20 | | KIFA 22 December 1941 |\n| | 15 | | KIA 11 January 1944 |\n| | 39 | | |\n| | 38 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 99/98 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves_and_Swords \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords\") | KIA 15 June 1942 |\n| | 45 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 189/182 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\") | MIA 19 August 1943 |\n| | 67 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIA 8 July 1943 |\n| | 6 | [Iron Cross](/wiki/Iron_Cross \"Iron Cross\") | POW 1940 |\n| | 20\\+ | | |\n| | 7 | | KIA 6 December 1942 |\n| | 18 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | Killed AA 1 June 1942 |\n| | 121/122 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\") | KIA 29 December 1944 |\n| | 69 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | MIA 13 August 1942 |\n| | 26 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | |\n| | 85/84 | [Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross](/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross \"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\") | KIA 10 September 1942 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Citations\n\n### Bibliography\n\n[Fly](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_German_military_personnel \"Lists of German military personnel\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:German_World_War_II_flying_aces \"German World War II flying aces\")\n[Aces](/wiki/Category:Germany_in_World_War_II-related_lists \"Germany in World War II-related lists\")\n[Category:Lists of World War II flying aces](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_World_War_II_flying_aces \"Lists of World War II flying aces\")\n[Category:Austria in World War II](/wiki/Category:Austria_in_World_War_II \"Austria in World War II\")\n\n",
"### Citations\n\n",
"### Bibliography\n\n[Fly](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_German_military_personnel \"Lists of German military personnel\")\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:German_World_War_II_flying_aces \"German World War II flying aces\")\n[Aces](/wiki/Category:Germany_in_World_War_II-related_lists \"Germany in World War II-related lists\")\n[Category:Lists of World War II flying aces](/wiki/Category:Lists_of_World_War_II_flying_aces \"Lists of World War II flying aces\")\n[Category:Austria in World War II](/wiki/Category:Austria_in_World_War_II \"Austria in World War II\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Yan Qing
|
{
"id": [
47570707
],
"name": [
"Villkomoses"
]
}
|
iv3twnf8io1o08cwdwtq4st9dkvbtw4
|
2024-04-22T09:56:32Z
| 1,212,298,873 | 0 |
{
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Becoming an outlaw",
"Life at Liangshan",
"Role in securing amnesty for Liangshan",
"Campaigns",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Yan Qing** is a fictional character in *[Water Margin](/wiki/Water_Margin \"Water Margin\")*, one of the [Four Great Classical Novels](/wiki/Four_Great_Classical_Novels \"Four Great Classical Novels\") in [Chinese literature](/wiki/Chinese_literature \"Chinese literature\"). Nicknamed \"*Langzi*\" (浪子; meaning \"the Wanderer\" or \"the Prodigal\"), he ranks last among the 36 Heavenly Spirits, the first third of the [108 Stars of Destiny](/wiki/108_Stars_of_Destiny \"108 Stars of Destiny\").\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nYan Qing, who is more than six [*chi*](/wiki/Chi_%28length%29 \"Chi (length)\") tall, is a handsome youth with a fair complexion, red lips, thick eyebrows, broad shoulders and a narrow waist. Tattoos of big bright flowers cover his body. In addition to his skill in martial arts, archery and wrestling, Yan Qing sings well and plays many kinds of instruments. His charming looks, his proficiency in learning new tongues and his astuteness in assessing situations and picking up leads make him an ideal spy and infiltrator. He realises this potential after joining [Liangshan](/wiki/Mount_Liang \"Mount Liang\").\n\nOrphaned when a child, Yan Qing is raised by the wealthy squire [Lu Junyi](/wiki/Lu_Junyi \"Lu Junyi\"), who lives in [Daming Prefecture](/wiki/Daming_County \"Daming County\"). Grateful to Lu, Yan Qing, who becomes one of two stewards in Lu's house, is steadfastly loyal to his master.\n\n",
"Becoming an outlaw\n------------------\n\nLu Junyi is conned by [Wu Yong](/wiki/Wu_Yong \"Wu Yong\"), the chief strategist of [Liangshan Marsh](/wiki/Mount_Liang \"Mount Liang\"), to travel to the vicinity of the stronghold, which is eager to recruit him for his consummate fighting skill. Lu is lured into the marsh where he is captured in the water. The outlaws treat him with respect despite his refusal to join them and retain him for months. However, they release Li Gu first, the steward who has come along with Lu, lying to the man that they have convinced his master to join them. Yan Qing is not involved in the trip.\n\nFinally released, Lu rushes back to Daming. Coming near home, he runs into Yan Qing, who has been reduced to begging on the streets as he waits for his master to return. Yan tells Lu not to go home as he is now wanted for his association with Liangshan. One proof of this is a poem written earlier on a wall in his home by Wu Yong, which suggests he has rebelled against the government. Lu has been led to believe the poem is for dispelling bad luck. Li Gu, who is having an affair with Lu's wife, is told of the poem‘s incriminating message by Liangshan. When Li reached home from Liangshan, he expelled Yan Qing and took over Lu's property and wife. \n\nNot believing Yan Qing, Lu heads home and is arrested by soldiers called by Li Gu. He is exiled to Shamen Island (沙門島; present\\-day [Changdao County](/wiki/Changdao_County \"Changdao County\"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\")). Li Gu bribes the two guards escorting him to finish him off along the way. Yan Qing, who is often armed with a slingshot\\-like bow and three short arrows, tails them and shoots the guards to death when they are about to murder Lu in the woods. Master and servant decide to go to Liangshan. But Lu, who is weak from days of torture, is captured again by soldiers at an inn when Yan Qing goes to look for food. Rushing to Liangshan to seek help, Yan runs into [Shi Xiu](/wiki/Shi_Xiu \"Shi Xiu\") and [Yang Xiong](/wiki/Yang_Xiong_%28Water_Margin%29 \"Yang Xiong (Water Margin)\"), who are going to Daming to check on Lu. Shi Xiu proceeds on to Daming while Yang Xiong takes Yan Qing back to Liangshan. Although Shi manages to save Lu just as he is about to be beheaded, the two are captured. The Liangshan outlaws rescue them after some hard fights with government forces.\n\n",
"Life at Liangshan\n-----------------\n\nYan Qing is appointed as one of the leaders of the Liangshan infantry after the [108 Stars of Destiny](/wiki/108_Stars_of_Destiny \"108 Stars of Destiny\") came together in what is called the Grand Assembly. \n\nYan Qing forms close friendship with [Li Kui](/wiki/Li_Kui_%28Water_Margin%29 \"Li Kui (Water Margin)\"). On one occasion, he travels to Tai'anzhou (泰安州; present\\-day [Tai'an](/wiki/Tai%27an \"Tai'an\"), [Shandong](/wiki/Shandong \"Shandong\")), accompanied by Li, to challenge one Ren Yuan, who claims to be invincible in wrestling in the [Song](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\") Empire. Indeed Ren has been winning contests in Tai'anzhou. Although much smaller in size, Yan Qing beats the burly guy on stage with his skill and agility. When Ren's students rushes in to snatch the prizes, they break into a fight with Li Kui, who is immediately recognised by some spectators as an outlaw from Liangshan. A stampede ensues while soldiers arrive to arrest Li. Yan and Li fights their way out from this, returning to Liangshan safely.\n\n",
"Role in securing amnesty for Liangshan\n--------------------------------------\n\n[Song Jiang](/wiki/Song_Jiang \"Song Jiang\"), the leader of the outlaws, wants to obtain an imperial amnesty for Liangshan so that they could serve the [Song Empire](/wiki/Song_dynasty \"Song dynasty\"). Upon learning that [Emperor Huizong](/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song \"Emperor Huizong of Song\") is secretly seeing the [Gējì](/wiki/G%C4%93j%C3%AC \"Gējì\") [Li Shishi](/wiki/Li_Shishi \"Li Shishi\"), he sends Yan Qing to contact her in the imperial capital [Dongjing](/wiki/Kaifeng \"Kaifeng\") and ask her to set up a meeting between him and the monarch. Li Shishi, however, is infatuated with the dashing and handsome Yan and tries to seduce him. But he pretends to be oblivious to her hints and instead makes her agree to be his sworn sister.\n\nOne night, when the emperor visits Li Shishi, he is surprised to find Yan Qing in her chamber. Li introduces him as her cousin. After entertaining the emperor with some ballads, Yan tells the monarch he knows the Liangshan outlaws and relays their wish for an amnesty. At Li Shishi's insistence, the emperor writes an edict that grants Yan immunity from the law. He also promises to consider pardoning Liangshan. After that, Yan Qing and Dai Zong visit Grand Marshal Su Yuanjing, who agrees to put in a good word for Liangshan.\n\n",
"Campaigns\n---------\n\nFollowing the amnesty for Liangshan, Yan Qing participates in the campaigns against the [Liao](/wiki/Liao_dynasty \"Liao dynasty\") invaders and rebel forces in Song territory, which the outlaws are ordered to undertake to atone for their crimes. \n\nYan Qing makes many contributions, chief of which is the sabotage on the rebel force of [Fang La](/wiki/Fang_La \"Fang La\") after infiltrating it with [Chai Jin](/wiki/Chai_Jin \"Chai Jin\"), who insinuated himself into Fang's confidence disguised as a businessman. As the surviving heroes return to Dongjing for rewards, Yan Qing senses that hostile forces in the court would cause them harm. He slips away one night amid the return trip, leaving a poem for Song Jiang saying that he does not covet glory. Legend has it that he finds Li Shishi, and together they live in anonymity for the rest of their lives.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:36 Heavenly Spirits](/wiki/Category:36_Heavenly_Spirits \"36 Heavenly Spirits\")\n[Category:Chinese male archers](/wiki/Category:Chinese_male_archers \"Chinese male archers\")\n[Category:Fictional archers](/wiki/Category:Fictional_archers \"Fictional archers\")\n[Category:Fictional wrestlers](/wiki/Category:Fictional_wrestlers \"Fictional wrestlers\")\n[Category:Fictional characters from Hebei](/wiki/Category:Fictional_characters_from_Hebei \"Fictional characters from Hebei\")\n\n"
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.